Prudential Bancorp
Annual Report 2002

Plain-text annual report

Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Our International Presence Prudential plc’s strong mix of businesses around the world positions us well to benefit from the growth in customer demand for asset accumulation and income in retirement. Our international reach and diversity of earnings by geographic region and product will continue to give us a significant advantage. Our commitment to the shareholders who own Prudential is to maximise the value over time of their investment. We do this by investing for the long term to develop and bring out the best in our people and our businesses to produce superior products and services, and hence superior financial returns. Our aim is to deliver top quartile performance among our international peer group in terms of total shareholder returns. At Prudential our aim is lasting relationships with our customers and policyholders, through products and services that offer value for money and security. We also seek to enhance our Company’s reputation, built over 150 years, for integrity and for acting responsibly within society. Contents 1 Group Financial Highlights 2 Chairman’s Statement 4 Group Chief Executive’s Review 6 Business Review 14 Financial Review 26 Corporate Responsibility Review 28 Board of Directors 30 Corporate Governance Report 33 Remuneration Report 44 Directors’ Report 46 Summary of Statutory Basis Results 47 Consolidated Profit and Loss Account 50 Consolidated Balance Sheet 52 Consolidated Statement of Total Recognised Gains and Losses 53 Balance Sheet of the Company 54 Consolidated Cash Flow Statement 55 Notes on the Financial Statements 86 Statement of Directors’ Responsibilities 86 Independent Auditors’ Report to the Members of Prudential plc 87 Five Year Review 89 Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information 90 Summarised Consolidated Profit and Loss Account – Achieved Profits Basis 90 Earnings per Share – Achieved Profits Basis 90 Statement of Total Recognised Gains and Losses – Achieved Profits Basis 91 Reconciliation of Movement in 91 Summarised Consolidated Balance Sheet – Achieved Profits Basis 92 Notes on the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information 102 Statement of Directors’ Responsibilities in Relation to the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information 102 Independent Auditors’ Report to Prudential plc on the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information 103 Shareholder Information 104 How to Contact Us 52 Reconciliation of Movements in Consolidated Shareholders’ Capital and Reserves Shareholders’ Capital and Reserves – Achieved Profits Basis Prudential at a Glance Prudential plc’s strong mix of businesses around the world positions us well to benefit from the growth in customer demand for asset accumulation and income in retirement. Our international reach and diversity of earnings by geographic region and product will continue to give us a significant advantage. Prudential is a leading life and pensions provider in the United Kingdom M&G is Prudential’s UK and European fund manager, responsible for managing over £112 billion of funds (as at December 2002). It is a leading fixed income manager with successful initiatives in project finance and securitised vehicles History 1848 Prudential founded 1931 Launched the first Unit Trust in the UK 1929 Group Pensions established 1999 Acquired by Prudential 1997 Scottish Amicable acquired by Prudential 2002 Relaunch of the Prudential brand and launch of The Plan from the Pru 2001 International operations launched in Germany, Austria, Luxembourg and Italy 2002 M&G successfully converted its Unit Trust range to Open Ended Investment Companies (OEICs) Operations and products Who and where? UK Products • Annuities • Corporate and Individual Pensions • With-profits Bonds • Savings and Investment Products • Prudential International – life assurance, savings and investment products Product Distribution Channels • Direct to customers (telephone, Internet and mail) • Intermediaries (IFAs, consulting actuaries, workplace, affinities and banks) Customers • Around seven million Europe Prudential Europe Vie, a single premium savings product, sold through local distribution partners in France M&G offers a range of over 40 funds and invests in a wide range of assets including UK and international equities, fixed interest, property and private equity Retail products • Open Ended Investment Companies (OEICs) • Unit Trusts • Investment Trusts • Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs) • Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) Institutional Business • Segregated fixed interest, pooled pension funds, structured and private finance Customers • Over 938,000 unit holder accounts Staff Over 6,900 Locations Stirling Reading Belfast London Dublin Paris Service centre in Mumbai opens in 2003 Staff 1,718 Locations London Chelmsford Berlin Cape Town Also part of M&G Prudential Property Investment Managers Ltd (Pru PIM) PPM Ventures Ltd PPM South Africa Highlights Total insurance sales £6.1 billion up 10% on 2001 excluding sales made through the Direct Sales Force Gross retail fund inflows £1.2 billion up 11% on 2001 Further information www.pru.co.uk www.prudential.fr Telephone: 0800 000 000 www.mandg.co.uk www.mandg-investments.de www.mandg-investments.at www.prupim.com www.ppmventures.com www.ppm-sa.com Customer helpline: 0800 389 8600 Independent Financial Adviser (IFA) helpline: 0800 328 3191 Egg plc is an innovative financial services company, providing a range of banking and financial services products through its internet site, www.egg.com JNL is a leading life insurance company in the United States, and has more than 1.5 million policies and contracts in force Prudential Corporation Asia (PCA) is the leading European life insurer in Asia with 22 life and fund management operations in 12 countries. Across the region, PCA now has 11 operations with an estimated top five market share 1998 Egg launched 1961 Started business in Jackson, Michigan 1923 Established first Asian operation 2000 Initial Public Offering of just over a 1986 Acquired by Prudential 20% share in Egg 2001 Egg achieved a break-even position 2002 International launch in France • Banking • Insurance • Investments Customers 2.6 million 1994 Entered the bank distribution channel, with the establishment of the Institutional Marketing Group 1998 Acquired First Federal Savings and Loan of San Bernardino (renamed Jackson Federal Bank) 2000 Prudential acquired IFC Holdings, further strengthening JNL's presence in the broker-dealer market JNL offers fixed, indexed and variable annuities, term and permanent life insurance and stable value products Markets products in 50 states and the District of Columbia (in the State of New York through Jackson National Life Insurance Company of New York) through independent agents, broker-dealers and financial institutions JNL's investment portfolio manager, PPM America Inc., manages some US$62 billion of assets Staff 2,475 Locations United Kingdom France Staff 2,700 (including US subsidiaries and affiliates) Locations Headquartered in Lansing, Michigan Other locations Denver, Colorado Santa Monica, California New York, New York Purchase, New York Brea, California Atlanta, Georgia Roseland, New Jersey Tampa, Florida Appleton, Wisconsin Bismarck, North Dakota 1994 PCA regional office established to build a material Asian business 2002 PCA contributed 40% of Group new business achieved profit PCA provides a comprehensive range of savings, protection and investment products tailored to the needs of each local market PCA pioneered a unit linked product in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore and Taiwan Currently, PCA has a network of over 89,000 agents serving four million customers around the region Major strategic partnerships • Bank of China International for Mandatory Provident Fund business in Hong Kong • CITIC for life business in China (Guangzhou and Beijing) • ICICI Ltd for life and mutual funds business in India • Across the region PCA now has a total of 18 bancassurance agreements in 10 countries including Standard Chartered Bank in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand Staff Over 6,000 Locations China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia The Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Operating income £327 million up 73% on 2001 Total insurance sales £5.8 billion up 24% on 2001 Total insurance sales (APE) £513 million up 18% on 2001 www.egg.com www.egg.fr Telephone: 020 7526 2500 www.jnl.com Telephone: 00 1 517 381 5500 www.prudentialasia.com Telephone: 00 852 2918 6300 Group Financial Highlights Results Summary Achieved Profits Basis Results UK Insurance Operations M&G Egg UK Operations US Operations Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Other Income and Expenditure (including development expenses) UK re-engineering costs Operating profit from continuing operations Discontinued UK general business operations Operating profit before amortisation of goodwill and exceptional items Amortisation of goodwill Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Effect of change in economic assumptions Merger break fee (net of related expenses) Profit on sale of UK general business operations Loss on ordinary activities before tax Operating earnings per share Shareholders' funds Statutory Basis Results Operating profit before amortisation of goodwill and exceptional items Profit on ordinary activities before tax Operating earnings per share Shareholders' funds Dividend Per Share Insurance and Investment Funds under Management Banking Deposit Balances under Management 2002 £m 2001 £m 526 71 (20) 577 265 516 14 (223) 1,149 (16) 1,133 – 1,133 (98) (1,406) (467) – 355 620 75 (88) 607 319 415 8 (178) 1,171 (57) 1,114 72 1,186 (95) (1,402) (482) 338 – (483) 42.8p (455) 41.9p £7.2bn £8.15bn 432 484 622 385 15.8p 23.3p £3.7bn £3.95bn 26.0p 25.4p £155bn £163bn £8.7bn £6.5bn Operating profit includes investment returns at the expected long-term rate of return but excludes amortisation of goodwill and the profit on sale of UK general business operations. The directors believe that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance. Profit on ordinary activities includes these items together with actual investment returns. This basis of presentation has been adopted consistently throughout this report. This report may contain certain ‘forward-looking statements’ with respect to certain of Prudential’s plans and its current goals and expectations relating to its future financial condition, performance and results. By their nature, all forward-looking statements involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to future events and circumstances which are beyond Prudential’s control including among other things, UK domestic and global economic and business conditions, market-related risks such as fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, the policies and actions of regulatory authorities, the impact of competition, inflation, deflation, the timing, impact and other uncertainties of future acquisitions or combinations within relevant industries, as well as the impact of tax and other legislation and other regulations in the jurisdictions in which Prudential and its affiliates operate. As a result, Prudential’s actual future financial condition, performance and results may differ materially from the plans, goals, and expectations set forth in Prudential’s forward-looking statements. Prudential undertakes no obligation to update the forward-looking statements contained in this report or any other forward-looking statements we may make. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 1 Chairman’s Statement This is my first statement to shareholders as Chairman of Prudential. Since joining the Company at the beginning of December, I have been impressed with the quality of businesses we have around the world. People often think of us as simply a UK life insurer with some overseas operations. The reality is that we are a major international financial services group with a strong franchise, excellent people and a strategy focused on delivering value for our shareholders and policyholders over the long-term. Seventy per cent of our new business achieved profit is now derived from overseas and our financial position is among the strongest in our peer group. These factors enabled us to report total Group insurance and investment sales of £27.6 billion, an increase of 29 per cent, and an achieved basis operating profit of £1,133 million, up two per cent. These results were particularly pleasing as they were achieved against the background of some of the most challenging market conditions we have seen for many years. Clearly, we were not immune to these difficult economic and market conditions but our performance shows that we have built a good platform on which to continue delivering growth in the future. Jonathan Bloomer, Group Chief Executive, talks in more detail about our focus on delivering value in his review on the following pages of this Report. A commentary about our businesses in Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom can be found in the Business Review on pages 6 to 13. The difficult market conditions affected our modified statutory profits which fell to £432 million. The main causes of this were the lower bonuses paid by the UK Life Assurance business and the credit losses arising in our US Assurance business. Turning to the issue of dividends, the Board announced a total dividend for 2002 of 26 pence, a small increase on the previous year. But, looking to the future, the Board has felt that it needed, given the uncertainty in capital markets, to retain flexibility and could not recommit to the policy of progressive dividend increases from the current level. We recognise that this has created uncertainty for shareholders and we will seek to address this when we reach the interim results in July. Coming into the industry, one of the things on which I have spent time is the way life insurers in the United Kingdom report their financial results. In particular, people often ask why we present these in two different ways: modified statutory basis and achieved profits basis. Philip Broadley, Group Finance Director, talks about this in detail in his Financial Review later in this Report but I wanted to touch briefly on the issue here as it has a direct relationship with our focus on delivering value over the long term. 2 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 We have given thought in the Board to the Higgs ‘Review of the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors’, both as a major company in our own right and as investor in a very large number of UK listed companies. We are broadly supportive of the Review, although any attempt to define ‘Best Practice’ quickly brings to mind a number of successful companies that do not follow all of the principles outlined. There is no perfect governance model which suits every company at each stage of its development. For that reason we particularly welcome the approach of ‘comply or explain’; and our principal source of concern is that some may quickly seek to turn ‘comply or explain’ into ‘simply comply’. We believe that further time and a fuller debate is required before some of the suggested changes to the Combined Code are made. It is important that there is no confusion as to where leadership and responsibility lie and some of the proposed changes, for example to the role of the senior independent director, need further thought. Looking ahead, the industry faces many challenges in the current environment. However, I believe that there are significant opportunities for a company which, in addition to its brand and financial strength, has a significant presence internationally. I was delighted to be asked to take on the role of Chairman. I am cautious about the immediate outlook for the markets, but optimistic about the long-term outlook for Prudential. David Clementi Chairman We are required to account for our insurance business on the modified statutory basis (MSB) of reporting under UK accounting rules. In essence, this determines our statutory profit and reserves and is an indicator of the cashflow generated by continuing operations. What MSB does not do, however, is provide a measure of the value that is generated each year for shareholders by companies such as Prudential that write long-term insurance business, the profits from which arise over many years. Therefore, along with our major UK-registered competitors, we also report our results on the achieved profits (AP) basis. This is designed to place a current value on the future projected cashflows that will emerge over time from business written to date and to reflect the business performance during the accounting period under review. As such, it provides an indicator of the value being added by today’s management in a given accounting period. In good markets most attention concentrates on achieved profits performance; and in difficult markets more attention focuses on modified statutory profit. Long-term shareholders should look at both measures. I appreciate that it is frustrating for shareholders not to have one easy earnings performance measure; but life assurance is a long-term business and not easily captured by conventional accounting standards. Looking to the long-term development of our business, one of our greatest assets is of course our staff. As I have visited some of our businesses around the world since joining the Group, I have been impressed with their professionalism and commitment and I would like to thank all of them for their considerable efforts. During the year, there have been some changes to the Board. Sir Roger Hurn announced his intention to step down from the Board in April but agreed to stay on as Chairman until a successor had been identified and was in place. Sir Roger made a significant contribution to the development of the Company and I know that my colleagues on the Board are very grateful for the support, advice and guidance he gave over the three years he was with the Group. In May, Bart Becht joined as a non-executive director. Bart, who is Chief Executive of Reckitt Benckiser plc, has a wealth of international experience and he has already made a valuable contribution to our discussions at the Board. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 3 Group Chief Executive’s Review In recent years Prudential has undertaken a number of far-reaching initiatives which have resulted in a Group with a diversified range of international businesses and strong growth prospects. This strategy is evident in the Group’s results for 2002. The Group achieved significant increases in sales of insurance and investment products and at the same time it expanded its margin on new business. Over the last few years we have developed and grown the Group significantly. We have expanded our Asian business, developed Egg and shareholder backed businesses in the UK and grown Jackson National in the US. In doing this we have managed the need for capital while recognising the importance of distributions to our shareholders. 2002 was a tough year, with market confidence being adversely affected by increased political risk and a deteriorating economic outlook. In February 2003, it was clear that stock markets around the world continued to be volatile and consumer confidence had deteriorated. In this context, the Group continued to review its growth and cash flow plans. As in the past, we will invest for value, not simply for top line growth, and we will allocate capital to those areas of our business where we see the greatest value creation opportunities. We will therefore continue to invest in our businesses in Asia, where growth prospects remain high, while we expect to manage the level of business in the more mature markets of the US and UK to achieve a balance between value creation and capital consumption. Focus on Sustainable Value In 2002 we made good progress towards achieving our goal of doubling the intrinsic value of the Group over four years. One of the key measures of whether we are on track is new business achieved profits which, to double in four years, would need to compound at an annual growth of 19 per cent. In 2002 they grew by 15 per cent. While we believe that 2003 will be a particularly stretching year, our priority will be to continue to develop and deliver our strategy to build value across the Group. The success of Prudential’s strategy is clear from the 2002 full-year results. Total Group insurance and investment sales were £27.6 billion, an increase of 29 per cent on 2001. On an annual premium equivalent (APE) basis insurance sales were up nine per cent to £1.9 billion, reflecting growth of 23 per cent and 18 per cent in the US and Asia respectively. Approximately 74 per cent of total Group sales came from outside the UK, demonstrating the benefits of the Group’s international diversification. The results showed generally improving margins for new business as the Group continued to benefit from a focus on high-margin business. Margins in 2002 for the US increased from 35 per cent to 39 per cent and in Asia from 59 per cent to 60 per cent. In the UK, margins for long-term business declined slightly, moving from 30 per cent in 2001 to 29 per cent in 2002. Group new business achieved profit rose by 15 per cent in 2002 to £774 million. 4 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 WE WILL INVEST FOR VALUE WE WILL ALLOCATE CAPITAL TO THOSE AREAS OF OUR BUSINESS WHERE WE SEE THE GREATEST VALUE CREATION OPPORTUNITIES. SUCCESSFUL STRATEGY 74 PER CENT OF GROUP SALES CAME FROM OUTSIDE THE UK, DEMONSTRATING THE BENEFITS OF THE GROUP’S INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION. Building the Brand The life industry in the United Kingdom is undergoing enormous change. The performance of the sector over the course of the year has been affected by concerns including capital adequacy and financial strength in declining equity markets, pressure on margins, and the uncertainty brought about by the various regulatory reviews being undertaken into the UK retail savings and pension industries. Asia is one of the fastest-growing regions for savings in the world, with a combination of favourable demographic trends and increasing market liberalisation. In Prudential Corporation Asia (PCA), we have well-established life insurance and rapidly growing mutual fund operations across the region. Our focus has been to grow these businesses organically and supplement this growth with some small in-fill acquisitions such as the Korean mutual fund business we bought in the second half of 2002. With 22 operations in 12 countries across the region, its multi- channel distribution capability, strong strategic partners, and customer-focused product expertise, PCA is very well placed to deliver profitable growth in the future. Summary This strong mix of businesses around the world positions us well for the future. We are currently experiencing some of the most volatile market conditions we have seen in decades, but we have a significant advantage in terms of our international reach, and our diversity of earnings. This will continue to be the case as we broaden our geographic presence, distribution channels and range of products. We are confident that we are managing the business prudently in the current market environment and that we will preserve the Group’s strong competitive position and growth prospects for the benefit of all our shareholders. Jonathan Bloomer Group Chief Executive Prudential’s Life Fund remains financially strong and we are well positioned as people place an increasing emphasis on financial strength and trusted brands when making decisions about their long-term savings and investments. Our focus is to grow our UK insurance operations by building the brand and developing our distribution capabilities through partnerships with banks and major companies as well as strong relationships with Independent Financial Advisers. We are also working to improve the service to our customers while at the same time reducing our cost base, delivering greater economies of scale, and ensuring that capital is deployed efficiently within the business. Elsewhere in the UK, M&G’s market position, investment capabilities and brand strength make it one of the leading fund managers. In the difficult market conditions we witnessed during the year, the priority for the retail business has been to continue growing its market share as well as driving down costs through initiatives such as the outsourcing of administration services. On the institutional side, M&G continues to benefit from its competitive advantage in specialist fixed interest and private finance. Egg continues to go from strength to strength. The UK business is now profitable as well as having almost 2.6 million customers and a five per cent market share of credit card balances. This is a strong performance considering the business was only launched just over four years ago. Egg has now also successfully launched the first stage of its international expansion in France. Favourable Demographics The long-term demographic trends in the US, an ageing population and increasing life expectancy, and a relatively low level of social security support for retirement savings, remain favourable for Jackson National Life (JNL) which, with its value- based approach, has positioned itself to take advantage of the opportunities. In what is a very fragmented market with a huge number of players, JNL has developed into one of the leading life insurers in the US. However, instead of focusing on becoming a scale player purely in terms of size, it has a value-based definition of scale, meaning that it only seeks leading positions in segments of the market that it can serve profitably. This, together with a cost base below the industry average, modern and highly sophisticated IT systems, and diversified and flexible products and distribution, mean that JNL is positioned to benefit from growth in the US savings market. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 5 New business margins % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Margin: New business achieved profit as a percentage of sales on an annual premium equivalent basis Pensions excl. DSS Savings and Investments Annuities Total UK new business margin Cost savings £m 250 200 150 100 50 0 –50 –100 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Reduction in cost base by the end of the year Transition costs incurred during the year Business Review United Kingdom and Europe UK Insurance Operations UK insurance operations continued to implement its programme for change announced in November 2001: a clear and renewed focus on the brand; emphasis on profitable growth in the chosen product segments; broadening distribution; achieving a step reduction in operating costs; and preserving financial strength over the long term. ‘The Plan from the Pru’ was launched in September 2002 providing customers with a financial plan which guides people through the key financial stages of their lives. Total new business achieved profit of £222 million was nine per cent lower than 2001 reflecting a revision to economic assumptions and the challenging UK market conditions. In this market the focus has been on areas where Prudential is able to achieve the highest possible margin and return on capital. Using comparable economic assumptions, the UK insurance operations’ new business margin of 29 per cent is higher than the previous year. The strategic focus is on annuities, corporate pensions, with-profits bonds and Individual Savings Accounts. The UK insurance operations recorded a like-for-like 10 per cent increase in total sales on the previous year as a result of strong sales of bulk and individual annuities throughout 2002. Successful marketing campaigns and an effective pricing policy helped the business to achieve a significant increase in sales of single premium individual annuities for the year, which were up 39 per cent to £1.76 billion. Single premium bulk annuities also performed well with a 23 per cent increase in total sales for the year to £710 million. The UK insurance operation has retained its position as a leading player in this market, winning the £389 million C&A pension scheme account in the final quarter of the year. While corporate pension sales on an APE basis were down slightly on 2001, total sales were up 23 per cent, reflecting the move towards single premium products. Life product sales were down on 2001 with total sales down five per cent and APE sales down eight per cent to £247 million. However, during 2002, the UK insurance operations maintained its position as a leading distributor of with-profits bonds through Independent Financial Advisers. Prudential believes that with-profits continue to offer an attractive investment option for investors. It expects to remain one of the leading providers of with-profits policies in the future and is developing new products, which offer the advantages of a smoothed investment return, but with increased transparency. In October 2002 Prudential entered the structured ISA market, launching the first offer of the Prudential Growth and Income Plan, sales of which were encouraging. A further series of offers are planned for 2003, the first of which was launched in January. Prudential broadened its distribution during the year through a distribution agreement with Abbey National for an initial four-year period. This arrangement anticipates proposed changes to polarisation rules that will liberalise sales channels and allow banks to offer advice on other companies’ regulated 6 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 products and will allow Prudential’s with-profits bonds to be made available for distribution through Abbey National’s extensive high street branch network. Pre-depolarisation, Prudential has entered into a similar distribution arrangement that will meet the current regulatory requirements, and will provide similar benefits. This arrangement was launched on 11 December 2002 and sales have been encouraging. BROADENED DISTRIBUTION Since the year-end Prudential has announced a proposed distribution arrangement with Zurich Financial Services, which is expected to further broaden Prudential’s distribution, particularly of annuity products. PROPOSED RULE CHANGES WILL LIBERALISE SALES CHANNELS FOR INSURANCE PRODUCTS. In November 2001 the Company announced a target for cost savings of £175 million by the end of 2004 and in July 2002 increased this target to £200 million. These savings arise from the creation of the single customer service organisation, the rationalisation of support services and a refocusing of IT investment. Of this amount, it is estimated that £65 million (on an achieved profit basis) will be attributable to shareholders. Good progress has been made and £130 million of savings were delivered in 2002 with an annualised value of £155 million. Prudential remains confident of achieving this important reduction in operating costs. In September 2002 the Company announced plans to establish an offshore service centre in India to improve customer contact service and achieve additional cost savings. The new processing centre will be established in Mumbai and is now expected to be operational in 2003. This initiative is expected to incur a restructuring charge of approximately £20 million. The current estimated impact on shareholders would be a charge of £5 million against achieved basis operating profit, spread over 2002 and the next two years. However, due to the creation of a lower-cost servicing centre, this charge will be offset by expected annual gross cost savings from 2006 of approximately £16 million, of which £4 million per annum will be attributable to shareholders. As a result of the continuing depressed levels of world stock markets, bonuses were reduced on conventional and unitised with-profits policies in February 2003. This followed earlier reductions on unitised with-profits policies in September and December 2002. These actions were taken to protect the strong financial position of the with-profits fund and to protect the long-term interests of customers. 2002 was a turbulent year for global equity markets, with the FTSE 100 falling by 24.5 per cent during the year. However, the investment return on Prudential’s with-profits fund was negative 8.1 per cent in the year to 31 December 2002 reflecting its diversified investment mix. In 2002, profits distributed from Prudential’s main with-profits fund amounted to £2.7 billion, of which £2.45 billion (90 per cent) was added to policies as bonuses, and £273 million (10 per cent) is available for distribution to shareholders. We believe that the UK market for long-term savings will continue to be difficult in 2003. Prudential with its trusted brand and financial strength is well placed to compete strongly in this environment. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 7 Business Review continued United Kingdom and Europe continued M&G M&G is Prudential’s UK and European fund management business and has over £112 billion of funds under management, of which £94 billion relates to Prudential’s long-term business funds. These funds are invested in a wide range of assets, including UK and international equities, fixed income, property and private equity. M&G provides investment management services to both institutional and retail clients across a wide variety of products, including equities, fixed income, unit trusts, Open Ended Investment Companies, investment trusts and Individual Savings Accounts, as well as providing UK-based internal fund management services to the Prudential group. In the retail market, M&G is one of the UK’s top three fund managers in terms of assets under management as at 31 December 2002, according to figures published by the Investment Management Association (IMA). Operating profit, excluding investment income, of £52 million was £2 million higher than 2001, a significant achievement in the context of depressed equity markets, where average market levels as represented by the FTSE All-Share were 17 per cent lower year on year. This reflects M&G’s diversified revenue streams and disciplined cost management. Operating profit was £71 million in 2002. In its institutional business, M&G continued to leverage its position as an innovator in fixed income and private finance during 2002. The institutional fixed income business won £1.2 billion of net new mandates during the year, with an additional £0.4 billion of institutional money secured in 2002 but not yet received. A further £0.2 billion of institutional mandates were received via PPM South Africa. M&G’s private finance group’s successful initiatives in project finance and securitised vehicles raised a further £0.5 billion in net new fund inflows. M&G’s management of the Prudential Assurance Company’s and Scottish Amicable’s long-term funds led to continued outperformance during 2002, generating a performance fee of £20 million, an increase of £1 million on 2001. Over three years, Prudential’s main with-profits fund has generated per annum returns 2.3 per cent higher than its strategic benchmark and 2.5 per cent higher than its competitor benchmark. Despite prolonged market uncertainty throughout 2002, M&G’s gross retail fund inflows were up 11 per cent on the previous year and net fund inflows increased by 79 per cent. The latest Investment Management Association figures show that M&G has continued to counter the industry trend by experiencing an increase in gross retail sales compared to a fall in sales across the industry as a whole. With its strong performance over a number of funds, M&G also increased its market share by nine per cent in the total retail market and 13 per cent in the PEP/ISA market. Market share of funds sold via intermediaries also increased significantly, by 12 per cent overall and by 27 per cent for PEPs and ISAs. During the year, M&G continued to expand its international distribution capability and now has operations in Germany, Austria, Luxembourg and Italy. M&G International has continued to work closely on product strategy with Prudential Corporation Asia to generate fund inflows into M&G’s funds. Following a review of its retail IT systems platform, M&G entered an agreement with International Financial Data Services (IFDS) in November 2002 to outsource all of M&G’s retail administration. This will deliver significant cost benefits and ensure M&G has the best IT systems platform to support its retail business. The migration will be completed towards the end of 2003. M&G is a founder investor in CoFunds, the funds supermarket established to service financial intermediaries. At the end of 2002 CoFunds had in excess of £650 million in assets under administration. M&G’s property and private equity arms, which primarily invest on behalf of the Prudential Assurance Company, also enjoyed a successful year. With over £11 billion invested in the property market, Prudential Property Investment Managers is the largest property manager in the UK. The property business made its first overseas investments and, in the face of continued difficult markets, the private equity business continued to build its international capabilities. Egg Egg plc is an innovative financial services company, providing a range of banking and financial services products through its internet site. In 2002 it had another successful year with operating income up 73 per cent to £327 million (2001 £189 million). Pre-tax losses were reduced to £17 million from £88 million in 2001 and the total UK customer base increased by 610,000 to almost 2.6 million. Excluding the exceptional profit from the sale of 15 per cent of Funds Direct to Prudential, pre-tax losses of £20 million are included in the Prudential Group results. In the UK, Egg delivered a profit of £35 million before tax (£76 million loss in 2001). It is growing customer numbers and revenues in an increasingly competitive marketplace, while at the same time reducing both unit operating costs and marketing acquisition costs. Net interest income increased by 54 per cent to £224 million for the period reflecting an increase in the UK net margin to 2.4 per cent (1.9 per cent). The margin improvement has largely resulted from changes to product pricing on Egg Card and the maturing of the book over the past year. Credit quality remains strong and Egg’s card portfolio continues to outperform the rest of the industry, in terms of lower arrears rates according to benchmarking studies. Unsecured lending in the UK grew by £936 million leading to a balance of £3.3 billion (2001 £2.4 billion). Personal loans delivered record sales in 2002 with drawdowns of £829 million, 8 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Net retail sales – M&G versus UK market ) m £ ( t e k r a m K U 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 400 300 200 100 0 ) m £ ( G & M 2000 2001 2002 M&G UK market Source: Investment Management Association net retail sales of Unit Trusts and OEICs Egg customer growth ) 0 0 0 ( s r e m o t s u c e u q n u g g E i 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 up 98 per cent on 2001 (£419 million). Card balances grew to £2.3 billion by the year end (December 2001 £1.8 billion). Other operating income increased by £60 million to £103 million primarily reflecting fees and commissions earned from the larger credit card book, and the reduction in cashback on the credit card. There has also been an increase in commissions earned from selling creditor insurance at the point of sale on personal loans. In 2003 Egg UK’s key strategic goals are to continue to maximise value from its unsecured lending business in what are expected to be challenging conditions. Egg launched in France at the beginning of November and in the first two months 69,000 people applied for La Carte Egg of which it expects 27,000 to become customers. This gives a total customer base in France of approximately 90,000 following the selective migration of customers from the acquired Zebank portfolio. The French business incurred losses of £46.7 million (¤72.4 million) in 2002. Of this loss, £14.0 million (¤21.9 million) was spent on brand and marketing and £8.7 million (¤13.6 million) on development. In France, Egg intends to enhance and extend its product range in line with developing the business in this market, and the next major product will be a new loan account, which it plans to launch in the second quarter of 2003. It is targeting to have in the region of 250,000 to 300,000 customers in France by the end of 2003. Egg remains committed to delivering long-term value to shareholders through building an international business of scale and leading the industry for innovation in financial services to the ultimate benefit of customers. Prudential Europe In early 2002 Prudential reviewed its strategy for the Prudential and Scottish Amicable branded long-term business within continental Europe. The review concluded that an organic strategy based on investment in the German and French markets would be unlikely to meet return on capital targets. Analysis indicated that the returns achievable from any available acquisition would be too low to justify the investment of capital. As a consequence, in November 2002 Prudential agreed to sell its German life business to Canada Life Financial Corporation (Canada Life) for ¤129 million (£82 million). The sale was completed on 1 January 2003. Irish High Court approval for the transfer of the relevant life assurance policies to Canada Life is expected early in the second half of 2003. Prudential will continue to run its existing operations in France for value, but not push for growth. APE insurance sales in 2002 were £29 million, 12 per cent ahead of the 2001 result. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 9 Retail sales by channel $m 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 $m 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Broker dealer Bank Independent agents Note: Sales exclude renewal life premium and institutional products contracts. General expense-to-average assets ratio US statutory basis 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 ** 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 JNL Industry average* *Source: 1997-2001, Townsend & Schupp; 2002, Thomson Financial **Annualised information as of 30/9/02 (latest data available) Business Review continued United States The US life industry faced another challenging year in 2002, with recession, the third year of a bear market and a crisis of confidence in corporate governance resulting in significant disruption to the capital markets. However, long-term demographic trends in the US remain favourable, and Jackson National Life’s (JNL’s) value-based approach and focus on business fundamentals has positioned it to take advantage of the opportunities that this environment presents. JNL has strong product manufacturing and administrative capabilities, a low-cost and flexible infrastructure supported by proprietary technology, a relationship-driven distribution model and effective risk management and financial discipline. These strengths have enabled JNL to deliver record sales of £5.8 billion in 2002, up 24 per cent on 2001. Record fixed annuity sales of £2.7 billion during the year were up 43 per cent on 2001. Variable annuity sales of £1.4 billion were up 77 per cent on 2001, despite continued volatility of equity markets in the US. As planned, sales of stable value products of £1.4 billion decreased by 16 per cent on 2001, reflecting JNL’s active management of its capital position during 2002, which will continue in 2003. New business achieved profits rose to £234 million in 2002 from £167 million in 2001. This is due to a 23 per cent increase in APE sales, together with an increase in new business margins from 35 per cent to 39 per cent. Business in force achieved profits of £17 million in 2002 were adversely affected by net bond losses totalling £289 million, resulting in a £133 million charge against current year operating profits on a five-year averaging basis. These losses arose out of the challenging credit environment in the US and equated to one per cent of JNL’s total invested assets. In 2002 JNL revamped its annuity product line in anticipation of the changing demands of its customers. The change proved successful, with 54 per cent of annuity sales generated by products introduced during 2002. In particular, 2002 saw the launch of JNL’s Perspective II annuity product. The design of Perspective II allows each investor to select and pay for only the features and benefits he or she wants. It was developed from concept to completion in just six months – highlighting JNL’s ability to adapt quickly to changing market conditions. JNL retained its leading position in fixed annuity sales, ranking seventh in total individual fixed annuity sales for the year to date 30 September 2002. Since 1995, the company has continually diversified its product portfolio and now also has a leading position in variable annuity sales, ranking sixth in variable annuity net flows and 17th in variable annuity sales for the full year 2002. JNL also has a leading position in equity-indexed annuity (EIA) sales, ranking sixth for sales of EIAs for the year to date 30 September 2002. 10 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 JNL’s low cost and flexible infrastructure together with its culture and the company’s realigned service and administrative capabilities contribute to its competitive advantage. JNL has a cost base that is well below the industry average. The company has built its distribution network both organically and through small acquisitions. Traditionally, JNL has had a strong presence with independent insurance producers selling life insurance, fixed annuities and, more recently, equity-indexed annuities. In 1994, JNL entered the bank distribution channel and has seen very strong sales growth in that area. In 2002, JNL ranked seventh in the US for total annuity sales through banks and fifth in sales of fixed annuities through banks. In the mid-1990s, the company began offering variable annuities to independent broker-dealers, and now has a strong position in that channel. In addition, at the beginning of 2002, JNL launched a very successful marketing initiative targeting regional broker-dealers. This year, JNL is launching Curian Capital LLC, a registered investment adviser providing a managed account fee-based brokerage application. This platform will enable advisers to manage clients’ assets more efficiently and economically, bringing a high net worth service to the mass market. During 2002, JNL achieved a financial milestone, surpassing $50 billion in total assets (US GAAP), an increase of 75 per cent in just five and a half years. Looking ahead, JNL is focused on profitable new business in its retail markets, with its proven ability to offer the customer a variety of retirement products through multiple distribution channels. Strong growth in US GAAP assets $m 60,000 55,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Separate account General account* *Excludes FAS-115, FAS-133, reverse repurchase obligations, and securities lending deposits Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 11 2002 APE sales by country (£513m total) New business achieved profit % 100 80 60 40 20 0 1998 2002 Singapore 14% Malaysia 12% Hong Kong 19% Japan Taiwan Other 8% 29% 18% Traditional Accident and health Linked Business Review continued Asia Prudential Corporation Asia (PCA) continued to strengthen its position in 2002 as a leader in both the life insurance and mutual fund markets across the region. Based on preliminary estimates, PCA believes it ended 2002 with top five market shares in eight Asian life insurance markets, two mutual fund markets and Hong Kong’s Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) market. This demonstrates its continuing success in building a very strong portfolio of businesses across the region. The economic environment in 2002 was challenging, but PCA nevertheless delivered a very positive set of results for the year. Insurance sales on an APE basis were £513 million in 2002, up 18 per cent compared to 2001 and new business achieved profits (NBAP) of £307 million increased by 20 per cent. PCA’s average NBAP margin on APE insurance sales remained broadly constant at 60 per cent (59 per cent in 2001). Operating achieved profits before tax, head office expenses and minority interests, were £490 million, up 24 per cent from 2001, and modified statutory basis profits before tax, head office costs and minority interests, for the year were £62 million, up from £25 million in 2001. PCA’s primary business is the manufacture and distribution of life insurance and medium and long-term savings products through agency and third-party distribution channels. A key driver of our success has been the rate at which it has been able to expand its agency force, and the productivity achieved by its agents. PCA now has 89,000 agents across Asia and regional teams ensure that quality training and best practice are applied consistently. The largest increases in agent numbers in 2002 have been in its recently established operations in Vietnam and India. During the year PCA also made significant progress in enhancing agent productivity through sales and product training programmes in many of its operations. Bancassurance, through distribution agreements with banks, has continued to provide a material source of new business. Across the region, PCA now has a total of 18 bancassurance agreements in 10 countries. Alternative distribution, which includes bancassurance, produced 21 per cent of insurance APE sales in 2002, compared with 17 per cent in 2001. PCA’s success in markets across the region is in large part due to its product innovation, and its readiness to package and market products to meet specific customer needs. In 2002 PCA continued to leverage its regional leadership in capital efficient unit-linked products with successful launches in India, the Philippines and regular premium unit-linked products in Taiwan. Additionally, PCA LIFE Japan secured regulatory approval for variable annuity products, drawing on technical expertise developed in Jackson National Life in America. Working with JNL on product design and pre-launch preparations meant a successful launch in October 2002 was possible, very soon after regulatory approval was received. Being a pioneer and leader in the introduction of capital efficient unit-linked life insurance remains a significant source of competitive advantage in both its established and newer markets: 30 per cent of PCA’s APE sales in 2002 came from unit-linked life products, up from 23 per cent in 2001. PCA’s operations in Greater China achieved significant growth in 2002. In Hong Kong its market share on an APE basis for year- to-date 30 September 2002 was 10.4 per cent. Its joint venture with Bank of China International for Hong Kong’s MPF continues 12 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 PCA track record: diversifying geography, distribution and products s e n p p i i l i h P d n a l i a h T a i s e n o d n I g n o K g n o H e r o p a g n S i a i s y a a M l Products Life: traditional unit linked Mutual funds General Distribution Agency Bank Broker Direct m a n t e V i i a d n I n a w a T i i a n h C n a p a J a e r o K ■ 1994 ■ December 2002 to grow well with Prudential’s funds under management up 51 per cent over 2001 to £136 million. In Taiwan, Prudential Life’s NBAP was up 91 per cent compared to 2001, while insurance APE sales were up seven per cent – the increased profitability reflecting the successful introduction of unit-linked products. In Guangzhou China, its joint venture with CITIC grew insurance APE sales by 39 per cent and it has recently secured a second licence in Beijing. The focus of PCA’s South Asia operations continues to be its well-established market presence in Singapore and Malaysia. In 2002 PCA improved its position in both of these markets. In Malaysia for year to date 30 September 2002 it was number one for insurance APE sales for the first time, and in Singapore for year to date 30 September 2002 it was number two for the important regular premium market. In Singapore a new regulatory regime was introduced in late 2002. While the full impact of this will be known over time, PCA has thoroughly evaluated the potential outcomes and consequences and is well positioned to build upon its strong franchise in 2003 and beyond. PCA has recently entered the very large and material North Asian markets of Japan and South Korea through the acquisition of small but operationally and financially sound local companies. There are clear plans in place to build significant and sustainably profitable operations over the long term in both countries. In 2002 very good progress was made with management teams being strengthened and the product ranges and pricing structures re-based. The focus is on building distribution and raising brand awareness. In 2002, PCA continued to pursue its long-term strategy of building a complementary, material and profitable regional mutual fund business. Progress to date has been very encouraging with market-leading positions in India and Taiwan, growing operations in Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong and the recent acquisition of a mid-sized investment trust management company in the large South Korean market. As at 31 December 2002 total mutual funds under management have increased to £5.1 billion, up 59 per cent on last year, with strong net inflows of £1 billion. As would be expected in the current economic environment the majority of the funds under management are in lower margin fixed income type products. This, coupled with ongoing investment in the development and start-up of this business, means net MSB profits from PCA’s mutual fund business are currently not material in the Group context. During 2002 PCA undertook a comprehensive review of the region’s life and mutual fund markets and updated its strategy to optimise growth and profit prospects within a rigorous capital allocation framework. The long-term prospects for the region, and for PCA as a significant force in the market, remain very positive. Continued successful implementation of Prudential’s strategy should deliver material and sustained profitable growth in the years ahead. PCA remains well positioned to participate in Asia’s outstanding long-term growth prospects. It has a strong track record of successful delivery and a robust business model firmly focused on building businesses in markets and sectors that combine scale opportunities with secure long-term profitability and very attractive returns on capital. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 13 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Strong sales growth in 2002 ) m £ ( l s e a s e c n a r u s n i E P A 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Q1 2001 Q2 2001 Q3 2001 Q4 2001 Q1 2002 Q2 2002 Q3 2002 Q4 2002 UK and Europe JNL Asia Value added by new business New business achieved profit £m 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 UK and Europe JNL Asia Financial Review Sales Prudential has delivered strong growth in sales during 2002 with total Group insurance and investment sales reaching £27.6 billion, up 29 per cent on last year. Total new business inflows including renewal premiums reached £31.8 billion, 24 per cent ahead of last year. Total sales of insurance and investment products from outside the UK represented 74 per cent of the Group total of £27.6 billion, reflecting the international diversification of the Group. Total insurance sales increased 12 per cent to £12.8 billion. On the annual premium equivalent (APE) basis sales were up nine per cent to £1.9 billion, reflecting an 18 per cent growth in sales in Asia and an increase of 23 per cent at Jackson National Life (JNL). Gross investment inflows increased 47 per cent to £14.8 billion. Net investment inflows were £1.4 billion, including net mutual fund sales in Asia of £1 billion. Achieved Profits Basis Results In reporting the result on the achieved profits basis Prudential includes the results of the Group’s long-term insurance business determined on this basis. These results are combined with the statutory basis results of the Group’s other operations, including investment and banking products and other non-insurance investment management business. Reference to operating profit relates to profit including investment returns at the expected long-term rate of return but excludes amortisation of goodwill, exceptional items, short term fluctuations in investment returns and the effect of changes in economic assumptions. The achieved profits basis provides a realistic reflection of the performance of the Group’s long-term insurance operations. An explanation of the achieved profits basis of reporting is provided on pages 23 to 25. The modified statutory basis (MSB) profit narrative follows this achieved profits basis narrative. The achieved profits basis results for long-term business are prepared in accordance with the ABI guidance for achieved profits reporting issued in December 2001. This guidance requires the economic assumptions used for the projection of cash flows to be on an ’active’ basis, that is primarily based on appropriate government bond returns at each period end. The effects of changed assumptions caused by movements in bond returns are reflected in the profit reported for the year to 31 December 2002. The active basis is applied to the UK and the US operations, and those countries in Asia where there are well-developed government bond markets (Japan, Korea and US$ denominated business in Hong Kong). Assumptions in other Asian countries continued to be based on an assessment of long-term economic conditions as permitted by the guidance. In the UK, the risk margin over the risk-free rate has been maintained at 2.6 per cent. In the US the 10 year Treasury bond rate has fallen by 1.2 percentage points, and the risk margin over the 10 year Treasury bond rate has been increased from 2.6 per cent to 3.1 per cent to reflect the recent volatility in JNL’s operating result. In 2002 use of the active basis and these risk margins has resulted in a reduction in the risk discount rate applied to the UK and US operations from 7.7 per cent to 7.1 per cent and to 7.0 per cent 14 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 respectively, and a reduction in the UK investment return assumption from 7.1 per cent to 6.6 per cent. In Asia the weighted risk discount rate (determined by weighting each Asian country’s economic assumptions by reference to the achieved profits basis operating results for new business written in 2002) has fallen from 10.1 per cent in 2001 to 9.6 per cent in 2002. The discount rates used vary from 4 per cent to 22 per cent. The overall impact on the Group achieved profit result for 2002 from the use of the revised economic assumptions compared to those used in the prior year has been to increase new business achieved profit (NBAP) by around £20 million and to reduce the in force operating result by around £110 million. Achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds are around £290 million lower than they would have been under the 2001 assumptions. Total Achieved Operating Profit Total achieved operating profit from continuing operations was £1,133 million, up two per cent from £1,114 million in 2001. Achieved profits basis results Total long-term business Development costs for long-term business M&G Egg (UK) Egg (International and other) US broker dealer and fund management Other income and expenditure Underlying total operating profit UK re-engineering costs Operating profit from continuing operations 2002 £m 2001 £m 1,307 1,346 (48) (34) 75 71 (76) 35 (12) (55) (88) (20) 16 14 (189) (130) 1,149 1,171 (57) 1,133 1,114 (16) This result reflects a 15 per cent improvement in new business achieved profit from £673 million to £774 million offset by reduced in force profit down 21 per cent from £673 million to £533 million. In addition, results from other continuing operations including development expenses and other shareholders’ income improved from a loss of £175 million in 2001 to a loss of £158 million, principally due to a much-reduced operating loss at Egg and lower development expenses, partially offset by an increase in other shareholders’ expenses. UK re-engineering costs of £16 million compare with £57 million in 2001. New Business Achieved Profit Group new business achieved profit from insurance business of £774 million was 15 per cent ahead of prior year, reflecting strong growth in the US and Asia, partially offset by a fall in profit from the UK insurance operations. The growth in new business achieved profit reflects a nine per cent increase in insurance sales on an annual premium equivalent (APE) basis, together with an increase in new business achieved profit margin from 38 per cent to 40 per cent. UK Insurance Operations’ new business achieved profit of £222 million is nine per cent lower than 2001. This reflects a five per cent fall in APE sales in challenging market conditions and the revised economic assumptions. The new business margin moved from 30 per cent in 2001 to 29 per cent in 2002 and reflects the revised economic assumptions. However on a like-for-like basis, using comparable economic assumptions, margins increased from a restated 28 per cent to 29 per cent in 2002. Prudential Europe’s new business achieved profit of £11 million is 38 per cent higher than 2001, reflecting a 12 per cent increase in APE sales and higher margins, up from 31 per cent in 2001 to 38 per cent in 2002. The 40 per cent increase in Jackson’s new business achieved profit to £234 million was driven by a 23 per cent increase in new insurance sales and an increase in new business margin from 35 per cent to 39 per cent. The margin increase primarily reflects an improvement in the fixed annuity spread assumption for new business and the revision to the discount rate. For JNL, in determining the assumptions for achieved profits basis reporting the level of capital required to support the business (the target surplus) has been taken, as in 2001, to be 200 per cent of the Company Action Level Risk Based Capital, calculated in accordance with the National Association of Insurance Commissioners’ risk-based capital standards for life insurance companies. Prudential Corporation Asia’s (PCA) new business achieved profit of £307 million is up 20 per cent on 2001 primarily due to strong sales growth across all regions (APE insurance sales up 18 per cent). The new business margin in Asia increased one per cent to 60 per cent reflecting a favourable shift in sales to higher margin linked products. NBAP by product type is now in the ratio of 21 per cent traditional products, 43 per cent unit linked products and 36 per cent accident and health products. The equivalent mix in 2001 was 31 per cent, 38 per cent and 31 per cent. In Force Achieved Profit The UK in force profit (excluding re-engineering costs) of £304 million was down 19 per cent on 2001, principally reflecting lower than expected returns from business in force after applying a lower discount rate, a strengthening of persistency assumptions and negative experience variances. The negative experience variances include persistency variances principally arising from pension transfers and early vestings. The level of surrenders has been restricted through the use of market value adjusters throughout the year, and is attributable to the volatile market conditions, in particular in the second half of the year. This is offset, in part, by the benefit from lower renewal expense assumptions as the benefits of the cost reduction programme come through. No adjustment has been made to the mortality assumptions following the Continuous Mortality Investigation (CMI) bureau working paper on longevity. Prudential assumes an average 1.84 per cent annual mortality improvement in pricing, against the new CMI suggested mid-point of 1.85 per cent, and reserves on the basis of 2.90 per cent improvement in mortality. Europe in force profit of £3 million was £3 million higher than 2001, reflecting reduced negative variances. The US in force profit has decreased significantly from £136 million in 2001 to £17 million in 2002. This is primarily due to defaults and impairments on corporate bonds, which are included within the operating result on a five-year averaged basis. The charge to operating profit has increased from £74 million in Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 15 Financial Review continued 2001 to £133 million in 2002, reflecting the continued poor experience of 2002. The amount charged to operating profit is one-fifth of the gains and losses incurred in the last five years. Direct to Prudential. Egg International recorded a £50 million loss in 2002 including £47 million relating to the investment in the development of Egg’s French business. Actual losses in 2002 were £289 million. This includes a number of one-off event risks where investment grade bonds fell to below investment grade status almost overnight, for example, WorldCom. The seven largest individual bond losses accounted for 52 per cent of the total gross losses, of which WorldCom was the largest at £82 million. The difference between the full year loss of £289 million and the charge recognised through operating profit of £133 million, an amount of £156 million, is recorded within short-term investment fluctuations. National Planning Holdings, the US broker dealer, and PPM America, the US fund manager, together delivered profits of £14 million, down from £16 million in 2001. Development expenses (excluding Asia regional head office expenses) were down from £48 million to £34 million, and comprised £26 million for Asia and £8 million for Europe. The Asian development costs included £20 million in relation to the development of the Japanese business. In recent years the US operations have invested in technology and the development of its systems platform in order to process efficiently higher volumes of business and this has added to its fixed cost base. With lower total policy counts attributable to higher average annuity policy sizes and lower life sales the business is running below capacity, but as the business grows it will be able to take advantage of lower marginal costs. This has been recognised with a revision to the unit expense assumption resulting in a charge of £54 million as previously reported. Asia in force profit (before development expenses) has increased significantly from £160 million in 2001 to £209 million in 2002 and includes net favourable assumption changes and one-off adjustments of £101 million (2001 £66 million). PCA actively reviews the assumptions used for achieved profits to ensure that these remain both realistic and in line with actual experience. The 2002 analysis established that death claim rates were significantly and consistently lower than had previously been assumed, particularly in respect of linked business in Singapore where there is now 10 years’ experience of these products. Overall the net effect of these reviews was a favourable assumption change of £42 million. During 2002 further sub-divisions of long-term funds approved by the regulators allowed the value of shareholders’ interest in certain non-participating policies to be fully recognised for the first time; the one-off impact to achieved profits of this exercise totalled £59 million. Non-insurance Operations M&G’s operating profit of £71 million compares to £75 million in 2001. Operating profit, excluding investment income, of £52 million was £2 million higher than 2001, a significant achievement in the context of depressed equity markets, where average market levels as represented by the FTSE All-Share are 17 per cent lower year on year. This increase reflects the benefits of M&G’s diversified revenues, with fixed income and property offsetting the effect of lower equity markets, together with disciplined cost management. The result has also been affected by a £3 million increase in losses from M&G International, which were £15 million in 2002. A performance fee of £20 million was recognised in the 2002 result (£19 million in 2001) due to the life fund beating its strategic benchmark by 2.3 per cent per annum over the last three years. Egg’s UK banking operations, having become profitable during the fourth quarter of 2001, generated a profit of £35 million before losses on joint ventures of £5 million, excluding the exceptional profit arising from the sale of 15 per cent of Funds Other net expenditure increased by £59 million to £189 million. This included a £24 million write-down of the Group’s 15.3 per cent interest in Life Assurance Holding Corporation Ltd in 2002 compared with a positive revaluation of £12 million in 2001. In addition, funding costs have increased by £12 million over 2001. Achieved Profits – Result Before Tax The result before tax and minority interests was a loss of £483 million compared to a loss of £455 million in 2001. The loss in 2002 principally reflects the negative adjustment for short-term fluctuations in investment returns of £1,406 million, including £1,019 million in relation to the UK, £440 million in relation to JNL and positive £66 million in relation to Asia. The UK component reflects the difference between an actual investment return from the Prudential Assurance’s main with- profits fund of negative 8.1 per cent and the long-term assumed return of positive 6.6 per cent. The US component primarily includes £156 million reflecting the full charge for bond write-downs and impairments incurred in 2002 to the extent that it is not included in operating profit, a £128 million negative variance against long-term investment returns for equity investments, including private equity holdings, and £145 million primarily in relation to changed expectations of future profitability on variable annuity business in force arising from adverse current year equity returns. This arises due to equity market returns in the year being lower than the assumed long-term rate. This gives rise to lower than expected year-end values of variable annuity assets under management with a resulting effect on the level of future account values and hence future profitability. The Asia component is principally due to the appreciation in the value of bonds. Adverse economic assumption changes of £467 million also contributed to the loss and include the effect of the changed assumptions on the active basis mentioned earlier, together with changes to long-term economic assumptions in Asia and the US. In the US, this includes a revised economic assumption in respect of the variable annuity long-term return from eight per cent to seven per cent, including the associated guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) effect. The Asian economic assumption change principally relates to changes in investment return assumptions. Amortisation of goodwill was £98 million against £95 million in 2001. 16 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 The result also includes £355 million profit arising from the sale of the General Insurance operations as previously reported in the interim statement. Achieved Profits – Result After Tax The result after tax and minority interests was a loss of £145 million after reflecting a tax credit of £329 million and minority interests of £9 million. The effective tax rate at an operating profit level was 25 per cent, down from 31 per cent in 2001, primarily due to lower effective tax rates for JNL and Asia, partially offset by tax rate movements on other non-long- term operations. The JNL rate is lower than in 2001 due to the combined effect of operating assumption changes for expenses, capital charge effects and an exceptional tax credit. The effective tax relief rate at a total achieved profit level was 68 per cent on a loss of £483 million, primarily due to tax payable on the profit on disposal of UK general business operations being relieved against capital losses available to the Group. The effective tax rate at a total achieved profit level in 2001 was 47 per cent. Modified Statutory Basis Results – Operating Profit Reference to operating profit relates to profit including investment returns at the expected long-term rate of return but excludes amortisation of goodwill, exceptional items and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. Group operating profit from continuing operations on the modified statutory basis (MSB) of £432 million was £118 million lower than 2001. UK Insurance Operations’ operating profit (before re-engineering costs) in 2002 was £368 million, £67 million below 2001. This included a reduction of £99 million in the shareholder transfer arising from lower with-profits bonus rates, partially offset by the impact of higher claims. The US operations result, which is based on US GAAP subject to adjustments, of £153 million was £145 million worse than prior year. This fall principally reflects increases in both the amortisation of deferred acquisition costs (DAC amortisation), costs in respect of the provision of guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB), and a £121 million charge in relation to averaged realised gains and losses on bonds. Spread income was higher than 2001 by £29 million, and reflects the benefit from reductions in crediting rates on the in force fixed annuity and life book. With respect to the methodology for GMDB provisioning, JNL have implemented early the draft guidance in the US prescribed by the AICPA in their 31 July 2002 draft statement of position: ‘Accounting and Reporting by Insurance Enterprises for Certain Non-traditional Long-Duration Contracts and for Separate Accounts.’ GMDB provisions were reviewed at the year end resulting in a total charge, including payments during the year, of £43 million. The increase in DAC amortisation of £106 million includes an increase of £85 million in respect of variable annuity (VA) products and £16 million in respect of equity-linked indexed annuities. A consequence of the review of GMDB provisions and the resulting strengthening has been a reduction in the expected future gross profits from variable annuity products, which has itself resulted in a higher level of VA DAC amortisation. When calculating the DAC amortisation the long-term return on variable annuity business is assumed to be 8.4 per cent, gross of investment management and mortality and expense charges. This assumption is implemented through use of a mean reversion methodology. If the mean reversion was eliminated as of 31 December 2002, so that the long-term return on separate account business was assumed to be 8.4 per cent per annum in all future years, DAC values would be reduced by approximately £32 million. Should these assumptions not be met in future periods a further increase in VA DAC amortisation may be required. Prudential Asia’s operating profit before development expenses was £88 million (£44 million in 2001). This includes an £8 million gain arising from the reorganisation of long-term funds approved by the regulators which allowed the value of the shareholders’ interest in certain non-participating policies to be recognised for the first time. This result is after the significant investment that has occurred in 2002, as PCA builds high-quality customer-focused distribution channels in Japan and Korea. Further significant investment is planned for 2003. The Group’s more established operations in Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia reported further growth in statutory profits, up 43 per cent to £79 million. Modified Statutory Basis Results – Profit Before Tax MSB profit before tax and minority interests was £484 million in 2002, compared to £385 million in 2001. This increase is due to an improvement in the negative adjustment for short-term fluctuations in investment returns of £275 million, together with £355 million of profit relating to the disposal of the UK General Insurance operations. This was partly offset by lower operating profit and the inclusion of the American General break fee of £338 million in 2001. Amortisation of goodwill was £98 million against £95 million in 2001. Within the improvement in the negative adjustment for short- term fluctuations the US result has improved from a loss of £368 million in 2001 to a loss of £258 million. The short-term fluctuations in Asia principally reflect the five-year averaging impact of an appreciation in bond values. In addition, the 2001 Group result included a £95 million loss, primarily in respect of the General Insurance operations. Modified Statutory Basis Results – Profit After Tax MSB profit after tax and minority interests was £449 million, including a tax charge of £44 million. The effective rate of tax on MSB total profit in 2002 was 9.1 per cent primarily due to tax payable on the profit on disposal of the UK general insurance operations being relieved against capital losses available to the Group. Earnings Per Share Earnings per share, based on achieved basis operating profit after tax and related minority interests but before amortisation of goodwill, were up 0.9 pence to 42.8 pence. Earnings per share, based on MSB operating profit after tax and related minority interests but before amortisation of goodwill, were down 7.5 pence to 15.8 pence. Basic earnings per share, based on achieved profits basis loss for the year after minority interests, was a loss of 7.3 pence compared with a loss of 11.0 pence, in 2001. Basic earnings per share, based on MSB profit for the year after minority interests, was 22.6 pence, up 2.9 pence. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 17 Financial Review continued Dividend Per Share The final dividend per share is 17.1 pence, resulting in a full year dividend growth of 2.4 per cent to 26.0 pence. Cash Flow The table below shows the Group holding company cash flow. This is a revised presentation from previous years, which was in the form of a funds flow statement. Prudential believes that this format gives a clearer presentation of the use of the Group’s resources than the FRS 1 statement required for the financial statements. Cash remitted to Group: UK life fund transfer (in respect of earlier bonus declarations) Cash remitted by business units Interest Dividends Tax received Equity (scrip dividends and share options) Corporate activities Capital invested in business units: JNL Other business units Holding company cash flow post dividends Financing required 2002 £m 2001 £m 324 212 536 (124) (509) (97) 59 40 543 545 (321) (354) (130) 130 307 154 461 (103) (494) (136) (29) 42 283 160 (69) (512) (421) 421 The Group received £536 million in cash remittances from business units in 2002 (2001 £461 million) comprising the shareholders’ statutory UK life fund transfer relating to earlier bonus declarations, together with dividend and interest from subsidiaries. After dividends and interest paid, there was a net outflow of £97 million (2001 £136 million net outflow). The Group also received £543 million from corporate activities (2001 £283 million) including cash proceeds arising from the sale of the General Insurance business and exceptional tax receipts. Together with the proceeds of equity issuance and Group relief, this gave rise to a total net surplus of £545 million (2001 £160 million). In September 2002 the Group provided JNL with £321 million of capital to support high volumes of fixed annuity writings and to replace capital consumed by bond losses and impairments. This follows £69 million provided in 2001. During 2002 the Group invested £354 million (2001 £512 million), primarily in its shareholder-backed business in the UK and in Asia, including for the development of the Japanese business. In aggregate this gave rise to a financing requirement of £130 million (2001 £421 million) which was satisfied through an increase in core debt. Funds Under Management Insurance and investment funds under management at 31 December 2002 totalled £155 billion, compared to £163 billion at the end of 2001. This reduction is mainly due to a fall in the market value of investments which more than offset the net sales achieved during the year. The total includes £131 billion of Group investments under management and £24 billion of external funds under management. Financial Strength of Insurance Operations United Kingdom A common measure of financial strength in the United Kingdom for long-term insurance business is the free asset ratio. The free asset ratio is the ratio of assets less liabilities to liabilities, and is expressed as a percentage of liabilities. On a comparable basis to 2001 the free asset (or Form 9) ratio of the Prudential Assurance Company (PAC) long-term fund was approximately 8.4 per cent at the end of 2002, compared with 12.2 per cent at 31 December 2001. The reduction during the year principally reflects the significant fall in equity markets around the world, together with lower bond yields and price earnings ratios. At the end of 2002 a reorganisation of the life funds saw the transfer of the Scottish Amicable Life (SAL) linked fund into the PAC long-term fund. The impact of this transfer further reduces the PAC free asset ratio to 8 per cent. The valuation has been prepared on a conservative basis in accordance with the FSA valuation rules, and without use of implicit items. No allowance has been taken for the present value of future profits. The PAC long-term fund has not entered into any financial reinsurance contracts, with the exception of certain treaties with a value of approximately £74 million which were transferred from SAL under the reorganisation mentioned above. On the ’realistic’ basis for solvency the fund is very strong. Solvency requirements in the UK include the establishment of a resilience reserve which makes prudent allowance for potential future movements in investment values. As at 31 December 2002, the overall liability was determined based on the following resilience scenario: • a fall in equity values of 14 per cent; • a fall in property values of 15 per cent; • the worst of a rise in bond values of 3 per cent and a fall in bond values of 13 per cent. The long-term funds remain well capitalised and the PAC long-term fund is rated AA+ by Standard & Poor’s and Aa1 by Moody’s. The table below shows the change in the investment mix of Prudential’s main with-profits fund: UK equities International equities Bonds Cash and other asset classes Property 1998 % 59 13 12 5 11 31 Dec 2001 % 39 14 28 4 15 2002 % 32 13 33 4 18 Total 100 100 100 For the UK main with-profits fund 88 per cent of the fixed securities investments are investment grade with 30 per cent rated AA or above. For Prudential Annuities Limited 97 per cent of the fixed securities investments are investment grade with 40 per cent rated AA or above. For Prudential Retirement Income Limited 100 per cent of total assets are investment grade with 59 per cent rated AA or above. 18 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 With-profits contracts are long-term contracts with relatively low guaranteed amounts, the nature of which permits Prudential to invest primarily in equities and real estate. However, over the period from 1999 to mid-2001 the UK with-profits fund reduced its exposure to equities. There was also a re-weighting within equities out of the UK and into overseas equities. This change in asset mix reflected our view that equity valuations were high and that other assets, particularly corporate bonds, were relatively attractive. The change within equities improved diversification and reduced expected fund volatility. The change in asset mix in recent years has had a substantial beneficial impact on investment returns. The broad asset mix will continue to be reviewed as the economic environment and market valuations change. The fall in the proportion of investments held in equities in 2002 compared to 2001 reflects the decline in value of the holdings during the year. The investment return on the Prudential main with-profits fund was negative 8.1 per cent in the year to 31 December 2002 compared with the falls in the FTSE 100 and the FTSE All-Share of 24.5 per cent and 25.0 per cent respectively over the same period. Jackson National Life The capital adequacy position of Jackson National Life remains strong, with a risk-based capital ratio more than three times the NAIC Company Action Level Risk Based Capital. As a core business to the Group, JNL’s financial strength is rated AA by Standard & Poor’s. JNL’s invested asset mix on a US regulatory basis (including Jackson National Life of New York and excluding policy loans and reverse repo leverage) is as follows: Bonds: Investment Grade Public Investment Grade Private Non Investment Grade Public Non Investment Grade Private Commercial Mortgages Private equities and real estate Equities, cash and other assets 2000 % 2001 % 2002 % 53 21 5 5 11 3 2 58 22 3 3 9 3 2 60 20 4 3 8 3 2 Asia Solvency levels have been maintained at local regulatory levels by the insurance operations in Asia. Across the region less than 20 per cent of non-linked funds are invested in equities. The balance is principally invested in fixed income securities. Inherited Estate In order to support our with-profits business, we hold a substantial amount of working capital in PAC’s long-term fund. Without such working capital, we could not provide the benefits associated with smoothing and guarantees, or have investment freedom for the main with-profits fund’s assets, for the benefit of both policyholders and shareholders. To meet our obligations to existing policyholders, we expect to have to pay out over time assets equal to policyholders’ accumulated ’asset shares’ plus any additional payments that may be required, by way of smoothing or to meet guarantees. The balance at any time of the main with-profits fund, which is not expected to be paid out to the current generation of with-profits policyholders as claim values, represents the major part of Prudential Assurance’s working capital and is called the ’inherited estate’. To ensure that policyholders’ benefits are secure, we are required by regulations to hold a substantial amount of capital in our long-term fund, so that we can demonstrate at all times that the fund is solvent and able to meet its obligations to all policyholders. The inherited estate provides most of this solvency capital. In addition, we can use the inherited estate to absorb the costs of significant events, such as fundamental strategic change in our long-term business and, to the extent that the UK regulator is content, the cost of providing redress for past pension mis-selling, without affecting the level of distributions to policyholders and shareholders. The costs of fundamental strategic change may include investment in new technology, redundancy and restructuring costs, cost overruns on new business and the funding of other appropriate long-term insurance related activities including acquisitions. The size of the inherited estate, by its nature as working capital, fluctuates from year to year depending on investment returns, and the extent to which the capital is required to meet smoothing costs, guarantees and any other unforeseen events. We estimate that at 31 December 2002, the inherited estate, after taking into account pension mis-selling costs and anticipated costs of fundamental strategic change, is around £5 billion. In the normal course of events the inherited estate is required to support the in force business, so neither policyholders nor shareholders can have any expectation that they will receive any distribution of the inherited estate, other than through the normal process of smoothing and meeting guarantees in adverse investment conditions. However, we believe that it would be beneficial if there were to be greater clarity as to the status of the inherited estate. With that in mind, we have been considering the principles that would apply to any re-attribution of the inherited estate to either policyholders or shareholders. Discussions have been held with the Financial Services Authority (FSA) to this end. We have not considered or discussed any actual distribution as our current expectation is that, for the foreseeable future, the entire inherited estate will need to be retained within the long-term fund to provide working capital. However, in the light of current market conditions, the amount and timing of any re-attribution of the estate remains very uncertain. Conduct of Business The FSA has required all UK life insurance companies to review their potential cases of pensions mis-selling and pay compensation to policyholders where necessary. The Group has met the FSA target for completion of Phase I and II of the pensions mis-selling review, within the provisions that were established in the long-term fund in 2000. The 2001 result included a provision of £25 million charged to shareholders’ funds in respect of the possible mis-selling of mortgage endowments for policies sold subsequent to the acquisition of Scottish Amicable in 1997. In March 2003 the FSA fined Scottish Amicable £750,000 in respect of cases where advisers did not place appropriate emphasis on identifying whether Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 19 Financial Review continued a customer was prepared to take a risk that their mortgage might not be repaid at the end of the term. The costs of this fine and policyholder redress will be met from this provision. No further provision was required in 2002. No provision is required in respect of mortgage endowments sold by PAC. Shareholders’ Funds On the achieved profits basis, which recognises the shareholders’ interest in long-term businesses, shareholders’ funds at 31 December 2002 were £7.2 billion, a decrease of £954 million from 31 December 2001. The decrease principally reflects short-term fluctuations in investment returns, together with dividends declared, the effect of changes in economic assumptions and adverse foreign exchange movements, offset by operating profits of £1,133 million and profit on business disposals of £355 million. Statutory basis shareholders’ funds, which are not affected by fluctuations in the value of investments in the Prudential Assurance Company (PAC) long-term fund, were £282 million lower at £3.7 billion. 2002 achieved profits shareholders’ funds (£m) UK JNL PCA 2,918 2,657 1,407 Europe and other operations 214 Shareholders’ Borrowings and Financial Flexibility As a result of the holding company’s net funds outflow of £130 million and exchange translation gains of £37 million, net core borrowings at 31 December 2002 were £2,226 million, compared to £2,133 million at 31 December 2001. After adjusting for holding company cash and short-term investments of £226 million, core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations at the end of 2002 totalled £2,452 million, compared with £2,152 million at the end of 2001. This increase was funded by the issue of short-term commercial paper. Borrowings at the end of 2002 included £1,686 million at fixed rates of interest with maturity dates ranging from 2005 to 2031, as set out in note 31 on page 80 of the consolidated financial statements. Of these borrowings £310 million were denominated in US dollars, partially to hedge the currency exposure arising from our investment in Jackson National Life. During 2002 the euro-denominated fixed rate notes issued in 2001 were swapped into floating rate pounds sterling borrowings of £305 million (net of £4 million issue costs). Core borrowings also included £420 million short-term commercial paper (of which £334 million was denominated in US dollars) and £41 million floating rate loan notes. Prudential has in place an unlimited global commercial paper programme. At 31 December 2002 commercial paper of £1,632 million has been issued under this programme. In addition, the holding company has access to £1,200 million committed revolving credit facilities provided by 12 major international banks. These facilities have not been drawn on during the year. The commercial paper programme and the committed revolving credit facilities are available for general 20 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 corporate purposes and to support the liquidity needs of the parent company. Other than for Egg plc, which is responsible for its own financing, the Group is financed centrally. The Group’s core debt is managed to be within a target level consistent with an AA debt rating. At 31 December 2002, the gearing ratio, including hybrid debt, was 23.6 per cent compared with 20.7 per cent at 31 December 2001. Excluding hybrid debt, the gearing ratio was 14.2 per cent. Although net core debt only increased by £93 million during 2002 (after exchange movements of £37 million) the achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds fell by 12 per cent driven by equity market falls and exchange movements. Group gearing % 25 20 15 10 5 0 2001 2002 Gearing = (senior debt + hybrid)/ (senior debt + hybrid + APSHF) Gearing = senior debt/ (senior debt + hybrid + APSHF) Prudential plc enjoys strong debt ratings from both Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s. Prudential senior debt is rated AA- and A2 from Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s respectively, while short- term ratings are A1+ and P-1. Based on achieved operating profits from continuing operations and interest payable on core structural borrowings, interest cover is 9.7 times in 2002 compared to 10.4 times in 2001. Treasury Policy The Group operates a central treasury function, which has overall responsibility for managing its capital funding programme as well as its central cash and liquidity positions. The aim of Prudential’s capital funding programme, which includes the European Medium Term Note programme together with an unlimited commercial paper programme, is to maintain a strong and flexible funding capacity. In the United Kingdom and Asia, Prudential uses derivatives to reduce equity risk, interest rate and currency exposures, and to facilitate efficient investment management. In the United States, JNL uses derivatives to reduce interest rate risk, to facilitate efficient portfolio management and to match liabilities under equity-indexed policies. It is Prudential's policy that all free-standing derivatives are used to hedge exposures or facilitate efficient portfolio management. Amounts at risk are covered by cash or by corresponding assets. The Group transacts business in sterling and US dollars and various currencies in Asia. The currency exposure relating to the translation of reported earnings is not separately managed although its impact is reduced by interest payments on foreign currency borrowings and by the use of average exchange rates for the translation of foreign currency revenues. Asset and Liability Management Prudential manages its assets and liabilities locally, in accordance with local regulatory requirements and reflecting the differing types of liabilities Prudential has in each business. As a result of the diversity of products Prudential offers and the different regulatory environments in which it operates, Prudential employs different methods of asset/liability management. Most of Prudential's methods fall into two major categories: cash flow analysis under a range of scenarios by JNL for interest-sensitive business and stochastic modelling/scenario testing for the UK long-term fund. Defined Benefit Pension Schemes Defined benefit pension schemes are generally required to be actuarially valued every three years to assess the appropriate level of funding for schemes having regard to their commitments. These valuations include assessment of the likely rates of return on the assets held within the separate trustee administered funds. The Group’s principal defined benefit scheme is the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS) in the UK. This was last actuarially valued on 5 April 2002 and this valuation demonstrated the scheme to be 110 per cent funded, with an excess of actuarially determined assets over liabilities of 10 per cent, representing a fund surplus of £376 million. As a result no change in employers’ contributions from the current 12.5 per cent of salaries was required. The position is not believed to be significantly different at 31 December 2002. As permitted under FRS 17 ‘Retirement Benefits’, Prudential has continued to adopt the requirements of SSAP 24 in the reported profit and loss account and balance sheet of the Group. Details of the financial reporting effect are shown in note 19. FRS 17, ‘Retirement Benefits’, was issued in November 2000. The Accounting Standards Board has issued proposals to defer the mandatory full adoption date of the standard until 2005. If implemented in full, the standard would require that companies include the whole of any pension surplus or deficit of defined benefit schemes in their balance sheets and would change the way in which pension surpluses and deficits are reported. In particular, it would require assets of the scheme to be valued at their market value at the company's year end, while pension liabilities would be required to be discounted at a rate consistent with the current rate of return on a high-quality corporate bond. With the very different bases of measurement under FRS 17 the financial reporting effect is considerably different from that shown under the long-standing methodologies under triennial actuarial valuation. Prudential has met the disclosure requirements of FRS 17 by way of note 19 on the financial statements. For 2002, FRS 17 requires that Prudential disclose details of the movement on the FRS 17 basis surpluses and deficits of the defined benefit schemes. In summary, if FRS 17 had been fully implemented for 2002 a £1 million shareholder charge (after tax) in the profit and loss account, and a shareholder charge of £193 million (after tax) in the statement of total recognised gains and losses would have been reported. In addition, for those schemes such as PSPS, which hold a significant proportion of their assets in equity investments, the difference between FRS 17 basis assets and liabilities can be highly volatile. Surpluses and deficits on the Group’s defined benefit schemes are attributable to the PAC life fund and shareholders’ funds depending on the activity of the personnel involved. Such attribution is necessary to properly reflect the allocation of the economic interests in and exposures to the schemes’ financial position. At 31 December 2001 there were FRS 17 basis pension scheme assets attributable to the PAC life fund and shareholders’ funds of £392 million and £101 million respectively. At 31 December 2002 there were FRS 17 basis pension scheme liabilities attributable to the PAC life fund and shareholders’ funds of £380 million and £85 million respectively. These changes are due mostly to the fall in equity markets throughout 2002. On the achieved profits basis the shareholders’ interest in the net pension scheme liability is less than two per cent of achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds. Accounting Policies There has been no significant change in accounting policies required for the preparation of the 2002 results. Prudential adopted in the 2001 accounts the requirements of FRS 19 on deferred tax and with which mandatory compliance was required by 2002. International Accounting Standards The European Union requires that all European insurers prepare their financial statements using standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) by 2005. Anticipating the likely effects of IAS presents difficulties for insurers. First, because the IASB’s proposed standard on Insurance Contracts will not be implemented until at least 2007, and second because the IASB’s definition of an insurance contract means that some products written by life insurers that do not transfer significant insurance risk are likely to be accounted for as financial instruments. The IASB intends to issue ‘Phase 1’ interim guidance for accounting for insurance contracts for use in reporting from 2005. This is expected to include guidance on accounting for insurance contracts within the scope of IAS 32 and IAS 39, which deal with financial instruments, but which do not provide guidance on how to account for products written by life insurers; together with interim guidance on accounting for other insurance contracts. The eventual standard for insurance contracts that will be issued under ‘Phase 2’ to supersede the interim guidance is expected to be based on an ‘asset and liability’ model with insurance liabilities likely to be measured at a ‘fair value’. The IASB is far from completing the standard, with the result that it is not possible to estimate its impact on Prudential’s statutory results and balance sheet. The standard will require substantial ‘field testing’ before it can be considered to be reliable. In addition, the performance reporting implications have yet to be considered. However, it is likely that the valuation of an insurance contract on the IASB’s interpretation of a ‘fair value’ basis is unlikely to be comparable to that calculated on the achieved profits basis which the UK industry uses for supplementary reporting, due to significant differences in methodology and the extent of inclusion of projected cash flows on the contracts. As a result it is likely that the industry will continue to publish achieved profits results, in line with the Association of British Insurers’ guidance, Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 21 Financial Review continued as supplementary information. In broad terms the achieved profits basis applies long-standing actuarial techniques under which all projected cash flows on contracts in force are valued. key risks by business units. This process is reviewed regularly by the Board. Controls applicable across the Group are set out in a Corporate Governance Manual. Developments in Regulatory Solvency Requirements The Integrated Prudential Sourcebook (PSB) will be introduced by the FSA for UK insurance companies in 2004. This will introduce the requirement for realistic solvency reporting, through the introduction of risk-based capital approaches allowing for the use of internal capital adequacy models for solvency assessments. The PSB will also pave the way towards a more realistic valuation of liabilities. In the meantime the FSA has announced that it will permit life companies to apply for a waiver from existing solvency requirements if they can demonstrate that they have adequate models for realistic capital reporting. In addition, the EU is reviewing further solvency requirements (the Solvency II project), for which the intention is to ensure policyholder protection through establishing solvency requirements better matched to the true risks of the business, taking into account developments in non-traditional methods of risk control such as alternative risk transfer products, asset liability management and the use of derivatives. A key aim is to provide transparency and comparability, thus ensuring a level playing field. As with the PSB, a risk-based capital approach and the use of internal models is expected to be introduced under Solvency II. The EU Financial Conglomerates Directive is expected to be implemented in 2005 following the implementation of the Insurance Groups Directive in 2001. The directives take an aggregate view of the capitalisation of a financial services group’s shareholder-owned businesses. The manner of implementation of these directives may lead to Prudential being required to maintain higher levels of capital than realistically required to support some of its businesses. An inconsistent application of these directives by regulators in different EU jurisdictions may place Prudential at a competitive disadvantage to other European financial services groups. In the medium term the expected adoption of realistic reserving bases as part of both the PSB and the Solvency II project, the principle of which Prudential strongly supports, should reduce these inconsistencies in application. Procurement During the year, procurement activity focused on securing significant cost reductions, and ensuring appropriate contractual cover for third party expenditure. A number of initiatives were undertaken to capture the synergies, on common spend areas, across the Group. Prudential has also worked closely with 48 suppliers, as part of its Environmental Supply programme, to improve their environmental impacts. Risk Management A significant part of the Group’s business involves the acceptance and management of risk. The Group’s risk management model requires the primary responsibility for risk management at an operational level to rest with business unit chief executives. The second line of defence of risk comprises oversight functions reporting to the Group Chief Executive together with business unit risk functions and risk management committees. The third line of defence comprises independent assurance from Internal Audit reporting to business unit and group audit committees. The Group operates a group risk framework for the identification, prioritisation, management and reporting through the year of the Asset and liability management is operated by business units locally, reflecting the specific liabilities in each business. The respective responsibilities for investment strategy, compliance and performance are clearly defined. Controls, incorporating procedures and authority levels, are in place governing investment dealing and settlement, including the use of derivatives. The Group operates a comprehensive planning process. The Board receives regular reports on the performance of the Group against plan with frequent financial projections. The insurance operations of the Group all prepare a financial condition report which is reported on to the Board who receive regular reports from the Group Finance Director on the financial position of the Group. UK Products and Drivers of Profit In common with other UK long-term insurance companies, Prudential’s products are structured as either with-profits (or participating) products or non-participating products, including unit-linked products. Depending upon the structure, the level of shareholders’ interest in the value of policies and the related profit or loss varies. With-profits policies are supported by a with-profits fund and can be single premium (for example, Prudence Bond) or regular premium (for example, certain corporate pension products). Prudential’s primary with-profits fund is part of Prudential Assurance Company’s (PAC) long-term fund. The return to shareholders on with-profits products is in the form of a statutory transfer to PAC shareholders’ funds which is analogous to a dividend from PAC’s long-term fund and is dependent upon the bonuses credited or declared on policies in that year. Prudential’s with-profits policyholders currently receive 90 per cent of the distribution from the main with-profits fund as bonus additions to their policies and shareholders receive 10 per cent as a statutory transfer. In 2002, profits distributed from Prudential’s main with-profits fund amounted to £2.7 billion, of which £2.45 billion (90 per cent) was added to policies as bonuses, and £273 million (10 per cent) is available for distribution to shareholders. The majority of Prudential branded non-participating business is written in PAC’s long-term fund or by subsidiaries owned by the fund. Prudential’s principal non-participating business is Prudential Annuities Limited, which is wholly owned by PAC’s long-term fund. The profits from this business accrue to the long-term fund. In 2001, Prudential started to write certain annuity business through Prudential Retirement Income Limited (PRIL), from which the profits are attributed solely to shareholders. US Retail Products and Drivers of Profit Jackson National Life’s (JNL’s) principal retail savings products are savings products sold as single premium fixed, variable or equity-linked indexed deferred annuities. Interest-sensitive fixed annuities are products which allow for tax-deferred accumulation of funds, with flexible payout options. They are used for retirement planning and for providing income in retirement. The policyholder pays JNL a single premium, which 22 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 is credited to the policyholder’s account. Periodically, interest is credited to the policyholder’s account and administrative charges are deducted, as appropriate. JNL may reset the interest rate on each policy anniversary, subject to a guaranteed minimum, in line with state regulations. When the annuity matures, JNL either pays the policyholder the amount in the policyholder account or begins making payments to the policyholder in the form of an immediate annuity product. This latter product is similar to a UK annuity in payment. Fixed annuity policies provide for early surrender charges for the first seven to nine years of the policy. In addition, the policy may be subject to a market value adjustment at the time of early surrender. JNL’s profits on fixed annuities arise primarily from the spread between the return it earns on investments and the interest credited to the policyholder’s account (net of any surrender charges or market value adjustment) less management expenses. Equity-linked indexed annuities are deferred annuities that enable policyholders to obtain a portion of an equity-linked return but provide a guaranteed minimum return. JNL guarantees an annual minimum interest rate of three per cent, but actual earnings may be higher and are based on a participation in an equity index over its indexed option period. JNL’s profit arises from the difference between a) the premiums received plus the associated investment income and b) the combined cost of expenses (general expenses, costs of purchasing fixed interest securities and options) and the policyholder’s account value (which is subject to the minimum guarantee). Variable annuities are tax advantaged deferred annuities where the rate of return depends upon the performance of the underlying portfolio, similar in principle to UK unit-linked products. They are used for retirement planning and to provide income in retirement. The policyholder’s premiums are held apart from other assets, in a ‘separate’ account, which is analogous to a unit-linked fund. The policyholder can allocate the premiums between a variety of variable sub-accounts with a choice of fund managers and/or to guaranteed fixed-rate options. The value of the portion of the separate account allocated to variable sub-accounts fluctuates with the underlying investment. Variable annuity policies provide for early surrender charges. In most cases, variable annuities also offer various types of death benefits, some of which are elective, guaranteeing that on death the policyholder receives a minimum value regardless of past market performance. These guaranteed death benefits might be expressed as the return of original premium, the highest past anniversary value of the policy, or as the original premium accumulated at a fixed rate of interest. JNL earns fee income on the underlying investment, earns profits from the spread between what it earns on investments in fixed rate accounts and the interest credited, and premium income for certain additional performance guarantees in the contract. Asia Retail Products and Drivers of Profit The life insurance products offered by Prudential in Asia include a range of with-profits (participating) and non-participating term, whole life and endowment and unit-linked policies. Prudential also offers health, disablement, critical illness and accident covers to supplement its core life products. Prudential's business in Asia is focused on regular premium products that provide both savings and protection benefits. In 2002, the new business achieved profit mix was 43 per cent unit-linked, 21 per cent non-linked and 36 per cent Accident and Health products. Unit-linked products combine savings with protection and the cash value of the policy depends on the value of the underlying unitised funds. Participating products provide savings with protection where the basic sum assured can be enhanced by a profit share (or bonus) from the underlying fund as determined at the discretion of the insurer. Non-participating products offer savings with protection where the benefits are guaranteed or determined by a set of defined market related parameters. Accident and Health (A&H) products provide mortality or morbidity benefits and include health, disablement, critical illness and accident covers. A&H products are commonly offered as supplements to main life policies but can also be sold separately. The profits from participating policies are shared between the policyholder and insurer (typically in a 90:10 ratio) in the same way as with-profits business in the UK. Under unit-linked products the profits that arise from managing the policy, its investments and the insurance risk accrue entirely to shareholders, with investment gains accruing to the policyholder within the underlying unitised fund. The profits from non-participating products consist of any surplus remaining after paying the defined policy benefits. All the profits from A&H products accrue to shareholders. Unit-linked products tend to have higher profits on the achieved profits basis of reporting than traditional non-linked products as expenses and charges are better matched and solvency capital requirements are lower. At the end of 2002 PCA offered unit-linked products in nine of the 12 countries in Asia in which it operates. In addition to the life products described above, Prudential offers mutual fund investment products in India, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Korea, allowing customers to participate in debt, equity and money market investments. PCA earns a fee based on assets under management. Achieved Profits Reporting Prudential’s results are prepared on two bases of accounting, achieved profits basis and modified statutory basis (MSB). Over the life of any given product, the total profit recognised will be the same under either the MSB or the achieved profits basis. However, the two methods recognise the emergence of that profit differently, with profits emerging earlier under the achieved profits basis than under MSB. This section explains how the two bases are calculated and why they are used. Prudential’s primary financial statements are prepared in accordance with the modified statutory basis (MSB) of reporting of long-term business. This is in accordance with the Statement of Recommended Practice issued by the Association of British Insurers (ABI) in December 1998. In broad terms, MSB profits for long-term business reflect the aggregate of statutory transfers from with-profit funds and profits on a traditional deferred and matching approach for other long-term business. Consequently, in addition to determining the Group’s statutory profit and reserves it informs the Board in determining the Group’s dividend policy. However, the products sold by the insurance industry are by their nature long-term, as it commits to service the products for many years into the future. In some cases policies require customers to continue to pay further premiums in the future. Profit on such sales is generated over a significant number of years. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 23 Financial Review continued Achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds over five years £m 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 A B C D E F G A Closing 1997 achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds B New business achieved profits C In force profits D Other E Short-term fluctuations in investment return and change in economic assumptions F Dividends paid out to shareholders G Closing 2002 achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds Achieved profits basis methodology Internal reporting Set assumptions Project cash flows Net present value Analysis of change External reporting 24 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Since 1997 Prudential and the other major UK quoted groups have additionally adopted the achieved profits basis, as a supplementary accounting measure in order to give a better reflection of the value attaching to long-term insurance business contracts. Achieved profits basis financial statements are prepared under guidance issued by the ABI in December 2001. Insurance companies in many countries use comparable bases of accounting for management purposes. We believe that the achieved profits basis provides useful information for shareholders. The principle of achieved profits basis accounting is that it reports the total amount of the cash earnings, in present value terms, that are expected to emerge over time from business already sold and still in force making full allowance for the risks attached to these future cash flows. In determining these expected cash earnings Prudential takes account of recent experience in assessing likely persistency, mortality and expenses. Economic assumptions as to future investment returns and inflation are based on market data. The achieved profits method provides a good indicator of the value being added by today’s management in a given accounting period and demonstrates whether shareholder capital is being deployed to best effect. In contrast, for many types of contract, the MSB result does not reflect the long-term benefit that will arise in the future from current management initiatives and capital expenditure in the year under review, focusing instead on the amounts accruing to shareholders in the current year only, from business already in force. The achieved profits basis is a value based method of reporting in that it reflects the change in value of the business. The results on the achieved profits basis can be used to demonstrate the underlying development of the business. Shareholders’ funds on an achieved profits basis at a given point in time represent, in present value terms, the value of future cash flows expected to arise from the current book of long-term insurance business plus the net worth of the company. The results can be presented in a way that provides details to management and shareholders of the change in value during the reporting period. The change in this value can be analysed as shown in the achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds chart. This takes account of: the value added from new business sold during the year; the change in value from existing business already in place (in force) at the start of the year; short-term fluctuations in investment returns and economic assumption changes; other items (for example, profit from other Group operations, tax, foreign exchange, exceptional items); and dividends. The value added from new business (being the present value of the cash flows arising from new business written in the year) is a key metric used in the management of the business. The change in value of business in force in the year demonstrates how the existing book is being managed. Achieved profits basis results are prepared by first making assumptions about a number of factors including levels of Illustration Modified statutory basis and achieved profits basis profit profiles for a typical with-profits product t i f o r p f o s t i n U 1 2 3 4 6 5 Duration (years) 7 8 9 10 Modified statutory basis Achieved profits basis Illustration Modified statutory basis and achieved profits basis cumulative profit profiles for a typical with-profits product 100% t i f o r p f o e g a t n e c r e P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Duration (years) Cumulative modified statutory basis Cumulative achieved profits basis future investment return, expenses, surrender levels and mortality. These best estimate assumptions are used to project future cash flows. The present value of the future cash flows is then calculated using a discount rate which reflects both the time value of money and the risks associated with the cash flows. The risk discount rate is determined using the actual yield on long-term government bonds plus a risk margin. The projected future cash flows are prepared on a single set of assumptions and the actual outcome may be different from that projected. Where the actual outcome is different, this will be reflected in the ‘experience variances’ for that year. The total profit that emerges over time from an individual contract as calculated using the achieved profits basis is the same as that calculated under the modified statutory basis. However, since the achieved profits basis reflects discounted future cash flows under this methodology the profit emergence is advanced; thereby linking more closely to the consequences of current management actions and the risks and benefits from business sold in the year. The assumptions used for achieved profits basis accounting are set out in the notes that accompany the supplementary achieved profits basis accounts on page 92. An indication of the sensitivity of the result to changes in the key assumptions of discount rate and investment return is also provided on page 100. The achieved profits basis can be illustrated by considering a theoretical individual contract. Using assumptions for the drivers of future income and expenditure (including levels of future investment return, expenses, surrender levels and mortality) a profile of future cash flows can be estimated. These cash flows are then discounted back to the point of sale to give a new business profit. The achieved profits basis profits emerging in a given accounting period will comprise the unwinding of the discount (which arises from discounting future cash flows for one fewer period) and the profit or loss arising from any difference between the actual cash flow and the cash flow, which had been assumed in the accounting period under review. Set out (top right) is a profit profile for a typical with-profits product, for illustration purposes only. The pattern of the profit emergence varies by product. The different timing of profit recognition under the two bases is also shown (bottom right), which demonstrates the cumulative level of profit recognition for the yearly profits shown in the previous chart. It shows that under the achieved profits basis profits emerge earlier, but over time, the total profit is the same under both bases. These charts are purely illustrative of the general features of the different reporting bases. Philip Broadley Group Finance Director Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 25 RESPONSIBILITY • Is integral to our relationships with our customers, our people, shareholders, local communities. • Provides a basis for growth and enhances our financial success over the long term. • Goes beyond our legal and regulatory obligations. Corporate Responsibility Review Our Group Code of Conduct lays down the principles of corporate responsibility (CR) at Prudential and provides the basis for our forward planning. Corporate actions have a profound impact on how we are viewed by customers, employees, shareholders, communities, government and others. We believe that having a sound reputation for behaving responsibly provides a strong basis for growth and will enhance our financial success over the long term. In 2002, we extended measures to ensure that CR is fully integrated across the Company in each of our markets and is overseen at the highest level. We have: • Established a governance structure, which includes a new company-wide CR Policy Group (CRPG), reporting to our Group Finance Director on strategic issues. • Reinforced our commitment to CR through the introduction of a new Group CR policy. Marketplace While we sell different products in each of our markets, we are fundamentally dealing with the universal need for financial security. We aim to help consumers become better informed about financial matters so that they can manage their financial affairs more effectively. Our work in this area includes our ‘Plan from the Pru’ in the UK, which provides a simple, impartial step-by-step guide to planning finances. The savings gap in the UK is estimated by the Association of British Insurers to be as much as £27 billion. Our Plan aims to provide people with access to the information they need to allow them to think about and address their own savings gap. It includes providing them with information about a number of products which are not provided by Prudential. It is supported by a free telephone number so that customers can discuss their individual needs with staff who have been specially trained in clear communications. Workplace Recruitment, retention and development of the best people is critical to a business such as ours, in order to maintain standards of service and our competitive advantage. Our business units produce and implement local plans in support of this, reflecting overall Group policy in areas such as employee learning and diversity. • In Asia, PruUniversity continues to offer courses to employees and agents that develop their skills and knowledge in areas essential to their current roles as well as the future needs of the financial services industry. In 2002 this programme was extended to our agents in Malaysia. • In the US, JNL helps to meet the costs of continuing education opportunities for staff, in addition to providing a range of training options including courses delivered via computer technology. • In the UK, the ‘You Choose’ programme enables employees to create their individual benefits portfolio from a selection of lifestyle and leisure benefits including additional holiday or access to health schemes. On launch in October 2002 80 per cent of employees took the opportunity to change their benefits to a more flexible and individual portfolio. 26 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 FINANCIAL LITERACY Of UK adults, 42 per cent believe that their education has not prepared them well enough to deal with their personal finances and 60 per cent think that the financial services industry together with independent organisations are best placed to provide information and education on matters relating to finance services (MORI, 2002).* *A total of 2,152 adults aged 15+ were interviewed between 22 to 27 November 2001 across 210 sampling points in the UK. Data was then weighted to reflect the national population profile. Communities In partnership with charities and educational bodies, we are actively promoting lifelong financial learning. In 2002, we joined forces with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to fund a major three-year research programme. This will inform dialogue with opinion formers across markets about how financial education might play a part in helping consumers plan effectively for the long term and cater for increasingly complex needs. In the UK, our financial literacy work continues with organisations such as Citizens’ Advice, through the funding of a grant scheme to enable local advice bureaux to deliver community-based projects, supported by a dedicated programme manager. We also enhance the sustainability of the communities around our business through support for local projects, many of which also benefit from the support and skills of our employees. In China, PCA supports children in poorer provinces with their tuition fees at CITIC Prudential Hope School. In Vietnam, staff help a wide range of causes by taking part in dedicated volunteering days. In 2002 employees at JNL who volunteer in their local communities participated in Prudential’s volunteer reward programme, which provides grants to community groups supported by members of staff. Our support for communities consists of cash donations and support in kind, such as office space and computer equipment as well as the time and skills of our employees. In 2002, our community support activity amounted to £3.3 million, of which £1.6 million was spent on charitable donations. Environment Our direct environmental impact is principally through our UK property investment portfolio and our occupied buildings. We are committed to minimising this through the careful management of our day-to-day business activities and by working with suppliers to improve overall efficiency. We also have an indirect impact on the environment through the investments we make on behalf of customers. M&G, our UK and European fund manager, believes that well-managed and growing businesses will, as a matter of course, take environmental and social issues into account in moving their businesses forward. M&G asks the companies in which it invests for a well-reasoned and practical approach, recognising that this can vary according to each company’s circumstances. Dialogue and Communication In setting CR strategy, we benchmark our social and environmental performance against that of our peers in the financial services sector and wider best practice. We also maintain dialogue with business and non-business interest groups in order that our approach to CR remains meaningful and relevant. We are committed to reporting our CR progress publicly on an annual basis, using quantifiable, measurable data where possible. Detailed information about our CR policies and programmes can be found in our on-line CR report (www.prudential.co.uk). Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 27 Board of Directors Chairman Executive Directors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. David Clementi Chairman (Age 54) Chairman since 1 December 2002. He is also a non-executive director of Rio Tinto plc with effect from 28 January 2003. From September 1997 to August 2002 he was Deputy Governor of the Bank of England. During this time he served as a member of the Monetary Policy Committee and as a non-executive director of the Financial Services Authority. From 1975 to August 1997 he worked for Kleinwort Benson, latterly as Chief Executive. 2. Jonathan Bloomer FCA (Age 48) A director since 1995 and Group Chief Executive since March 2000. Previously Deputy Group Chief Executive and Group Finance Director. Non-executive director of Egg plc. Deputy Chairman of the Practitioner Panel of the Financial Services Authority. Board Member of the Association of British Insurers. 5. Michael McLintock (Age 41) A director since September 2000. Chief Executive of M&G since February 1997, a position he held at the time of M&G’s acquisition by Prudential in March 1999. Joined M&G in October 1992. Non-executive director of Close Brothers Group plc and CoFunds Holdings Limited. 3. Philip Broadley FCA (Age 42) Group Finance Director since May 2000. Previously he was with the UK firm of Arthur Andersen where he became a partner in 1993. He specialised in providing services to clients in the financial services industry, including regulators and government agencies in the UK and US. 6. Mark Tucker (Age 45) A director since 1999. Chief Executive of Prudential Corporation Asia since 1994. Previously General Manager of Prudential, Hong Kong from 1989 to 1992 and Senior Vice President of Operations of Jackson National Life from 1992 to 1994. Joined Prudential in 1986. 4. Clark Manning (Age 44) A director since January 2002. President and Chief Executive Officer of Jackson National Life since November 2001. Previously Acting Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer of Jackson National Life which he joined in 1995. Previously Senior Vice President and Chief Actuary for SunAmerica Inc, and prior to that Consulting Actuary at Milliman & Robertson Inc. Fellow of the Society of Actuaries and a Member of the American Academy of Actuaries. 7. Mark Wood (Age 49) A director and Chief Executive of Prudential Assurance, UK and Europe since June 2001. Non-executive director of European e-commerce technology company Lost Wax since December 2001. Previously Chief Executive of Axa UK plc (formerly Sun Life & Provincial Holdings plc) and Axa Equity and Law plc, and Managing Director of AA Insurance. Prior to that a director of Guardian Royal Exchange plc, Deputy Chairman of the Association of British Insurers and Chairman of PPP Health Insurance. 28 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Non-executive Directors 8 9 10 11 12 13 8. Sir David Barnes CBE (Age 67) A director since 1999. Non-executive Deputy Chairman of Syngenta AG. Previously non- executive Chairman of Imperial Cancer Research Technology Limited. Deputy Chairman of AstraZeneca plc to April 2001 and prior to that Chief Executive of Zeneca Group PLC. Member of the Board of Trustees, British Red Cross Society. Previously Deputy Chairman of Business in the Community. 9. Bart Becht (Age 46) A director since May 2002. Chief Executive of Reckitt Benckiser plc. He joined Benckiser N.V. in 1988 and was appointed Chief Executive in 1995; Benckiser N.V. and Reckitt & Colman plc merged in December 1999. Previously he served in various functions in Procter & Gamble. 10. Ann Burdus CBE (Age 69) A director since 1996. Non-executive director of Next plc. Trustee of the Barts & Royal London Charitable Foundation. Previously a non-executive director of Safeway plc and a committee member of the Automobile Association. 12. Rob Rowley (Age 53) A director since 1999. Deputy Chairman of Cable & Wireless Public Limited Company and a non-executive director of Taylor Nelson Sofres plc and UK eUniversities Worldwide. Retired as a director of Reuters Group PLC in December 2001. 11. Roberto Mendoza (Age 57) A director since May 2000. Non-executive Chairman of Egg plc. Non-executive director of Reuters Group PLC, The BOC Group plc and Vitro SA. Founder member of Integrated Finance Limited. Member of the World Bank – IFC Bank Advisory Group. Trustee of the London Symphony Orchestra. Previously Vice Chairman and director and a member of the Corporate Office of JP Morgan & Co, Inc., and a managing director of Goldman Sachs. 13. Sandy Stewart (Age 69) A director since 1997. Chairman of Murray Extra Return Investment Trust plc and of the Scottish Amicable (supervisory) Board. Previously a practising solicitor and Chairman of Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society. Ages as at 21 March 2003. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 29 Corporate Governance Report The directors support the Combined Code on Corporate Governance annexed to the Listing Rules issued by the Financial Services Authority (the Code). The Company has complied throughout the accounting period ended 31 December 2002 with all the Code provisions set out in Section 1 of the Code, save for the appointment of a senior independent director. We have applied the principles in the manner described below and in the Remuneration Report. Organisational Structure The organisational structure of the Group is clearly defined by reference to business units for which individual business unit chief executives are responsible. They report to the Group Chief Executive. The Board, the members of which are set out on pages 28 and 29, meets regularly, usually eight times a year with a separate strategy day and additional meetings as and when required. In 2002 the Board met 10 times and there were a further five Board Committee meetings in addition to the regular Board Committees. During 2002, the directors’ average rate of attendance at Board meetings was 95 per cent. The Board determines the objectives and strategy for the Group. It has set out the specific matters which are reserved to it for decision. Authority is delegated to the Group Chief Executive for implementing the strategy and for managing the Group. In discharging his responsibility, the Group Chief Executive is advised and assisted by a Group executive committee, comprising all the business unit heads and a Group head office team of functional specialists. The head of each business unit, who in respect of their business unit responsibilities reports to the Group Chief Executive, has authority for management of that business unit and has established a management board comprising the most senior executives in that business unit. All directors have direct access to the advice and services of the Company Secretary who is responsible for advising the Board on procedures and applicable rules and regulations. Papers are provided to all directors approximately one week before the relevant Board or Committee meeting. Board Committees The Board has established the following standing committees of non-executive directors with written terms of reference: Audit Committee Rob Rowley (Chairman) Bart Becht Ann Burdus Sandy Stewart The Audit Committee normally meets six times a year and assists the Board in meeting its responsibilities under the Code in ensuring an effective system of financial reporting, internal control and risk management. It provides a direct channel of communication between the external and internal auditors and the Board, and assists the Board in ensuring that the external audit is conducted in a thorough, objective and cost-effective manner. It also reviews the Internal Audit annual work plan. The terms of reference of the Audit Committee include reviewing with the management of the Company and the external auditors the performance of the external auditors and the extent of 30 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 non-audit services; and the value for money obtained from auditors’ fees for both statutory audit work and non-audit work. The Audit Committee monitors regularly the non-audit services being provided to the Group by its auditors and has taken account of the developing requirements in the United Kingdom and the United States on the types of services that the external auditors may provide. No significant changes to the Audit Committee’s existing policies in this area have been required. The Audit Committee annually reviews the auditors’ independence. It also receives the minutes of the Disclosure Committee and the Group Risk Committee established in January and February 2003 respectively and monitors their activities. The minutes of Audit Committee meetings are circulated to the Board after each meeting. The external audit was last put out to competitive tender in 1999 when the present auditors were appointed. During 2002 the Audit Committee, as part of its scrutiny of auditors’ performance, reviewed the audit fee paid to them. The basis of the fee had been fixed for three years at the time of their appointment. The audit fee paid in 2002 reflects the increase in the auditors’ reporting responsibilities, such as the Group’s US filing obligations, and the increase in the extent of the Group’s operations since 1999. The basis of the fee has also been set having regard to the guidance of the Smith Report that the audit fee should of itself provide an appropriate return to the auditors. The Chairman, the Group Chief Executive, the Group Finance Director and other members of the senior management team, together with the external auditors, are invited to attend meetings of the Committee except when the Committee wishes to meet alone. The Committee also meets solely with both external and internal auditors at least once a year. Since the year end, the terms of reference of the Audit Committee have been reviewed and amended in order to ensure they comply with the provisions of the US, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002, as they affect UK companies with a dual-listing in the US. On 20 January 2003, Sir Robert Smith’s report ‘Audit Committees – Combined Code Guidance’ was published. It is expected that the guidance will be incorporated into the Code later this year. The Audit Committee is currently reviewing the guidance contained in the report and the appropriateness of the best practice recommendations made and will consider further what, if any, additional changes are required. Remuneration Committee Roberto Mendoza (Chairman from 1 July 2002) Sir David Barnes (Chairman until 1 July 2002) Bart Becht Ann Burdus Rob Rowley Sandy Stewart Upon appointment to the Board, all non-executive directors automatically become members of the Remuneration Committee. While the Chairman and Group Chief Executive are not members, they attend meetings unless there is a conflict of interest. The Remuneration Committee normally has scheduled meetings at least twice a year and a number of ad hoc meetings, as required, to review remuneration policy and determines the remuneration packages of the executive directors. In framing its remuneration policy, the Committee has given full consideration to the provisions of Section 1B of and Schedule A to the Code. The Remuneration Report prepared by the Board is set out on pages 33 to 43. In preparing the Report, the Board has followed the provisions of Schedule B to the Code and The Directors’ Remuneration Report Regulations 2002. Except in relation to the remuneration of the Group Chief Executive, when only the Chairman is consulted, the Remuneration Committee consults the Chairman and the Group Chief Executive about the Committee’s proposals relating to the remuneration of all executive directors. The Committee has access to professional advice inside and outside the Company. Nomination Committee The Company has a standing Nomination Committee, with written terms of reference, the members of which are: David Clementi (Chairman) Sir David Barnes Ann Burdus Sandy Stewart The Nomination Committee meets as required to consider candidates for appointment to the Board and to make recommendations to the Board in respect of those candidates. Independent Professional Advice The Board has approved a procedure whereby directors have the right in furtherance of their duties to seek independent professional advice at the Company’s expense. Copies of any instructions and advice given by an independent professional adviser to a director are supplied by the director to the Company Secretary who will, unless otherwise instructed by the director concerned, circulate to other directors any necessary information to ensure that other members of the Board are kept informed on issues arising affecting the Company or any of its subsidiaries. No director obtained independent professional advice during 2002. Directors’ Independence, Training and Re-election The non-executive directors were throughout the year and continue to be considered to be independent. Given the calibre and experience of our non-executive directors, and given that the roles of the Chairman of the Board, the Group Chief Executive, the Chairman of the Audit Committee and the Chairman of the Remuneration Committee were all held by different people, the Board did not believe that it was appropriate to recognise a senior independent director, other than these directors, to whom concerns can be conveyed in respect of relevant issues. The Company is one of the UK’s largest institutional investors and the Board does not believe that this situation compromises the independence of those non-executive directors who are also on the boards of companies in which the Company has a shareholding. The Board also believes that such shareholdings should not preclude the Company from having the most appropriate and highest calibre non-executive directors. Non-executive directors are appointed initially for a three-year term. The appointment is reviewed towards the end of this period. Upon appointment, all non-executive directors embark upon an induction programme that will usually take the form of visits to different business areas in the Group where the opportunity is taken for the newly appointed director to meet members of staff. Training is available for executive directors where appropriate. All directors are required to submit themselves for re-election at regular intervals and at least every three years, and annually at each Annual General Meeting following their reaching the age of 70. Relations with Shareholders As a major institutional investor, the Company is aware of the importance of maintaining good relations with its shareholders. The Company regularly holds discussions with major shareholders and a programme of meetings took place during 2002. Information on the Company is also made available on our website at www.prudential.co.uk The Annual General Meeting will be held in the Churchill Auditorium at The Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE on Thursday 8 May 2003 at 11.00 a.m. The Company believes the Annual General Meeting is an important forum for both institutional and private shareholders and encourages attendance by all its shareholders. At its Annual General Meeting in 2002, the Company indicated the balance of proxies lodged for each resolution after it had been dealt with on a show of hands and the total percentage of share capital voted on all resolutions. This practice provides shareholders present with sufficient information regarding the level of support and opposition to each resolution. The Company discloses the number of the proxy votes received to any shareholder upon request after the Annual General Meeting. The Notice of the Annual General Meeting and related papers are sent to shareholders at the same time as the Annual Report, and Annual Review and Summary Financial Statement at least 20 working days before the meeting. At the 2003 Annual General Meeting, as with last year’s meeting, questions will be sought from shareholders. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002 As mentioned above, the Company is monitoring the introduction of this US legislation and the regulations that relate to it. The Company will comply with its requirements, as they affect UK companies. A Disclosure Committee, reporting to the Group Chief Executive, chaired by the Group Finance Director and comprising members of senior management has been established to supervise the Company’s disclosure process and to provide the necessary framework to support the certifications required to be given under the Act. The Higgs Review While the Company has for some time had practices in place which comply with the majority of the recommendations in the Review, it believes a fuller debate is required before any changes to the Combined Code are made. The Company is currently carrying out a detailed review of its existing arrangements and will consider what changes, if any, are necessary for the promotion of best practice in the boardroom. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 31 Businesses are required to confirm annually that they have undertaken risk management during the year as required by the Group Risk Framework and that they have reviewed the effectiveness of the system of internal control. The results of this review were reported to and reviewed by the Audit Committee, and confirmed that the processes described above and required by the Group Risk Framework were in place throughout the period covered by this report, and complied with Internal Control: Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code (the Turnbull guidance). Internal Audit undertakes a review for the Audit Committee of the operation of the risk management process throughout the Group. In addition Internal Audit executes a comprehensive risk based audit plan throughout the Group, from which all significant issues are reported to the Audit Committee. The Group’s internal control framework includes detailed procedures laid down in financial and actuarial procedure manuals. The Group prepares an annual business plan with three-year projections. Executive management and the Board receive monthly reports on the Group’s actual performance against plan, together with regularly updated forecasts. The Group’s risk management procedures are further described in the Financial Review. Corporate Governance Report continued Financial Reporting The directors have a duty to report to shareholders on the performance and financial position of the Group and are responsible for preparing the financial statements on pages 47 to 85 and the supplementary information on pages 90 to 101. It is the responsibility of the auditors to form an independent opinion, based on their audit of the financial statements and their review of the supplementary financial statements; and to report their opinions to the Company’s shareholders. Their opinions are given on pages 86 and 102. Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company and of the Group and of the results for the period and which comply with the Companies Act 1985. In preparing those statements, the directors ensure that suitable accounting policies are selected and applied consistently, that reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates are made and that applicable accounting standards are followed. They also ensure that appropriate accounting records are maintained which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Company and enable them to prepare the financial statements and that reasonable steps are taken to safeguard the assets of the Group and to prevent and detect fraud and other irregularities. After making appropriate enquiries, the directors consider that the Group has adequate resources to continue its operations for the foreseeable future. They therefore continue to use the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements. Internal Control The Board has responsibility for the Group’s system of internal control and for reviewing its effectiveness. The control procedures and systems the Group has established are designed to manage, rather than eliminate, the risk of failure to meet business objectives and can only provide reasonable and not absolute assurance against material mis-statement or loss. The system of internal controls includes financial, operational and compliance controls and risk management. In reviewing the risk management framework the Company has during the year commissioned independent reports on its risk management processes and procedures. The Group Risk Framework, adopted in 1999, requires that all of the Group’s businesses and functions establish processes for identifying, evaluating and managing the key risks faced by the Group. As a provider of financial services, including insurance, the Group’s business is the managed acceptance of risk. The system of internal control is an essential and integral part of the risk management process. As part of the annual preparation of its business plan, all of the Group’s businesses and functions are required to carry out a review of risks. This involves an assessment of the impact and likelihood of key risks and of the effectiveness of controls in place to manage them. The assessment is reviewed regularly throughout the year. In addition, business units review opportunities and risks to business objectives regularly with the Group Chief Executive and Group Finance Director. 32 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Remuneration Report for year ended 31 December 2002 Introduction What this report covers This report to shareholders: • Sets out our remuneration policy. • Explains the policy under which our executive and non-executive directors were remunerated for the year ended 31 December 2002. • Sets out tables of information showing details of the remuneration and share interests of all the directors for the year ended 31 December 2002. Compliance with the Directors’ Remuneration Regulations 2002 This report has been approved by the Board and as required by The Directors’ Remuneration Report Regulations 2002 (the Regulations), a resolution will be put to shareholders at the Annual General Meeting inviting them to consider and approve this report. This report complies with the requirements of the Regulations and KPMG Audit Plc have audited the sections contained in pages 37 to 43 of this report as required by the Regulations. The Remuneration Committee Role of the Remuneration Committee Your Board believes that a properly constituted and effective Remuneration Committee is key to ensuring that executive directors’ remuneration is aligned to shareholders’ interests and enhances the competitiveness of the Company. The Board has delegated to the Remuneration Committee the setting of the remuneration policy and individual remuneration packages for executive directors. The fees of non-executive directors are a matter for the Board itself. Membership of the Remuneration Committee The members of the Remuneration Committee during 2002 were all independent non-executive directors, as shown below: Roberto Mendoza (Chairman from 1 July 2002) Sir David Barnes (Chairman until 1 July 2002) Bart Becht (joined the Committee on 9 May 2002) Ann Burdus Rob Rowley Sandy Stewart The Chairman and the Group Chief Executive attend Remuneration Committee meetings to provide background and context on matters relating to the remuneration of the other executive directors, but do not attend when their own remuneration is discussed. No director is involved in determining his or her own remuneration. The Remuneration Committee meets on at least two occasions each year and more frequently if the need arises. Advisers to the Remuneration Committee During 2002 the Group Human Resources Director was invited by the Committee to provide her views and advice. The Committee appointed Ernst & Young LLP to provide advice on long-term incentive arrangements. The Company, with the agreement of the Committee, appointed Towers Perrin to provide information on market data and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer to advise on legal matters. Ernst & Young LLP also provided consultancy advice to the Company, Towers Perrin provided consultancy advice and salary survey information and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer provided other legal advice to the Company. Compliance with the Combined Code During the year, the Company has complied with Schedule A and Schedule B of the Combined Code’s provisions relating to the Principles of Good Governance and Code of Best Practice regarding directors’ remuneration. Remuneration Policy The aim of the policy is to be able to recruit and retain the highest calibre executives. To achieve our objective, Prudential must use remuneration practices relevant to the different markets around the world in which we do business. We need to do this within the context of our UK base, which has its own regulatory framework and shareholder views and we will be guided by UK corporate governance standards. Remuneration policy for executive directors For 2003, the Board, on the recommendation of the Remuneration Committee, has maintained the remuneration policy that was applied in 2002. The policy on remuneration levels and elements of the remuneration package is set out below. The Remuneration Committee will keep the policy relating to long-term incentives under review. Otherwise, it is expected that this policy will remain the policy in subsequent years, although the Remuneration Committee considers that a successful remuneration policy needs to be sufficiently flexible to take account of changes in the Company’s business environment and in remuneration practice so the policy may be subject to amendment in future years. Any changes in the policy after 2003 will be described in future Remuneration Reports. Key principles of the remuneration policy The principles developed by the Remuneration Committee reflect the relative importance of those elements that are performance related and those which are fixed and are as follows: • A high proportion of total remuneration will be delivered through performance related reward. • A significant element of performance related reward will be provided in the form of shares. • The total remuneration package for each director will be set against the relevant employment market. • Performance measures will include both absolute financial measures and comparative measures as appropriate to provide a clear alignment between the creation of shareholder value and reward. • Performance will be rewarded at both a regional and Group level. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 33 Remuneration Report continued for year ended 31 December 2002 Total remuneration levels Total remuneration means for these purposes basic salary and short and long-term incentives. Award levels for short and long- term incentives for the Group Chief Executive will be set by the Remuneration Committee by reference to the total remuneration levels of other Chief Executives of UK based major international companies and major UK financial companies. This approach reflects the international scope of Prudential’s business while ensuring that remuneration is determined by reference to UK pay levels. The total remuneration levels for the other executive directors will be set similarly by reference to levels in their relevant markets. All pay data will be externally provided. Elements of the remuneration package Basic salary The Remuneration Committee normally reviews, on an individual basis, executive directors’ salaries each year, having regard to business results, individual accountabilities and performance, and market conditions. Annual incentive plans The annual incentive plan for executive directors is designed to reward the creation of value during the year, while supporting sustained long-term value creation. Annual incentive payouts for all executive directors are dependent on performance. Performance is measured against the stretching quantitative financial targets and business objectives in our business plans. Personal performance is also taken into account. Annual bonus awards are not pensionable. Clark Manning is also eligible to participate in a US tax qualified all-employee profit sharing plan. Long-term incentive plans Our long-term incentive plans are designed to drive the underlying financial performance of the business, i.e. value creation, and relative Total Shareholder Return (TSR). The plans also recognise that strong regional performance is critical to Group performance. The policy for long-term incentive awards and levels in 2003 is set out below, and is the same as the policy in 2002. Restricted Share Plan The Group’s primary long-term incentive plan is the Restricted Share Plan (RSP) which is designed to provide rewards linked to the returns to shareholders. This is an important performance-related element of the total reward package for executive directors. It is designed to reward the achievement of TSR relative to other companies in the FTSE 100 at the beginning of each three-year performance period. This performance measure was chosen when the RSP was introduced as it reflected a combination of market practice, an assessment of Prudential’s main competitors and the focus of UK investors at that time. In addition, for awards under the RSP to vest, the Remuneration Committee must be satisfied with the Company’s underlying financial performance over the same period. For executive directors, annual incentive awards are determined as a percentage of their basic salaries at the end of the year. For 2003, Jonathan Bloomer, Philip Broadley, Mark Tucker and Mark Wood are eligible for awards of up to 110 per cent of their basic salary. The award for on target performance is 50 per cent of basic salary, to be paid in cash. These executive directors are further aligned with the interests of shareholders in that any part of the annual incentive award made for performance above target is made in Prudential shares. Receipt of these shares is deferred and the shares are normally only released after three years providing the director is still in employment. During the deferral period, dividends accumulate for the benefit of award holders. Under the RSP executive directors receive annual grants of conditional awards of shares in the Company which are held in trust for three years. At the end of each three-year performance period, a right to receive shares at no cost to the individual may be granted, dependent on the Company’s performance. No rights will be granted if the Company’s TSR performance as ranked against the comparator group is at the 60th percentile or below. The maximum grant will be made only if the TSR ranking of the Company is 20th percentile or above. Between these points, the size of the grant made is calculated on a straight line sliding scale. In normal circumstances, directors may take up their right to receive shares at any time during the following seven years. Michael McLintock is eligible to receive an annual incentive award in line with remuneration levels in the investment management industry of 300 per cent of basic salary for target performance based on the profits of M&G, the fund performance of M&G and Group and individual performance, with a maximum of 500 per cent of basic salary. Any part of the annual incentive award made for performance above target will be made in Prudential shares. Receipt of these shares is deferred and the shares are normally only released after three years providing the director is still in employment. During the deferral period, dividends accumulate for the benefit of the award holder. Clark Manning is eligible to receive an annual bonus which provides for a percentage share of a bonus pool geared to the profits of Jackson National Life. In addition, his targets include elements that depend on Group and individual performance which provide 100 per cent of basic salary for target performance with a maximum of 120 per cent. In 2003, for the Group Chief Executive, the conditional RSP award is equivalent to 200 per cent of basic salary at the time of the grant of the conditional award. For Philip Broadley, Clark Manning, Mark Tucker and Mark Wood, the award is equivalent to 160 per cent of basic salary. For Michael McLintock the award is equivalent to 80 per cent of basic salary. Regional and sector focus We believe that to grow the value of Prudential for our shareholders, we need to focus on growing each area of our business. Each executive director that runs an area of our business participates in two long-term incentive plans. To reflect Group responsibilities awards are made under the RSP described above, and awards are also made under the business specific long-term incentive plans described below, reflecting those responsibilities. In all cases the performance period for 2003 awards runs from the beginning of 2003 to the end of 2005. 34 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Clark Manning To reflect his role as Chief Executive of Jackson National Life, Clark Manning participates in a cash-based long-term plan that rewards the growth in appraisal value of Jackson National Life over the three-year performance period. All awards are geared to the change in the Prudential plc share price over the performance period. Any award is made following the end of the performance period. No award may be made under the 2003 plan unless the growth of Jackson National Life, as measured under the plan, is greater than eight per cent per annum compound over the performance period, for which a payment of $864,240 may be made, adjusted by a factor reflecting the Prudential plc share price change over the performance period. The on-target payout that may be made, for which a growth rate of 11.5 per cent per annum compound is required, is $1,728,480, also geared to the Prudential plc share price change. If a growth rate of 17.5 per cent per annum compound or more is achieved a maximum of 150 per cent of the target award, also geared to the Prudential plc share price change, may be paid. For payouts for performance between these points a sliding scale applies. Michael McLintock To reflect his role as Chief Executive of M&G, Michael McLintock participates in the M&G Chief Executive Long-term Incentive Plan that is designed to provide a cash reward through phantom M&G share awards and phantom M&G share options. The change in the phantom share price equals the change in M&G profit, modified up or down by the investment performance of M&G, over the relevant period. The phantom share awards have a performance period of three years and the award vests at the end of the performance period. For 2003 the face value of the award is £225,000. Provided they have value, the phantom share options may be exercised in part or in full during annual exercise periods after three to seven years from the start of the performance period. For 2003 the phantom option award has a face value of £367,800. Mark Tucker To reflect his role as Chief Executive of Asia, Mark Tucker participates in the Asian Long-term Incentive Plan which is a cash-based plan that rewards the growth in value of our major Asian businesses over the three-year performance period. Any award is made following the end of the performance period. No payment under the 2003 plan will be made unless the growth of the Asian business, as measured under the plan, is greater than a growth rate of 15 per cent per annum compound over the performance period. At this level of performance 50 per cent of basic salary may be paid under the plan. The on-target payout that may be made, for which a growth rate of 35 per cent per annum compound is required, is a payment of 100 per cent of basic salary. If a growth rate of 50 per cent per annum compound or more is achieved, a maximum payment of 150 per cent of basic salary may be made. For payouts for performance between these points a sliding scale applies. Mark Wood To reflect his role as Chief Executive of UK & Europe, Mark Wood participates in a cash-based long-term plan that rewards the growth in appraisal value of UK & Europe over the performance period. Any award is made following the end of the three-year performance period. No award may be made under the 2003 plan unless the growth in appraisal value of the UK & Europe business, as measured under the plan, is greater than eight per cent per annum compound over the performance period. At this level of performance a payment of 50 per cent of basic salary may be made. The on-target payout, for which a growth rate of 11.5 per cent per annum compound is required, is 75 per cent of basic salary. If a growth rate of 17.5 per cent per annum compound or more is achieved, a maximum of 100 per cent of basic salary may be paid. For payouts for performance between these points a sliding scale applies. Chairman’s Letter of Appointment and Benefits The Chairman joined the Company on 1 December 2002. He has a letter of appointment dated 5 September 2002 under which he is paid annual fees. The notice period is 12 months from either party. The Chairman participates in a medical insurance scheme, has life assurance cover and a car and driver is made available for his use. He is entitled to a supplement to his fees, intended for pension purposes. He is not a member of any Group pension scheme. Directors’ Service Contracts and Letters of Appointment Executive directors have contracts that terminate on their normal retirement date, which is the date of their 60th birthday. The normal notice of termination which the Company is required to give executive directors is 12 months, although for newly appointed directors there may be an initial contractual period of up to two years before the 12 months’ notice period applies. The service contracts for all current executive directors contain a 12 months’ notice period from the Company. When considering termination of service contracts, the Remuneration Committee will have regard to the specific circumstances of each case, including a director’s obligation to mitigate his loss. The contract for Clark Manning is a renewable one-year fixed- term contract. The contract is renewable automatically upon the same terms and conditions unless the Company or Clark Manning gives at least 90 days’ notice prior to the end of the relevant term. In the case of the former, Clark Manning is entitled to continued payment of salary and benefits for the period of one year from the day such notice is delivered to him. The contract can also be terminated by the Company or Clark Manning by giving 12 months’ notice. In mitigation of his loss, payments of Clark Manning’s salary during any period following the termination of employment will be reduced by the amount of any compensation earned by him from any subsequent employer or from any person for whom he performs services. Benefits to be provided during such period will also be cancelled to the extent that comparable benefits are available to him from these alternative sources. Prior to his appointment as an executive director, Clark Manning participated in the Brooke Holdings Inc Change of Control Severance Plan that provides payments in the event of the termination of his employment within 24 months, resulting from a change of control of Jackson National Life. The compensation to which Clark Manning is entitled under the plan is based on 2.5 times his annual compensation and immediate vesting of his long-term incentive plans. Under the terms of his appointment as an executive director, his participation in the plan ceases on 9 November 2004. Executive directors with the exception of Michael McLintock are required to give 12 months’ notice of termination to the Company. Michael McLintock is required to give six months’ notice to the Company. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 35 Remuneration Report continued for year ended 31 December 2002 Name Executive directors Date of contract Notice period to the Company Notice period from the Company Jonathan Bloomer 5 March 1999 12 months Philip Broadley 12 April 2000 12 months 12 months 12 months Clark Manning 7 May 2002 12 months* 12 months* Michael McLintock 21 Nov 2001 6 months Mark Tucker Mark Wood 9 Oct 2001 5 Oct 2001 12 months 12 months 12 months 12 months 12 months *The contract can also be terminated by issuing a non-renewal notice as described above. Non-executive directors do not have service contracts but are appointed pursuant to letters of appointment which are terminable by the Company at any time without liability for compensation. Date of initial appointment by the Board Commencement date of current three-year term Expiry date of current three-year term Name Non-executive directors Sir David Barnes 4 January 1999 AGM 2002 Bart Becht 9 May 2002 AGM 20032 Ann Burdus 21 November 1996 AGM 2000 Roberto Mendoza 25 May 2000 Rob Rowley 8 July 1999 AGM 2001 AGM 2000 Sandy Stewart 9 October 1997 AGM 2001 AGM 2005 AGM 2006 AGM 2003 AGM 2004 AGM 2003 AGM 2004 Notes 1. Under the terms of their letters of appointment, the non-executive directors serve for an initial term of three years following their election by shareholders at the Annual General Meeting after their appointment by the Board. 2. The commencement of Bart Becht’s initial term is subject to a resolution for his election being passed at the Annual General Meeting. Benefits and Protections Executive directors receive certain benefits, principally the provision of a cash allowance for a car, except for Clark Manning, participation in medical insurance schemes and, in some cases, the use of a car and driver and security arrangements. These benefits are not pensionable. The executive directors’ pension arrangements and life assurance provisions are set out in the Pensions and Life Assurance section. Except for Clark Manning, the executive directors are eligible to participate in the Company’s Savings-Related Share Option Scheme. Options granted under this scheme are not subject to performance conditions because this is an all-employee share scheme governed by specific tax legislation. In addition, the Company provides certain protections for directors and senior managers against personal financial exposure that they may incur in their capacity as such. Policy on External Appointments Subject to the Board’s approval, executive directors are able to accept a limited number of external appointments as non- executive directors of other organisations. Non-executive Directors’ Remuneration Non-executive directors are not eligible to participate in annual incentive plans, long-term incentive plans or pension 36 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 arrangements. Their fees are determined by the Board subject to the overall limit set by the shareholders, within the Articles of Association, and reflect their individual responsibilities including membership of Board committees. The Board reviews the fees annually. The basic fee payable to each non-executive director was increased from £32,500 to £40,000 per annum from June 2002. Non-executive directors use the portion of their fees above £25,000 to purchase shares in the Company, on a quarterly basis, that they will hold at least until their retirement from the Board. The Chairmen of the Audit and Remuneration Committees are each paid an additional fee of £10,000 per annum in respect of their roles and the other members of these Board Committees are each paid an additional fee of £5,000 per annum. The amount of these fees, net of applicable taxes, are used by the non-executive directors to purchase shares in the Company, on a quarterly basis, which will be held at least until their retirement from the Board. Roberto Mendoza, as Chairman of Egg, receives a fee of £75,000 per annum and Sandy Stewart, as Chairman of the supervisory board of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund, receives a fee of £30,000 per annum. Performance Graph The line graph below represents the comparative Total Shareholder Return (TSR) of the Company during the five years from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2002. In producing this graph it has been assumed that all dividends paid have been reinvested and share price averaging over a 90-day period has been used to reduce the effect of short-term share price volatility. Prudential plc TSR vs FTSE 100 Index ) % ( n r u t e r l r e d o h e r a h s l a t o T 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 7 9 / 2 1 / 1 3 8 9 / 2 1 / 1 3 9 9 / 2 1 / 1 3 0 0 / 2 1 / 1 3 1 0 / 2 1 / 1 3 2 0 / 2 1 / 1 3 Prudential plc TSR FTSE 100 Index This graph shows the Company’s Total Shareholder Return performance against the FTSE 100 index, which is a broad equity market index of UK companies of comparable size and complexity to Prudential. Total Shareholder Return over the performance period is the growth in value of a share plus the value of dividends paid, assuming that the dividends are reinvested in the Company’s shares on the day on which they were paid. Directors’ Remuneration Salary/Fees £000 Bonus £000 Benefits £000 Total 2002 £000 2001 Annual payments* £000 2001 Other payments £000 Chairman David Clementi (appointed 1 Dec 2002, note 3) Executive directors Keith Bedell-Pearce (retired 31 Dec 2001, note 4) Jonathan Bloomer Philip Broadley Clark Manning (appointed 2 Jan 2002, note 5) Michael McLintock (note 6) Mark Tucker (notes 7 and 8) Mark Wood (appointed 21 June 2001, note 9) 35 – 725 433 532 310 400 450 – 244 158 392 968 394 162 Total executive directors 2,850 2,318 Non-executive directors Sir David Barnes Bart Becht (appointed 9 May 2002) Ann Burdus Sir Roger Hurn (resigned 30 Nov 2002, note 10) Bridget Macaskill (resigned 16 Mar 2001) Roberto Mendoza Rob Rowley Sandy Stewart Total non-executive directors Overall total *Excluding other payments, detailed below. – 2 37 – – 43 28 12 51 119 42 295 – – – 17 – – – – 17 – 1,012 619 936 1,329 913 654 5,463 42 32 45 292 – 118 49 75 653 551 1,016 543 – 1,119 849 459 4,537 35 – 35 309 8 109 37 65 598 42 32 45 275 – 118 49 75 636 – – – – – – – – – Total 2001 £000 – 551 1,016 543 – 1,446 849 734 5,139 35 – 35 309 8 109 37 65 598 – – – – – 327 – 275 602 – – – – – – – – – 3,521 2,318 314 6,153 5,135 602 5,737 Notes 1. The highest paid director for 2002 was Mark Tucker, whose total emoluments were £1,455,227, which included £495,350 from the 1999 Asian Long-term Incentive Plan and £46,408 from the 1999 RSP award. Additionally in 2002 the Company made a pension contribution of £49,730 on his behalf to the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme. 2. No expense allowances were paid. 3. David Clementi’s fee level is £420,000 per annum. 4. For Keith Bedell-Pearce the 2001 total included an annual bonus payment and a payment recognising his contribution to the Company’s long term objectives, totalling £165,000 and made in 2002, which were disclosed in the 2001 Report. 5. Clark Manning’s bonus figure excludes a contribution of £6,654 from a profit sharing plan that has been made into a 401k retirement plan which is reported in the table on pension contributions on page 43. 6. Michael McLintock’s bonus for 2001 included a payment of £327,250 pursuant to his contractual arrangements following the purchase of M&G in 1999. 7. Mark Tucker’s benefits include an allowance of £111,000 for housing paid to reflect his expatriate circumstances. 8. Mark Tucker’s 2002 bonus includes a deferred share award of £194,436. His 2001 bonus figure included a deferred share award of £120,000, the details of which are reported in the section on Other Share Awards on page 40. Mark Tucker’s 2001 bonus figure in the 2001 Report also included a payment of £495,350 from his 1999 Asian Long-term Incentive Plan that is now included in the table on Other Long-term Incentive Plans on page 39 and the 2001 figure in the table above has been adjusted accordingly. 9. Mark Wood’s 2001 bonus included a payment of £275,000 in respect of his joining the Company. His 2001 bonus figure also included a deferred bonus of £39,720 in the form of shares the details of which are reported in the section on Other Share Awards on page 40. 10. Sir Roger Hurn’s details, as former Chairman, are reported with the non-executive directors for consistency with the 2001 Report. A car and driver were made available for his use. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 37 Remuneration Report continued for year ended 31 December 2002 Directors’ Long-term Incentive Plans Restricted Share Plan Details of conditional awards made under the Restricted Share Plan are shown below. These shares are held in trust and represent the conditional awards out of which rights may be granted, at the end of the relevant performance period, dependent on the performance conditions as described under the policy on long-term incentive plans on page 34. In respect of awards made in 1999 under the Restricted Share Plan, the Company’s TSR was ranked 43rd out of the 84 relevant comparator companies remaining in the FTSE 100 (i.e. the 51st percentile) for the three-year performance period ended on 31 December 2001. As Prudential’s position was higher than 60th percentile, a proportion of the shares could be released and in respect of the 1999 awards rights were granted over 22.5 per cent of the shares conditionally awarded to executive directors. The rights over the other shares lapsed. In respect of awards made in 2000 under the Restricted Share Plan, the Company’s TSR was ranked 62nd out of the 88 relevant comparator companies remaining in the FTSE 100 (i.e. the 70th percentile) for the three-year performance period ended on 31 December 2002. As Prudential’s position must be higher than 60th percentile for awards to be made, the 2000 awards have lapsed and rights will not be granted over any of the shares conditionally awarded to executive directors. The awards made in respect of 2001 and 2002 under the Restricted Share Plan run to 31 December 2003 and 31 December 2004 respectively and any grants under these plans will be based on the TSR ranking determined at the end of each of those performance periods. Performance under these plans was ranked respectively at percentile positions 63rd and 79th on the basis of TSR performance at 31 December 2002. In determining the conditional awards to be made for 2002 the shares were valued at their average share price during the preceding calendar year, and the price used to determine the number of shares conditionally awarded in 2002 was 818.7 pence (2001 – 975.6 pence). The table below shows the outstanding awards made under the Restricted Share Plan: Rights granted under the Restricted Share Plan Rights granted upon vesting in 2002 Conditional share awards Conditional award in 2002 outstanding at 1 Jan 2002 Keith Bedell-Pearce Jonathan Bloomer 28,664 28,209 2 56,873 36,308 63,470 135,301 Market Rights price of (options) granted upon 2002 award on date of grant (pence) Conditional share awards vesting outstanding at 31 Dec 2002 in 2002 Date of end of performance period 6,450 6,450 8,170 –1 31 Dec 01 – 31 Mar 02 –1 31 Dec 01 63,4703 31 Dec 02 135,301 31 Dec 03 177,110 31 Dec 04 177,110 714 Rights (options) granted upon vesting in 2002 Market price at Market price at original date of date of vesting award (pence) (pence) Date of grant of rights 6,450 15 Mar 02 763 719.5 6,450 8,170 15 Mar 02 763 719.5 235,079 177,110 8,170 375,881 8,170 Philip Broadley 18,806 57,401 85,990 714 18,8063 31 Dec 02 57,401 31 Dec 03 85,990 31 Dec 04 76,207 85,990 162,197 0 107,086 714 107,086 31 Dec 04 Clark Manning Michael McLintock 13,019 25,420 30,292 714 38,439 30,292 Mark Tucker 28,664 31,247 65,601 6,450 78,173 714 13,0193 31 Dec 02 25,420 31 Dec 03 30,292 31 Dec 04 68,731 –1 31 Dec 01 31,2473 31 Dec 02 65,601 31 Dec 03 78,173 31 Dec 04 6,450 15 Mar 02 763 719.5 Mark Wood 0 87,944 714 87,944 31 Dec 04 125,512 78,173 6,450 175,021 6,450 Notes 1. Balance of conditional shares lapsed. 2. 28,209 shares lapsed on Keith Bedell-Pearce’s retirement. 3. Lapsed as performance conditions were not met. 38 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Rights granted under the Restricted Share Plan upon vesting prior to 31 December 2001 and not yet exercised are shown in the following table: Jonathan Bloomer RSP rights outstanding at 1 Jan 2002 RSP rights outstanding at 31 Dec 2002 Price paid for award Exercise price (pence) Market price at 31 Dec 2002 (pence) 56,859 38,581 95,440 56,859 38,581 95,440 – – Nil Nil 439 439 Earliest exercise date 17 Mar 00 2 Apr 01 Latest exercise date 17 Mar 07 2 Apr 08 Other Long-term Incentive Plans Details of cash awards under other long-term incentive schemes are set out below. Clark Manning Prior to 2002, Clark Manning participated in the JNL cash long-term incentive plan that provided phantom share awards and phantom options. His 1998 and 1999 cash long-term incentive plans had four-year performance periods ending 31 December 2001 and 31 December 2002 respectively. The payouts in both cases depended on Jackson National Life’s US GAAP net income in the final year and resulted in no payment from either plan. Michael McLintock Michael McLintock’s 2000 cash long-term incentive plan has a three-year performance period and has the same performance conditions described in the section on long-term incentive plans on page 35. The phantom share price at the beginning of the performance period was £1 and as a result of M&G’s profit growth and fund performance of M&G over the three years, the phantom share price at the end was £1.36. This resulted in a payment from the phantom share award of £306,000. Mark Tucker Mark Tucker’s 1999 and 2000 cash long-term incentive plans had the same performance conditions as described in the section on long-term incentive plans on page 35. The compound growth rate of the Asia operations was 51.1 per cent per annum for the 1999 plan and 54.3 per cent per annum for the 2000 plan which results in a maximum payment in both cases. Mark Wood Mark Wood’s cash long-term incentive awards since joining in 2001 are included in the table. Clark Manning Phantom JNL options Phantom JNL shares Phantom JNL options Phantom JNL shares Phantom JNL options Phantom JNL shares Phantom JNL options Phantom JNL shares Business cash LTIP Michael McLintock Phantom M&G options Phantom M&G shares Phantom M&G options Phantom M&G shares Phantom M&G options Phantom M&G shares Mark Tucker Business cash LTIP Business cash LTIP Business cash LTIP Business cash LTIP Mark Wood Business cash LTIP Business cash LTIP Face value of conditional awards outstanding at 1 Jan 2002 £000 Conditionally awarded in 2002 £000 Payments made in 2002 £000 Conditional awards outstanding at 31 Dec 2002 £000 200 100 266 133 532 266 798 399 368 225 368 225 495 540 600 450 1,725 368 225 600 450 Nil Nil 495 – – 266 133 532 266 798 399 1,725 368 225 368 225 368 225 – 540 600 600 450 450 Date of end of performance period 31 Dec 01 31 Dec 01 31 Dec 02 31 Dec 02 31 Dec 03 31 Dec 03 31 Dec 04 31 Dec 04 31 Dec 04 31 Dec 02 31 Dec 02 31 Dec 03 31 Dec 03 31 Dec 04 31 Dec 04 31 Dec 01 31 Dec 02 31 Dec 03 31 Dec 04 31 Dec 03 31 Dec 04 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 39 Remuneration Report continued for year ended 31 December 2002 Other Share Awards Under the Company’s previous short-term deferred bonus plan, known as the Share Participation Plan (SPP) there are deferred share awards held in trust for five years, which are shown in the table below. The table below also includes the share awards that have been deferred from annual incentive plan payouts the value of which is included in the bonus figures in the Directors’ Remuneration table. The number of shares is calculated using the average share price over the three business days commencing on the day of the announcement of the Group’s annual financial results for the relevant year. For the 2001 awards the average share price was 657 pence. In order to secure the appointment of Mark Wood, on joining Prudential he was allocated Prudential plc share awards for no consideration that will be released provided he remains in employment with the Company until the release date. Shares awarded Shares released in 2002 Conditional Scrip share awards Conditionally awarded dividends in 2002 accumulated outstanding at 1 Jan 2002 Shares Conditional share awards released outstanding at 31 Dec 2002 in 2002 Date of end of restricted period Shares released in 2002 Date of release Market price at original date of award (pence) Market price at date of vesting (pence) Jonathan Bloomer SPP awards Mark Tucker Deferred 2001 annual incentive award Mark Wood Awards on appointment Deferred 2001 annual incentive award 12,829 5,935 6,409 71,569 15,080 31,672 12,829 – 17 Apr 02 5,935 21 Apr 03 6,409 4 May 04 12,829 24 Apr 02 568.5 755 18,2651 831 19,096 31 Dec 04 71,569 31 Jul 02 – 15,080 31 Jul 03 31,672 31 Dec 03 71,569 31 Jul 02 861 491.5 6,0461 275 6,321 31 Dec 04 Note 1. The value of deferred share awards from annual incentive plans is included in the bonus figure in the Directors’ Remuneration table. Directors’ Shareholdings The current shareholding policy is that as a condition of serving, all executive and non-executive directors have been required to hold 2,500 shares in the Company. These shares must be acquired within two months of appointment to the Board if the director does not own that number upon appointment. As stated on page 36, non-executive directors have also used a proportion of their fees to purchase additional shares in the Company on a quarterly basis. The interests of directors in shares of the Company are shown below. These interests include shares awarded under the Share Participation Plan and the share awards made to Mark Wood on appointment (described above). In addition, interests include rights granted under the 1997, 1998 and 1999 Restricted Share Plan where the executive has yet to exercise his right to receive shares. Awards that remain conditional under the Restricted Share Plan are excluded. The interests of directors in shares of the Company are shown below, including changes between 31 December 2002 and 14 March 2003. All interests are beneficial except 6,175 shares in respect of Sandy Stewart. Sir David Barnes Bart Becht Jonathan Bloomer Philip Broadley Ann Burdus David Clementi Clark Manning Michael McLintock Roberto Mendoza Rob Rowley Sandy Stewart Mark Tucker Mark Wood *Or date of appointment if later. 1 Jan 2002* 31 Dec 2002 14 Mar 2003 4,778 0 152,623 10,381 3,844 6,742 2,500 3,884 3,444 3,680 13,533 174,150 120,900 7,081 12,297 176,493 9,268 6,719 6,742 12,500 43,194 45,933 26,677 14,722 222,708 132,354 366,493 10,868 10,742 22,500 95,933 280,576† † Mark Tucker was awarded 57,868 deferred shares under the annual incentive plan for 2002 (included in the Directors’ Remuneration table on page 37). 40 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 The interests of directors in shares of the Company’s listed subsidiary, Egg plc, are shown below, including changes between 31 December 2002 and 14 March 2003. Jonathan Bloomer Philip Broadley Roberto Mendoza Rob Rowley 1 Jan 2002 31 Dec 2002 14 Mar 2003 470 470 200,000 940 9,092 2,610 225,000 940 250,000 Directors’ Share Options The Restricted Share Plan replaced the Executive Share Option Scheme (ESOS) in 1995 as the Group’s primary long-term incentive plan. Some outstanding options under ESOS remain unexercised and are set out below together with options under the Savings- Related Share Option (SAYE) Scheme. The Savings-Related Share Option Scheme is open to all UK and certain overseas employees. Options under this Scheme up to Inland Revenue limits are granted at a 20 per cent discount and cannot normally be exercised until a minimum of three years has elapsed. No payment has been made for the grant of any options. The price to be paid for exercise of these options is shown in the table below. No variations to any outstanding options have been made. Options outstanding at 1 Jan 2002 Exercised in 2002 Market price on exercise Options forfeit in 2002 date (pence) 196,750 226,750 7,677* 2,247* 7,677 651.5 433,424 7,677 1,327* 4,538* 2,172* 1,348* 1,041* 4,561 2,835* Market price at 31 Dec 2002 (pence) 439 439 – 439 439 439 439 439 439 Options outstanding at 31 Dec 2002 196,750 226,750 – 2,247* 425,747 1,327* 4,538* 2,172* 1,348* 1,041* 4,561 Exercise price (pence) Earliest exercise date Latest exercise date 315 26 Apr 98 26 Apr 05 315 26 Apr 00 26 Apr 05 1 Jun 02 30 Nov 02 254 1 Jun 05 30 Nov 05 751 730 1 Dec 03 31 May 04 380 25 Mar 03 24 Sept 03 359 1 Dec 03 31 May 04 751 1 Jun 05 30 Nov 05 648 1 Dec 06 31 May 07 2,835* 439 648 1 Dec 08 31 May 09 Jonathan Bloomer Philip Broadley Michael McLintock Mark Tucker Mark Wood *Savings-Related Share Option Scheme. Notes 1. No options were granted in 2002. 2. No price was paid for the award of any option. 3. The highest and lowest share prices during 2002 were 824 pence and 333 pence respectively. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 41 Remuneration Report continued for year ended 31 December 2002 Directors’ Pensions and Life Assurance It is the Company’s policy to offer executive directors the facility to save for retirement through efficient pension vehicles. Changes were introduced by the UK Government in 1989 which restrict the pension provision which can be made under Inland Revenue approved pension schemes for new entrants after 31 May 1989 to benefits on annual basic salary up to a threshold known as the earnings cap. The earnings cap for the 2002/2003 tax year is £97,200 per annum. For this reason UK executive directors employed since 1989 are offered a combination of Inland Revenue approved pension schemes and supplementary provision. UK Inland Revenue Approved Pension Schemes Executive directors are eligible for one of two Inland Revenue approved pension schemes on the same basis as other employees. The Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS) is a non-contributory defined benefit scheme, which provides a pension of 1/60th of Final Pensionable Earnings for each year of service on retirement at age 60 with an option to commute pension for a tax free cash sum. The scheme also provides on death in service, a lump sum of four times pensionable salary, a spouse’s pension of the greater of 25 per cent of pensionable salary or 54 per cent of prospective pension at 60, and children’s pensions of the greater of 8.33 per cent of pensionable salary or 18 per cent of prospective pension at 60 in accordance with the scheme rules. On death in retirement, a spouse’s pension of 50 per cent of the pension available at retirement before commutation is payable and a lump sum is also payable if death occurs in the first five years of retirement. Some of the pension payable is guaranteed to increase in line with the Retail Prices Index capped at five per cent, but in recent years all pensions in payment have been increased fully in line with the Retail Prices Index. Mark Tucker, having commenced employment before 1989, is eligible for benefits from PSPS on all basic salary. Philip Broadley and Mark Wood are eligible for benefits from PSPS on basic salary up to the earnings cap. Jonathan Bloomer only receives a lump sum death benefit of four times basic salary up to the earnings cap from PSPS. The M&G Group Pension Scheme (MGGPS) is a contributory defined benefit scheme that provides a target pension of 2/3rds of Final Pensionable Earnings on retirement at age 60 for an employee with 30 years or more potential service. The MGGPS also has an option to commute pension for a tax free cash sum. The scheme provides on death in service, a lump sum of four times pensionable salary and a spouse’s pension of 50 per cent of prospective pension at 60. On death in retirement, a spouse’s pension of 50 per cent of the pension available at retirement before commutation is payable and a lump sum is also payable if death occurs in the first five years of retirement. Some of the pension payable is guaranteed to increase in line with the Retail Prices Index capped at five per cent, but in recent years all pensions have been increased fully in line with the Retail Prices Index. Members currently contribute 2.4 per cent of basic salary towards the cost of the benefits. Michael McLintock is eligible for benefits under MGGPS on basic salary up to the earnings cap. US Directors Clark Manning participates in the JNL Defined Contribution Retirement Plan which is a US tax qualified defined contribution plan (a 401k plan) under which the total Company contribution for 2002 was £13,973. Supplementary Arrangements David Clementi is provided with a salary supplement, part of which is a contribution to a personal pension, and life assurance provision of four times his annual fees under the Prudential Supplementary Life Assurance Scheme (PSLAS). The premiums paid by the Company to this scheme are a taxable benefit. Jonathan Bloomer, Philip Broadley, Michael McLintock and Mark Wood are entitled to taxable salary supplements calculated on a formula based on their basic salary not covered for pension benefits under a UK Inland Revenue approved scheme. These directors may elect to have this salary supplement paid directly to them or to a Funded Unapproved Retirement Benefit Scheme (FURBS) established in their name. In either case it is a taxable emolument. In addition, these directors are eligible for death benefits broadly equivalent to the PSPS death benefits (both the lump sum and the capitalised value of spouse’s and children’s pensions) on that part of their basic salary not covered by the Inland Revenue approved scheme under the Prudential Supplementary Life Assurance Scheme (PSLAS). The premiums paid by the Company to this scheme are a taxable benefit. Clark Manning is provided with life assurance cover of two times basic salary. 42 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Details of directors’ pension entitlements under Inland Revenue approved defined benefit schemes and the pre-tax amount of any salary supplements and/or contributions to FURBS paid by the Company are set out below: Age at 31 Dec 2002 Years of pensionable service at 31 Dec 2002 Accrued benefit at 31 Dec 2002 £000 Additional pension earned during year ended 31 Dec 2002 £000 £000* Transfer value of accrued benefit at 31 December 2002 B £000 2001 A £000 Amount of (B-A) less contributions made by directors during 2002 £000 Pre-tax salary supplements and contributions to FURBS or other pension arrangements2 £000 53 48 41 44 41 45 49 – – 2 – 10 17 1 – – 4 – 22 133 3 – – 2 – 3 7 2 – – 28 – 124 – – – – 21 2 – – 146 2 5 1,027 1,225 10 22 2 – – 7 – (29) (198) 12 9 218 98 14 66 – 120 David Clementi Jonathan Bloomer Philip Broadley Clark Manning Michael McLintock Mark Tucker Mark Wood *Excluding inflation Notes 1. The transfer value equivalent has been calculated in accordance with Actuarial Guidance Note GN11. 2. As described under Supplementary Arrangements. No enhancements to the retirement benefits paid to or receivable by directors or former directors other than the discretionary pension increases awarded to all pensioners have been made during the year. Total contributions to directors’ pension schemes, including payments by the Company to PSPS, MGGPS and PSLAS were £760,000 (2001 £575,000). Signed on behalf of the Board of directors Roberto Mendoza Chairman of the Remuneration Committee 21 March 2003 David Clementi Chairman 21 March 2003 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 43 Directors’ Report Principal Activity and Business Review Prudential plc is the Group holding company and the principal activity of its subsidiary undertakings is the provision of financial services in Europe, the US and Asia. Particulars of principal subsidiary undertakings are given in note 30 on page 79. The Group’s business and likely future developments are reviewed in the Chairman’s Statement on pages 2 and 3, the Group Chief Executive’s Review on pages 4 and 5, the Business Review on pages 6 to 13 and the Financial Review on pages 14 to 25. Financial Statements and Supplementary Information The consolidated balance sheet on pages 50 and 51 shows the state of affairs of the Group at 31 December 2002. The Company’s balance sheet appears on page 53 and the consolidated profit and loss account on pages 47 to 49. Information prepared on the achieved profits basis of financial reporting is provided on pages 89 to 101. A summary of the statutory basis results is shown on page 46. There is a five year review of the Group on pages 87 and 88. Dividends The directors have declared a final dividend for 2002 of 17.1 pence per share payable on 28 May 2003 to shareholders on the register at the close of business on 21 March 2003. The dividend for the year, including the interim dividend of 8.9 pence per share paid in 2002, amounts to 26.0 pence per share compared with 25.4 pence per share for 2001. The total cost of dividends for 2002 was £519 million. Payment Policy It is the policy of the Group to agree terms of payment when orders for goods and services are placed and to pay in accordance with those terms. Trade creditor days, based on the ratio of trade creditors at the year-end to the amounts invoiced by trade creditors during the year, were 22 days. Directors The present directors are shown on pages 28 and 29. Clark Manning and Bart Becht were appointed as directors on 2 January 2002 and 9 May 2002 respectively. In accordance with the Articles of Association, Bart Becht will retire and offer himself for election at the Annual General Meeting. Sir Roger Hurn resigned as Chairman on 30 November 2002. David Clementi was appointed as Chairman on 1 December 2002 and, in accordance with the Articles of Association, he will retire and offer himself for election at the Annual General Meeting. Michael McLintock, Sandy Stewart and Roberto Mendoza will retire by rotation at the Annual General Meeting and offer themselves for re-election. Details of directors’ interests in the share capital of the Company and its listed subsidiary, Egg plc, are set out in the Remuneration Report on pages 40 and 41. Employees The following information is given principally in respect of employees of the Group in the United Kingdom. The policy towards employees overseas is the same but the practical application of the policy varies according to local requirements. Equal Opportunity Prudential recognises, respects and values difference and diversity. Its equal opportunities policy is to be fair, responsible and caring in all aspects of the business. The Group seeks to ensure all employees and applicants to its businesses are given equal opportunity in all aspects of employment to ensure that the Group’s businesses attract, retain and promote the best available talent. All the businesses work to embed these principles in all aspects of their management practices and to ensure that this is evident to employees in their day-to-day work. It is Group policy to give full and fair consideration and encouragement to the employment of applicants with suitable aptitudes and abilities, and to continuing the employment of staff who become disabled, and to provide training and career development opportunities to disabled employees. Employee Involvement The Group has effective communication channels through which employees’ views can be sought on issues which concern them. Throughout the Group there is close consultation between management and other employees on appropriate matters of concern, with a view to keeping employees informed about the progress of the Group’s business and the economic factors affecting it. Communication with employees is achieved in a number of ways, including staff briefings and through the Group’s intranet site. Prudential’s European Employee Forum provides an opportunity for elected staff representatives to consult with senior management on strategic European business issues. Each Prudential business in Europe is represented on the Forum. M&G’s Staff Consultative Committee promotes communication throughout M&G and is the forum for dialogue on a range of issues of interest to staff. In 2002 employees were again invited to participate in the Prudential Savings-Related Share Option Scheme. The Scheme has now been operating for over 19 years and a majority of UK staff currently participate. The Prudential International Savings- Related Share Option Scheme (ISSOS) for employees has been operating since 2000 in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, and since 2001 in Taiwan and India. On average 22 per cent of employees in those countries covered by the ISSOS currently participate. The trustees of each of the Group’s UK pension schemes include elected individuals. 44 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Donations Prudential is committed to supporting the communities where it is an employer. In 2002 the Company spent £3.3 million on community support activity, including in-kind donations and staff time. Within this, direct donations to charitable organisations amounted to £1.6 million, of which £1.1 million came from EU operations. This is broken down as follows: Education £675,000; Social and Welfare £315,000; Environment £83,000; Children and Youth £31,000; Medical and Other £31,000; and Arts and Heritage £8,000. The total aggregate figure for charitable donations from Prudential’s non-EU subsidiaries (Jackson National Life and Prudential Corporation Asia) amounted to £0.5 million. Jackson National Life made political donations of $15,500 in 2002. However, the Group’s policy not to make donations to EU political parties or to incur EU political expenditure, within the normal meaning of those expressions, has not changed and the Group did not make any such donations or incur any such expenditure in 2002. Auditors A resolution for the re-appointment of KPMG Audit Plc as auditors of the Company will be put to the Annual General Meeting. Shareholders The number of accounts on the share register at 31 December 2002 was 86,400 (2001 84,936). Further information about shareholdings in the Company is given on page 103. At 14 March 2003 the Company had received notification in accordance with Sections 198 to 208 of the Companies Act 1985 from The Capital Groups Companies Inc. of a holding of 4 per cent of the Company’s share capital, from Fidelity Investments of a holding of 3.96 per cent of the Company’s share capital, and from Legal and General Investment Management Limited of a holding of 3 per cent of the Company’s share capital. On behalf of the Board of directors Peter Maynard Company Secretary 21 March 2003 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 45 Summary of Statutory Basis Results year ended 31 December 2002 The following table shows the statutory basis results reported in the profit and loss account on pages 47 to 49. It does not form part of the statutory financial statements. Operating profit before tax (based on long-term investment returns) before amortisation of goodwill General business: UK Insurance Operations Re-engineering costs Balance on the general business technical account (analysed on page 47) Long-term business: UK Insurance Operations US Operations Prudential Asia (net of development expenses of £26m (£19m)) Prudential Europe (net of development expenses of £8m (£29m)) UK re-engineering costs attributable to shareholders Balance on the long-term business technical account before tax (analysed on pages 48 and 49) M&G US broker dealer and fund management Egg Other income and expenditure (analysed on page 65) Group operating profit before amortisation of goodwill Items excluded from operating profit before amortisation of goodwill: Amortisation of goodwill Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Merger break fee (net of related expenses) Profit on sale of UK general business operations Total Statutory basis profit on ordinary activities before tax (analysed on page 49) Tax on profit on ordinary activities: Tax on operating profit before amortisation of goodwill Tax on items excluded from operating profit before amortisation of goodwill Total tax on profit on ordinary activities Minority interests Statutory basis profit for the financial year after minority interests: Operating profit after tax and related minority interests before amortisation of goodwill Items excluded from operating profit after tax before amortisation of goodwill Total statutory basis profit for the financial year after minority interests Earnings per share Based on operating profit after tax and related minority interests before amortisation of goodwill Based on total statutory profit for the financial year after minority interests – basic Dividend per share 2002 £m 2001 £m – – – 368 139 62 1 (14) 556 71 14 (20) (189) 432 (98) (205) – 355 52 484 (122) 78 (44) 79 (7) 72 435 282 25 (24) (41) 677 75 16 (88) (130) 622 (95) (480) 338 – (237) 385 (174) 153 (21) 9 25 314 135 449 460 (71) 389 15.8p 22.6p 23.3p 19.7p 26.0p 25.4p 46 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Consolidated Profit and Loss Account year ended 31 December 2002 General Business Technical Account Gross premiums written Outwards reinsurance premiums Premiums written, net of reinsurance Change in the gross provision for unearned premiums Change in the provision for unearned premiums, reinsurers’ share Earned premiums, net of reinsurance Allocated investment return transferred from the non-technical account Claims paid: Gross amount Reinsurers’ share Net of reinsurance Change in the provision for claims: Gross amount Reinsurers’ share Net of reinsurance Claims incurred, net of reinsurance Net operating expenses (including re-engineering costs of £nil (£7m)) Change in the equalisation provision Balance on the general business technical account Note 5 34 10 34 14 7,10 2002 £m 329 (329) – 6 (6) – 8 (221) 214 (7) 10 (8) 2 (5) (3) – – 2001 £m 390 (333) 57 (25) 158 190 37 (254) 6 (248) 32 158 190 (58) (95) (2) 72 Following the sale of the Group's UK home and motor general business operations on 4 January 2002 (see note 34), the whole of the general business technical account relates to discontinued operations. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 47 Consolidated Profit and Loss Account continued year ended 31 December 2002 Long-term Business Technical Account Gross premiums written Outwards reinsurance premiums Earned premiums, net of reinsurance Investment income Claims paid: Gross amount Reinsurers’ share Net of reinsurance Change in the provision for claims: Gross amount Reinsurers’ share Net of reinsurance Claims incurred, net of reinsurance Change in long-term business provision: Gross amount Reinsurers’ share Net of reinsurance Change in provisions for linked liabilities, net of reinsurance Change in other technical provisions, net of reinsurance Net operating expenses (including re-engineering costs of £38m (£193m)) Investment expenses and charges Unrealised losses on investments Tax attributable to the long-term business Allocated investment return transferred from the non-technical account Transfer from the fund for future appropriations Balance on the long-term business technical account Note 2002 £m 2001 £m 5 16,669 (216) 15,196 (180) 16,453 15,016 12 7,016 9,394 (13,816) 124 (13,209) 130 (13,692) (13,079) (4) 12 8 31 (1) 30 (13,684) (13,049) (4,127) 59 (7,233) 221 (4,068) (7,012) 1,346 901 (2,722) (6,111) (1,799) (1,982) (499) (539) (10,761) (10,667) 659 199 241 385 5,520 7,754 382 442 14 15 16 48 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Non-technical Account Balance on the general business technical account Balance on the long-term business technical account Tax credit attributable to balance on the long-term business technical account Balance on the long-term business technical account before tax Profit on insurance activities Other activities Investment income Allocated investment return transferred to the long-term business technical account Investment expenses and charges Unrealised losses on investments Allocated investment return transferred to the general business technical account Other income: UK investment management and products result US broker dealer and fund management results Merger break fee (net of related expenses) Profit on sale of UK general business operations Other charges: Corporate expenditure UK banking business result Amortisation of goodwill Loss on other activities Profit on ordinary activities before tax Tax on profit on ordinary activities Profit for the financial year before minority interests Minority interests Profit for the financial year after minority interests Dividends: Interim (at 8.9p (8.7p) per share) Final (at 17.1p (16.7p) per share) Total dividends Retained loss for the financial year Reconciliation of operating profit before amortisation of goodwill to profit on ordinary activities* Continuing operations Discontinued general business operations Operating profit before amortisation of goodwill based on long-term investment returns Amortisation of goodwill Operating profit based on long-term investment returns Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Merger break fee (net of related expenses) Profit on sale of UK general business operations Profit on ordinary activities before tax Basic earnings per share Based on operating profit after tax and related minority interests before amortisation of goodwill of £314m (£460m) and 1,988m (1,978m) shares Based on profit for the financial year after minority interests of £449m (£389m) and 1,988m (1,978m) shares Diluted earnings per share Based on profit for the financial year after minority interests of £449m (£389m) and 1,991m (1,982m) shares Dividend per share *Operating profit includes investment returns at the expected long-term rate of return but excludes amortisation of goodwill and the profit on sale of UK general business operations. The directors believe that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance. Profit on ordinary activities includes these items together with actual investment returns. This basis of presentation has been adopted consistently throughout these financial statements. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 49 Note 7 16 7 12 15 34 7 10 17 7 7 16 7 17 4 34 7 4 4 4 2002 £m – 382 174 556 556 283 (199) (191) (217) (8) 71 14 – 355 (62) (20) (98) (72) 484 (44) 440 9 449 (178) (341) (519) (70) 432 – 432 (98) 334 (205) – 355 484 2001 £m 72 442 235 677 749 199 (385) (162) (162) (37) 75 16 338 – (63) (88) (95) (364) 385 (21) 364 25 389 (172) (332) (504) (115) 550 72 622 (95) 527 (480) 338 – 385 15.8p 22.6p 23.3p 19.7p 22.6p 26.0p 19.6p 25.4p Note 2002 £m 2001 £m 17 1,604 1,687 10,487 22 10,766 87 73 23 24 104,299 109,328 33 115,138 119,902 25 15,763 17,453 157 621 221 244 163 589 221 330 8 1,243 1,303 243 3 23 212 385 866 270 2 21 174 511 978 10 10,526 976 196 1,115 34 113 118 26 33 27 18 8,037 935 241 1,436 52 138 135 13,078 10,974 1,156 1,125 3,218 – 95 4,469 3,175 29 143 4,472 152,161 156,769 Consolidated Balance Sheet 31 December 2002 Assets Intangible assets Goodwill Investments Land and buildings Investments in participating interests Other financial investments Assets held to cover linked liabilities Reinsurers’ share of technical provisions Provision for unearned premiums Long-term business provision Claims outstanding Technical provisions for linked liabilities Debtors Debtors arising out of direct insurance operations: Policyholders Intermediaries Debtors arising out of reinsurance operations Other debtors: Tax recoverable Other Other assets Banking business assets: Egg Jackson Federal Bank Tangible assets Cash at bank and in hand Own shares (ordinary shares of parent company) Present value of acquired in force long-term business Present value of future margins relating to advances from reinsurers Prepayments and accrued income Accrued interest and rent Deferred acquisition costs: Long-term business General business Other prepayments and accrued income Total assets 50 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Liabilities Capital and reserves Share capital Share premium Profit and loss account Shareholders’ funds – equity interests Minority interests Fund for future appropriations Technical provisions Provision for unearned premiums Long-term business provision Claims outstanding Equalisation provision Technical provisions for linked liabilities Provision for other risks and charges Deferred tax Deposits received from reinsurers Creditors Creditors arising out of direct insurance operations Creditors arising out of reinsurance operations Debenture loans Amounts owed to credit institutions Other borrowings Obligations of Jackson National Life under funding and stocklending arrangements Other creditors including taxation and social security: Banking business liabilities: Egg Jackson Federal Bank Tax Final dividend Other creditors Accruals and deferred income Total liabilities Note 2002 £m 2001 £m 27 27 9 8 100 550 3,018 3,668 100 533 3,317 3,950 108 118 7,663 13,202 163 99,114 953 – 202 98,511 980 40 8 100,230 99,733 8 16,007 17,783 16 31 31 31 31 10 696 173 252 184 2,293 296 1,784 5,098 9,882 902 924 341 1,022 2,005 192 420 341 2,244 1,052 1,543 3,703 7,465 868 338 332 1,014 22,978 19,320 638 466 152,161 156,769 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 51 Consolidated Statement of Total Recognised Gains and Losses year ended 31 December 2002 Profit for the financial year after minority interests Exchange movements Total recognised gains relating to the financial year 2002 £m 449 (252) 197 2001 £m 389 52 441 Reconciliation of Movements in Consolidated Shareholders’ Capital and Reserves year ended 31 December 2002 1 January 2001 Total recognised gains relating to 2001 Dividends New share capital subscribed Transfer for shares issued in lieu of cash dividends Charge in respect of shares issued to qualifying employee share ownership trust 1 January 2002 Total recognised gains relating to 2002 Dividends New share capital subscribed Transfer for shares issued in lieu of cash dividends 31 December 2002 Ordinary share capital (note 27) £m Share premium (note 27) £m Retained profit and loss reserve £m Total £m 99 458 3,414 3,971 1 41 (20) 54 441 (504) 42 441 (504) 20 (54) 100 533 3,317 3,950 197 (519) 23 197 (519) 40 40 (23) 100 550 3,018 3,668 52 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Note 2002 £m 2001 £m 28 28 31 5,500 2,160 7,660 1,420 – 28 36 1,484 5,179 1,584 6,763 1,521 9 24 16 1,570 (1,632) (29) (14) (126) (341) (19) (43) (1,417) – (8) – (332) (31) (44) (2,204) (1,832) (720) (262) 6,940 6,501 31 (1,703) (3,511) (1,698) (2,925) (5,214) (4,623) 1,726 1,878 27 27 29 100 550 1,076 1,726 100 533 1,245 1,878 Balance Sheet of the Company 31 December 2002 Fixed assets Investments: Shares in subsidiary undertakings Loans to subsidiary undertakings Current assets Debtors: Amounts owed by subsidiary undertakings Tax recoverable Other debtors Cash at bank and in hand Less liabilities: amounts falling due within one year Commercial paper Other borrowings Amounts owed to subsidiary undertakings Tax payable Final dividend Sundry creditors Accruals and deferred income Net current liabilities Total assets less current liabilities Less liabilities: amounts falling due after more than one year Debenture loans Amounts owed to subsidiary undertakings Total net assets Capital and reserves Share capital Share premium Profit and loss account Shareholders’ funds The financial statements on pages 47 to 85 were approved by the Board of directors on 21 March 2003. David Clementi Chairman Jonathan Bloomer Group Chief Executive Philip Broadley Group Finance Director Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 53 Consolidated Cash Flow Statement year ended 31 December 2002 Operating activities Net cash inflow from operating activities Interest Interest paid Tax Tax recovered (paid) Acquisitions, disposals and similar items Net cash inflow from: Acquisition of fund management and long-term business subsidiary undertakings Merger break fee received Disposal of UK general business operations Net cash inflow from acquisitions, disposals and similar items Equity dividends Equity dividends paid Net cash outflow before financing Financing Issue of borrowings Movement on credit facility utilised by investment subsidiaries managed by PPM America Issues of ordinary share capital Net cash (outflow) inflow from financing Net cash (outflow) inflow for the year The net cash (outflow) inflow was invested as follows: Portfolio investments Purchases: Ordinary shares Fixed income securities Sales: Ordinary shares Fixed income securities Net (sales) purchases of portfolio investments Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term deposits, net of overdrafts Note 2002 £m 33 31 2001 £m 95 (180) (147) 299 (44) (12) – 353 341 (509) (18) 86 (165) 40 (39) (57) (182) 338 – 156 (494) (434) 640 404 42 1,086 652 39 3,209 3,248 20 2,416 2,436 (294) (3,037) (3,331) (83) 26 (57) (155) (504) (659) 1,777 (1,125) 652 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 In accordance with FRS 1, this statement shows only the cash flows of general business and shareholders’ funds. Cash flows of long-term business operations are excluded. 54 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Notes on the Financial Statements 1. Nature of Operations Prudential plc (the Company) together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the Group or Prudential) is an international financial services group with its principal operations in the United Kingdom, the United States and Asia. During 2002, the Group operated in the UK through its subsidiaries, primarily The Prudential Assurance Company Limited (PAC), Prudential Annuities Limited, Prudential Retirement Income Limited, Scottish Amicable Life plc (SAL), M&G Group plc, and Egg plc. In December 2002 the business of SAL was transferred to PAC under a court-approved arrangement. In the US the Group’s principal subsidiary is Jackson National Life Insurance Company. Long-term business products written in the UK and Asia are principally with-profits deposit administration, other conventional and unitised with-profits policies and non-participating pension annuities in the course of payment. Long-term business also includes linked business written in the UK, Asia and Europe. The principal products written by Jackson National Life in the US are interest sensitive deferred annuities and whole-life policies, variable annuities, guaranteed investment contracts, equity linked indexed deferred annuities and term life insurance. 2. Basis of Preparation The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with the provisions of Section 255A of, and Schedule 9A to, the Companies Act 1985 which cover the disclosures applicable to insurance companies and groups. The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with applicable accounting standards under UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (UK GAAP), including Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) and Statements of Standard Accounting Practice (SSAP) and also in accordance with the Statement of Recommended Practice, ‘Accounting for Insurance Business’, issued in December 1998 by the Association of British Insurers (the ABI SORP). The ABI SORP is currently under review and an Exposure Draft of the Revised SORP was issued for public consultation in November 2002. In preparing these financial statements the Company has not applied any of the changes proposed in the Exposure Draft. The results of US operations and certain Asian operations are prepared on the basis of US GAAP, adjusted where necessary to comply with UK GAAP. FRS 17, ‘Retirement benefits’ was issued in November 2000. This standard specifies how costs of providing retirement benefits, in particular for defined benefit schemes, should be recognised and disclosed in the financial statements. Under FRS 17 none of the requirements need be recognised in the primary financial statements for the years ended 31 December 2002 and 2001. However, for 2002 disclosure is required in respect of the impact of FRS 17 on the opening and closing balance sheet positions, profit and loss account, and statement of total recognised gains and losses to illustrate the effect if the standard had been recognised in these primary financial statements. The Company has adopted the standard in this respect and details are disclosed in note 19. FRS 19, ‘Deferred tax’ was issued in December 2000. This standard requires deferred tax to be recognised on most types of timing differences, in particular for gains and losses on assets that are continuously revalued to fair value where changes in fair value are recognised in the profit and loss account. The standard is required to be implemented for financial statements relating to accounting periods ending on or after 23 January 2002. However, early adoption was encouraged by the standard. The Company adopted the standard in its financial statements for 2001. Accordingly, the 2002 financial statements, including comparative figures for 2001, have been prepared in accordance with FRS 19. The consolidated financial statements of the Group include the assets, liabilities and results of the Company and subsidiary undertakings in which Prudential has a controlling interest, using accounts drawn up to 31 December 2002. The results of subsidiaries are included in the financial statements from the date acquired to the effective date of disposal. All intercompany transactions are eliminated on consolidation except for investment management fees charged by M&G and the Group’s US and Asia fund management operations to long-term business funds. The consolidated profit and loss account comprises a general business technical account (property and casualty insurance business); a long-term business technical account (life insurance, pension, disability and sickness insurance and annuity business); and a non-technical account. For the year ended 31 December 2002 all transactions recorded in the general business technical account relate to discontinued operations. The insurance operations are presented by category of income and expenditure in each respective technical account. The balances (profits on insurance activities for the year) from the general and long-term business technical accounts are then included in the non-technical account and combined with the Group’s non-insurance businesses (principally banking and fund management) to determine the consolidated profit for the financial year. In accordance with FRS 1, ‘Cash flow statements’, the statement of cash flows reflects only the cash flows of general business, the Group’s other non-insurance businesses included in the non-technical account, and amounts transferred to shareholders’ funds from the Group’s long-term businesses. The balance sheet of the Company is prepared in accordance with Section 226 of, and Schedule 4 to, the Companies Act 1985, which apply to companies generally. The Company has taken advantage of the exemption under Section 230 of the Companies Act 1985 from presenting its own profit and loss account. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 55 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 3. Significant Accounting Policies Long-term business The results are prepared in accordance with the modified statutory basis of reporting as set out in the Statement of Recommended Practice issued by the Association of British Insurers in December 1998. Premiums and claims Premium and annuity considerations for conventional with-profits policies and other protection-type life insurance policies are recognised when due. Premium and annuity considerations for linked policies, unitised with-profits policies and other investment- type policies are recognised when received or, in the case of unitised or unit linked policies, when units are issued. Premiums exclude any taxes or duties assessed based on premiums. Policy fees are charged to the linked, unitised with-profits and other investment-type policyholders’ account balances for mortality, asset management and policy administration. These fees are recognised as revenue when charged against the policyholders’ account balances. Claims paid include maturities, annuities, surrenders and deaths. Maturity claims are recorded on the policy maturity date. Annuity claims are recorded when the annuity becomes due for payment. Surrenders are recorded when paid, and death claims are recorded when notified. Deferred acquisition costs Costs of acquiring new business, principally commissions, marketing and advertising costs and certain other costs associated with policy issuance and underwriting that are not reimbursed by policy charges are specifically identified and capitalised as deferred acquisition costs (DAC), which are included as an asset in the balance sheet. The DAC asset is amortised against margins in future revenues on the related insurance policies, to the extent that the amounts are recoverable out of the margins. Recoverability of the unamortised DAC asset is assessed at the time of policy issue, and reviewed if profit margins have declined. For with-profits business, the amortisation of the DAC asset is taken into account in determining the transfer from or to the fund for future appropriations. Movements on the DAC asset and amortisation for with-profits business have no direct impact on the profit attributable to shareholders. For the business of Jackson National Life the determination of the expected emergence of margins, against which the amortisation profile of the DAC asset is established, is dependent on certain key assumptions. For single premium deferred annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term spread between the earned rate and the rate credited to policyholders. For variable annuity business, the key assumption is the expected long-term level of equity market returns which, for 2002, was 8.4% per annum implemented using a mean reversion methodology. These returns affect the level of future expected profits through their effects on fee income and the required level of provision for guaranteed minimum death benefit claims. Long-term business provision Prudential’s long-term business written in the UK comprises predominantly life insurance policies under which the policyholders are entitled to participate in the profits of the long-term business supporting these policies. This business is also written in parts of Asia. Such policies are called ‘with-profits’ policies. Prudential maintains with-profits funds within the Group’s long-term business funds which segregate the assets and liabilities and accumulate the profit and loss activity related to that with-profits business. The amounts accumulated in these with-profits funds are available to provide for future policyholder benefit provisions and for bonuses to be distributed to with-profits policyholders. The bonuses, both annual and final, reflect the right of the with-profits policyholders to participate in the financial performance of the with-profits funds. Shareholders’ profits with respect to bonuses declared on with- profits business correspond to the shareholders’ share of the cost of bonuses as declared by the Board of directors. The shareholders’ share currently represents one-ninth of the cost of bonuses declared for with-profits policies. Annual bonuses are declared and credited each year to all with-profits policies. The annual bonuses increase policy benefits and, once credited, become guaranteed. Annual bonuses are charged to the profit and loss account as a change in the long-term business provision in the year declared. Final bonuses are declared each year and accrued for policies scheduled to mature and death benefits expected to be paid during the next financial year. Final bonuses are not guaranteed and are only paid on policies that result from claims through the death of the policyholder or maturity of the policy within the period of declaration or by concession on surrender. No policyholder benefit provisions are recorded for future annual or final bonus declarations. The future policyholder benefit provisions on conventional with-profits and other protection-type policies are calculated using the net premium method. The net premium is calculated such that it would be sufficient at the outset of the policy to provide only for the discounted value of the original guaranteed death and maturity benefits. The provision is then calculated by subtracting the present value of future net premiums from the present value of future benefits (including vested bonuses) using a prudent discount rate. The assumptions to which the estimation of the long-term business provision is particularly sensitive are the interest rate used to discount the provision and the assumed future mortality experience of policyholders. The net premium reserves are calculated 56 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 3. Significant Accounting Policies continued Long-term business provision continued using assumptions for interest, mortality, morbidity and expense, but without assumptions for withdrawals. These assumptions are determined as prudent best estimates at the date of valuation. Interest rates used in establishing policyholder benefit provisions for conventional with-profits policies in the consolidated financial statements range from 3.0% to 5.0%. The interest rates used in establishing policyholder benefit provisions for pension annuities in the course of payment are adjusted each year and range from 2.4% to 5.4%. Mortality rates used in establishing policyholder benefit provisions are based on published mortality tables adjusted to reflect actual experience. For accumulating with-profits business of The Prudential Assurance Company Limited, the provision has been taken as the lower of: • the accumulated fund or the value at the bid price of the notional number of units allocated to policyholders, in both cases excluding final bonus, and • the surrender or transfer value which, having regard to policyholders’ reasonable expectations, would be payable at the valuation date, or, if greater, the value of the guaranteed liabilities excluding final bonus calculated on a gross premium bonus reserve method. For the purpose of calculating the liability using the bonus reserve method, the assumed interest rates range from 3.2% to 5.0%, while future reversionary bonuses are assumed to fall from current levels to zero at 1.5% per year. Additional details for PAC are given in the statutory accounts of that company. The future policyholder benefit provisions for Jackson National Life’s conventional protection-type policies are determined using the net level premium method, with an allowance for surrenders and claims expenses. Rates of interest used in establishing the policyholder benefit provisions range from 6.0% to 8.4%. Mortality assumptions range from 50% to 90% of the 1975-1980 Basic Select and Ultimate tables, depending on underwriting classification and policy duration. For investment-type products sold by Jackson National Life, the policyholder benefit provision included within technical provisions in the consolidated balance sheet is the policyholder account balance. Segregated accounts are established for policyholder business for which policyholder benefits are wholly or partly determined by reference to specific investments or to an investment-related index. The assets and liabilities of this linked business are reported as summary totals in the consolidated balance sheet. The future policyholder benefit provisions for Asian businesses are determined in accordance with methods prescribed by local GAAP. In regions where local GAAP is not well established, US GAAP is used as the most appropriate proxy to local GAAP. The valuation of policyholder benefit provisions may differ from that determined on a UK modified statutory basis. Fund for future appropriations The fund for future appropriations (FFA) represents the excess of assets over policyholder liabilities for the Group’s with-profits funds. The annual excess (shortfall) of income over expenditure of the with-profits funds, after declaration and attribution of the cost of bonuses to policyholders and shareholders, is transferred to (from) the FFA each year through a charge (credit) to the profit and loss account. The balance retained in the FFA represents cumulative retained earnings arising on the with-profits business that has not been allocated to policyholders or shareholders. The balance retained in the FFA is determined after full provision for deferred tax on unrealised appreciation on investments. The FFA in respect of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund is wholly attributable, but not yet allocated, to policyholders of that fund. Details are shown in note 8. Overseas subsidiaries Results of overseas subsidiaries are determined initially using local GAAP bases of accounting with subsequent adjustments where necessary to comply with the Group’s accounting policies. In the case of Jackson National Life, US GAAP results are adjusted to comply with UK GAAP in respect of the valuation basis for fixed income securities and certain financial derivative instruments. Further details are shown in note 11. General insurance General insurance business is accounted for on an annual accounting basis. Revenue recognition Premiums are recognised when risks are assumed. The proportion of premiums written relating to periods of risk beyond any year-end is recorded as an unearned premium provision and subsequently recognised in earnings proportional to the period of the risk. Premiums are presented gross of commission and exclude any taxes or duties assessed based on premium. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 57 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 3. Significant Accounting Policies continued Deferred acquisition costs Direct and indirect costs associated with the writing of new general insurance policies are deferred and amortised in a manner consistent with the method used for premium recognition described above. Claims Claims incurred include settlement and handling costs of paid and outstanding claims arising from events occurring in the year and adjustments to prior years’ claims provisions. Outstanding claims include claims incurred up to, but not paid, at the end of the accounting period, whether or not reported. An unexpired risks provision is established for any excess of expected claims and deferred acquisition costs over unearned premiums and investment returns. The assessment of expected claims involves consideration of claims experience up to the end of the accounting period. No specific provision is made for major events occurring after this date. Investment returns Investment returns comprise investment income, realised gains and losses and changes in unrealised gains and losses, except for changes in unrealised gains and losses on debt securities held by Jackson National Life. Subject to provisions for permanent diminutions in value, debt securities held by Jackson National Life are carried at amortised cost. Investment returns in respect of long-term business, including that on assets matching solvency capital, are included in the long- term business technical account. Other investment returns are included in the non-technical account. Investment returns on assets covering general business liabilities are allocated from the non-technical account to the general business technical account. For 2001 the allocated return for, now discontinued, UK personal lines business reflected longer-term returns on assets covering general business liabilities and related solvency capital. Investment returns are also allocated between the long-term business technical account and the non-technical account for the difference between the actual investment rate of return of the long-term business technical account and the longer-term rate of return on the assets backing shareholder financed long-term business (primarily Jackson National Life and certain Asian operations). Further details are provided in note 4. Reinsurance In the normal course of business, the Group seeks to reduce loss exposure arising primarily from catastrophes or other significant adverse events by reinsuring certain levels of risk in various areas of exposure with other insurance companies or reinsurers. An asset or liability is recorded in the consolidated balance sheet representing premiums due to or payments due from reinsurers, and the share of losses recoverable from reinsurers. Certain reinsurance contracts include significant financing elements. For these contracts the financing liability is recorded as a deposit due to the reinsurer. An asset representing the present value of future margins on the ceded business from which the financing will be repaid is also recognised on the consolidated balance sheet to the extent the reinsurer has assumed the risk that such margins will emerge. Tax The Group’s UK subsidiaries each file separate tax returns. Jackson National Life and other foreign subsidiaries, where permitted, file consolidated income tax returns. In accordance with UK tax legislation, where one domestic UK company is a 75% owned subsidiary of another UK company or both are 75% owned subsidiaries of a common parent, the companies are considered to be within the same UK tax group. For companies within the same tax group, trading profits and losses arising in the same accounting period may be offset for purposes of determining current and deferred taxes. Current tax expense is charged or credited to operations based upon amounts estimated to be payable or recoverable as a result of taxable operations for the current year. To the extent that losses of an individual UK company are not offset in any one year they can be carried back for one year or carried forward indefinitely to be offset against profits arising from the same company. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognised in accordance with the provisions of FRS 19, issued in December 2000. The Company has chosen not to apply the option available under FRS 19 of recognising such assets and liabilities on a discounted basis to reflect the time value of money. Except as set out in FRS 19, deferred tax is recognised in respect of all timing differences that have originated but not reversed by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax on changes in the fair value of investments is recognised in the profit and loss account. The deferred tax liability in respect of revaluation of investments is recognised in shareholders’ funds and the fund for future appropriations. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent that it is regarded as more likely than not that they will be recovered. 58 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 3. Significant Accounting Policies continued Tax continued The tax charge for long-term business included in the long-term business technical account includes tax expense on with-profits funds attributable to both the policyholders and the shareholders. Different tax rules apply under UK law depending upon whether the business is life insurance or pension business. Tax on the life insurance business is based on investment returns less expenses attributable to that business. Tax on the pension business is based on the shareholders’ profits or losses attributable to that business. The shareholders’ portion of the long-term business is taxed at the shareholders’ rate with the remaining portion taxed at rates applicable to the policyholders. The balance of the long-term business technical account is net of the total tax attributable to the long-term business. In order to present the profit on long-term insurance activities in the non-technical account on a pre-tax basis, a tax credit attributable to the shareholders’ portion of the tax provision for long-term business, calculated at the effective tax rate (where appropriate on a long- term basis) of the underlying business, is added. This shareholder tax add-back is then included in the tax expense on the profit on ordinary activities within the non-technical account. Further details are provided in note 16. Stock-based compensation The Group offers share award and option plans for certain key employees and a Save As You Earn plan (SAYE plan) for all UK and certain overseas employees. The arrangements for distribution to employees of shares held in trust relating to share award plans and for entitlement to dividends depend upon the particular terms of each plan. Shares held in trust relating to these plans are conditionally gifted to employees. Compensation costs for non-SAYE plans are recorded over the periods during which share awards or options are earned. Compensation costs are based on the quoted market prices of the shares at the grant date less any amounts paid or payable by employees in respect of the awards. In addition, shares are issued to a qualifying share ownership trust with the excess of the market price subscribed at the date of transfer by the trust over nominal value recorded by the Company in its share premium account. This amount includes the difference between the market price at the date of transfer to the trust and amounts payable by employees and is charged directly to the profit and loss account reserve within shareholders’ funds. Pension costs These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions of SSAP 24, ‘Pension costs’. Disclosures of the movements in the financial position of the Company’s defined benefit schemes, applying the methodology prescribed by FRS 17, are shown in note 19. Contributions to the Group’s defined benefit plans are calculated and expensed on a basis that spreads the costs over the service lives of participants. Contributions in respect of defined contribution plans are accrued by the Group when incurred. Land and buildings Investments in tenant and Group occupied leasehold and freehold (directly owned) properties are carried at estimated fair value, with changes in estimated fair value included in investment returns. Properties are valued annually either by the Group’s qualified surveyors or professional external valuers using The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) guidelines. The RICS guidelines apply separate assumptions to the value of the land, buildings, and tenancy associated with each property. Each property is externally valued at least once every three years. The cost of additions and renovations is capitalised and considered when estimating fair value. In accordance with SSAP 19, ‘Investment properties’, no depreciation is provided on investment properties (other than Group occupied) as management consider that these properties are held for investment purposes. Investments in participating interests A participating interest is a beneficial equity investment where the Group exercises influence over the investee’s operating and financial policies. A participating interest where the Group exercises significant influence over the investee, generally through ownership of 20% or more of the entity’s voting rights, is considered to be an investment in associate. The Group’s investments in associates are recorded at the Group’s share of net assets. The carrying value of investments in associates is adjusted each year for the Group’s share of the entities’ profit or loss. The Group’s investments in joint ventures are also recorded at the Group’s share of net assets. Other participating interests, where significant influence is not exercised, are carried as investments on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 59 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 3. Significant Accounting Policies continued Other financial investments Other financial investments include equity securities; debt and other fixed income securities; mortgage and other loans; loans to policyholders and deposits with credit institutions. Equity securities and debt and other fixed income securities Equity securities are carried at fair value. Debt and other fixed income securities are carried at fair value, except for those held by Jackson National Life, which, subject to provision for permanent diminutions in value, are carried at amortised cost. Fair value is based on quoted market prices for listed securities, and on quotations provided by external fund managers, brokers, independent pricing services or values as determined by management for unlisted securities. Changes in fair value are recognised in investment returns during the year of the change. Debt and other fixed income securities held by Jackson National Life are carried at amortised cost as permitted by paragraph 24 of Schedule 9A to the Companies Act 1985. The amortised cost basis of valuation is appropriate under the provisions of the ABI SORP for Jackson National Life’s redeemable fixed income securities as they are held as part of a portfolio of such securities intended to be held to maturity. Further details of the valuation basis for fixed income securities of Jackson National Life are explained in note 11. Mortgage and other loans Loans collateralised by mortgages and other unsecured loans are carried at unpaid principal balances, net of unamortised discounts and premiums and an allowance for loan losses, except for loans held by UK insurance operations which are carried at fair value. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to absorb losses inherent in the mortgage loan portfolio. Loans to policyholders Loans to policyholders are carried at unpaid principal balances and are fully collateralised by the cash value of policies. Deposits with credit institutions Deposits with credit institutions comprise items, the withdrawal of which are subject to time constraints, and are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value are included in investment returns for the year. Shares in subsidiary undertakings Shares in subsidiary undertakings in the balance sheet of the Company are shown at the lower of cost and estimated realisable value. Derivatives Derivative financial instruments are used to reduce or manage investment, interest rate and currency exposures, to facilitate efficient portfolio management and for investment purposes. The Group’s policy is that amounts at risk through derivative transactions are covered by cash or by corresponding assets. Derivative financial instruments are used to facilitate efficient portfolio management and for investment purposes. With the exception of derivatives held by Jackson National Life, these instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value included in investment returns. For Jackson National Life, the accounting for derivative financial instruments is explained in note 11. As part of the efficient portfolio management of the Life Fund of The Prudential Assurance Company Limited, the fund may, from time to time, invest in cash settled forward contracts over Prudential plc shares. This is in order to avoid a mismatch of the Life Fund’s investment portfolio with the investment benchmarks set for its equity based investment funds. The contracts will form part of the long term investments of the Life Fund. These contracts are subject to a number of limitations for legal and regulatory reasons. Securities lending The Group is party to various securities lending agreements under which securities are loaned to third parties on a short-term basis. The loaned securities are not removed from the Group’s consolidated balance sheet, rather, they are retained within the appropriate investment classification. Management’s policy is that collateral in excess of 100% of the fair value of securities loaned is required from all securities borrowers and typically consists of cash, debt securities, equity securities or letters of credit. In cases where the Group takes possession of the collateral under its securities lending programme, the collateral is included in other financial investments in the consolidated balance sheet with a corresponding liability being recorded to recognise the obligation to return such collateral. To further minimise credit risk, the financial condition of counterparties is monitored on a regular basis. Linked business funds Certain long-term business policies are linked to specific portfolios of assets or to an investment-related index. Such policies provide benefits to policyholders which are wholly or partly determined by reference to the value of or income from specific investments or by reference to fluctuations in the value of an index of investments. The assets supporting the linked policies are maintained in segregated accounts in conformity with applicable laws and regulations. The segregated assets are reported at fair value within assets held to cover linked liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The technical provisions for linked liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet are determined based on the fair value of the underlying assets supporting the policies. 60 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 3. Significant Accounting Policies continued Tangible assets Tangible assets, principally computer equipment, software development expenditure, and furniture and fixtures, are capitalised and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, generally three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the life of the lease. Assets held under finance leases are capitalised at their fair value. Banking business assets and liabilities Banking business assets consist primarily of certificates of deposit and short-term deposits with credit institutions carried at fair value and mortgage loans carried at recoverable amount, being outstanding principal balances, net of allowances for loan losses. Loan provisions are recorded for the overall loan portfolio to cover bad debts which have not been separately identified but which are known from experience to be present in the portfolio. For loans in default specific loan provisions are recorded. General provisions are raised in respect of losses, which although not specifically identified, are known from experience to be present in any such portfolios. The level of general provision is determined by the application of a number of basis points to the aspects of the portfolio which are not currently identified as delinquent but which experience suggests contains lending which will ultimately lead to losses. The number of basis points applied to the portfolios are regularly assessed against recent experience and adjusted if appropriate. Changes in loan provisions during the year are included in the consolidated profit and loss account. Liabilities relating to the Group’s banking business consist primarily of customer short-term or demand deposits, including interest accrued on the deposits. Further details of UK banking business assets and liabilities are contained in note 10. Business acquisitions Business acquisitions are accounted for by applying the purchase method of accounting, which adjusts the net assets of the acquired company to fair value at the date of purchase. The difference between the fair value of the net assets of the acquired company and the fair value of the consideration given represents goodwill. Revenues and expenses of acquired entities are included in the consolidated profit and loss account from the date of acquisition in the year acquired. Gross premiums of the entities are separately presented in the consolidated profit and loss account. Effective 1 January 1998, goodwill arising from acquisitions is reflected as an asset on the consolidated balance sheet and is amortised through the consolidated profit and loss account on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, not exceeding 20 years. Prior to 1 January 1998, goodwill relating to acquisitions was charged directly to shareholders’ funds. As permitted under the transitional arrangements of FRS 10, ‘Goodwill and intangible assets’, amounts previously charged to shareholders’ funds have not been reinstated as assets. Upon disposal of a business acquired prior to 1 January 1998 to which goodwill relates, the original goodwill balance is charged to the consolidated profit and loss account in determining the gain or loss on the sale. For life insurance company acquisitions, the adjusted net assets include an identifiable intangible asset recorded for the present value of in force business which represents the profits that are expected to emerge from the acquired insurance business. The present value of in force business is calculated using best estimate actuarial assumptions for interest, mortality, persistency and expenses and is amortised over the anticipated lives of the related contracts in the portfolio. Shareholders’ dividends Shareholders’ dividends are accrued in the period to which they relate regardless of when they are declared. Where scrip dividends are issued, the value of such shares, measured as the amount of the cash dividend alternative, is credited to reserves and is transferred from the share premium account. Share premium Share premium represents the difference between the proceeds received on issue of shares, net of issue costs, and the nominal value of the shares issued. Foreign currency translation The profit and loss accounts of foreign subsidiaries are translated at average exchange rates for the year. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated at year-end exchange rates. Foreign currency borrowings that have been used to finance or provide a hedge against Group equity investments in overseas subsidiaries, are translated at year-end exchange rates. The impact of these currency translations is recorded as a component of shareholders’ funds within the statement of total recognised gains and losses. Assets and liabilities denominated in other than functional currencies are converted at closing exchange rates at the balance sheet date with the related foreign currency exchange gains or losses reflected in the profit and loss account for the year. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 61 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 4. Supplemental Earnings Information The Group uses operating profit based on long-term investment returns before amortisation of goodwill and before tax as a supplemental measure of its results. For the purposes of measuring operating profit, investment returns on shareholder financed business are based on expected long-term rates of return. The expected long-term rates of return are intended to reflect historical real rates of return and, where appropriate, current inflation expectations adjusted for consensus economic and investment forecasts. For 2002, the significant operations that require adjustment for the difference between actual and longer-term investment returns are Jackson National Life and certain businesses of Prudential Asia. For the Group’s continuing operations with investment portfolios that are both attributable to shareholders and subject to short-term volatility, and the personal lines general business that was sold in January 2002, a comparison of actual and longer-term gains is as follows: Actual gains attributable to shareholders: Jackson National Life Other operations Longer-term gains credited to operating results: Jackson National Life Other operations 1993 to 2002 £m (523) 425 (98) 112 268 380 2002 £m (342) 66 (276) (84) 8 (76) 1993 to 2001 £m (181) 359 178 196 260 456 2001 £m (394) (71) (465) (26) 28 2 Excess of actual gains over longer-term gains (478) (200) (278) (467) 1993 to 2000 £m 213 430 643 222 232 454 189 For the purposes of determining the longer-term investment returns of Jackson National Life for 2002 and 2001, realised gains and losses arising on debt securities (including losses arising on the recognition of permanent diminutions in value) have been averaged over five years for inclusion in operating profit. For equity-related investments of Jackson National Life for 2002 and 2001, a long-term rate of return of 7.75% has been assumed and this rate has been applied to the monthly average carrying value of such investments after excluding the estimated effect of short-term market movements. In years prior to 2001, longer-term investment returns for Jackson National Life included within UK basis operating profit were estimated as the aggregate of investment income and averaged realised gains and losses for both debt securities and other types of security. Comparatives for the aggregate longer-term gains credited to operating results for the years 1993 to 2000 in the table shown above have not been restated for the refinement in policy, as the effect is not material. For 2002, the other principal component of actual gains attributable to shareholders is revaluation gains of fixed income securities of certain Asian operations. For 2001 and earlier years the principal other component that required calculation of the expected long-term rate of return was UK equity securities that were held as portfolio investments backing UK general business liabilities and related solvency capital. This business was disposed of in January 2002. For these investments the long-term rate of return applied in 2001 was 7.5%. The long-term dividend yield was assumed to be 2.6%. In addition to the adjustments made for investment returns, as described above, operating profit excludes gains on business disposals and similar items. In accordance with FRS 3, the presentation of additional supplementary earnings per share information is permitted provided the earnings basis used is applied consistently over time and is reconciled to consolidated profit for the financial year. In determining operating profit, the Group has used the expected long-term investment return and excluded exceptional items as management believe that such presentation better reflects the Group’s underlying performance on a statutory basis of measurement. 62 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 4. Supplemental Earnings Information continued The Group’s supplemental measure of its results and reconciliation of operating profit based on long-term investment returns before amortisation of goodwill to profit on ordinary activities, including the related basic earnings per share amounts, are as follows: 2002 Operating profit based on long-term investment returns before amortisation of goodwill and exceptional items Amortisation of goodwill Short-term fluctuations in investment returns: Jackson National Life Other (principally Asia)* Profit on sale of UK general business operations Profit on ordinary activities 2001 Operating profit based on long-term investment returns before amortisation of goodwill and exceptional items Amortisation of goodwill Short-term fluctuations in investment returns: Jackson National Life Other (principally UK general business)* Merger break fee, net of related expenses Profit on ordinary activities Before tax (note 7) £m Tax (note 16) £m Minority interests £m Basic earnings per share Pence Net £m 432 (98) (258) 53 355 484 622 (95) (368) (112) 338 385 (122) – 100 (9) (13) (44) (174) – 129 30 (6) (21) 4 – – 5 – 9 12 – – 13 – 25 314 (98) (158) 49 342 449 460 (95) (239) (69) 332 389 15.8p (4.9)p (8.0)p 2.5p 17.2p 22.6p 23.3p (4.8)p (12.1)p (3.5)p 16.8p 19.7p *The adjustment from post-tax longer-term investment returns to post-tax actual investment returns includes investment return that is attributable to external equity investors in two investment funds managed by PPM America. These two funds are consolidated as quasi-subsidiaries but, except to the extent of Prudential Group participation in the funds, they have no net impact on pre-tax or post-tax operating profit. Total profit, before and after tax, incorporating the adjustment from longer-term to actual investment returns, includes losses of £5m (£13m) attributable to the minority interests in these funds. A reconciliation of the weighted average number of ordinary shares used for calculating basic and diluted earnings per share is set out below: Weighted average shares for basic earnings per share Shares under option at end of year (note 27) Number of shares that would have been issued at fair value on assumed option exercise Weighted average shares for diluted earnings per share 2002 Millions 1,988 14 (11) 1,991 2001 Millions 1,978 16 (12) 1,982 5. Segmental Information – Gross Premiums Written by Product Provider and Investment Product Contributions UK Insurance Operations M&G Total UK Operations Jackson National Life Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Total Long-term business Investment products Discontinued general business Total 2002 £m 8,435 – 8,435 6,098 1,896 240 2001 £m 8,198 – 2002 £m – 1,157 1,157 8,198 5,008 – 1,793 13,661 – 197 2001 £m – 1,040 1,040 – 9,027 – 16,669 15,196 14,818 10,067 2002 £m 329 – 329 – – – 329 2001 £m 390 – 2002 £m 8,764 1,157 9,921 390 – 6,098 – 15,557 240 – 2001 £m 8,588 1,040 9,628 5,008 10,820 197 390 31,816 25,653 The geographical analysis of gross premiums written and investment product contributions is based on the territory of the operating unit assuming the risk. A similar analysis by territory of risk would not be materially different. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 63 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 6. Segmental Information – Insurance New Business Premiums and Investment Product Contributions Insurance premiums by product distributor UK Insurance Operations Direct distribution Individual pensions Corporate pensions Life Individual annuities Department of Social Security rebate business Total Intermediated distribution Individual pensions Corporate pensions Life Individual annuities Bulk annuities Department of Social Security rebate business Total Closed direct sales force distribution Single Regular Annual premium equivalents 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 15 660 59 895 215 14 469 71 663 185 1,844 1,402 85 77 2,190 860 710 90 4,012 219 82 2,297 597 575 64 3,834 – 167 11 114 4 – – 129 34 14 18 – – – 66 – 15 131 4 – – 150 68 19 27 – – – 114 18 12 180 10 90 22 314 42 22 237 86 71 9 467 – 16 178 11 66 19 290 90 27 257 60 57 6 497 35 Total UK Insurance Operations 5,856 5,403 195 282 781 822 US Operations Fixed annuities Equity linked indexed annuities Variable annuities Guaranteed Investment Contracts GIC – Medium Term Notes Life Total Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Group total 2,708 254 1,363 292 1,118 – 5,735 479 42 1,899 271 768 170 1,504 – 4,612 650 58 – – – – – 22 22 465 25 – – – – – 22 22 369 20 271 25 136 29 112 22 595 513 29 190 27 77 17 150 22 483 434 26 12,112 10,723 707 693 1,918 1,765 Annual premium equivalents are calculated as the aggregate of regular new business premiums and one tenth of single new business premiums. Single new business insurance premiums include increments under existing group pension schemes and pensions vested into annuity contracts (at the annuity purchase price). Regular new business premiums are determined on an annualised basis. Investment products – Funds Under Management (FUM) UK Operations Prudential Asia Group total FUM 1 Jan 2002 £m 10,328 3,296 13,624 Gross inflows £m Redemptions £m Acquisitions £m Market and other movements £m FUM 31 Dec 2002 £m 1,157 13,661 (899) (12,558) 14,818 (13,457) – 1,110 1,110 (1,997) (277) 8,589 5,232 (2,274) 13,821 64 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 7. Segmental Information – Profit on Ordinary Activities before Tax Balance on general business technical account Balance on long-term business technical account before tax Other activities Total 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m Operating profit before amortisation of goodwill UK Insurance Operations M&G Egg Total UK Operations US Operations: Jackson National Life Broker dealer and fund management Total US Operations Prudential Asia (net of development expenses of £26m (£19m)) Prudential Europe (net of development expenses of £8m (£29m)) Other income and expenditure: Investment income (including realised gains)* Unrealised losses on investments Allocations to technical accounts Investment management expenses (note 15) Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Investment return and other income* Interest payable on core structural borrowings (note 15) Corporate expenditure: Group Head Office Asia Regional Head Office Total Re-engineering costs attributable to shareholders** Group operating profit before amortisation of goodwill – – – – Items excluded from operating profit before amortisation of goodwill Amortisation of goodwill (note 17) Short-term fluctuations in investment returns (note 4) Merger break fee net of related expenses Profit on sale of UK general business operations (note 34) 79 368 435 79 368 139 139 62 1 435 282 282 25 (24) 71 (20) 51 14 14 75 (88) (13) 16 16 223 (217) (207) (1) 205 3 155 (162) (422) 0 480 51 368 71 (20) 419 139 14 153 62 1 223 (217) (207) (1) 205 3 514 75 (88) 501 282 16 298 25 (24) 155 (162) (422) 0 480 51 (130) (118) (130) (118) (36) (26) (39) (24) (36) (26) (39) (24) (189) (130) (189) (130) (7) (14) (41) (14) (48) 72 556 677 (124) (127) 432 622 (98) (205) – 355 52 (95) (480) 338 – (237) (98) (205) – 355 52 (95) (480) 338 – (237) Statutory basis profit on ordinary activities before tax – 72 556 677 (72) (364) 484 385 *Investment return and other income is shown after deducting interest payable on non-core borrowings, as described in note 15. **During 2001 the Company announced the restructuring of the direct sales force and customer service channels of its UK Insurance Operations. Additional restructuring was undertaken in 2002 to further reduce operating costs. The total cost of this restructuring, including amounts borne by the main with-profits fund, was £38m (£200m) of which £14m (£48m) was attributable to shareholders on the modified statutory basis of reporting. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 65 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 8. Segmental Information – Net Assets A segmental analysis of the fund for future appropriations and the technical provisions net of reinsurance is set out below which, although liabilities, provides a more useful indication of the assets supporting the business: Fund for future appropriations and net technical provisions Fund for future appropriations: Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund of Prudential Assurance Company (PAC) (closed to new business and wholly attributable but not allocated to policyholders)* Other Group companies (principally the with-profits fund of PAC) Technical provisions (net of reinsurance) Total Comprising: UK Operations Jackson National Life Prudential Asia Prudential Europe 2002 £m 2001 £m 437 7,226 1,814 11,388 7,663 13,202 114,994 116,213 122,657 129,415 92,377 24,074 5,557 649 98,832 25,055 4,894 634 122,657 129,415 *The Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF) is a separate sub-fund within the PAC long-term business fund. This sub-fund contains all the with-profits business and all other pension business that was transferred from the Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society to PAC in 1997. No new business is written in the sub-fund. The SAIF sub-fund is managed to ensure that all the invested assets of SAIF are distributed to SAIF policyholders over the lifetime of the SAIF policies. With the exception of certain amounts in respect of unitised with-profits life business, all future earnings arising in SAIF are retained for existing SAIF with-profits policyholders. Any excess (deficiency) of revenue over expense within SAIF during a period is offset by a transfer to (from) the SAIF fund for future appropriations. Shareholders have no interest in the profits of SAIF, although they are entitled to the investment management fees paid on this business. Should the assets of SAIF be inadequate to meet the guaranteed benefit obligations to the policyholders of SAIF, the PAC long-term fund would be liable to cover any such deficiency. With the exception of certain guaranteed annuity products (as described in note 32), SAIF with-profits policies do not guarantee minimum rates of return to policyholders. 9. Segmental Information – Shareholders’ Funds Core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations Shareholders’ funds 2002 £m (note 31) 2002 £m Core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations Shareholders’ funds 2001 £m (note 31) 2001 £m Net assets before core shareholder borrowings 2001 £m Net assets before core shareholder borrowings 2002 £m Analysis of shareholders’ capital and reserves UK Operations: Long-term business operations M&G Egg (note 10) US Operations:* Jackson National Life (note 11) Broker dealer and fund management Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Other operations: Goodwill* Holding company net borrowings Other net (liabilities) assets Total *Total goodwill comprises amounts in respect of: US operations relating to purchase of broker dealer and banking businesses Other operations relating mainly to M&G and acquired Asian businesses 541 382 369 1,292 2,529 75 2,604 579 68 1,546 226 (195) 1,577 6,120 541 382 369 494 329 380 1,292 1,203 (155) (155) (2,297) 2,374 75 2,449 579 68 1,546 (2,071) (195) (2,297) (720) (2,452) 3,668 2,536 134 2,670 402 58 1,624 19 126 1,769 6,102 494 329 380 1,203 2,364 134 2,498 402 58 1,624 (1,961) 126 (211) 3,950 2001 £m 63 1,624 1,687 (172) (172) (1,980) (1,980) (2,152) 2002 £m 58 1,546 1,604 66 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 10. Segmental Information – UK Operations (i) General business Discontinued home and motor business Discontinued commercial business Total (ii) Egg Interest receivable from: Loans and advances to customers Debt securities Other Interest payable on: Customer accounts Other Net interest income Other operating income Operating income Administrative expenses Provision for bad and doubtful debts Other expenses Net operating loss before tax Assets Loans and advances to banks Loans and advances to customers Debt securities Other banking business assets Total banking business assets Intragroup balances Deferred tax asset Goodwill Other assets including tax Total Liabilities Customer accounts Debt securities issued (note 31) Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (note 31) Deposits by banks Other banking business liabilities Total banking business liabilities Intragroup liabilities Tax balances Debenture loans (note 31) Shareholders funds: Group share Minority interests Total Gross premiums written Underwriting result Investment return Operating profit (based on long-term investment returns) 2002 £m 329 – 329 2001 £m 390 – 390 2002 £m – (8) (8) 2001 £m 44 (9) 35 2002 £m – 8 8 2001 £m 28 9 37 2002 £m – – – 2001 £m 72 – 72 Operating result 2002 £m 376 189 100 665 (268) (173) (441) 224 103 327 (234) (85) (28) (20) 2001 £m 312 188 105 605 (313) (146) (459) 146 43 189 (185) (68) (24) (88) Balance sheet 2002 £m 2001 £m 239 5,546 4,268 473 10,526 3 18 7 11 10,565 8,016 1,015 0 501 350 9,882 0 20 202 10,104 369 92 67 4,712 3,061 197 8,037 4 15 – 28 8,084 5,945 915 384 5 216 7,465 3 16 124 7,608 380 96 10,565 8,084 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 67 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 11. Jackson National Life – Additional Detail on Basis of Presentation of Results The results of US operations, mainly Jackson National Life, are consolidated into the Group accounts based on US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). However, certain adjustments are made in the Group’s consolidated financial statements to the US GAAP results as reported in Jackson National Life’s own financial statements to comply with UK GAAP, with the Group’s accounting policies, and to reflect appropriately the Jackson National Life segmental result, as set out below: Jackson National Life result – reconciliation of 2002 US GAAP basis result to UK GAAP result US GAAP US$m Reverse FAS 133 and FAS 115 Other adjustments US GAAP to comply adjusted for minority with interests and Presentation UK GAAP of and Group effects Minority FAS 133 and investment accounting policies FAS 115 (note (v)) effects US$m US$m returns (note (iv)) US$m interests (note (iii)) US$m (notes (i) and (ii)) US$m reversal of Segmental result for UK Modified Statutory Basis GAAP purposes (note (vi)) US$m £m 275 8 283 (77) 3 209 139 Profit and loss account Operating profit Realised investment gains (losses), net of related change to amortisation of acquisition costs (including, for US GAAP, the change in the fair value of hedging instruments) (note (ii)) Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Amortisation of goodwill (722) 285 21 (416) 416 (386) Profit before tax before minority interests Minority interests (note (iii)) Profit before tax after minority interests (447) 21 (426) 293 293 21 (21) 0 (133) (47) (133) (47) Tax (charge) credit: on operating profit on realised investment gains and losses and minority interests on short-term fluctuations in investment returns (96) (3) 245 (100) Total tax charge Net income 149 (277) Movements in shareholders’ funds (277) Net income (as shown above) 614 Capital contributions Net movement in other comprehensive income 462 Dividends paid to intermediate holding company (142) (103) 190 190 (492) Total movement in year Shareholders’ funds at beginning of year Shareholders’ funds at end of year 657 (302) 3,093 3,750 349 47 27 (145) 135 17 (30) (30) 30 0 (99) 145 46 (87) (87) 614 (30) (142) 355 3,442 3,797 (6) (3) (3) (386) (6) (183) (258) (4) (123) (183) (123) (72) (48) 135 63 (3) (120) 90 42 (81) (3) 30 27 27 (120) 644 0 (142) 382 3,442 3,824 2,374 (i) The valuation basis of debt securities – reversal of FAS 115 effects Under US GAAP debt securities classified as ‘available for sale’ under Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 115 are carried in the balance sheet at fair value with movements on unrealised appreciation accounted for directly within shareholders’ reserves as ‘Other Comprehensive Income’. By contrast, consistent with the ABI SORP, for Group reporting purposes, all fixed income securities are carried at amortised cost subject to provision for permanent diminution in value. This accounting treatment is appropriate as the securities are held as part of a portfolio of such securities intended to be held to maturity. Movements in unrealised appreciation arising from changes in the fair value of these securities do not feature as a part of the Group’s UK GAAP accounting. (ii) The valuation basis of hedging derivative instruments – reversal of FAS 133 effects Under FAS 133, all derivative instruments are recognised in the balance sheet at their fair values, and changes in such fair values are recognised immediately in earnings unless specific hedging criteria are met. Jackson National Life uses derivatives (primarily interest rate swaps) to hedge certain risks in conjunction with its asset/liability management programme. However, Jackson National Life has elected not to incur the costs of restructuring its derivative contracts, segregating investment portfolios and adding the systems and personnel required to qualify for much stricter hedge accounting treatment. Net earnings for Jackson National Life on a US GAAP basis reflect increased volatility owing to fair value fluctuations on its derivative instruments, particularly for interest rate swaps that are regularly used to manage risks associated with movements in interest rates. However, the largely offsetting change in the fair value of hedged investments will remain as an adjustment taken directly to shareholders’ funds under US GAAP, as described in note (i). This position can be contrasted with the position under UK GAAP where hedge accounting for relevant derivative instruments is still appropriate. Accordingly, gains and losses recognised under FAS 133 are eliminated in order to comply with UK GAAP. 68 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 11. Jackson National Life – Additional Detail on Basis of Presentation of Results continued (iii) Minority interests The UK GAAP results are determined after adjustment for minority interests. For UK reporting purposes the segmental result of Jackson National Life reflects its proportionate interests in the results of two investment funds that are consolidated as quasi subsidiaries. (iv) Presentation of investment returns within the UK basis performance statements Profit (loss) on ordinary activities before tax With the exception of the elimination of FAS 133 effects, as explained in note (ii), and revaluation gains on certain equity-based securities that are recorded within other comprehensive income under US GAAP, the total profit (loss) under UK GAAP is the same as under US GAAP. Operating profit Under US GAAP, the convention is to refer to operating income as income before realised gains and losses and related amortisation of acquisition costs. Under UK GAAP, consistent with FRS 3 and the ABI SORP, operating profit is determined after inclusion of longer-term investment returns i.e. investment income and estimated longer-term capital gains. Details of the method for determining longer-term returns for Jackson National Life are explained in note 4. (v) Other adjustments These comprise: (a) adjustment for the amortisation of goodwill under UK GAAP. Amortisation is normally no longer required under US GAAP following the implementation of FAS 142; (b) inclusion of capital injected into a fellow US subsidiary of Jackson National Life. (vi) Exchange rates Average for 2002 applied to profit and loss account Year end 2002 applied to shareholders’ funds 12. Investment Income Income from: Land and buildings Listed investments Other investments (Losses) gains on the realisation of investments Exchange gains Total 13. Long-term Business Provisions, Premiums and Policyholders’ Bonuses (i) Technical provisions and technical provisions for linked liabilities The following table provides an analysis of technical provisions between with-profits and non-participating business: Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund* Financed by with-profits funds: With-profits business Non-participating business** Shareholder financed business: Non-participating business Linked business Total £ to US$ 1.50 1.61 Long-term business technical account Non-technical account 2002 £m 2001 £m 837 5,186 692 6,715 (219) 520 7,016 814 5,059 675 6,548 2,719 127 9,394 2002 £m – 11 74 85 198 0 283 2002 % 10 42 10 24 14 100 2001 £m – 18 75 93 106 0 199 2001 % 11 44 8 22 15 100 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 69 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 13. Long-term Business Provisions, Premiums and Policyholders’ Bonuses continued (ii) Gross premiums The following table provides an analysis of gross premiums between with-profits and non-participating business: Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund* Financed by with-profits funds: With-profits business Non-participating business** Shareholder financed business: Non-participating business Linked business Total 2002 % 2 30 1 56 11 100 2001 % 2 35 3 49 11 100 *The Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund is closed to new business. The assets and liabilities of the fund are wholly attributable to the policyholders of the fund. **Annuity business written by Prudential Annuities Limited, a subsidiary of the with-profits fund of the Prudential Assurance Company Limited (PAC), and by a separate fund of the PAC with-profits fund, which comprises non-participating and linked business purchased from the Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Society. (iii) Policyholders’ bonuses Bonuses declared for the year in respect of the Group’s with-profits business are included in the change in long-term business provision or, where the policy is no longer in force, in claims incurred. The total cost of policyholders’ bonuses was £3,009m (£3,536m). 14. Net Operating Expenses Acquisition costs Change in deferred acquisition costs Administrative expenses Amortisation of present value of acquired in force business (note 18): Adjustments in respect of acquired in force business of M&G Other acquired in force business Total Long-term business technical account General business technical account 2002 £m 1,315 (226) 688 4 18 2001 £m 1,213 (217) 988 (20) 18 1,799 1,982 2002 £m – – 3 – – 3 2001 £m 44 (12) 63 – – 95 Administrative expenses for 2002 include £38m (£193m) (long-term business) and £nil (£7m) (general business) of UK re-engineering costs. £14m (£48m) of the total costs are borne by shareholder financed operations. Net operating expenses in the consolidated profit and loss account also include corporate expenditure of £62m (£63m) in the non- technical account. 15. Investment Expenses and Charges Interest payable on core structural borrowings Interest on bank loans and overdrafts Interest on other borrowings Total interest payable Investment management expenses Total Long-term business technical account Non-technical account 2002 £m – 35 112 147 352 499 2001 £m – 45 137 182 357 539 2002 £m 130 0 60 190 1 191 2001 £m 118 0 44 162 0 162 Long-term business interest payable includes £96m (£128m) in respect of products in the nature of funding arrangements entered into by Jackson National Life. Interest on other borrowings in the non-technical account includes £9m (£12m) in respect of non-recourse borrowings of investment funds managed by PPM America, £11m (£4m) in respect of Egg debenture loans and £40m (£28m) in respect of commercial paper and other borrowings that support a short-term fixed income securities reinvestment programme. Further details on borrowings are included in note 31. Long-term business investment management expenses include management fees charged by M&G and the Group’s US and Asia fund management operations and fees paid to external property managers. 70 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 16. Tax (i) Profit and loss account tax (credit) charge The tax expense for certain long-term business operations is attributable to shareholders and policyholders. The shareholders’ portion of tax is determined using the long-term tax rate of the underlying business applied to the profits transferred to the non-technical account. A summary of the tax expense attributable to the long-term business technical account and shareholders’ profits in the non-technical account is shown below: Long-term business technical account (attributable to long-term funds) Non-technical account (attributable to shareholders’ profits) (a) Between current and deferred tax expense (benefit) Current: UK Foreign Deferred: UK Foreign Total (b) By category of tax expense (benefit) UK corporation tax Double tax relief Overseas tax Adjustments in respect of prior years Deferred tax Shareholder tax attributable to balance on the long-term business technical account: Current Deferred Total (c) By source of profit Long-term business: UK Operations Jackson National Life Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Total long-term business General business and shareholders Total tax on operating profit (based on long-term investment returns) Tax on short-term fluctuations in investment returns Tax on profit on sale of UK general business operations Tax on merger break fee Tax on profit on ordinary activities (including tax on actual investment returns)* 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 322 248 570 (1,081) (148) (1,229) (659) 336 (18) 248 4 570 (1,229) (659) – – – 291 186 477 (684) (34) (718) (241) 278 (27) 186 40 477 (718) (241) – – – (659) (241) 105 (17) 88 (34) (10) (44) 44 44 (4) (90) (3) (53) (77) (130) 141 33 174 44 2002 £m 106 48 19 1 174 (52) 122 (91) 13 – 44 75 (35) 40 (12) (7) (19) 21 (1) (1) (152) (6) (160) (54) (214) 200 35 235 21 2001 £m 120 99 17 (1) 235 (61) 174 (159) – 6 21 *The effective tax rate on total profit was 9% in 2002 and 5% in 2001 due to tax payable on the profit on sale of UK general business operations and on the merger break fee being relieved against capital losses available to the Group. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 71 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 16. Tax continued (i) Profit and loss account tax (credit) charge continued (d) Factors affecting tax charge for period The tax assessed in the period is lower than the standard rate of corporation tax in the UK and the differences are explained below. The standard rate of tax has been determined by using the UK rate of corporation tax enacted for the period for which the profits will be taxed. Profit on ordinary activities before tax Profit on ordinary activities multiplied by standard rate of corporation tax in the UK of 30% (30%) Effects of: Utilisation of capital losses against profit on sale of UK general business operations and merger break fee Other differences in basis between taxable gains and book gains (losses) Different tax rates on overseas earnings Deferred tax not recognised on tax losses carried forward Different tax bases of long-term insurance (current and deferred) Taxable foreign exchange gains (losses) not recognised in accounts Non-taxable amortisation of goodwill Adjustments in relation to prior years Capital allowances for period in (excess) deficit for the period Effect of short-term timing differences Unrealised gains on general business and shareholder investments Other Current tax charge for the period 2002 £m 484 145 (97) (15) (15) 28 (29) (12) 29 (3) (2) 13 57 (11) 88 2001 £m 385 116 (95) (22) (7) 16 (7) 7 29 (6) 1 (30) 48 (10) 40 (e) Factors that may affect future tax charges The possible tax benefit, which may arise from capital losses valued at approximately £1.7bn, is sufficiently uncertain that it has not been recognised. (ii) Deferred tax The components of the net deferred tax liability are as follows. The balances have not been discounted. (a) By category of timing difference Unrealised gains on investments Deferred acquisition costs Short-term timing differences Long-term business technical provisions and other insurance items Capital allowances Total (b) By fund Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund PAC with-profits fund* Jackson National Life Other long-term business operations Other operations Total Liability provided (asset recognised) 2002 £m 2001 £m 759 427 (625) 163 (28) 696 11 884 (207) 42 (34) 696 1,857 465 (471) 186 (32) 2,005 145 1,795 (45) 68 42 2,005 *Includes deferred tax charges in respect of non-participating annuity business written by a subsidiary, Prudential Annuities Limited, financed by the PAC with-profits fund. A potential deferred tax asset of £45m (£17m) relating to trading losses has not been recognised because these losses are not anticipated to be used in the foreseeable future. (c) Reconciliation of movements in deferred tax Deferred tax liability at beginning of year Exchange movements Deferred tax credited in profit and loss account for the year Deferred tax liability at end of year 72 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 2002 £m 2001 £m 2,005 (3) (1,306) 696 2,777 0 (772) 2,005 17. Goodwill Balance at beginning of year Additions in respect of acquisitions (note 34): Orico Life Insurance Company, Japan YoungPoong Life, Korea Good Morning ITMC, Korea Zebank, France and Investment Funds Direct Holdings Limited US banking and broker dealer operations Other operations Charge to profit and loss account: Amortisation Balance at end of year The balance at beginning of 2002 comprises cost of £1,920m less accumulated amortisation of £233m. 18. Present Value of Acquired In Force Long-term Business Balance at beginning of year Exchange adjustment Amortisation: Pre-tax Tax Net Balance at end of year 2002 £m 2001 £m 1,687 1,611 – – 8 7 – – 139 17 – – 3 12 (98) (95) 1,604 1,687 2002 £m 138 (10) (22) 7 (15) 113 2001 £m 133 4 2 (1) 1 138 The balance at beginning of 2002 comprises cost of £258m less accumulated amortisation of £61m and tax of £59m. 19. Information on Staff and Pension Costs The average numbers of staff employed by the Group during the year were: UK Operations US Operations Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Total The costs of employment were: Wages and salaries Social security costs Other pension costs (see below) Total 2002 2001 12,156 2,661 6,582 531 15,266 2,580 4,651 550 21,930 23,047 2002 £m 656 48 42 746 2001 £m 734 61 48 843 Pension costs The Group has chosen not to fully implement FRS 17 ‘Retirement benefits’ for the 2002 financial statements. Pension costs shown above have been determined applying the principles of SSAP 24 ‘Pension costs’. £11m (£9m) of the Group’s pension costs related to overseas schemes. Actuarial valuation and funding The Group operates a number of pension schemes around the world. The largest scheme is the Prudential Staff Pension Scheme (PSPS). On the FRS 17 basis of valuation described below, 91% of the liabilities of Group defined benefit schemes are accounted for within PSPS. This Scheme has assets held in separate trustee administered funds and was last subject to full actuarial valuation as at 5 April 2002 by P N Thornton, a qualified actuary and a partner in the firm of Watson Wyatt Partners. The principal actuarial assumptions adopted were investment return 6.6% per annum, pensionable earnings growth 4.5% per annum, increases to pensions in payment 2.5% per annum and dividend growth 3.5% per annum. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 73 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 19. Information on Staff and Pension Costs continued On an actuarial basis consistent with the methodology applied for the valuation at 5 April 2002, the position is not believed to be significantly different at 31 December 2002. The market value of Scheme assets as at that date was £4,034m and the actuarial value of the assets was sufficient to cover 110% of the benefits that had accrued to members, allowing for expected future increases in earnings. As a result of the actuarial valuation, the employers’ contribution rate has continued at the minimum prescribed under the Scheme rules, which is 12.5% of salaries. The employers’ contribution is required to be paid as a minimum in future years irrespective of the excess of assets in the Scheme and, under the current Scheme rules, access to the surplus through refunds from the Scheme is not available. Accordingly the surplus is not recognised as an asset in the Group’s financial statements and the pension cost charge has been determined on an accrued payable basis without regard to the spreading of the surplus in the fund that would normally be appropriate under the requirements of SSAP 24. The Group also operates two smaller defined benefit schemes for UK employees in respect of Scottish Amicable and M&G activities, whose aggregate pension costs on a SSAP 24 basis are materially the same as the funding cost. For all three schemes the projected unit method was used for the most recent full actuarial valuations. FRS 17 basis disclosure (i) Basis of valuation and scheme assets and liabilities Using external actuarial advice provided by Watson Wyatt Partners for the valuation of PSPS, and by Aon Limited for the M&G scheme, and internal advice for the Scottish Amicable scheme, the most recent full valuations have been updated to 31 December 2002 applying the principles prescribed by FRS 17. The key assumptions adopted for this valuation, and the FRS 17 basis valuation at 31 December 2001, were: Price inflation Rate of increase in salaries Rate of increase of present and future pensions Rate used to discount scheme liabilities The assets in the schemes and the expected rates of return were: Equities Bonds Properties Other assets Total value of assets 31 Dec 2002 31 Dec 2001 2.25% 4.25% 2.25% 5.50% 2.50% 4.50% 2.50% 5.75% 31 Dec 2002 31 Dec 2001 Long-term expected rate of return 8.00% 5.00% 7.75% 4.00% 7.50% Assets £m 2,501 473 536 60 3,570 Long-term expected rate of return 7.25% 5.50% 7.00% 4.00% 7.00% Assets £m 3,321 402 536 103 4,362 The long-term expected rates of return have been determined after applying due consideration to the requirements of paragraph 54 of FRS 17, in particular, taking account of the values of the assets and equity market levels at the balance sheet dates. The present value of the liabilities of the three schemes at 31 December 2002 was £4,117m (31 December 2001 £3,777m). The resulting scheme deficit arising from the excess of liabilities over assets at 31 December 2002 comprised £426m attributable to the PAC with-profit fund and £121m attributable to shareholder operations. At 31 December 2001, the resulting scheme surplus arising from the excess of assets over liabilities comprised £441m attributable to the PAC with-profit fund and £144m attributable to shareholder operations. The movement in the difference between scheme assets and liabilities for the year ended 31 December 2002 comprises: Current service cost Contributions Other finance income Actuarial losses Net reduction 74 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 £m (65) 34 88 (1,189) (1,132) 19. Information on Staff and Pension Costs continued FRS 17 basis disclosure continued (ii) Pension scheme asset (liability) attributable to shareholder operations if FRS 17 had been adopted Movements on the pension scheme asset (liability) attributable to shareholder operations that would have been recognised in the Group’s primary statements, had FRS 17 been implemented, are as follows: Profit and Net pension loss account charge attributable to asset attributable to to shareholders shareholders shareholders (note b) £m 1 Jan 2002 £m (note a) £m Actuarial losses Net pension liability attributable to shareholder shareholders operations 31 Dec 2002 £m £m attributable Contributions paid by Gross of tax surplus (deficit) Related deferred tax (liability) asset Net of tax asset (liability) (a) 2002 profit and loss charge attributable to shareholders This comprises: Operating charge (all current service cost) Finance income (expense): Interest on pension scheme liabilities Expected return on pension scheme assets Total profit and loss account credit less: amount attributable to PAC with-profit fund * Profit and loss account charge attributable to shareholders 144 (43) 101 (1) 0 (1) (275) 82 (193) 11 (3) 8 £m (212) 300 (121) 36 (85) £m (65) 88 23 (24) (1) *Since shareholder profits in respect of the PAC with-profit fund are a function of the actuarially determined surplus for distribution, the overall profit and loss account result is not directly affected by the level of pension cost or other expenses. (b) Actuarial losses attributable to shareholders This comprises the losses charged to the statement of total recognised gains and losses, after adjustment for amounts attributable to the PAC with-profit fund, as follows: Actual less expected return on pension scheme assets (26% of pension scheme assets) Experience losses on scheme liabilities (1% of the present value of scheme liabilities) Changes in assumptions underlying the present value of scheme liabilities Total actuarial loss (29% of the present value of the scheme liabilities) less: amounts attributable to the PAC life fund Pre-tax impact on the statement of total recognised gains and losses attributable to shareholders Related deferred tax Net amount attributable to shareholders’ funds £m (932) (38) (219) (1,189) 914 (275) 82 (193) (iii) Pension scheme asset (liability) attributable to the PAC with-profit fund if FRS 17 had been adopted Movements on the pension scheme asset (liability) attributable to the PAC with-profit fund that would have been recognised in the Group’s primary statements, had FRS 17 been implemented, are as follows: Net pension asset attributable Credit to long-term technical account to PAC attributable to PAC with-profit fund £m with-profit fund 1 Jan 2002 £m Actuarial losses Contributions paid by PAC with-profit attributable to PAC with-profit fund £m Net pension liability attributable to PAC with-profit fund fund 31 Dec 2002 £m £m Gross of tax surplus (deficit) Related deferred tax (liability) asset Net of tax asset (liability) 441 (49) 392 24 (3) 21 (914) 101 (813) 23 (3) 20 (426) 46 (380) Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 75 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 19. Information on Staff and Pension Costs continued Comparison of FRS 17 basis results with results on SSAP 24 basis adopted for the 2002 financial statements Balance sheet Net pension scheme (liability) asset attributable to shareholders and PAC with-profit fund Fund for future appropriations Shareholders’ funds Nil * 7,663 3,668 (465) 7,283 3,583 Nil * 13,202 3,950 493 13,594 4,051 * Surplus on actuarial basis of valuation not recognised due to minimum contribution requirement under Scheme rules (see page 74). 31 Dec 2002 SSAP 24 basis As published £m 31 Dec 2002 FRS 17 basis Memorandum information £m 31 Dec 2001 SSAP 24 basis As published £m 31 Dec 2001 FRS 17 basis Memorandum information £m Profit and loss account Pensions costs (charged) credited to technical accounts and non-technical account for defined benefit and defined contribution schemes Tax credit attributable to long-term business credited to the long-term technical account Transfer from fund for future appropriations credited to the long-term technical account Operating profit before amortisation of goodwill SSAP 24 basis As published 2002 £m FRS 17 basis Memorandum information 2002 £m (42) 659 5,520 432 9 654 5,482 440 20. Directors’ Remuneration Information on directors’ remuneration is given in the Remuneration Report on pages 33 to 43. Apart from the transactions with directors shown below, no director had an interest in shares, transactions or arrangements which requires disclosure, other than those given in the above Report. Number of persons Mortgages and other borrowings from Egg plc These transactions are on normal commercial terms and in the ordinary course of business. 21. Fees Payable to Auditors Statutory audit fees Audit related services: Regulatory returns and achieved profits basis audits US GAAP work Consultancy services: Regulatory reviews Tax and accounting advice Acquisitions Other services Total 3 2002 £m 3.3 0.8 0.6 4.7 1.3 0.2 0.4 2.6 4.5 9.2 £000 410 2001 £m 2.3 0.6 0.2 3.1 10.7 0.3 3.3 2.7 17.0 20.1 Statutory audit fees include £0.1m (£0.1m) in respect of the Company. Audit related and consultancy fees payable to KPMG Audit Plc and its associates include £4.9m (£16.6m) for work performed in the UK. 22. Land and Buildings Current value: Freehold Leasehold with a term of over 50 years Leasehold with a term of less than 50 years Total 2002 £m 2001 £m 6,472 4,120 174 6,309 4,071 107 10,766 10,487 The cost of land and buildings was £7,617m (£7,368m). The value of land and buildings occupied by the Group was £198m (£233m). 76 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 23. Investments in Participating Interests Interests in associate undertakings Interests in joint ventures Other participating interest Total A summary of the movement in interests in associate undertakings is set out below: Cost Carrying value 2002 £m 23 37 24 84 2001 £m 16 34 24 74 2002 £m 12 37 24 73 2001 £m 10 29 48 87 Operating profit for the year after tax Additions Amortisation of goodwill Movements in year Balance at beginning of year Balance at end of year Share of capital 2002 £m Share of Convertible loan reserves 2002 2002 £m £m Goodwill 2002 £m – 3 – 3 3 6 (2) – – (2) (3) (5) – (1) – (1) 1 – – 4 (2) 2 9 11 Total carrying value 2002 £m (2) 6 (2) 2 10 12 The associate undertakings at the end of the year comprise: (a) IfOnline plc, a company whose principal activity is mortgage intermediation. Egg plc has a 38% share in the share capital of IfOnline plc. (b) Hazell Carr Pensions Consulting plc (HCPC), a company whose principal activity is the administration of defined benefit pension schemes. Prudential Pensions Administration Limited has a 25% share in the share capital of HCPC. In accordance with FRS 9, ‘Associates and joint ventures’, investments held as part of the investment portfolio, rather than as undertakings through which the Company carries out its business, are accounted for as other financial investments in note 24 and not as investments in participating interests. Interests in joint ventures are valued on a net equity basis and mainly reflect ventures with the Bank of China in Hong Kong, ICICI in India and CITIC in China. The differences between the investments on a gross and net equity basis are not material. The other participating interest relates to the Group’s 15% interest in Life Assurance Holding Corporation Limited, a holding company for UK life assurance companies. 24. Other Financial Investments Shares and other variable yield securities and units in unit trusts Debt securities and other fixed income securities – carried at market value Debt securities and other fixed income securities – carried at amortised cost Loans secured by mortgages Loans to policyholders secured by insurance policies Other loans Deposits with credit institutions Other Total Amounts included in the above relating to listed investments were: Shares and other variable yield securities and units in unit trusts Debt securities and other fixed income securities – carried at market value Debt securities and other fixed income securities – carried at amortised cost Total Cost Current value 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 24,731 40,941 20,572 2,467 774 94 5,840 1,878 25,790 30,007 36,767 42,604 21,669 20,596 2,503 774 111 5,840 1,864 2,656 804 161 4,176 1,382 2001 £m 40,948 37,845 21,336 2,658 804 174 4,176 1,387 97,297 93,405 104,299 109,328 29,129 35,883 17,672 40,077 31,816 18,308 82,684 90,201 Consistent with the Group’s accounting policy set out on page 60, amortised cost has been applied as current value for certain fixed income securities. Where appropriate, to reflect requirements the current value of such investments has been reduced to impaired value. The market value of debt securities and other fixed income securities carried at amortised cost was £21,328m (£21,323m). All debt securities carried at amortised cost are held by long-term business operations. For those debt securities and other fixed income securities carried at amortised cost where the maturity value exceeded purchase price, the unamortised difference at the year end was £429m (£344m). For securities carried at amortised cost where the purchase price exceeded maturity value, the unamortised difference at the year end was £179m (£148m). Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 77 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 25. Assets Held to Cover Linked Liabilities Assets held to cover linked liabilities Current value includes £3,257m (£3,403m) in respect of managed funds. 26. Tangible Assets Cost: Balance at beginning of year Additions Movement relating to acquisitions and disposals of businesses Other disposals Balance at end of year Depreciation: Balance at beginning of year Provided during year Movement relating to acquisitions and disposals of businesses Other disposals Balance at end of year Net book value at end of year Net book value at beginning of year Cost Current value 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 17,177 16,254 15,763 17,453 2002 £m 553 54 (14) (133) 460 (312) (76) 10 114 (264) 196 241 2001 £m 554 67 12 (80) 553 (266) (108) (6) 68 (312) 241 288 27. Share Capital and Share Premium The authorised share capital of the Company is £120m comprising 2,400,000,000 shares of 5 pence each. Issued shares of 5 pence each fully paid At beginning of year Shares issued under share option schemes and to qualifying share ownership trust Shares issued in lieu of cash dividends Transfer to retained profit in respect of shares issued in lieu of cash dividends Number of shares 1,993,819,770 3,476,990 4,365,588 Share capital 2002 £m 99.7 0.2 0.2 Share premium 2002 £m 532.5 17.2 22.7 (22.7) At end of year 2,001,662,348 100.1 549.7 At 31 December 2002 there were options subsisting under share option schemes to subscribe for 13,605,456 (15,558,387) shares at prices ranging from 296 pence to 759 pence (201 pence to 759 pence) and exercisable by the year 2009 (2008). The Company has established trusts to facilitate the delivery of shares under employee incentive plans and savings-related share option schemes. At 31 December 2002, 9.0m Prudential plc shares with a market value of £39m were held in such trusts of which 3.3m shares were held by trusts under employee incentive plans. These shares have been accounted for as own shares in the consolidated balance sheet with a carrying value of £14m. In addition, 5.7m shares were held by a qualifying employee share ownership trust. At 31 December 2002, these shares were expected to be fully distributed in the future on maturity of savings-related share option schemes. The weighted average exercise price under these schemes was 346 pence and the expected proceeds of £20m relating to these shares have also been accounted for as own shares in the consolidated balance sheet. 78 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 28. Investments of the Company At beginning of year Investments in subsidiary undertakings Exchange rate movements Advances of new loans Provision against loans Repayment of loans At end of year Shares in subsidiary Loans to subsidiary undertakings undertakings 2002 £m 2002 £m 5,179 321 – – – – 5,500 1,584 – (20) 629 (19) (14) 2,160 29. Profit of the Company The profit of the Company for the year was £327m (£295m). After dividends of £519m (£504m) and a transfer from the share premium account of £23m (£20m) in respect of shares issued in lieu of cash dividends, retained profit at 31 December 2002 amounted to £1,076m (£1,245m). 30. Subsidiary Undertakings The principal subsidiary undertakings of the Company at 31 December 2002 were: The Prudential Assurance Company Limited Prudential Annuities Limited* Prudential Retirement Income Limited* M&G Investment Management Limited* Egg Banking plc* Jackson National Life Insurance Company* Prudential Assurance Company Singapore (Pte) Limited* *Owned by a subsidiary undertaking of the Company. Main activity Country of incorporation Insurance Insurance Insurance Investment management Banking Insurance Insurance England and Wales England and Wales Scotland England and Wales England and Wales USA Singapore Each subsidiary has one class of ordinary shares and operates mainly in its country of incorporation. Egg Banking plc is a subsidiary of Egg plc, a listed subsidiary of the Company. The ordinary shares of Egg plc, of which there is only one class, are 79% owned by the Company and 21% owned by shareholders external to the Prudential Group. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 79 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 31. Borrowings Core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations: Holding company and finance subsidiaries: US$250m 7.125% Bonds 2005* £150m 9.375% Guaranteed Bonds 2007 £250m 5.5% Bonds 2009* ¤500m 5.75% Subordinated Notes 2021*† (note (i)) £300m 6.875% Bonds 2023* £250m 5.875% Bonds 2029* £435m 6.125% Subordinated Notes 2031*† Floating Rate Guaranteed Unsecured Notes 2004 Commercial paper 2003 Jackson National Life: US$250m 8.15% Surplus Notes 2027 Currency translation asset on swap transaction (note (i)) Total core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations Other borrowings of general insurance and shareholders’ funds: Bank loans and overdrafts Obligations under finance leases Commercial paper 2003 (note (ii)) Medium Term Notes 2003 (note (ii)) Currency translation net liability on swap transactions (note (ii)) Non-recourse borrowings of investment subsidiaries managed by PPM America (note (iii)) Obligations of Jackson National Life under sale and repurchase agreements Egg debenture loans (note (iv)): Debenture loans Amounts owed to credit institutions Other borrowings Total 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 2002 £m 2001 £m 155 150 250 322 300 250 426 155 (17) 172 150 250 301 300 250 425 172 – 155 150 250 322 300 250 426 41 420 155 (17) 172 150 250 301 300 250 425 45 87 172 – 41 420 45 87 1,991 2,020 461 132 2,452 2,152 1 3 21 5 1,212 25 1,330 – 1 3 1,212 25 21 5 1,330 – 13 73 292 – 449 577 – 13 – 81 365 – 202 530 577 124 100 100 £200m 6.875% Subordinated Notes 2021 Other borrowings of long-term business operations: Scottish Amicable Finance plc (note (v)): £100m 8.5% undated Guaranteed Bonds 202 124 100 100 Total borrowings 2,293 2,244 296 1,052 1,784 1,543 4,373 4,839 Borrowings are repayable as follows: Within one year or on demand Between one and two years Between two and five years After five years Total borrowings Reconciliation to cash flow statement disclosures (note 33) General insurance and shareholders’ funds Long-term business operations Total borrowings 305 1,988 2,293 172 2,072 2,244 2,038 255 2,293 1,972 272 2,244 80 28 20 168 296 296 – 296 690 – – 362 1,052 1,670 41 – 73 1,784 1,417 – 45 81 1,543 1,750 69 325 2,229 4,373 2,107 – 217 2,515 4,839 1,784 1,543 475 577 1,052 1,784 1,543 4,118 255 4,373 3,990 849 4,839 *Debenture loans issued by the holding company. The interests of the holders of the Subordinated Notes are subordinate to the entitlements of other creditors of the holding company. † Net of issue costs. 80 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 31. Borrowings continued (i) At 31 December 2002, the €500m 5.75% borrowings had effectively been swapped into borrowings of £309m with interest payable at 6 month £Libor plus 1.03%. (ii) These borrowings support a short-term fixed income securities reinvestment programme. (iii) Non-recourse borrowings issued by investment subsidiaries managed by PPM America include secured senior and subordinated debt and a revolving credit facility. The senior debt is secured on the investments held by the relevant subsidiaries. The interests of the holders of the subordinated debt issued by these subsidiaries are subordinate to the entitlements of the holders of the senior debt. The terms of the revolving credit facility include a cross default provision with the subordinated notes. In addition to the debt of these subsidiaries, PPM America manages investment companies with liabilities of £1,048m (£1,353m) pertaining to debt instruments issued to external parties. In all instances the holders of the debt instruments issued by these subsidiaries and other companies do not have recourse beyond the assets of those subsidiaries. (iv) The interests of the holders of the Notes issued by Egg plc as structured debt capital are subordinate to the entitlements of other creditors of that operation. At 31 December 2002, Egg had also issued unsubordinated debt securities totalling £1,015m (£915m) and sold securities under agreements to repurchase totalling £nil (£384m) as part of its trading activities. (v) The interests of the holders of the Bonds issued by Scottish Amicable Finance plc, a subsidiary of the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund of The Prudential Assurance Company Limited, are subordinate to the entitlements of the policyholders of that fund. (vi) Jackson National Life has entered into a programme of funding arrangements under contracts which, in substance, are almost identical to Guaranteed Investment Contracts. The liabilities under these funding arrangements totalled £3,554m (£3,144m). In addition, Jackson National Life has entered into stocklending arrangements. Obligations under these arrangements totalled £1,544m (£559m). These amounts are shown on the consolidated balance sheet within creditors. (vii) Jackson National Life, through its subsidiary Jackson Federal Savings Bank, has bank borrowings of £239m (£244m). The advances are secured by mortgage loans and mortgage backed securities. (viii) Under the terms of the Group’s arrangements with its main United Kingdom banker, the bank has a right of set off between credit balances (other than those of long-term funds) and all overdrawn balances of those Group undertakings with similar arrangements. 32. Contingencies and Related Obligations Consistent with FRS 12, ‘Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets’, appropriate provision has been made in the financial statements where Prudential has an obligation arising from the events or activities described below but not for contingent liabilities. Litigation Jackson National Life has been named in civil proceedings, which appear to be substantially similar to other class action litigation brought against many life insurers, alleging misconduct in the sale of insurance products. At this time, it is not possible to make a meaningful estimate of the amount or range of loss, if any, that could result from an unfavourable outcome in such actions. In addition, Jackson National Life is a defendant in individual actions that involve similar issues. Several cases, including one which was on appeal to the Supreme Court in the State of Mississippi, were settled in January 2002 for a sum of £7m. Prudential and its subsidiaries are involved in other litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. Whilst the outcome of such matters cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the ultimate outcome of such litigation will not have a material adverse effect on Prudential’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 81 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 32. Contingencies and Related Obligations continued Pension Mis-selling Review In 1988, the UK government introduced new pensions legislation intended to encourage more individuals to make their own arrangements for their pensions. During the period from April 1988 to June 1994, many individuals were advised by insurance companies, Independent Financial Advisers and other intermediaries to not join, to transfer from or to opt out of their occupational pension schemes in favour of private pension products introduced under UK Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988. The UK insurance regulator (previously the Personal Investment Authority, now the Financial Services Authority, (FSA)) subsequently determined that many individuals were incorrectly advised and would have been better off not purchasing the private pension products sold to them. Industry participants are responsible for compensating the persons to whom private pensions were mis-sold. As a result, the UK regulator required that all UK life insurance companies review their potential cases of pension mis-selling and pay compensation to policyholders where necessary and, as a consequence, record a provision for the estimated costs. The Group has met the requirement of the FSA to issue offers to all Phase 1 (priority) cases and Phase 2 (non-priority) cases by 30 June 2002. Provisions in respect of the costs associated with the review have been included in the change in the long-term technical provision in Prudential’s profit and loss account. Within the long-term technical provisions, the transfer from the FFA has been determined accordingly. The following is a summary of the changes in the pension mis-selling liability, including internal and external legal and administrative costs, for the years ended 31 December 2002 and 31 December 2001: Balance at start of the year Changes to actuarial assumptions and method of calculation Discount unwind Redress to policyholders Payments of administrative costs Balance at end of the year Year ended 31 December 2002 £m Year ended 31 December 2001 £m 1,065 (50) 53 (292) (46) 730 1,475 (89) 89 (273) (137) 1,065 Every three months the FSA updates the actuarial assumptions to be used in calculating the provision, including interest rates and mortality assumptions. The pension mis-selling liability represents the discounted value of future expected payments, including benefit payments and all internal and external legal and administrative costs of adjudicating, processing and settling those claims. To the extent that amounts have not been paid, the provision increases each year reflecting the shorter period of discount. Management believes that, based on current information, the pension mis-selling provision, together with future investment return on the assets backing the provision, will be adequate to cover the costs of pension mis-selling as well as the costs and expenses of Prudential’s pension review unit established to identify and settle such cases. Such provision presents the best estimate of probable costs and expenses. However, there can be no assurance that the current provision level will not need to be increased. The calculation of the pension mis-selling provision is dependent upon a number of assumptions and requirements provided by the FSA. The costs associated with the pension mis-selling review have been met from Prudential Assurance’s inherited estate. Given the strength of Prudential Assurance’s with-profits fund, management believes that charging the costs to the inherited estate will not have an adverse effect on the level of bonuses paid to policyholders or on their reasonable expectations. In the unlikely event of this proving not to be the case, an appropriate contribution to the with-profits fund would be made from the shareholders’ funds. In view of the uncertainty, it is not practicable to estimate the level of any potential contribution. Free Standing Additional Voluntary Contribution Business Review In February 2000, the UK regulator ordered a review of Free Standing Additional Voluntary Contribution (FSAVC) business, which constitutes sales of personal pensions to members of company pension schemes. Individuals who have purchased these pensions instead of the Additional Voluntary Contributions (AVC) scheme connected to their company’s pension scheme may have been in a better financial position investing their money, and any matching contributions from their employers, in their company’s AVC scheme. The UK regulator’s review is to ensure that any employees disadvantaged due to not being properly informed of the benefits foregone from not investing in their AVC scheme are compensated. The review requires companies to identify relevant investors and contact them with an offer to review their individual case. Prudential met an interim deadline set by the FSA of 90% of cases completed by 30 June 2002 and also the deadline for 100% completion by 31 December 2002. As a result of the review, Prudential held a provision of £3m at 31 December 2002. Mortgage Endowment Products Review The Group’s main exposure to mortgage endowment products is through Scottish Amicable. The FSA issued a report in March 2001 raising concerns regarding Scottish Amicable’s conduct of sales of these products by its tied agents and in March 2003 it fined Scottish Amicable £750,000 in respect of cases where advisers did not place appropriate emphasis on identifying whether a customer was prepared to take the risk that their mortgage might not be repaid at the end of the term. A provision of £25m was made in 2001 in the shareholders’ fund for cases that may require redress, which the directors are satisfied continues to be adequate. Scottish Amicable withdrew from the mortgage endowment product market in April 2001 and disbanded its network of tied agents in October 2001. 82 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 32. Contingencies and Related Obligations continued Guaranteed Annuities In common with several other insurance companies, Prudential Assurance used to sell guaranteed annuity products in the UK and held a provision of £46m at 31 December 2002 within the main with-profits fund to honour guarantees on these products. The Group’s main exposure to guaranteed annuities in the UK is through the Scottish Amicable Insurance Fund (SAIF) and a provision of £744m was held in SAIF at 31 December 2002 to honour the guarantees. SAIF is a separate sub-fund of the Prudential Assurance long-term business fund. Accordingly, this provision has no impact on shareholders. Guarantees and Commitments Guarantee funds in both the UK and US provide for payments to be made to policyholders on behalf of insolvent life insurance companies. These guarantee funds are financed by payments assessed on solvent insurance companies based on location, volume, and types of business. Prudential estimated its reserve for future guarantee fund assessments for Jackson National Life to be £25m at 31 December 2002. Similar assessments for the UK businesses were not significant. Management believes the reserves are adequate for all anticipated payments for known insolvencies. Jackson National Life has commitments for future payments related to equity index call options totalling £21m, which are accounted for on a deferred basis and therefore were off-balance sheet at 31 December 2002. These commitments were entered into in the normal course of business to hedge obligations associated with the issuance of equity index-linked immediate and deferred annuities. The commitments are due over the next five years. Jackson National Life has unfunded commitments related to its investments in limited partnerships totalling £300m at 31 December 2002. These commitments were entered into in the ordinary course of business and management does not expect a material adverse impact on the operations to arise from them. Prudential has provided, from time to time, certain guarantees and commitments to third parties. These arrangements include commitments and guarantees to fund the purchase or development of land and buildings and other commitments related to investments in land and buildings. At 31 December 2002, the aggregate amount of commitments and guarantees in respect of land and buildings was approximately £27m. Prudential has provided, from time to time, other guarantees and commitments to third parties entered into in the normal course of business but management does not consider that the amounts involved are significant. Other Matters Prudential Assurance’s inherited estate The inherited estate is the assets of the main with-profits fund within the long-term fund of Prudential Assurance, less non-participating liabilities, the policyholder asset shares aggregated across with-profits policies and any additional amounts expected at the valuation date to be paid to in force policyholders in the future in respect of smoothing costs and guarantees. The inherited estate is thus the assets in the main with-profits fund in excess of what Prudential Assurance expects to pay to policyholders. Prudential believes that it would be beneficial if there were to be greater clarity as to the status of the inherited estate. With that in mind, it has been considering the principles that would apply to any re-attribution of the inherited estate to either policyholders or shareholders. Discussions have been held with the Financial Services Authority to this end. Prudential has not considered or discussed any actual distribution as its current expectation is that, for the foreseeable future, the entire inherited estate will need to be retained within the long-term fund to provide working capital. However, in the light of current market conditions, the amount and timing of any re-attribution of the estate remains very uncertain. Support of long-term business funds from shareholders’ funds As a proprietary insurance company, Prudential is liable to meet its obligations to policyholders even if the assets of the long-term funds are insufficient to do so. The assets, represented by the Fund for Future Appropriations, in excess of amounts expected to be paid for future terminal bonuses and related shareholder transfers (excess assets) in the long-term funds could be materially depleted over time, by, for example, a significant or sustained equity market downturn, significant fundamental strategic change costs, or material increases in the pension mis-selling provision. In the unlikely circumstance that the depletion of the excess assets within the long-term fund was such that Prudential’s ability to satisfy policyholders’ reasonable expectations was adversely affected, it might become necessary to restrict the annual distribution to shareholders or to contribute shareholders’ funds to the long-term funds to provide financial support. Should the assets of SAIF be inadequate to meet the guaranteed benefit obligations to the policyholders of SAIF, the Prudential Assurance long-term fund would be liable to cover any such deficiency. At 31 December 2002, the excess of SAIF assets over guaranteed benefits was £437m. Due to the quality and diversity of the assets in SAIF, the aforementioned amount of the excess of assets over guaranteed benefits and the ability of Prudential to revise guaranteed benefits in case of an asset shortfall, Prudential believes that the probability of either the Prudential Assurance long-term fund or Prudential shareholders’ funds having to contribute to SAIF is very remote. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 83 Notes on the Financial Statements continued 33. Cash Flow Reconciliation of operating profit to net cash inflow from operations Operating profit before tax before amortisation of goodwill Add back interest charged to operating profit Adjustments for non-cash items: Tax on long-term business profits Amounts retained and invested in long-term business operations Increase in net banking business assets Other items Net cash inflow from operating activities Acquisitions and disposals Net assets acquired (disposed of) after expenses and tax: Goodwill on acquisitions Cash and short-term deposits Other net assets Net assets acquired (disposed of) Cash consideration received (paid) Net impact on shareholders’ funds 2002 £m 432 190 (174) (553) 72 64 31 Total 2002 £m 8 1 (7) 2 340 342 2001 £m 622 162 (235) (534) 36 44 95 Total 2001 £m 171 – 11 182 (182) 0 Disposal of UK general business operations Acquisitions £m £m – – (11) (11) 353 342 8 1 4 13 (13) 0 In addition to the above, Egg acquired Zebank SA and Investment Funds Direct Holdings Limited for a consideration of £28m. Goodwill arising on these transactions was £7m and net assets acquired were £21m. In the context of the Group’s cash flow statements, these transactions have been accounted for as a movement within banking business assets. Changes in investments net of financing Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term deposits, net of overdrafts Net (sales) purchases of portfolio investments Increase in loans Movement on credit facility utilised by investment subsidiaries managed by PPM America Share capital issued Movements arising from cash flow Investment appreciation (depreciation) Investments and cash acquired with purchase of businesses Exchange translation and other Transfer to retained profit in respect of shares issued in lieu of cash dividends Portfolio investments net of financing at beginning of year Portfolio investments net of financing at end of year Represented by: Investments (including short-term deposits) Cash at bank and in hand Borrowings (per note 31) Share capital and share premium Cumulative charge to Group profit and loss account reserve in respect of shares issued to qualifying employee share ownership trust 2002 £m 26 (83) (86) 165 (40) (18) 2 1 (83) 23 (1,466) 2001 £m (1,125) 1,777 (640) (404) (42) (434) (71) – (7) 20 (974) (1,541) (1,466) 2,736 332 (4,118) (650) 2,805 193 (3,990) (633) 159 159 (1,541) (1,466) 84 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 33. Cash Flow continued Reconciliation of investments to balance sheet General business and shareholder portfolio investments (as above) Long-term business portfolio investments Investments in participating interests Total investments (per balance sheet) Reconciliation of cash to balance sheet General business and shareholders (as above) Long-term business Total cash at bank and in hand (per balance sheet) Reconciliation of borrowings General business and shareholders (as above) Long-term business Total borrowings (per note 31) 2002 £m 2001 £m 2,736 2,805 112,329 117,010 87 73 115,138 119,902 332 783 1,115 193 1,243 1,436 4,118 255 4,373 3,990 849 4,839 34. Acquisitions and Disposals (i) Acquisitions Acquisitions in 2002 principally relate to the purchase of Good Morning Investment Trust Management Company (Good Morning ITMC) in Korea and, by Egg, Zebank SA in France and Investment Funds Direct Holdings Limited (Fundsdirect) in the United Kingdom. The effect of these transactions, which have been accounted for as acquisitions, was: Fair value of consideration (including deferred consideration and expenses) Net assets acquired: Financial investments Banking assets Banking liabilities Other Book and fair value of assets at acquisition Goodwill recognised on acquisitions Zebank and Korea Fundsdirect £m £m 16 28 6 – – 2 8 8 – 178 (157) – 21 7 Total £m 44 6 178 (157) 2 29 15 The amounts included in the profit and loss account for 2002 in respect of these acquisitions are not material. The goodwill is being amortised from the date of acquisition over a period of up to 20 years. (ii) Disposals The Company completed the transfer of its UK home and motor general business operations to Winterthur and the Churchill Group, its UK subsidiary, on 4 January 2002 for a consideration of £353m. After allowing for the costs of sale and other related items, the profit on sale was £355m before tax. As part of the transfer arrangements, the insurance liabilities of the business at 31 December 2001 and gross premiums written in 2002 were almost wholly reinsured to Winterthur. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 85 Statement of Directors’ Responsibilities Company law requires the directors to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company and the Group and of the profit or loss for that period. In preparing those financial statements, the directors are required to: • select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently; • make judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent; • state whether applicable accounting standards have been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements; • prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Group will continue in business. The directors are responsible for keeping proper accounting records which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Group and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 1985. They have general responsibility for taking such steps as are reasonably open to them to safeguard the assets of the Group and to prevent and detect fraud and other irregularities. Independent Auditors’ Report to the Members of Prudential plc We have audited the financial statements on pages 47 to 85. We have also audited the information on pages 37 to 43 in the directors’ remuneration report that is described as having been audited. This report is made solely to the Company’s members, as a body, in accordance with section 235 of the Companies Act 1985. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the Company’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor’s report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Company and the Company’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed. Respective Responsibilities of Directors and Auditors The directors are responsible for the preparation of the Annual Report and the directors’ remuneration report. As described above, this includes responsibility for preparing the financial statements in accordance with applicable United Kingdom law and accounting standards. Our responsibilities, as independent auditors, are established in the United Kingdom by statute, the Auditing Practices Board, the Listing Rules of the Financial Services Authority, and by our profession’s ethical guidance. We report to you our opinion as to whether the financial statements give a true and fair view and whether the financial statements and the part of the directors’ remuneration report to be audited have been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1985. We also report to you if, in our opinion, the directors’ report is not consistent with the financial statements, if the Company has not kept proper accounting records, if we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit, or if information specified by law regarding directors’ remuneration and transactions with the Group is not disclosed. We review whether the statement on pages 30 to 32 reflects the Company’s compliance with the seven provisions of the Combined Code specified for our review by the Listing Rules, and we report if it does not. We are not required to consider whether the Board’s statements on internal control cover all risks and controls, or form an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s corporate governance procedures or its risk and control procedures. We read the other information contained in the Annual Report, including the corporate governance statement and the 86 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 unaudited part of the directors’ remuneration report, and consider whether it is consistent with the audited financial statements. We consider the implications for our report if we become aware of any apparent mis-statements or material inconsistencies with the financial statements. Basis of Audit Opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with Auditing Standards issued by the Auditing Practices Board. An audit includes examination, on a test basis, of evidence relevant to the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements and the part of the directors’ remuneration report to be audited. It also includes an assessment of the significant estimates and judgements made by the directors in the preparation of the financial statements, and of whether the accounting policies are appropriate to the Group’s circumstances, consistently applied and adequately disclosed. We planned and performed our audit so as to obtain all the information and explanations which we considered necessary in order to provide us with sufficient evidence to give reasonable assurance that the financial statements and the part of the directors’ remuneration report to be audited are free from material mis-statement, whether caused by fraud or other irregularity or error. In forming our opinion we also evaluated the overall adequacy of the presentation of information in the financial statements and the part of the directors’ remuneration report to be audited. Opinion In our opinion: • the financial statements give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Company and the Group as at 31 December 2002 and of the profit of the Group for the year then ended; and • the financial statements and the part of the directors’ remuneration report to be audited have been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1985. KPMG Audit Plc Chartered Accountants Registered Auditor London 21 March 2003 Five Year Review Group Summary Results for the year Long-term business: New business of continuing operations: Single Regular Investment product contributions Gross premiums written and investment product contributions Operating profit before amortisation of goodwill: Long-term business Investment management and products US broker dealer and fund management Banking Shareholders’ investment return and other income Interest payable on core structural borrowings Corporate expenditure UK re-engineering costs Continuing operations Discontinued operations Total operating profit (based on long-term investment returns) before amortisation of goodwill Amortisation of goodwill Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Merger break fee, net of related expenses Profit on business disposals Profit on ordinary activities before tax (including actual investment returns) 2002 £m 2001 £m 2000 £m 1999 £m 1998 £m 12,112 707 14,818 31,487 10,723 693 10,067 25,263 9,901 538 3,587 17,760 10,640 489 1,307 16,133 6,982 453 369 11,009 570 71 14 (20) 3 (130) (62) (14) 432 – 432 (98) (205) – 355 484 718 75 16 (88) 51 (118) (63) (41) 550 72 622 (95) (480) 338 – 385 988 90 7 (155) 64 (131) (56) – 807 33 840 (84) (48) – 239 947 961 70 (6) (150) 84 (122) (52) (58) 727 49 776 (54) 28 – – 750 842 28 – (77) 181 (97) (56) – 821 47 868 – 24 – 249 1,141 Profit after tax and minority interests: Operating profit (including post-tax long-term investment returns) Profit for the year (including post-tax actual investment returns) 314 449 460 389 591 657 507 472 620 853 Shareholders’ funds and borrowings Statutory basis: Employed in business units Retained centrally Borrowings of holding company and related finance subsidiaries Total statutory basis capital and reserves Additional achieved profits basis retained profit Achieved profits basis capital and reserves 4,388 1,577 4,161 1,769 3,955 1,584 3,444 1,720 2,353 2,168 5,965 (2,297) 5,930 (1,980) 5,539 (1,568) 5,164 (1,760) 4,521 (1,223) 3,668 3,528 7,196 3,950 4,200 8,150 3,971 4,805 8,776 3,404 4,884 8,288 3,298 4,165 7,463 Insurance and investment funds under management (£bn) 155 163 165 170 128 Share statistics Earnings per share: Based on operating profit after tax and related minority interests before amortisation of goodwill Based on profit for the year after tax and minority interests Dividend per share Market price at 31 December Average number of shares 15.8p 22.6p 23.3p 19.7p 30.2p 33.5p 26.0p 24.2p 31.9p 43.9p 26.0p 25.4p 24.5p 23.0p 21.0p 439p 796p 1,077p 1,220p 908p 1,988m 1,978m 1,959m 1,947m 1,942m Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 87 Five Year Review continued Analysis by Business Area UK Operations Long-term business: New business: Single Regular Investment product contributions Gross premiums written and investment product contributions Operating profit, before re-engineering costs: Long-term business Investment management and products Banking Total operating profit Statutory basis capital and reserves Additional achieved profits basis retained profit Achieved profits basis capital and reserves Insurance and investment funds under management (£bn) US Operations Long-term business: New business: Single Regular Gross premiums written Operating profit (including long-term investment returns): Jackson National Life US broker dealer and fund management Total operating profit Statutory basis capital and reserves Additional achieved profits basis retained profit Achieved profits basis capital and reserves Insurance and investment funds under management (£bn) Prudential Asia Long-term business: New business: Single Regular Investment product contributions Gross premiums written and investment product contributions Operating profit before development expenses Development expenses Net operating profit Statutory basis capital and reserves Additional achieved profits basis retained profit Achieved profits basis capital and reserves Insurance and investment funds under management (£bn) Prudential Europe Long-term business: New business: Single Regular Gross premiums written Operating profit before development expenses Development expenses Net operating profit Statutory basis capital and reserves Additional achieved profits basis retained profit Achieved profits basis capital and reserves Insurance and investment funds under management (£bn) 88 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 2002 £m 2001 £m 2000 £m 1999 £m 1998 £m 5,856 195 1,157 9,592 368 71 (20) 419 1,292 2,377 3,669 111 5,735 22 6,098 139 14 153 2,449 283 2,732 32 5,403 282 1,040 9,238 435 75 (88) 422 1,203 3,162 4,365 120 4,612 22 5,008 282 16 298 2,498 319 2,817 34 479 465 13,661 15,557 88 (26) 650 369 9,027 10,820 44 (19) 62 579 828 25 402 687 1,407 1,089 11.1 8.3 42 25 240 9 (8) 1 68 40 108 0.7 58 20 197 5 (29) (24) 58 32 90 0.6 4,782 262 1,328 9,036 503 90 (155) 438 1,247 3,882 5,129 129 4,830 25 5,223 459 7 466 2,333 423 2,756 30 275 229 2,259 3,335 39 (3) 36 315 478 793 5.6 14 22 166 8 (18) (10) 60 22 82 0.6 6,383 339 725 10,279 471 70 (150) 391 1,229 3,884 5,113 142 4,062 24 4,449 457 (6) 451 1,945 588 2,533 25 183 106 582 1,237 27 – 27 217 376 593 2.7 12 20 168 6 0 6 53 15 68 0.5 4,095 335 297 7,114 404 28 (77) 355 533 3,386 3,919 105 2,835 28 3,237 411 – 411 1,660 506 2,166 21 42 79 72 532 23 – 23 123 255 378 1.7 10 11 126 4 0 4 37 9 46 0.4 Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information year ended 31 December 2002 Results Analysis by Business Area Note UK Operations New business Business in force Long-term business M&G Egg Total US Operations New business Business in force Long-term business Broker dealer and fund management Total Prudential Asia New business Business in force Long-term business Development expenses Total Prudential Europe New business Business in force Long-term business Development expenses Total Other income and expenditure Investment return and other income Interest payable on core structural borrowings Corporate expenditure: Group Head Office Asia Regional Head Office Total UK re-engineering costs Operating profit from continuing operations (based on long-term investment returns) before amortisation of goodwill 8 9 8 9 8 9 16 8 9 16 17 2002 £m 222 304 526 71 (20) 577 234 17 251 14 265 307 209 516 (26) 490 11 3 14 (8) 6 2001 £m 243 377 620 75 (88) 607 167 136 303 16 319 255 160 415 (19) 396 8 0 8 (29) (21) 3 (130) (36) (26) (189) 1,149 (16) 51 (118) (39) (24) (130) 1,171 (57) 1,133 1,114 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 89 Summarised Consolidated Profit and Loss Account – Achieved Profits Basis year ended 31 December 2002 UK Insurance Operations M&G Egg UK Operations US Operations Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Other income and expenditure (including development expenses) UK re-engineering costs Operating profit from continuing operations Discontinued UK general business operations Operating profit before tax before amortisation of goodwill* Amortisation of goodwill Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Effect of change in economic assumptions Merger break fee (net of related expenses) Profit on sale of UK general business operations Loss on ordinary activities before tax (including actual investment returns) Tax Loss for the financial year before minority interests Minority interests Loss for the financial year after minority interests Dividends Retained loss for the financial year Note 17 10 11 12 2002 £m 526 71 (20) 577 265 516 14 (223) 1,149 (16) 1,133 – 1,133 (98) (1,406) (467) – 355 (483) 329 (154) 9 (145) (519) (664) 2001 £m 620 75 (88) 607 319 415 8 (178) 1,171 (57) 1,114 72 1,186 (95) (1,402) (482) 338 – (455) 213 (242) 25 (217) (504) (721) *Operating profit includes investment returns at the expected long-term rate of return but excludes amortisation of goodwill and the profit on sale of UK general business operations. The directors believe that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance. Profit on ordinary activities includes these items together with actual investment returns. This basis of presentation has been adopted consistently throughout this achieved profits basis supplementary information. Earnings per Share – Achieved Profits Basis year ended 31 December 2002 Based on operating profit after tax and related minority interests before amortisation of goodwill of £851m (£828m) Based on loss for the financial year after minority interests of £(145)m (£(217)m) Note 2002 2001 5 5 42.8p 41.9p (7.3)p (11.0)p Statement of Total Recognised Gains and Losses – Achieved Profits Basis year ended 31 December 2002 Loss for the financial year after minority interests Exchange movements Total recognised losses relating to the financial year 90 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 2002 £m (145) (330) (475) 2001 £m (217) 53 (164) Reconciliation of Movement in Shareholders’ Capital and Reserves – Achieved Profits Basis year ended 31 December 2002 Total recognised losses relating to the financial year New share capital subscribed Dividends Net decrease in shareholders’ capital and reserves Shareholders’ capital and reserves, at beginning of year Shareholders’ capital and reserves at end of year Summarised Consolidated Balance Sheet – Achieved Profits Basis 31 December 2002 Total assets less liabilities, excluding insurance funds Less insurance funds Technical provisions, net of reinsurers’ share Fund for future appropriations Less shareholders’ accrued interest in the long-term business Achieved profits basis net assets Shareholders’ capital and reserves Share capital and share premium Statutory basis retained profit Additional achieved profits basis retained profit Achieved profits basis capital and reserves Note 2002 £m (475) 40 (519) 14 (954) 8,150 13,14 7,196 2001 £m (164) 42 (504) (626) 8,776 8,150 Note 2002 £m 2001 £m 126,325 133,365 114,994 116,213 13,202 (4,200) 7,663 (3,528) 119,129 125,215 13,14 7,196 8,150 650 3,018 3,528 7,196 633 3,317 4,200 8,150 13,14 The supplementary information on pages 90 to 101 was approved by the Board of directors on 21 March 2003. David Clementi Chairman Jonathan Bloomer Group Chief Executive Philip Broadley Group Finance Director Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 91 Notes on the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information 1. Basis of Preparation of Results The achieved profits basis results include the results of the Group’s long-term insurance operations on the achieved profits basis. These results are combined with the statutory basis results of the Group’s other operations including banking, unit trusts, mutual funds and other non-insurance investment management business. The achieved profits basis results for long-term business for 2002 have been prepared in accordance with the guidance issued by the Association of British Insurers (ABI) in December 2001 ‘Supplementary Reporting for long-term insurance business (the achieved profits method)’. The information is supplementary to the financial statements on pages 47 to 85. 2. Methodology The achieved profits basis results incorporate best estimate assumptions of future rates of investment return, proprietor’s spread (in the case of Jackson National Life), policy discontinuances, mortality, expenses, expense inflation, taxation, bonus rates, surrender and paid up bases, and statutory valuation bases. In adopting these assumptions, account has been taken of recent experience and general economic conditions, together with inherent uncertainty. It has been assumed that the bases and rates of taxation, both direct and indirect, will not change materially in the countries in which the Group operates. The proportion of surplus allocated to shareholders from the UK with-profits business has been based on the present level of 10%. Future bonus rates have been set at levels which would fully utilise the assets of the with-profits fund over the lifetime of the business in force. In the UK, Department of Social Security rebate business has been treated as single premium business. 3. Economic Assumptions Under the ABI guidance, for most countries, the basis for setting long-term expected rates of returns on investments and risk discount rates are set by reference to period end rates of return on fixed interest securities. This ‘active’ basis of assumption setting has been applied in preparing the results of all the Group’s UK, US and European long-term business operations. For the Group’s Asian operations the active basis is appropriate for business written in Japan, Korea and US dollar denominated business written in Hong Kong. An exception to this general rule is that for countries where long-term fixed interest markets are underdeveloped, investment return assumptions and risk discount rates should be based on an assessment of longer-term economic conditions. Except for the countries listed above, this basis is appropriate for the Group’s Asian operations. The profit and loss account charge or credit in respect of changes in economic assumptions, which is shown as an item excluded from operating profit, as shown in note 14, reflects the effect on shareholders’ funds at the start of the reporting period. The key economic assumptions are described below: 2002 2001 UK Operations Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return: UK equities Overseas equities Property Gilts Corporate bonds Assets of PAC with-profits fund (applying the rates listed above to the investments held by the fund) Expected long-term rate of inflation Post-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return: Pension business (where no tax applies) Life business Risk margin included within the risk discount rate Risk discount rate(i) US Operations (Jackson National Life) Expected long-term spread between earned rate and rate credited to policyholders for single premium deferred annuity business US 10 year treasury bond rate at 31 December 2002 (2001) Risk margin included within the risk discount rate Risk discount rate(i) Prudential Asia(ii) Weighted pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return Weighted expected long-term rate of inflation Weighted risk discount rate(i) Prudential Europe Risk discount rate(i) 7.0% 7.5% 7.0% to 7.8% 7.5 to 7.8% 7.5% 5.0% 6.0% 6.75% 4.5% 5.5% 6.6% 2.5% 6.6% 5.7% 2.6% 7.1% 1.75% 3.9% 3.1% 7.0% 7.1% 3.0% 9.6% 7.1% 2.6% 7.1% 6.3% 2.6% 7.7% 1.75% 5.1% 2.6% 7.7% 7.3% 3.0% 10.1% 7.1% 7.7% (i) For all operations, a discount rate is applied to post-tax cash flows to determine post-tax results. For most operations, these results are then grossed up for the effective rate of tax to derive the pre-tax results. For Jackson National Life, pre-tax results are determined by applying the risk discount rate to pre-tax cash flows adjusted for the impact of capital charges. (ii) The Prudential Asia economic assumptions shown above have been determined by weighting each country’s economic assumptions by reference to the achieved profits basis operating results for new business written in 2002 and 2001. 92 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 4. Investment Return (i) Profit before tax With the exception of fixed interest investments held by Jackson National Life, investment gains and losses during the period (to the extent that changes in capital values do not directly match changes in liabilities) are included in the profit for the year and shareholders’ funds as they arise. In the case of Jackson National Life, it is assumed that fixed income investments will normally be held until maturity. Therefore unrealised gains and losses on these securities are not reflected in either the achieved profits or statutory basis results and, except on realisation or impairment of investments, only income received and the amortisation of the difference between cost and maturity values are recognised to the extent attributable to shareholders. (ii) Operating profit Investment returns, including investment gains, in respect of long-term insurance business are recognised in operating results at the expected long-term rate of return. For the purposes of calculating investment return to be recognised in operating results of UK operations, where equity holdings are a significant proportion of investment portfolios, values of assets at the beginning of the reporting period are adjusted to remove the effects of short-term market volatility. For the purposes of determining the longer-term returns, realised gains and losses arising (including impairment losses) on debt securities of Jackson National Life have been averaged over five years and combined with actual interest income and dividends. For equity-related investments of Jackson National Life, a longer-term rate of return of 7.75% has been assumed. This has been applied to the monthly average carrying value of such investments after excluding the estimated effect of short-term market movements. 5. Supplemental Earnings Information The Group’s supplemental measure of its results and reconciliation of achieved profits basis operating profit based on longer-term investment returns before amortisation of goodwill to achieved profits basis profit on ordinary activities, including the related basic earnings per share amounts, are as follows: Before tax £m Tax £m Post-tax £m Minority interests £m Basic Net earnings £m per share 2002 Based on operating profit after tax and minority interests before amortisation of goodwill Adjustment for amortisation of goodwill Adjustment from post-tax longer-term investment returns to post-tax actual investment returns (after related minority interests)* Effect of change of economic assumptions Profit on sale of UK general business operations Based on loss for the financial year after minority interests 2001 Based on operating profit after tax and minority interests before amortisation of goodwill and merger break fee Adjustment for amortisation of goodwill Adjustment from post-tax longer-term investment returns to post-tax actual investment returns (after related minority interests)* Effect of change of economic assumptions Merger break fee, net of related expenses Based on loss for the financial year after minority interests The average number of shares for 2002 is 1,988m (1,978m). 1,133 (98) (286) – 847 (98) (1,406) (467) 355 (483) 447 181 (13) 329 (959) (286) 342 (154) 1,186 (95) (370) – 816 (95) (1,402) (482) 338 (455) 422 167 (6) 213 (980) (315) 332 (242) 4 – 5 – – 9 12 – 13 – – 25 851 (98) 42.8p (4.9)p (954) (286) 342 (145) (48.0)p (14.4)p 17.2p (7.3)p 828 (95) 41.9p (4.8)p (967) (315) 332 (217) (48.9)p (16.0)p 16.8p (11.0)p *The adjustment from post-tax longer-term returns to post-tax actual investment returns includes investment return that is attributable to external equity investors in two investment funds managed by PPM America. These two funds are consolidated as quasi-subsidiaries but, except to the extent of Prudential Group participation in the funds, they have no net impact on pre-tax or post-tax operating profit. Total profit, before and after tax, incorporating the adjustment from longer-term to actual investment returns includes losses of £5m (£13m) attributable to the minority interests in these funds. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 93 Notes on the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information continued 6. Cost of Capital A charge is deducted from the annual result and the balance sheet value for the cost of capital supporting solvency requirements for the Group’s long-term business. This cost is the difference between the nominal value of solvency capital and the present value, at risk discount rates, of the projected release of this capital and investment earnings on the capital. The annual result is impacted by the movement in this cost from year to year which comprises a charge against new business profit with a partial offset for the release of capital requirements for business in force. Where solvency capital is held within a with-profits long-term fund, the value placed on surplus assets in the fund is already discounted to reflect its release over time and no further adjustment is necessary in respect of solvency capital. However, where business is funded directly by shareholders, principally at Jackson National Life, the solvency capital requires adjustments to reflect the cost of that capital. In determining the cost of capital of Jackson National Life, it has been assumed that an amount equal to 200% of the risk based capital required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners at the Company Action Level must be retained. The impact of the related capital charge is to reduce Jackson National Life’s shareholders’ funds by £138m (£222m). 7. Foreign Currency Translation Foreign currency revenue has been translated at average exchange rates for the year. Foreign currency assets and liabilities have been translated at year end rates of exchange. 8. Operating Profit from New Business UK Operations Jackson National Life* Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Total * Jackson National Life net of tax profit: Before capital charge Capital charge (note 6) After capital charge 2002 Pre-tax £m Tax £m Post-tax £m Pre-tax £m 222 234 307 11 774 (66) (116) (84) (3) (269) 243 167 255 8 673 156 118 223 8 505 142 (24) 118 2001 Tax £m (73) (94) (74) (2) (243) Post-tax £m 170 73 181 6 430 108 (35) 73 In determining the achieved profits basis value of new business written in the year the policies incept, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out on page 64. 94 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 9. Operating Profit from Business in Force Operating profits from new business are measured using the revised economic assumptions shown in note 3 and after applying any revised operating assumptions. The profit and loss account impact for revised operating assumptions is shown below: UK Operations Unwind of discount(i) Cost of strengthened persistency assumption Change of renewal expense assumption resulting from closure of direct sales force Cost of strengthened assumption for required capital for shareholder backed business Experience variances and other items Jackson National Life Unwind of discount Return on surplus assets (over target surplus) Averaged realised investment losses (note 10) Experience variances against current assumptions: Spread(ii) Persistency Mortality and morbidity Expenses Loss from strengthening of operating assumptions Other Prudential Asia Unwind of discount Profit arising from reorganisation of long-term funds Change in operating assumptions (2002 – principally Singapore mortality) Other items and experience variances Prudential Europe Unwind of discount Experience variances Total 2002 £m 358 (47) – – (7) 304 156 41 (133) 2 8 – 1 (54) (4) 17 95 59 42 13 2001 £m 384 – 15 (16) (6) 377 200 44 (74) (12) (7) (2) (16) (13) 16 136 78 – 66 16 209 160 9 (6) 3 9 (9) 0 533 673 (i) The unwind of discount for UK long-term business operations represents the unwind of discount on the value of in force business at the beginning of the year (adjusted for the effect of current year assumption changes), the expected return on smoothed surplus assets retained within the main with-profits fund (see note 13), and the expected return on shareholders’ assets held in other UK long-term business operations. Surplus assets retained within the main with- profits fund are smoothed for this purpose to remove the effects of short-term investment volatility. (ii) The spread variance for Jackson National Life shown above has been determined after including longer-term returns on equity based investments. This treatment is consistent with the inclusion of longer-term investment returns within operating profits. Short-term fluctuations in investment returns, including those for equity based investments, are excluded from operating profit but included within the total profit or loss for the reporting period. An analysis of the short-term fluctuations in investment returns is shown in note 10. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 95 Notes on the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information continued 10. Short-term Fluctuations in Investment Returns Long-term business: UK Operations(i) Jackson National Life(ii) Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Share of investment return of funds managed by PPM America that are consolidated into Group results but attributable to external investors General insurance and shareholders Total (i) UK Operations 2002 £m 2001 £m (1,019) (440) 66 (2) (5) (6) (764) (521) (9) – (13) (95) (1,406) (1,402) Short-term fluctuations in investment returns represent the difference between actual investment returns attributable to shareholders on the achieved profits basis and the expected returns as described in note 3. (ii) Jackson National Life – Summary Short-term fluctuations comprise: Actual investment return on investments less longer-term returns included within operating profit(iii) Investment return related loss due primarily to changed expectation of profitability on variable annuity business arising from adverse current year equity returns* Transition writedown on implementation of EITF 99-20 for interests in securitised financial assets 2002 £m 2001 £m (295) (413) (145) – (440) (85) (23) (521) *This adjustment arises due to market returns for 2002 and 2001 being lower than the assumed long-term rate of return. This gives rise to lower than expected year end values of variable annuity assets under management with a resulting effect on the projected value of future account values, and hence future profitability. (iii) Jackson National Life – Actual investment return on investments less longer-term returns comprises: Actual less averaged realised gains and losses (including impairments) for fixed income securities(iv) Actual less longer-term return on equity based investments Investment (depreciation) appreciation on preference shares 2002 £m (156) (128) (11) (295) 2001 £m (295) (124) 6 (413) (iv) Jackson National Life – Actual less averaged realised gains and losses (including impairments) for fixed income securities Gains (losses) arising in years 1998 to 2002 Five year total Five year average included in operating result (see note 9) Actual losses less averaged losses for 2002 Exchange rate £m $m equivalent 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 54 3 (90) (532) (435) (1,000) (200) (235) (289) (133) (156) 1.50 Averaged realised gains differ from those reported on the statutory basis for the impact of amortisation of policy acquisition costs attributable to realised gains and losses. These have been included in the statutory basis gains averaging calculation for the years 1998 to 2002. On the achieved profits basis deferred acquisition costs do not feature as part of the methodology. Accordingly the realised gains and losses included in the averaging process are exclusive of the amortisation of policy acquisition costs attributable to realised gains and losses. 96 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 11. Effect of Revised Economic Assumptions (Losses) profits on change in economic assumptions included within the loss on ordinary activities before tax arise as follows: UK long-term business operations Jackson National Life Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Total 2002 £m (234) (76) (158) 1 (467) 2001 £m (426) 1 (57) – (482) 12. Taxation Charge The profit for the year is in most cases calculated initially at the post-tax level. The post-tax profit is then grossed up for presentation purposes at the effective rates of tax applicable to the countries and periods concerned. For Jackson National Life the profit is calculated at the pre-tax level and the effective tax rate is the rate expected to be applicable on average over the remaining lifetimes of the policies. The tax charge comprises: Tax charge on operating profit Long-term business: UK Operations(i) Jackson National Life Prudential Asia(ii) Prudential Europe(ii) General insurance and shareholders Total tax on operating profit Tax on items not included in operating profit Tax credit on short-term fluctuations in investment returns Tax effect of change of economic assumptions Tax charge on profit on disposal of UK general business operations (after utilisation of available capital losses) Tax charge on merger break fee, net of expenses (after utilisation of available capital losses) Total tax on items not included in operating profit Tax credit on loss on ordinary activities (including tax on actual investment returns) (i) Including tax relief on shareholders’ portion of UK re-engineering costs borne by the main with-profits fund. (ii) Including tax relief on development costs where applicable. 2002 £m 2001 £m 159 49 123 7 338 (52) 286 (447) (181) 13 – (615) (329) 173 127 133 (2) 431 (61) 370 (422) (167) – 6 (583) (213) Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 97 Notes on the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information continued 13. Shareholders’ Funds – Segmental Analysis UK Operations Long-term business operations: Smoothed shareholders’ funds(i) Actual shareholders’ funds less smoothed shareholders’ funds M&G Egg US Operations Jackson National Life (net of surplus note borrowings of £155m (£172m))(iv) Before capital charge: Excluding assets in excess of target surplus Assets in excess of target surplus Capital charge(ii) After capital charge Other US Operations Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Other operations Goodwill(iii) Holding company net borrowings(iv) Other assets Total 2002 £m 2001 £m 3,329 (411) 2,918 382 369 3,669 1,965 830 2,795 (138) 2,657 75 2,732 3,775 (119) 3,656 329 380 4,365 2,442 463 2,905 (222) 2,683 134 2,817 1,407 1,089 108 90 1,546 (2,071) (195) 1,624 (1,961) 126 (720) (211) 7,196 8,150 (i) UK long-term business smoothed shareholders’ funds reflect an adjustment to PAC Life Fund assets, for the purposes of determining the unwind of discount included in operating profits, to remove the effects of short-term volatility in market values of assets. (ii) In determining the cost of capital of Jackson National Life it has been assumed that an amount equal to 200% of the risk based capital required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners at the Company Action Level must be retained. The impact of the related capital charge is to reduce Jackson National Life’s shareholders’ funds by £138m (£222m). (iii) Total goodwill comprises: Held within US operations relating to purchase of broker dealer and banking businesses Other operations relating to M&G and acquired Asian businesses (iv) Borrowings comprise: Net core structural borrowings of shareholder financed operations comprise: Holding company cash and short-term deposits Core structural borrowings – central funds Holding company net borrowings Core structural borrowings – Jackson National Life 2002 £m 58 1,546 1,604 2001 £m 63 1,624 1,687 2002 £m 2001 £m 226 (2,297) (2,071) (155) (2,226) 19 (1,980) (1,961) (172) (2,133) 98 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 14. Reconciliation of Movement in Shareholders’ Funds Long-term business operations Jackson National Life £m Prudential Asia £m UK £m Prudential Total long-term Other business Europe operations operations £m £m £m Operating profit (including investment return based on long-term rates of returns) Long-term business: New business Business in force Re-engineering costs Asia and Europe development expenses M&G Egg US broker dealer and fund management Other income and expenditure Operating profit (loss) before amortisation of goodwill Amortisation of goodwill Short-term fluctuations in investment returns Effect of changes of economic assumptions Profit on sale of UK general business operations (Loss) profit on ordinary activities before tax (including actual investment gains and losses) Tax: 222 304 526 (16) 234 17 251 307 209 516 (26) 11 3 14 (8) 774 533 1,307 (16) (34) 510 (1,019) (234) 251 (4) (440) (76) 490 66 (158) 6 (2) 1 1,257 (4) (1,395) (467) 71 (20) 14 (189) (124) (94) (11) 355 Group total £m 774 533 1,307 (16) (34) 71 (20) 14 (189) 1,133 (98) (1,406) (467) 355 (743) (269) 398 5 (609) 126 (483) Tax on operating profit (loss) Tax on short-term fluctuations in investment returns Tax on effect of change of economic assumptions Tax on profit on disposal of UK general business operations (159) 304 70 (49) 155 77 (123) (14) 34 (7) (338) 445 181 Total tax credit (charge) Minority interests 215 183 (103) (7) 288 (Loss) profit for the financial year (528) (86) 295 (2) (321) 52 2 (13) 41 9 176 (286) 447 181 (13) 329 9 (145) Exchange movements Development costs included above (net of tax) borne centrally Intragroup dividends (including statutory transfer) External dividends Investment in operations Proceeds from issues of share capital by parent company Adjustment for European new business sold by UK operations (361) 157 (6) (246) (94) 400 (90) 6 (21) 128 Net (decrease) increase in shareholders’ capital and reserves (738) (26) 318 Shareholders’ capital and reserves at 1 January 2002 3,656 2,683 1,089 2 1 7 4 6 18 90 (334) 7 (469) 689 4 (330) (7) 469 (519) (689) 40 (519) 40 (428) (526) (954) 7,518 632 8,150 Shareholders’ capital and reserves at 31 December 2002 Analysed as: 2,918 2,657 1,407 108 7,090 106 7,196 Statutory basis shareholders’ funds Additional shareholders’ interest on achieved profits basis Achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds 541 2,377 2,918 2,374 283 2,657 579 828 1,407 68 40 108 3,562 3,528 7,090 106 106 3,668 3,528 7,196 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 99 Notes on the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information continued 15. Results Sensitivity to Alternative Assumptions (i) Estimated results for 2001 based on economic assumptions applied for the 2002 results Operating profit UK Operations Jackson National Life* Prudential Asia Prudential Europe Total *Jackson National Life: Before capital charge Capital charge After capital charge Memorandum only Estimated profit from new business Pre-tax £m Tax £m Post-tax £m Estimated pre-tax unwind of discount £m 227 195 219 8 649 (68) (110) (64) (2) (244) 344 156 65 8 573 159 85 155 6 405 126 (41) 85 Shareholders’ funds If the economic assumptions applied for 2002 had been in place at 31 December 2001 the achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds at that date would have been lower by £286m. This represents a pre-tax loss of £467m less related tax credit of £181m. These figures are analysed by business operation in note 14. (ii) Estimated impact on 2002 results based on alternative assumptions The key assumptions that affect the Group’s results are economic, in particular expected rates of investment return and risk discount rates. The sensitivity of the 2002 results to changes in these assumptions is set out below: 2002 Pre-tax operating profit from new business Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return: Increase in rates of 1% Decrease in rates of 1% Risk discount rates: Increase in rates of 1% Decrease in rates of 1% 31 December 2002 shareholders’ funds Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rates of investment return: Increase in rates of 1% Decrease in rates of 1% Risk discount rates: Increase in rates of 1% Decrease in rates of 1% Group Total £m 103 (100) (85) 102 750 (774) (417) 474 16. Development Expenses Development expenses (excluding Asia regional head office costs) of £34m (£48m) were incurred in 2002 (2001). The reduction reflects reduced European development costs offset by increased development expenses arising from launch costs in Japan. 17. UK Re-engineering Costs Details of the re-engineering costs charged in the year are explained in note 7 on page 65. After including amounts borne by the main with-profits fund but attributed to shareholders, the costs relating to continuing operations recognised on the achieved profits basis were £16m (£57m). 100 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 18. Pension Costs The impact of pension costs on the achieved profits basis results of long-term business has been determined in the context of the methodology described in note 2. Accordingly, for long-term business, the achieved profits basis value of new business written in the reporting period, and the value of in force at the balance sheet date have been determined after incorporating projections of attributable pension costs into the estimates of future cash flows for the contracts concerned. Experience variances for expenses include any difference between the actual and assumed contributions to defined benefit pension schemes. The achieved profits basis results and shareholders’ funds for long-term business are, therefore, not affected by whether or not the Group has adopted FRS 17 ‘Retirement benefits’ in preparing its achieved profits basis results. On the achieved profits basis of reporting, the impact of adoption of FRS 17 for long-term business would be limited to: (i) Balance sheet recognition of the FRS 17 basis net pension scheme asset or liability (ii) For that element of the net pensions scheme asset or liability that is attributable to the PAC with-profit fund, adjustment of the Group fund for future appropriations by an equal but opposite amount, and (iii) For shareholder financed long-term business, an adjustment of the composition of achieved profits basis shareholders’ funds between the components of the modified statutory basis shareholders’ funds and additional shareholders’ reserves (reflecting the additional shareholders’ interest recognised on the achieved profits basis). As explained in note 1, the achieved profits basis results include statutory basis results for operations other than those conducting long-term business. In preparing results for these operations the Group has continued to apply SSAP 24. Further details are shown in note 19 on pages 73 to 76 of the Group’s financial statements. Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 101 Statement of Directors’ Responsibilities in Relation to the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information The guidance issued in December 2001 by the Association of British Insurers entitled ‘Supplementary Reporting for Long- Term Insurance Business (the achieved profits method)’ (the guidance) requires the directors to prepare supplementary information presented under the achieved profits method in accordance with the guidance. An explanation of the achieved profits basis of reporting is provided on pages 23 to 25 of the Group’s financial statements. In preparing the achieved profits basis supplementary information, the directors are required to: • select suitable methodologies and then apply them consistently; • determine assumptions on a realistic basis, having regard to past, current and expected future experience and to any relevant external data, and then apply them consistently; • state whether applicable accounting standards have been followed in relation to the residual assets, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the supplementary information; • prepare the supplementary information on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Company will continue in business. Independent Auditors’ Report to Prudential plc on the Achieved Profits Basis Supplementary Information We have audited the supplementary information on pages 90 to 101 in respect of the year ended 31 December 2002. The supplementary information has been prepared in accordance with the guidance issued in December 2001 by the Association of British Insurers entitled ‘Supplementary Reporting for Long- term Insurance Business (the achieved profits method)’ (the guidance) using the methodology and assumptions set out on page 92. The supplementary information should be read in conjunction with the primary financial statements which are on pages 47 to 54. Basis of Audit Opinion We conducted our audit in accordance with Auditing Standards issued by the Auditing Practices Board. An audit includes examination, on a test basis, of evidence relevant to the amounts and disclosures in the supplementary information. It also includes an assessment of the significant estimates and judgements made by the directors in the preparation of the supplementary information, and of whether the accounting policies are appropriate to the Group’s circumstances, consistently applied and adequately disclosed. This report is made solely to the Company in accordance with the terms of our engagement. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the Company those matters we have been engaged to state in this report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Company, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed. We planned and performed our audit so as to obtain all the information and explanations which we considered necessary in order to provide us with sufficient evidence to give reasonable assurance that the achieved profits basis supplementary information is free from material mis-statement, whether caused by fraud or other irregularity or error. In forming our opinion, we also evaluated the overall adequacy of the presentation of the supplementary information. Respective Responsibilities of Directors and Auditors As described above the directors’ responsibilities include preparing the supplementary information on the achieved profits basis in accordance with the guidance issued by the Association of British Insurers. Our responsibilities, as independent auditors, in relation to the supplementary information are established in the United Kingdom by the Auditing Practices Board, by our profession’s ethical guidance and the terms of our engagement. Under the terms of engagement we are required to report to the Company our opinion as to whether the supplementary information has been properly prepared in accordance with the guidance using the methodology and assumptions set out on page 92. We also report if we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit. Opinion In our opinion, the achieved profits basis supplementary information for the year ended 31 December 2002 has been properly prepared in accordance with the guidance using the methodology and assumptions set out on page 92. KPMG Audit Plc Chartered Accountants London 21 March 2003 102 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Shareholder Information Financial Calendar Annual General Meeting Payment of 2002 final dividend Announcement of 2003 interim results Payment of 2003 interim dividend Analysis of Registered Shareholder Accounts 31 December 2002 Size of shareholding Number of shareholder accounts 36 236 189 687 3,758 4,971 32,004 44,519 86,400 Over 10,000,000 1,000,001 – 10,000,000 500,001 – 1,000,000 500,000 100,001 – 100,000 10,001 – 10,000 5,001 – 5,000 1,001 – 1,000 1 – Total Shareholder Enquiries Lloyds TSB Registrars The Causeway Worthing West Sussex BN99 6DA Tel: 0870 6000190 Fax: 0870 6003980 Textel: 0870 6003950 (for hard of hearing) 8 May 2003 28 May 2003 29 July 2003 27 November 2003 % 0.04 0.27 0.22 0.80 4.35 5.75 37.04 51.53 Number of shares 810,066,210 678,689,943 133,360,619 151,483,069 100,000,889 34,952,641 71,444,470 21,664,507 % 40.47 33.91 6.66 7.57 5.00 1.74 3.57 1.08 100.00 2,001,662,348 100.00 Sharedealing Facilities Stockbrokers Cazenove & Co. offer a postal sharedealing service to Prudential shareholders at competitive commission rates. For details telephone 020 7606 1768 or write to 12 Tokenhouse Yard, London EC2R 7AN. American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) The Company’s ordinary shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depositary Shares, evidenced by ADRs and traded under the symbol PUK. Each American Depositary Share represents two ordinary shares. All enquiries regarding ADR holder accounts should be directed to J P Morgan, the authorised depositary bank, at J P Morgan Service Center, PO Box 43013, Providence, RI 02940-3013, USA, or telephone 00 1 781 575 4328. Form 20-F The Company is subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the USA as such requirements apply to foreign companies and files with the SEC its Form 20-F. Copies of Form 20-F can be found on the Company’s website at www.prudential.co.uk or on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 103 How to Contact Us Prudential plc Laurence Pountney Hill London EC4R 0HH Tel: 020 7220 7588 www.prudential.co.uk David Clementi Chairman Jonathan Bloomer Group Chief Executive Philip Broadley Group Finance Director Geraldine Davies Group Corporate Relations Director Jane Kibbey Group Human Resources Director Peter Maynard Group Legal Services Director & Company Secretary Prudential UK & Europe Insurance Operations 3 Sheldon Square London W2 6PR Tel: 020 7150 2000 Fax: 020 7150 2100 www.pru.co.uk Mark Wood Chief Executive M&G Laurence Pountney Hill London EC4R 0HH Tel: 020 7626 4588 www.mandg.co.uk Michael McLintock Chief Executive Egg plc 1 Waterhouse Square 138–142 Holborn London EC1N 2NA Tel: 020 7526 2500 Fax: 020 7526 2665 www.egg.com Paul Gratton Group Chief Executive Jackson National Life 1 Corporate Way Lansing Michigan 48951 United States Tel: 00 1 517 381 5500 www.jnl.com Clark Manning President & Chief Executive Officer Prudential Corporation Asia Suites 2910–14 Two Pacific Place 88 Queensway Hong Kong Tel: 00 852 2918 6300 Fax: 00 852 2525 7522 www.prudentialasia.com Mark Tucker Chief Executive Analyst Enquiries Tel: 020 7548 3537 Fax: 020 7548 3699 E-mail: investor.relations@prudential.co.uk Rebecca Burrows Director of Investor Relations Media Enquiries Tel: 020 7548 3721 104 Prudential plc Annual Report 2002 Prudential public limited company. Incorporated and registered in England and Wales. Registered office: Laurence Pountney Hill, London EC4R 0HH. Registered number 1397169. Prudential plc is a holding company, subsidiaries of which are regulated by the FSA. The paper used in this report contains a minimum of 50% recycled fibre, with the balance from fully sustainable resources, and was bleached without using chlorine gas. Photograph of Jonathan Bloomer on pages 4 and 28 has been supplied by NewsCast. Designed and produced by CGI BrandSense. Printed by Wace. Prudential plc Registered office: Laurence Pountney Hill London EC4R 0HH United Kingdom www.prudential.co.uk 

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