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ObsEvaUse these links to rapidly review the documentTABLE OF CONTENTS Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement SchedulesTable of Contents UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549FORM 10-KCommission file number: 001-36732PRA Health Sciences, Inc.(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)Delaware(State or other jurisdiction ofincorporation or organization) 46-3640387(I.R.S. EmployerIdentification No.)4130 ParkLake Avenue, Suite 400, Raleigh, NC 27612(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)(919) 786-8200Registrant's telephone number, including area code Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of each class Name of each exchange on whichregisteredCommon Stock, par value $0.01 per share Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý No o Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No ý Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for suchshorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant toRule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant'sknowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer,""accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.ý ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015oro TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period from t o . Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No ý The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market onJune 30, 2015, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $712,565,975. For purposes of this computation, shares of the registrant's common stockheld by each executive officer, director, and each person known to the registrant to own 10% or more of the outstanding voting power have been excluded in that such persons are affiliates. Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of Common Stock, as of the latest practicable date.Class Number of Shares OutstandingCommon Stock $0.01 par value 60,276,999 shares outstanding as of February 22,2016DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission relating to the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by referenceinto Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year towhich this report relates. Large accelerated filer ý Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o(Do not check if asmaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company o Table of Contents PRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC.ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-KFOR FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015TABLE OF CONTENTS iItemNumber Page No. PART I 1. Business 1 1A. Risk Factors 20 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 43 2. Properties 43 3. Legal Proceedings 43 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 43 PART II 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of EquitySecurities 44 6. Selected Financial Data 45 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 47 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 72 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 74 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 128 9A. Controls and Procedures 128 9B. Other Information 128 PART III 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 128 11. Executive Compensation 128 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 129 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 129 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services 129 PART IV 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules 130 Signatures 131 Exhibit Index 132 Table of Contents FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, orthe Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Such forward-looking statements reflect,among other things, our current expectations and anticipated results of operations, all of which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties andother factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, market trends, or industry results to differ materially from those expressed orimplied by such forward-looking statements. Therefore, any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be forward-lookingstatements and should be evaluated as such. Without limiting the foregoing, the words "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "may,""plans," "projects," "should," "targets," "will" and the negative thereof and similar words and expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in "Risk Factors" in Part I,Item 1A of this report. Unless legally required, we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking information to reflect actual results or changes inthe factors affecting such forward-looking information.Website and Social Media Disclosure We use our website (www.prahs.com) and our corporate Twitter account (@PRAHSciences) as channels of distribution of company information. Theinformation we post through these channels may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following ourpress releases, Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, filings and public conference calls and webcasts. The contents of our website and social mediachannels are not, however, a part of this report. Part I Item 1. Business Overview We are one of the world's leading global contract research organizations, or CROs, by revenue, providing outsourced clinical development services tothe biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. We believe we are one of a select group of CROs with the expertise and capability to conduct clinical trialsacross all major therapeutic areas on a global basis. We have therapeutic expertise in areas that are among the largest in pharmaceutical development,including oncology, central nervous system, inflammation and infectious diseases. We believe we provide our clients with one of the most flexible clinicaldevelopment service offerings, which includes both traditional, project-based Phase I through Phase IV services as well as embedded and functionaloutsourcing services. We believe we further differentiate ourselves from our competitors through our investments in medical informatics and clinicaltechnologies designed to enhance efficiencies, improve study predictability and provide better transparency for our clients throughout their clinicaldevelopment processes. We are one of the largest CROs in the world by revenue, focused on executing clinical trials on a global basis. Our global clinical development platformincludes approximately 70 offices across North America, Europe, Asia, Latin America, South Africa, Australia and the Middle East and approximately 12,000employees worldwide. Since 2000, we have performed approximately 3,300 clinical trials worldwide, we have worked on more than 100 marketed drugsacross several therapeutic areas and conducted the pivotal or supportive trials that led to U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, or internationalregulatory approval of more than 60 drugs. We believe we are a leader in the transformation of the CRO engagement model via our flexible clinical development service offerings, which includeembedded and functional outsourcing services in1 Table of Contentsaddition to traditional, project-based clinical trial services. In September 2013, we completed the acquisition of ReSearch Pharmaceutical Services, or RPS, aglobal CRO providing clinical development services primarily to large pharmaceutical companies, which provides a highly complementary fit with ourhistorical focus on biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies. RPS, now known as our Strategic Solutions offerings, providesEmbedded Solutions™ and functional outsourcing services in which our teams are fully integrated within the client's internal clinical developmentoperations and are responsible for managing functions across the entire breadth of the client's drug development pipeline. We believe that our StrategicSolutions offerings represent an innovative alternative to the traditional, project-based approach and allow our clients to maintain greater control over theirclinical development processes. Our flexible clinical development service offerings expand our addressable market beyond the traditional outsourcedclinical development market to include the clinical development spending that biopharmaceutical companies historically have retained in-house. Over the past 30 years, we have developed strong client relationships and have performed services for more than 300 biotechnology and pharmaceuticalclients. In the year ended December 31, 2015, we derived 15% of our service revenue from small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies, 22% of our servicerevenue from large biotechnology companies and 15% of our service revenue from emerging biotechnology companies. We believe that we have built areputation as a strategic partner of choice for biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies as a result of our competitively differentiatedplatform and our long-term track record of serving these companies. We expect to benefit from growth in clinical development investment from thesecustomers given the favorable capital raising environment in recent years. Our acquisition of RPS significantly expanded our relationships with largepharmaceutical companies, which represented 48% of our service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 and includes all of the top 20 largestpharmaceutical companies. We believe we are well positioned to broaden our relationships and pursue strategic alliances with these large pharmaceuticalcompanies due to our global presence, broad therapeutic expertise and flexible clinical development service offerings.CRO Industry CROs provide drug development services, regulatory and scientific support, and infrastructure and staffing support to provide their clients with theflexibility to supplement their in-house capabilities or to provide a fully outsourced solution. The CRO industry has grown from providing limited clinicaltrial services in the 1970s to a full service industry characterized by broad relationships with clients and by service offerings that encompass the entire drugdevelopment process. Today, CROs provide a comprehensive range of clinical services, including protocol design and management and monitoring ofPhase I through Phase IV clinical trials, data management, laboratory testing, medical and safety reviews and statistical analysis. In addition, CROs provideservices that generate high quality and timely data in support of applications for regulatory approval of new drugs or reformulations of existing drugs as wellas new and existing marketing claims. CROs leverage selected information technologies and procedures to efficiently capture, manage and analyze the largestreams of data generated during a clinical trial.Drug development processes Discovering and developing new drugs is an expensive and time-consuming process and is highly regulated and monitored through approval processesthat vary by region. Before a new prescription drug reaches commercialization, it must undergo extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing and regulatoryreview, to verify that the drug is safe and effective. A drug is first tested in pre-clinical studies, which can take several years to complete. When a new molecule is synthesized or discovered, it is tested fortherapeutic value using various animal and tissue models. If the drug warrants further development, additional studies are completed and an2 Table of Contentsinvestigational new drug application, or IND, is submitted to the FDA. Once the IND becomes effective, the drug may proceed to the human clinical trialphase which generally consists of the following interrelated phases, which may overlap: Stages of Clinical Development Market trends Industry Standard Research, or ISR, a market research firm, estimated in its "2016 CRO Market Size Projections 2015-2020" report, or ISR 2016 MarketReport, that the size of the worldwide CRO market was approximately $28 billion in 2015 and will grow at a 7% CAGR to $38 billion over the next fiveyears. This growth will be driven by an increase in the amount of research and development expenditure and levels of clinical development outsourcing bybiopharmaceutical companies.Increased R&D spending ISR estimates in the ISR 2016 Market Report that R&D expenditures by biopharmaceutical companies were approximately $263 billion in 2015 and willgrow at more than 3% per year over the next five years. Of this amount, approximately $108 billion was spent on development, including $77 billion onPhase I through IV clinical development. Growth drivers of R&D spending among biopharmaceutical companies include the need to replenish lost revenuesresulting from the patent expirations of a large number of high-profile drugs in recent years and, a robust capital raising environment among biotechnologycompanies.•Patent Expirations—Since 2012 a significant bolus of branded drugs have lost patent protection which represents in aggregate an estimated$84 billion in revenue. This surge of patent expirations has resulted in the need for biopharmaceutical companies to increase their R&Dexpenditures to eventually fill this revenue void with new drug approvals. •Biotechnology Capital Raising—According to BioWorld, over $23.8 billion has been raised by biotechnology companies for the year to dateperiod ending on September 18, 2014. We believe3 Table of Contentsthese biotechnology companies primarily use the capital to fund clinical trials, and due to the general lack of existing infrastructure, thesetrials are often contracted to CROs. We expect the favorable capital raising environment will continue to be a source of strong growth for R&Dspending. The expected increase in R&D expenditures is supported by the recent increase in IND submissions, which will lead to higher clinical developmentspending as these compounds move through the drug development process. In 2013, the FDA received approximately 7,000 IND submissions, a 17% increasefrom the approximately 6,000 IND submissions in 2007.Higher outsourcing penetration ISR estimates in the ISR 2016 Market Report that approximately 38% of Phase I through IV of clinical development spend is outsourced to CROs, andthe levels of penetration are expected to increase to approximately 44% by 2020. We believe this increase in outsourcing is due to several factors, includingthe need to maximize R&D productively, the increasing burden of clinical trial complexity, the desire to pursue simultaneous registration in multiplecountries, and strong growth in Phase II through Phase IV trials.•Maximizing Productivity and Reducing Cost—Productivity within the biopharmaceutical industry has declined over the past several yearsand the cost of developing a new drug, which is now estimated to be $1.4 billion per drug, has significantly increased. The combined impactof declining R&D productivity and increased development costs has translated into significant pressure on margins and short-term earnings forbiopharmaceutical companies. We believe that the need for these companies to maximize productivity and lower costs will lead them toincreasingly partner with CROs that can improve efficiency, and increase flexibility and speed across their clinical operations. •Increasing Clinical Trial Complexity—Over the last decade, the burden of clinical trial complexity has been increasingly difficult to managedue to requirements from regulatory authorities worldwide for greater amounts of clinical trial and safety data to support the approval of newdrugs, and requirements for adherence to increasingly complex and diverse regulations and guidelines. In an effort to minimize potential risks,these regulatory agencies also typically require a greater amount of post-approval information and monitoring of drugs on the market. Tobalance the conflicting demands of a growing market with the need to control R&D expenses, biopharmaceutical companies partner withCROs that can provide services designed to generate high quality and timely data in support of regulatory approvals of new drugs or thereformulations of existing drugs as well as support of post-approval regulatory requirements. •Simultaneous Multi-Country Registration—Given their desire to maximize efficiency and global market penetration to achieve higherpotential returns on their R&D expenditures, biopharmaceutical companies are increasingly pursuing simultaneous, rather than sequential,regulatory new drug submissions and approvals in multiple countries. However, most biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceuticalcompanies do not possess the capability or capacity to simultaneously conduct large-scale clinical trials in more than one country. In addition,establishing and maintaining internal global infrastructure to pursue multiple regulatory approvals in different therapeutic categories andjurisdictions can be costly. •Growth in Phase II through Phase IV Trials—Biopharmaceutical companies are also devoting an increasing amount of resources to Phase IIthrough IV trials. According to clinicaltrials.gov, there were approximately 8,100 Phase II through IV trials of known status submitted in 2015,an increase of 8% when compared with the approximately 7,500 that were submitted in 2010. Complex late-stage trials, especially those inwhich sponsors seek to recruit patients with specific conditions on a global basis, are ideally suited for outsourcing to the select group ofglobal4 Table of ContentsCROs with expertise to execute these studies and access to industry leading investigators and trial sites globally. We believe the increase inthe quantity and complexity of clinical trials exceeds the capacity and expertise of many biopharmaceutical companies, and is causing themto increasingly seek outsourced solutions.Our History and Corporate Information PRA Health Sciences, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in June 2013 under the name Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc. On December 19, 2013, PinnacleHoldco Parent, Inc. changed its name to PRA Global Holdings, Inc. and on July 10, 2014, PRA Global Holdings, Inc. changed its name to PRA HealthSciences, Inc. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, PRA Holdings, Inc., or PRA Holdings, was incorporated in Delaware in July 2007 and its predecessors date backto 1982. Our qualified and experienced clinical and scientific staff has been delivering clinical drug development services to our clients for more than30 years and our service offerings now encompass the spectrum of the clinical drug development process. On September 23, 2013, affiliates of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P., or KKR, acquired PRA Holdings for $1.4 billion pursuant to a plan of mergeramong Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc. (now known as PRA Health Sciences, Inc.), Pinnacle Merger Sub, Inc., or merger sub, and Genstar Capital Partners V, L.P,or Genstar, or the PRA Acquisition. Also on September 23, 2013, we acquired RPS Parent Holding Corp., a global CRO, for $274.3 million, or the RPSAcquisition. We refer to the PRA Acquisition, RPS Acquisition, related debt financing transactions and the extinguishment of PRA's and RPS's existing debtas the KKR Transaction. We are a subsidiary of KKR PRA Investors L.P., a Delaware limited partnership controlled by KKR, or KKR PRA Investors.Our Competitive StrengthsGlobal CRO platform We are one of the largest CROs in the world by revenue focused on executing clinical trials on a global basis. Our global clinical development platformincludes approximately 70 offices across North America, Europe, Asia, Latin America, South Africa, Australia and the Middle East and approximately 12,000employees worldwide. We are dedicated to the seamless execution of integrated clinical trials on multiple continents concurrently. We believe our globalpresence and scale are important differentiators as biopharmaceutical companies are increasingly focused on greater patient access for increasingly complexclinical trials and gaining regulatory approval for new products in multiple jurisdictions simultaneously.Broad and flexible service offering We believe that we are one of a select group of CROs capable of providing both traditional, project-based CRO services as well as embedded andfunctional outsourcing services. Our broad and flexible service offering allows us to meet the clinical research needs of a wide range of clients, from smallbiotechnology companies to large pharmaceutical companies. Through more than 30 years of experience, we have developed significant expertise executingcomplex drug development projects that span Phase I through Phase IV clinical trials. We offer these traditional, project-based CRO services through ourProduct Registration Services, where we have gained the reputation as a strategic partner of choice to biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceuticalcompanies. Our Strategic Solutions offerings primarily cater to the needs of large pharmaceutical companies that seek to maintain greater control over theirclinical trial processes.5 Table of ContentsTherapeutic expertise in large segments of drug development Our therapeutic expertise encompasses areas that are among the largest in pharmaceutical development, including oncology, central nervous system,inflammation and infectious diseases. We have participated in more than 2,000 clinical trials in these key areas since 2005, accounting for a substantialmajority of our total clinical trials during this period. We employ drug development experts with extensive experience across numerous therapeutic areas inpreparing development plans, establishing study and protocol designs, identifying investigative sites and patients and submitting regulatory filings. Our staffis highly experienced and includes approximately 550 Ph.Ds, 500 medical doctors and 175 doctors of pharmacy worldwide.Innovative approach to clinical trials using medical informatics We are committed to being an industry leader in developing global, scalable and sustainable solutions for our clients. We aim to continuously improveour systems and processes by investing in medical informatics, technology, analytics and IT infrastructure. Our information delivery system enables rapid,web-based delivery of clinical trial data to clients and project teams. We believe our proprietary analysis and application of this data are key differentiatorsand allow us to identify more productive investigative sites and speed up overall patient enrollment, thereby decreasing drug development timelines. Wehave invested in and acquired large databases of aggregated patient medical data, which we refer to as medical informatics, to better understand patientdistribution and location. Specifically, we have acquired data sources that give us significant amounts of information about patient populations within theUnited States to enhance enrollment, including medical claims data, hospital master charge data, pharmacy data, laboratory data and payor data. Capitalizingon our investments in medical informatics, we have the capability to identify potential patient populations by location, diagnostic code, treating physician,medications, date diagnosed, last treatment and other relevant metrics. Our medical informatics suite includes physician, hospital and pharmacy databasesthat cover more than 280 million patient lives and approximately 10 billion patient and pharmacy claims in the United States.Diversified and attractive client base Over the past 30 years, we have performed services for more than 300 biotechnology and pharmaceutical clients. We believe we are one of a select groupof global, large scale CROs with a long-term track record serving biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies, and we believe that thesecompanies represent an attractive growth opportunity. In the year ended December 31, 2015, we derived 15% of our service revenue from small- to mid-sizedpharmaceutical companies, 22% of our service revenue from large biotechnology companies and 15% of our service revenue from emerging biotechnologycompanies. Going forward, we believe that we will benefit from growth in clinical development investment from these customers that has resulted from theactive capital raising environment over the past several years. In addition, our acquisition of RPS significantly expanded our relationships and positioned usto pursue strategic alliances with large pharmaceutical companies, which currently include all of the top 20 largest pharmaceutical companies. Our clientrelationships are also broad and diversified, and in the year ended December 31, 2015 our top 10 clients represented 65% of service revenue, with our largestclient representing approximately 11% of service revenue and our largest single study accounting for approximately 3% of our service revenue.Innovative management team We are led by a dedicated and experienced executive management team that has an average of 20 years of experience across the global clinical research,pharmaceutical and life sciences industries. This team has been responsible for building our global platform, successfully integrating our6 Table of Contentsacquisitions, developing our advanced IT-enabled infrastructure and realizing our significant growth in revenue and earnings over the past five years.Our Growth StrategyLeverage our strong market position within the biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical market We believe our long-term track record serving biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies has resulted in our earning a reputationas a strategic partner of choice for these companies. We believe that biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies rely on full serviceCROs to deliver fast, effective and thorough support throughout the clinical development and regulatory processes, as these companies generally lack aglobal clinical development infrastructure. We intend to leverage our strong relationships with biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceuticalcompanies to capture additional business from these companies. In particular we believe the CRO strategic alliances that have become prevalent with largepharmaceutical companies over the past several years will increasingly be utilized by biotechnology and small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies. Webelieve we are well positioned to take advantage of these opportunities given the depth of our relationships and our proven track record serving thesecustomers.Build deeper and broader relationships with large pharmaceutical companies Large pharmaceutical companies have increasingly focused on partnering with multi-national CROs that offer a wide array of global therapeutic andservice capabilities. We have invested significantly in our global scale and infrastructure over the past several years to enhance our status as a serviceprovider for these companies. Our acquisition of RPS significantly increased the depth of our relationships with large pharmaceutical companies. We intendto expand our relationships beyond the Embedded Solutions provided through our Strategic Solutions offering to include traditional, project-based clinicaltrial services.Expand our leading therapeutic expertise in existing and new areas We believe that our therapeutic expertise in all clinical phases of drug development is critical to the proper design and management of clinical trials andwe intend to continue to capitalize on our strong market positions in several large therapeutic categories. We have established, and will continue to refine,our scientific and therapeutic business development initiatives, which link our organization to key clinical opinion leaders and medical informatics data tomore effectively leverage therapeutic expertise throughout our client engagement. Specifically, we believe that oncology, central nervous system,inflammation and infectious diseases, which together represent the majority of all drug candidates currently in clinical development by biotechnology andpharmaceutical companies, will be significant drivers of our growth. In the area of oncology, we believe that the growth of targeted therapies, companiondiagnostics and personalized medicine will continue to drive drug development. With the aging demographics we believe we will see significant growth inthe area of dementia and Alzheimer's research and drug development, which is complemented by our specialty and focus in neurology. Additionally, webelieve that development of niche therapeutic drugs (orphan drugs) will see considerable growth moving forward and we have a dedicated staff focused onthe design and conduct of trials for these drugs.Continue to realize financial synergies and strategic benefits from recent acquisitions We believe we will continue to realize financial synergies and strategic benefits from the acquisitions we have completed over the past three years,resulting in additional revenue growth and margin improvements. We have substantially completed the operational integration of these acquisitions, and arein the process of executing our strategy to eliminate redundancies in corporate7 Table of Contentsand overhead functions and achieve cost efficiencies resulting from the scale of the combined business. We believe that our strategic acquisitions arecomplementary to our customer base and expect to generate incremental revenue growth by cross-selling our full set of services to our existing and newcustomers, thereby expanding the scope of our customer relationships and generating additional revenue.Pursue selective and complementary acquisition strategy We are a selectively acquisitive company, focused on growing our core service offerings, therapeutic capabilities and geographic reach into areas of highmarket growth. We have acquired 17 companies since 1997 and have established programs to help us identify acquisition targets and integrate themsuccessfully. Our acquisition strategy is driven by our comprehensive commitment to serve client needs and we are continuously assessing the market forpotential opportunities.Service Offerings We perform a broad array of services across the spectrum of clinical development programs, from the filing of INDs and similar regulatory applications toconducting all phases of clinical trials. Our core service offerings include:•Product Registration Services, which includes Phase IIb through III product registration trials and Phase IV trials, inclusive of post-marketingcommitments and registries; •Strategic Solutions, which provides Embedded Solutions and functional outsourcing services, in which our teams are fully integrated withinthe client's internal clinical development operations and responsible for managing functions across the entire breadth of the client's drugdevelopment pipeline; and •Early Development Services, which includes Phase I through Phase IIa clinical trials and bioanalytical laboratory services. We provide many back office services to clients as well, including processing the payments to investigators and volunteers. We also collaborate withthird-party vendors for services such as imaging, central lab and patient recruitment services.Product Registration Services Product Registration Services encompasses the design, management and implementation of study protocols for Phase II through Phase III clinical trials,which are the critical building blocks of product development programs, as well as Phase IV, or post-approval, clinical trials. We have extensive resourcesand expertise to design and conduct studies on a global basis, develop integrated global product databases, collect and analyze trial data and prepare andsubmit regulatory submissions in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions. A typical full-scale program or project may involve the followingcomponents:•clinical program development, review and consultation and lifecycle management planning; •design of the clinical protocol and electronic case report forms, or CRFs; •feasibility studies for investigator interest and patient access and availability; •patient recruitment and retention services; •project management; •investigator and site analysis for selection and qualification; •investigator handbook and meetings;8 Table of Contents•investigational site support and clinical monitoring; •data management; •patient medical and safety management; •analysis and reporting; •medical and scientific publications; and •preparation of regulatory filings. As described below, we offer a suite of product registration services to our clients to address the several components involved in conducting a full-scaleprogram or project. Clinical Trial Management—Our clinical trial management services, used by biotechnology and pharmaceutical clients, may be performed exclusivelyby us or in collaboration with the client's internal staff or other CROs. With our broad clinical trial management capabilities, we conduct single site studies,multi-site U.S. and international studies and global studies on multiple continents. Through our electronic trial master file, we can create, collect, store, editand retrieve any electronic document in any of our office locations worldwide, enabling our global project teams to work together efficiently regardless ofwhere they are physically located and allowing seamless transfer of work to a more efficient locale. Project Management—Our project management group manages the development process, setting specific targets and utilizing various metrics to ensurethat a project moves forward in the right trajectory, resources are used optimally and client satisfaction is met. This group also oversees the implementation ofa work breakdown structure, communication plan, and a risk and contingency program for each study. We believe that the management structure of ourservice delivery model sets us apart in the industry. Each individual project is assigned a director of project delivery and key strategic accounts are alsoassigned a general partner. As a member of the senior management team, the general partner works with the director of project delivery, the projectmanagement group and client representatives to ensure the highest level of client satisfaction. With more than 300 project directors and project managers, wematch our project management personnel to projects based on experience and study specific parameters. Regulatory Affairs—Our team of global regulatory professionals has extensive experience working with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companiesand regulatory authorities worldwide. Our regulatory affairs group is comprised of an internal network of local regulatory experts who are native speakers incountries across North America, Latin America, Western and Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia Pacific. Regulatory team members and local regulatory expertsact as clients' representatives for submissions and direct communications with regulatory authorities in all regions. The group's regulatory expertise enablesrapid study start-up and facilitates competitive product development plans and effective submission strategies. Therapeutic Expertise—Our therapeutic expertise group provides scientific and medical expertise and patient access and retention services worldwideacross a broad range of therapeutic areas. Our broad experience throughout various therapeutic areas allows us to offer a more complete global serviceoffering to our clients. Our diverse therapeutic expertise group leverages best-in-class data assets to assist our clients with the design and implementation ofentire clinical development programs and our current and potential clients increasingly seek partners who can provide these capabilities. We provide clientswith therapeutic expertise in the design and implementation of high-quality product development programs and help them achieve key developmentmilestones in a cost and time effective manner. Our therapeutic expertise is used by both emerging biotechnology companies that lack clinical9 Table of Contentsdevelopment infrastructure and pharmaceutical companies that have limited internal medical resources or are exploring new therapeutic areas. Clinical Operations—Our clinical operations group provides clients with a full set of study site management and monitoring services in over 80countries worldwide, through our highly experienced team of clinical research associates and specialists. This experience includes knowledge of localregulations, medical practices, safety and individual therapeutic areas. We provide our clients with fully trained and locally based clinical teams led byexperienced clinical team managers that initiate site start-up, monitor activities and review data. Based in the Americas, Europe, Asia Pacific and Africa, theseteams work from a strategic foundation that combines reliance on proven, consistent processes with the flexibility to adapt innovative ideas andtechnologies. Given our expertise executing clinical trials around the world we are positioned to meet our clients' diverse needs and expectations. Our studystart-up services group, a unit within clinical operations, manages the key components of rapid site activation and investigational site set-up for clinical trialsby utilizing our global and region specific expertise. Data and Programming Services—Our global data and programming services group offers an innovative suite of technologies that gather and organizeclinical trial data. We employ industry leading electronic data capture technologies and innovative delivery systems to produce high quality andstandardized data and reports. We focus on evaluating a client's needs, presenting optimal solutions for each trial and implementing the chosen solutioneffectively during project execution. To support these goals, we have built a group of technological experts in drug research that has a strong foundation indata management fundamentals and core programming abilities. Safety and Risk Management—Our dedicated safety and risk management group helps clients design, implement and operationalize the proper safetyprocedures from development through to post-marketing, allowing for clear assessment and the communication of patient safety profiles. We have centralizeddrug safety centers in Mannheim, Germany; Swansea, United Kingdom; Charlottesville, Virginia, United States (with a satellite center in Lenexa, Kansas);Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Singapore. Centers are staffed with experienced drug safety associates. These associates are responsible for integrating an effective riskminimization strategy for a drug product and generating useable information through ongoing risk evaluation. Our safety and risk management teamprovides risk mitigation strategies for our clients at all stages of the drug development cycle along with core signal detection capabilities. Biostatistics and Medical Writing—Our global biostatistics and medical writing operations integrate our biostatistics, medical writing,pharmacokinetics and regulatory publishing groups. With a staff of industry experienced and therapeutically trained biostatisticians and medical writers, weoffer clients expertise in statistical analysis, data pooling and regulatory reporting. This global team provides specialist consulting expertise and support toclients from the first stage of protocol design through post-marketing surveillance and Phase IV studies. For publishing, we use a specialized electronicsystem that enables us to seamlessly assemble, manage and publish complex documents in compliance with applicable regulatory guidelines. Quality Assurance Services—Our global quality assurance group is staffed by a team of experienced professionals in the Americas, Europe and AsiaPacific. Our quality assurance department is entirely separate from and independent of the personnel engaged in the direction and conduct of clinical trials.The objective of the quality assurance group is the global promotion of ongoing quality awareness and continuous improvement of our processes. This groupserves these efforts by performing audits on the processes and systems used in the management of clinical trials to ensure compliance with study protocol andapplicable regulatory requirements. This group has performed audits for a wide range of medical indications and in all phases of clinical trials across theglobe.10 Table of Contents Late Phase Services—Our global late phase services group supports global and regional post-approval trials with management locations centralized inPennsylvania, Germany and Singapore. Our experienced late-phase services team assists clients with the post-marketing process by helping identify trendsand signals in large populations as well as planning and conducting safety surveillance studies, large-sample trials, registries, restricted access programs, riskmanagement programs, diagnostic trials and biomarker research. The team consists of industry leading strategic experts, operational specialists andepidemiologists who work with clients to identify post-marketing research objectives and goals and translate them into comprehensive study designs.Strategic Solutions Our Strategic Solutions offerings enable biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies to execute their internally-managed development portfolio withgreater flexibility and to leverage their existing infrastructure to minimize redundancy. These offerings provide a broad spectrum of solutions that allow forthe efficient management and execution of critical clinical development functions for pharmaceutical clients. These services are embedded or integratedwithin the client's internal clinical development operations to support the entire breadth of the client's drug development pipeline. By embedding ouremployees within our clients' infrastructure, we create a strategic and interdependent relationship that allows us to anticipate our clients' clinical trialdemands and efficiently deploy our skilled clinical professionals to meet our clients' needs. Clinical functions supported by this service offering includestudy start-up activities, site monitoring, study management, data management, biostatistics, regulatory and product safety. We focus our solutions primarilyon our clients' Phase II through Phase IV development programs. While traditional, project-based CRO offerings target the outsourced component ofbiopharmaceutical industry spending, our Strategic Solutions offerings address the total Phase II through IV development market. We pioneered theembedded services model described below, and have extensive experience helping customers re-align their operating model to more efficiently manage theirdevelopment portfolio with greater flexibility and control. Our Strategic Solutions offerings include: Embedded Solutions—We believe we are the only company in the industry to offer a strategically scalable, fully-embedded clinical developmentsolution. Our Embedded Solutions model is designed to merge clinical operations expertise, management, infrastructure and support to create a flexible andintegrated operating model. The goal of our Embedded Solutions model is to enable our client's internally-managed development processes to be executedwith greater flexibility. These solutions can be further enhanced by leveraging our systems and technology as required. In our Embedded Solutions model,we typically work with our partners to assist in redesigning existing systems and processes to drive greater efficiency, speed and quality and to implementinnovative approaches and enhanced technology. We employ a strong joint governance structure and robust metrics to measure and ensure strong quality,cycle time, productivity and service-level performance. Functional Services Provider Solutions—Our functional services provider offering provides dedicated capacity management within a single operatingplatform and within one function or across multiple functions and geographies. While the customer provides direction and functional management, weprovide resources and line management, training and support. We also utilize business level metrics to help ensure that staff are deployed with the relevantexperience and are producing consistent, repeatable results. Staff Augmentation Solutions—Our staff augmentation solutions offering provides customers with the ability to address their dynamic staffing needs bysupplying access to resources qualified to meet their clinical development needs. This allows clients to maintain flexibility while also reducing fixed costs.In order to rapidly attract and recruit qualified employees for these situations, we have assembled what we believe is the largest team in the industry focusedon personnel recruitment. These individual11 Table of Contentsprofessionals are hired as our employees and managed by our teams, eliminating co-employment related issues. The customer has the ability to define theresources required according to the therapeutic- and disease-specific experience required. These resources can be on site at the customer's facility, at ouroffices, or regionally based. Custom-Built Development Solutions—Our custom-built development solutions are designed to offer people, process, systems and developmentexpertise that enable the efficient internal development of a company's product portfolio with greater control and flexibility, accelerated developmenttimelines and substantially reduced costs. With the client's core leadership in control, we help to build the development team our clients need, while enablingthem to maintain the flexibility to be nimble during the development lifecycle. Commercialization Services—Through our commercialization services offering, we assist our clients in addressing the challenge of commercializingproducts. We do this by deploying professionals who are knowledgeable in launch preparation and product lifecycle management. We assist customers inmanaging the product lifecycle by working with them to create concise messaging, engage thought leadership and health care providers, generate consumerenthusiasm for the product, and prepare for post-marketing commitments. Our commercialization services offering utilizes our flexible service model and, assuch, can be delivered as an Embedded Solution, through our functional service provider model, or through staff augmentation.Early Development Services Our Early Development Services business unit, or EDS, offers a full range of services for Phase I and Phase IIa studies as well as bioanalytical analysis.We have conducted studies for major pharmaceutical companies in Europe, the United States and Japan, as well as for many smaller and emergingbiotechnology companies. We have also built direct relationships with a large base of available subjects, including healthy volunteers and patientpopulations with specific medical conditions. Our December 2013 acquisition of CRI Holding Company, LLC, or CRI Lifetree, significantly expanded our Phase I to Phase II services. CRI Lifetree is aspecialized CRO focused on the conduct and design of early stage patient population studies, and is therapeutically focused in human abuse liability, orHAL, addiction, pain, psychiatric, neurological, pediatric and infectious disease services. CRI Lifetree is one of the largest providers of patient population forPhase I and confined Phase II to Phase III services in the United States, and is one of only a few CROs in the world which has the ability to design andconduct HAL studies, a regulatory-required study for central nervous system compounds. We believe this acquisition enables us to provide our clients with afull range of Phase I to Phase II clinical research services in specialized patient populations for both inpatient and outpatient settings. EDS also supports a variety of additional services, ranging from protocol development to data management and pharmacy services, includingmanufacturing of investigational medicinal products. Our state-of-the-art laboratories provide pharmacokinetics, the branch of pharmacology concerned withthe movement of drugs within the body, and pharmacodynamics, the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of theiraction analyses, including biomarkers, as needed. Our safety laboratory supports our own clinics and also acts as a central lab for medium sized Phase II trials.We also provide clinical study reports, statistical analysis, medical writing and regulatory support. We focus on high-end Phase I studies and specialize in more complex types of studies in which safety, intelligent design, and a wide range ofpharmacodynamics assessments are critical factors. We believe our Phase I team is a leader in new developments such as microdosing studies, pain models,HAL studies and multi-purpose protocols with adaptive designs. We have developed extensive methodologies enabling us to conduct studies withpharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics objectives.12 Table of Contents We have more than 1,000 early development specialists working in eight clinical pharmacology units located across five different countries, includingthe United States, the Netherlands and countries in Central and Eastern Europe. We are equipped with the technologies and infrastructure for high-quality,efficient studies on a wide range of drugs and indications. Over the past five years we have conducted more than 700 high-level, complex early developmentclinical trials and more than 1,500 bioanalytical studies. Phase I through IIa Studies—For in-house Phase I studies, we offer approximately 450 beds worldwide and accommodate volunteers in our state-of-the-art clinical pharmacology units, some of which are hospital based. At these centers, volunteers are under constant medical supervision by a team of highlyexperienced medical professionals. We have an active pool of more than 100,000 study participants (both healthy volunteers and various specific patientpopulations). In addition to in-house studies, we use an innovative "unit-on-demand" business model that brings a Phase I center to patients. This model establishes aPhase I study environment in central medical facilities that specialize in the treatment of the target patient population. Physicians can recruit high volumes ofpatients using extensive networks of referring specialists and general practitioners. The studies occur in single center and multi-national settings. We havealso built an extensive patient network and database in areas including depression, schizophrenia, diabetes and hepatitis C. In addition to conducting Phase Iand IIa studies in subjects, these sites act as investigative sites in Phase IIb and III trials. We also offer full pharmacy capabilities and we operate a manufacturing site that complies with applicable current Good Manufacturing Practiceregulations and is designed for fast and flexible manufacturing of small batches of investigational medicinal product for studies. In addition, dedicated datamanagement professionals who can process clinical data into specific deliverables are integrated in each clinical pharmacology unit. Since a large proportion of drug compounds do not succeed in Phase I, we utilize IND trials that include "microdose" or "low-dose" studies to screenmultiple candidates at an early stage and minimize the number of failing clinical product candidates. We have been closely involved in the field ofmicrodose studies over the past ten years and have conducted more than 35 microdose studies. Bioanalytical Laboratory—We offer clients two state-of-the-art bioanalytical laboratories located in Assen, the Netherlands, and Lenexa, Kansas, UnitedStates. These bioanalytical laboratories have been harmonized with respect to standard operating procedures, work instructions and equipment. This providesa high level of consistency, continuity and efficiency. It also provides our clients with the ability to run studies in either laboratory, depending on therequirements of the study, and ensures that they will receive the same high level of service. Both bioanalytical laboratories are located within close proximityto their respective Phase I clinical pharmacology unit, ensuring rapid sample processing for critical dose escalation decision making involvingpharmacokinetic assays. Both facilities include laboratories for mass spectrometry and ultra- performance liquid chromatography, typically applied to smallmolecule analysis. For large molecules, such as biologicals and biomarkers, our laboratories operate a wide variety of specialized assays, including ligandbinding assays with a variety of detection methodologies and immunogenicity. In our fully licensed isotope laboratory, bioanalytical support is provided formass balance and microdosing studies. The laboratories, combined with expert and highly educated staff, provide a full range of analytical servicesthroughout the development process.Clients and Suppliers We serve a wide range of client types, including biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. We have developed numerous strategic relationships inthe last five years. In the year ended December 31, 2015, we derived 48% of our service revenue from large pharmaceutical companies, 15% of our servicerevenue from small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies, 22% of our service revenue from large13 Table of Contentsbiotechnology companies and 15% of our service revenue from emerging biotechnology companies. In 2015 and 2014, our top five clients representedapproximately 41% and 38% of service revenue, respectively; this revenue was derived from a combination of fixed-fee contracts, fee-for-service contractsand time and materials contracts. One client accounted for 10.7% of service revenue during the year ended December 31, 2015. No individual projectaccounted for 10% or more of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015. No client or individual project accounted for 10% or more of servicerevenue for the year ended December 31, 2014. We utilize a number of suppliers in our business, including central laboratory services, drug storage and shipping, foreign language translation servicesand information technology. In 2015, our largest individual supplier was paid $16.0 million. In addition, our top 10 suppliers together received paymentsduring 2015 of approximately $87.0 million. We believe that we will continue to be able to meet our current and future supply needs.Sales and Marketing We have a proven sales team with the ability to build relationships with new clients and to grow within existing clients. Critical to our sales process isthe involvement of our operations and global scientific and medical affairs teams who contribute their knowledge to project implementation strategiespresented in client proposals. These teams also work closely with the sales team to build long-term relationships with biotechnology and pharmaceuticalcompanies. Our therapeutic expertise team supports the sales effort by developing robust service offerings in its core therapeutic areas, which link ourorganization to key clinical opinion leaders, global investigator networks and best-in-class vendors. We rely heavily on our past project performance,qualified teams, medical informatics data and therapeutic expertise in winning new business. Our approach to proposal development, led by seasoned proposal developers in conjunction with insight from our drug development experts, allows usto submit proposals that address client requirements in a creative and tailored manner. Proposal teams conduct research on competing drugs and conductfeasibility studies among potential investigators to assess their interest and patient availability for proposals and presentations. Our proprietary, automatedestimation system allows for rapid and accurate creation of project budgets, which forms the initial basis for business management of budgets subsequent toaward of the study. Refer to Note 21 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further details regardingour foreign and domestic operations in 2015, 2014 and 2013. For a discussion of risks associated with our foreign operations, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors."Competition We compete primarily with other full-service CROs and in-house research and development departments of pharmaceutical and established biotechcompanies. Our principal traditional CRO competitors are ICON plc, INC Research Holdings, Inc., inVentiv Health Inc., Laboratory Corporation of AmericaHoldings, PAREXEL International Corporation, Pharmaceutical Product Development LLC, and Quintiles Transnational Holding Inc. CROs compete on the basis of a number of factors, including reliability, past performance, expertise and experience in specific therapeutic areas, scope ofservice offerings, strengths in various geographic markets, technological capabilities, ability to manage large scale global clinical trials, and price. The CRO industry remains highly fragmented, with several hundred smaller, limited service providers and a small number of full-service companies withglobal capabilities. We believe there are14 Table of Contentssignificant barriers to becoming a global provider offering a broad range of services and products. These barriers include:•the cost and experience necessary to develop broad therapeutic expertise; •the ability to manage large, complex international clinical programs; •the ability to deliver high-quality services consistently for large drug development projects; •the experience to prepare regulatory submissions on a global basis; and •the infrastructure and knowledge to respond to the global needs of clients.Backlog Our studies and projects are performed over varying durations, ranging from several months to several years. Backlog represents anticipated servicerevenue from contracted new business awards that either have not started or are in process but have not been completed. Cancelled contracts and scopereductions are removed from backlog as they occur. Our backlog at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was approximately $2.4 billion, $2.1 billion and$1.9 billion, respectively. Cancellations totaled $231.0 million, $251.7 million and $223.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013,respectively. We believe our backlog as of any date is not necessarily a meaningful indicator of our future results for a variety of reasons. First, studies vary induration. For instance, some studies that are included in our backlog may be completed in 2016, while others may be completed in later years. Second, thescope of studies may change, which may either increase or decrease the amount of backlog. Third, studies may be terminated or delayed at any time by theclient or regulatory authorities. Delayed contracts remain in our backlog until a determination of whether to continue, modify or cancel the study is made. We had $1,696.6 million, $1,493.7 million, and $774.4 million in net new business awards in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013,respectively. Net new business represents new business awards less cancellations for the period. For more details regarding risks related to our backlog, see "Risk Factors—Our backlog may not convert to service revenue at the historical conversionrate."Intellectual Property We have a pending patent application for our "Early Warning System," a solution for automated identification and qualification of risk to thedeliverables in complex projects such as clinical trials. We also maintain and protect trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information regardingmany of our business processes and related systems. We also hold various federal trademark registrations and pending applications, including PRA HealthSciences® (including a design) PRA® (including a design), PRA International® and Predictivv (including design).Government Regulation In the United States, the FDA governs the conduct of clinical trials of drug products in human subjects, the form and content of regulatory applications,including, but not limited to, IND applications for human clinical testing and the development, approval, manufacture, safety, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, and marketing of drug products. The FDA has similar authority and similar requirements with respect to the clinical testing of biological productsand medical devices. In the European Union, or EU, similar laws and regulations apply which may vary slightly from one member15 Table of Contentsstate to another and are enforced by the European Medicines Agency or respective national member states' authorities, depending on the case. Governmental regulation directly affects our business. Increased regulation leads to more complex clinical trials and an increase in potential business forus. Conversely, a relaxation in the scope of regulatory requirements, such as the introduction of simplified marketing applications for pharmaceutical andbiological products, could decrease the business opportunities available to us. We must perform our clinical drug and biologic services in compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, including "Good Clinical Practices,"or GCP, which govern, among other things, the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analysis, and reporting of clinical trials.Before a human clinical trial may begin, the manufacturer or sponsor of the clinical product candidate must file an IND with the FDA, which contains, amongother things, the results of preclinical tests, manufacturer information, and other analytical data. A separate submission to an existing IND must also be madefor each successive clinical trial conducted during product development. Each clinical trial must be conducted in accordance with an effective IND. Inaddition, under GCP, each human clinical trial we conduct is subject to the oversight of an independent institutional review board, or IRB, which is anindependent committee that has the regulatory authority to review, approve and monitor a clinical trial for which the IRB has responsibility. The FDA, theIRB, or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the study subjects are being exposed toan unacceptable health risk. In the EU, we must perform our clinical drug services in compliance with essentially similar laws and regulations. In order to comply with GCP and other regulations, we must, among other things:•comply with specific requirements governing the selection of qualified investigators; •obtain specific written commitments from the investigators; •obtain IRB review and approval of the clinical trial; •verify that appropriate patient informed consent is obtained before the patient participates in a clinical trial; •ensure adverse drug reactions resulting from the administration of a drug or biologic during a clinical trial are medically evaluated andreported in a timely manner; •monitor the validity and accuracy of data; •verify drug or biologic accountability; •instruct investigators and study staff to maintain records and reports; and •permit appropriate governmental authorities access to data for review. We must also maintain reports in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements for each study for auditing by the client and the FDA or similarregulatory authorities. A failure to comply with applicable regulations relating to the conduct of clinical trials or the preparation of marketing applications could lead to avariety of sanctions. For example, violations of GCP could result, depending on the nature of the violation and the type of product involved, in the issuanceof a warning letter, suspension or termination of a clinical study, refusal of the FDA to approve clinical trial or marketing applications or withdrawal of suchapplications, injunction, seizure of investigational products, civil penalties, criminal prosecutions, or debarment from assisting in the submission of new drugapplications. We monitor our clinical trials to test for compliance with applicable laws and regulations in the United States and the non-U.S. jurisdictions in which weoperate. We have adopted standard operating16 Table of Contentsprocedures that are designed to satisfy regulatory requirements and serve as a mechanism for controlling and enhancing the quality of our clinical trials. Inthe United States, our procedures were developed to ensure compliance with GCP and associated guidelines. Within Europe, all work is carried out inaccordance with the European Community Note for Guidance (CPMP/ICH/135/95). In order to facilitate global clinical trials, we have implemented commonstandard operating procedures across our regions to assure consistency whenever feasible. The Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, or the Privacy Rule, and the Security Rule, issued under the Health InsurancePortability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health, or HITECH, Act of 2009,collectively HIPAA, as well as applicable state privacy and security laws and regulations restrict the use and disclosure of certain protected healthinformation, or PHI, and establishes national standards to protect individuals' electronic PHI that is created, received, used or maintained by certain entities.Under the Privacy Rule, "covered entities" may not use or disclose PHI without the authorization of the individual who is the subject of the PHI, unless suchuse or disclosure is specifically permitted by the Privacy Rule or required by law. We are not a covered entity under HIPAA. However, in connection with our clinical development activities, we do receive PHI from covered entitiessubject to HIPAA. In order for those covered entities to disclose PHI to us, the covered entity must obtain an authorization from the research subject thatmeets the Privacy Rule requirements, or make such disclosure pursuant to an exception to the Privacy Rule's authorization requirement. We are both directlyand indirectly affected by the privacy provisions surrounding individual authorizations because many investigators with whom we are involved in clinicaltrials are directly subject to them as a HIPAA "covered entity" and because we obtain identifiable health information from third parties that are subject to suchregulations. Because of recent amendments to the HIPAA data security and privacy rules that were promulgated on January 25, 2013, some of which wentinto effect on March 26, 2013, there are some instances where we may be a HIPAA "business associate" of a "covered entity," meaning that we may be directlyliable for any breaches in protected health information and other HIPAA violations. As part of our research activities, we require covered entities that performresearch activities on our behalf to comply with HIPAA, including the Privacy Rule's authorization requirement, and applicable state privacy and securitylaws and regulations. In Europe, EC Directive 95/46, or the Directive, is intended to protect the personal data of individuals by, among other things, imposing restrictions onthe manner in which personal data can be collected, transferred, processed, and disclosed and the purposes for which personal data can be used. National lawsand regulations implementing the Directive or dealing with personal data include provisions which, in certain EU Member States, are more stringent than theDirective's mandates and/or cover areas that do not fall within the scope of the Directive. While we strive to comply with all privacy laws potentiallyapplicable to our operations in Europe, we cannot guarantee that our business complies with all of these laws, which vary in scope and complexity in themultiple jurisdictions in which we operate. We maintain a registration with the Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, that enables us to use controlled substances in connection with ourresearch services. Controlled substances are those drugs and drug products that appear on one of five schedules promulgated and administered by DEA underthe Controlled Substances Act. This act governs, among other things, the distribution, recordkeeping, handling, security, and disposal of controlledsubstances. Our DEA registration authorizes us to receive, conduct testing on, and distribute controlled substances in Schedules II through V. A failure tocomply with the DEA's regulations governing these activities could lead to a variety of sanctions, including the revocation or the denial of a renewal of ourDEA registration, injunctions, or civil or criminal penalties.17 Table of ContentsEnvironmental Regulation and Liability We are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment and human health and safety in the countries in which we dobusiness, including laws and regulations governing the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, the cleanup of contaminated sites andthe maintenance of a safe workplace. Our operations include the use, generation, and disposal of hazardous materials and medical wastes. We may, in thefuture, incur liability under environmental statutes and regulations for contamination of sites we own or operate (including contamination caused by priorowners or operators of such sites), the off-site disposal of hazardous substances and for personal injuries or property damage arising from exposure tohazardous materials from our operations. We believe that we have been and are in substantial compliance with all applicable environmental laws andregulations and that we currently have no liabilities under such environmental requirements that could reasonably be expected to materially harm ourbusiness, results of operations or financial condition.Liability and Insurance We may be liable to our clients for any failure to conduct their studies properly according to the agreed-upon protocol and contract. If we fail to conducta study properly in accordance with the agreed-upon procedures, we may have to repeat a study or a particular portion of the services at our expense,reimburse the client for the cost of the services and/or pay additional damages. At our clinical pharmacology units we study the effects of drugs on healthy volunteers. In addition, in our clinical business we, on behalf of our clients,contract with physicians who render professional services, including the administration of the substance being tested, to participants in clinical trials, manyof whom are seriously ill and are at great risk of further illness or death as a result of factors other than their participation in a trial. As a result, we could beheld liable for bodily injury, death, pain and suffering, loss of consortium, or other personal injury claims and medical expenses arising from a clinical trial.In addition, we sometimes engage the services of vendors necessary for the conduct of a clinical trial, such as laboratories or medical diagnostic specialists.Because these vendors are engaged as subcontractors, we are responsible for their performance and may be held liable for damages if the subcontractors fail toperform in the manner specified in their contract. To reduce our potential liability, and as a requirement of the GCP regulations, informed consent is required from each volunteer and patient. In addition,our clients provide us with contractual indemnification for all of our service related contracts. These indemnities generally do not, however, protect usagainst certain of our own actions such as those involving negligence or misconduct. Our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmedif we were required to pay damages or incur defense costs in connection with a claim that is not indemnified, that is outside the scope of an indemnity orwhere the indemnity, although applicable, is not honored in accordance with its terms. We maintain errors, omissions, and professional liability insurance in amounts we believe to be appropriate. This insurance provides coverage forvicarious liability due to negligence of the investigators who contract with us, as well as claims by our clients that a clinical trial was compromised due to anerror or omission by us. If our insurance coverage is not adequate, or if insurance coverage does not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us, ourbusiness, financial condition, and operating results could be materially harmed.Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately 12,000 employees, of which approximately 47% were in the United States, approximately 31% were inEurope, approximately 3% were in Canada, and approximately 19% were in Africa, Latin America, and Asia Pacific. Some of our employees located outsideof the United States are represented by workers council or labor unions. We believe that our18 Table of Contentsemployee relations are satisfactory. Approximately 40% of employees hold a Master's level degree or higher. We have approximately 1,225 employees thathold a Ph.D, M.D. or other doctorate level degrees.Available Information We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance therewith, file reports, including annual, quarterly and currentreports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K,quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and our Proxy Statements for our annual meetings of stockholders, and any amendments to thosereports, as well as Section 16 reports filed by our insiders, are available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file the reportswith, or furnish the reports to the SEC. Our website address is http://www.prahs.com, and our investor relations website is located at investor.prahs.com.Information on our website is not incorporated by reference herein. Our SEC filings are also available for reading and copying at the SEC's Public ReferenceRoom at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) containing reports, proxy and information statements, and other informationregarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.19 Table of Contents Item 1A. Risk Factors You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below together with the other information included in this Annual Report onForm 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto. The occurrence of any of the following risks may materially andadversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects, which could in turn materially affect the price of our commonstock.The potential loss, delay or non-renewal of our contracts, or the non-payment by our clients for services that we have performed, could adversely affect ourresults. We routinely experience termination, cancellation and non-renewals of contracts by our clients in the ordinary course of business, and the number ofcancellations can vary significantly from year to year. Most of our clients for traditional, project-based clinical trial services can terminate our contracts without cause upon 30 to 60 days' notice. For example,our cancellation percentage for traditional, project-based Phase I through IV trials was 18% and 21% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively. Our traditional, project-based clients may delay, terminate or reduce the scope of our contracts for a variety of reasons beyond our control,including but not limited to:•decisions to forego or terminate a particular clinical trial; •lack of available financing, budgetary limits or changing priorities; •actions by regulatory authorities; •production problems resulting in shortages of the drug being tested; •failure of the drug being tested to satisfy safety requirements or efficacy criteria; •unexpected or undesired clinical results; •insufficient patient enrollment in a trial; •insufficient investigator recruitment; •decisions to downsize product development portfolios; •dissatisfaction with our performance, including the quality of data provided and our ability to meet agreed upon schedules; •shift of business to another CRO or internal resources; •product withdrawal following market launch; or •shut down of our clients' manufacturing facilities. In addition, our clients for our Strategic Solutions offerings may elect not to renew our contracts for a variety of reasons beyond our control, including inthe event that we are unable to provide staff sufficient in number or experience as required for a project. In the event of termination, our contracts often provide for fees for winding down the study, but these fees may not be sufficient for us to maintain ourprofit margins, and termination or non-renewal may result in lower resource utilization rates, including with respect to personnel who we are not able to placeon another client engagement. Clinical trials can be costly and a material portion of our revenue is derived from emerging biotechnology and small to mid-sized pharmaceuticalcompanies, which may have limited access to capital. In addition, we provide services to such companies before they pay us for some of our services.20 Table of ContentsThere is a risk that we may initiate a clinical trial for a client, and the client subsequently becomes unwilling or unable to fund the completion of the trial. Insuch a situation, notwithstanding the client's ability or willingness to pay for or otherwise facilitate the completion of the trial, we may be legally or ethicallybound to complete or wind down the trial at our own expense. Because the contracts included in our backlog can generally be terminated without cause, we do not believe that our backlog as of any date isnecessarily a meaningful predictor of future results. In addition, we may not realize the full benefits of our backlog of contractually committed services if ourclients cancel, delay or reduce their commitments under our contracts with them. Thus, the loss or delay of a large contract or the loss or delay of multiplecontracts could adversely affect our service revenue and profitability. In addition, the terminability of our contracts puts increased pressure on our qualitycontrol efforts, since not only can our contracts be terminated by clients as a result of poor performance, but any such termination may also affect our abilityto obtain future contracts from the client involved and others. We believe the risk of loss or delay of multiple contracts is even greater in those cases where weare party to broader partnering arrangements with global biopharmaceutical companies.We bear financial risk if we underprice our fixed-fee contracts or overrun cost estimates, and our financial results can also be adversely affected by failureto receive approval for change orders or delays in documenting change orders. Most of our traditional, project-based Phase I through IV contracts are fixed-fee contracts. We bear the financial risk if we initially underprice ourcontracts or otherwise overrun our cost estimates. In addition, contracts with our clients are subject to change orders, which we commonly experience andwhich occur when the scope of work we perform needs to be modified from that originally contemplated by our contract with the client. Modifications canoccur, for example, when there is a change in a key trial assumption or parameter, a significant change in timing or a change in staffing needs. Furthermore, ifwe are not successful in converting out-of-scope work into change orders under our current contracts, we bear the cost of the additional work. Suchunderpricing, significant cost overruns or delay in documentation of change orders could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations,financial condition or cash flows.Our backlog may not convert to service revenue at the historical conversion rate. Backlog represents anticipated service revenue from contracted new business awards that either have not started or are in process but have not beencompleted and was $2.4 billion, $2.1 billion, and $1.9 billion at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Our revenue conversion rate is based on afinancial and operational analysis performed by our project management teams and represents the level of effort expected to be expended at a specific pointin time. Once work begins on a project, revenue is recognized over the duration of the project. Projects may be terminated or delayed by the client or delayedby regulatory authorities for reasons beyond our control. To the extent projects are delayed, the timing of our revenue could be affected. In the event that aclient cancels a contract, we generally would be entitled to receive payment for all services performed up to the cancellation date and subsequent clientauthorized services related to terminating the canceled project. Generally, however, we have no contractual right to the full amount of the revenue reflectedin our backlog in the event of a contract cancellation. The duration of the projects included in our backlog, and the related revenue recognition, range from afew months to many years. Our backlog may not be indicative of our future results, and we may not realize all the anticipated future revenue reflected in ourbacklog. A number of factors may affect the realization of our revenue from backlog, including:•the size, complexity and duration of the projects; •the cancellation or delay of projects; and21 Table of Contents•change in the scope of work during the course of a project. Fluctuations in our reported backlog levels also result from the fact that we may receive a small number of relatively large orders in any given reportingperiod that may be included in our backlog. Because of these large orders, our backlog in that reporting period may reach levels that may not be sustained insubsequent reporting periods. As we increasingly compete for and enter into large contracts that are more global in nature, there can be no assurance about the rate at which ourbacklog will convert into revenue. A decrease in this conversion rate would mean that the rate of revenue recognized on contracts may be slower than whatwe have experienced in the past, which could impact our service revenue and results of operations on a quarterly and annual basis. The revenue recognitionon larger, more global projects could be slower than on smaller, less global projects for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to, an extended periodof negotiation between the time the project is awarded to us and the actual execution of the contract, as well as an increased timeframe for obtaining thenecessary regulatory approvals. Additionally, delayed projects will remain in backlog and will not generate revenue at the rate originally expected. Thus, therelationship of backlog to realized revenues is indirect and may vary over time.Our operating margins and profitability will be adversely affected if we are unable to either achieve efficiencies in our operating expenses or growrevenues at a rate faster than expenses. We operate in a highly competitive environment and experience competitive pricing pressure. To achieve our operating margins over the last three years,we have implemented initiatives to control the rate of growth of our operating expenses. We will continue to utilize these initiatives in the future with a viewto offsetting these pricing pressures; however, we cannot be certain that we will be able to achieve the efficiency gains necessary to maintain or grow ouroperating margins or that the magnitude of our growth in service revenue will be faster than the growth in our operating costs. If we are unable to grow ourservice revenue at a faster rate than our operating costs, our operating margins will be adversely affected. Our initiatives and any future cost initiatives mayalso adversely affect us, as they may decrease employee morale or make it more difficult for us to meet operational requirements.If we are unable to attract suitable investigators and patients for our clinical trials, our clinical development business may suffer. The recruitment of investigators and patients for clinical trials is essential to our business. Patients typically include people from the communities inwhich the clinical trials are conducted. Our clinical development business could be adversely affected if we are unable to attract suitable and willinginvestigators or patients for clinical trials on a consistent basis. For example, if we are unable to engage investigators to conduct clinical trials as planned orenroll sufficient patients in clinical trials, we may need to expend additional funds to obtain access to resources or else be compelled to delay or modify theclinical trial plans, which may result in additional costs to us. These considerations might result in our being unable to successfully achieve our projecteddevelopment timelines, or potentially even lead us to consider the termination of ongoing clinical trials or development of a product.Our embedded and functional outsourcing solutions could subject us to significant employment liability. With our embedded and functional outsourcing services, we place employees at the physical workplaces of our clients. The risks of this activity includeclaims of errors and omissions, misuse or misappropriation of client proprietary information, theft of client property and torts or other claims underemployment liability, co-employment liability or joint employment liability. We have policies and guidelines in place to reduce our exposure to such risks,but if we fail to follow these policies and guidelines we may suffer reputational damage, loss of client relationships and business, and monetary damages.22 Table of ContentsIf we lose the services of key personnel or are unable to recruit experienced personnel, our business could be adversely affected. Our success substantially depends on the collective performance, contributions and expertise of our senior management team and other key personnelincluding qualified management, professional, scientific and technical operating staff and qualified sales representatives for our contract sales services. Thereis significant competition for qualified personnel in the biopharmaceutical services industry, particularly those with higher educational degrees, such as amedical degree, a Ph.D or an equivalent degree. The departure of any key executive, the payment of increased compensation to attract and retain qualifiedpersonnel, or our inability to continue to identify, attract and retain qualified personnel or replace any departed personnel in a timely fashion, may impact ourability to grow our business and compete effectively in our industry and may negatively affect our ability to meet financial and operational goals.Our effective income tax rate may fluctuate, which may adversely affect our operations, earnings and earnings per share. Our effective income tax rate is influenced by our projected profitability in the various taxing jurisdictions in which we operate. The global nature of ourbusiness increases our tax risks. In addition, as a result of increased funding needs by governments resulting from fiscal stimulus measures, revenueauthorities in many of the jurisdictions in which we operate are known to have become more active in their tax collection activities. Changes in thedistribution of profits and losses among taxing jurisdictions may have a significant impact on our effective income tax rate, which in turn could have anadverse effect on our net income and earnings per share. The application of tax laws in various taxing jurisdictions, including the United States, is subject tointerpretation, and tax authorities in various jurisdictions may have diverging and sometimes conflicting interpretations of the application of tax laws.Changes in tax laws or tax rulings, such as tax reform proposals currently under consideration in the United States or other tax jurisdictions in which weoperate, could materially impact our effective tax rate. Factors that may affect our effective income tax rate include, but are not limited to:•the requirement to exclude from our quarterly worldwide effective income tax calculations losses in jurisdictions where no income tax benefitcan be recognized; •actual and projected full year pre-tax income, including differences between actual and anticipated income before taxes in variousjurisdictions; •changes in tax laws, or in the interpretation or application of tax laws, in various taxing jurisdictions; •audits or other challenges by taxing authorities; and •the establishment of valuation allowances against a portion or all of certain deferred income tax assets if we determined that it is more likelythan not that future income tax benefits will not be realized. These changes may cause fluctuations in our effective income tax rate that could adversely affect our results of operations and cause fluctuations in ourearnings and earnings per share.Our business depends on the continued effectiveness and availability of our information systems, including the information systems we use to provide ourservices to our clients, and failures of these systems may materially limit our operations. Due to the global nature of our business and our reliance on information systems to provide our services, we intend to increase our use of web-enabledand other integrated information systems in23 Table of Contentsdelivering our services. We also provide access to similar information systems to certain of our clients in connection with the services we provide them. Asthe breadth and complexity of our information systems continue to grow, we will increasingly be exposed to the risks inherent in the development,integration and ongoing operation of evolving information systems, including:•disruption, impairment or failure of data centers, telecommunications facilities or other key infrastructure platforms; •security breaches of, cyberattacks on and other failures or malfunctions in our critical application systems or their associated hardware; and •excessive costs, excessive delays or other deficiencies in systems development and deployment. The materialization of any of these risks may impede the processing of data, the delivery of databases and services, and the day-to-day management ofour business and could result in the corruption, loss or unauthorized disclosure of proprietary, confidential or other data. While we have disaster recoveryplans in place, they might not adequately protect us in the event of a system failure. Despite any precautions we take, damage from fire, floods, hurricanes,power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, information system security breaches and similar events at our various computer facilities couldresult in interruptions in the flow of data to our servers and from our servers to our clients. Corruption or loss of data may result in the need to repeat a trial atno cost to the client, but at significant cost to us, or result in the termination of a contract or damage to our reputation. Additionally, significant delays insystem enhancements or inadequate performance of new or upgraded systems once completed could damage our reputation and harm our business. Finally,long-term disruptions in the infrastructure caused by events such as natural disasters, the outbreak of war, the escalation of hostilities and acts of terrorism,particularly involving cities in which we have offices, could adversely affect our business. Although we carry property and business interruption insurance,our coverage might not be adequate to compensate us for all losses that may occur. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential data, whether through system failure or employee negligence, fraud or misappropriation, coulddamage our reputation and cause us to lose clients. Similarly, unauthorized access to or through our information systems or those we develop for our clients,whether by our employees or third parties, including a cyber-attack by computer programmers and hackers who may develop and deploy viruses, worms orother malicious software programs could result in negative publicity, significant remediation costs, legal liability and damage to our reputation and couldhave a material adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, our liability insurance might not be sufficient in type or amount to adequately coverus against claims related to security breaches, cyber-attacks and other related breaches. To date, cyber security attacks directed at us have not had a materialimpact on our financial results. Due to the evolving nature of security threats, however, the impact of any future incidents cannot be predicted.Upgrading the information systems that support our operating processes and evolving the technology platform for our services pose risks to our business. Continued efficient operation of our business requires that we implement standardized global business processes and evolve our information systems toenable this implementation. We have continued to undertake significant programs to optimize business processes with respect to our services. Our inabilityto effectively manage the implementation and adapt to new processes designed into these new or upgraded systems in a timely and cost-effective manner mayresult in disruption to our business and negatively affect our operations. We have entered into agreements with certain vendors to provide systems development and integration services that develop or license to us the ITplatform for programs to optimize our business processes. If such vendors fail to perform as required or if there are substantial delays in developing,24 Table of Contentsimplementing and updating the IT platform, our client delivery may be impaired, and we may have to make substantial further investments, internally or withthird parties, to achieve our objectives. Additionally, our progress may be limited by parties with existing or claimed patents who seek to enjoin us fromusing preferred technology or seek license payments from us. Meeting our objectives is dependent on a number of factors which may not take place as we anticipate, including obtaining adequate technologyenabled services, creating IT-enabled services that our clients will find desirable and implementing our business model with respect to these services. Also,increased IT-related expenditures may negatively impact our profitability.Our operations might be affected by the occurrence of a natural disaster or other catastrophic event. We depend on our clients, investigators, laboratories and other facilities for the continued operation of our business. Although we have contingencyplans in place for natural disasters or other catastrophic events, these events, including terrorist attacks, pandemic flu, hurricanes and ice storms, couldnevertheless disrupt our operations or those of our clients, investigators and collaboration partners, which could also affect us. In particular, our headquartersare in Raleigh, North Carolina where hurricanes might occur. Even though we carry business interruption insurance policies and typically have provisions inour contracts that protect us in certain events, we might suffer losses as a result of business interruptions that exceed the coverage available under ourinsurance policies or for which we do not have coverage. Any natural disaster or catastrophic event affecting us or our clients, investigators or collaborationpartners could have a significant negative impact on our operations and financial performance.We may be adversely affected by client concentration or concentration in therapeutic classes in which we conduct clinical trials. We derive the majority of our revenues from a limited number of large clients. In 2015 and 2014, we derived 41% and 38%, respectively, of our servicerevenue from our top five clients. In addition, almost 47% of our backlog, as of December 31, 2015, is concentrated among five clients. If any large clientdecreases or terminates its relationship with us, our business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Additionally, we conduct multiple clinical trials for different clients in single therapeutic classes, particularly in the areas of oncology and centralnervous system. For example, clinical trials in oncology and central nervous system represented 35% of our backlog as of December 31, 2015 and 33% of ourbacklog as of December 31, 2014. Conducting multiple clinical trials for different clients in a single therapeutic class involving drugs with the same orsimilar chemical action has in the past, and may in the future, adversely affect our business if some or all of the trials are canceled because of new scientificinformation or regulatory judgments that affect the drugs as a class or if industry consolidation results in the rationalization of drug development pipelines.Our business is subject to international economic, political and other risks that could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. We have significant operations in non-U.S. countries that may require complex arrangements to deliver services on global contracts for our clients.Additionally, we have established operations in locations remote from our most developed business centers. As a result, we are subject to heightened risksinherent in conducting business internationally, including the following:•conducting a single trial across multiple countries is complex, and issues in one country, such as a failure to comply with local regulations orrestrictions, may affect the progress of the trial in the other countries, for example, by limiting the amount of data necessary for a trial toproceed,25 Table of Contentsresulting in delays or potential cancellation of contracts, which in turn may result in loss of revenue;•non-U.S. countries could enact legislation or impose regulations or other restrictions, including unfavorable labor regulations or tax policies,which could have an adverse effect on our ability to conduct business in or expatriate profits from those countries; •tax rates in certain non-U.S. countries may exceed those in the United States and non-U.S. earnings may be subject to withholdingrequirements or the imposition of tariffs, exchange controls or other restrictions, including restrictions on repatriation; •certain non-U.S. countries are expanding or may expand their regulatory framework with respect to patient informed consent, protection andcompensation in clinical trials, which could delay or inhibit our ability to conduct trials in such jurisdictions or which could materiallyincrease the risks associated with performing trials in such jurisdictions; •the regulatory or judicial authorities of non-U.S. countries may not enforce legal rights and recognize business procedures in a manner towhich we are accustomed or would reasonably expect; •we may have difficulty complying with a variety of laws and regulations in non-U.S. countries, some of which may conflict with laws in theUnited States; •changes in political and economic conditions may lead to changes in the business environment in which we operate, as well as changes innon-U.S. currency exchange rates; •clients in non-U.S. jurisdictions may have longer payment cycles, and it may be more difficult to collect receivables in non-U.S. jurisdictions;and •natural disasters, pandemics or international conflict, including terrorist acts, could interrupt our services, endanger our personnel or causeproject delays or loss of trial materials or results. These risks and uncertainties could negatively impact our ability to, among other things, perform large, global projects for our clients. Furthermore, ourability to deal with these issues could be affected by applicable U.S. laws and the need to protect our assets. In addition, we may be more susceptible to theserisks as we enter and continue to target growth in emerging countries and regions, including India, China, Eastern Europe and Latin America, which may besubject to a relatively higher risk of political instability, economic volatility, crime, corruption and social and ethnic unrest, all of which are exacerbated inmany cases by a lack of an independent and experienced judiciary and uncertainties in how local law is applied and enforced. The materialization of anysuch risks could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.Due to the global nature of our business, we may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and various non-U.S. anti-corruptionlaws, and any allegation or determination that we violated these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business. We are required to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, and other U.S. and non-U.S. anti-corruption laws, which prohibitcompanies from engaging in bribery, including corruptly or improperly offering, promising, or providing money or anything else of value to non-U.S.officials and certain other recipients. In addition, the FCPA imposes certain books, records, and accounting control obligations on public companies andother issuers. We operate in parts of the world in which corruption can be common and compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customsand practices. Our global operations face the risk of unauthorized payments or offers being made by employees, consultants, sales agents, and other businesspartners outside of our control or without our authorization. It is our policy to implement safeguards to prohibit these practices by our employees andbusiness partners with respect to our operations. However, irrespective of these26 Table of Contentssafeguards, or as a result of monitoring compliance with such safeguards, it is possible that we or certain other parties may discover or receive information atsome point that certain employees, consultants, sales agents, or other business partners may have engaged in corrupt conduct for which we might be heldresponsible. Violations of the FCPA or other non-U.S. anti-corruption laws may result in restatements of, or irregularities in, our financial statements as well assevere criminal or civil sanctions, and we may be subject to other liabilities, which could negatively affect our business, operating results and financialcondition. In some cases, companies that violate the FCPA may be debarred by the U.S. government and/or lose their U.S. export privileges. Changes in anti-corruption laws or enforcement priorities could also result in increased compliance requirements and related costs which could adversely affect our business,financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the U.S. or other governments may seek to hold us liable for successor liability FCPA violations orviolations of other anti-corruption laws committed by companies in which we invest or that we acquired or will acquire.If we are unable to successfully develop and market new services or enter new markets, our growth, results of operations or financial condition could beadversely affected. A key element of our growth strategy is the successful development and marketing of new services and entering new markets that complement or expandour existing business. As we develop new services or enter new markets, including services targeted at participants in the broader healthcare industry, we maynot have or adequately build the competencies necessary to perform such services satisfactorily, may not receive market acceptance for such services or mayface increased competition. If we are unable to succeed in developing new services, entering new markets or attracting a client base for our new services or innew markets, we will be unable to implement this element of our growth strategy, and our future business, reputation, results of operations and financialcondition could be adversely affected.If we fail to perform our services in accordance with contractual requirements, government regulations and ethical considerations, we could be subject tosignificant costs or liability and our reputation could be adversely affected. We contract with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies to perform a wide range of services to assist them in bringing new drugs to market. Ourservices include monitoring clinical trials, data and laboratory analysis, electronic data capture, patient recruitment and other related services. Such servicesare complex and subject to contractual requirements, government regulations, and ethical considerations. For example, we are subject to regulation by theFDA and comparable non-U.S. regulatory authorities relating to our activities in conducting pre-clinical and clinical trials. The clinical trial process must beconducted in accordance with regulations promulgated by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which requires the drug to be tested andstudied in certain ways. In the United States, before human clinical testing may begin, a manufacturer must file an IND with the FDA. Further, an IRB for eachmedical center proposing to participate in the clinical trial must review and approve the protocol for the clinical trial before the medical center's investigatorsparticipate. Once initiated, clinical trials must be conducted pursuant to and in accordance with the applicable IND, the requirements of the relevant IRBs,and GCP regulations. Similarly, before clinical trials begin, a drug is tested in pre-clinical studies that are expected to comply with Good Laboratory Practicerequirements. We are also subject to regulation by the DEA which regulates the distribution, recordkeeping, handling, security, and disposal of controlledsubstances. If we fail to perform our services in accordance with these requirements, regulatory authorities may take action against us. Such actions mayinclude injunctions or failure to grant marketing approval of products, imposition of clinical holds or delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals,rejection of data collected in our studies, license revocation, product seizures or recalls, operational restrictions, civil or criminal penalties or prosecutions,damages or fines. Clients may also bring claims against us for breach of our27 Table of Contentscontractual obligations and patients in the clinical trials and patients taking drugs approved on the basis of those trials may bring personal injury claimsagainst us. Any such action could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and reputation. Such consequences could arise if, among other things, the following occur: Improper performance of our services. The performance of clinical development services is complex and time-consuming. For example, we may makemistakes in conducting a clinical trial that could negatively impact or obviate the usefulness of the trial or cause the results of the trial to be reportedimproperly. If the trial results are compromised, we could be subject to significant costs or liability, which could have an adverse impact on our ability toperform our services and our reputation would be harmed. As examples:•non-compliance generally could result in the termination of ongoing clinical trials or the disqualification of data for submission to regulatoryauthorities; •compromise of data from a particular trial, such as failure to verify that adequate informed consent was obtained from patients, could require usto repeat the trial under the terms of our contract at no further cost to our client, but at a potentially substantial cost to us; and •breach of a contractual term could result in liability for damages or termination of the contract. Large clinical trials can cost tens of millions of dollars, and while we endeavor to contractually limit our exposure to such risks, improper performance ofour services could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, damage our reputation and result in the cancellation of current contracts by theaffected client or other current clients or failure to obtain future contracts from the affected client or other current or potential clients. Investigation of clients. From time to time, one or more of our clients are investigated by regulatory authorities or enforcement agencies with respect toregulatory compliance of their clinical trials, programs or the marketing and sale of their drugs. In these situations, we have often provided services to ourclients with respect to the clinical trials, programs or activities being investigated, and we are called upon to respond to requests for information by theauthorities and agencies. There is a risk that either our clients or regulatory authorities could claim that we performed our services improperly or that we areresponsible for clinical trial or program compliance. If our clients or regulatory authorities make such claims against us and prove them, we could be subjectto damages, fines or penalties. In addition, negative publicity regarding regulatory compliance of our clients' clinical trials, programs or drugs could have anadverse effect on our business and reputation.If we fail to comply with federal, state, and non-U.S. healthcare laws, including fraud and abuse laws, we could face substantial penalties and our business,results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected. Even though we do not order healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcarelaws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse are and will be applicable to our business. We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse laws of boththe federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory andregulatory exceptions, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If we or our operationsare found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties,including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could materiallyadversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.28 Table of ContentsOur services could subject us to potential liability that may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our business involves the testing of new drugs on patients in clinical trials. Our involvement in the clinical trial and development process creates a riskof liability for personal injury to or death of patients, particularly those with life-threatening illnesses, resulting from adverse reactions to the drugsadministered during testing or after regulatory approval. For example, we may be sued in the future by individuals alleging personal injury due to theirparticipation in clinical trials and seeking damages from us under a variety of legal theories. If we are required to pay damages or incur defense costs inconnection with any personal injury claim that is outside the scope of indemnification agreements we have with our clients, if any indemnification agreementis not performed in accordance with its terms or if our liability exceeds the amount of any applicable indemnification limits or available insurance coverage,our financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be materially and adversely affected. We might also not be able to obtain adequateinsurance or indemnification for these types of risks at reasonable rates in the future. We also contract with physicians to serve as investigators in conducting clinical trials. Investigators are typically located at hospitals, clinics or othersites and supervise the administration of the investigational drug to patients during the course of a clinical trial. If the investigators commit errors or makeomissions during a clinical trial that result in harm to trial patients or after a clinical trial to a patient using the drug after it has received regulatory approval,claims for personal injury or products liability damages may result. Additionally, if the investigators engage in fraudulent or negligent behavior, trial datamay be compromised, which may require us to repeat the clinical trial or subject us to liability or regulatory action. We do not believe we are legallyresponsible for the medical care rendered by such third-party investigators, and we would vigorously defend any claims brought against us. However, it ispossible we could be found liable for claims with respect to the actions of third-party investigators.Some of our services involve direct interaction with clinical trial patients and operation of Phase I and IIa clinical facilities, which could create potentialliability that may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We operate facilities where Phase I to IIa clinical trials are conducted, which ordinarily involve testing an investigational drug on a limited number ofindividuals to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range and identify side effects. Failure to operate such a facility in accordance with applicableregulations could result in disruptions to our operations. Additionally, we face risks associated with adverse events resulting from the administration of suchdrugs and the professional malpractice of medical care providers. We also directly employ nurses and other trained employees who assist in implementing thetesting involved in our clinical trials, such as drawing blood from subjects. Any professional malpractice or negligence by such investigators, nurses or otheremployees could potentially result in liability to us in the event of personal injury to or death of a subject in clinical trials. This liability, particularly if itwere to exceed the limits of any indemnification agreements and insurance coverage we may have, may adversely affect our financial condition, results ofoperations and reputation.29 Table of ContentsOur insurance may not cover all of our indemnification obligations and other liabilities associated with our operations. We maintain insurance designed to provide coverage for ordinary risks associated with our operations and our ordinary indemnification obligations. Thecoverage provided by such insurance may not be adequate for all claims we may make or may be contested by our insurance carriers. If our insurance is notadequate or available to pay liabilities associated with our operations, or if we are unable to purchase adequate insurance at reasonable rates in the future, ourprofitability may be adversely impacted. We do not currently maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our employees. If any of our key employees were to join a competitor or toform a competing company, some of our clients might choose to use the services of that competitor or new company instead of our own. Furthermore, clientsor other companies seeking to develop in-house capabilities may hire some of our senior management or key employees. We cannot assure you that a courtwould enforce the non-competition provisions in our employment agreements.Exchange rate fluctuations may affect our results of operations and financial condition. During 2015, approximately 17% of our service revenue was denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, particularly the Euro and the PoundSterling. Because a large portion of our service revenue and expenses are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar and our financial statements arereported in U.S. dollars, changes in non-U.S. currency exchange rates could significantly affect our results of operations and financial condition. The revenue and expenses of our non-U.S. operations are generally denominated in local currencies and translated into U.S. dollars for financialreporting purposes. Accordingly, exchange rate fluctuations will affect the translation of non-U.S. results into U.S. dollars for purposes of reporting ourconsolidated results. We are subject to non-U.S. currency transaction risk for fluctuations in exchange rates during the period of time between the consummation and cashsettlement of a transaction. We earn revenue from our service contracts over a period of several months and, in some cases, over several years. Accordingly,exchange rate fluctuations during this period may affect our profitability with respect to such contracts. We may limit these risks through exchange rate fluctuation provisions stated in our service contracts, or we may hedge our transaction risk with non-U.S.currency exchange contracts or options. We have not, however, hedged any of our non-U.S. currency transaction risk, and we may experience fluctuations infinancial results from our operations outside the United States and non-U.S. currency transaction risk associated with our service contracts.If we do not keep pace with rapid technological changes, our services may become less competitive or obsolete. The biopharmaceutical industry generally, and drug development and clinical research more specifically, are subject to rapid technological changes. Ourcurrent competitors or other businesses might develop technologies or services that are more effective or commercially attractive than, or render obsolete, ourcurrent or future technologies and services. If our competitors introduce superior technologies or services and if we cannot make enhancements to remaincompetitive, our competitive position would be harmed. If we are unable to compete successfully, we may lose clients or be unable to attract new clients,which could lead to a decrease in our revenue and financial condition.30 Table of ContentsOur relationships with existing or potential clients who are in competition with each other may adversely impact the degree to which other clients orpotential clients use our services, which may adversely affect our results of operations. The biopharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, with companies each seeking to persuade payors, providers and patients that their drug therapiesare more cost-effective than competing therapies marketed or being developed by competing firms. In addition to the adverse competitive interests thatbiopharmaceutical companies have with each other, these companies also have adverse interests with respect to drug selection and reimbursement with otherparticipants in the healthcare industry, including payors and providers. Biopharmaceutical companies also compete to be first to the market with new drugtherapies. We regularly provide services to biopharmaceutical companies who compete with each other, and we sometimes provide services to such clientsregarding competing drugs in development. Our existing or future relationships with our biopharmaceutical clients have in the past and may continue todeter other biopharmaceutical clients from using our services or in certain instances has resulted in our clients seeking to place limits on our ability to servetheir competitors and other industry participants. In addition, our further expansion into the broader healthcare market may adversely impact ourrelationships with biopharmaceutical clients, and such clients may elect not to use our services, reduce the scope of services that we provide to them or seekto place restrictions on our ability to serve clients in the broader healthcare market with interests that are adverse to theirs. Any loss of clients or reductions inthe level of revenues from a client could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, business and prospects.If we are unable to manage our joint ventures and identify, acquire and integrate future acquisitions and joint ventures with our existing business, servicesand technologies, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted. We have historically grown our business both organically and through acquisitions, and we anticipate that a portion of our future growth may come fromacquiring existing businesses, services or technologies and entering into strategic alliances and joint ventures. The success of any acquisition will dependupon, among other things, our ability to effectively integrate acquired personnel, operations, products and technologies into our business, to obtainregulatory approvals, and to retain the key personnel and clients of our acquired businesses. Failure to successfully integrate any acquired business mayresult in reduced levels of revenue, earnings or operating efficiency than might have been achieved if we had not acquired such businesses. In addition, anyfuture acquisitions could result in the incurrence of additional debt and related interest expense, contingent liabilities and amortization expenses related tointangible assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow. The success of any joint venture will involve, among other things, learning about new markets and regulations, ensuring quality controls are adequateand not inadvertently creating competitors. In addition, we may be unable to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, properly evaluate the price of suchacquisitions or obtain any necessary financing on commercially acceptable terms. We may also spend time and money investigating and negotiating with potential acquisition targets and strategic alliance partners but not complete thetransaction. Acquisitions involve other risks, including, among others, the assumption of additional liabilities and expenses, difficulties and expenses inconnection with integrating the acquired companies and achieving the expected benefits, issuances of potentially dilutive securities or debt, loss of keyemployees of the acquired companies, transaction costs, diversion of management's attention from other business concerns and, with respect to theacquisition of non-U.S. companies, the inability to overcome differences in non-U.S. business practices, language and customs. Our failure to identifypotential acquisitions, complete targeted acquisitions and integrate completed acquisitions or identify and manage strategic alliances or joint ventures couldhave a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.31 Table of ContentsWe have a significant amount of goodwill and intangible assets on our balance sheet, and our results of operations may be adversely affected if we fail torealize the full value of our goodwill and intangible assets. Our balance sheet reflects goodwill and intangibles assets of $1.0 billion and $0.5 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2015. Collectively, goodwilland intangibles assets represented 69% of our total assets as of December 31, 2015. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP,goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but are subject to a periodic impairment evaluation. We assess the realizability of ourindefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill annually and conduct an interim evaluation whenever events or changes in circumstances, such as operatinglosses or a significant decline in earnings associated with the acquired business or asset, indicate that these assets may be impaired. In addition, we reviewlong-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Ifindicators of impairment are present, we evaluate the carrying value in relation to estimates of future undiscounted cash flows. Our ability to realize the valueof the goodwill and intangible assets will depend on the future cash flows of the businesses we have acquired, which in turn depend in part on how well wehave integrated these businesses into our own business. The carrying amount of the goodwill could be impaired if there is a downturn in our business or ourindustry or other factors that affect the fair value of our business, in which case a charge to earnings would become necessary. If we are not able to realize thevalue of the goodwill and intangible assets, we may be required to incur material charges relating to the impairment of those assets. Such impairment chargescould materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere inthis Annual Report on Form 10-K for a further discussion of our goodwill and intangible asset impairment testing.Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, if a corporation undergoes an "ownership change" (generally defined as a greater than50 percentage point change, by value, in the aggregate stock ownership of certain stockholders over a three-year period), the corporation's ability to use itspre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset its future taxable income and other pre-change tax attributes may be limited. We have experienced atleast one ownership change in the past. We may experience additional ownership changes in the future. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership(including future sales by KKR) could result in additional ownership changes. Any such ownership changes could limit our ability to use our net operatingloss carryforwards to offset any future taxable income and other tax attributes. State and non-U.S. tax laws may also impose limitations on our ability toutilize net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes.Our business could be harmed if we are unable to manage our growth effectively. We believe that sustained growth places a strain on operational, human and financial resources. To manage our growth, we must continue to improve ouroperating and administrative systems and to attract and retain qualified management, professional, scientific and technical operating personnel. We believethat maintaining and enhancing both our systems and personnel at reasonable cost are instrumental to our success. We cannot assure you that we will be ableto enhance our current technology or obtain new technology that will enable our systems to keep pace with developments and the sophisticated needs of ourclients. The nature and pace of our growth introduces risks associated with quality control and client dissatisfaction due to delays in performance or otherproblems. In addition, non-U.S. operations involve the additional risks of assimilating differences in non-U.S. business practices, hiring and retainingqualified personnel and overcoming language barriers. Failure to manage growth effectively could have an adverse effect on our business.32 Table of ContentsOur operations involve the use and disposal of hazardous substances and waste which can give rise to liability that could adversely impact our financialcondition. We conduct activities that have involved, and may continue to involve, the controlled use of hazardous materials and the creation of hazardoussubstances, including medical waste and other highly regulated substances. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling the disposal of suchmaterials generally comply with the standards prescribed by non-U.S., state and federal laws and regulations, our operations nevertheless pose the risk ofaccidental contamination or injury caused by the release of these materials and/or the creation of hazardous substances, including medical waste and otherhighly regulated substances. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for damages and cleanup costs which, to the extent not covered byexisting insurance or indemnification, could harm our business. In addition, other adverse effects could result from such liability, including reputationaldamage resulting in the loss of additional business from certain clients.We rely on third parties for important products and services. We depend on certain third parties to provide us with products and services critical to our business. Such services include, among others, suppliers ofdrugs for patients participating in trials, suppliers of kits for use in our laboratories, suppliers of reagents for use in our testing equipment and providers ofmaintenance services for our equipment. The failure of any of these third parties to adequately provide the required products or services, or to do so incompliance with applicable regulatory requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business.We have only a limited ability to protect our intellectual property rights, and these rights are important to our success. Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to develop, use and protect our proprietary methodologies, analytics, systems, technologies and otherintellectual property. Existing laws of the various countries in which we provide services or solutions offer only limited protection of our intellectualproperty rights, and the protection in some countries may be very limited. We rely upon a combination of trade secrets, confidentiality policies,nondisclosure, invention assignment and other contractual arrangements, and copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, to protect our intellectual propertyrights. These laws are subject to change at any time and certain agreements may not be fully enforceable, which could further restrict our ability to protect ourinnovations. Our intellectual property rights may not prevent competitors from independently developing services similar to or duplicative of ours. Further,the steps we take in this regard might not be adequate to prevent or deter infringement or other misappropriation of our intellectual property by competitors,former employees or other third parties, and we might not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce, ourintellectual property rights. Enforcing our rights might also require considerable time, money and oversight, and we may not be successful in enforcing ourrights. Depending on the circumstances, we might need to grant a specific client greater rights in intellectual property developed in connection with a contractthan we otherwise generally do. In certain situations, we might forego all rights to the use of intellectual property we create, which would limit our ability toreuse that intellectual property for other clients. Any limitation on our ability to provide a service or solution could cause us to lose revenue generatingopportunities and require us to incur additional expenses to develop or license new or modified solutions for future projects.Our business has experienced substantial expansion and contraction in the past and we might not properly manage any expansion or contraction in thefuture. Rapid expansion or contraction, both of which we have experienced, could strain our operational, human and financial resources and facilities. If we failto properly manage any changes, our expenses33 Table of Contentsmight grow more than revenue and our results of operations and financial condition might be negatively affected. In order to manage expansion orcontraction, we must, among other things, do the following:•continue to improve our operating, administrative and information systems; •accurately predict our future personnel, resource and facility needs to meet our commitments; •track the progress of ongoing projects; and •attract and retain qualified management, sales, professional, scientific and technical operating personnel. In addition, we have numerous business groups, subsidiaries and divisions. If we cannot properly manage these groups, subsidiaries or divisions, it willdisrupt our operations. We also face additional risks in expanding our non-U.S. operations. Specifically, we might find it difficult to:•assimilate differences in non-U.S. business practices and regulations; •properly integrate systems and operating procedures; •hire and retain qualified personnel; and •overcome language and cultural barriers.The biopharmaceutical services industry is fragmented and highly competitive. The biopharmaceutical services industry is fragmented and highly competitive and if we do not compete successfully, our business will suffer. We oftencompete for business with other biopharmaceutical services companies, universities, niche providers and discovery and development departments within ourclients, some of which are large biopharmaceutical services companies in their own right with greater resources than ours. As part of our business model, wehave formed preferred vendor relationships. These relationships generally are not contractual and are subject to change at any time. As a result of theserelationships, we may find reduced access to certain potential clients due to preferred vendor arrangements with other competitors. There are few barriers toentry for smaller specialized companies considering entering the industry. Because of their size and focus, these companies might compete effectively againstlarger companies like us, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. Additionally, the industry is highly fragmented, with numerous smallerspecialized companies and a handful of full-service companies with global capabilities similar to ours. Increased competition has led to price and other formsof competition, such as acceptance of less favorable contract terms that could adversely affect our operating results. As a result of competitive pressures, inrecent years our industry has experienced consolidation. This trend is likely to produce more competition from the resulting larger companies for both clientsand acquisition candidates.Outsourcing trends in the biopharmaceutical industry and changes in aggregate spending and R&D budgets could adversely affect our operating resultsand growth rate. We provide services to the biopharmaceutical industry and our revenues depend on the outsourcing trends and R&D expenditures in the industry.Economic factors and industry trends that affect biopharmaceutical companies affect our business. Biopharmaceutical companies continue to seek long-termstrategic collaborations with global CROs with favorable pricing terms. Competition for these collaborations is intense and we may decide to forego anopportunity or we may not be selected, in which case a competitor may enter into the collaboration and our business with the client, if any, may be limited. Inaddition, if the biopharmaceutical industry reduces its outsourcing of clinical trials or such outsourcing fails to grow at projected rates, our operations andfinancial condition could be materially and adversely affected. We may also be negatively affected by consolidation and other factors34 Table of Contentsin the biopharmaceutical industry, which may slow decision making by our clients or result in the delay or cancellation of clinical trials. All of these eventscould adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.Recent consolidation in the biopharmaceutical industry could lead to a reduction in our revenues. Several large biopharmaceutical companies have recently completed mergers and acquisitions that will consolidate the outsourcing trends and R&Dexpenditures into fewer companies. As a result of the RPS Acquisition and the expansion of our relationship with large pharmaceutical companies,pharmaceutical companies have become an increasing portion of our customer base. The pharmaceutical industry is currently undergoing a period ofincreased merger activity. As a result of this and future consolidations, our client diversity may decrease and our business may be adversely affected.We may be affected by healthcare reform and potential additional reforms. Numerous government bodies are considering or have adopted various healthcare reforms and may undertake, or are in the process of undertaking, effortsto control growing healthcare costs through legislation, regulation and voluntary agreements with medical care providers and biopharmaceutical companies.By way of example, in March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, orcollectively, the Affordable Care Act, was signed into law, which, among other things, expanded, over time, health insurance coverage, imposed healthindustry cost containment measures, enhanced remedies against healthcare fraud and abuse, added new transparency requirements for healthcare and healthinsurance industries, imposed new taxes and fees on pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers and imposed additional health policy reforms, any ofwhich may significantly impact the biopharmaceutical industry, including many of our customers. We are uncertain as to the effects of these recent reformson our business and are unable to predict what legislative proposals, if any, will be adopted in the future. If regulatory cost containment efforts limit theprofitability of new drugs, our clients may reduce their R&D spending, which could reduce the business they outsource to us. Similarly, if regulatoryrequirements are relaxed or simplified drug approval procedures are adopted, the demand for our services could decrease. Government bodies may also adopt healthcare legislation or regulations that are more burdensome than existing regulations. For example, product safetyconcerns and recommendations by the Drug Safety Oversight Board could change the regulatory environment for drug products, and new or heightenedregulatory requirements may increase our expenses or limit our ability to offer some of our services. Additionally, new or heightened regulatory requirementsmay have a negative impact on the ability of our clients to conduct industry sponsored clinical trials, which could reduce the need for our services.Furthermore, a relaxation of the scope of regulatory requirements, such as the introduction of simplified marketing applications for pharmaceuticals andbiologics, could decrease the business opportunities available to us.Actions by regulatory authorities or clients to limit the scope of or withdraw an approved drug from the market could result in a loss of revenue. Government regulators have the authority, after approving a drug, to limit its indication for use by requiring additional labeled warnings or to withdrawthe drug's approval for its approved indication based on safety concerns. Similarly, clients may act to voluntarily limit the availability of approved drugs orwithdraw them from the market after we begin our work. If we are providing services to clients for drugs that are limited or withdrawn, we may be required tonarrow the scope of or terminate our services with respect to such drugs, which would prevent us from earning the full amount of service revenue anticipatedunder the related service contracts.35 Table of ContentsCurrent and proposed laws and regulations regarding the protection of personal data could result in increased risks of liability or increased cost to us orcould limit our service offerings. The confidentiality, collection, use and disclosure of personal data, including clinical trial patient-specific information, are subject to governmentalregulation generally in the country in which the personal data was collected or used. For example, U.S. federal regulations under HIPAA generally requireindividuals' written authorization, in addition to any required informed consent, before protected health information may be used for research and suchregulations specify standards for de-identifications and for limited data sets. We may also be subject to applicable state privacy and security laws andregulations in states in which we operate. We are both directly and indirectly affected by the privacy provisions surrounding individual authorizationsbecause many investigators with whom we are involved in clinical trials are directly subject to them as a HIPAA "covered entity" and because we obtainidentifiable health information from third parties that are subject to such regulations. Because of recent amendments to the HIPAA data security and privacyrules that were promulgated on January 25, 2013, some of which went into effect on March 26, 2013, there are some instances where we may be a HIPAA"business associate" of a "covered entity," meaning that we may be directly liable for any breaches in protected health information and other HIPAAviolations. These amendments may subject us to HIPAA's enforcement scheme, which, as amended, can result in up to $1.5 million in annual civil penaltiesfor each HIPAA violation. In the EU and other jurisdictions, personal data includes any information that relates to an identified or identifiable natural person with healthinformation carrying additional obligations, including obtaining the explicit consent from the individual for collection, use or disclosure of the information.In addition, we are subject to laws and regulations with respect to cross-border transfers of such data out of certain jurisdictions in which we operate,including the EU. If we are unable to transfer data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which weprovide our services or adversely affect our financial results. The United States, the EU and its member states, and other countries where we have operations,such as Japan, continue to issue new privacy and data protection rules and regulations that relate to personal data and health information. Failure to complywith these data protection and privacy regulations and rules in various jurisdictions, or to resolve any serious privacy or security complaints, could subject usto regulatory sanctions, criminal prosecution or civil liability. Federal, state and non-U.S. governments may propose or have adopted additional legislationgoverning the collection, possession, use or dissemination of personal data, such as personal health information, and personal financial data as well assecurity breach notification rules for loss or theft of such data. Additional legislation or regulation of this type might, among other things, require us toimplement new security measures and processes or bring within the legislation or regulation de-identified health or other personal data, each of which mayrequire substantial expenditures or limit our ability to offer some of our services. Additionally, if we violate applicable laws, regulations or duties relating tothe use, privacy or security of personal data, we could be subject to civil liability or criminal prosecution, be forced to alter our business practices and sufferreputational harm. In the next few years, the European data protection framework may be revised as a generally applicable data regulation. The text has notyet been finalized, but it contains new provisions specifically directed at the processing of health information, sanctions of up to 2% of worldwide grossrevenue and extra-territoriality measures intended to bring non-EU companies under the proposed regulation.The biopharmaceutical industry has a history of patent and other intellectual property litigation, and we might be involved in costly intellectual propertylawsuits. The biopharmaceutical industry has a history of intellectual property litigation, and these lawsuits will likely continue in the future. Accordingly, wemay face patent infringement suits by companies that have patents for similar business processes or other suits alleging infringement of their intellectual36 Table of Contentsproperty rights. Legal proceedings relating to intellectual property could be expensive, take significant time and divert management's attention from otherbusiness concerns, regardless of the outcome of the litigation. If we do not prevail in an infringement lawsuit brought against us, we might have to paysubstantial damages, and we could be required to stop the infringing activity or obtain a license to use technology on unfavorable terms.Circumstances beyond our control could cause the CRO industry to suffer reputational or other harm that could result in an industry-wide reduction indemand for CRO services, which could harm our business. Demand for our services may be affected by perceptions of our clients regarding the CRO industry as a whole. For example, other CROs could engage inconduct that could render our clients less willing to do business with us or any CRO. Although to date no event has occurred causing material industry-widereputational harm, one or more CROs could engage in or fail to detect malfeasance, such as inadequately monitoring sites, producing inaccurate databases oranalysis, falsifying patient records, and performing incomplete lab work, or take other actions that would reduce the confidence of our clients in the CROindustry. As a result, the willingness of biopharmaceutical companies to outsource R&D services to CROs could diminish and our business could thus beharmed materially by events outside our control.Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our debt obligations and may otherwise restrictour activities. As of December 31, 2015, we had total indebtedness of $914.0 million, including $225.0 million principal amount of 9.5% senior notes due 2023, orSenior Notes, and $689.0 million principal amount of variable rate first lien term loan due 2020, or Senior Secured Term Loan Facility. We had nooutstanding borrowings under our revolving line of credit, or the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility. The Senior Secured Term Loan Facility andSenior Secured Revolving Credit Facility are collectively known as the Senior Secured Credit Facility. Specifically, our high level of debt could have important consequences to the holders of the Senior Notes, including:•making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to the Senior Notes and our other debt; •limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions or othergeneral corporate requirements; •requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing theamount of cash flow available for working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions and other general corporate purposes; •increasing our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic, industry and competitive conditions; •exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates as certain of our borrowings, including borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities,are at variable rates of interest; •limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the industry in which we compete; •placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors; and •increasing our cost of borrowing.37 Table of ContentsDespite our level of indebtedness, we may incur more debt and undertake additional obligations. Incurring such debt or undertaking such additionalobligations could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition. Although the credit agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the Senior Notes contain restrictions on theincurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions and the indebtedness incurred incompliance with these restrictions could increase. To the extent new debt is added to our current debt levels, the risks to our financial condition wouldincrease. While the credit agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the Senior Notes also contain restrictions on ourability to make loans and investments, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and the investments incurred in compliancewith these restrictions could be substantial.If we do not comply with the covenants in the credit agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the SeniorNotes, we may not have the funds necessary to pay all of our indebtedness that could become due. The credit agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the Senior Notes require us to comply with certaincovenants. In particular, our credit agreement and indenture prohibit us from incurring any additional indebtedness, except in specified circumstances, oramending the terms of agreements relating to certain existing junior indebtedness, if any, in a manner materially adverse to the lenders under our creditagreement and holders of our Senior Notes, without their respective approval. Further, our credit agreement and indenture contain customary covenants,including covenants that restrict our ability to acquire and dispose of assets, engage in mergers or reorganizations, pay dividends or make investments. Aviolation of any of these covenants could cause an event of default under our credit agreement. If we default on our credit agreement as a result of our failure to pay principal or interest when due, our material breach of any representation, warranty orcovenant, or any other reason, all outstanding amounts could become immediately due and payable. In such case, we may not have sufficient funds to repayall the outstanding amounts. In addition, or in the alternative, the lenders under our credit agreement could exercise their rights under the security documentsentered into in connection with the credit agreement. If any of the holders of our indebtedness accelerate the repayment of such indebtedness, there can be noassurance that we will have sufficient assets to repay our indebtedness. If we were unable to repay those amounts, the holders of our secured indebtednesscould proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness. Any acceleration of amounts due under the credit agreement governing ouroutstanding Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indenture governing the Senior Notes or the substantial exercise by the lenders of their rights under thesecurity documents would likely have a material adverse effect on us.We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness, and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations underour indebtedness that may not be successful. Our ability to satisfy our debt obligations will depend upon, among other things:•our future financial and operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, regulatoryand other factors, many of which are beyond our control; and •the future availability of borrowings under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities, which depends on, among other things, our complying withthe covenants in those facilities.38 Table of Contents It cannot be assured that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available to us under our SeniorSecured Credit Facilities or otherwise, in an amount sufficient to fund our liquidity needs. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to service our indebtedness, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets,seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet ourscheduled debt service obligations. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financialcondition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which couldfurther restrict our business operations. In addition, the terms of existing or future debt agreements, may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives.In the absence of such operating results and resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets oroperations to meet our debt service and other obligations. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions for fair market value or at all and anyproceeds that we could realize from any such dispositions may not be adequate to meet our debt service obligations then due.Interest rate fluctuations may affect our results of operations and financial condition. Because a substantial portion of our debt is variable-rate debt, fluctuations in interest rates could have a material effect on our business. We currentlyutilize derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps to hedge our exposure to interest rate fluctuations, but such instruments may not beeffective in reducing our exposure to interest fluctuations, and we may discontinuing utilizing them at any time. As a result, we may incur higher interestcosts if interest rates increase. These higher interest costs could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and the levels of cash we maintainfor working capital.The parties to the Stockholders Agreement have significant influence over us, including control over decisions that require the approval of ourstockholders, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for a vote. KKR owned approximately 66% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2015. As long as this group owns or controls at least a majority ofour outstanding voting power, it has the ability to exercise substantial control over all corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, irrespective of howour other stockholders may vote, including:•the election and removal of directors and the size of our board of directors; •any amendment of our articles of incorporation or bylaws; or •the approval of mergers and other significant corporate transactions, including a sale of substantially all of our assets.We are a "controlled company" within the meaning of the NASDAQ rules and, as a result, qualify for, and rely on, exemptions from certain corporategovernance requirements. Our stockholders do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to such requirements. The parties to the Stockholders Agreement control a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, we are a "controlledcompany" within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the NASDAQ. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the votingpower for the election of directors is held by an individual, group or another company is a "controlled company" and may elect not to comply with certaincorporate governance39 Table of Contentsrequirements, including the requirements that, within one year of the date of the listing of our common stock:•we have a board of directors that is composed of a majority of "independent directors," as defined under the rules of such exchange; •we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors; and •director nominations be made, or recommended to the full board, by our independent directors or by a nominating and corporate governancecommittee that is composed entirely of independent directors. Because we utilize these exemptions, we do not have a majority of independent directors on our board of directors. In addition, our compensationcommittee does not consist entirely of independent directors and is not subject to annual performance evaluations and we do not have a nominating andcorporate governance committee. Accordingly, our stockholders do not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject toall of the corporate governance requirements of the NASDAQ.Provisions of our corporate governance documents and Delaware law could make any change in our board of directors or in control of our company moredifficult. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions, such as provisionsauthorizing, without a vote of stockholders, the issuance of one or more series of preferred stock, that could make it difficult or expensive for a third party topursue a tender offer, change in control or takeover attempt that is opposed by our management and board of directors even if such a transaction would bebeneficial to our stockholders. We also have a staggered board of directors that could make it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition ofour board of directors in any one year. These anti-takeover provisions could substantially impede the ability of public stockholders to change ourmanagement or board of directors.Our operating results and share price may be volatile, which could cause the fair value of our stockholders' investments to decline. Securities markets worldwide have experienced, and are likely to continue to experience, significant price and volume fluctuations. This marketvolatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions, could subject the market price of our shares to wide price fluctuations regardless of ouroperating performance. Our operating results and the trading price of our shares may fluctuate in response to various factors, including:•market conditions in the broader stock market; •actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial and operating results; •introduction of new products or services by us or our competitors; •the public's reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC; •changes in, or failure to meet, earnings estimates or recommendations by research analysts who track our common stock or the stock of othercompanies in our industries; •strategic actions by us, our customers or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings; •changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles; •issuance of new or changed securities analysts' reports or recommendations or termination of coverage of our common stock by securitiesanalysts;40 Table of Contents•sales, or anticipated sales, of large blocks of our stock; •the granting or exercise of employee stock options; •volume of trading in our common stock; •additions or departures of key personnel; •regulatory or political developments; •litigation and governmental investigations; •changing economic conditions; •defaults on our indebtedness; and •exchange rate fluctuations. These and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, may cause our operating results and the market price and demand for our shares tofluctuate substantially. While we believe that operating results for any particular quarter are not necessarily a meaningful indication of future results,fluctuations in our quarterly operating results could limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares and may otherwise negatively affect the marketprice and liquidity of our shares. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes institutedsecurities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantialcosts defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could significantly harm ourprofitability and reputation.A significant portion of our total outstanding shares may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our common stockto drop significantly, even if our business is doing well. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock into the public market could occur at any time. We have 60,245,009 outstanding shares ofcommon stock as of December 31, 2015. Certain of our stockholders have demand registration rights and "piggyback" registration rights with respect tofuture registered offerings of our common stock. KKR and other stockholders, who collectively own 67.2% of our common stock, may sell shares of ourcommon stock. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price ofour common stock. We also registered all shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans and they can be freely sold in thepublic market upon issuance, subject to restrictions on transfer contained in management stockholders agreements entered into between certain recipients ofequity compensation and KKR. As restrictions on transfer end, the market price of our stock could decline if the holders of currently restricted shares sellthem or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them.Because we have no current plans to pay regular cash dividends on our common stock, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell yourcommon stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it. Although we have previously declared dividends to our stockholders, we do not anticipate paying any regular cash dividends on our common stock.Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, ourresults of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Inaddition, our ability to pay dividends is, and may be, limited by covenants of existing and any future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur,including under our existing credit facilities. Therefore, any return on investment in our common41 Table of Contentsstock is solely dependent upon the appreciation of the price of our common stock on the open market, which may not occur. See Part II, Item 5. "Market forRegistrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities—Dividend Policy" for more detail.Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act could have a materialadverse effect on our business and share price. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires, among other things, that the Company maintain effective internalcontrols for financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Company is required to furnish areport by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. This assessment must includedisclosure of any material weaknesses identified by management in the Company's internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a controldeficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in more than a reasonable possibility that a materialmisstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act alsogenerally requires an attestation from the Company's independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of the Company's internal controlover financial reporting. The Company's compliance with Section 404 requires that it compile the system and process documentation necessary to perform an appropriateevaluation. During the evaluation and testing process, if the Company identifies one or more material weaknesses in its internal control over financialreporting, it will be unable to assert that its internal control over financial reporting are effective. The Company cannot assure that there will not be materialweaknesses or significant deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financialreporting could severely inhibit the Company's ability to accurately report its financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If the Company isunable to conclude that its internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if its independent registered public accounting firm determines theCompany has a material weakness or significant deficiency in its internal control over financial reporting once that firm begin its reviews, the Companycould lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of its financial reports, the market price of its common stock could decline, and it could besubject to sanctions or investigations by NASDAQ, the Securities and Exchange Commission or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any materialweakness in the Company's internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of publiccompanies, could also restrict the Company's future access to the capital markets.We are incurring significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is devoting substantial time to new complianceinitiatives. As a publicly traded company, we are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, we are incurring significant legal, accounting and other expensesthat we were not required to incur in the recent past, particularly since we are no longer an "emerging growth company" as defined under the JOBS Act.Compliance with new and changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Dodd-Frank WallStreet Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, as well as under the SarbanesOxley Act, and the rules and regulations of the SEC, and the NASDAQ, are increasing our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities moredifficult, time-consuming or costly. For example, the Exchange Act requires us, among other things, to file annual, quarterly and current reports with respectto our business and operating results, and to provide an annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In order tomaintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls42 Table of Contentsover financial reporting as required by the Exchange Act, significant resources and management oversight are required. Being a public company and being subject to new rules and regulations has made it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liabilityinsurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors may therefore strain ourresources, divert management's attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors. Furthermore, the need to establish the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may divert management's attention from implementing ourgrowth strategy, which could prevent us from improving our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have made, and will continue tomake, changes to our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a publicly tradedcompany. If we are not able to implement or maintain the necessary procedures and processes, we may be unable to report our financial information on atimely basis and thereby could subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of applicable stock exchangelisting rules, and could result in a breach of covenants under the agreements governing any of our financing agreements. There could also be a negativereaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We lease a facility for our corporate headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina. We also lease other offices in North America, Europe, Africa, Latin America,Australia and Asia. In 2015, our total rental expense for our facilities and offices was approximately $30.1 million. We do not own any real estate. We believethat our properties, taken as a whole, are in good operating condition and are suitable for our business operations. Item 3. Legal Proceedings We are currently involved, as we are from time to time, in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. We believe that we haveadequately accrued for these liabilities and that there is no other litigation pending that could materially harm our results of operations and financialcondition. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a further discussion of our currentlegal proceedings. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable.43 Table of Contents PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information for Common Stock On November 13, 2014, our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol "PRAH." Prior to that time, there was no public market forour common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ for the periods indicated. Holders of Record On February 22, 2016, we had approximately 28 common stockholders of record. This number does not include beneficial owners for whom shares areheld by nominees in street name.Dividend Policy We have no current plans to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future and instead intend to retain earnings, if any, forfuture operations, expansion and debt repayment. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board ofdirectors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factorsthat our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends is limited by covenants in the credit agreement governing our SeniorSecured Credit Facilities and in the indenture governing our Senior Notes. See Part II, Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditionand Results of Operation—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Senior Secured Credit Facilities" and "—Senior Notes" for restrictions on our ability to paydividends.Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities There were no unregistered sales of equity securities in 2015 that have not been previously reported.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer None.44 High Low Fiscal Year 2015 Fourth Quarter $50.25 $33.00 Third Quarter $46.35 $33.74 Second Quarter $37.41 $26.91 First Quarter $31.99 $22.40 High Low Fiscal Year 2014 November 13, 2014 through December 31, 2014 $26.97 $18.47 Table of ContentsStock Performance Graph This performance graph shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or incorporated by reference into any filing of PRAHealth Sciences, Inc. The following graph shows a comparison from November 13, 2014 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQ) throughDecember 31, 2015 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Health Care Index. The graph assumesthat $100 was invested at the market close on November 13, 2014 in the common stock of PRA Health Sciences, Inc., the Nasdaq Composite Index and theNasdaq Health Care Index, and assumes reinvestments of dividends, if any. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicativeof future stock price performance. Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following tables set forth, for the periods and at the dates indicated, our selected historical consolidated financial data. We have derived the selectedconsolidated financial data for the period from January 1 through September 22, 2013, the period from September 23 through December 31, 2013, the yearsended December 31, 2014 and 2015, and as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K. We have derived the selected consolidated financial data for the years ended 2011 and 2012, and as of December 31, 2011,2012, and 2013 from our audited consolidated financial statements not appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results arenot necessarily indicative of the results we may achieve in any future period. The accompanying consolidated statements of operations, cash flows and stockholders' equity are presented for two periods: Predecessor and Successor,which relate to the period preceding the KKR Transaction and the period succeeding the KKR Transaction, respectively. The Company refers to theoperations of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and subsidiaries for both the Predecessor and Successor periods.45 Table of Contents Historical results are not indicative of the results to be expected in the future. You should read the following information together with the more detailedinformation contained in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our consolidated financialstatements and the accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 46 Predecessor Successor (in thousands, except per share data) December 31,2011 December 31,2012 January 1, 2013-September 22,2013 September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 December 31,2014 December 31,2015 Consolidated statement of operations data: Revenue: Service revenue $547,669 $597,072 $508,539 $324,362 $1,266,596 $1,375,847 Reimbursement revenue 87,143 102,664 103,531 54,854 192,990 238,036 Total revenue 634,812 699,736 612,070 379,216 1,459,586 1,613,883 Operating expenses: Direct costs 321,240 358,572 304,102 222,776 859,218 886,528 Reimbursable out-of-pocket costs 87,143 102,664 103,531 54,854 192,990 238,036 Selling, general and administrative 138,323 160,643 142,880 69,730 253,970 246,417 Transaction-related costs — — 47,486 29,180 — — Depreciation and amortization 32,141 30,687 25,144 25,333 96,564 77,952 Loss on disposal of fixed assets 26 1,560 225 — 5 652 Income (loss) from operations 55,939 45,610 (11,298) (22,657) 56,839 164,298 Interest expense, net (35,823) (32,823) (32,719) (23,703) (81,939) (61,747)Loss on modification or extinguishment of debt — (9,683) (21,678) (7,211) (25,036) — Foreign currency gains (losses), net 3,320 (7,841) (3,641) (4,117) 10,538 14,048 Other (expense) income, net (366) 183 (530) 1,180 (2,254) (1,434)Income (loss) before income taxes and equity inlosses of unconsolidated joint ventures 23,070 (4,554) (69,866) (56,508) (41,852) 115,165 Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 5,724 (1,847) (22,079) (17,186) (8,154) 30,004 Income (loss) before equity in losses ofunconsolidated joint ventures 17,346 (2,707) (47,787) (39,322) (33,698) 85,161 Equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures,net of tax — — (603) (621) (2,044) (3,396)Net income (loss) $17,346 $(2,707)$(48,390) $(39,943)$(35,742)$81,765 Net income (loss) per share(1): Basic $0.44 $(0.07)$(1.22) $(1.02)$(0.83)$1.36 Diluted $0.43 $(0.07)$(1.22) $(1.02)$(0.83)$1.29 Cash dividends declared per common stockholders: $— $2.31 $2.83 $— $— $— Weighted average common shares outstanding: Basic 39,641 39,641 39,643 39,337 42,897 59,965 Diluted 40,607 39,641 39,643 39,337 42,897 63,207 Cash flow data: Net cash provided by (used in) operatingactivities $28,305 $99,259 $49,208 $(23,939)$22,747 $153,676 Net cash used in investing activities (18,085) (18,058) (60,179) (1,018,959) (12,259) (71,686)Net cash (used in) provided by financingactivities (7,112) (42,157) (37,267) 1,115,041 8,294 (42,444)Other financial data: Backlog (at period end)(2) $1,314,208 $1,382,826 $— $1,939,666 $2,141,112 $2,440,123 Net new business(3) 736,481 653,529 462,046 312,298 1,493,652 1,696,635 Predecessor Successor As ofDecember 31,2011 As ofDecember 31,2012 As ofDecember 31,2013 As ofDecember 31,2014 As ofDecember 31,2015 Consolidated balance sheet data Cash and cash equivalents $69,380 $109,211 $72,155 $85,192 $121,065 Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net 201,752 184,891 294,984 338,781 415,077 Working capital 26,269 18,317 (11,270) 22,367 43,796 Total assets(4) 952,748 982,525 2,357,673 2,214,484 2,228,743 Total long-term debt, net(4) 379,070 451,076 1,208,751 924,444 889,514 Total liabilities(4) 688,064 806,568 1,890,338 1,537,669 1,526,021 Total stockholders' equity 264,684 175,957 467,335 676,815 702,722 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity(4) 952,748 982,525 2,357,673 2,214,484 2,228,743 (1)Because of the KKR Transaction, our capital structure for periods before and after the KKR Transaction are not comparable and therefore we are adjusting the number of shares toreflect the stock split only for the successor periods. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a furtherdiscussion of our reverse stock split. (2)Our backlog consists of anticipated service revenue from new business awards that either have not started or are but have not been completed. Backlog varies from period to perioddepending upon new business awards and contract increases, cancellations and the amount of service revenue recognized under existing contracts. (3)For our Strategic Solutions offering, the value of new business awards is the anticipated service revenue to be recognized in the corresponding quarter of the next fiscal year. For theremainder of our business, net new business is the value of services awarded during the period from projects under signed contracts, letters of intent and, in some cases, pre-contractcommitments that are supported by written communications, adjusted for contracts that were modified or canceled during the period. For the fiscal year 2013, net new businessexcludes the RPS Acquisition. (4)The balance sheet data for 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2011 has been restated to reflect the presentation of debt issuance costs as a reduction of long-term debt. See Note 2 to ourconsolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Table of Contents Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our "Selected Financial Data"and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." Some of theinformation contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans andstrategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the "Risk Factors" section of thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in orimplied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.Overview We are one of the world's leading global CROs, by revenue, providing outsourced clinical development services to the biotechnology andpharmaceutical industries. We believe we are one of a select group of CROs with the expertise and capability to conduct clinical trials across majortherapeutic areas on a global basis. Our therapeutic expertise includes areas that are among the largest in pharmaceutical development, and we focus inparticular on oncology, central nervous system inflammation, respiratory, cardiometabolic and infectious diseases. We believe that we further differentiateourselves from our competitors through our investments in medical informatics and clinical technologies designed to enhance efficiencies, improve studypredictability and provide better transparency for our clients throughout their clinical development processes. Contracts define the relationships with our clients and establish the way we earn revenue. Three types of relationships are most common: a fixed-pricecontract, a time and materials contract and fee-for-service arrangements. In cases where the contracts are fixed price, we may bear the cost of overruns for thecontracted scope, or we may benefit if the costs are lower than we anticipated for the contracted scope. In cases where our contracts are fee-for-service, thecontracts contain an overall budget for contracted resources. If actual resources used are lower than anticipated, the client generally keeps the savings and wemay be responsible for covering the cost of the unused resource if we are unable to redeploy the resource. For time and material contracts, we bill the clientonly for the actual hours we spend to complete the contracted scope based upon stated hourly rates by position. The duration of our contracts range from afew months to several years. Revenue for services is recognized only after persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the sales price is determinable,services have been rendered, and collectability is reasonably assured. Once these criteria have been met, we recognize revenue for the services provided onfixed-fee contracts based on the proportional performance methodology, which determines the proportion of outputs or performance obligations which havebeen completed or delivered compared to the total contractual outputs for performance obligations. To measure performance, we compare the contract costsincurred to estimated total contract costs through completion. As part of the client proposal and contract negotiation process, we develop a detailed projectbudget for the direct costs based on the scope of the work, the complexity of the study, the geographical location involved and our historical experience. Wethen establish the individual contract pricing based on our internal pricing guidelines, discount agreements, if any, and negotiations with the client. Theestimated total contract costs are reviewed and revised periodically throughout the lives of the contracts, with adjustments to revenue resulting from suchrevisions being recorded on a cumulative basis in the period in which the revisions are first identified. Our costs consist of expenses necessary to carry out theclinical development project undertaken by us on behalf of the client. These costs primarily include the expense of obtaining appropriately qualified labor toadminister the project, which we refer to as direct cost headcount. Other costs we incur are attributable to the expense of operating our business generally,such as leases and maintenance of information technology and equipment. Revenue from time and materials contracts is recognized as hours are47 Table of Contentsincurred. Revenues and the related costs of fee-for-service contracts are recognized in the period in which services are performed.How We Assess the Performance of Our Business In addition to our GAAP financial measures, we review various financial and operational metrics, including, new business awards, cancellations, andbacklog. Many of our current contracts include clinical trials covering multiple geographic locations. We utilize the same management systems and reportingtools to monitor and manage these activities on the same basis worldwide. For this reason, we consider our operations to be a single business segment, and wepresent our results of operations as a single reportable segment. Our gross new business awards for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were $1,927.6 million and $1,745.4 million, respectively. Our gross newbusiness awards, excluding the RPS Acquisition, for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $997.7 million. New business awards arise when a client selectsus to execute its trial and is documented by written or electronic correspondence or for our Strategic Solutions offering when the amount of revenue expectedto be recognized is measurable. The number of new business awards can vary significantly from year to year, and awards can have terms ranging from severalmonths to several years. For our Strategic Solutions offering, the value of a new business award is the anticipated service revenue to be recognized in thecorresponding quarter of the next fiscal year. For the remainder of our business, the value of a new award is the anticipated service revenue over the life of thecontract, which does not include reimbursement activity or investigator fees. In the normal course of business, we experience contract cancellations, which are reflected as cancellations when the client provides us with written orelectronic correspondence that the work should cease. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 we had $231.0 million, $251.7 million,and $223.3 million, respectively, of cancellations for which we received correspondence from the client. The number of cancellations can vary significantlyfrom year to year. The value of the cancellation is the remaining amount of unrecognized service revenue, less the estimated effort to transition the work backto the client. Our backlog consists of anticipated service revenue from new business awards that either have not started or are in process but have not been completed.Backlog varies from period to period depending upon new business awards and contract modifications, cancellations, and the amount of service revenuerecognized under existing contracts. Our backlog at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $2.4 billion, $2.1 billion, and $1.9 billion, respectively.Industry Trends ISR estimated in its ISR 2016 Market Report that the size of the worldwide CRO market was approximately $28 billion in 2015 and will grow at a 7%CAGR to $38 billion over the next five years. This growth will be driven by an increase in the amount of research and development expenditures and higherlevels of clinical development outsourcing by biopharmaceutical companies.Acquisition of PRA by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P. Effective September 23, 2013, we were acquired by affiliates of KKR for $1.4 billion pursuant to a plan of merger by and among the Company, mergersub and Genstar, or Merger. Upon completion of the KKR Transaction, merger sub was merged with and into PRA Holdings, Inc., Predecessor Company,which became a subsidiary of Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc., or Parent. On December 19, 2013, Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc. changed its name to PRA GlobalHoldings, Inc. and on July 10, 2014, PRA Global Holdings, Inc. changed its name to PRA Health Sciences, Inc.48 Table of ContentsBusiness Combinations We completed a number of acquisitions in 2013, 2014 and 2015 to enhance our capabilities and offerings in certain areas. On February 28, 2013, thePredecessor Company acquired all of the outstanding member's interest of ClinStar, LLC, or ClinStar, a contract research organization and logistics providerbased in the United States with operations in Eastern Europe, for $45.0 million in cash and contingent consideration in the form of a potential earn-outpayment of up to $5.0 million. On September 23, 2013, immediately following the Merger, and using proceeds from the borrowings issued on the same day,the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of RPS Parent Holding Corp., or RPS, a global contract research organization based in the United States,for $289.3 million, subject to a working capital adjustment of up to $15.0 million. The acquisition of RPS provides the Company with a more diverse clientmix, including 16 of the 20 largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. On December 2, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of CRI HoldingCompany, LLC, or CRI Lifetree, a specialized research organization, for $77.1 million in cash. CRI Lifetree focuses on the conduct and design of early stage,patient population studies, and is therapeutically focused in human abuse liability, addiction, pain, psychiatry, neurology, pediatric and infectious diseaseservices. On June 8, 2015, the Company purchased the assets of Value Health Solutions Inc., or VHS, a software development firm, for $0.5 million in cashand 47,598 unregistered shares of the Company's common stock with a fair market value of $1.6 million; an additional $0.4 million of common stock will beissued in June 2017, less amounts reimbursable to the Company for any indemnification obligations of the seller. The asset purchase agreement also includescontingent consideration in the form of potential earn-out payments of up to $16.0 million. The results of operations of acquired businesses have beenincluded since the date of acquisition. See Note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements found elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information with respectto these acquisitions.Joint Ventures In December 2012, we signed a joint venture agreement with WuXi to offer a broad platform of Phase I-IV clinical trial services in China, Hong Kong andMacau. The joint venture provides services including clinical trial monitoring, project management, regulatory strategy and submissions, data management,biostatistics, drug safety reporting, and medical monitoring. The clinical operations of WuXi and PRA in China were combined to operate as an independentcontract research organization, WuXiPRA Clinical Research Co., Ltd, or WuxiPRA; the joint venture is jointly owned by PRA (49%) and WuXi (51%). We contributed $4.6 million to the joint venture during March 2013, and during April 2015, we made an additional $3.0 million contribution toWuXiPRA, along with WuXi, to fund the joint venture's working capital needs. Our interests in WuXiPRA remains at 49% after the capital contribution. Werecorded reductions to the investment balance of $2.9 million and $2.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively,$0.7 million during the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013 and $0.8 million during the Predecessor period from January 1,2013 to September 22, 2013, respectively, for our equity in the venture's net loss for the period, which is recorded in the equity in losses of unconsolidatedjoint ventures, net of tax in our consolidated statement of operations. The investment will be adjusted for our equity in the venture's net income (loss), cashcontributions, distributions, and other adjustments required by the equity method of accounting. The investment in WuXiPRA totaled $1.1 million and$1.0 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. On December 4, 2015, we signed a framework agreement with WuXi to dissolve the WuXiPRA joint venture. Under the new arrangement, the portion ofthe joint venture located in mainland China will become a wholly owned subsidiary of WuXi, and the portion of the joint venture located in Hong Kong willbecome a wholly owned subsidiary of PRA. In addition, we will retain our Strategic Solutions49 Table of Contentsbusiness in China and Hong Kong. We will form a preferred provider relationship with WuXi under which WuXi will provide full-service clinical trialservices for global clinical trials subcontracted by us in China. The transaction is expected to close during the second quarter of 2016. In March 2013, RPS entered into a joint venture agreement with A2 Healthcare Corporation (formerly part of Asklep, Inc.). The joint venture providesresearch and development outsourcing solutions in Japan to the biopharmaceutical and medical device industries. This joint venture is based in Tokyo,Japan and is owned by PRA (49%) and A2 Healthcare Corporation (51%). On October 17, 2014, the joint venture changed its name from RPS Asklep, Inc. toA2PRA Corporation, or A2PRA. There was no change in the investment balance during the year ended December 31, 2015. We recorded a $0.1 millionreduction to the investment balance during the year ended December 31, 2014 and there was no change in the investment balance during the Successor 2013Period, for our equity in the venture's net loss for the period, which is recorded in the equity in losses of unconsolidated joint venture, net of tax in ourconsolidated statement of operations. The investment will be adjusted for RPS's equity in the venture's net income (loss), cash contributions, distributions,and other adjustments required by the equity method of accounting. The investment in A2PRA totaled $0.2 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014. In August 2015, the Company and an affiliate of KKR entered into a joint venture. The joint venture was dissolved in December 2015. The purpose ofthe joint venture included, among other things, the evaluation of investments or acquisitions to enhance the strategic objectives of the Company. The jointventure was jointly owned by the Company (11%) and KKR (89%). The Company contributed $20.0 million to the joint venture in August 2015 andreceived $19.5 million when the joint venture was dissolved. The Company recorded the $0.5 million reduction to the investment balance in equity in lossesof unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax in the consolidated statements of operations. The investment in the joint venture was adjusted for the Company'sequity in the venture's net income (loss), cash contributions, distributions, and other adjustments required by the equity method of accounting.Sources of Revenue Total revenues are comprised of service revenue and reimbursement revenue, each of which is described below.Service Revenue We generally enter into contracts with customers to provide services with payments based on either fixed-fee, time and materials, or fee-for-servicearrangements. Revenue for services is recognized only after persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the sales price is determinable, services have beenrendered, and collectability is reasonably assured. Once these criteria have been met, we recognize revenue for the services provided on fixed-fee contracts based on the proportional performancemethodology, which determines the proportion of outputs or performance obligations which have been completed or delivered compared to the totalcontractual outputs for performance obligations. To measure performance, we compare the contract costs incurred to estimated total contract costs throughcompletion. As part of the client proposal and contract negotiation process, we develop a detailed project budget for the direct costs based on the scope of thework, the complexity of the study, the geographical location involved and our historical experience. We then establish the individual contract pricing basedon our internal pricing guidelines, discount agreements, if any, and negotiations with the client. The estimated total contract costs are reviewed and revisedperiodically throughout the lives of the contracts, with adjustments to revenue resulting from such revisions being recorded on a cumulative basis in theperiod in which the revisions are first identified. Revenue from time and materials contracts is recognized as hours are incurred. Billable hours typicallyfluctuate during the terms of individual contracts, as services we provide50 Table of Contentsgenerally increase at the beginning of a study and decrease toward the end of a study. Revenues and the related costs of fee-for-service contracts arerecognized in the period in which services are performed. A majority of our contracts undergo modifications over the contract period and our contracts provide for these modifications. During the modificationprocess, we recognize revenue to the extent we incur costs, provided client acceptance and payment is deemed reasonably assured. We often offer volume discounts to our large customers based on annual volume thresholds. We record an estimate of the annual volume rebate as areduction of revenue throughout the period based on the estimated total rebate to be earned for the period. Most of our contracts can be terminated by the client either immediately or after a specified period, typically 30 to 60 days, following notice. In the caseof early termination, these typically contracts require payment to us of fees earned to date, the fees, and in some cases, a termination fee or some portion of thefees or profit that we could have earned under the contract if it had not been terminated early. Based on ethical, regulatory, and health considerations, thiswind-down activity may continue for several quarters or years. Therefore, revenue recognized prior to cancellation generally does not require a significantadjustment upon cancellation. Increases in the estimated total direct costs to complete a contract without a corresponding proportional increase to the total contract price result in acumulative adjustment to the amount of revenue recognized in the period the change in estimate is determined. Our service revenue was $1,375.8 million and $1,266.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, $324.4 million for theperiod from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, or the Successor 2013 Period, and $508.5 million for the period from January 1, 2013 to September22, 2013, or the Predecessor 2013 Period. Changes in service revenue from period to period are driven primarily by changes in backlog at the beginning of aperiod, as well as new business awards during such period. Additionally, service revenue and billable hours will generally be impacted by the mix of studiesthat are active during a period, as different studies have different staffing requirements, as well as the life cycles of projects that are active during a period. Our service revenues are derived from a wide range of client types. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we derived 48% of our service revenuefrom large pharmaceutical companies, 15% of our service revenue from small- to mid-sized pharmaceutical companies, 22% of our service revenue from largebiotechnology companies and 15% of our service revenue from emerging biotechnology companies. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and2013, our top five clients represented approximately 41%, 38%, and 30%, respectively, of service revenue; this revenue was derived from a combination offixed-fee contracts, fee-for-service contracts and time and materials contracts. One client accounted for 10.7% of service revenue during the year endedDecember 31, 2015. No individual project accounted for 10% or more of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015. No client or individualproject accounted for 10% or more of service revenue for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013.Reimbursement Revenue and Reimbursable Out-of-Pocket Costs We incur out-of-pocket costs, which are reimbursable by our customers. We include these out-of-pocket costs as reimbursement revenue andreimbursable out-of-pocket expenses in our consolidated statement of operations. As is customary in our industry, we also routinely enter into separate agreements on behalf of our clients with independent physician investigators inconnection with clinical trials. We also receive funds from our clients for investigator fees, which are netted against the related costs, since such fees are theobligation of our clients, without risk or reward to us. We are not obligated either to perform the service or to pay the investigator in the event of default bythe client. In addition, we do not pay the51 Table of Contentsindependent physician investigator until funds are received from the client. Accordingly, unlike reimbursable out-of-pocket costs, we do not recognize theseinvestigator fees in revenue. Reimbursement costs and investigator fees are not included in our backlog because they are pass-through costs to our clients. We believe that the fluctuations in reimbursement costs and reimbursement revenue from period to period are not meaningful to our underlyingperformance.Costs and Expenses Our costs and expenses are comprised primarily of our direct costs, selling, general and administrative costs, depreciation and amortization and incometaxes. In addition, we incur reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses; however, as noted above, our reimbursable out-of-pocket expenses are directly offset by ourreimbursement revenue. Since reimbursement revenue is offset by our out-of-pocket reimbursable expenses, we monitor and measure costs as a percentage ofservice revenue rather than total revenue as we believe this is a more meaningful comparison and better reflects the operations of our business.Direct Costs Our direct costs consist primarily of labor-related charges. They include elements such as salaries, benefits and incentive compensation for ouremployees. In addition, we utilize staffing agencies to procure primarily part time individuals to perform work on our contracts. Labor-related charges as apercentage of our total direct costs were 95.7% and 94.8% for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, 96.5% for the Successor 2013Period and 93.3% for the Predecessor 2013 Period. The cost of labor procured through staffing agencies is included in these percentages and represent 4.1%and 5.1% of total direct cost for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, 2.1% for the Successor 2013 Period, and 3.4% for the Predecessor2013 Period. Our remaining direct costs are items such as travel, meals, postage and freight, patient costs, medical waste and supplies. The total of all theseitems as a percentage of total direct cost were 4.3% and 5.2% for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, 3.5% for the Successor 2013Period, and 6.7% for the Predecessor 2013 Period. Historically, direct costs have increased with an increase in service revenues. The future relationship between direct costs and service revenues may varyfrom historical relationships. Direct costs as a percentage of service revenues were 64.4% and 67.8% during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively, 68.7% for the Successor 2013 Period, and 59.8% for the Predecessor 2013 Period. On a forward looking basis, as a result of the acquisition ofRPS which operates at a lower margin than we have historically experienced, we expect our direct costs as a percent of service revenue to be in the 65% to70% range. Several factors will cause direct costs to decrease as a percentage of service revenues. Deployment of our billable staff in an optimally efficientmanner has the most impact on our ratio of direct cost to service revenue. The most effective deployment of our staff is when they are fully engaged inbillable work and are accomplishing contract related activities at a rate that meets or exceeds budgeted targets. We also seek to optimize our efficiency byperforming work using the employee with the lowest cost. Generally, the following factors may cause direct costs to increase as a percentage of servicerevenues: our staff are not fully deployed, as is the case when there are unforeseen cancellations or delays, or when our staff are accomplishing tasks at levelsof effort that exceed budget, such as rework; as well as pricing pressure from increased competition.Selling, General and Administrative Expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of administration payroll and benefits, marketing expenditures, and overhead costs such asinformation technology and facilities costs. These52 Table of Contentsexpenses also include central overhead costs that are not directly attributable to our operating business and include certain costs related to insurance,professional fees and property.Loss on Modification or Extinguishment of Debt Loss on modification of debt consists of debt financing costs that were expensed due to the modification of Predecessor and Successor debt as a result ofdebt amendments or debt repayments. Loss on extinguishment of debt consists of previously capitalized unamortized debt financing costs and prepayment penalty that were expensed as aresult of the extinguishment of Predecessor debt as a result of the PRA Acquisition and Successor debt as a result of the repricing and the debt repayment inconjunction with our initial public offering, or IPO.Transaction-Related Costs Transaction-related costs consist of expenses incurred that relate directly to the KKR Transaction, the acquisition of RPS, and the acquisition of CRILifetree. These expenses include attorney, accounting, advisory fees, and transaction-related bonuses.Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation represents the depreciation charged on our fixed assets. The charge is recorded on a straight-line method, based on estimated useful lives ofthree to seven years for computer hardware and software and five to seven years for furniture and equipment. Leasehold improvements are depreciated overthe lesser of the life of the lease term or the useful life of the improvements. Amortization expense consists of amortization recorded on acquisition-relatedintangible assets. Customer relationships, backlog and finite-lived trade names are amortized on an accelerated basis, which coincides with the period ofeconomic benefit we expect to receive. All other finite-lived intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis. In accordance with GAAP, we do not amortizegoodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets.Income Taxes Because we conduct operations on a global basis, our effective tax rate has and will continue to depend upon the geographic distribution of our pre-taxearnings among several different taxing jurisdictions. Our effective tax rate can also vary based on changes in the tax rates of the different jurisdictions. Oureffective tax rate is also impacted by tax credits and the establishment or release of deferred tax asset valuation allowances and tax reserves, as well assignificant non-deductible items such as portions of transaction-related costs. Foreign subsidiaries are taxed separately in their respective jurisdictions. We have foreign net operating loss carryforwards in some jurisdictions. Thecarryforward periods for these losses vary from five years to an indefinite carryforward period depending on the jurisdiction. Our ability to offset futuretaxable income with the net operating loss carryforwards may be limited in certain instances, including changes in ownership.Exchange Rate Fluctuations The majority of our foreign operations transact in the Euro or Pound Sterling. As a result, our revenue and expenses are subject to exchange ratefluctuations with respect to these currencies. We have translated these currencies into U.S. Dollars using the following average exchange rates:53 Successor Predecessor Year EndedDecember 31, 2015 Year EndedDecember 31, 2014 September 23, 2013 -December 31, 2013 January 1, 2013 -September 22, 2013 U.S. Dollars per: Euro 1.11 1.33 1.35 1.32 Pound Sterling 1.53 1.65 1.61 1.54 Table of ContentsResults of OperationsYear Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Service revenue increased by $109.3 million, or 8.6%, from $1,266.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 to $1,375.8 million during theyear ended December 31, 2015. Service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 benefited from an increase in billable hours and the effective rate ofthe hours billed on our studies, offset by an unfavorable impact of $45.4 million from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. The growth in servicerevenue and the increase in billable hours were due largely to the increase in our backlog as we entered the year, the type of services we are providing on ouractive studies, which was driven by the life cycles of projects that were active during the period, the growth in new business awards as a result of higherdemand for our services across the industries we serve, and more effective sales efforts and the growth in the overall CRO market. New business awards arisewhen a client selects us to execute its trial. The number of awards can vary significantly from period to period and our studies have terms ranging from severalmonths to several years. The increase in our effective rate of the hours billed on our studies is attributable to the contract pricing terms on our current mix ofactive studies and the mix of clients and the services that we provide to those clients. Direct costs increased by $27.3 million, or 3.2%, from $859.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 to $886.5 million during the year endedDecember 31, 2015. The increase in direct costs was primarily due to an increase in salaries and related benefits of $104.3 million, as we continued to hirebillable staff to support our current projects and as we hired additional staff in anticipation of our growing portfolio of studies, offset by an $8.3 millionbenefit due to the favorable54(in thousands) December 31,2015 December 31,2014 Revenue Service revenue $1,375,847 $1,266,596 Reimbursement revenue 238,036 192,990 Total revenue 1,613,883 1,459,586 Operating expenses Direct costs 886,528 859,218 Reimbursable out-of-pocket costs 238,036 192,990 Selling, general and administrative 246,417 253,970 Depreciation and amortization 77,952 96,564 Loss on disposal of fixed assets 652 5 Income from operations 164,298 56,839 Interest expense, net (61,747) (81,939)Loss on modification or extinguishment of debt — (25,036)Foreign currency gains, net 14,048 10,538 Other expense, net (1,434) (2,254)Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in losses of unconsolidatedjoint ventures 115,165 (41,852)Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 30,004 (8,154)Income (loss) before equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures 85,161 (33,698)Equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax (3,396) (2,044)Net income (loss) $81,765 $(35,742) Table of Contentsimpact of the research and development credits, or R&D Credits, recorded in the current period that relate to prior tax years and a favorable impact of$64.2 million from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. The R&D Credits are the result of a comprehensive analysis we have been performing acrossthe organization to determine whether expenditures incurred qualify as research and development as defined by the respective jurisdiction. Direct costs as apercentage of service revenue decreased from 67.8% during the year ended December 31, 2014 to 64.4% during the year ended December 31, 2015. Thisdecrease in direct costs as a percentage of service revenue is primarily due to the favorable impact from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and theimpact of the R&D Credits. Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $7.6 million, or 3.0%, from $254.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 to$246.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of service revenue decreased from20.1% during the year ended December 31, 2014 to 17.9% during the year ended December 31, 2015. This decrease in selling, general and administrativeexpenses as a percentage of service revenue is primarily related to our continued ability to effectively manage our selling and administrative functions and atermination fee of $11.9 million we paid KKR in connection with the completion of the IPO during the year ended December 31, 2014. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased by $18.6 million, or 19.3%, from $96.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 to$78.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. Depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of service revenue was 7.6% during the yearended December 31, 2014 and 5.7% during the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease in depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage ofservice revenue is primarily due the continued decline in amortization of our acquired intangibles, which are amortized on an accelerated basis. Interest expense, net decreased by $20.2 million from $81.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 to $61.7 million during the year endedDecember 31, 2015. This decrease in interest expense is related to the paydowns to our Senior Secured Term Loan Facility and Senior Notes made usingproceeds from our IPO in November 2014 and repayments made to our Senior Secured Term Loan Facility during 2015. Losses on modification or extinguishment of debt were $25.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 and there were no losses on modificationof debt during the year ended December 31, 2015. The $25.0 million loss on modification or extinguishment of debt incurred in the year ended December 31,2014 was due to a $1.4 million loss on modification debt as a result of our repricing transaction which took place on March 24, 2014, and a $23.7 millionloss on modification debt due to a $14.3 million prepayment penalty and $9.4 million of unamortized debt costs being written off as a result of ourrepayment which took place on November 18, 2014 in conjunction with our IPO. Foreign currency gains, net increased by $3.5 million from $10.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 to $14.0 million during the yearended December 31, 2015. The foreign currency gains and losses are due to fluctuations in the U.S. dollar, gains or losses that arise in connection with therevaluation of short-term inter-company balances between our domestic and international subsidiaries, and gains or losses from foreign currency transactions,such as those resulting from the settlement of third-party accounts receivables and payables denominated in a currency other than the local currency of theentity making the payment. Provisions for (benefit from) income taxes increased by $38.2 million from a benefit of $8.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 to anincome tax provision of $30.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2015. Our effective tax rate was 26.1% during the year ended December 31, 2015and was a benefit rate of 19.5% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The change in the effective tax rate was primarily attributable to fact that theCompany was in an overall pre-tax income position for55 Table of Contentsthe year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to an overall pre-tax loss for the year-ended December 31, 2014.Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to Predecessor 2013 Period Service revenue was $1,266.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $508.5 million for the Predecessor 2013 Period. Service revenue in theyear ended December 31, 2014 benefited from an increase in billable hours and an increase in the effective rate of the hours billed on our studies. The growthin service revenue and the increase in billable hours were due largely to the increase in our backlog as we entered the year, the type of services we areproviding on our active studies, which was driven by the life cycles of projects that were active during the period, and the growth in new business awards as aresult of higher demand for our services across the industries we serve, more effective sales efforts and the growth in the overall CRO market. New businessawards arise when a client selects us to execute its trial. The number of awards can vary significantly from period to period and our studies have terms rangingfrom several months to several years. The increased levels of new business awards and backlog acquired in connection with our acquisitions had the effect ofincreasing our backlog by $734.2 million as of December 31, 2014 as compared to September 22, 2013. The increase in our effective rate of the hours billedon our studies is attributable to the contract pricing terms on our current mix of active studies and the mix of clients and the services that we provide to thoseclients. The acquisitions of ClinStar, RPS and CRI Lifetree resulted in $496.0 million of incremental revenue during the year ended December 31, 2014.56 Successor Predecessor (in thousands) Year EndedDecember 31, 2014 January 1, 2013 -September 22, 2013 Revenue Service revenue $1,266,596 $508,539 Reimbursement revenue 192,990 103,531 Total revenue 1,459,586 612,070 Operating expenses Direct costs 859,218 304,102 Reimbursable out-of-pocket costs 192,990 103,531 Selling, general and administrative 253,970 142,880 Transaction-related costs — 47,486 Depreciation and amortization 96,564 25,144 Loss on disposal of fixed assets 5 225 Income (loss) from operations 56,839 (11,298)Interest expense, net (81,939) (32,719)Loss on modification or extinguishment of debt (25,036) (21,678)Foreign currency gains (losses), net 10,538 (3,641)Other expense, net (2,254) (530) Loss before income taxes and equity in losses of unconsolidatedjoint ventures (41,852) (69,866)Benefit from income taxes (8,154) (22,079) Loss before equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures (33,698) (47,787)Equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax (2,044) (603) Net loss $(35,742) $(48,390) Table of Contents Direct costs were $859.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $304.1 million for the Predecessor 2013 Period. Direct costs were 67.8% ofservice revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 59.8% of service revenue during the Predecessor 2013 Period. The 8.0% increase in direct costs asa percentage of service revenue is due to an increase in salaries and benefits as we continue to hire billable staff to support our current projects and as we hireadditional staff in anticipation of our growing portfolio of studies. In addition, a significant portion of the increase in salaries and benefits relates to theacquisition of RPS, which typically requires higher staffing levels and which operates at a lower margin than we have historically experienced. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $254.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $142.9 million for the Predecessor 2013Period. Selling, general and administrative expenses were 20.1% of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 28.1% of service revenueduring the Predecessor 2013 Period. The 8.0% decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of service revenue is primarily relatedto a decrease in salaries and benefits as we realize synergies from our acquisitions, and our continued leverage of our selling and administrative functions,partially offset by the termination fee of $11.9 million we paid KKR in connection with the completion of the IPO. Additionally, the Predecessor 2013 Periodincluded $23.6 million in stock-based compensation expense associated with the payment we made to holders of vested service-based stock options inconnection with the February 2013 dividend to option holders and the accelerated vesting of unvested options related to the KKR Transaction in thePredecessor 2013 Period. There were no transaction-related costs for year ended December 31, 2014 and transaction-related costs were $47.5 million during the Predecessor 2013Period. The costs incurred in the Predecessor 2013 Period were attributable to the KKR Transaction and the acquisition of ClinStar. Depreciation and amortization expense was $96.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $25.1 million for the Predecessor 2013 Period.Depreciation and amortization expense was 7.6% of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 4.9% of service revenue during thePredecessor 2013 Period. The increase in depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of service revenue is primarily related to the increasedamortization expense resulting from the KKR Transaction and the acquisitions of RPS and CRI Lifetree. Interest expense, net was $81.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $32.7 million for the Predecessor 2013 Period. Interest expense was6.5% of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 6.4% of service revenue during the Predecessor 2013 Period. The 0.1% increase in interestexpense as a percentage of service revenue was related to the additional debt incurred related to the September 2013 refinancing transactions. Losses on modification or extinguishment of debt were $25.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $21.7 million for the Predecessor 2013Period. The loss on modification or extinguishment of debt of $25.0 million incurred in the year ended December 31, 2014 was due to the loss onmodification debt of $1.4 million as a result of our repricing transaction which took place on March 24, 2014, and the loss on modification debt of$23.7 million due to a $14.3 million prepayment penalty and $9.4 million of unamortized debt costs being written-off as a result of our repayment whichtook place on November 18, 2014 in conjunction with our IPO. The Predecessor 2013 Period amount is primarily attributable to the write-off of $15.2 millionof previously recorded unamortized debt issuance costs and a prepayment penalty of $4.8 million during the Predecessor 2013 Period, which was due to theKKR Transaction. Foreign currency gains (losses), net, were gains of $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and losses of $3.6 million for the Predecessor2013 Period. The foreign exchange gains and losses are due to fluctuations in the U.S. dollar and the settling and revaluation of accounts that aredenominated in currency other than the U.S. dollar.57 Table of Contents Benefit from income taxes was $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $22.1 million for the Predecessor 2013 Period. Our effective taxrate was 19.5% during the year ended December 31, 2014 and 31.5% in the Predecessor 2013 Period. The decrease in the effective tax rate of 12.0% wasprimarily attributable an increase in the amount accrued for uncertain tax positions.Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to Successor 2013 Period Service revenue was $1,266.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $324.4 million for the Successor 2013 Period. Service revenue in theyear ended December 31, 2014 benefited from an increase in billable hours and was offset in part by a decrease in the effective rate of the hours billed on ourstudies. The growth in service revenue and the increase in billable hours were due largely to the increase in our backlog as we entered the year, the type ofservices we are providing on our active studies, which was driven by the life cycles of projects that were active during the period, and the growth in newbusiness awards as a result of higher demand for our services across the industries we serve, more effective sales efforts and the growth in the overall CROmarket. New business awards arise when a client selects us to execute its trial. The decrease in our effective rate of the hours billed on our studies isattributable to the contract pricing terms on our current mix of active studies and the mix of clients and the services that we provide to those clients. Inaddition, a portion of the effective rate decrease is related to certain customers in our portfolio receiving more favorable pricing depending on the volume ofbusiness they contract with us. The number of awards can vary significantly from period to period and our studies have terms ranging from several months toseveral58(in thousands) December 31, 2014 September 23, 2013 -December 31, 2013 Revenue Service revenue $1,266,596 $324,362 Reimbursement revenue 192,990 54,854 Total revenue 1,459,586 379,216 Operating expenses Direct costs 859,218 222,776 Reimbursable out-of-pocket costs 192,990 54,854 Selling, general and administrative 253,970 69,730 Transaction-related costs — 29,180 Depreciation and amortization 96,564 25,333 Loss on disposal of fixed assets 5 — Income (loss) from operations 56,839 (22,657)Interest expense, net (81,939) (23,703)Loss on modification or extinguishment of debt (25,036) (7,211)Foreign currency gains (losses), net 10,538 (4,117)Other (expense) income, net (2,254) 1,180 Loss before income taxes and equity in losses of unconsolidatedjoint ventures (41,852) (56,508)Benefit from income taxes (8,154) (17,186)Loss before equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures (33,698) (39,322)Equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax (2,044) (621)Net loss $(35,742)$(39,943) Table of Contentsyears. The acquisition of CRI Lifetree resulted in $31.5 million of incremental revenue during the year ended December 31, 2014. Direct costs were $859.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $222.8 million for the Successor 2013 Period. Direct costs were 67.8% ofservice revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 68.7% of service revenue during the Successor 2013 Period. The 0.9% decrease in direct costs as apercentage of service revenue is primarily related to a decrease in salaries and benefits expense, which was driven by our continued focus on leveraging ourbillable staff and the continued integration of our acquisitions. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $254.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $69.7 million for the Successor 2013Period. Selling, general and administrative expenses were 20.1% of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 21.5% of service revenueduring the Successor 2013 Period. The 1.4% decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of service revenue was primarily relatedto a decrease in salaries and benefits as we realize synergies from our acquisitions and our continued leverage of our selling and administrative functions,partially offset by the termination fee of $11.9 million we paid KKR in connection with the completion of the IPO. There were no transaction-related costs for year ended December 31, 2014 and transaction-related costs were $29.2 million during the Successor 2013Period. The costs incurred in the Successor 2013 Period were attributable to the KKR Transaction and the acquisition of CRI Lifetree. Depreciation and amortization expense was $96.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $25.3 million for the Successor 2013 Period.Depreciation and amortization expense 7.6% of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 7.8% of service revenue during the Successor2013 Period. The small decrease in depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of total revenue is primarily due to the finalizing of our intangibleasset valuations associated with the Merger and the RPS, ClinStar and CRI Lifetree acquisitions. Interest expense, net was $81.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $23.7 million for the Successor 2013 Period. Interest expense was6.5% of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014 and 7.3% of service revenue during the Successor 2013 Period. The 0.8% decrease in interestexpense as a percentage of total revenue was primarily related to the March 2014 repricing and the repayment of debt following our IPO. Losses on modification or extinguishment of debt were $25.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $7.2 million for the Successor 2013Period. The loss on modification or extinguishment of debt of $25.0 million incurred in the year ended December 31, 2014 was due to the loss onmodification debt of $1.4 million as a result of our repricing transaction which took place on March 24, 2014, and the loss on modification debt of$23.7 million due to a $14.3 million prepayment penalty and $9.4 million of unamortized debt costs being written-off as a result of our repayment whichtook place on November 18, 2014 in conjunction with the IPO. The Successor 2013 Period amount represented a bank financing fee of $5.6 million on thebridge loan associated with the KKR Transaction that was not needed due to the successful completion of the offering of our Senior Notes and a loss of$1.6 million related to debt financing cost expensed as a result of the additional borrowings on December 2, 2013. Foreign currency gains (losses), net, were gains of $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and losses of $4.1 million for the Successor 2013Period. The foreign exchange gains and losses are due to fluctuations in the U.S. dollar and the settling and revaluation of accounts that are denominated incurrency other than the U.S. dollar. Benefit from income taxes was $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $17.2 million for the Successor 2013 Period. Our effective tax ratewas 19.5% during the year ended59 Table of ContentsDecember 31, 2014 and 30.3% in the Successor 2013 Period. The decrease in the effective tax rate of 10.8% were primarily attributable to an increase in theamount accrued for uncertain tax positions.Seasonality Although our business is not generally seasonal, we typically experience a slight decrease in our revenue growth rate during the fourth quarter due toholiday vacations and a similar decrease in new business awards in the first quarter due to our clients' budgetary cycles and vacations during the year-endholiday period.Liquidity and Capital Resources We assess our liquidity in terms of our ability to generate cash to fund our operating, investing and financing activities. Our principal source of liquidityis operating cash flows. As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $121.1 million of cash and cash equivalents of which $38.2 million was held by ourforeign subsidiaries. Our expected primary cash needs on both a short and long-term basis are for capital expenditures, expansion of services, geographicexpansion, and other general corporate purposes. We have historically funded our operations and growth, including acquisitions, with cash flow fromoperations, borrowings, and issuances of equity securities. We expect to continue expanding our operations through internal growth and strategicacquisitions and investments. We expect these activities will be funded from existing cash, cash flow from operations and, if necessary or appropriate,borrowings under our existing or future credit facilities. Our sources of liquidity could be affected by our dependence on a small number of industries andclients, compliance with regulations, international risks, and personal injury, environmental or other material litigation claims.Cash Collections Cash collections from accounts receivable were $1,831.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, including $231.4 million of funds receivedfrom customers to pay independent physician investigators, or investigators, as compared to $1,654.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2014,including $248.2 million of funds received from customers to pay investigators, $475.3 million during the Successor 2013 Period, including $61.5 million offunds received from customers to pay investigators and $797.0 million during the Predecessor 2013 Period, including $150.4 million of funds received fromcustomers to pay investigators. The increase in cash collections during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Successor 2013 Period and thePredecessor 2013 Period is related to our increase in revenue, driven by an increase in new business awards and backlog, and the acquisitions of ClinStar,RPS and CRI Lifetree and improved cash payment schedules contained in our master service agreements and our statements of work.Discussion of Cash FlowsCash Flow from Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities increased by $130.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to 2014. The increase inoperating cash flow reflects an increase in net income, a reduction in interest payments, as well as reduction in cash outflows from working capital. Interestpayments decreased by $26.1 million, primarily due to the debt payments made in conjunction with the IPO during November 2014. Additionally, netincome for the year ended December 31, 2014 included a $14.3 million prepayment penalty on the Senior Notes and a $11.9 million fee paid to terminate ourmonitoring agreement with KKR. Days sales outstanding, or DSO, contributed to a $31.3 million improvement in cash flow from operations and reflects aslower rate of increase in our DSO in 2015 as compared to 2014. DSO can shift significantly at each reporting period depending on60 Table of Contentsthe timing of cash receipts under contractual payment terms relative to the recognition of revenue over a project lifecycle. During the year ended December 31, 2014, net cash provided by operations was $22.7 million compared to net cash used in operations of $23.9 millionfor the Successor 2013 Period. Cash provided by operating activities increased over the prior year as a result of an increase in our income from operations,primarily due to transaction-related costs incurred in connection with the KKR Transaction during the Successor 2013 Period. The increase was partiallyoffset by increased net working capital, driven by an increase in our DSO, resulting from a change in customer composition after the acquisitions of ClinStar,RPS and CRI Lifetree. During the year ended December 31, 2014, net cash provided by operations was $22.7 million compared to net cash provided by operations of$49.2 million for the Predecessor 2013 Period. Cash provided by operating activities decreased over the prior year due to decreased cash flows from our networking capital, driven by outflows from accounts receivable and decreased inflows from accounts payable and other liabilities. The outflows from ouraccounts receivable is related to an increase in our DSO. The decreased inflows related to accounts payable and other liabilities is attributable a decrease intransaction-related expense associated with the KKR Transaction, which we had accrued for in the Predecessor 2013 Period.Cash Flow from Investing Activities Net cash used in investing activities increased by $59.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to 2014. The increase in the cashoutflows was due, in part, to a $32.9 million payment for the termination of our interest rate swaps during 2015. Cash flows relating to working capitaladjustments associated with our recent acquisitions contributed to an additional $17.5 million of the change. A $5.5 million increase in fixed asset purchasesduring 2015, primarily related to our new bioanalytical laboratory in the Netherlands and the capitalized software costs for our new Predictivv platform, alsocontributed to the change. Net cash used in investing activities was $12.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to net cash used in investing activities of$1,019.0 million and $60.2 million for the Successor 2013 Period and the Predecessor 2013 Period, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2014,we made $27.3 million in purchases of fixed assets offset by $15.9 million in collections of an acquisition-related receivable due from the former owners ofRPS and CRI Lifetree. During the Successor 2013 Period, PRA Holdings was acquired for $667.4 million by KKR and acquired RPS Holdings, Inc. for$268.7 million. During the Predecessor 2013 Period, we acquired ClinStar for $40.8 million and made $14.8 million in purchases of fixed assets.Cash Flow from Financing Activities Net cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2015 was $42.4 million compared to $8.3 million of net cash provided byfinancing activities for the same period in 2014. During 2015, we voluntarily repaid $40.0 million on our Senior Secured Term Loan Facility. During the yearended December 31, 2014, we received $328.0 million of net proceeds from the issuance of 19,523,255 shares of common stock in connection with our IPOand we repaid $308.8 million of previously existing bank and subordinated debt. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 was $8.3 million compared to $1,115.0 million of net cash providedby financing activities during the Successor 2013 Period. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we received $328.0 million of net proceeds from theissuance of 19,523,255 shares of common stock in connection with our IPO. We repaid $308.8 million of previously existing bank and subordinated debtduring the year ended December 31, 2014, of which $302.1 million was paid using proceeds from our IPO. In addition, we61 Table of Contentsborrowed $105.0 million and repaid $115.0 million from our existing line of credit, which includes payments made on balances outstanding at December 31,2013. During the Successor 2013 Period in connection with the KKR Transaction, the acquisition of RPS and the acquisition of CRI Lifetree, we borrowedfunds under a new Senior Secured Credit Facility and issued Senior Notes, which resulted in $1,206.2 million of net borrowings. In addition, we repaid ourthen existing term loan and subordinated debt which resulted in a payment of $567.1 million. We also borrowed $50.0 million and repaid $40.0 million fromour existing line of credit. In addition, we received $454.8 million of proceeds from the issuance of 38,782,463 shares of common stock in connection withthe PRA Acquisition and $13.5 million from the issuance of 1,151,194 shares of common stock in connection with the acquisition of CRI Lifetree. Inaddition, former members of CRI Lifetree's management contributed $2.1 million to purchase 179,075 shares of our common stock. Finally, former membersof RPS's management converted $1.8 million of RPS stock options and equity into 155,288 shares of our common stock. This conversion was accounted foras a non-cash transaction in our consolidated statement of cash flows. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2014 was $8.3 million compared to $37.3 million used in the Predecessor2013 Period. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we received $328.0 million of net proceeds from the issuance of 19,523,255 shares of common stockin connection with our IPO. We repaid $308.8 million of previously existing bank and subordinated debt during the year ended December 31, 2014, of which$302.1 million was paid using proceeds from our IPO. In addition, we borrowed $105.0 million and repaid $115.0 million from our existing line of credit,which includes payments made on balances outstanding at December 31, 2013. During the Predecessor 2013 Period, we borrowed $93.2 million ofincremental funds for the February 2013 acquisition of ClinStar and a payment of a dividend. The cash generated was offset by a $127.3 million use in theform of a dividend payment to our stockholders and the related payment to holders of vested service-based stock options in February 2013.Indebtedness In September 2013, we entered into the Senior Secured Credit Facilities with a syndicate of banks led by UBS. We terminated our old credit facilitiesdated December 10, 2012. In September 2013, we also issued $375.0 million of our Senior Notes. The proceeds from our borrowings under the Senior SecuredCredit Facilities and our issuance of the Senior Notes were used in conjunction with the acquisition by KKR, to fund the acquisition of RPS, repay existingdebt, and pay for fees and expenses related to the aforementioned events. We paid $42.8 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the Senior SecuredCredit Facilities and Senior Notes, which are recorded in deferred financing fees on the consolidated balance sheet. In September 2013, PRA Holdings signed a commitment letter with certain lenders for a senior secured one year bridge loan, or the bridge loan, to ensurefinancing would be available for the RPS Acquisition in the event that the offering of the Senior Notes was not closed by the date of closing of the RPSAcquisition. Due to the closing of the issuance of the Senior Notes, the bridge loan was terminated. At the closing of the issuance of the Senior Notes and theRPS Acquisition, a commitment fee of $5.6 million was paid to the lenders who provided the bridge loan commitment; this amount is included in the Loss onmodification or extinguishment of debt line on the consolidated statement of operations. On December 2, 2013, we borrowed an incremental $65.0 million under our Senior Secured Term Loan Facility. The proceeds were used to fund theacquisition of CRI Lifetree. On March 24, 2014, we completed a repricing transaction associated with the first lien term loan that reduced the applicable margin from 4.0% to 3.5%.The repricing resulted in the write-off of $1.4 million in unamortized debt issuance costs, which are included in loss on modification or extinguishment ofdebt in the consolidated statement of operations.62 Table of Contents On November 18, 2014, we repaid $152.1 million in principal on our Senior Notes and $150.0 million in principal on our Term Loan using proceedsfrom our IPO. In accordance with the guidance in ASC 470-50, Debt-modifications and Extinguishments, the debt repayment was accounted for as a partialdebt extinguishment. The repayment resulted in a $14.3 million prepayment penalty on our Senior Notes, as well as the write-off of $9.4 million inunamortized debt issuance costs, which are included in loss on modification or extinguishment of debt in the consolidated statement of operations. On February 18, 2016, we commenced an offer to purchase up to $75 million aggregate principal amount of our Senior Notes. See Note 23 to ourconsolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a further discussion of the cash tender offer.Senior Secured Credit Facilities UBS Securities LLC, Jefferies Finance LLC, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, KKR Capital Markets LLC and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. act asjoint lead arrangers and bookrunners for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. The Senior Secured Credit Facilities provide senior secured financing of up to $1,015.0 million, consisting of:•the Senior Secured Term Loan Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $890.0 million; and •the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $125.0 million. The borrower of the Senior Secured Term Loan Facility and the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility is PRA Holdings, Inc. The Senior SecuredRevolving Credit Facility includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit up to $40.0 million and for up to $20.0 million of borrowings on same-day notice, referred to as swingline loans. On March 24, 2014, we entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Senior Secured Credit Agreement with UBS AG, Stamford Branch, as administrative agent,and other agents and lenders party thereto. Pursuant to this Amendment, among other terms contained therein, the principal amount of the Senior SecuredTerm Loan Facility was increased from $825.0 million to $890.0 million and all lenders agreed to exchange Initial Term Loans under the Senior SecuredTerm Loan Facility for Tranche B-1 Loans with applicable margins of LIBOR plus 3.50% per annum. In addition, this Amendment established a 1.00%premium to prepayments to the Senior Secured Term Loan Facility made on or prior to September 24, 2014. The Senior Secured Credit Facilities provides that we have the right at any time to request incremental term loans and/or revolving commitments in anaggregate principal amount of up to (a) $185.0 million, plus (b) all voluntary prepayments and corresponding voluntary commitment reductions of the SeniorSecured Credit Facilities, other than from proceeds of refinancing indebtedness, prior to the date of any such incurrence, plus (c) an additional amount which,after giving effect to the incurrence of such amount, we would not exceed a consolidated net first lien leverage to consolidated EBITDA ratio of 4.5 to 1.0 proforma for such incremental facilities, minus (d) the sum of (i) the aggregate principal amount of new term loan commitments and new revolving creditcommitments incurred and (ii) the aggregate principal amount of certain other indebtedness incurred. The lenders under these facilities are not under anyobligation to provide any such incremental commitments or loans, and any such addition of or increase in commitments or loans is subject to certaincustomary conditions precedent.63 Table of ContentsInterest Rate and Fees Borrowings under the Senior Secured Term Loan Facility and the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate equal to, at our option,either (a) LIBOR for the relevant interest period, plus an applicable margin; provided that solely with respect to the Senior Secured Term Loan FacilityLIBOR shall be deemed to be no less than 1.00% per annum or (b) a base rate, or the Base Rate, equal to the highest of (1) the rate of interest established bythe administrative agent as its prime rate in effect at its principal office in Stamford, Connecticut, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50% and(3) LIBOR for an interest period of one month, plus 1.00%, in each case, plus an applicable margin; provided that solely with respect to the Senior SecuredTerm Loan Facility the Base Rate shall be deemed to be no less than 2.00% per annum. The applicable margin for Base Rate borrowings under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility is 3.00% per annum, for LIBOR borrowings underthe Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility is 4.00% per annum, for letter of credit loans under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility is 4.00% perannum, for Base Rate borrowings under the Senior Secured Term Loan Facility is 2.50% per annum, for LIBOR borrowings under the Senior Secured TermLoan Facility is 3.50% per annum. The applicable margins under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility will decrease, based upon PRA Holdings'achievement of certain specified consolidated net first lien leverage to consolidated EBITDA ratios. In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, PRA Holdings is required to pay a commitment fee of0.50% per annum to the lenders under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility in respect of the unutilized commitments thereunder. The commitmentfee rate will be reduced to 0.375% subject to our achieving a consolidated net first lien leverage to consolidated EBITDA ratio of 3.25 to 1.0 on a given date.We are also required to pay customary letter of credit fees.Prepayments The Senior Secured Credit Facilities require us to prepay outstanding term loans, subject to certain exceptions, with:•50% of our annual Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Senior Secured Credit Agreement) commencing with the first full fiscal year of theborrower following the date of the closing of the PRA Acquisition and the RPS Acquisition (which percentage will be reduced to 25% if PRAHoldings achieves a consolidated net first lien leverage to consolidated EBITDA ratio of less than or equal to 3.75 to 1.0, but greater than 3.25to 1.0 on the date of prepayment for the most recent test period and no prepayment will be required if PRA Holdings achieves a consolidatednet first lien leverage to consolidated EBITDA ratio of less than or equal to 3.25 to 1.0 on the date of prepayment for the most recent testperiod); •100% of the net cash proceeds of insurance proceeds of proceeds of a condemnation award in respect of any casualty to any equipment, fixedassets or real property; •100% of the net cash proceeds of permitted sale leasebacks; and •100% of the net cash proceeds of certain non-ordinary course asset sales or other dispositions of property in excess of $20.0 million andsubject to our right to reinvest the proceeds within 450 days following receipt of the net cash proceeds of such disposition. The foregoing mandatory prepayments will be applied first to accrued interest and fees and second, to the scheduled installments of principal of theSenior Secured Credit Facilities in direct order of maturity.64 Table of Contents We may voluntarily repay outstanding loans under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities at any time without premium or penalty (other than as set forth inthe immediately succeeding paragraph), subject to reimbursements of the lenders' redeployment costs actually incurred in the case of a prepayment of LIBORborrowings other than on the last day of the relevant interest period.Amortization and Final Maturity The Senior Secured Term Loan Facility amortizes in equal quarterly installments in aggregate annual amounts equal to 1.00% of the original principalamount of the Senior Secured Term Loan Facility, with the balance being payable on the date that is on or about September 23, 2020. Our voluntaryprepayments made during 2014, using proceeds from the IPO, fully satisfy all required quarterly principal payments through maturity. Principal amountsoutstanding under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility are due and payable in full at maturity, on or about September 23, 2018.Guarantee and Security All obligations of the borrower under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are unconditionally guaranteed by us and all our material, wholly-owned U.S.restricted subsidiaries, with customary exceptions including where providing such guarantees is not permitted by law, regulation or contract or would resultin material adverse tax consequences. All obligations of the borrower under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, and the guarantees of such obligations, are secured, subject to permitted liensand other exceptions, by substantially all of the assets of the borrower and each guarantor, including but not limited to: (i) a perfected pledge of all of thecapital stock issued by the borrower and each guarantor and (ii) perfected security interests in substantially all other tangible and intangible assets of theborrower and the guarantors (subject to certain exceptions and exclusions).Certain Covenants and Events of Default The Senior Secured Credit Facilities contain a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to:•incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness; •enter into sale-leaseback transactions •create or incur liens; •engage in mergers or consolidations; •sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets; •restrict distributions to the borrower or restricted subsidiaries from their subsidiaries; •engage in certain transactions with affiliates; •pay certain dividends and distributions or repurchase our capital stock; •make investments, loans or advances, prepayments of junior financings or other restricted payments; and •change the conduct of business. Our Senior Secured Credit Facilities contain customary events of default (subject to exceptions, thresholds and grace periods), including, withoutlimitation: (i) nonpayment of principal or interest; (ii) failure to perform or observe covenants; (iii) inaccuracy or breaches of representations and warranties;(iv) cross-defaults with certain other indebtedness; (v) certain bankruptcy related events;65 Table of Contents(vi) impairment of certain security interests in collateral, guarantees or invalidity or unenforceability of certain Senior Secured Credit Facility documents;(vii) monetary judgment defaults; (viii) certain ERISA matters; and (ix) certain change of control events. In addition, the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility requires us to maintain a consolidated net first lien leverage to consolidated EBITDA ratio of7.5 to 1.0 for any four consecutive fiscal quarters for which financial statements have been provided to the administrative agent as required by the SeniorSecured Credit Agreement, when loans plus letters of credit under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility (excluding (i) letters of credit existing on thedate of the closing of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities and any extensions thereof, replacement letters of credit or letters of credit issued in lieu thereof, ineach case, to the extent the face amount of such letters of credit is not increased above the face amount of the letter of credit being extended, replaced orsubstituted and (ii) other non-cash collateralized letters of credit in an aggregate amount not to exceed $15 million) are or would be outstanding in anamount exceeding 30.0% of the total facility amount under the Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility. The Senior Secured Credit Facilities also contain certain customary affirmative covenants and events of default, including a change of control.Senior Notes PRA Holdings has $225.0 million aggregate principal amount of 9.5% senior notes outstanding, which mature on October 1, 2023, pursuant to theindenture. Interest on the notes is payable on April 1 and October 1 of each year.Redemption On or prior to October 1, 2018, we may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plusaccrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date plus a make-whole premium as set forth in the indenture governing the Senior Notes. After October 1, 2018, we may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at redemption prices specified in the indenture governing the Senior Notes. See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on the range ofprepayments premiums.Change of Control Upon the occurrence of a change of control, which is defined in the indenture, each holder of the notes has the right to require PRA Holdings torepurchase some or all of such holder's notes at a purchase price in cash equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, ifany, to the repurchase date.Covenants The indenture contains covenants limiting, among other things, PRA Health Sciences' ability and the ability of its restricted subsidiaries to (subject tocertain exceptions):•incur additional debt or issue certain preferred shares; •pay dividends on or make other distributions in respect of capital stock, purchase or redeem equity interests of the issuer, prepay or repurchasesubordinated indebtedness, make certain investments; •sell or transfer certain assets;66 Table of Contents•create liens on certain assets to secure debt; •consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets; •enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and •designate subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries.Events of Default The indenture also provides for events of default which, if any of them occurs, would permit or require the principal of and accrued interest on the notesto become or to be declared due and payable, including without limitation: (i) nonpayment of principal or interest; (ii) failure to perform or observecovenants; (iii) cross-defaults with certain other indebtedness; (iv) certain bankruptcy related events; (v) impairment of certain security interests in collateral,guarantees or invalidity or unenforceability of certain Senior Secured Credit Facility documents; and (vi) monetary judgment defaults.Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments The following table summarizes our future minimum payments for all contractual obligations and commercial commitments for years subsequent to theyear ended December 31, 2015:Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements. The term "off-balance sheet arrangement" generally means any transaction, agreement or other contractualarrangement to which an entity unconsolidated67 Less than1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 5 years More than5 years Total (in thousands) Principal payments on long-term debt(1) $— $— $689,000 $225,000 $914,000 Interest payments on long-term debt(1) 52,811 105,621 97,009 58,781 314,222 Service purchase commitments(2) 13,391 4,565 453 — 18,409 Operating leases 35,756 57,570 46,812 120,743 260,881 Less: sublease income (377) (474) (226) (150) (1,227)Uncertain income tax positions(3) 900 — — — 900 Customer dispute settlement(4) 1,500 1,500 — — 3,000 Total $103,981 $168,782 $833,048 $404,374 $1,510,185 (1)Principal payments are based on the terms contained in our credit agreement. Interest payments are based on the interest rate in effecton December 31, 2015. (2)Service purchase commitments are defined as agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding andthat specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased. (3)As of December 31, 2015, our liability related to uncertain income tax positions was approximately $11.7 million, of which$10.8 million has not been included in the above table as we are unable to predict when these liabilities will be paid due to theuncertainties in timing of the settlement of the income tax positions. (4)On May 5, 2014, we reached a settlement in the amount of $9.0 million related to a customer dispute. We paid $4.5 million and$1.5 million related to this dispute in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The remaining $3.0 million is payable in installments throughDecember 31, 2017. Table of Contentswith us is a party, under which we have any obligation arising under a guarantee contract, derivative instrument or variable interest or a retained orcontingent interest in assets transferred to such entity or similar arrangement that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support for such assets.Recent Accounting Pronouncements For information on new accounting pronouncements and the impact, if any, on our financial position or results of operations, see Note 2 to our auditedconsolidated financial statements found elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates In preparing our financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reportedamounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenuesand expenses during the reporting period. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. We believe that the following are some of the more criticaljudgment areas in the application of our accounting policies that affect our financial condition and results of operations. We have discussed the applicationof these critical accounting policies with our board of directors.Revenue Recognition The majority of our service revenue is recorded regionally on a proportional performance basis. Revenue for service is recognized only after persuasiveevidence of an arrangement exists, the sales price is determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. To measure performance, we compare contractcosts incurred to estimated total contract costs through completion. We believe this is the best indicator of the performance of the contract obligationsbecause the costs relate to the amount of labor hours incurred to perform the service. Direct costs are primarily comprised of labor-related charges associatedwith the delivery of services. Each month we accumulate costs on each project and compare them to the total current estimated costs to determine theproportional performance. We then multiply the proportion completed by the contract value to determine the amount of revenue that can be recognized. Eachmonth we review the total current estimated costs on each project to determine if these estimates are still accurate and, if necessary, we adjust the totalestimated costs for each project. During our monthly contract review process, we review each contract's performance to date, current cost trends, andcircumstances specific to each study. The original or current cost estimates are reviewed and if necessary the estimates are adjusted and refined to reflect anychanges in the anticipated performance under the study. In the normal course of business, we conduct this review each month in all service delivery locations.As the work progresses, original estimates might be deemed incorrect due to, among other things, revisions in the scope of work or patient enrollment rate,and a contract modification might be negotiated with the customer to cover additional costs. If not, we bear the risk of costs exceeding our original estimates.Management assumes that actual costs incurred to date under the contract are a valid basis for estimating future costs. Should management's assumption offuture cost trends fluctuate significantly, future margins could be reduced. In the past, we have had to commit unanticipated resources to complete projects,resulting in lower margins on those projects. Should our actual costs exceed our estimates on fixed price contracts, future margins could be reduced, absentour ability to negotiate a contract modification. We accumulate information on each project to refine our bidding process. Historically, the majority of ourestimates and assumptions have been materially correct, but these estimates might not continue to be accurate in the future.Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Included in "Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net" on our consolidated balance sheets is an allowance for doubtful accounts. Generally, beforewe do business with a new client, we perform a68 Table of Contentscredit check, as our allowance for doubtful accounts requires that we make an accurate assessment of our customers' creditworthiness. Approximately 10-20%of our client base is emerging biotech companies, creating a heightened risk related to the creditworthiness for a portion of our client base. We manage andassess our exposure to bad debt on each of our contracts. We age our billed accounts receivable and assess exposure by client type, by aged category, and byspecific identification. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Historically, we have not hadany write-offs in excess of our allowance. If, at December 31, 2015, our aged accounts receivable balance greater than 90 days were to increase by 10% (forthe U.S. operations), no material adjustments to bad debt expense would be required.Income Taxes Changes in judgment as to recognition or measurement of tax positions can materially affect the estimate of our effective tax rate and, consequently, ouroperating results. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments andmay not accurately anticipate actual outcomes. We have to use estimates and judgments in calculating certain tax liabilities and determining the recoverability of certain deferred tax assets, which arisefrom net operating losses, tax credit carry forwards and temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of revenue and expense.We are also required to reduce our deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not thatsome portion or all of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets, in full or in part, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including our pastoperating results, the existence of cumulative losses in the most recent fiscal years and our forecast of future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdictionbasis. In determining future taxable income, assumptions include the amount of state, federal and international pretax operating income, international transferpricing policies, the reversal of temporary differences and the implementation of feasible and prudent tax planning strategies. These assumptions requiresignificant judgment about the forecasts of future taxable income and are consistent with the plans and estimates we use to manage the underlyingbusinesses. Based on our analysis of the above factors, we determined that a valuation allowance of $23.2 million was required as of December 31, 2015relating the net U.S. net deferred tax asset, state net operating loss carryforwards, foreign net operating loss carryforwards and state tax credit carryforwards.Changes in our assumptions could result in an adjustment to the valuation allowance, up or down, in the future. In addition, the calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations in a multitude ofjurisdictions. We determine our liability for uncertain tax positions globally under the provisions in Financial Accounting Standards Board's, or FASB,Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 740, Income Taxes. As of December 31, 2015, we had recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions of$11.7 million. If events occur such that payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of liabilities would result in tax benefitsbeing recognized in the period when we determine the liabilities are no longer necessary. If our calculation of the liability related to uncertain tax positionsproves to be more or less than the ultimate assessment, a tax expense or benefit to expense, respectively, would result. The total liability reversal that couldaffect the tax rate is $7.7 million.Stock-Based Compensation In accordance with the FASB's ASC Topic 718, Stock Compensation, as modified and supplemented, we estimate the value of employee stock options onthe date of grant using either the Black-Scholes model for all options with a service condition or a Monte Carlo model for options with69 Table of Contentsmarket and performance conditions. The determination of fair value of stock-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model isaffected by the stock price of similar entities as well as assumptions regarding a number of highly complex and subjective variables. These variables includethe expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, and actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors. The Black-Scholes andMonte Carlo models require extensive actual employee exercise behavior data and the use of a number of complex assumptions including expectedvolatility, risk-free interest rate, expected dividends, and expected life. In developing our assumption, we take into account the following:•We use the historical volatilities of a selected peer group as we do not have sufficient history to estimate the volatility of our common shareprice. We calculate expected volatility based on reported data for selected reasonably similar publicly traded companies for which thehistorical information is available. For the purpose of identifying peer companies, we consider characteristics such as industry, length oftrading history, similar vesting terms and in-the-money option status. We plan to continue to use the guideline peer group volatilityinformation until the historical volatility of our common shares is relevant to measure expected volatility for future award grants. •The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon observed interest rates appropriate for the term of our employee stock options. •The dividend yield assumption is based on the history and expectation of dividend payouts. •For those options valued using the Black-Scholes model, the expected life is based upon the guidance provided by the FASB. For thoseoptions with a market condition valued under the Monte Carlo model, the expected life varies depending on the target stock price that triggersvesting. •As stock-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statement of operations is based on awards ultimately expected to vest,it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. We estimate forfeitures based on our company experience. Current accounting guidance requiresforfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. Due to the absence of an active market for our common stock prior to our IPO, the fair value of our common stock on the date of the grant was determinedin good faith by our Board of Directors with the assistance of management, based on a number of factors consistent with the methodologies outlined in theAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation.Subsequent to the IPO, the fair value of our common stock is based upon the market price of our common stock on the date of the grant as listed on theNASDAQ.Long-Lived Assets, Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets As a result of our acquisitions we have recorded goodwill and other identifiable finite and indefinite-lived acquired intangibles. The identification andvaluation of these intangible assets at the time of acquisition require significant management judgment and estimates. We review long-lived asset groups for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset groupmight not be recoverable. If indicators of impairment are present, we evaluate the carrying value of property and equipment in relation to estimates of futureundiscounted cash flows. As a result of our acquisitions we have recorded goodwill and other identifiable finite and indefinite-lived acquired intangibles.The identification and valuation of these intangible assets at the time of acquisition require significant management judgment and estimates. In connectionwith the acquisition of PRA by KKR on September 23, 2013, the purchases of70 Table of ContentsClinStar on February 28, 2013, RPS on September 23, 2013, CRI Lifetree on December 2, 2013, and VHS on June 8, 2015, valuations were completed, andvalue was assigned to identifiable finite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill, based on the purchase price of the transactions. We test goodwill for impairment on at least an annual basis by comparing the carrying value to the estimated fair value of our reporting units. OnOctober 1, 2015, we reviewed goodwill for impairment and our analysis indicated that the fair value of goodwill exceeded the carrying value and, therefore,no impairment exists. This model utilizes a discounted cash flow analysis utilizing the expected future in-flows and outflows of our business and anappropriate discount rate. We test indefinite lived intangible assets, principally trade names, on at least an annual basis by comparing the fair value of thetrade name to our carrying value. On October 1, 2015, we reviewed our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment and our analysis indicated a fairvalue in excess of book value. This model utilizes a discounted cash flow analysis utilizing the expected future in-flows and outflows of our business and anappropriate discount rate. This process is inherently subjective and dependent upon the estimates and assumptions we make. In determining the expectedfuture cash flows of our company, we assume that we will continue to enter into new contracts, execute the work on these contracts profitably, collectreceivables from customers, and thus generate positive cash flows. In addition, our analysis could be impacted by future adverse change such as futuredeclines in our operating results, a further significant slowdown in the worldwide economy or pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry or failure to meetthe performance projections included in our forecast. The estimated fair value of the EDS reporting unit closely approximated its carrying value when we performed its annual goodwill impairment testduring the fourth quarter of 2014. We made operational improvements during 2015 in order to improve the profitability of the EDS reporting unit. As a resultof these changes, EDS saw growth in both backlog and new business awards that contributed to its improved financial performance during the year and led tous updating its forecast for future periods. We considered all of these factors when it performed its most recent goodwill impairment test during the fourthquarter of 2015 and it was concluded that the estimated fair value of the EDS reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by $48.9 million or 23%. Anynegative changes in assumptions on revenue, new business awards, cancellations, or our ability to improve operations while maintaining a competitive coststructure could adversely affect the fair value of EDS and result in significant goodwill impairment charges in 2016 or later.Fair Value Measurements We record certain assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as a price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability inthe principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value is further described in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements includedelsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis At December 31, 2015 and 2014, we used Level 3 inputs to measure liabilities totaling $1.0 million and $1.9 million, respectively. The liability atDecember 31, 2015 relates to contingent consideration issued in connection with our acquisition of VHS. The liability at December 31, 2014 related tocontingent consideration issued in connection with our acquisition of ClinStar. No other liabilities or assets are remeasured at fair value.71 Table of ContentsInflation Our long-term contracts, those in excess of one year, generally include an inflation or cost of living adjustment for the portion of the services to beperformed beyond one year from the contract date. As a result, we expect that inflation generally will not have a material adverse effect on our operations orfinancial condition. Historically our projection of inflation contained within our contracts has not significantly impacted our operating income. Shouldinflation be in excess of the estimates within our contracts our operating margins would be negatively impacted if we were unable to negotiate contractmodifications with our clients.Potential Liability and Insurance Our clients provide us with contractual indemnification for all of our service related contracts. In addition, we attempt to manage our risk of liability forpersonal injury or death to patients from administration of products under study through measures such as stringent operating procedures and insurance. Wemonitor our clinical trials in a manner designed to ensure compliance with government regulations and guidelines. We have adopted global standardoperating procedures intended to satisfy regulatory requirements in the United States and in many foreign countries that serve as a tool for controlling andenhancing the quality of our clinical trials. We currently maintain professional liability insurance coverage with limits we believe are adequate andappropriate. If our insurance coverage is not adequate to cover actual claims, or if insurance coverage does not continue to be available on terms acceptableto us, our business, financial condition, and operating results could be materially harmed. Historically we have experienced infrequent and immaterial claims.Should a material claim arise that exceeds our insurance coverage levels, there would be a dollar for dollar impact to operating income for the amount inexcess of our insurance coverage.Dividend History We have not declared or paid dividends during 2015 and 2014. Dividends paid (including the related payments to holders of options) during theSuccessor 2013 Period totaled $4.3 million and dividends paid during the Predecessor 2013 Period totaled $127.3 million. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and otherrelevant market rate or price changes. In the ordinary course of business, we are exposed to various market risks, including changes in foreign currencyexchange rates and interest rates, and we regularly evaluate our exposure to such changes. Our overall risk management strategy seeks to balance themagnitude of the exposure and the cost and availability of appropriate financial instruments.Interest Rate Risk We are subject to market risk associated with changes in interest rates. Our Senior Secured Term Loan Facility is subject to interest rates based on LIBOR,subject to a 1.0% LIBOR floor, plus an applicable margin of 3.5%. Our Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility is subject to interest rates based on LIBOR,plus an applicable margin of 3.5% per annum. At December 31, 2015, we had $689.0 million outstanding under our Senior Secured Term Loan Facility andno outstanding balance under our Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility subject to these variable interest rates. Each quarter percentage point increase inLIBOR above the LIBOR floor would change our interest expense by approximately $1.7 million annually. In August 2015, the Company entered into aninterest rate swap agreement with a notional principal amount of $250.0 million and a fixed three-month LIBOR rate of 1.48%. The interest rate swap beganon September 23, 2015 and will mature on September 23, 2018.72 Table of ContentsThe interest rate swap is used to hedge the Company's variable rate on our Senior Secured Term Loan Facility.Foreign Exchange Risk Since we operate on a global basis, we are exposed to various foreign currency risks. First, our consolidated financial statements are denominated in U.S.dollars, but a significant portion of our revenue is generated in the local currency of our foreign subsidiaries. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates betweenthe applicable foreign currency and the U.S. dollar will affect the translation of each foreign subsidiary's financial results into U.S. dollars for purposes ofreporting consolidated financial results. A hypothetical change of 10% in average exchange rates used to translate all foreign currencies to U.S. dollars wouldhave impacted income (loss) before income taxes and equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures by approximately $10.7 million for the year endedDecember 31, 2015. The process by which each foreign subsidiary's financial results are translated into U.S. dollars is as follows: income statement accountsare translated at average exchange rates for the period; balance sheet asset and liability accounts are translated at end of period exchange rates; and equityaccounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Translation of the balance sheet in this manner affects the stockholders' equity account, referred to as thecumulative translation adjustment account. This account exists only in the foreign subsidiary's U.S. dollar balance sheet and is necessary to keep the foreignbalance sheet stated in U.S. dollars in balance. Accumulated currency translation adjustments recorded as a separate component of stockholders' equity were$(106.1) million and $(53.6) million at December 31, 2015, and 2014, respectively. We do not have significant operations in countries in which the economyis considered to be highly-inflationary. In addition, two specific risks arise from the nature of the contracts we enter into with our clients, which from time to time are denominated in currenciesdifferent than the particular subsidiary's local currency. These risks are generally applicable only to a portion of the contracts executed by our foreignsubsidiaries providing clinical services. The first risk occurs as revenue recognized for services rendered is denominated in a currency different from thecurrency in which the subsidiary's expenses are incurred. As a result, the subsidiary's earnings can be affected by fluctuations in exchange rates. The second risk results from the passage of time between the invoicing of clients under these contracts and the ultimate collection of client paymentsagainst such invoices. Because the contract is denominated in a currency other than the subsidiary's local currency, we recognize a receivable at the time ofinvoicing for the local currency equivalent of the foreign currency invoice amount. Changes in exchange rates from the time the invoice is prepared untilpayment from the client is received will result in our receiving either more or less in local currency than the local currency equivalent of the invoice amountat the time the invoice was prepared and the receivable established. This difference is recognized by us as a foreign currency transaction gain or loss, asapplicable, and is reported in other expense or income in our consolidated statements of operations. Historically, fluctuations in exchange rates from those ineffect at the time contracts were executed have not had a material effect on our consolidated financial results.73 Table of Contents Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting As required by the SEC's rules and regulations for the implementation of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our management is responsible forestablishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to providereasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for external reportingpurposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Our internal control over financial reporting includesthose policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions anddispositions of the assets of the Company, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidatedfinancial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and that our receipts and expenditures arebeing made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors, and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timelydetection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements in our consolidated financialstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because ofchanges in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making these assessments,management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—IntegratedFramework (2013). Based on our assessments and those criteria, management determined that the Company maintained effective internal control overfinancial reporting as of December 31, 2015. The Company's independent registered public accounting firm has issued a report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. This reportappears on page 76 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.74 /s/ COLIN SHANNONColin ShannonPresident, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors(Principal Executive Officer) /s/ LINDA BADDOURLinda BaddourExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer) Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders ofPRA Health Sciences, Inc.Raleigh, North Carolina We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2015and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the yearsended December 31, 2015 and 2014, and for the period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013. We have also audited the accompanyingconsolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows of PRA Holdings, Inc. and subsidiariesfor the period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards requirethat we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accountingprinciples used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our auditsprovide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. andsubsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, andfor the period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and the consolidated results of PRA Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries' operations and cash flowsfor the period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, on September 23, 2013, PRA Holdings, Inc. together with its subsidiaries became a wholly-ownedsubsidiary of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has changed its presentation of accounting for debt issuance costs as of December 31,2015 and 2014 due to the retrospective adoption of the accounting standards update, and its presentation for deferred income taxes as of December 31, 2015due to the prospective adoption of the accounting standards update. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company's internalcontrol over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by theCommittee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 25, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on theCompany's internal control over financial reporting./s/ Deloitte & Touche LLPRaleigh, North CarolinaFebruary 25, 201675 Table of Contents REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Stockholders ofPRA Health Sciences, Inc.Raleigh, North Carolina We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2015,based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the TreadwayCommission. The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of theeffectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying "Management's Report on Internal Control Over FinancialReporting." Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards requirethat we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in allmaterial respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weaknessexists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures aswe considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's principal executive andprincipal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company's board of directors, management, and other personnel toprovide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordancewith generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertainto the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;(2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of managementand directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or dispositionof the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management overrideof controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of theeffectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because ofchanges in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in allmaterial respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.76 Table of Contents We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financialstatements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 of the Company, and our report dated February 25, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion onthose financial statements and included explanatory paragraphs regarding the acquisition of PRA Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries and the Company'sadoption of new accounting standards related to the presentation of accounting for debt issuance costs and deferred income taxes./s/ Deloitte & Touche LLPRaleigh, North CarolinaFebruary 25, 201677 Table of Contents PRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except share amounts) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.78 December 31, 2015 2014 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $121,065 $85,192 Restricted cash 5,060 6,337 Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net 415,077 338,781 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 30,175 33,396 Income taxes receivable 2,399 4,068 Deferred tax assets — 20,949 Total current assets 573,776 488,723 Fixed assets, net 80,691 72,933 Goodwill 1,014,798 1,033,999 Intangible assets, net 533,938 600,910 Deferred tax assets 3,069 933 Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures 1,288 1,213 Deferred financing fees 2,490 3,403 Other assets 18,693 12,370 Total assets $2,228,743 $2,214,484 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $57,096 $39,100 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 119,893 116,544 Income taxes payable 19,262 14,410 Deferred tax liabilities — 181 Advanced billings 333,729 296,121 Total current liabilities 529,980 466,356 Deferred tax liabilities 81,691 106,324 Long-term debt, net 889,514 924,444 Other long-term liabilities 24,836 40,545 Total liabilities 1,526,021 1,537,669 Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Stockholders' equity: Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, 0 shares issued and outstandingat December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively — — Common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000,000,000 authorized shares at December 31, 2015 andDecember 31, 2014; 60,245,009 and 59,814,444 issued and outstanding at December 31,2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively 602 598 Additional paid-in capital 828,347 821,411 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (132,307) (69,509)Retained earnings (accumulated deficit) 6,080 (75,685)Total stockholders' equity 702,722 676,815 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $2,228,743 $2,214,484 Table of Contents PRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (in thousands, except per share amounts) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.79 Successor Predecessor December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 September 23, 2013 -December 31, 2013 January 1, 2013 -September 22, 2013 Revenue: Service revenue $1,375,847 $1,266,596 $324,362 $508,539 Reimbursement revenue 238,036 192,990 54,854 103,531 Total revenue 1,613,883 1,459,586 379,216 612,070 Operating expenses: Direct costs 886,528 859,218 222,776 304,102 Reimbursable out-of-pocket costs 238,036 192,990 54,854 103,531 Selling, general and administrative 246,417 253,970 69,730 142,880 Transaction-related costs — — 29,180 47,486 Depreciation and amortization 77,952 96,564 25,333 25,144 Loss on disposal of fixed assets 652 5 — 225 Income (loss) from operations 164,298 56,839 (22,657) (11,298)Interest expense, net (61,747) (81,939) (23,703) (32,719)Loss on modification orextinguishment of debt — (25,036) (7,211) (21,678)Foreign currency gains (losses), net 14,048 10,538 (4,117) (3,641)Other (expense) income, net (1,434) (2,254) 1,180 (530)Income (loss) before income taxes andequity in losses of unconsolidatedjoint ventures 115,165 (41,852) (56,508) (69,866)Provision for (benefit from) incometaxes 30,004 (8,154) (17,186) (22,079)Income (loss) before equity in losses ofunconsolidated joint ventures 85,161 (33,698) (39,322) (47,787)Equity in losses of unconsolidatedjoint ventures, net of tax (3,396) (2,044) (621) (603)Net income (loss) $81,765 $(35,742)$(39,943) $(48,390)Net income (loss) per share attributableto common stockholders: Basic $1.36 $(0.83)$(1.02) $(1.22)Diluted $1.29 $(0.83)$(1.02) $(1.22)Weighted average common sharesoutstanding: Basic 59,965 42,897 39,337 39,643 Diluted 63,207 42,897 39,337 39,643 Table of Contents PRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (in thousands) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.80 Successor Predecessor September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 December 31,2015 December 31,2014 Net income (loss) $81,765 $(35,742)$(39,943) $(48,390)Other comprehensive (loss) income: Foreign currency translation adjustments (52,433) (68,700) 15,061 2,454 Unrealized (losses) gains on derivative instruments, netof income tax (benefit) expense of $(578), $(3,298),$1,273, and $0 (11,273) (17,681) 1,808 — Reclassification adjustments: Losses on derivatives included in net income (loss), netof income taxes, $0, $0, $0, and $0 908 3 — — Comprehensive income (loss) $18,967 $(122,120)$(23,074) $(45,936) Table of Contents PRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (in thousands) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.81 AccumulatedOtherComprehensive(Loss) Income(Note 17) Common Stock RetainedEarnings(AccumulatedDeficit) AdditionalPaid-inCapital Shares Amount Total Predecessor Balance at December 31, 2012 39,641 $4 $330,520 $2,176 $(156,743)$175,957 Exercise of common stock options — — 105 — — 105 Stock-based compensation expense — — 24,609 — — 24,609 Dividends declared — — (128,496) — — (128,496)Net loss — — — — (48,390) (48,390)Other comprehensive income, net of tax — — — 2,454 — 2,454 Balance at September 22, 2013 39,641 $4 $226,738 $4,630 $(205,133)$26,239 Successor Balance at September 23, 2013 — $— $— $— $— $— Issuance of common stock 40,268 403 471,818 — — 472,221 Fair value of vested stock options rolledover — — 18,056 — — 18,056 Stock-based compensation expense — — 132 — — 132 Net loss — — — — (39,943) (39,943)Other comprehensive income, net of tax — — — 16,869 — 16,869 Balance at December 31, 2013 40,268 $403 $490,006 $16,869 $(39,943)$467,335 Exercise of common stock options 11 $— $33 $— $— $33 Issuance of common stock 19,535 195 351,326 — — 351,521 Common stock issuance costs — — (23,421) — — (23,421)Stock-based compensation expense — — 3,467 — — 3,467 Net loss — — — — (35,742) (35,742)Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — (86,378) — (86,378)Balance at December 31, 2014 59,814 $598 $821,411 $(69,509)$(75,685)$676,815 Exercise of common stock options 257 $3 $78 $— $— 81 Issuance of common stock 174 1 1,582 — — 1,583 Stock-based compensation expense — — 5,276 — — 5,276 Net income — — — — 81,765 81,765 Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — (62,798) — (62,798)Balance at December 31, 2015 60,245 $602 $828,347 $(132,307)$6,080 $702,722 Table of Contents PRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.82 Successor Predecessor September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 December 31,2015 December 31,2014 Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) $81,765 $(35,742)$(39,943) $(48,390)Adjustment to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operatingactivities: Depreciation and amortization 77,952 96,564 25,333 25,144 Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount 5,983 5,737 1,608 1,916 Amortization of terminated interest rate swaps 731 — — — Stock-based compensation expense 5,276 3,467 132 24,609 Unrealized foreign currency (gains) losses (16,464) (12,222) 2,057 1,178 Loss on modification or extinguishment of debt — 10,785 7,211 16,880 Loss on disposal of fixed assets 652 5 — 225 Change in acquisition-related contingent consideration 89 504 (1,103) 414 Equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures 3,396 2,044 795 807 Unrealized loss on derivatives 1,787 1,731 — — Other reconciling items 443 978 (69) (116)Deferred income taxes (3,219) (31,968) (21,980) (29,215)Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and unbilled services (83,211) (32,781) 13,947 6,427 Prepaid expenses and other assets (10,427) (7,980) 2,858 (6,388)Accounts payable and other liabilities 36,135 19,727 (46,209) 70,270 Income taxes 9,958 15,634 3,130 (7,445)Advanced billings 42,830 (13,736) 28,294 (7,108)Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 153,676 22,747 (23,939) 49,208 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of fixed assets (32,814) (27,323) (4,910) (14,806)Cash paid for interest on interest rate swap (302) — — — Cash paid to terminate interest rate swaps (32,907) — — — Acquisition of PRA Holdings, Inc., net of cash acquired — — (667,441) — Acquisition of RPS Parent Holding Corp, net of cash acquired — — (268,740) — Acquisition of CRI Lifetree, net of cash acquired — — (77,868) — Acquisition of ClinStar LLC, net of cash acquired — — — (40,774)Acquisition of Value Health Solutions Inc. (543) — — — Proceeds from RPS working capital settlement — 15,000 — — Proceeds from CRI working capital settlement — 851 — — Payment of ClinStar, LLC working capital settlement (1,693) — — — Distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures 19,529 — — — Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures (23,000) — — (4,609)Payment of amounts held in escrow — (787) — — Proceeds from the sale of fixed assets 44 — — 10 Net cash used in investing activities (71,686) (12,259) (1,018,959) (60,179)Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs withheld — — 1,263,443 93,246 Payment of debt discount — — (8,250) — Payments for debt issuance costs — — (48,957) (1,030)Repayment of long-term debt (40,000) (308,775) (567,063) (1,912)Borrowings on line of credit 90,000 105,000 50,000 10,000 Repayments of line of credit (90,000) (115,000) (40,000) (10,000)Proceeds from common stock issued, net of underwriters discount — 333,950 470,400 — Payment of common stock issuance costs (525) (5,325) — — Proceeds from stock option exercises 81 33 — 105 Dividends paid — — (4,346) (127,280)Principal repayments of fixed assets purchased under a financing agreement — — (186) (396)Payment of acquisition-related contingent consideration (2,000) (1,589) — — Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (42,444) 8,294 1,115,041 (37,267)Effects of foreign exchange changes on cash and cash equivalents (3,673) (5,745) 12 (462)Change in cash and cash equivalents 35,873 13,037 72,155 (48,700)Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 85,192 72,155 — 109,211 Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $121,065 $85,192 $72,155 $60,511 Table of Contents PRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 2015 (1) Basis of PresentationThe Company PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and its subsidiaries, collectively, the Company, is a full-service global contract research organization providing a broad rangeof product development services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies around the world. The Company's integrated services include datamanagement, statistical analysis, clinical trial management, and regulatory and drug development consulting. Effective September 23, 2013, all of the outstanding stock of PRA Holdings, Inc., or PRA Holdings or the Predecessor Company, was acquired byaffiliates of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P., or KKR, a private equity firm, for a gross purchase price of approximately $1.4 billion pursuant to a plan ofmerger by and among Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc., or Parent, Pinnacle Merger Sub, Inc., or merger sub, and Genstar Capital Partners V, L.P., or Genstar. Uponcompletion of the merger, or the Merger, the merger sub was folded into the Predecessor Company, which became a subsidiary of the Parent. On December 19,2013, Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc. changed its name to PRA Global Holdings, Inc. and on July 10, 2014, PRA Global Holdings, Inc. changed its name toPRA Health Sciences, Inc. See Note 3—Business Combinations for further information on the Merger.Basis of Presentation The Merger was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Financial AccountingStandards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 805, "Business Combinations." KKR's costs of acquiring the Predecessor Companyhave been pushed-down to establish a new accounting basis for the Company. Accordingly, the consolidated financial statements are presented for twoperiods, Predecessor and Successor, which relate to the accounting periods preceding and succeeding the completion of the Merger. A vertical line separatesthe Predecessor and Successor periods on the face of the consolidated financial statements to highlight the fact that the financial information for such periodshas been prepared under two different historical-cost bases of accounting. Successor—The consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, and for the period from September 23,2013 through December 31, 2013, include the accounts of the Company subsequent to the closing of the Merger on September 23, 2013. Predecessor—The consolidated financial statements of the Predecessor Company through the closing of the Merger on September 22, 2013.Initial Public Offering, or IPO On November 13, 2014, the Company's common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol "PRAH," at a price to thepublic of $18.00 per share. The Company issued and sold 19,523,255 shares of common stock, including 2,546,511 common shares issued pursuant to thefull exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares. The offering raised net proceeds of approximately $328.0 million after deductingunderwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.83 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(1) Basis of Presentation (Continued)Reverse Stock Split On September 29, 2014, the Board of Directors of the Company approved, and made legally effective, a 2.34539 to 1 reverse stock split of the Company'scommon stock. All shares, stock options and per share information presented in the consolidated financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the reversestock split on a retroactive basis for all Successor periods presented. There was no change in number of authorized shares or the par value of the Company'scommon stock.(2) Significant Accounting PoliciesPrinciples of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and results of operations of the Company. All intercompany balances and transactions havebeen eliminated.Variable Interest Entities FASB accounting guidance concerning variable interest entities, or VIE, addresses the consolidation of business enterprise to which the usual conditionof consolidation (ownership of a majority voting interest) does not apply. This guidance focuses on controlling financial interests that may be achievedthrough arrangements that do not involve voting interests. The guidance requires an assessment of who the primary beneficiary is and whether the primarybeneficiary should consolidate the VIE. The primary beneficiary is identified as the variable interest holder that has both the power to direct the activities ofthe variable interest entity that most significantly impacts the entity's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receivebenefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity. Application of the VIE consolidation requirements may require theexercise of significant judgment by management. In order to comply with laws in New Jersey and Pennsylvania prohibiting the corporate practice of medicine, the Company has management contracts formedical services with a professional corporation, CNS Research Institute, Inc., or CNS, for physician investigators working in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.CNS is owned by a founder of CRI Lifetree, who is currently an employee of the Company. The management contracts expire on May 30, 2017. The Company pays CNS a management fee equal to the salary, bonus and benefits for the physicians. The Company manages all aspects of CNS'operations including providing administrative support and making all significant operational decisions. Additionally, CNS cannot provide services to anyother party without the prior written approval of the Company. After evaluating all of the factors noted above, it was concluded that CNS should be included in the Company's consolidated financial statements as it isa variable interest entity and the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company paid CNS $0.7 million and $0.9 million during the years endedDecember 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and $0.1 million during the period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, as compensation under themanagement contract, which was eliminated in consolidation. CNS had no net income for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the period fromSeptember 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013.84 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Risks and Other Factors The Company's revenues are dependent on research and development expenditures of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Any significantreduction in research and development expenditures by the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries could have a material adverse effect on theCompany and its results of operations. Clients of the Company generally may terminate contracts without cause upon 30 to 60 days' notice. While the Company generally negotiates depositpayments and early termination fees up front, such terminations could significantly impact the future level of staff utilization and have a material adverseeffect on the Company and the results of future operations.Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, requires management to makeestimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of thefinancial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. In particular, the Company's primary method of revenuerecognition requires estimates of costs to be incurred to fulfill existing long-term contract obligations. Actual results could differ from those estimates.Estimates are also used when accounting for certain items such as allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation and amortization, asset impairment, certainacquisition-related assets and liabilities, income taxes, fair market value determinations, and contingencies.Reportable Segments The Company's operations consist of one reportable segment, which represents management's view of the Company's operations based on itsmanagement and internal reporting structure. The Company considered the guidance in ASC 350, "Intangibles—Goodwill and Other," which notes that areporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. Product Registration Services, or PR, Early Development Services, or EDS,and Strategic Solutions, or SS, are the business units that are one level below the Company's sole operating segment and the Company determined that theymeet the definition of "components," as discrete financial information exists and this information is regularly reviewed by segment management.Business Combinations Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method and, accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and anynon-controlling interest in the acquiree are recorded at their estimated fair values on the date of the acquisition. Goodwill represents the excess of thepurchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets.Contingent Liabilities The Company provides for contingent liabilities when (1) it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of theconsolidated financial statements and85 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)(2) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Disclosure in the notes to the consolidated financial statements is required for loss contingencies thatdo not meet both these conditions if there is a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred. The Company expenses as incurred the costs ofdefending legal claims against the Company.Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly-liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As ofDecember 31, 2015 and 2014, substantially all of the Company's cash and cash equivalents were held in or invested with large financial institutions. Certainbank deposits may at times be in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits.Restricted cash The Company receives cash advances from its customers to be used for the payment of investigator costs and other pass-through expenses. The terms ofcertain customer contracts require that such advances be maintained in separate escrow accounts; these accounts are not commingled with the Company'scash and cash equivalents and are presented separately in the consolidated balance sheet as restricted cash. Additionally, as part of the acquisition of ClinStar, LLC, or ClinStar, the Company was required to transfer $1.0 million to an escrow account held by asubsidiary. The funds were used to pay deferred compensation to certain former ClinStar employees. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Companydistributed all of the remaining funds held in the escrow account.Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Services Accounts receivable represent amounts for which invoices have been sent to clients based upon contract terms. Unbilled services represent amountsearned for services that have been rendered but for which clients have not been billed and include reimbursement revenue. Unbilled services are generallybillable upon submission of appropriate billing information, achievement of contract milestones or contract completion.Allowances for Doubtful Accounts The Company maintains an allowance for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. The Companyperforms credit reviews of each customer, monitors collections and payments from our customers, and determines the allowance based upon historicalexperience and specific customer collection issues. The Company ages billed accounts receivable and assesses exposure by customer type, by aged category,and by specific identification. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance or, to the extentunreserved, to bad debt expense.Advanced Billings Advanced billings represent amounts associated with services, reimbursement revenue and investigator fees that have been received but have not yetbeen earned or paid.86 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Fixed Assets Fixed assets and software purchased or developed for internal use are recorded at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the followingestimated useful lives:Internal Use Software The Company accounts for internal use software in accordance with the provisions of accounting standards, which require certain direct costs andinterest costs incurred during the application stage of development to be capitalized and amortized over the useful life of the software.Derivative Financial Instruments All derivatives are measured at fair value and recognized as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Derivatives that are notdetermined to be effective hedges are adjusted to fair value with a corresponding effect on earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that aredesignated and determined to be effective as part of a hedge transaction have no immediate effect on earnings and depending on the type of hedge, arerecorded either as part of other comprehensive income and will be included in earnings in the period in which earnings are affected by the hedged item, or areincluded in earnings as an offset to the earnings impact of the hedged item. Any ineffective portions of hedges are reported in earnings as they occur. TheCompany utilizes interest rate swap and cap agreements, or interest rate contracts, to manage changes in market conditions related to debt obligations.Amounts previously recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to these interest rate swaps will be reclassified into earnings over the term ofthe previously hedged borrowing using the swaplet method. The Company has elected the accounting policy that cash flows associated with interest ratederivative contracts are classified as cash flows from investing activities.Fair Value Measurements The Company records certain assets and liabilities at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfera liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurementdate. A three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value is described below. This hierarchy requires entities to maximizethe use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:•Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. •Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in activemarkets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets87Furniture, fixtures and equipment 5 - 7 yearsComputer hardware and software 3 - 7 yearsLeasehold improvements Lesser of the life of the lease or useful lifeof the improvements Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.•Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flowmethodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs. The carrying amount of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, unbilled services, accounts payable andadvanced billings, approximate fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments.Recurring Fair Value Measurements The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company's financial assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis as of December 31,2015 (in thousands): The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company's financial assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring basis as of December 31,2014 (in thousands): The Company values contingent consideration, related to business combinations, using a weighted probability of potential payment scenariosdiscounted at rates reflective of the weighted average cost of capital for the businesses acquired. Key assumptions used to estimate the fair value ofcontingent consideration include revenue and operating forecasts and the probability of achieving the specific targets. Interest rate swaps and caps aremeasured at fair value using a market approach valuation technique. The valuation is based on an estimate of net present value of the expected cash flowsusing relevant mid-market observable data inputs and based on the assumption of no unusual market conditions or forced liquidation.88 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Assets Interest rate swap $— $28 $— $28 Total $— $28 $— $28 Liabilities: Contingent consideration $— $— $999 $999 Total $— $— $999 $999 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Liabilities: Interest rate contracts $— $19,446 $— $19,446 Contingent consideration — — 1,911 1,911 Total $— $19,446 $1,911 $21,357 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) The following table summarizes the changes in Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31 (inthousands):Non-recurring Fair Value Measurements Certain assets and liabilities are carried on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at cost and are not remeasured to fair value on a recurringbasis. These assets include finite-lived intangible assets which are tested when a triggering event occurs and goodwill and identifiable indefinite-livedintangible assets which are tested for impairment annually on October 1 or when a triggering event occurs. As of December 31, 2015, assets carried on the balance sheet and not remeasured to fair value on a recurring basis totaling approximately$1,548.7 million were identified as Level 3. These assets are comprised of goodwill of $1,014.8 million and identifiable intangible assets of $533.9 million.Impairment of Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews the recoverability of its long-lived asset groups, including furniture and equipment, computer hardware and software, leaseholdimprovements, and other finite-lived intangibles, when events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate the carrying value of the asset group may notbe recoverable. The assessment of possible impairment is based on the Company's ability to recover the carrying value of the asset group from the expectedfuture pre-tax cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) of the related operations. If these cash flows are less than the carrying value of suchasset, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between estimated fair value and carrying value. The Company's primary measure of fair value isbased on discounted cash flows. The measurement of impairment requires the Company to make estimates of these cash flows related to long-lived assets, aswell as other fair value determinations.89 ContingentConsiderations—Accruedexpenses Balance at December 31, 2013 $2,996 Payment on ClinStar contingent consideration (1,589)Revaluations included in earnings 504 Balance at December 31, 2014 $1,911 Revaluations included in earnings 89 Payments on ClinStar contingent consideration (2,000)Initial estimate of VHS contingent consideration 999 Balance at December 31, 2015 $999 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Goodwill and Other Intangibles Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an event or circumstance indicates that animpairment loss may have been incurred. Separate intangible assets that have finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives or over theperiod in which economic benefit is received. The Company's primary finite lived intangibles are customer relationships and customer backlog, which areamortized on an accelerated basis, which coincides with the period of economic benefit received by the Company. The Company reviews the carrying value of goodwill to determine whether impairment may exist on an annual basis or whenever it has reason to believegoodwill may not be recoverable. The annual impairment test of goodwill is performed during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. The Company did nothave an impairment for any of the years presented. When evaluating for impairment, the Company may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reportingunit or indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If the Company does not perform a qualitative assessment, or if it determines that it is not more likelythan not that the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its carrying amount, the Company will calculate the estimated fairvalue of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset. The Company's decision to perform a qualitative impairment assessment for an individualreporting unit in a given year is influenced by a number of factors, inclusive of the size of the reporting unit's goodwill, the significance of the excess of thereporting unit's estimated fair value over carrying value at the last quantitative assessment date, the amount of time in between quantitative fair valueassessments and the date of acquisition. During 2015, as part of the Company's annual impairment analysis, the Company performed the qualitativeassessment for approximately $737.7 million, or 72.7%, of its total goodwill balance of $1.0 billion, which resides in its PR reporting unit, and for itsindefinite-lived trade name intangible asset. If the Company does not perform a qualitative assessment, goodwill impairment is determined by the Company using a two-step process. The first step ofthe goodwill impairment test is used to identify potential impairment by comparing the fair value of each reporting unit, determined using various valuationtechniques, with the primary technique being a discounted cash flow analysis, to its carrying value. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carryingamount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired and the second step of the impairment test is unnecessary. If the carrying amount of areporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the goodwill impairment test is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. Thesecond step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. If thecarrying amount of the reporting unit's goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized. The estimated fair value of the EDS reporting unit closely approximated its carrying value when the Company performed its annual goodwill impairmenttest during the fourth quarter of 2014. The Company made operational improvements during 2015 in order to improve the profitability of the EDS reportingunit. As a result of these changes, EDS saw growth in both backlog and new business awards that contributed to its improved financial performance duringthe year and led to the Company to update its forecast for future periods. The Company considered all of these factors when it performed90 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)its most recent goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2015 and it was concluded that the estimated fair value of the EDS reporting unitexceeded its carrying value by $48.9 million or 23%. Any negative changes in assumptions on revenue, new business awards, cancellations, or theCompany's ability to improve operations while maintaining a competitive cost structure could adversely affect the fair value of EDS and result in significantgoodwill impairment charges in 2016 or later.Revenue Recognition The Company generally enters into contracts with customers to provide services with payments based on either fixed-fee, time and materials, or fee-for-service arrangements. Revenue for services is recognized only after persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, the sales price is determinable, serviceshave been rendered, and collectability is reasonably assured. Once these criteria have been met, the Company recognizes revenue for the services provided on fixed-fee contracts based on the proportionalperformance methodology, which determines the proportion of outputs or performance obligations which have been completed or delivered compared to thetotal contractual outputs for performance obligations. To measure performance, the Company compares the contract costs incurred to estimated total contractcosts through completion. As part of the client proposal and contract negotiation process, the Company develops a detailed project budget for the direct costsbased on the scope of the work, the complexity of the study, the geographical location involved and the Company's historical experience. The Company thenestablishes the individual contract pricing based on the Company's internal pricing guidelines, discount agreements, if any, and negotiations with the client.The estimated total contract costs are reviewed and revised periodically throughout the lives of the contracts, with adjustments to revenue resulting from suchrevisions being recorded on a cumulative basis in the period in which the revisions are first identified. Contract costs consist primarily of direct labor andother project-related costs. Revenue from time and materials contracts is recognized as hours are incurred. Revenues and the related costs of fee-for-servicecontracts are recognized in the period in which services are performed. A majority of the Company's contracts undergo modifications over the contract period and the Company's contracts provide for these modifications.During the modification process, the Company recognizes revenue to the extent it incurs costs, provided client acceptance and payment is deemedreasonably assured. The Company often offers volume discounts to its large customers based on annual volume thresholds. The Company records an estimate of the annualvolume rebate as a reduction of revenue throughout the period based on the estimated total rebate to be earned for the period. Most of the Company's contracts can be terminated by the client either immediately or after a specified period following notice. These contracts requirethe client to pay the Company the fees earned through the termination date, the fees and expenses to wind down the study, and, in some cases, a terminationfee or some portion of the fees or profit that the Company could have earned under the contract if it had not been terminated early. Therefore, revenuerecognized prior to cancellation generally does not require a significant adjustment upon cancellation.91 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Reimbursement Revenue and Reimbursable Out-of-Pocket Costs The Company incurs out-of-pocket costs, in excess of contract amounts, which are reimbursable by its customers. The Company includes out-of-pocketcosts both as reimbursement revenue and as reimbursable out-of-pocket costs in the consolidated statements of operations. As is customary in the industry, the Company routinely enters into separate agreements on behalf of its clients with independent physician investigatorsin connection with clinical trials. The funds received for investigator fees are netted against the related cost because such fees are the obligation of theCompany's clients, without risk or reward to the Company. The Company is not obligated either to perform the service or to pay the investigator in the eventof default by the client. In addition, the Company does not pay the independent physician investigator until funds are received from the client. Totalpayments to investigators were $208.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, $211.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, $46.8 millionfor the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013 and $153.6 million for the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22,2013.Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and unbilledservices. As of December 31, 2015, substantially all of the Company's cash and cash equivalents were held in or invested with large financial institutions.Accounts receivable include amounts due from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. The Company establishes an allowance for potentiallyuncollectible receivables. In management's opinion, there is no additional material credit risk beyond amounts provided for such losses. Service revenue from individual customers greater than 10% of consolidated service revenue in the respective periods was as follows: Accounts receivable and unbilled receivables from individual customers that were equal to or greater than 10% of consolidated accounts receivable andunbilled receivables at the respective dates were as follows:92 Successor Predecessor December 31,2015 December 31,2014 September 23, 2013 -December 31, 2013 January 1, 2013 -September 22, 2013 Customer A — — — 10.7%Customer B 10.7% — — — December 31, 2015 2014 Customer B 13.4% 14.4%Customer C 10.1% 10.2% Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Foreign Currency The assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect as of the end of the period.Equity activities are translated at the spot rate effective at the date of the transaction. Revenue and expense accounts and cash flows of these operations aretranslated at average exchange rates prevailing during the period the transactions occurred. Translation gains and losses are included as an adjustment to theaccumulated other comprehensive income account in stockholders' equity. Translation gains and losses from foreign currency transactions, such as those resulting from the settlement and revaluation of foreign receivables andpayables, are included in the determination of net income (loss). These amounts are included in foreign currency gains (losses), net in the consolidatedstatement of operations. In addition, gains or losses related to the Company's intercompany loans payable and receivable denominated in a foreign currencyother than the subsidiary's functional currency that are deemed to be of a long-term investment nature are remeasured to cumulative translation and recordedin accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets.Income Taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized forthe estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and theirrespective tax bases. Deferred tax assets are recognized for future deductible temporary differences, along with net operating loss carryforwards and creditcarryforwards, if it is more likely than not that the tax benefits will be realized. To the extent a deferred tax asset cannot be recognized under the precedingcriteria, a valuation allowance is established to reduce the deferred tax asset to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Deferred tax liabilitiesare recognized for future taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in whichthose temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. There are inherent uncertainties related to the interpretation of tax regulations in the jurisdictions in which the Company transacts business. Thejudgments and estimates made at a point in time may change based on the outcome of tax audits, as well as changes to, or further interpretations of,regulations. Income tax expense is adjusted in the period in which these events occur, and these adjustments are included in the Company's consolidatedstatement of operations. If such changes take place, there is a risk that the Company's effective tax rate may increase or decrease in any period. A companymust recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by thetaxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measuredbased on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution.93 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Stock-Based Compensation The primary type of stock-based compensation utilized by the Company is stock options. Stock options are awards which allow the employee topurchase shares of the Company's stock at a fixed price. The Company measures compensation cost at the grant date, based on fair value of the award, andrecognizes it as expense over the employees' requisite service period. The fair value of each option issued during these periods was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for servicecondition awards and a Monte Carlo model for market and performance condition awards issued during the Predecessor period, with the following weightedaverage assumptions: The risk-free interest rate is based on the United States Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The expected life represents the period oftime the grants are expected to be outstanding. We use the historical volatilities of a selected peer group as, the Company does not have sufficient history toestimate the volatility of its common share price. The Company calculates expected volatility based on reported data for selected reasonably similar publiclytraded companies for which the historical information is available. For the purpose of identifying peer companies, the Company considers characteristicssuch as industry, length of trading history, similar vesting terms and in-the-money option status. Due to the absence of an active market for the Company's common shares prior to the Company's IPO, the fair value of our common shares for purposes ofdetermining the exercise price for award grants was determined in good faith by the Company's board of directors, with the assistance and upon therecommendation of management based on a number of market factors, including: the common shares underlying the award involved illiquid securities in aprivate company; results of operations and financial position; and the market performance of publicly traded companies compared to the Company. The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation for restricted share awards and restricted share units, or collectively, RSAs/RSUs, based on theclosing market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant.Net Income (Loss) Per Share The calculation of net income (loss) per share, or EPS, is based on the weighted average number of common shares or common stock equivalentsoutstanding during the applicable period. The dilutive effect of common stock equivalents is excluded from basic earnings per share and is included in thecalculation of diluted earnings per share, unless the effect of inclusion would be anti-dilutive.94 Successor Predecessor December 31,2015 December 31,2014 September 23, 2013 -December 31, 2013 January 1, 2013 -September 22, 2013 Risk-free interest rate 1.7% 2.0% 2.2% 1.3%Expected life, in years 6.3 6.5 6.5 7.0 Dividend yield N/A N/A N/A N/A Volatility 34.4% 39.5% 39.7% 41.2% Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs relating to the Company's long-term debt are recorded as a direct reduction of long-term debt; these costs are deferred and amortizedto interest expense using the effective interest method, over the respective terms of the related debt. Debt issuance costs relating to the Company's revolvingcredit facilities are recorded as an asset; these costs are deferred and amortized to interest expense using the straight-line method.Compensated Absences The Company accrues for the costs of compensated absences to the extent that the employee's right to receive payment relates to service alreadyrendered, the obligation vests or accumulates, payment is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company's policies related tocompensated absences vary by jurisdiction and obligations are recorded net of estimated forfeiture due to turnover when reasonably predictable.Operating Leases The Company records rent expense for operating leases, some of which have escalating rent over the term of the lease, on a straight-line basis over theinitial effective lease term. The Company begins depreciation on the date of initial possession, which is generally when the Company enters the space andbegins to make improvements in preparation for its intended use. Some of the Company's facility leases provide for concessions by the landlords, includingpayments for leasehold improvements considered tenant assets, free rent periods, and other lease inducements. The Company reflects these concessions asdeferred rent in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Company accounts for the difference between rent expense and rent paid asdeferred rent. For tenant allowances for improvements considered to be tenant assets, rent holidays and other lease incentives, the Company records a deferredrent liability at the inception of the lease term and amortizes the deferred rent over the term of the lease as a reduction to rent expense. For tenant allowancesconsidered to be property owner assets, the payment is treated as a reimbursement for the cost of the lessor asset.Recently Implemented Accounting Standards During 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, "Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs" and ASU No. 2015-15, "Interest—Imputation ofInterest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements." Thesestandards require all debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the associated debt liability except costs associatedwith line-of-credit arrangements, which will continue to be presented as an asset. ASU No. 2015-03 and ASU No. 2015-15 will be effective for annualreporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company early adopted this guidance in theaccompanying consolidated financial statements. The effect of retrospective application of this guidance to the accompanying consolidated balance sheet asof December 31, 2014 was a $24.1 million decrease in deferred financing fees and long-term debt, net.95 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(2) Significant Accounting Policies (Continued) During 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, "Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes", which requires that deferred tax liabilities and assetsbe classified as noncurrent in a classified balance sheet. This ASU is effective for the Company in its first quarter of fiscal 2017, with early applicationpermitted and, upon adoption, may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company early adopted this ASU in the accompanyingconsolidated financial statements and elected to apply the guidance prospectively.Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the FASB issued an ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers," to clarify the principles of recognizing revenue andcreate common revenue recognition guidance between GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. ASU No. 2014-09 is effective for annualreporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted only as of annualreporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that period. The Company is currently assessing thepotential impact of ASU No. 2014-09 on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, "Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern." This ASU clarifies management'sresponsibility to evaluate whether there is a substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern and provides guidance for relatedfootnote disclosures. This ASU will be effective beginning in 2016. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material effect on the consolidatedfinancial statements.(3) Business CombinationsAcquisition by KKR Concurrent with the closing of the Merger, KKR contributed equity of $454.8 million and the Company entered into debt agreements totaling$1.3 billion. The debt agreements were comprised of a $825.0 million first lien term loan, a $125.0 million revolving line of credit that was undrawn atclosing, and $375.0 million in Senior Notes. The proceeds were used to fund a portion of the total consideration paid, repay all outstanding debt of thePredecessor Company and pay transaction fees associated with the Merger. Upon consummation of the Merger, the Predecessor Company's stockholders received $17.37 in cash for each share of the Predecessor Company's stockowned. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. In connection with the acquisition, theCompany recorded $849.6 million of goodwill, which is not deductible for income tax purposes. Factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill forthe acquisition included expected growth rates and profitability of the Predecessor Company. The increase in expected growth rates is primarily related togrowth in our revenue due to an increase in our global footprint and expansion of service offerings. The increase in expected profitability is primarily relatedto corporate wide initiatives to streamline and improve the efficiency in which the Company conducts clinical trials as well as continued leveraging ofselling, general, and administrative costs.96 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(3) Business Combinations (Continued) The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Merger date (in thousands): Customer relationships, customer backlog and other intangibles, and finite-lived trade name intangibles are being amortized on an accelerated methodover 23 years, five years, and 10 years, respectively. The Predecessor Company incurred approximately $46.7 million of acquisition-related costs, which were expensed as incurred and recorded intransaction-related costs in the consolidated statement of operations during the period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013. The Successor Companyincurred approximately $27.7 million of acquisition-related costs, which were expensed as incurred and recorded in transaction-related costs in theconsolidated statement of operations during the period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013.Acquisition of RPS On September 23, 2013, immediately following the Merger, and using proceeds from the borrowings issued on the same day, the Company acquired allof the outstanding shares of RPS Parent Holding Corp., or RPS, a global contract research organization based in the United States, for $289.3 million, subjectto a working capital adjustment of up to $15.0 million. The acquisition of RPS provides the Company with a more diverse client mix, including 16 of the 20largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.97 PurchasePriceAllocation WeightedAmortizationPeriodCash and cash equivalents $60,511 Restricted cash 5,464 Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net 192,847 Other current assets 44,235 Property, plant and equipment 62,960 Customer relationships 379,200 23 yearsCustomer backlog and other intangibles 133,290 5 yearsTrade names (finitive-lived) 1,410 10 yearsTrade name (indefinitive-lived) 118,010 Other assets 44,118 Accounts payable and accrued expenses (101,817) Advanced billings (222,160) Other long-term liabilities (199,995) Estimated fair value of net assets acquired 518,073 Purchase price, net of working capital settlement 1,367,660 Total goodwill $849,587 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(3) Business Combinations (Continued) The acquisition of RPS was accounted for as a business combination and, accordingly, the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed have been recordedat their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $153.4 million of goodwill,which is not deductible for income tax purposes. Factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill for the acquisition included expected growth in ourrevenue due to an increase in our global footprint and increased profitability of RPS due to expected synergies with the Company's existing operations.Anticipated synergies include procurement leverage and lower selling, general and administrative expenses, including reduced labor and facilities costs.Longer term, the Company expects to benefit from synergies related to service revenue expansion, as the acquisition serves to significantly increase the depthof relationships with large pharmaceutical companies. The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition (in thousands): Customer relationships and trade name intangibles are being amortized on an accelerated method over 13 years and 10 years, and other intangibles areamortized on a straight-line basis over three years. Transaction costs related to the acquisition of RPS have been combined with those of the Merger; these expenses were not separately allocated as bothtransactions closed on the same date. The results of operations for RPS are included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company from the date ofaquisition. During the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, RPS' service revenues and net loss totaled $119.8 million and$1.6 million, respectively.98 PurchasePriceAllocation WeightedAmortizationPeriodCash and cash equivalents $18,370 Restricted cash 5,076 Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net 130,322 Other current assets 13,644 Property, plant and equipment 6,567 Customer relationships 19,900 13 yearsOther intangibles 11,100 3 yearsTrade names 22,000 10 yearsOther assets 2,315 Accounts payable and accrued expenses (46,269) Advanced billings (51,636) Other long-term liabilities (10,551) Estimated fair value of net assets acquired 120,838 Purchase price, net of working capital settlement 274,250 Total goodwill $153,412 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(3) Business Combinations (Continued)Acquisition of CRI Lifetree On December 2, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of CRI Holding Company, LLC, or CRI Lifetree, a specialized research organization, for$77.1 million in cash. CRI Lifetree focuses on the conduct and design of early stage, patient population studies, and is therapeutically focused in humanabuse liability, addiction, pain, psychiatry, neurology, pediatric and infectious disease services. CRI Lifetree had approximately 250 full-time employees andhas three clinic locations: Marlton, NJ, Philadelphia, PA, and Salt Lake City, UT. In addition to inpatient and outpatient studies, the company provideshighly-specialized early phase research support services such as data management, biostatistics, and study report writing. In order to fund the acquisition of CRI Lifetree, KKR made an equity contribution of $13.5 million in cash and the Company increased its first lien termloan borrowings by $65.0 million. The acquisition of CRI Lifetree was accounted for as a business combination and, accordingly, the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed have beenrecorded at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $51.7 million ofgoodwill, of which $15.4 million is tax deductible. Factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill for the acquisition included expected growth ratesand profitability of CRI Lifetree and expected synergies with the Company's existing operations. Anticipated synergies include lower selling, general andadministrative expenses, including reduced labor and facilities costs. Longer term, the Company expects to benefit from synergies related to service revenueexpansion, as the acquisition serves to significantly expand the Company's Phase I to Phase II services. The following table summarizes the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition (in thousands):99 PurchasePriceAllocation WeightedAmortizationPeriodCash and cash equivalents $94 Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net 8,101 Other current assets 970 Property, plant and equipment 2,554 Customer relationships 10,900 12 yearsPatient relationships 10,900 5 yearsTrade name 2,600 10 yearsCustomer backlog 2,100 5 yearsOther assets 67 Accounts payable and accrued expenses (2,802) Advanced billings (2,619) Other long-term liabilities (7,486) Estimated fair value of net assets acquired 25,379 Purchase price, net of working capital settlement 77,112 Total goodwill $51,733 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(3) Business Combinations (Continued) Customer relationships, trade name intangibles, and backlog are being amortized on an accelerated method over 12 years, 10 years, and five years, andpatient lists intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over five years. The Company incurred approximately $1.4 million of acquisition-related costs, which were expensed as incurred and are recorded in transaction-relatedcosts in the consolidated statement of operations during the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013. The results of operations forCRI Lifetree are included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company from the date of acquisition. During the Successor period fromSeptember 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, CRI Lifetree's service revenues and net income totaled $3.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively.Acquisition of ClinStar On February 28, 2013, the Predecessor Company acquired all of the outstanding member's interest of ClinStar, a contract research organization andlogistics provider based in the United States with operations in Eastern Europe, for $45.0 million in cash and contingent consideration in the form of apotential earn-out payment of up to $5.0 million. The earn-out payment was contingent upon the achievement of certain revenue and earnings targets duringthe 24-month period following closing. The Predecessor Company recognized a liability of approximately $3.7 million as the estimated acquisition date fairvalue of the earn-out; the fair value was based on significant inputs not observed in the market and thus represented a Level 3 measurement. Changes in thefair value of the earn-out subsequent to the acquisition date were recognized in earnings in the period of the change. The fair value of the contingentconsideration changed by $0.1 million and $0.5 million, during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, $(1.1) million during theSuccessor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and $0.4 million during the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22,2013. The Company made payments of $2.0 million and $1.6 million on the contingent consideration during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively. The acquisition of ClinStar provided the Predecessor Company with a stronger presence in Eastern Europe. The acquisition of ClinStar was accounted for as a business combination and, accordingly, the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed have beenrecorded at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. In connection with the acquisition, the Predecessor Company recorded approximately$15.1 million of goodwill, a portion of which is deductible for income tax purposes. Factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill for theacquisition included expected growth rates and profitability of ClinStar and expected synergies with the Company's existing operations. Anticipatedsynergies include lower selling, general and administrative expenses, including reduced labor and facilities costs. Longer term, the Company expects tobenefit from synergies related to service revenue expansion, as the acquisition serves to significantly increase the Company's presence in Eastern Europe.100 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(3) Business Combinations (Continued) The Company's purchase price allocation is as follows (in thousands): Customer relationships, customer backlog, and trade name intangibles are being amortized on an accelerated method over 21 years, five years, and10 years, respectively. Non-competition agreements are being amortized on a straight-line basis over five years. The Company incurred approximately $0.5 million of acquisition-related costs, which were expensed as incurred and recorded in transaction-related costin the consolidated statement of operations during the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013; there were no costs recorded in theSuccessor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013. The results of operations for ClinStar are included in the consolidated financial statementsof the Company from the date of acquisition. During the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013, ClinStar's revenues and net incometotaled $16.6 million and $0.9 million, respectively. During the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, ClinStar's revenues andnet loss totaled $7.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The following unaudited pro forma information assumes the acquisitions of the Company, RPS, CRI Lifetree, and ClinStar occurred as of the beginningof 2013. This pro forma financial information101 PurchasePriceAllocation WeightedAmortizationPeriodCash and cash equivalents $4,260 Restricted cash 4,414 Accounts receivable and unbilled services, net 12,836 Other current assets 1,441 Property, plant and equipment 1,525 Customer relationships 20,100 21 yearsCustomer backlog 2,400 5 yearsTrade names 1,370 10 yearsNon-competition agreements 1,860 5 yearsOther non-current assets 104 Advanced billings (5,591) Other current liabilities (4,267) Other long-term liabilities (4,398) Estimated fair value of net assets acquired 36,054 Purchase price, including contingent consideration 51,126 Total goodwill $15,072 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(3) Business Combinations (Continued)is not necessarily indicative of operating results if the acquisitions had been completed at the date indicated, nor is it necessarily an indication of futureoperating results.Acquisition of VHS On June 8, 2015, the Company purchased the assets of Value Health Solutions Inc., or VHS, a software development firm, for $0.5 million in cash and47,598 unregistered shares of the Company's common stock with a fair market value of $1.6 million; an additional $0.4 million of common stock will beissued in June 2017, less amounts reimbursable to the Company for any indemnification obligations of the seller. The asset purchase agreement also includescontingent consideration in the form of potential earn-out payments of up to $16.0 million. Earn-out payments totaling $1.0 million and $15.0 million arecontingent upon the achievement of project milestones and certain external software sales targets, respectively, during the 48-month period followingclosing. The Company has recognized a liability of approximately $1.0 million as the estimated acquisition date fair value of the earn-out; this amount isincluded in the accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the contingent consideration was based onsignificant inputs not observed in the market and thus represented a Level 3 measurement. Any change in the fair value of the contingent considerationsubsequent to the acquisition date will be recognized in earnings in the period of the change. With this acquisition, the Company expects to enhance itsability to serve customers throughout the clinical research process with technologies that include improved efficiencies by reducing study durations andcosts through integrated operational management. The acquisition of VHS was accounted for as a business combination and, accordingly, the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed have beenrecorded at their respective fair values as of the acquisition date. In connection with the acquisition, the Company recorded approximately $1.0 million ofgoodwill, which is deductible for income tax purposes. The goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and expected synergies with theCompany's existing information technology operations. The Company's purchase price allocation is as follows (in thousands):102(In thousands, except per share amounts) December 31, 2013 Total revenue $1,390,161 Net loss (46,232)Net loss per share: Basic $(1.15)Diluted $(1.15) PurchasePriceAllocation WeightedAmortizationPeriodSoftware intangible $2,500 5 yearsProperty, plant and equipment 43 Estimated fair value of net assets acquired 2,543 Purchase price, including contingent consideration 3,499 Total goodwill $956 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(3) Business Combinations (Continued) Pro forma information is not provided as the acquisition did not have a material effect on the Company's consolidated results.(4) Joint Ventures In December 2012, the Predecessor Company and WuXi PharmaTech, or WuXi, signed a joint venture agreement to offer a broad platform of Phase I-IVclinical trial services in China, Hong Kong and Macau. The joint venture provides services including clinical trial monitoring, project management,regulatory strategy and submissions, data management, biostatistics, drug safety reporting, and medical monitoring. The clinical operations of WuXi and theCompany in China were combined to operate as an independent contract research organization, WuXiPRA Clinical Research Co., Ltd, or WuxiPRA; the jointventure is jointly owned by the Company (49%) and WuXi (51%). The Predecessor Company contributed $4.6 million to the joint venture during March 2013 and during April 2015, both the Successor Company andWuXi made a $3.0 million contribution to WuXiPRA to fund the joint venture's working capital needs. The Company's interest in WuXiPRA remains at 49%after the capital contribution. The Company recorded reductions to the investment balance of $2.9 million and $2.1 million during the years endedDecember 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, $0.7 million during the period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and $0.8 million during theperiod from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013, respectively, for our equity in the venture's net loss for the period, which is recorded in the equity inlosses of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax in our consolidated statement of operations. The investment will be adjusted for our equity in the venture'snet income (loss), cash contributions, distributions, and other adjustments required by the equity method of accounting. The investment in WuXiPRA totaled$1.1 million and $1.0 million as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. On December 4, 2015, the Company and WuXi signed a framework agreement to dissolve the WuXiPRA joint venture. Under the new arrangement, theportion of the joint venture located in mainland China will become a wholly owned subsidiary of WuXi, and the portion of the joint venture located in HongKong will become a wholly owned subsidiary of PRA. In addition, PRA will retain its Strategic Solutions business in China and Hong Kong. The Companyand WuXi will form a preferred provider relationship under which WuXi will provide full-service clinical trial services for global clinical trials subcontractedby PRA in China. The transaction is expected to close during the second quarter of 2016. In March 2013, RPS entered into a joint venture agreement with A2 Healthcare Corporation (formerly part of Asklep, Inc.). The joint venture providesresearch and development outsourcing solutions in Japan to the biopharmaceutical and medical device industries. This joint venture is based in Tokyo,Japan and is owned by the Company (49%) and Asklep (51%). On October 17, 2014, the joint venture changed its name from RPS Asklep, Inc. to A2PRACorporation, or A2PRA. There was no change in the investment balance for the year ended December 31, 2015 and the Company recorded a $0.1 millionreduction to the investment balance during the year ended December 31, 2014. There was no change in the investment balance during the period fromSeptember 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, for the Company's equity in the venture's net loss for the period, which is recorded in the equity in losses ofunconsolidated joint venture, net of tax in our consolidated statement of operations. The investment will be adjusted for RPS's equity in the venture's netincome (loss), cash contributions,103 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(4) Joint Ventures (Continued)distributions, and other adjustments required by the equity method of accounting. The investment in A2PRA totaled $0.2 million at December 31, 2015 and2014. In August 2015, the Company and an affiliate of KKR entered into a joint venture. The joint venture was dissolved in December 2015. The purpose ofthe joint venture included, among other things, the evaluation of investments or acquisitions to enhance the strategic objectives of the Company. The jointventure was jointly owned by the Company (11%) and KKR (89%). The Company contributed $20.0 million to the joint venture in August 2015 andreceived $19.5 million in December 2015 when the joint venture was dissolved. The Company recorded the $0.5 million reduction to the investment balancein equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax in the consolidated statements of operations. The investment in the joint venture was adjustedfor the Company's equity in the venture's net income (loss), cash contributions, distributions, and other adjustments required by the equity method ofaccounting.(5) Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Services Accounts receivable and unbilled services include service revenue, reimbursement revenue, and amounts associated with work performed byinvestigators. Accounts receivable and unbilled services were (in thousands): A rollforward of the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows (in thousands):104 December 31, 2015 2014 Accounts receivable $290,963 $235,058 Unbilled services 126,755 105,542 417,718 340,600 Less allowance for doubtful accounts (2,641) (1,819)Total accounts receivable and unbilled services, net $415,077 $338,781 Successor Predecessor December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 September 23, 2013 -December 31, 2013 January 1, 2013 -September 22, 2013 Beginning balance $1,819 $129 $— $1,744 Additions—charged to expenses 443 976 129 136 Deductions—(write-offs), net ofrecoveries 379 714 — (274)Ending balance $2,641 $1,819 $129 $1,606 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(6) Fixed Assets The changes in the carrying amount of fixed assets are as follows (in thousands): All fixed assets are included as collateral for the payment and performance in full of the term loans pledged by the Company and its subsidiaries. Depreciation expense was $21.2 million and $22.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, $6.2 million for the Successorperiod from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and $11.9 million for the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013.(7) Goodwill and Intangible AssetsGoodwill The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows (in thousands): There are no accumulated impairment charges as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.105 December 31, 2015 2014 Leasehold improvements $20,606 $16,217 Computer hardware and software 79,853 63,711 Furniture and equipment 27,208 21,546 127,667 101,474 Accumulated depreciation (46,976) (28,541)Total fixed assets, net $80,691 $72,933 Balance, December 31, 2013 $1,099,081 Adjustments to PRA/KKR Purchase Price Allocation (33,250)Adjustments to RPS Purchase Price Allocation (4,237)Adjustments to CRI Purchase Price Allocation 1,965 Currency translation (29,560)Balance, December 31, 2014 $1,033,999 Acquisition of VHS 956 Currency translation (20,157)Balance, December 31, 2015 $1,014,798 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(7) Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Continued)Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands): The Company conducts its annual impairment test of indefinite-lived intangibles during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year. For the periods endedDecember 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the Company concluded that the fair value of indefinite-lived intangibles exceeded the carrying value and, therefore,no impairment exists. Amortization expense was $56.7 million and $74.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively,$19.2 million for the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and $13.3 million for the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 toSeptember 22, 2013. Estimated amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):106 December 31, 2015 2014 Customer relationships $380,721 $393,053 Customer backlog 127,871 130,833 Trade names (finite-lived) 25,693 25,762 Patient list and other intangibles 23,400 20,900 Non-competition agreements 2,657 2,774 Total finite-lived intangible assets, gross 560,342 573,322 Accumulated amortization (144,414) (90,422)Total finite-lived intangible assets, net 415,928 482,900 Trade names (indefinite-lived) 118,010 118,010 Total intangible assets, net $533,938 $600,910 2016 $45,497 2017 35,782 2018 31,412 2019 25,927 2020 24,632 2021 and thereafter 252,678 Total $415,928 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(8) Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities Accrued expenses consisted of the following (in thousands):(9) Current Borrowings and Long-Term Debt Long-term debt consisted of the following (in thousands): Principal payments on long-term debt are due as follows (in thousands): In September 2013, the Company entered into a new credit agreement, or the 2013 Credit Agreement, with a syndicate of banks led by UBS for anaggregate principal amount of $825.0 million of first lien term loan and a $125.0 million revolving line of credit, or the Senior Secured Credit Facility. Dueto the Merger, on September 23, 2013, the Predecessor Company terminated its old credit facility dated December 10, 2012. In September 2013, theCompany also issued $375.0 million in senior notes, or Senior Notes. The proceeds from the 2013 Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes issuances wereused in conjunction with the acquisition by KKR, to fund the acquisition of RPS, repay existing debt, and pay for fees and expenses related to theaforementioned events. The Company paid an $8.3 million debt discount in connection with the first lien term loans.107 December 31, 2015 2014 Compensation, including bonuses, fringe benefits and payroll taxes $77,650 $72,743 Other 36,093 37,635 Interest 6,150 6,166 Total accrued expenses and other liabilities $119,893 $116,544 December 31, 2015 2014 Term loans, first lien $689,000 $729,000 Senior notes 225,000 225,000 914,000 954,000 Less debt issuance costs and discount (24,486) (29,556)Total long-term debt, net $889,514 $924,444 2016 $— 2017 — 2018 — 2019 — 2020 689,000 2021 and thereafter 225,000 Total $914,000 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(9) Current Borrowings and Long-Term Debt (Continued) On December 2, 2013, the Company borrowed $65.0 million under the first lien term loan facility of the 2013 Credit Agreement, or the Incremental TermLoan Borrowing. The proceeds were used to fund the acquisition of CRI Lifetree. In accordance with the guidance in ASC 470-50, "Debt—Modifications andExtinguishments," the Incremental Term Loan Borrowing was accounted for as a debt modification. On March 24, 2014, the Company completed a repricing transaction, or the Repricing, associated with the first lien term loan that reduced the applicablemargin from 4.0% to 3.5%. As part of the repricing, eight previous lenders did not consent to the repricing terms; therefore the non-consenting lenders werereplaced by new lenders. In accordance with the guidance in ASC 470-50, "Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments," the Repricing was accounted for as apartial debt extinguishment based on non-consenting lenders no longer having a holding interest. As a result of the partial debt extinguishment, theCompany recognized a loss of extinguishment of debt totaling $1.3 million, which was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2014. The Companyincurred $0.1 million in expenses for the repricing transaction, which were expensed during the year ended December 31, 2014. As collateral for borrowings under the 2013 Credit Agreement, the Company granted a pledge on primarily all of its assets, and the stock of designatedsubsidiaries. The Company is subject to certain financial covenants, which require the Company to maintain certain debt-to-EBITDA ratios. The 2013 CreditAgreement also contains covenants that, among other things, restrict the Company's ability to incur additional indebtedness, grant liens, make investments,loans, guarantees or advances, make restricted junior payments, including dividends, redemptions of capital stock and voluntary prepayments or repurchaseof certain other indebtedness, engage in mergers, acquisitions or sales of assets, enter into sale and leaseback transactions or engage in certain transactionswith affiliates and otherwise restrict certain corporate activities. After giving effect to the applicable restrictions on the payment of dividends under the 2013Credit Agreement, subject to compliance with applicable law, as of December 31, 2015, there was approximately $3.0 million free of restriction, which wasavailable for the payment of dividends. The Company does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2014, the Companywas in an accumulated deficit position; as such, there were no amounts free of restrictions to make cash dividends or stock repurchases. The Company doesnot expect these covenants to restrict its liquidity, financial condition or access to capital resources in the foreseeable future. The 2013 Credit Agreement alsocontains customary representations, warranties, affirmative covenants, and events of default.Term Loans The first lien term loan is a floating rate term loan with scheduled, fixed quarterly principal payments of 0.25% of the original principal balance throughSeptember 2020. The voluntary prepayments made during 2014, using proceeds from the IPO, fully satisfy all required quarterly principal payments throughmaturity. The variable interest rate is based on the LIBOR, with a 1.0% LIBOR floor, plus an applicable margin of 3.5%. The applicable margin is dependentupon the Company's debt to consolidated EBITDA ratio as defined in the 2013 Credit Agreement. The 2013 Credit Agreement requires us to prepayoutstanding term loans, subject to certain exceptions, with 50% of our annual Excess Cash Flow, which percentage will be reduced to 25% if PRA achieves adebt-to-EBITDA ratio of less than or equal to 3.75 to 1.0, but greater than 3.25 to 1.0 on the date of108 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(9) Current Borrowings and Long-Term Debt (Continued)prepayment for the most recent test period and no prepayment will be required if PRA achieves a debt-to-EBITDA ratio of less than or equal to 3.25 to 1.0 onthe date of prepayment for the most recent test period, commencing in 2014. The Company has the option of 1, 2, 3 or 6 month base interest rates. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the weighted average interest rate on the firstlien term loan was 4.5%. There are no prepayment penalties. On November 18, 2014, the Company repaid $152.1 million in principal using proceeds from the Company's IPO. In accordance with the guidance inASC 470-50, "Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments," the debt repayment was accounted for as a partial debt extinguishment. The repayment resulted inthe write-off of $4.8 million in unamortized debt issuance costs which is included in loss on modification or extinguishment of debt in the consolidatedstatement of operations.Revolving Credit Facilities The Company's Senior Secured Credit Facility provides for $125.0 million of potential borrowings and expires on September 23, 2018. The interest rateon the Senior Secured Credit Facility is based on the LIBOR plus an applicable rate, based on the leverage ratio of the Company. The Company, at itsdiscretion, may choose interest periods of 1, 2, 3 or 6 months. In addition, the Company is required to pay to the lenders a commitment fee of 0.5% quarterlyfor unused commitments on the revolver, subject to a step-down to 0.375% based upon achievement of a certain leverage ratio. At December 31, 2015 and2014, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facility. In addition, at December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had$4.4 million and $5.1 million, respectively, in letters of credit outstanding, which are secured by the Senior Secured Credit Facility.Senior Notes In September 2013, the Company issued $375.0 million of Senior Notes. The Senior Notes do not require principal payments and mature on October 1,2023. The Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 9.50% per year payable on April 1, and October 1 of each year, beginning April 1, 2014. The Company may redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to October 1, 2018 subject to a prepayment premium calculated inaccordance with the Senior Notes indenture. From October 1, 2018 through October 1, 2021, the prepayment premium is 1.58% - 4.75%; there is noprepayment premium after October 1, 2021. In the event of a change in control, holders of the Senior Notes would be repaid the outstanding principal balanceplus accrued interest and a 1% prepayment premium. As collateral for the payment and performance in full of the Senior Notes, the Company granted a pledge on primarily all of its assets, and the stock ofdesignated subsidiaries. In addition, the covenants include limitations on incurring additional indebtedness, selling certain assets, and making certaindistributions. On November 18, 2014, the Company repaid $150.0 million in principal and a $14.3 million prepayment penalty using proceeds from the Company'sIPO. In accordance with the guidance in ASC 470-50, "Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments," the debt repayment was accounted for as a109 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(9) Current Borrowings and Long-Term Debt (Continued)partial debt extinguishment. The repayment also resulted in the write-off of $4.6 million in unamortized debt issuance costs, which is included in loss onmodification or extinguishment of debt in the consolidated statement of operations during the year ended December 31, 2014.Fair Value of Debt The estimated fair value of borrowings under credit facilities and long-term debt was $924.9 million and $966.0 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively. The fair value of the Senior Notes, which totaled $246.2 million and $246.1 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, wasdetermined based on Level 2 inputs using the market approach, which is primarily based on rates at which the debt is traded among financial institutions. Thefair value of the term loans and borrowings under credit facilities, which totaled $678.7 million and $719.9 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively, was determined based on Level 3 inputs, which is primarily based on rates at which the debt is traded among financial institutions adjusted forthe Company's credit standing.(10) Stockholders' Equity—SuccessorAuthorized Shares The Company is authorized to issue up to one billion shares of common stock, with a par value of $0.01. The Company is authorized to issue up to onehundred million shares of preferred stock, with a par value of $0.01.(11) Stockholders' Equity—PredecessorAuthorized Shares The Predecessor Company was authorized to issue up to one hundred million shares of stock, with a par value of $0.0001, of which ninety five millionhave been designated as common stock and five million have been designated as preferred stock.Dividends In February 2013, the Predecessor Company declared a $2.83 per share dividend to all stockholders and made a related payment of $2.83 per share toholders of vested service-based stock options. The dividends were declared from additional paid-in capital and represent a return of capital to the commonstockholders. Dividends paid (including the related payments to holders of options) during the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31,2013 totaled $4.3 million and $127.3 million during the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013.(12) Stock-Based CompensationPredecessor Under the Predecessor Company's stock option and incentive award plan, stock option compensation cost was calculated under the fair value approachand was recognized on a pro-rata basis over the vesting period of the stock options (usually four years). Most stock option grants were subject to gradedvesting as services were rendered and had a contractual life of ten years.110 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(12) Stock-Based Compensation (Continued) Under the Predecessor Company's stock option and incentive award plan, all options vested in full upon a change in control. As a result of the Merger,$8.6 million of stock-based compensation expense was recorded in the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013 due to the acceleratedvesting of unvested options. Additionally, as a result of the Merger, 4,265,931 of the options outstanding at September 22, 2013 were settled. As stated in Note 11, during February 2013, the Predecessor Company paid a $2.83 per share dividend to all stockholders and made a related payment toholders of vested service-based options. This transaction represented an equity restructuring under ASC 718. The decision to provide cash payments tooption holders to prevent the stockholder dividend from being dilutive to such option holders represented a modification of the options. The compensationexpense associated with the modification was determined by calculating the change in the stock options' value immediately before and after themodification, plus any other consideration received by the option holders. Such expense was $14.9 million during the Predecessor period from January 1,2013 to September 22, 2013. Options with performance and market conditions were modified by adjusting the exercise prices noted in the agreements downward to compensate forthe dividend payment. This resulted in an additional $0.9 million of compensation expense being recorded for options with a market condition during thePredecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013. Stock-based compensation expenses related to employee stock options totaled $24.6 million during the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 toSeptember 22, 2013; $1.0 million was included direct costs and the remaining $23.6 million was included in selling, general and administrative in theconsolidated statements of operations. The weighted-average fair value of service-based options granted during the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013to September 22, 2013 was $4.55. The total fair value of options vested during the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013 was$7.1 million.Successor On September 23, 2013 and in connection with the acquisition of the Company by KKR, the Board of Directors approved the formation of the 2013Stock Incentive Plan for Key Employees of Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc. and its subsidiaries, or the Plan. The Plan allowed for the issuance of stock optionsand other stock-based awards as permitted by applicable laws. The number of shares available for grant under the Plan is 12.5% of the outstanding shares atclosing on a fully diluted basis. The Company rolled over 2,052,909 stock options under the Plan; this amount is comprised of 2,016,581 and 36,328 optionsrolled over by employees of the Predecessor Company and RPS, respectively. The fair value of the options that were rolled over equaled the fair value of theoptions in the Predecessor Company and, therefore, there was no additional stock-based compensation expense recorded. On November 23, 2014 and in connection with the Company's IPO, the Board of Directors approved the formation of the 2014 Omnibus Plan for KeyEmployees, or the 2014 Omnibus Plan. The 2014 Omnibus Plan allows for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares andrestricted stock units, other stock-based awards, and performance compensation awards as111 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(12) Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)permitted by applicable laws. The number of shares available for grant under the 2014 Omnibus Plan is 3,200,000. Generally, the Company grants stock options with exercise prices greater than or equal to the fair market value of the Company's common stock on thedate of grant. The stock option compensation cost calculated under the fair value approach is recognized on a pro-rata basis over the vesting period of thestock options (usually five years under the Plan and four years under the 2014 Omnibus Plan). Most stock option grants are subject to graded vesting asservices are rendered and have a contractual life of ten years. The options with a market-based condition vest only upon the achievement of a specified internal rate of return from a liquidity event. No compensationexpense has been recorded as the options vest upon a liquidity event, which is not considered probable until the date it occurs. At that time, compensationexpense equal to the grant date fair value will be recorded, regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied. These options have a contractual life of tenyears. As of December 31, 2015, there was $16.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation, which is to beexpected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3 years. The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2015 and2014 was $3.1 million and $2.8 million, respectively. There were no shares that vested during the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31,2013. Aggregated information regarding the Company's option plans is summarized below: The weighted-average fair value of service-based options granted was $10.87 and $6.71 during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively, and $5.04 during the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013.112 Options Wtd. AverageExercise Price Wtd. AverageRemainingContractual Intrinsic Value(in millions) Outstanding at December 31, 2014 6,961,796 $9.40 7.6 $103.1 Granted 705,500 $29.71 Exercised (307,456) 5.70 Expired/forfeited (520,711) 13.00 Outstanding at December 31, 2015 6,839,129 $11.39 6.8 $231.7 Exercisable at December 31, 2015 2,810,972 $6.14 4.8 $110.0 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(12) Stock-Based Compensation (Continued) Selected information regarding the Company's stock options as of December 31, 2015 is as follows:Restricted Stock Awards and Units The Company's RSAs/RSUs will settle in shares of the Company's common stock on the applicable vesting date. RSAs/RSUs granted to employees vest100% on the third anniversary of the date of grant. RSAs/RSUs granted to our non-employee directors vest 50% on the first anniversary of the date of grantand 50% on the second anniversary of the date of grant. Activity related to the Company's RSAs/RSUs in 2015 is as follows: Stock-based compensation expense related to employee stock options and RSAs/RSUs for all successor periods is summarized below (in thousands):113 Options Outstanding Options Exercisable ExercisePrice Number ofOptions Wtd AverageRemaining Life(in Years) Wtd. AverageExercise Price Number ofOptions Wtd. AverageRemaining Life(in Years) Wtd. AverageExercise Price $2.94 1,810,797 3.1 $2.94 1,810,797 3.1 $2.94 $11.73 4,129,909 7.9 $11.73 957,544 7.9 $11.73 $16.42 192,923 7.8 $16.42 42,631 5.2 $16.42 $25.35 - 43.76 705,500 9.3 $29.71 — — — Awards Wtd. AverageGrant-DateFair Value IntrinsicValue(millions) Unvested at December 31, 2014 5,556 $20.35 $— Granted 141,206 28.63 Vested (2,778) 18.00 Unvested at December 31, 2015 143,984 $28.42 $6.5 December 31,2015 December 31,2014 September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 Direct costs $1,218 $752 $— Selling, general and administrative 4,058 2,715 132 Total stock-based compensation expense $5,276 $3,467 $132 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(13) Income Taxes The components of income (loss) before income taxes and equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures are as follows (in thousands): The components of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes were as follows (in thousands):114 Successor Predecessor December 31,2015 December 31,2014 September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 Domestic $(23,400)$(92,040)$(71,354) $(105,728)Foreign 138,565 50,188 14,846 35,862 $115,165 $(41,852)$(56,508) $(69,866) Successor Predecessor December 31,2015 December 31,2014 September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 Current: Federal $1,132 $— $(141) $372 State 1,507 (617) 230 37 Foreign 30,584 24,431 4,498 6,526 Total current income tax expense 33,223 23,814 4,587 6,935 Deferred: Federal (1,349) (22,002) (19,788) (26,776)State 1,564 (1,867) (3,222) (2,368)Foreign (3,434) (8,099) 1,237 130 Total deferred income tax benefit (3,219) (31,968) (21,773) (29,014)Total income tax expense (benefit) $30,004 $(8,154)$(17,186) $(22,079) Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(13) Income Taxes (Continued) Income taxes computed at the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate of 35.0% are reconciled to the benefit from income taxes as follows: Components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):115 Successor Predecessor December 31,2015 December 31,2014 September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 Statutory federal income tax rate 35.0% 35.0% 35.0% 35.0%State income taxes, net of federal benefit 2.0% 5.5% 3.6% 2.0%Tax on foreign earnings: Foreign rate differential (13.6)% 4.3% (0.5)% 6.6%Foreign earnings taxed in the U.S. 7.3% (10.9)% (2.5)% (3.0)%Non-U.S. research and development credit (4.4)% 3.8% (0.4)% 1.0%Stock-based compensation 0.2% (0.8)% 0.0% (2.8)%Transaction costs 0.0% 0.0% (5.6)% (7.1)%Change in liability for uncertain tax positions (0.6)% (14.6)% 0.5% 0.2%Nondeductible expenses 0.3% (2.0)% (0.2)% (0.2)%Other (0.1)% (0.8)% 0.4% (0.2)%Effective income tax rate 26.1% 19.5% 30.3% 31.5% December 31, 2015 2014 Net operating loss carryforwards $48,689 $86,027 Accruals and reserves 13,002 12,589 Equity based compensation 8,418 7,035 Prepaid expenses and other 18,311 9,825 Deferred and unbilled revenue 29,560 12,965 Tax credits 3,680 2,234 121,660 130,675 Valuation allowance (23,205) (16,142)Deferred tax assets 98,455 114,533 Identified intangibles (164,645) (185,540)Depreciable, amortizable and other property (12,432) (13,616)Deferred tax liabilities (177,077) (199,156)Total deferred tax liability $(78,622)$(84,623)Current deferred tax asset $— $20,768 Long-term deferred tax asset $3,069 $— Long-term deferred tax liability $(81,691)$(105,391) Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(13) Income Taxes (Continued) The Company's foreign subsidiaries are taxed separately in their respective jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has cumulative foreignnet operating loss carryforwards of approximately $10.3 million. In addition, the Company has federal net operating losses of approximately $122.8 million.The Company also has cumulative state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $239.0 million. The carryforward periods for the Company's net operating losses vary from five years to an indefinite number of years depending on the jurisdiction. TheCompany's ability to offset future taxable income with net operating loss carryforwards may be limited in certain instances, including changes in ownership. The Company also has federal and state income tax credit carryforwards available to potentially offset future federal and state income tax of $2.1 millionand $1.5 million, respectively. The federal credits are indefinitely-lived. The state credits begin expiring in seven year. The Company has provided a partialvaluation allowance against the benefits of these credits. In determining the extent to which a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is required, the Company evaluates all available evidence includingprojections of future taxable income, carry back opportunities, reversal of certain deferred tax liabilities, and other tax-planning strategies. The valuationallowance at December 31, 2015 relates to the U.S. net federal deferred tax asset (including the federal net operating loss), certain foreign net operating losses,state net operating losses and state tax credit carryforwards. Based upon the available evidence, the Company has concluded that it is not more likely thannot that a certain portion of these net deferred tax assets will be realized. If the Company determines at some point in the future that utilization of thesedeferred tax assets becomes more likely than not, the Company will reduce the valuation allowance accordingly at that time. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross unrecognized income tax benefits is presented below (in thousands):116 Successor Predecessor December 31,2015 December 31,2014 September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 Beginning balance $16,207 $11,284 $— $9,212 Positions acquired — — 10,800 — Additions based on tax positions related to current year 1,333 5,221 462 620 Additions for income tax positions of prior years 95 1,559 — — Impact of changes in exchange rates (594) (1,005) 22 63 Settlements with tax authorities — — — (293)Reductions for income tax positions for prior years (4,308) (452) — (542)Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute oflimitations (1,004) (400) — (466)Ending balance $11,729 $16,207 $11,284 $8,594 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(13) Income Taxes (Continued) As of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the total gross unrecognized tax benefits were $11.7 million, $16.2 million, and $11.3 million, respectively.As of December 31, 2015, the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits which, if recognized, would impact the Company's effective tax rate is$7.7 million. The Company anticipates changes in total unrecognized tax benefits due to the expiration of statute of limitations within the next 12 months.Specifically, adjustments related to transfer pricing and foreign tax exposures are expected to be resolved in various jurisdictions. A reasonable estimate ofthe change in the total gross unrecognized tax benefit expected to be recognized as a result is $0.9 million as of the balance sheet date. The Company's policy for recording interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions is to record such items as a component of income taxexpense. The Company recorded a decrease of $0.1 million and an increase of $0.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,respectively, $0.1 million increase during the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and $0.1 million increase during thePredecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has a total of $2.3 million recognized on uncertain taxpositions. To the extent interest and penalties are not incurred with respect to uncertain tax positions, amounts accrued will be reduced and reflected as areduction in income tax expense. The Company has analyzed filing positions in all of the significant federal, state and foreign jurisdictions where the Company is required to file incometax returns. The only periods subject to examination by the major tax jurisdictions where the Company does business are the 2007 through 2014 tax years. The Company has concluded that a portion of the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries related to certain previously taxed income and certainRussian earnings are not indefinitely reinvested. With respect to the previously taxed income, as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, there is noliability recorded for the effect of repatriating those foreign earnings due to the movement in foreign exchange rates which would cause a foreign exchangeloss if the previously taxed income were distributed. As of December 31, 2015 the Company recorded a deferred tax liability in the amount of $0.3 million onRussian earnings of $3.4 million for which there is not an indefinite reinvestment assertion. For the remaining undistributed earnings of $236.7 million,$186.1 million, and $171.9 million as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, the Company has concluded that these earnings would bepermanently reinvested in the local jurisdictions and not repatriated to the United States. Accordingly, the Company has not provided for U.S. federal andforeign withholding taxes on those undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries. It is not practicable to estimate the amount that might be payable ifsome or all of such earnings were to be remitted. The amount of the tax liability that would result from a repatriation is impracticable to calculate given theuncertainty as to which repatriation structure would be used should the Company change its assertion and repatriate foreign earnings. Furthermore, given theuncertainty as to the repatriation structure, the Company cannot analyze the availability and amount of foreign tax credits that might be available. Theseearnings will provide the Company with the opportunity to continue to expand the Company's global footprint and fund the working capital needs of theCompany's foreign locations for future growth. In 2015, the Company increased its valuation allowance $7.1 million to $23.2 million at December 31, 2015 from $16.1 million at December 31, 2014.The valuation allowance is primarily117 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(13) Income Taxes (Continued)related to U.S. federal loss carryforwards, state loss carryforwards, state credit carryforwards, and loss carryforwards in various jurisdictions.(14) Commitments and ContingenciesOperating Leases The Company leases office space under operating lease agreements expiring in various years through 2030. The Company has sublease agreements forcertain facilities to reduce rent expense and accommodate expansion needs. The subleases expire at various times through 2022. The Company also leasescertain office equipment under the terms of operating leases expiring at various times through 2019. Rent expense under operating leases, net of sublease rental income, was $30.1 million and $33.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and2014, respectively, $7.4 million for the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and $16.8 million for the Predecessor period fromJanuary 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013. Future minimum lease commitments on non-cancelable operating leases are as follows (in thousands):Employment Agreements The Company has entered into employment and non-compete agreements with certain management employees. In the event of termination ofemployment for certain instances, employees will receive severance payments for base salary and benefits for a specified period (six months for vicepresidents, nine months for senior vice presidents and twelve months for executive vice presidents, the president and chief executive officer). Eachemployment agreement also contains provisions that restrict the employees' ability to compete directly with the Company for a comparable period afteremployment terminates. In addition, stock option grant agreements for these employees provide the Company with the right to repurchase from theemployee, or the employee with the right to sell to the Company, stock owned by the employee in certain limited instances of termination.118Year Ending December 31, Leases SubleaseRentalIncome Net Total 2016 $35,756 $(377)$35,379 2017 30,543 (342) 30,201 2018 27,027 (132) 26,895 2019 23,953 (113) 23,840 2020 22,859 (113) 22,746 2021 and thereafter 120,743 (150) 120,593 Total $260,881 $(1,227)$259,654 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(14) Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)Legal Proceedings The Company is involved in legal proceedings from time to time in the ordinary course of its business, including employment claims and claims relatedto other business transactions. Although the outcome of such claims is uncertain, management believes that these legal proceedings will not have a materialadverse effect on the financial condition or results of future operations of the Company. The Company is currently a party to litigation with the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The dispute relates to whether the export of services provided by theCompany is subject to a local tax on services. The Company has not recorded a liability associated with the claim, which totaled $3.9 million atDecember 31, 2015, given it is not deemed probable the Company will incur a loss related to this case. However, a deposit totaling $3.9 million has beenmade to the Brazilian court in order to annul the potential tax obligation and to avoid the accrual of additional interest and penalties. This balance isrecorded in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. During June 2015, the Judiciary Court of Justice of the State of Sao Paulo ruled in the favor of theCompany, however, the judgment was appealed by the City of Sao Paulo. The Company expects to recover the full amount of the deposit when the case issettled.Insurance The Company currently maintains insurance for risks associated with the operation of its business, provision of professional services, and ownership ofproperty. These policies provide coverage for a variety of potential losses, including, without limitation, loss or damage to property, bodily injury, generalcommercial liability, professional errors and omissions, and medical malpractice. The Company's retentions and deductibles associated with these insurance policies range up to a maximum of $0.5 million.Employee Health Insurance The Company is self-insured for health insurance for employees within the United States. The Company maintains stop-loss insurance on a "claimsmade" basis for expenses in excess of $0.3 million per member per year. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company maintained a reserve ofapproximately $3.6 million and $3.2 million, respectively, included in accrued expense and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, tocover open claims and estimated claims incurred but not reported.(15) Employee Benefit Plans Defined contribution or profit sharing style plans are offered in Australia, Belgium, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand,the Philippines, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. In some cases these plans are required by local laws or regulations. The Company maintains a 401(k) Plan in the United States, which covers substantially all employees of its U.S. subsidiaries. The Company matches 50%of each participant's voluntary contributions, subject to a maximum contribution of 6% of the participant's compensation. The employer contributions to the401(k) Plan were approximately $6.6 million and $4.4 million for the119 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(15) Employee Benefit Plans (Continued)years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, $1.0 million for the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and$2.7 million for the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013.(16) Derivatives The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to our ongoing business operations. The primary risk that the Company seeks to manage by usingderivative instruments is interest rate risk. Accordingly, the Company has instituted interest rate hedging programs that are accounted for in accordance withASC 815, "Derivatives and Hedging." The interest rate hedging program is a cash flow hedge program designed to minimize interest rate volatility. TheCompany swaps the difference between fixed and variable interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount, at specifiedintervals. The Company also employed an interest rate cap that would have compensated the Company if variable interest rates had risen above a pre-determined rate. The Company's interest rate contracts are designated as hedging instruments. On October 2, 2013, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements with an aggregate notional principal amount of $620.0 million. The interestrate swaps were set to begin on September 23, 2015. The interest rate swaps were to be used to hedge the variable rate of the Company's Senior Secured CreditFacility. The interest rate swaps had maturity dates ranging from one to five years. During the third quarter of 2015, the Company paid $32.9 million toterminate the Company's interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional principal amount of $620.0 million. Amounts previously recorded in accumulatedother comprehensive loss related to these interest rate swaps, totaling $29.6 million, will be reclassified into earnings over the term of the previously hedgedborrowing using the swaplet method. For the terminated swaps, the Company reclassified $0.7 million previously recorded in accumulated othercomprehensive loss into interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2015. In addition, on October 2, 2013 the Company also entered into an interest rate cap with an aggregate notional principal amount of $800.0 million. Theinterest rate cap began on September 23, 2014. The interest rate cap was used to hedge the variable rate of the Company's Senior Secured Credit Facility tothe extent that the LIBOR rises above 4.00%. During the third quarter of 2015, the Company's interest rate cap with a notional principal amount of$800.0 million expired. Subsequent to the termination of all existing interest rate swaps, the Company entered into a new interest rate swap agreement with a notional principalamount of $250.0 million and a fixed three month LIBOR rate of 1.48%. The interest rate swap began on September 23, 2015 and will mature onSeptember 23, 2018. The interest rate swap is being used to hedge the Company's variable rate debt.120 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(16) Derivatives (Continued) The following table presents the notional amounts and fair values (determined using level 2 inputs) of our derivatives as of December 31, 2015 and 2014(in thousands): The Company records the effective portion of any change in the fair value of derivatives designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815 to otheraccumulated comprehensive (loss) income in our consolidated balance sheet, net of deferred taxes, and will later reclassify into earnings when the hedgeditem affects earnings or is no longer expected to occur. Gains and losses from the ineffective portion of any hedge are recognized in earnings immediately.For other derivative contracts that do not qualify or no longer qualify for hedge accounting, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recognized inearnings each period. During 2014, due to the debt repayments made in conjunction with the Company's IPO and related changes to forecasted voluntary debt repayments infuture periods, the Company determined interest rate swaps with a notional principal amount of $47.5 million no longer qualified for hedge accounting andinterest rate swaps with a notional principal amount of $297.5 million experienced ineffectiveness. During 2015, the Company further revised its forecastedvoluntary debt repayments in future periods; as a result of the change in expected future cash flows, an interest rate swap with a notional principal amount of$17.5 million experienced ineffectiveness. This also caused interest rate swaps with a notional principal amount of $40.0 million, which experiencedineffectiveness during 2014, to no longer qualify for hedge accounting. All of abovementioned interest rate swaps were terminated during the third quarter of2015.121 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Balance SheetClassification Notionalamount Asset/(Liability) Notionalamount Asset/(Liability) Derivatives in an asset position: Other assets $250,000 $28 $— $— Derivatives in a liability position: Interest rate contracts Other long-term liabilities — — 1,420,000 (19,446) Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(16) Derivatives (Continued) The table below presents the effect of our derivatives on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands): We had no derivative financial instruments in the Predecessor periods. The Company expects that $4.7 million of unrealized losses will be reclassifiedout of accumulated other comprehensive loss and into interest expense, net over the next 12 months.(17) Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Below is a summary of the components of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (in thousand):122Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships (Interest Rate Contracts) December 31,2015 December 31,2014 September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 Amount of pretax (loss) gain recognized in other comprehensive income(loss) on derivatives $(11,851)$(20,976)$3,081 Amount of loss recognized in other (expense) income, net on derivatives(ineffective portion) (444) (1,275) — Amount of loss recognized in other (expense) income, net on derivatives (nolonger qualify for hedge accounting) (1,137) (453) — Amount of loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss intointerest expense, net on derivatives (908) (3) — ForeignCurrencyTranslation DerivativeInstruments Total Predecessor Balance at December 31, 2012 $2,176 $— $2,176 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications 2,454 — 2,454 Balance at September 22, 2013 $4,630 $— $4,630 Successor Balance at September 23, 2013 $— $— $— Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, net of tax 15,061 1,808 16,869 Balance at December 31, 2013 $15,061 $1,808 $16,869 Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax $(68,700)$(17,681)$(86,381)Reclassification adjustments, net of tax — 3 3 Balance at December 31, 2014 $(53,639)$(15,870)$(69,509)Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications, net of tax $(52,433)$(11,273)$(63,706)Reclassification adjustments, net of tax — 908 908 Balance at December 31, 2015 $(106,072)$(26,235)$(132,307) Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(18) Net Income (Loss) Per Share Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for theapplicable period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated after adjusting the denominator of the basic net income (loss) per share calculation for theeffect of all potentially dilutive common shares, which in the Company's case, includes shares issuable under the stock option and incentive award plan. The following table reconciles the basic to diluted weighted average shares outstanding (in thousands): The anti-dilutive shares disclosed above were calculated using the treasury stock method. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the anti-dilutiveshares were due to the assumed exercise price and average unamortized compensation expense exceeding the average market price of the Company's commonstock during the period. As the Company was in a net loss position during the year ended December 31, 2014, the Successor period from September 23, 2013to December 31, 2013, and the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013, all options and RSAs outstanding (as disclosed in Note 12)would be anti-dilutive.(19) Related Party Transactions KKR, the majority stockholder of the Company, was a participant in the syndicate of lenders that provided financing under the 2013 Credit Agreement.For further discussion of the 2013 Credit Agreement transaction, see Note 9. KKR contributed $28.0 million of the $887.8 million of first lien term debtissued under the 2013 Credit Agreement, which makes up approximately 3% of the Credit Agreement. Based on the limited contribution of KKR in the 2013Credit Agreement, the Company represents that the 2013 Credit Agreement was arranged at an arm's length basis. KKR and UBS were the underwriters of theIncremental Term Loan Borrowing for $32.5 million each. The Company paid KKR underwriter fees and transaction fees of $0.7 million and $0.9 million,respectively, during the Successor period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013. At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, KKR held$14.7 million and $0.8 million in first lien term debt, respectively. The Company incurred $21.9 million in merger and debt issuance-related expenses from KKR for the Successor period from September 23, 2013 toDecember 31, 2013 and $26.0 million in transaction and advisory fees from Genstar for the Predecessor period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013.Approximately $7.0 million of the fees paid to KKR have been capitalized as debt issuance costs123 Successor Predecessor September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 December 31,2015 December 31,2014 Basic weighted average common shares outstanding 59,965 42,897 39,337 39,643 Effect of dilutive stock options and RSAs/RSUs 3,242 — — — Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding 63,207 42,897 39,337 39,643 Anti-dilutive shares 115 1,223 1,393 1,904 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(19) Related Party Transactions (Continued)and will be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the lives of the related loans. In connection with the Merger, the Company entered into a monitoring agreement with KKR pursuant to which KKR provided management services tothe Company and its affiliates. The monitoring agreement provided a termination fee based on the net present value of future payment obligations under themonitoring agreement, under certain circumstances in which the monitoring agreement was terminated by us. In connection with the IPO, the Company paida termination fee of $11.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2014, and therefore, no management fees to KKR were incurred subsequent to the IPO.Prior to the termination of the monitoring agreement, the Company paid management fees of $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, and$0.6 million during the Successor period of September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013. The Company also paid management fees of $1.5 million to Genstarduring the Predecessor period of January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013. Also, in connection with the IPO, the Company paid an underwriting discount andcommission of $4.0 million to affiliates of KKR. The Company also entered into a joint venture with an affiliate of KKR during 2015. For further discussion on the related party transaction, refer toNote 4.(20) Supplemental Cash Flow Information The following table presents the Company's supplemental cash flow information (in thousands):(21) Operations by Geographic Area The table below presents certain enterprise-wide information about the Company's operations by geographic area for the years ended December 31, 2015and 2014, and the periods from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013. The Company attributes revenues togeographical locations based upon where the services are performed.124 Successor Predecessor September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 December 31,2015 December 31,2014 Cash paid during the period for: Income taxes, net of refunds $17,148 $6,778 $2,717 $1,639 Interest 54,632 80,699 12,735 31,954 Non-cash investing and financing activities: Issuance of common stock for the acquisition of ValueHealth Solutions, Inc. 1,582 — — — Dividends declared but not paid — — — 2,506 Rollover of stock options and common shares — — 19,877 — IPO cost incurred but not paid — 525 — — Accrued fixed assets purchases 2,733 1,644 — — Cashless exercises of stock options 1,672 — — — Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(21) Operations by Geographic Area (Continued) The Company's operations within each geographical region are further broken down to show each country which accounts for 10% or more of the totals(in thousands): 125 Successor Predecessor September 23,2013 -December 31,2013 January 1,2013 -September 22,2013 December 31,2015 December 31,2014 Service revenue: Americas: United States $898,637 $822,220 $190,698 $270,860 Other 32,802 28,925 14,295 — Americas 931,439 851,145 204,993 270,860 Europe, Africa, and Asia-Pacific United Kingdom 364,476 313,535 80,963 185,033 Netherlands 57,739 67,208 20,386 46,591 Other 22,193 34,708 18,020 6,055 Europe, Africa, and Asia-Pacific 444,408 415,451 119,369 237,679 Total service revenue 1,375,847 1,266,596 324,362 508,539 Reimbursement revenues 238,036 192,990 54,854 103,531 Total revenue $1,613,883 $1,459,586 $379,216 $612,070 December 31, 2015 2014 Long-lived assets: Americas: United States $54,058 $46,872 Other 889 1,504 Americas 54,947 48,376 Europe, Africa, and Asia-Pacific United Kingdom 4,773 5,721 Netherlands 10,850 7,602 Other 10,121 11,234 Europe, Africa, and Asia-Pacific 25,744 24,557 Total long-lived assets $80,691 $72,933 Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(22) Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited) The following table summarizes the Company's unaudited quarterly results of operations (in thousands, except per share data: 126 2015 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Service revenue $331,968 $336,518 $345,096 $362,265 Reimbursement revenue 56,610 56,330 58,414 66,682 Total revenue 388,578 392,848 403,510 428,947 Income from operations 32,937 38,321 49,179 43,861 Provision for income taxes 8,022 5,623 10,696 5,663 Income before equity in (losses) income ofunconsolidated joint ventures 18,124 13,220 25,978 27,839 Equity in (losses) income of unconsolidated jointventures (937) (805) (2,319) 665 Net income 17,187 12,415 23,659 28,504 Comprehensive (loss) income $(29,391)$44,470 $(4,086)$7,974 Basic earnings per share(1) $0.29 $0.21 $0.39 $0.47 Diluted earnings per share(1) $0.27 $0.20 $0.37 $0.45 2014 First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Service revenue $311,352 $311,422 $320,063 $323,759 Reimbursement revenue 43,388 46,123 57,274 46,205 Total revenue 354,740 357,545 377,337 369,964 Income from operations 10,724 17,434 16,974 11,707 (Benefit from) provision for income taxes (6,333) (5,186) 4,899 (1,534)(Loss) income before equity in losses of unconsolidatedjoint ventures (9,864) (3,699) 1,649 (21,784)Equity in losses of unconsolidated joint ventures (177) (357) (474) (1,036)Net (loss) income (10,041) (4,056) 1,175 (22,820)Comprehensive (loss) income $(12,394)$5,327 $(46,001)$(69,052)Basic (losses) earnings per share(1) $(0.25)$(0.10)$0.03 $(0.45)Diluted (losses) earnings per share(1) $(0.25)$(0.10)$0.03 $(0.45)(1)The sum of the quarterly per share amounts may not equal per share amounts reported for year-to-date periods. This is due to changesin the number of weighted average shares outstanding and the effects of rounding for each period. Table of ContentsPRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)DECEMBER 31, 2015(23) Subsequent Events (unaudited) On February 18, 2016, the Company commenced an offer to purchase up to $75 million aggregate principal amount of its Senior Notes at a price of$1,130 per $1,000 principal amount for Senior Notes tendered on or prior to 5:00 p.m. on March 2, 2016 (such date and time, as may be extended, the "EarlyTender Time") and accepted for purchase or $1,080 per $1,000 principal amount for Senior Notes tendered after the Early Tender Time and accepted forpurchase, in each case plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the settlement date for the tender offer. At the commencement of the offer topurchase, the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes outstanding was $225 million. It is anticipated that the settlement date will be March 17, 2016. The offer to purchase is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. If any of the conditions are not satisfied, the Company is not obligated to acceptfor payment, purchase or pay for, and may delay the acceptance for payment of, any tendered Senior Notes, in each event subject to applicable laws, and mayterminate the offer to purchase. The offer to purchase is not conditioned on the tender of a minimum principal amount of Senior Notes. The Company is notsoliciting consents from holders of Senior Notes in connection with the offer to purchase.127 Table of Contents Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of December 31, 2015, we carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principalexecutive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Regulations underthe Exchange Act require public companies, including us, to maintain "disclosure controls and procedures," which are defined in Rule 13a-15(e) andRule 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act to mean a company's controls and other procedures that provide reasonable assurance that information required to bedisclosed in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in theSEC's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principalfinancial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. There are inherentlimitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention oroverriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance ofachieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosurecontrols and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at a reasonable assurance level.Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management's report on internal control over financial reporting is set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and is incorporatedherein by reference. There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2015 that has materially affected, or isreasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information Annual Meeting Date The Board of Directors of the company has fixed the date of the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders for June 1, 2016. PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this item will be included in our definitive proxy statement (or the "2016 Proxy Statement") to be filed with the SEC within120 days of the end of our fiscal year covered by this Annual Report and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item will be included in our 2016 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal yearcovered by this Annual Report and is incorporated herein by reference.128 Table of Contents Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item will be included in our 2016 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal yearcovered by this Annual Report and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this item will be included in our 2016 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal yearcovered by this Annual Report and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this item will be included in our 2016 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the end of our fiscal yearcovered by this Annual Report and is incorporated herein by reference.129 Table of Contents Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (1) Financial Statements The following financial statements and supplementary data are included in Item 8 of this annual report:(2) Financial Statement Schedules The information required to be submitted in the Financial Statement Schedules for PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and subsidiaries has either been shown inthe financial statements or notes, or is not applicable or required under Regulation S-X; therefore, those schedules have been omitted.(3) Exhibits The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index following the signature page are filed or furnished as a part of this report and are incorporatedherein by reference.130 PageReports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 75Consolidated Balance Sheets 78Consolidated Statements of Operations 79Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income 80Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity 81Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 82Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 83 Table of Contents SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on itsbehalf on February 25, 2016 by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant andin the capacities indicated on February 25, 2016.131 PRA HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. By: /s/ LINDA BADDOUR Name: Linda Baddour Title: Executive Vice President andChief Financial OfficerSignature Capacity /s/ COLIN SHANNONColin Shannon President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of theBoard of Directors (Principal Executive Officer)/s/ LINDA BADDOURLinda Baddour Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)/s/ JEFFREY T. BARBERJeffrey T. Barber Director/s/ MAX C. LINMax C. Lin Director/s/ JAMES C. MOMTAZEEJames C. Momtazee Director/s/ ALI J. SATVATAli J. Satvat Director/s/ MATTHEW P. YOUNGMatthew P. Young Director/s/ LINDA S. GRAISLinda S. Grais Director Table of Contents EXHIBIT INDEX 132ExhibitNumber Description of Exhibit 3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (incorporated by reference toExhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2014 (No. 001-36732)) 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to theRegistrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2014 (No. 001-36732)) 4.1 Stockholders Agreement, dated as of November 18, 2014, among PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and the other partiesnamed thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed onNovember 18, 2014 (No. 001-36732)) 4.2 Sale Participation Agreement of KKR PRA Investors L.P., dated September 23, 2013 (incorporated by reference toExhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.1**2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report onForm 8-K filed on November 18, 2014 (No. 001-36732)) 10.2**PRA Global Holdings, Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to theRegistrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.3**PRA Holdings, Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant'sRegistration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.4**PRA International 2004 Incentive Award Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant'sRegistration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.5**PRA Holdings, Inc. 2001 Stock Option Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant'sRegistration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.6**Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's RegistrationStatement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.7**Form of Rollover Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's RegistrationStatement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.8**Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, effective as of January 1, 2010, by and between PRAInternational and Colin Shannon, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant'sRegistration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.9**Employment Agreement, effective July 1, 2014, between PRA Global Holdings, Inc., PRA International and ColinShannon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1(No. 333-198644)) 10.10**Employment Agreement, dated as of June 4, 2007, by and between PRA International and Linda Baddour(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.11**Employment and Non-Competition Agreement, effective as of March 1, 2009, by and between PharmaceuticalResearch Associates, Inc. and David W. Dockhorn (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant'sRegistration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) Table of Contents133ExhibitNumber Description of Exhibit 10.12 Senior Secured Credit Agreement, dated as of September 23, 2013, by and among PRA Holdings, Inc., UBS AG,Stamford Branch, as administrative agent, and other agents and lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.12 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.13 Amendment No. 1 to the Senior Secured Credit Agreement, dated as of March 14, 2014, by and among PRAHoldings, Inc., UBS AG, Stamford Branch, as administrative agent, and other agents and lenders party thereto(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.14 Security Agreement, dated as of September 23, 2013, by and among PRA Holdings, Inc., UBS AG, StamfordBranch, as administrative agent, and other agents and lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.14 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.15 Guarantee Agreement, dated as of September 23, 2013, by and among PRA Holdings, Inc., UBS AG, StamfordBranch, as administrative agent, and other agents and lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference toExhibit 10.15 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.16 Indenture, dated as of September 23, 2013, among Pinnacle Merger Sub, Inc., as Issuer, the Guarantors namedtherein and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to theRegistrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.17 Registration Rights Agreement among KKR PRA Investors L.P., KKR PRA Investors GP LLC and PRA HealthSciences, Inc. (f/k/a Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Registrant'sRegistration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.18 Monitoring Agreement of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (f/k/a) Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc., dated September 23,2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.19 Indemnification Agreement among KKR PRA Investors L.P., KKR PRA Investors GP LLC, PRA HealthSciences, Inc. (f/k/a Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc.), PRA Holdings, Inc. and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P.dated September 23, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant's Registration Statementon Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.20 Transaction Fee Agreement between PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (f/k/a Pinnacle Holdco Parent, Inc.) and KohlbergKravis Roberts & Co. L.P. dated September 23, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to theRegistrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.21 Stockholders Agreement, dated as of November 18, 2014, among PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and the other partiesnamed thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-36732)) 10.22 Termination Agreement, dated as of November 18, 2014, among PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and Kohlberg KravisRoberts & Co. L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K(No. 001-36732)) 10.23**Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the PRA Holdings, Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) Table of Contents134ExhibitNumber Description of Exhibit 10.24**Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Time-Based Vesting) under the PRA Holdings, Inc. 2007 EquityIncentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1(No. 333-198644)) 10.25**Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Performance-Based Vesting) under the PRA Holdings, Inc. 2007Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Registrant's Registration Statement onForm S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.26**Form of Option Agreement of PRA International (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Registrant'sRegistration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.27**Amendment to Employment Agreement effective July 1, 2014, dated as of September 22, 2014, between PRAHealth Sciences, Inc., PRA International, and Colin Shannon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to theRegistrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 10.28**Form of Restricted Stock Grant Notice under the PRA Health Sciences, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Incentive Plan(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statementon Form S-1 (No. 333-198644)) 23.1*Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP 31.1*Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 31.2*Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Actof 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 32.1*Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant toSection 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 32.2*Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant toSection 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 101 The following financial information from PRA Health Sciences, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the yearended December 31, 2015 formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 andDecember 31, 2014, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,and the periods September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013 and January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013,(iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014,and the periods September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013 and January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013,(iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the periodsSeptember 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013 and January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013, and (v) Notes toConsolidated Financial Statements*Filed herewith. **This document has been identified as a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this document Exhibit 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in Registration Statement No. 333-200160 on Form S-8 of our reports dated February 25, 2016, relating tothe consolidated financial statements of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, for the years endedDecember 31, 2015 and 2014 and the period from September 23, 2013 to December 31, 2013, and the consolidated financial statements of PRAHoldings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Predecessor") for the period from January 1, 2013 to September 22, 2013 (which report expresses an unqualified opinionand includes explanatory paragraphs regarding the acquisition of the Predecessor and the Company's adoption of new accounting standards related to thepresentation of accounting for debt issuance costs and deferred income taxes), and the effectiveness of PRA Health Sciences, Inc.'s internal control overfinancial reporting, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2015./s/ Deloitte & Touche LLPRaleigh, North CarolinaFebruary 25, 2016 QuickLinksExhibit 23.1CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this document EXHIBIT 31.1 I, Colin Shannon, certify that:1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 of PRA Health Sciences, Inc.; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisreport; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)for the registrant and have: a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under outsupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with general accepted accounting principles; c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recentfiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely tomaterially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internalcontrol over financial reporting.Date: February 25, 2016 /s/ COLIN SHANNONColin ShannonPresident, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of theBoard of Directors(Principal Executive Officer) QuickLinksEXHIBIT 31.1 QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this document EXHIBIT 31.2 I, Linda Baddour, certify that:1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 of PRA Health Sciences, Inc.; 2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make thestatements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by thisreport; 3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects thefinancial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined inExchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)for the registrant and have: a.Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, toensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within thoseentities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b.Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under outsupervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with general accepted accounting principles; c.Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about theeffectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d.Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recentfiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely tomaterially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to theregistrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a.All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which arereasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b.Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internalcontrol over financial reporting.Date: February 25, 2016 /s/ LINDA BADDOURLinda BaddourExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer) QuickLinksEXHIBIT 31.2 QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this document EXHIBIT 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Colin Shannon, President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board ofDirectors of the Company, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:•The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and •The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of theCompany for the periods presented therein.Date: February 25, 2016 By: /s/ COLIN SHANNONColin ShannonPresident, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board ofDirectors(Principal Executive Officer) QuickLinksEXHIBIT 32.1CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 QuickLinks -- Click here to rapidly navigate through this document EXHIBIT 32.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), I, Linda Baddour, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of theCompany, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:•The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and •The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of theCompany for the periods presented therein.Date: February 25, 2016 By: /s/ LINDA BADDOURLinda BaddourExecutive Vice President andChief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer) QuickLinksEXHIBIT 32.2CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
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