Psychemedics Corp. Annual Report 2016

Plain-text annual report

2016 ANNUAL REPORT CORPORATE PROFILE Psychemedics pioneered the use of hair drug testing, and remains the largest and leading supplier of drugs of abuse hair testing worldwide. Psychemedics is the only company to develop and patent a process that releases virtually 100% of the drugs from the inside of the hair, providing the greatest ability to detect drug use. Offering over 30 years of global experience, Psychemedics has provided its expertise and superior drug testing technology to thousands of organizations to aid in transitioning their drug screening programs to achieve the goal of a drug-free environment. Our drug testing services are trusted by over 10% of the Fortune 500 companies, numerous international organizations, many of the largest police departments, rehabilitation programs, schools and parents throughout the world. Psychemedics established its scientific and market leadership position through dedicated research and development efforts. Psychemedics has set the industry standards for sensitivity, robustness, quality and consistency. As a further example, the Company also developed and offers a hair test for alcohol which also looks back on use over a 90 days period, as our hair drug tests do. A partnership with Psychemedics ensures that our clients' drug testing programs stays current as drug challenges change and evolve. Dear Fellow Shareholders, 2016 was a record breaking year for us, both in revenues and earnings. Revenue grew by 45% and earnings grew by 342%, compared to 2015. After several years of hard work and investment, we have seen a significant impact from our Brazil business growth opportunity (described below). While our domestic business was down slightly, we did start to see a pick up at the end of the year, especially in our oil and gas and school business. We also reached another milestone this year with over 20 years of consecutive quarterly dividends. As we have previously reported, the Brazilian government passed a law that requires professional drivers in the transportation industry to pass a hair drug test when obtaining/renewing a driver’s license or when being hired/fired. This new drug testing requirement was in direct response to the fact that Brazil has one of the highest rates of highway traffic fatalities in the world. We applaud the Brazilian Federal Government for their leadership role in utilizing the rigorous hair test to ensure public safety on the roads of Brazil. The testing for this legally-mandated program began in March 2016. As we have reported, we have made significant investments over the past few years in equipment, people and an additional facility to handle this potential business from this opportunity. Over this period, these investments have impacted earnings and required the company to take on some long-term debt. Therefore, we are very pleased to see the positive impact our initiative in Brazil has had on our revenue and earnings this year. In addition, we are also pleased to report that this mandated program is showing significant positive results for the country of Brazil. The Brazil Federal Highway Police did a study, in parallel with the Brazilian Technology Institute for Road Safety, that found from March to July 2016 the number of accidents involving trucks on federal roads in the country decreased by 38%, from 18,000 to 11,000, compared to the same period last year. While we are pleased that drug testing in this large market is now underway and has good momentum and results, we are also mindful of the challenges that can accompany any new market as it develops. However, Psychemedics’ hair test for drugs of abuse has been relied upon by numerous Brazilian clients for over 17 years, so we approach this professional driver market in a most positive manner as we compete for this business. While there was considerable focus on this Brazil professional driver growth opportunity, as well as our domestic business, the Company also made good progress on several other initiatives. During the year, we were honored to be recognized for our world-class performance in customer service through a certification as a Center of Excellence by BenchmarkPortal. This is one of the most prestigious awards in the customer service and support industry. Outstanding customer service has always been a key factor in our growth plans and we constantly strive to be exceptionally responsive to our client’s needs. We appreciate this award recognition and remain committed to offering our clients not only superior, patented hair testing technology, but also outstanding customer service. In addition, we also continued our focus in R&D to develop additional tests for drugs of abuse and maintain our scientific leadership. We have also worked on several cost savings initiatives which contributed to our current earnings, and we expect will also contribute to future financial performance. The Company’s balance sheet remains strong, with approximately $6.4 million in working capital, and $3.9 million in cash at year end. The total equipment financing outstanding was $3.4 million as of December 31, 2016, compared to a total original amount borrowed of $8.7 million. This reflects additional payments of $1.5 million, on top of our normal payments, made during 2016. Our Directors share our confidence in the future of Psychemedics and remain committed to rewarding shareholders and sharing the financial success of the Company as we grow. As of the end of 2016, the Company had paid 81 consecutive quarterly dividends which is more than 20 years. We are also proud that we have been profitable every year for the last 24 years − since 1993 − through numerous recessions and other challenges. I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to all our clients for the contribution they are making to deter the use of drugs of abuse, to our Directors for their counsel and guidance, and to all my teammates at Psychemedics for their commitment and dedication to excellence in serving our customers. And I want to thank you, our shareholders, for your continued support. Sincerely, Raymond C. Kubacki Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (cid:2) □ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2016 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission File Number: 1-13738 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION (Exact Name of Registrant as Speciﬁed in Its Charter) Delaware (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 125 Nagog Park Acton, Massachusetts (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 58-1701987 (I.R.S. Employer Identiﬁcation No.) 01720 (Zip Code) Registrant’s Telephone Number Including Area Code: (978) 206-8220 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Class Name of each exchange on which registered: Common Stock, $0.005 par value The Nasdaq Stock Market L.L.C. Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer (as deﬁned in Rule 405 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes (cid:4) No (cid:2) Indicate by a check mark if the registrant is not required to ﬁle reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Yes (cid:4) No (cid:2) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has ﬁled all reports required to be ﬁled by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to ﬁle such reports), and (2) has been subject to such ﬁling requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:2) No (cid:4) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such ﬁles.) Yes (cid:2) No (cid:4) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent ﬁlers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in deﬁnitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:2) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated ﬁler, an accelerated ﬁler, or a non-accelerated ﬁler. See deﬁnition of ‘‘accelerated ﬁler’’ and ‘‘large accelerated ﬁler’’ in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Large Accelerated Filer □ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Accelerated Filer □ Non-Accelerated Filer □ Smaller Reporting Company (cid:2) Indicate by a check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as deﬁned in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934). Yes (cid:4) No (cid:2) As of June 30, 2016, there were 5,459,720 shares of Common Stock of the Registrant outstanding. The aggregate market value of the Common Stock of the Registrant held by non-affiliates (assuming for these purposes, but not conceding, that all executive officers, directors and 5% shareholders are ‘‘affiliates’’ of the Registrant) as of June 30, 2016 was approximately $46.0 million, computed based upon the closing price of $13.74 per share on June 30, 2016. As of March 7, 2017, there were 5,460,220 shares of Common Stock of the Registrant outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference portions of the Registrant’s deﬁnitive proxy statement, to be ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the close of its ﬁscal year; provided that if such proxy statement is not ﬁled with the Commission in such 120-day period, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be ﬁled no later than the end of the 120-day period. [This page intentionally left blank.] SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Some of the statements under ‘‘Business,’’ ‘‘Risk Factors,’’ ‘‘Legal Proceedings,’’ ‘‘Market for Registrant’s Common Stock and Related Stockholder Matters’’ and ‘‘Management Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’’ and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this ‘‘Form 10-K’’) constitute forward-looking statements under Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements made with respect to future earnings, earnings per share, revenues, operating income, cash ﬂows, competitive and strategic initiatives, potential stock repurchases, liquidity needs, dividends, future business, growth opportunities, proﬁtability, pricing, new accounts, customer base, market share, test volume, sales and marketing strategies, U.S. and foreign drug testing laws and regulations and the enforcement of such laws and regulations, required investments in plant, equipment and people, new test development, and contingencies, including litigation results. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause results, levels of activity, growth, performance, earnings per share or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, growth, performance, earnings per share or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K and referred to elsewhere are related to future events or our strategies or future ﬁnancial performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as ‘‘may,’’ ‘‘should,’’ ‘‘believe,’’ ‘‘anticipate,’’ ‘‘future,’’ ‘‘potential,’’ ‘‘estimate,’’ ‘‘encourage,’’ ‘‘opportunity,’’ ‘‘growth,’’ ‘‘leader,’’ ‘‘could’’, ‘‘expect,’’ ‘‘intend,’’ ‘‘plan,’’ ‘‘expand,’’ ‘‘focus,’’ ‘‘through,’’ ‘‘strategy,’’ ‘‘provide,’’ ‘‘offer,’’ ‘‘allow,’’ ‘‘commitment,’’ ‘‘implement,’’ ‘‘result,’’ ‘‘increase,’’ ‘‘establish,’’ ‘‘perform,’’ ‘‘make,’’ ‘‘continue,’’ ‘‘can,’’ ‘‘ongoing,’’ ‘‘include’’ or the negative of such terms or comparable terminology. All forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K are based on information available to us as of the ﬁling date of this report, and the Company assumes no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause such differences include but are not limited to: (1) intense competition in the drug testing industry, particularly among companies that test utilizing hair samples; (2) risks associated with the development of markets for new products and services offered; (3) risks associated with capacity expansion; (4) risks associated with U.S. government regulations, including, but not limited to, FDA regulations, (5) risks associated with our international operations, including, but not limited to, Brazilian laws, proposed laws and regulations, and currency risks; (6) Psychemedics’ ability to maintain its reputation and brand image; (7) the ability of Psychemedics to achieve its business plans, productivity improvements, cost controls, leveraging of its global operating platform, and acceleration of the rate of innovation; (8) information technology system failures and data security breaches; (9) the uncertain global economy; (10) our ability to attract, develop and retain executives and other qualiﬁed employees and independent contractors, including distributors; (11) Psychemedics’ ability to obtain and protect intellectual property rights; (12) litigation risks; and (13) changes in economic conditions which affect demand for our products and services. Additional important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations reﬂected in our forward-looking statements include those described in Item 1A, ‘‘Risk Factors.’’ i PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Item 9. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneﬁcial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 16. Form 10-K Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power of Attorney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 1 7 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 20 21 40 40 41 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 45 49 ii Available Information; Background PART I Psychemedics Corporation (‘‘the Company’’ or ‘‘Psychemedics’’) maintains executive offices located at 125 Nagog Park, Acton, MA 01720. Our telephone number is (978) 206-8220. Our stock is traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol ‘‘PMD’’. Our Internet address is www.psychemedics.com. The Company makes available, free of charge, on the Investor Information section of its website, its Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the ‘‘SEC’’). Copies are also available, without charge, from Psychemedics Corporation, Attn: Investor Relations, 125 Nagog Park, Acton, MA 01720. Alternatively, reports ﬁled with the SEC may be viewed or obtained at the SEC Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C., or the SEC’s Internet site at www.sec.gov. We do not intend for information contained in our website to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 1. Business General Psychemedics Corporation is a Delaware corporation organized on September 24, 1986 to provide testing services for the detection of drugs of abuse through the analysis of hair samples. The Company’s testing methods utilize a patented technology that digests the hair and releases drugs trapped in the hair without destroying the drugs. This is fundamental to the entire process because the patented method gets virtually 100% of the drug out of the hair, and if you cannot get the drug out of the hair, you cannot measure it. The Company then performs a proprietary custom-designed enzyme immunoassay (EIA) on the liquid supernatant, with conﬁrmation testing by mass spectrometry. The Company’s primary application of its patented technology is as a testing service that analyzes hair samples for the presence of certain drugs of abuse. The Company’s customized proprietary EIA procedures to drug test hair samples differ from the more commonly used immunoassay procedures employed to test urine samples. The Company’s tests provide quantitative information that can indicate the approximate amount of drug ingested as well as historical data, which can show a pattern of individual drug use over a longer period of time, thereby providing superior detection compared to other types of drug testing. This information is useful to employers for both applicant and employee testing, as well as treatment professionals, law enforcement agencies, school administrators, and parents concerned about their children’s drug use. The Company provides screening and conﬁrmation by mass spectrometry using industry-accepted practices for cocaine, marijuana, PCP, amphetamines (including ecstasy, eve and Adderall) and opiates (including heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone and codeine). In addition, in 2013, the Company launched a hair test for alcohol which also looks back on use over a 90 day period, as our hair drug tests do. Testing services are currently performed at the Company’s Culver City, California campus located at 5832 Uplander Way and 6100 Bristol Parkway. Background on Drug Testing with Hair When certain chemical substances enter the bloodstream, the blood carries these substances to the hair where they become ‘‘entrapped’’ in the protein matrix in amounts approximately proportional to the amount ingested. The Company utilizes a patented drug extraction method followed by a unique enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure to identify drugs in the hair. The patented drug extraction method effectively releases drugs from the hair without destroying the drugs, getting virtually 100% of the drug out of the hair. The patented method can be used with a broad range of immunoassay screen techniques and mass spectrometry methods. The immunoassays produced by the Psychemedics R&D team were uniquely designed speciﬁcally to meet and even exceed the standards of radioimmunoassay (‘‘RIAH’’), the original testing method created and utilized by the Company prior to 2013. Because Psychemedics is the only hair testing laboratory that manufactures its own screening assays, it has full control over all aspects of its technology, and that powerful advantage facilitated the Company’s creation of its EIA assays with equivalence to its own previously FDA-cleared radioimmunoassays. 1 The EIA screened positive results are then conﬁrmed by mass spectrometry. Depending upon the length of hair, the Company is able to provide historical information on drug use by the person from whom the sample was obtained. Because head hair grows approximately 1.3 centimeters per month, a 3.9 centimeter head hair sample can reﬂect drug ingestion over the approximate three months prior to the collection of the sample. Another option is sectional analysis of the head hair sample, in which the hair is sectioned lengthwise to approximately correspond to certain time periods, thereby providing information on patterns of drug use. Validation of the Company’s Proprietary Testing Methods The process of analyzing human hair for the presence of drugs has been the subject of numerous peer-reviewed, scientiﬁc ﬁeld studies. Some of these studies were performed with the following organizations: Boston University School of Public Health; Citizens for a Better Community Court, Columbia University; Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addictive Services; Koba Associates-DC Initiative, Harvard Cocaine Recovery Project; Hutzel Hospital, ISA Associates (Interscience America)-NIDA Workplace Study; University of California-Sleep State Organization; Maternal/Child Substance Abuse Project, Matrix Center, National Public Services Research Institute, Narcotic and Drug Research Institute, San Diego State University-Chemical Dependency Center, Spectrum Inc.; Stapleford Centre (London); Task Force on Violent Crime (Cleveland, Ohio); University of Miami-Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami-Division of Neonatology; University of South Florida-Operation Par Inc.; University of Washington, VA Medical Center-Georgia; U.S. Probation Parole-Santa Ana; and Wayne State University. The above studies included research in the following areas: effects of prenatal drug use, treatment evaluation, workplace drug use, the criminal justice system and epidemiology. Many of the studies have been funded by the National Institute of Justice or the National Institute on Drug Abuse (‘‘NIDA’’). Several hundred research articles written by independent researchers have been published supporting the general validity and usefulness of hair analysis. Some of the Company’s customers have also completed their own testing to validate the Company’s hair test results compared to other companies’ urine test results. These studies consistently conﬁrmed the Company’s superior detection rate compared to urinalysis testing. When results from the Company’s hair testing methods were compared to urine results in side-by-side evaluations, 5 to 10 times as many drug abusers were accurately identiﬁed by the Company’s proprietary methods. In 1998, the National Institute of Justice, utilizing Psychemedics’ previously utilized RIAH hair testing assay, completed a Pennsylvania Prison study where hair analysis revealed an average prison drug use level of approximately 7.9% in 1996. Comparatively, urinalysis revealed virtually no positives. After measures to curtail drug use were instituted (drug-sniffing dogs, searches and scanners), the use level fell to approximately 2% according to the results of hair analysis in 1998. Again, the urine tests showed virtually no positives. The study illustrates the usefulness of hair analysis to monitor populations and the weakness of urinalysis. The Company has received 510k clearance from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on seven EIA assays used to test head and body hair for drugs of abuse. The Company’s decontamination wash protocol and the effects in eliminating surface contamination were analyzed in a study conducted by scientists at the Laboratory of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and published in August 2014 in the Journal of Analytical Toxicology. The FBI concluded that the use of an extended wash protocol of the type used by the Company will exclude false positive results from environmental contact with cocaine. In the study, the FBI cited Psychemedics’ studies published in 1993, 2002, 2004, and 2005, and named our lab director, Dr. Michael Schaffer, and our lab, in its acknowledgments. The FBI study also supported the use of metabolites known as hydroxycocaines as evidence of ingestion. These metabolites were ﬁrst identiﬁed in hair by Psychemedics. Advantages of Using the Company’s Patented Method The Company asserts that hair testing using its patented method confers substantive advantages over detection through urinalysis. Although urinalysis testing can provide accurate drug use information, the scope of the information is short-term and is generally limited to the type of drug ingested within a few days of the test. Studies published in many scientiﬁc publications have indicated that most drugs disappear from urine within a few days. 2 In contrast to urinalysis testing, hair testing using the Company’s patented method can provide long-term historical drug use information resulting in a signiﬁcantly wider window of detection. This window may be several months or longer depending on the length of the hair sample. The Company’s standard test offering, however, uses a 3.9 centimeter length head hair sample cut close to the scalp, which measures use for approximately three months prior to collection of the sample. This wider window enhances the detection efficiency of hair analysis, making it particularly useful in pre-employment and random testing. Hair testing not only identiﬁes more drug users, but it may also uncover patterns and severity of drug use (information most helpful in determining the scope of an individual’s involvement with drugs), while serving as a deterrent against drug use. Hair testing employing the Company’s patented method greatly reduces the incidence of ‘‘false negatives’’ associated with evasive measures typically encountered with urinalysis testing. For example, urinalysis test results are adversely impacted by excessive ﬂuid intake prior to testing and by adulteration or substitution of the urine sample. Moreover, a drug user who abstains from use for a few days prior to urinalysis testing can usually escape detection. Hair testing is effectively free of these problems, as it cannot be thwarted by evasive measures typically encountered with urinalysis testing. Hair testing is also attractive to customers since sample collection is typically performed under close supervision yet is less intrusive and less embarrassing for test subjects. Hair testing using the Company’s patented method (with mass spectrometry conﬁrmation) further reduces the prospects of error in conducting drug detection tests. Urinalysis testing is more susceptible to problems such as ‘‘evidentiary false positives’’ resulting from passive drug exposure or poppy seeds. To combat this problem, in federally mandated testing, the opiate cutoff levels for urine testing were raised 667% (from 300 to 2,000 ng/ml) on December 1, 1998, and testing for the presence of a heroin metabolite, 6-MAM, was required. These requirements, however, effectively reduced the detection time frame for conﬁrmed heroin use, such that 6-MAM in urine can typically only be detected for several hours post drug use. In contrast, the metabolite 6-MAM is stable in hair and can be detected for months. In the event a positive urinalysis test result is challenged, a test on a newly collected urine sample is not a viable remedy. Unless the forewarned individual continues to use drugs prior to the date of the newly collected sample, a re-test may yield a negative result when using urinalysis testing because of temporary abstinence. In contrast, when the Company’s hair testing method is offered on a repeat hair sample, the individual suspected of drug use cannot as easily affect the results because historical drug use data remains locked in the hair ﬁber. When compared to other hair testing methods, not only are the Company’s assays cleared by the FDA for head and body hair, they also employ a unique patented method of digesting hair that the Company believes allows for the most efficient release of drugs from the hair without destroying the drugs. The Company’s method of releasing drugs from hair is a key advantage and results in superior detection rates. Disadvantages of Hair Testing There are some disadvantages of hair testing as compared to drug detection through urinalysis. Because hair starts growing below the skin surface, drug ingestion evidence does not appear in hair above the scalp until approximately ﬁve to seven days after use. Thus, hair testing is not suitable for determining drug presence in ‘‘for cause’’ testing as is done in connection with an accident investigation. It does, however, provide a drug history which can complement urinalysis information in ‘‘for cause’’ testing. The Company’s prices for its tests are generally somewhat higher than prices for tests using urinalysis, but the Company believes that its superior detection rates provide more value to the customer. This pricing policy could, however, adversely impact the growth of the Company’s sales volume. Hair Alcohol Testing In 2013, the Company launched a test for alcohol using hair. This test measures average alcohol consumption over a period of approximately three months, indicates the approximate level of alcohol use during that time period, and can provide a behavioral indication of excessive use. The test measures the amount of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in the hair — a trace metabolite of ethanol and a direct alcohol biomarker. 3 Intellectual Property Certain aspects of the hair analysis method currently used by the Company are covered by US and foreign patents owned by the Company. The Company has been granted a total of ten US patents, including a patent issued to the Company in 2011 that focuses on digesting hair and releasing drugs trapped in the hair without destroying the drugs. This patent can be used with a broad range of immunoassay screen techniques, mass spectrometry methods, and chromatographic procedures. In 2012, the Company received an additional patent that extended the range of the patent received in 2011. Additional patent applications are currently pending in the U.S. and internationally. The Company also relies on trade secrets to protect certain aspects of its proprietary technology. The Company’s ability to protect the conﬁdentiality of its trade secrets is dependent upon the Company’s internal safeguards and upon the laws protecting trade secrets and unfair competition. In the event that patent protection or protection under the laws of trade secrets is not sufficient and the Company’s competitors succeed in duplicating the Company’s products, the Company’s business could be materially adversely affected. Target Markets Workplace The Company focuses its primary marketing efforts on the private sector, with particular emphasis on job applicant and employee testing. Most businesses use drug testing to screen job applicants and employees. The Hazeldon Foundation survey from 2007 indicated that 85 percent of human resource (‘‘HR’’) professionals believe that drug testing is an effective way to identify substance abuse. The prevalence of drug screening programs reﬂects a concern that drug use contributes to employee health problems and costs (as the same study found that 62 percent of HR professionals believe that absenteeism is the most signiﬁcant problem caused by substance abuse and addiction, followed at 49 percent by reduced productivity, a lack of trustworthiness at 39 percent, a negative impact on the company’s external image at 32 percent, missed deadlines at 31 percent, and in certain industries, safety hazards.) It has been estimated that the cost to American businesses is more than $100 billion annually. The principal criticism of employee drug testing programs centers on the effectiveness of the testing program. Most private sector testing programs use urinalysis. Such programs are susceptible to evasive maneuvers and the inability to obtain conﬁrmation through repeat samples in the event of a challenged result. An industry has developed over the Internet, and through direct mail, marketing a wide variety of adulterants, dilutants, clean urine and devices to assist drug users in falsifying urine test results. Moreover, scheduled tests such as pre-employment testing and some random testing programs provide an opportunity for many drug users to simply abstain for a few days in order to escape detection by urinalysis. The Company presents its patented hair analysis method to potential clients as a better technology well suited to employer needs. Field studies and actual client results support the accuracy and superior effectiveness of the Company’s patented technology and its ability to detect varying levels of drug use. The Company performs a conﬁrmation test of all screened positive results through mass spectrometry. The use of mass spectrometry is an industry accepted practice used to conﬁrm a positive test result from the screening process. The Company offers its clients an expanded drug screen with mass spectrometry conﬁrmation of cocaine, PCP, marijuana, amphetamines (including ecstasy, eve and Adderall), and opiates (including heroin, codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone). In addition, the Company offers a hair test for alcohol which also looks back on use over a 90 day period, as our hair drug tests do. Professional Drivers The company has a couple of opportunities related to professional drivers. In 2016, Brazil started drugs of abuse testing for all professional drivers in the country using a hair test. This is a mandated program from a law passed in 2015. In the United States, a similar requirement exists for professional drivers, however, a 4 urine test is currently required. The U.S. government is currently evaluating alternative mediums for testing of drugs of abuse for professional drivers, including hair. Schools The Company currently serves hundreds of schools throughout the United States and in several foreign countries. The Company offers its school clients the same ﬁve-drug screen with mass spectrometry conﬁrmation that is used with the Company’s workplace testing service. In addition, the Company offers a hair test for alcohol which also looks back on use over a 90 day period, as our hair drug tests do. Parents The Company also offers a personal drug testing service, known as ‘‘PDT-90’’(cid:5), for parents concerned about drug use by their children. It allows parents to collect a small sample of hair from their child in the privacy of the home, send it to the Company’s laboratory and have it tested for drugs of abuse by the Company. The PDT-90 testing service uses the same patented method that is used with the Company’s workplace testing service. Research The Company is involved in the following ongoing studies involving use of drugs of abuse in various populations: Mclean Hospital, Wayne State University and University of California — San Diego. Sales and Marketing The Company markets its corporate drug testing services primarily through its own sales force and through distributors. The Company markets its home drug testing service, PDT-90, through the internet. In 2016, the Company was certiﬁed as a Center of Excellence by BenchmarkPortal for its customer service function. Customer service is a key component to the sales and support function and this certiﬁcation validates the efforts by the Company to support our customers. Competition The Company competes directly with numerous commercial laboratories that test for drugs primarily through urinalysis testing. Most of these laboratories, such as Quest Diagnostics, have substantially greater ﬁnancial resources, market identity, marketing organizations, facilities, and more personnel than the Company. The Company has been steadily increasing its base of corporate customers and believes that future success with new customers is dependent on the Company’s ability to communicate the advantages of implementing a drug program utilizing the Company’s patented hair analysis method. The Company’s ability to compete is also a function of pricing. The Company’s prices for its tests are generally somewhat higher than prices for tests using urinalysis. However, the Company believes that its superior detection rates, coupled with the customer’s ability to test less frequently due to hair testing’s wider window of detection (several months versus approximately three days with urinalysis), provide more value to the customer. This pricing policy could, however, lead to slower sales growth for the Company. The Company also competes with other hair testing laboratories. The Company distinguishes itself from hair testing competitors by emphasizing the superior results the Company obtains through use of its unique patented extraction method (getting drug out of the hair), in combination with the Company’s FDA cleared immunoassay screen. Government Regulation The Company is licensed as a clinical laboratory by the State of California as well as certain other states. All tests are performed according to the laboratory standards established by the Department of Health and Human Services, through the Clinical Laboratories Improvement Amendments (‘‘CLIA’’), and various state licensing statutes. A substantial number of states regulate drug testing. The scope and nature of such regulations varies greatly from state to state and is subject to change from time to time. The Company addresses state law issues on an ongoing basis. 5 The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended (the ‘‘FDC Act’’) requires companies engaged in the business of testing for drugs of abuse using a test (screening assay) not previously recognized by the FDA to submit their assay to the FDA for recognition prior to marketing. In addition, the laboratory performing the tests is required to be certiﬁed by a recognized agency. In 2002, the Company received 510k clearance to market all ﬁve of its assays utilizing RIAH technology. In 2008, the Company received the ﬁrst CAP (College of American Pathologists) certiﬁcation speciﬁcally including hair testing. In 2011, the Company received ISO/IEC 17025 International Accreditation for a broad spectrum of laboratory testing including drugs of abuse and forensics in hair and urine specimens. ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation provides formal recognition to laboratories that demonstrate technical competency, and maintains this recognition through periodic evaluations to ensure continued compliance. In 2012, the Company received 510k clearance from the FDA to market ﬁve of its assays utilizing the Company’s custom developed EIA technology. In 2013, the Company received 510k clearance from the FDA to market two additional assays utilizing the Company’s custom developed EIA technology. In 2015, the Brazilian government signed into law a requirement for professional drivers to take a hair drug test when obtaining or renewing their driver’s license. The law also provides the requirement for professional drivers to be tested when they are hired or ﬁred. Research and Development The Company is continuously engaged in research and development activities. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, $1.4 million, $1.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, were expended for research and development. The Company continues to perform research activities to develop new products and services and to improve existing products and services utilizing the Company’s proprietary technology. The Company also continues to evaluate methodologies to enhance its drug screening capabilities. Additional research using the Company’s proprietary technology is being conducted by outside research organizations through government-funded studies. Employees As of December 31, 2016, the Company had 206 full-time equivalent employees, 6 of whom are in R&D. None of the Company’s employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. 6 Item 1A. Risk Factors In addition to other information contained in this Form 10-K, the following risk factors should be carefully considered in evaluating Psychemedics Corporation and its business because such factors could have a signiﬁcant impact on our business, operating results and ﬁnancial condition. These risk factors could cause actual results to materially differ from those projected in any forward-looking statements. Companies may develop products that compete with our products and some of these companies may be larger and better capitalized than we are. Many of our competitors and potential competitors are larger and have greater ﬁnancial resources than we do and offer a range of products broader than our products. Some of the companies with which we now compete or may compete in the future may develop more extensive research and marketing capabilities and greater technical and personnel resources than we do, and may become better positioned to compete in an evolving industry. Failure to compete successfully could harm our business and prospects. Increased competition, including price competition, could have a material impact on the Company’s net revenues and proﬁtability. Our business is intensely competitive, both in terms of price and service. Pricing of drug testing services is a signiﬁcant factor often considered by customers in selecting a drug testing laboratory. As a result of the clinical laboratory industry undergoing signiﬁcant consolidation, larger clinical laboratory providers are able to increase cost efficiencies afforded by large-scale automated testing. This consolidation results in greater price competition. The Company may be unable to increase cost efficiencies sufficiently, if at all, and as a result, its net earnings and cash ﬂows could be negatively impacted by such price competition. The Company may also face increased competition from companies that do not comply with existing laws or regulations or otherwise disregard compliance standards in the industry. Additional competition, including price competition, could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s net revenues and proﬁtability. The Company’s opportunity in Brazil is subject to price pressures as this is a new market with new competitors entering the market. Additionally, the Company may also face changes in fee schedules, competitive bidding for laboratory services or other actions or pressures reducing payment schedules as a result of increased or additional competition. Our results of operations are subject in part to variation in our customers’ hiring practices and other factors beyond our control. Our results of operations have been and may continue to be subject to variation in our customers’ hiring practices, which in turn is dependent, to a large extent, on the general condition of the economy. Results for a particular quarter may vary due to a number of factors, including: • • • • economic conditions in our markets in general; economic conditions affecting our customers and their particular industries; the introduction of new products and product enhancements by us or our competitors; and pricing and other competitive conditions. A failure to obtain and retain new customers, or a loss of existing customers, or a reduction in tests ordered, could impact the Company’s ability to successfully grow its business. The Company needs to obtain and retain new customers. In addition, a reduction in tests ordered, without offsetting growth in its customer base, could impact the Company’s ability to successfully grow its business and could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s net revenues and proﬁtability. We compete primarily on the basis of the quality of testing, reputation in the industry, the pricing of services and ability to employ qualiﬁed personnel. The Company’s failure to successfully compete on any of these factors could result in the loss of customers and a reduction in the Company’s ability to expand its customer base. Our business could be harmed if we are unable to protect our technology. We rely primarily on a combination of trade secrets, patents and trademark laws and conﬁdentiality procedures to protect our technology. Despite these precautions, unauthorized third parties may infringe or 7 copy portions of our technology. In addition, because patent applications in the United States are not publicly disclosed until either (1) 18 months after the application ﬁling date or (2) the publication date of an issued patent wherein applicant(s) seek only US patent protection, applications not yet disclosed may have been ﬁled which relate to our technology. Moreover, there is a risk that foreign intellectual property laws will not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as United States intellectual property laws. In the absence of the foregoing protections, we may be vulnerable to competitors who attempt to copy our products, processes or technology. Our business could be affected by IT system failures or Cybersecurity breaches. A computer or IT system failure could affect our ability to perform tests, report test results or properly bill customers. Failures could occur as a result of the standardization of our IT systems and other system conversions, telecommunications failures, malicious human acts (such as electronic break-ins or computer viruses) or natural disasters. Sustained system failures or interruption of the Company’s systems in one or more of its operations could disrupt the Company’s ability to process and provide test results in a timely manner and/or bill the appropriate party. Failure of the Company’s information systems could adversely affect the Company’s business, proﬁtability and ﬁnancial condition. Our technologies, systems and networks may be subject to cybersecurity breaches. Although we have experienced occasional, actual or attempted breaches of our cybersecurity, none of these breaches has had a material effect on our business, operations or reputation. If our systems for protecting against cybersecurity risks prove to be insufficient, we could be adversely affected by having our business systems compromised, our proprietary information altered, lost or stolen, or our business operations disrupted. As cyber attacks continue to evolve, we may be required to expend signiﬁcant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information systems and related infrastructure security vulnerabilities. Failure to maintain conﬁdential information could result in a signiﬁcant ﬁnancial impact. The Company maintains conﬁdential information regarding the results of drug tests and other information including credit card and payment information from our customers. The failure to protect this information could result in lawsuits, ﬁnes or penalties. Any loss of data or breach of conﬁdentiality, such as through a computer security breach, could expose the Company to a ﬁnancial liability. Our future success will depend on the continued services of our key personnel. The loss of any of our key personnel could harm our business and prospects. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel necessary for the development of our business. We do not have key personnel under contract other than 3 officers who have agreements providing for severance and non-compete covenants in the event of termination of employment following a change of control. Further, we do not have any key man life insurance for any of our officers or other key personnel. There is a risk that our insurance will not be sufficient to protect us from errors and omissions liability or other claims, or that in the future errors and omissions insurance will not be available to us at a reasonable cost, if at all. Our business involves the risk of claims of errors and omissions and other claims inherent to our business. We maintain errors and omissions and general liability insurance subject to deductibles and exclusions. There is a risk that our insurance will not be sufficient to protect us from all such possible claims. An under-insured or uninsured claim could harm our operating results or ﬁnancial condition. Our research and development capabilities may not produce viable new services or products. In order to remain competitive, we need to continually improve our products, develop new technologies to replace older technologies that have either become obsolete or for which patent protection is no longer available. It is uncertain whether we will continually be able to develop services that are more efficient, effective or that are suitable for our customers. Our ability to create viable products or services depends on many factors, including the implementation of appropriate technologies, the development of effective new 8 research tools, the complexity of the chemistry and biology, the lack of predictability in the scientiﬁc process and the performance and decision-making capabilities of our scientists. There is no guarantee that our research and development teams will be successful in developing improvements to our technology. Improved testing technologies, or the Company’s customers using new technologies to perform their own tests, could adversely affect the Company’s business. Advances in technology may lead to the development of more cost-effective technologies that can be operated by third parties or customers themselves in their own offices, without requiring the services of a freestanding laboratory. Development of such technology and its use by the Company’s customers could reduce the demand for its testing services and negatively impact our revenues. We may not be able to recruit and retain the experienced scientists and management we need to compete in our industry. Our future success depends upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled scientists and management. Our ability to achieve our business strategies depends on our ability to hire and retain high caliber scientists and other qualiﬁed experts. We compete with other testing companies, research companies and academic and research institutions to recruit personnel and face signiﬁcant competition for qualiﬁed personnel. We may incur greater costs than anticipated, or may not be successful, in attracting new scientists or management or in retaining or motivating our existing personnel. Our future success also depends on the personal efforts and abilities of the principal members of our senior management and scientiﬁc staff to provide strategic direction, to manage our operations and maintain a cohesive and stable environment. Our facilities and practices may fail to comply with government regulations. Our testing facilities and processes must be operated in conformity with current government regulations. These requirements include, among other things, quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we may not be able to continue our services to certain customers, or we could be subject to ﬁnes and penalties, suspension of production, or withdrawal of our certiﬁcations. We operate a facility that we believe conforms to all applicable requirements. This facility and our testing practices are subject to periodic regulatory inspections to ensure compliance. Our business could be harmed from the loss or suspension of any licenses. The forensic laboratory testing industry is subject to signiﬁcant regulation and many of these statutes and regulations are subject to change. The Company cannot assure that applicable statutes and regulations will not be interpreted or applied by a regulatory authority in a manner that would adversely affect its business. Potential sanctions for violation of these regulations could include the suspension or loss of various licenses, certiﬁcates and authorizations, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business. If our use of chemical and hazardous materials violates applicable laws or regulations or causes personal injury we may be liable for damages. Our drug testing activities, including the analysis and synthesis of chemicals, involve the controlled use of chemicals, including ﬂammable, combustible, and toxic materials that are potentially hazardous. Our use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials is subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations, including the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act and local ﬁre codes, and regulations promulgated by the Department of Transportation, the Drug Enforcement Agency, the Department of Energy, and the California Department of Public Health and Environment. We may incur signiﬁcant costs to comply with these laws and regulations in the future. In addition, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials, which could result in material unanticipated expenses, such as substantial ﬁnes or penalties, remediation costs or damages, or the loss of a permit or other authorization to operate or engage in our business. Those expenses could exceed our net worth and limit our ability to raise additional capital. 9 Our operations could be interrupted by damage to our laboratory facilities. Our operations are dependent upon the continued use of our laboratories and equipment in Culver City, California. Catastrophic events, including earthquakes, ﬁres or explosions, could damage our laboratories, equipment, scientiﬁc data, work in progress or inventories of chemicals and may materially interrupt our business. We employ safety precautions in our laboratory activities in order to reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of certain catastrophic events; however, we cannot eliminate the chance that such events will occur. Rebuilding our facilities could be time consuming and result in substantial delays in fulﬁlling our agreements with our customers. We maintain business interruption insurance to cover continuing expenses and lost revenue caused by such occurrences. However, this insurance does not compensate us for the loss of opportunity and potential harm to customer relations that our inability to meet our customers’ needs in a timely manner could create. Agreements we have with our employees, consultants and customers may not afford adequate protection for our trade secrets, conﬁdential information and other proprietary information. In addition to patent protection, we also rely on copyright and trademark protection, trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and licensing opportunities. In an effort to maintain the conﬁdentiality and ownership of our trade secrets and proprietary information, we require our employees, consultants and advisors to execute conﬁdentiality and proprietary information agreements. However, these agreements may not provide us with adequate protection against improper use or disclosure of conﬁdential information and there may not be adequate remedies in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure. Furthermore, we may from time to time hire scientiﬁc personnel formerly employed by other companies involved in one or more areas similar to the activities we conduct. In some situations, our conﬁdentiality and proprietary information agreements may conﬂict with, or be subject to, the rights of third parties with whom our employees, consultants or advisors have prior employment or consulting relationships. Although we require our employees and consultants to maintain the conﬁdentiality of all proprietary information of their previous employers, these individuals, or we, may be subject to allegations of trade secret misappropriation or other similar claims as a result of their prior affiliations. Finally, others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Our failure or inability to protect our proprietary information and techniques may inhibit or limit our ability to compete effectively, or exclude certain competitors from the market. We are subject to numerous political, legal, operational and other risks as a result of our international operations which could impact our business in many ways. Although we conduct most of our business in the United States, our international operations increase our exposure to the inherent risks of doing business in international markets. Depending on the market, these risks include without limitation: • • • • • • • changes in the local economic environment or local laws or regulations; political instability, social changes, local market practices and changes; intellectual property legal protections and remedies; trade regulations; attracting and retaining qualiﬁed employees and independent contractors including distributors; export and import and exchange controls; weak legal systems which may affect our ability to enforce contractual rights; International operations also require us to devote signiﬁcant management resources to implement our controls and systems in new markets, to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-corruption laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions and to overcome challenges based on differing languages and cultures. 10 Risks Related to Our Stock Our quarterly operating results could ﬂuctuate signiﬁcantly, which could cause our stock price to decline. Our quarterly operating results have ﬂuctuated in the past and are likely to ﬂuctuate in the future. Our results are impacted by the extent to which we are able to gain new customers, both domestically and internationally, and on the hiring practices of our existing customers, which are, in turn, impacted by changes in government requirements regarding testing for drugs of abuse, delays in implementation of such requirements, as well as general economic conditions. Entering into new customer contracts can involve a long lead time. Accordingly, negotiation can be lengthy and is subject to a number of signiﬁcant risks, including customers’ budgetary constraints and internal reviews. Due to these and other market factors, our operating results could ﬂuctuate signiﬁcantly from quarter to quarter. In addition, we may experience signiﬁcant ﬂuctuations in quarterly operating results due to factors such as general and industry-speciﬁc economic conditions that may affect the budgets and the hiring practices of our customers. Due to the possibility of ﬂuctuations in our revenue and expenses, we believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily a good indication of our future performance. Our operating results in some quarters may not meet the expectations of stock market analysts and investors. If we do not meet analysts’ and/or investors’ expectations, our stock price could decline. Our stock price could experience substantial volatility. The market price of our common stock has historically experienced and may continue to experience extensive volatility. Our quarterly operating results, the success or failure of future development efforts, changes in general conditions in the economy or the ﬁnancial markets and other developments affecting our customers, our distributors, our competitors or us could cause the market price of our common stock to ﬂuctuate substantially. This volatility may adversely affect the price of our common stock. In the past, securities class action litigation has often been instituted following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. A securities class action suit against us could result in potential liabilities, substantial costs and the diversion of management’s attention and resources, regardless of whether we win or lose. See legal proceedings in Item 3 for current securities class action suit. Payment of a dividend could decline or cease. Because the Company has historically paid dividends, any cessation of our program or reduction in our quarterly dividend could affect our stock price. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has paid dividends on our common stock for eighty one consecutive quarters. It is our intent to continue this practice as long as we are able. However, if we are forced to cease this practice or reduce the amount of the regular dividend, due to operating or economic conditions, our stock price could suffer. Further, if the Company ceases its future dividends, a return on investment in our common stock would depend entirely upon future appreciation. There is no guarantee that our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which stockholders have purchased their shares. The general economic condition could deteriorate. Our business is dependent upon new hiring and the supply of new jobs created by overall economic conditions. If the economy deteriorates, leading to a downturn in new job creation, our business and stock price could be adversely affected. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Not applicable. Item 2. Properties The Company maintains its corporate office and northeast sales office at 125 Nagog Park, Acton, Massachusetts; the office consists of 3,971 square feet and is leased through February 2018. The Company leases two facilities for laboratory purposes in Culver City, California. The ﬁrst is 13,900 square feet of space with an additional 9,600 feet of storage space. This facility is leased through December 31, 2020 with an option to renew for an additional two years. In 2014, the Company added a second facility of 16,000 square feet of space. This facility is leased through March 14, 2019. 11 Item 3. Legal Proceedings The Company is involved in various suits and claims in the ordinary course of business. The Company does not believe that the disposition of any such suits or claims will have a material adverse effect on the continuing operations or ﬁnancial condition of the Company. On February 02, 2017, a putative shareholder class action lawsuit, styled Daly v. Psychemedics Corporation, et al., was ﬁled against the Company and certain executive officers in the federal district court for the District of Massachusetts. Daly purports to bring the action on behalf of the Company’s shareholders, who purchased the Company’s stock between July 26, 2016 and January 31, 2017. On February 3, 2017, a second putative shareholder class action lawsuit, styled Baughman v. Psychemedics Corporation, et al. was ﬁled against the Company and certain executive officers in the federal district court for the District of Massachusetts. Baughman purports to bring the action on behalf of the Company’s shareholders, who purchased the Company’s stock between February 28, 2014 and January 30, 2017. Both complaints allege generally that the Company violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by making allegedly false and/or misleading statements in connection with the purported conduct of the Company’s independent distributor in Brazil. Each action seeks unspeciﬁed damages, interest, attorneys’ fees and other costs. We believe these lawsuits are without merit and we intend to vigorously defend them. While the ultimate outcome of individual legal claims is inherently unpredictable, we believe that the ﬁnal resolution of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, ﬁnancial position, liquidity or capital resources. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 12 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The Company’s common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol ‘‘PMD’’. As of February 27, 2017, there were 175 record holders of the Company’s common stock. The number of record owners was determined from the Company’s stockholder records maintained by the Company’s transfer agent and does not include beneﬁcial owners of the Company’s common stock whose shares are held in the names of various security holders, dealers and clearing agencies. The Company believes that the number of beneﬁcial owners of the Company’s common stock held by others as or in nominee names exceeds 3,000. The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the range of prices for the Company’s common stock as reported by the NASDAQ Stock Market and dividends declared by the Company. Fiscal 2016: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Quarter Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiscal 2015: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . First Quarter Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Low Dividends $14.37 14.97 22.00 26.00 $16.85 17.83 15.10 11.80 $ 7.76 10.81 13.49 18.06 $14.25 14.10 9.82 9.50 $0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 $0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 The Company has paid dividends over the past twenty years. It most recently declared a dividend on February 6, 2017, which was paid on February 27, 2017. The Company’s current intention is to continue to declare dividends to the extent funds are available and not required for operating purposes or capital requirements, and only then, upon approval by the Board of Directors. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities During 2016, the Company did not repurchase any common shares for treasury. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds There were no unregistered sales of common stock of the Company during 2016. 13 Performance Graph COMPARE 5-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN AMONG PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION, NASDAQ COMPOSITE INDEX AND RUSSELL 2000 INDEX 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION RUSSELL 2000 INDEX NASDAQ COMPOSITE INDEX Calculated by the Company using www.yahoo.com/ﬁnance historical prices PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION . . RUSSELL 2000 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . NASDAQ COMPOSITE INDEX . . . . 2011 100.00 100.00 100.00 2012 124.70 94.60 98.20 2013 174.42 107.03 113.82 2014 186.06 146.64 157.44 2015 137.65 151.81 178.53 2016 303.84 143.14 188.75 (1) The above graph assumes a $100 investment on December 31, 2011, through the end of the 5-year period ended December 31, 2016 in the Company’s Common Stock, the Russell 2000 Index and the NASDAQ Composite Index. The prices all assume the reinvestment of dividends. (2) The Russell 2000 Index is composed of the smallest 2,000 companies in the Russell 3,000 Index. The Company has been unable to identify a peer group of companies that engage in testing of drugs of abuse, except for large pharmaceutical companies where such business is insigniﬁcant to such companies’ other lines of businesses. The Company therefore uses in its proxy statements a peer index based on market capitalization. (3) The NASDAQ Composite Index includes companies whose shares are traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market. Item 6. Selected Financial Data The selected ﬁnancial data presented below is derived from our ﬁnancial statements and should be read in connection with those statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross proﬁt Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working capital Shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash dividends declared per common share . . . . 2016 $38,980 21,450 10,110 6,678 25,032 6,359 15,607 $ 1.23 1.22 $ 0.60 $ 14 2015 2013 As of and for the Years Ended December 31, 2014 (In thousands, except for per share data) $26,870 $29,205 $26,975 15,394 15,138 12,717 5,706 4,690 1,471 3,805 3,206 1,511 16,257 23,701 22,036 6,705 6,604 4,564 12,277 12,837 11,674 0.72 0.60 0.28 0.72 0.60 0.28 0.60 0.60 0.60 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2012 $25,224 14,252 4,936 2,980 13,911 7,281 11,223 $ 0.57 $ 0.57 $ 0.60 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with the more detailed business information and ﬁnancial statements and related notes that appear elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. This annual report may contain certain ‘‘forward-looking’’ information within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. This information involves risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in ‘‘Item 1A — Risk Factors.’’ Overview Psychemedics Corporation is the world’s largest provider of hair testing for drugs of abuse, utilizing a patented hair analysis method involving digestion of hair, enzyme immunoassay technology and conﬁrmation by mass spectrometry to analyze human hair to detect abused substances. The Company’s customers include Fortune 500 companies, as well as small to mid-size corporations, schools and governmental entities, located in the United States and internationally. In 2016, the Company experienced a large increase in revenues derived from Brazil due to a legal requirement that the professional drivers in Brazil obtain a hair test to detect abused substances when renewing their drivers license. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company produced $39.0 million in revenue, while generating a gross margin of 55% and pre-tax margins of 26%. The Company had net income of $6.7 million and diluted earnings per share of $1.22 for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $5.2 million, or 342% over 2015 results. At December 31, 2016, the Company had $3.9 million of cash. During 2016, the Company had operating cash ﬂow of $9.3 million and it distributed approximately $3.3 million or $0.60 per share of cash dividends to its shareholders. In addition, the Company spent approximately $2.0 million on equipment, leasehold improvements and software development which was partially ﬁnanced with a loan of $610 thousand. The Company also made payments of $3.1 million for equipment ﬁnancing. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has paid eighty-one consecutive quarterly cash dividends. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the selected statements of operations data as a percentage of total revenue: Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross proﬁt Total operating expenses Operating expenses: General and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income before taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for (beneﬁt from) income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2015 100.0% 52.9% 47.1% 2016 100.0% 45.0% 55.0% 2014 100.0% 48.2% 51.8% 12.8% 12.7% 3.6% 29.1% 25.9% -0.3% 25.6% 8.5% 17.1% 16.9% 18.7% 6.0% 41.6% 5.5% -0.5% 5.0% -0.6% 5.6% 15.3% 15.8% 4.6% 35.7% 16.1% -0.2% 15.9% 4.9% 11.0% Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Revenue increased $12.0 million or 45% to $39.0 million in 2016 compared to $27.0 million in 2015. This increase was driven entirely from new business in Brazil. The volume and average revenue per sample for the domestic business was essentially ﬂat from 2015 to 2016. See note 12 for geographic breakdown of revenue. Gross proﬁt increased $8.7 million to $21.5 million in 2016 compared to $12.7 million in 2015. Direct costs increased by $3.3 million from 2015 to 2016. The gross proﬁt margin increased from 47% in 2015 to 15 55% in 2016. The increase in margin was primarily driven from increased sales. Also, the gross proﬁt margin in 2015 was lower than normal due to $1.4 million of expenditures related to capacity expansion. General and administrative (‘‘G&A’’) expenses were $5.0 million in 2016 compared to $4.6 million in 2015, an increase of 9%. The increase in expenses related to additional costs associated with the new Brazil opportunity and higher audit fees. As a percentage of revenue, G&A expenses went down to 12.8% in 2016 from 16.9% in 2015. Marketing and selling expenses were $5.0 million in 2016 compared to $5.1 million in 2015, a decrease of 2%. Total marketing and selling expenses represented 12.7% and 18.7% of revenue for 2016 and 2015, respectively. Research and development (‘‘R&D’’) expenses were $1.4 million in 2016 compared to $1.6 million in 2015, a decrease of 13%. R&D expenses decreased primarily from one less headcount. R&D expenses represented 3.6% and 6.0% of revenue for 2016 and 2015, respectively. Other expense represented $134 thousand of other expenses for 2016 compared to $124 thousand of other expenses for 2015. The other expense primarily consists of interest expense related to long term debt. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a tax provision of $3.3 million representing a tax rate of 33%. In 2015, the Company recorded a tax beneﬁt of $164 thousand, representing an effective tax rate of (12%). The tax rate for 2015 was affected by additional R&D tax credits related to information technology development projects. We expect the tax rate to range from 32% to 34% for the foreseeable future. Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2014 Revenue decreased $2.2 million or 8% to $27.0 million in 2015 compared to $29.2 million in 2014. This decrease was due to a decrease in volume from both existing customers and from new customers. Volume was negatively impacted by the price of oil and other economic factors which reduced hiring, and consequently testing, with our customer base. Average revenue per sample was unchanged from 2014 to 2015. Gross proﬁt decreased $2.4 million to $12.7 million in 2015 compared to $15.1 million in 2014. Direct costs increased by $191 thousand from 2014 to 2015. The capacity expansion costs within cost of sales was approximately $1.4 million and included; $0.4 million for hiring and training of additional personnel and $1.0 million for building related costs. The gross proﬁt margin decreased from 52% in 2014 to 47% in 2015. General and administrative (‘‘G&A’’) expenses were $4.6 million in 2015 compared to $4.5 million in 2014, an increase of 2%. As a percentage of revenue, G&A expenses were 16.9% and 15.3% for 2015 and 2014, respectively. Marketing and selling expenses were $5.1 million in 2015 compared to $4.6 million in 2014, an increase of 9%. The increase was driven by spending on information technology projects supporting the sales function. Total marketing and selling expenses represented 18.7% and 15.8% of revenue for 2015 and 2014, respectively. Research and development (‘‘R&D’’) expenses were $1.6 million in 2015 compared to $1.3 million in 2014, an increase of 21%. R&D expenses increased from additional personnel and supplies used to develop new tests for drugs of abuse as well as process improvements. R&D expenses represented 6.0% and 4.6% of revenue for 2015 and 2014, respectively. Other expense represented $124 thousand of other expenses for 2015 compared to $57 thousand of other expense for 2014. The other expense primarily consists of interest expense related to long term debt. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recorded a tax beneﬁt of $164 thousand, representing an effective tax rate of (12%). The tax rate for 2015 was affected by additional R&D tax credits related to information technology development projects. The Company recognized $479 thousand of R&D tax credits related to these projects for prior years. Without the prior year credits, the 2015 tax rate would have been 23%. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recorded a tax provision of $1.4 million, representing an effective tax rate of 31%. 16 Liquidity and Capital Resources At December 31, 2016, the Company had $3.9 million of cash, compared to $2.7 million at December 31, 2015. The Company’s operating activities generated net cash of $9.3 million in 2016, $4.6 million in 2015 and $4.5 million in 2014. Investing activities used $2.1 million in 2016, $1.8 million in 2015 and $7.8 million in 2014. Financing activities used $5.9 million in 2016, used $3.7 million in 2015 and generated $3.0 million in 2014. Operating cash ﬂow of $9.3 million in 2016 primarily reﬂected net income of $6.7 million adjusted for depreciation and amortization of $2.3 million, stock compensation expense of $0.7 million, and an increase in net deferred tax liabilities of $0.2 million. This was affected by the following changes in assets and liabilities: an increase in accounts receivable of $2.3 million, an increase in accounts payable of $0.1 million, an increase in accrued expenses of $0.8 million, and a decrease in prepaid expenses (and other current assets) of $0.8 million. The operating cash ﬂow was $4.7 million greater than in 2015, primarily driven by an increase in income from the Brazilian opportunity. Operating cash ﬂow of $4.6 million in 2015 primarily reﬂected net income of $1.5 million adjusted for depreciation and amortization of $1.7 million, stock compensation expense of $0.7 million, and an increase in net deferred tax liabilities of $0.1 million. This was affected by the following changes in assets and liabilities: a decrease in accounts receivable of $0.5 million, a decrease in accounts payable of $0.1 million, a decrease in accrued expenses of $0.5 million, and a decrease in prepaid expenses (and other current assets) of $0.6 million. While the operating cash ﬂow was $0.1 million greater than in 2014, the net income was down $1.7 million. This was offset by a decrease in income tax receivable of $1.0 million which reduced the current tax due and an increase in depreciation and amortization of $0.7 million due to new equipment and leasehold improvements. Operating cash ﬂow of $4.5 million in 2014 primarily reﬂected net income of $3.2 million adjusted for depreciation and amortization of $1.1 million, stock compensation expense of $0.6 million, and an increase in net deferred tax liabilities of $1.4 million. This was affected by the following changes in assets and liabilities: a decrease in accounts receivable of $0.3 million, an increase in accounts payable of $0.3 million, a decrease in accrued expenses of $1.2 million, and an increase in prepaid expenses (and other current assets) of $1.2 million. The decrease in accrued expenses was driven by a $1.2 million reduction in the liability for equipment purchases which were paid for in 2014. The change in deferred tax liabilities and other current assets was driven by bonus depreciation on new assets purchased as part of the tax extender bill passed in December 2014. Investing cash ﬂow principally reﬂected the purchase of capital expenditures. Capital expenditures were $2.0 million, $1.8 million, and $7.6 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In 2016, the expenditures related principally to laboratory equipment, computer equipment, new software, and leasehold improvements. Capitalized patent costs were $82 thousand, $46 thousand, and $244 thousand in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. During 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock for treasury. The Company has authorized 750,000 shares for repurchase since June of 1998, of which 250,000 shares of common stock were authorized in March of 2008 for repurchase. Since 1998, a total of 550,684 shares have been repurchased. The Company also distributed cash dividends to its shareholders of $3.3 million in 2016 and $3.2 million in 2015 and 2014. At December 31, 2016, the Company’s principal sources of liquidity included approximately $3.9 million of cash. Management currently believes that such funds, together with future operating proﬁts, should be adequate to fund anticipated working capital requirements, including debt obligations, and capital expenditures in the near term. Depending upon the Company’s results of operations, its future capital needs and available marketing opportunities, the Company may use various ﬁnancing sources to raise additional funds. Such sources could include, issuance of common stock or debt ﬁnancing, lines of credit, or equipment leasing, although there is no assurance that such ﬁnancings will be available to the Company on terms it deems acceptable, if at all. 17 At December 31, 2016, the Company has paid dividends over the past eighty-one quarters. It most recently declared a dividend on February 6, 2017 which was paid on February 27, 2017 in the amount of $819 thousand. The Company’s current intention is to continue to declare dividends to the extent funds are available and not required for operating purposes or capital requirements, and only then, upon approval by the Board of Directors. There can be no assurance that in the future the Company will declare dividends. Contractual obligations as of December 31, 2016 were as follows (in thousands): Contractual Obligation Operating leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loan Obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Less Than 1 Year $ 928 $1,144 $2,072 Purchase Commitment Payments Due by Period 4 − 5 Years $372 $317 $689 Greater Than 5 Years $— $— $— 1 − 3 Years $1,345 $1,920 $3,265 Total $2,645 $3,381 $6,026 Operating leases consist of rent obligations for the company’s facilities. The Company has no signiﬁcant contractual obligation for supply agreements as of December 31, 2016. Signiﬁcant Customers The Company had one customer, Psychemedics Brasil (an independent distributor in Brazil) that exceeded 10% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. There were no customers that exceeded 10% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company had one customer that accounted for 34% and 11% of the total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. There were no customers who exceeded 10% of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2014. Critical Accounting Policies The Company’s signiﬁcant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to the ﬁnancial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Management believes the most critical accounting policies are as follows: Revenue Recognition The Company is in the business of performing drug testing and reporting the results thereof. The Company’s drug testing services include training for collection of samples and storage of positive samples for its customers for an agreed-upon fee per unit tested of samples. The revenues are recognized when the predominant deliverable, drug testing, is provided and reported to the customer. The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codiﬁcation ‘‘ASC’’ 605, ‘‘Revenue Recognition.’’ In accordance with ASC 605, the Company considers testing, training and storage elements as one unit of accounting for revenue recognition purposes, as the training and storage costs are de minimis and do not have stand-alone value to the customer. The Company recognizes revenue as the service is performed and reported to the customer, since the predominant deliverable in each arrangement is the testing of the units. The Company also provides expert testimony, when and if necessary, to support the results of the tests, which is generally billed separately and recognized as the services are provided. Estimates The preparation of ﬁnancial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates, including bad debts, long-lived asset lives, income tax valuation, stock based compensation and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the ﬁnancial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. 18 Capitalized Development Costs We capitalize costs related to signiﬁcant software projects developed or obtained for internal use in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting standards. Costs incurred during the preliminary project work stage or conceptual stage, such as determining the performance requirements, system requirements and data conversion, are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred in the application development phase, such as coding, testing for new software and upgrades that result in additional functionality, are capitalized and are amortized using the straight-line method over the useful life of the software for 5 years. Costs incurred during the post-implementation/operation stage, including training costs and maintenance costs, are expensed as incurred. We capitalized internally developed software costs of approximately $333 thousand, $364 thousand and $403 thousand during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The software development is for primarily for three projects. Determining whether particular costs incurred are more properly attributable to the preliminary or conceptual stage, and thus expensed, or to the application development phase, and thus capitalized and amortized, depends on subjective judgments about the nature of the development work, and our judgments in this regard may differ from those made by other companies. General and administrative costs related to developing or obtaining such software are expensed as incurred. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on management’s assessment of the ability to collect amounts owed to it by its customers. Management reviews its accounts receivable aging for doubtful accounts and uses a methodology based on calculating the allowance using a combination of factors including the age of the receivable along with management’s judgment to identify accounts that may not be collectible. The Company routinely assesses the ﬁnancial strength of its customers and, as a consequence, believes that its accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. The Company maintains an allowance for potential credit losses but historically has not experienced any signiﬁcant losses related to individual customers or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area. Bad debt expense has been within management’s expectations. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method, which requires the Company to recognize a current tax liability or asset for current taxes payable or refundable and a net deferred tax liability for the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the ﬁnancial statement and tax reporting bases of assets and liabilities to the extent that they are realizable. Deferred tax expense (beneﬁt) results from the net change in deferred tax assets and liabilities during the year. A deferred tax valuation allowance is required if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the recorded deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company had net deferred tax liabilities in the amount of $2.7 million at December 31, 2016, which primarily related to depreciation and amortization, an increase of $0.2 million from 2015. The Company operates within multiple taxing jurisdictions and could be subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits may involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve. The Company has provided for its estimated taxes payable in the accompanying ﬁnancial statements. The Company did not have any unrecognized tax beneﬁts and did not have any interest or penalties accrued as of December 31, 2016 or 2015. The Company does not expect the unrecognized tax beneﬁts to change signiﬁcantly over the next twelve months. The above listing is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all of the Company’s accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is speciﬁcally dictated by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, with no need for management’s judgment in their application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting any available alternative would not produce a materially different result. 19 Recent Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2 — Accounting Policies, to the Financial Statements for further detail on applicable accounting pronouncements that were adopted in 2016. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Not Required 20 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data (a) Financial Statements: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 . . . . . Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 22 23 24 25 26 27 21 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Board of Directors and Shareholders Psychemedics Corporation Acton, Massachusetts: We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Psychemedics Corporation (the ‘‘Company’’) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related statements of income, shareholders’ equity and cash ﬂows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These ﬁnancial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these ﬁnancial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the ﬁnancial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over ﬁnancial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the ﬁnancial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and signiﬁcant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall ﬁnancial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the ﬁnancial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the ﬁnancial position of Psychemedics Corporation at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash ﬂows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. /s/ BDO USA, LLP Boston, Massachusetts March 7, 2017 22 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION BALANCE SHEETS (in thousands, except par value) ASSETS Current Assets: Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $50 in 2016 and $59 in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses and other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income tax receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Assets Property and equipment: Computer software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Office furniture and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laboratory equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leasehold improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less − accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Assets LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current Liabilities: Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current portion of long-term debt Total Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax liabilities, long-term . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9) Shareholders’ Equity: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 $ 3,938 $ 2,689 5,837 1,079 — 10,854 3,085 1,680 15,182 2,311 22,258 (8,900) 13,358 820 $ 25,032 $ 1,363 1,988 1,144 4,495 2,237 2,693 9,425 3,539 1,061 840 8,129 2,745 1,209 13,724 2,096 19,774 (6,641) 13,133 774 $ 22,036 $ 747 1,198 1,620 3,565 4,272 2,525 10,362 Preferred stock, $0.005 par value, 873 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Common stock, $0.005 par value; 50,000 shares authorized 6,128 shares issued in 2016 and 6,091 shares issued 2015, 5,460 shares outstanding in 2016 and 5,423 shares outstanding in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital Less − Treasury stock, at cost, 668 shares Accumulated deﬁcit 31 30,603 (10,082) (4,945) 15,607 $ 25,032 30 30,022 (10,082) (8,296) 11,674 $ 22,036 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these ﬁnancial statements. 23 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION STATEMENTS OF INCOME (in thousands, except per share amounts) Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross proﬁt Operating Expenses: General & administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing & selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research & development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Operating Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income before provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for/(beneﬁt from) income taxes Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends declared per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 $38,980 17,530 21,450 Year Ended December 31, 2015 $26,975 14,258 12,717 2014 $29,205 14,067 15,138 4,965 4,960 1,415 11,340 10,110 (134) 9,976 3,298 $ 6,678 1.23 $ 1.22 $ $ 0.60 4,561 5,053 1,632 11,246 1,471 (124) 1,347 (164) $ 1,511 0.28 $ 0.28 $ $ 0.60 4,475 4,625 1,348 10,448 4,690 (57) 4,633 1,427 $ 3,206 0.60 $ 0.60 $ $ 0.60 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these ﬁnancial statements. 24 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in thousands, except per share amounts) Shares BALANCE, December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . 5,982 52 Shares issued − vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise of stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Tax withholding related to vested shares Common Stock $0.005 par Value $30 — — from employee stock plans . . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . — Stock compensation expense Excess tax beneﬁt from stock-based compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Cash dividends declared ($0.60 per share) . . — Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — BALANCE, December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . 6,043 40 Shares issued − vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercise of stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Tax withholding related to vested shares from employee stock plans . . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . — Stock compensation expense Excess tax beneﬁt from stock-based compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Cash dividends declared ($0.60 per share) . . — Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — BALANCE, December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . 6,091 Shares issued − vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Exercise of stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Tax withholding related to vested shares from employee stock plans . . . . . . . . . . — . . . . . . . . . . — Stock compensation expense Excess tax beneﬁt from stock-based compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Cash dividends declared ($0.60 per share) . . — Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — BALANCE, December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . 6,128 — — — — — $30 — — — — — — — $30 1 — — — — — — $31 Treasury Stock Paid-In Capital $28,888 Shares 668 — — 33 — Cost $(10,082) — — Accumulated Deﬁcit $(6,560) — — Total $12,276 — 33 (147) — 609 — — — — — (147) 609 71 — — — — — 668 — — 61 — $29,454 — — — (3,212) 3,206 — $(6,566) $(10,082) — — — — 71 (3,212) 3,206 $12,836 — 61 (227) — 674 — — — — — (227) 674 60 — — — — — 668 (1) — — — $30,022 — — — (3,241) 1,511 — $(8,296) $(10,082) — — — — 60 (3,241) 1,511 $11,674 — — (202) — 671 — — — — — (202) 671 113 — — — — — 668 $30,603 (60) — — (3,267) 6,678 — $(4,945) $(10,082) 53 (3,267) 6,678 $15,607 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these ﬁnancial statements. 25 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (in thousands) Cash ﬂows from operating activities: Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,678 $ 1,511 $ 3,206 Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses, other current assets and income tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by operating activities Cash ﬂows from investing activities: Increase in long-term assets; capitalized patent costs . . . . . . . Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software 2,294 168 671 1,731 105 674 1,048 1,399 609 (2,298) 539 291 822 144 790 9,269 609 (98) (491) 4,580 (1,186) 335 (1,246) 4,456 (82) (46) (244) development costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used in investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2,012) (2,094) (1,752) (1,798) (7,564) (7,808) Cash ﬂows from ﬁnancing activities: Dividends paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from stock options and tax withholding related to vested shares from employee stock plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from equipment ﬁnancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments of equipment ﬁnancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash (used in) provided by ﬁnancing activities . . . . . . . . . . Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplemental disclosures of cash ﬂow information: Cash paid for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash paid for interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-cash investing and ﬁnancing activities: Exercise of stock options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of equipment through accounts payable and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3,267) (3,241) (3,212) (149) 610 (3,120) (5,926) 1,249 2,689 $ 3,938 $ 1,814 $ 134 $ $ 0 472 (106) 1,097 (1,455) (3,705) (923) 3,612 $ 2,689 $ $ $ $ 40 128 60 338 (43) 7,000 (752) 2,993 (359) 3,971 $ 3,612 $ 1,168 $ $ $ 77 33 150 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these ﬁnancial statements. 26 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 1. Nature of Business and Basis of Presentation Psychemedics Corporation (the ‘‘Company’’) is the world’s largest provider of hair testing for drugs of abuse, utilizing a patented hair analysis method involving digestion of hair, enzyme immunoassay and mass spectrometry to analyze hair to detect abused substances. The Company’s customers include Fortune 500 companies, as well as small to mid-size corporations, schools and governmental entities located in the United States and internationally, as well as professional drivers in Brazil. 2. Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies Risks and Uncertainties The Company is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties similar to those of other companies, such as those associated with the continued expansion of the Company’s sales and marketing network, technological developments, intellectual property protection, development of markets for new products and services offered by the Company, the economic health of principal customers of the Company, ﬁnancial and operational risks associated with expansion of testing facilities used by the Company, government regulation (including, but not limited to, Food and Drug Administration regulations, Brazilian laws, proposed laws and regulations, and delays in implementation of laws and regulations), competition and general economic conditions. Estimates The preparation of ﬁnancial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates, including those related to bad debts and income tax valuation, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the ﬁnancial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Cash Equivalents All highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less are considered cash equivalents. These consist of cash savings. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no investments classiﬁed as cash equivalents. Fair Value Measurements The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standards Codiﬁcation (ASC) 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (‘‘ASC 820’’), which deﬁnes fair value, establishes guidelines for measuring fair value and expands disclosures regarding fair value measurements and expands disclosures regarding fair value measurements. Fair value is deﬁned under ASC 820 as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value under ASC 820 must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The standard describes a fair value hierarchy based on three levels of inputs, of which the ﬁrst two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value which are the following: Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are signiﬁcant to the fair value 27 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 2. Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) A ﬁnancial instrument’s level is based on the lowest level of any input that is signiﬁcant to the fair value measurement. Inventory The Company typically expenses consumables such as chemicals, antibodies and tubes as purchased. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided over the estimated useful lives of the assets, using the straight-line method. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. The estimated useful lives of the assets are: Computer software Office furniture and equipment Laboratory equipment Leasehold improvements 3 to 5 years 3 to 7 years 5 to 7 years Lesser of estimated useful life or estimated lease term The Company recorded depreciation and amortization related to property and equipment and capitalized software of $2.3 million, $1.7 million, and $1.0 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there was approximately $1.2 million and $3.6 million of new equipment not placed in service, respectively. Capitalized Software Development Costs We capitalize costs related to signiﬁcant software projects developed or obtained for internal use. Costs incurred during the preliminary project work stage or conceptual stage, such as determining the performance requirements, system requirements and data conversion, are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred in the application development phase, such as coding, testing for new software and upgrades that result in additional functionality, are capitalized and are amortized using the straight-line method over the useful life of the software for 5 years. Costs incurred during the post-implementation/operation stage, including training costs and maintenance costs, are expensed as incurred. In accordance with Company policy, during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we capitalized internally developed software costs of $333, $364 and $403, respectively. Amortization expense related to software development costs was $443, $429 and $224 in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Determining whether particular costs incurred are more properly attributable to the preliminary or conceptual stage, and thus expensed, or to the application development phase, and thus capitalized and amortized, depends on subjective judgments about the nature of the development work, and our judgments in this regard may differ from those made by other companies. General and administrative costs related to developing or obtaining such software is expensed as incurred. Other Assets Other assets primarily consist of capitalized legal costs relating to patent applications. The Company amortizes these costs over the lesser of the legal life or estimated useful life of the patent from the date of grant of the applicable patent. The typical life is twenty years. As of December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 the Company had capitalized legal costs relating to outstanding patent applications of $715, $670 and $656, respectively. Amortization expense was $36, $32, and $26 in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The amount of amortization related to patent applications is expected to remain below $50 per year for the next ﬁve years. Revenue Recognition The Company is in the business of performing drug testing services and reporting the results thereof. The Company’s services include, drug testing and storage of samples for its customers for an agreed-upon fee per unit tested. The revenues are recognized when the predominant deliverable, drug testing, is performed and reported to the customer. 28 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 2. Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) The Company recognizes revenue under ASC 605, ‘‘Revenue Recognition’’ (‘‘ASC 605’’). In accordance with ASC 605, the Company considers testing and storage elements as one unit of accounting for revenue recognition purposes, as the storage costs are de minimis and do not have stand-alone value to the customer. The Company recognizes revenue as the service is performed and reported to the customer, since the predominant deliverable in each arrangement is the testing of the units. The Company also provides expert testimony, when and if necessary, to support the results of the tests, which is generally billed separately and recognized as the services are provided. Research and Development Expenses The Company expenses all research and development costs as incurred. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method pursuant to ASC 740, ‘‘Income Taxes’’. Under this method, the Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts using enacted tax rates in effect for the year the differences are expected to reverse. The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions annually and considers whether the amounts recorded for income taxes are adequate to address the Company’s tax risk proﬁle. The Company analyzes the potential tax liabilities of speciﬁc transactions and tax positions based on management’s judgment as to the expected outcome. As of December 31, 2016, the Company early adopted ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes — Balance Sheet Classiﬁcation of Deferred Taxes. See Recent Accounting Pronouncements for more detail. Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk The Company has no signiﬁcant off-balance-sheet risk such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are principally cash and accounts receivable. The Company’s policy is to place its cash in high quality ﬁnancial institutions. At time, these deposits may exceed federally insured limits. The Company does not believe signiﬁcant credit risk exists with respect to these institutions. Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited to certain customers to whom the Company makes substantial sales. To reduce risk, the Company routinely assesses the ﬁnancial strength of its customers and, as a consequence, believes that its accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. The Company maintains an allowance for potential credit losses but historically has not experienced any signiﬁcant losses related to individual customers or groups of customers in any particular industry or geographic area. The Company does not require collateral. Signiﬁcant Customers The Company had one customer that exceeded 10% of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. There were no customers that exceeded 10% of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company had one customer that accounted for 34% and 11% of the total accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. There were no customers who exceeded 10% of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2014. Comprehensive Income The Company’s comprehensive income was the same as net income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. 29 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 2. Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for equity awards in accordance with ASC 718, ‘‘Compensation — Stock Compensation’’ (‘‘ASC 718’’). ASC 718 requires employee equity awards to be accounted for under the fair value method. It also requires the measurement of compensation cost at fair value on the date of grant and recognition of compensation expense over the service period for awards expected to vest. Accordingly, share-based compensation is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The Company uses the straight-line method to recognize share-based compensation over the service period of the award, which is generally equal to the vesting period. The Company uses the simpliﬁed approach to calculate the expected exercise date of options, which is one of the components used to determine the fair value of the options. This approach is used due to the small number of recipients receiving stock options not providing a reasonable basis for estimating expected term. Stock compensation expense by income statement account is as follows: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of revenues General & administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marketing and selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total stock compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 $ 88 420 116 47 $671 2015 $101 433 108 32 $674 2014 $115 372 104 18 $609 See Note 7 for additional information relating to the Company’s stock plan. See Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements as to elimination of forfeiture estimate with adoption of ASU 2016-09. Basic and Diluted Net Income per Share Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. The number of dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period has been determined in accordance with the treasury-stock method. Common equivalent shares consist of common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and the unvested portion of stock unit awards (‘‘SUAs’’). Basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding are as follows: Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic . . . . Dilutive common equivalent shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average common shares outstanding, assuming 2016 5,447 28 2015 5,405 7 dilution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,475 5,412 2014 5,355 22 5,377 For the year ended December 31, 2015, options to purchase 81 thousand common shares were outstanding but not included in the dilutive common equivalent share calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. There were no options to purchase shares that were anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2014. 30 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 2. Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) Financial Instruments Financial instruments include cash and accounts receivable and accounts payable. Estimated fair values of these ﬁnancial instruments approximate carrying values due to their short-term nature. The Company has outstanding equipment loans which have an interest rate of the 30-day LIBOR rate + 2.00%. As there is a market interest rate, the carrying amount is fair value. Segment Reporting The Company manages its operations as one segment, drug testing services. As a result, the ﬁnancial information disclosed herein materially represents all of the ﬁnancial information related to the Company’s principal operating segment. Most of the Company’s revenues and all of the Company’s assets are in the United States. See Note 12 for geographic breakdown of revenue. Subsequent Events The Company evaluated all events and transactions that occurred after December 31, 2016 through the time of ﬁling with the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. On February 6, 2017, the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $0.15 per share for a total of $819, which was paid on February 27, 2017 to shareholders of record on February 16, 2017. Reclassiﬁcations As a result of the early adoption of the accounting standard update (‘‘ASU’’) No 2015-17, Income Taxes — Balance Sheet Classiﬁcation of Deferred Taxes, certain reclassiﬁcations have been made to the prior period ﬁnancial statements to conform with the current period presentation. For further details regarding the impact of the ASU, see Recent Accounting Pronouncements. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which introduces the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classiﬁed as operating leases under previous guidance. The new standard establishes a right-of-use (‘‘ROU’’) model that requires a lessee to record an ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. The new standard will become effective for ﬁscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those ﬁscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts the adoption of this accounting guidance will have on its ﬁnancial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under U.S. GAAP. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reﬂects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 deﬁnes a ﬁve step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than are required under existing U.S. GAAP. The standard’s implementation date, as amended by ASU 2015-14, is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods therein, using either of the following transition methods: (i) a full retrospective approach reﬂecting the application of the standard in each prior reporting period with the option to elect certain practical expedients, or (ii) a retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initially adopting ASU 2014-09 recognized at the date of adoption (which includes additional footnote disclosures). We have done a preliminary review of the impact of our pending adoption of 31 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 2. Summary of Signiﬁcant Accounting Policies − (continued) ASU 2014-09 on our ﬁnancial statements and have determined the implementation of this standard should not have a material impact on the ﬁnancial statements. The Company intends to adopt the standard at the date required for public companies. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements — Going Concern. ASU 2014-15 requires management to evaluate, at each interim and annual reporting period, whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the ﬁnancial statements are issued, and provide related disclosures. ASU 2014-15 is effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual periods and interim periods thereafter. The Company has completed its evaluation as of January 1, 2017, and concluded that there are no conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern under ASU 2014-15. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simpliﬁes several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classiﬁcation of related amounts within the statement of cash ﬂows. The Company elected early adoption of ASU 2016-09 in the second quarter of 2016 which was applied using a modiﬁed retrospective approach. The adoption of ASU 2016-09 did not materially impact the Company’s ﬁnancial position, results of operations, equity or cash ﬂows. As a result of our adoption of ASU 2016-09, we recognize the impact of forfeitures when they occur with no adjustment for estimated forfeitures and recognize excess tax beneﬁts as a reduction of income tax expense regardless of whether the beneﬁt reduces income taxes payable. Additionally, we recognize the cash ﬂow impact of such excess tax beneﬁts in operating activities in our condensed consolidated statements of cash ﬂows. The cumulative impact upon adoption was a $41 thousand beneﬁt from income taxes and a $60 thousand cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes — Balance Sheet Classiﬁcation of Deferred Taxes, that simpliﬁes the presentation of deferred taxes by requiring deferred tax assets and liabilities be classiﬁed as noncurrent on the balance sheet. ASU 2015-17 is effective for public companies for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those ﬁscal years. The Company has elected to adopt the standard as of December 31, 2016, retrospectively, with deferred tax liability and asset accounts restated for all periods presented. As a result of the adoption, we decreased the current deferred tax asset by $327 thousand, with a corresponding decrease to long term deferred tax liability in the consolidated 2015 balance sheet. 3. Accounts Receivable The Company maintains an allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable based on management’s assessment of the collectability of its customer accounts by reviewing customer payment patterns and other relevant factors. The Company reviews the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts on a quarterly basis and adjusts the balance as determined necessary. Write-offs are recorded at the time a customer account is deemed uncollectable. The following is a rollforward of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts: Provision for (recoveries of) doubtful accounts Balance, beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Write-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance, end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 $ 59 16 (25) $ 50 2015 $ 96 (3) (34) $ 59 32 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 4. Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consist of the following: Accrued payroll and employee beneﬁts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued bonus expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued vacation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued payable for rent and building maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Accrued Expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 $ 311 407 431 314 125 79 321 $1,988 2015 $ 212 192 366 16 — 140 272 $1,198 5. Income Taxes The income tax provision consists of the following: Current − Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred − Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income Tax Provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 2015 2014 $2,964 114 3,078 331 (111) 220 $3,298 $(214) (55) (269) 544 (439) 105 $(164) $ 155 (127) 28 1,363 36 1,399 $1,427 A reconciliation of the effective rate with the federal statutory rate is as follows: Federal statutory rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of federal beneﬁt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permanent differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal R&D Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 34.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% -1.1% 33.1% 2015 34.0% -22.0% 1.3% 3.9% -29.4% -12.2% 2014 34.0% 1.1% -2.7% 0.0% -1.6% 30.8% The total beneﬁt recognized from R&D tax credits was $260 in 2016, $710 in 2015 and $208 in 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, there were no Federal tax credit carryforwards from 2015. As of December 31, 2016, there were $601 of California tax credit carryforwards relating to 2012 to 2016 which have an unlimited carryforward period. 33 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 5. Income Taxes − (continued) The components of the net deferred tax assets included in the accompanying balance sheets are as follows at December 31: Net deferred tax liability: 2016 2015 Excess of tax over book depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R&D tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net deferred tax liabilities $(3,321) (55) 18 133 135 397 $(2,693) $(3,139) (58) 21 115 128 408 $(2,525) ASC 740 contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions (tax contingencies). The ﬁrst step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on an audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax beneﬁt as the largest amount which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company considers many factors when evaluating and estimating the Company’s tax positions and tax beneﬁts, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not accurately forecast actual outcomes. The Company has elected to adopt ASU No 2015-17, Income Taxes — Balance Sheet Classiﬁcation of Deferred Taxes, that simpliﬁes the presentation of deferred taxes by requiring deferred tax assets and liabilities be classiﬁed as noncurrent on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2016, retrospectively. See further information in Note 2. The Company operates within multiple taxing jurisdictions and could be subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits may involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve. The Company has provided for its estimated taxes payable in the accompanying ﬁnancial statements. Interest and penalties related to income tax matters are recognized as a general and administrative expense. The Company did not have any unrecognized tax beneﬁts and did not have any interest or penalties accrued as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. The tax years ended December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2016 remains subject to examination by all major taxing authorities. 6. Preferred Stock The Board of Directors has the authority to designate authorized preferred shares in one or more series and to ﬁx the relative rights and preferences without vote or action by the stockholders. The Board of Directors has no present plans to designate or issue any shares of preferred stock. 7. Stock-Based Awards The 2006 Incentive Plan initially adopted in 2006, and amended and restated in 2011, provides for grants of options with terms of up to ten years, grants of restricted stock or stock unit awards (SUAs), issuances of stock bonuses or grants other stock-based awards plus cash based awards, to officers, directors, employees, and consultants. Such shares are issuable out of the Company’s authorized but unissued common stock. In 2016, the 2006 Incentive Plan was amended to increase the total number of shares issuable there under from 500 thousand to 850 thousand shares. As of December 31, 2016, 307 thousand shares remained available for future grant under the 2006 Incentive Plan. The fair value of the SUAs is determined by the closing price on the date of grant. The fair value of options is determined using a Black-Scholes model. The SUAs vest over a period of two to four years and are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of the Company’s common stock provided that the employee 34 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 7. Stock-Based Awards − (continued) receiving the award remains continuously employed throughout the vesting period. The Company records compensation expense related to the SUAs and options on a straight-line basis over the vesting term. Employees are issued shares upon vesting, net of tax withholdings. As a result of our adoption of ASU 2016-09 in the second quarter of 2016, we recognize the impact of forfeitures when they occur with no adjustment for estimated forfeitures and recognize excess tax beneﬁts as a reduction of income tax expense regardless of whether the beneﬁt reduces income taxes payable. At the time of adoption, the Company had $60 thousand of forfeiture reserve which was adjusted in the equity accounts of the balance sheet. On May 12, 2016, the Company granted SUAs covering 17 thousand shares of common stock and options to acquire up to 121 thousand shares of common stock. The SUAs vest over a period of two years for non-employee board members and four years for employees and are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of the Company’s common stock provided that the director or employee receiving the award remains employed throughout the vesting period. The stock options become exercisable over two years for non-employee board members and four years for employees (all of the September 15, 2015 options become exercisable over ﬁve years) and have a term of 10 years. The Company records compensation expense related to the SUAs and options on a straight-line basis over the vesting term. Employees are issued shares upon vesting, in the case of SUA’s or upon exercise of options, net of tax withholdings, unless the employee chooses to receive all shares and pay for the associated employment taxes. No other types of equity-based awards have been granted or issued under the 2006 Incentive Plan. The following table represents all shares granted by the Company under the 2006 Incentive Plan for the last three years: Grant Date May 12, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 12, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 15, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 15, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 29, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 8, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type Options SUA Options SUA SUA SUA Shares 121 17 47 1 44 45 Fair Value Per Share(1) $ 2.34 $13.82 $ 1.91 $10.21 $16.10 $14.97 (1) The fair value for the SUA’s is the closing price of the Company’s stock on that date. The fair value for options represents the fair value calculated using the Black-Scholes model. Options have contractual lives of 10 years and the fair value calculated using a Black-Scholes model. The options granted on September 15, 2015 have, have a fair value of $1.91 per share based on the $10.21 grant price and assuming a 6.5 year estimated term, 36% volatility, 2.2% interest rate and a 6.0% dividend yield rate. The options granted on May 12, 2016 have a fair value of $2.34 per share based on the $13.82 grant price and assuming a 6.25 year estimated term, 33% volatility, 1.75% interest rate and a 5.6% dividend yield rate. 35 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 7. Stock-Based Awards − (continued) A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is as follows: Outstanding, December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding, December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Shares 47 121 — (8) 160 Weighted Ave. Exercise Price per Share $10.21 $13.82 $13.82 $12.76 Exercisable, December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Aggregate Intrinsic Value(2) $ — $1,907 $ 232 (2) The aggregate intrinsic value on this table was calculated based on the amount, if any, by which the closing market value of the Company’s stock on December 31 of the applicable year exceeded the exercise price of any of the underlying options, multiplied by the number of shares subject to each such option. The closing stock price as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $24.68 and $10.14, respectively. There were no options exercised under the 2006 Incentive Plan for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. The Company had options exercised under the expired stock option plan of 134 thousand and 41 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. There were 9 thousand options exercisable as of December 31, 2016 and no options exercisable as of December 31, 2015. A summary of the Company’s stock unit award activity is as follows: Outstanding & Unvested, December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Converted to common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outstanding & Unvested, December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . Number of Shares 112 17 (38) (15) (2) 74 Weighted Average Price per Share(3) $14.05 $13.82 $13.39 $12.60 $15.23 $14.62 Weighted Average Fair Value(3) $1,569 $ 229 $ (505) $ (186) $ (30) $1,077 (3) Weighted average price per share is the weighted grant price based on the closing market price of each of the stock grants related to each transaction type. The Weighted average fair value is the weighted average share price times the number of shares. The fair value of stock unit award vesting was $691 thousand, $641 thousand and $608 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The intrinsic value of stock unit awards converted to common stock was based on the stock price on the vesting date and amounted to $727 thousand, $824 thousand and $922 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, a total of 541 thousand shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under 2006 Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2016, the unamortized fair value of options and awards was $982 thousand to be amortized over a weighted average period of approximately 2.6 years. 36 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 8. Employee Beneﬁt Plan The Psychemedics Corporation 401(k) Savings and Retirement Plan (the 401(k) Plan) is a qualiﬁed deﬁned contribution plan in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. All employees over the age of 21 are eligible to make pre-tax contributions up to a speciﬁed percentage of their compensation. Under the 401(k) Plan, the Company may, but is not obligated to, match a portion of the employees’ contributions up to a deﬁned maximum. Matching contributions of $246 thousand, $242 thousand and $152 thousand were made in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. 9. Commitments and Contingencies Commitments The Company leases certain of its facilities and equipment under operating lease agreements expiring on various dates through December 2020. Total minimum lease payments, including scheduled increases, are charged to operations on the straight-line basis over the life of the respective lease. Rent expense was approximately $907 thousand, $1.0 million and $908 thousand in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2016, minimum commitments remaining under lease agreements were approximately as follows: Years Ending December 31: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total $ 928 858 487 372 $2,645 Contingencies On February 02, 2017, a putative shareholder class action lawsuit, styled Daly v. Psychemedics Corporation, et al., was ﬁled against the Company and certain executive officers in the federal district court for the District of Massachusetts. Daly purports to bring the action on behalf of the Company’s shareholders, who purchased the Company’s stock between July 26, 2016 and January 31, 2017. On February 3, 2017, a second putative shareholder class action lawsuit, styled Baughman v. Psychemedics Corporation, et al. was ﬁled against the Company and certain executive officers in the federal district court for the District of Massachusetts. Baughman purports to bring the action on behalf of the Company’s shareholders, who purchased the Company’s stock between February 28, 2014 and January 30, 2017. Both complaints allege generally that the Company violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by making allegedly false and/or misleading statements in connection with the purported conduct of the Company’s independent distributor in Brazil. Each action seeks unspeciﬁed damages, interest, attorneys’ fees and other costs. We believe these lawsuits are without merit and we intend to vigorously defend them. While the ultimate outcome of individual legal claims is inherently unpredictable, we believe that the ﬁnal resolution of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, ﬁnancial position, liquidity or capital resources. 37 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 9. Commitments and Contingencies − (continued) The Company is subject to other legal proceedings and claims, which arise in the ordinary course of its business. The Company believes that although there can be no assurance as to the disposition of these proceedings, based upon information available to the Company at this time, the expected outcome of these matters would not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations or ﬁnancial condition. 10. Debt and Other Financing Arrangements On March 20, 2014, the Company entered into an equipment ﬁnancing arrangement with Banc of America Leasing & Capital, LLC (the ‘‘Lender’’), which it amended on August 8, 2014 and September 15, 2015, including a Master Loan and Security Agreement and related documentation (collectively the ‘‘Equipment Loan Arrangement’’) which provided the Company with the ability to ﬁnance, at its option, up to $8.8 million of new and used equipment purchases. Each such purchase ﬁnanced under the Equipment Loan Arrangement is documented by the execution of an equipment note. Each note has a maturity date of 60 months from the applicable loan date, and bears interest at the then current 30-day LIBOR rate + 2.00%. Principal and interest are payable over the 60-month repayment period and principal is repayable without premium or penalty. Borrowings under the Equipment Loan Arrangement are secured by a ﬁrst priority security interest in the equipment acquired with the proceeds of the equipment notes. Under the Equipment Loan Arrangement, the Company is subject to a maximum quarterly funded debt to EBITDA ratio and a minimum ﬁxed charge coverage ratio. The Company was in compliance with all loan covenants as of December 31, 2016. Under the Equipment Loan Arrangement, the Company executed notes on March 24, 2014, May 22, 2014, June 13, 2014, August 8, 2014, September 15, 2015, and March 23 2016 in the amounts of $1.1 million, $1.9 million, $3.0 million, $1.0 million and $1.1 million and $610 thousand, respectively, for total borrowings of $8.7 million, of which $3.1 million and $1.5 million was repaid in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The interest rate for these notes for the year ended December 31, 2016 was 2.47%, and represented $134 thousand of interest expense. As of December 31, 2016, the interest rate was 2.71%. The annual principal repayment requirements for debt obligations as of December 31, 2016 are as follows: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less current portion of long-term debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total long-term debt, net of current portion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,144 1,144 776 287 30 3,381 (1,144) $ 2,237 38 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (dollar and share amounts (except per share) in thousands, unless otherwise indicated) December 31, 2016 11. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited) The following are selected quarterly ﬁnancial data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015: Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross proﬁt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross proﬁt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted net income per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Business Segment Reporting MAR 31 $6,667 2,738 (2) (23) $ 0.00 $ 0.00 MAR 31 $6,756 3,339 451 278 $ 0.05 $ 0.05 Quarter Ended − 2016 JUN 30 $9,700 5,209 2,371 1,633 $ 0.30 $ 0.30 SEP 30 $11,849 7,105 4,104 2,708 $ 0.49 $ 0.49 Quarter Ended − 2015 JUN 30 $7,001 3,270 356 252 $ 0.05 $ 0.05 SEP 30 $7,084 3,456 550 796 $ 0.15 $ 0.15 DEC 31 $10,764 6,398 3,637 2,360 0.44 0.43 $ $ DEC 31 $6,134 2,652 114 185 $ 0.03 $ 0.03 The Company manages its operations as one segment, drug testing services. As a result, the ﬁnancial information disclosed herein materially represents all of the ﬁnancial information related to the Company’s principal operating segment. All of the Company’s assets are in the United States. All Brazil sales are though one independent distributor, which is the only customer greater than 10% of sales. The Company’s revenues by geographic region are as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2016 Consolidated Revenue: United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25,608 13,083 289 $38,980 $25,836 746 393 $26,975 $28,155 758 292 $29,205 39 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as deﬁned in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports ﬁled with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period speciﬁed by the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including to our Chief Executive Officer and our Vice President — Finance, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, the Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and its Vice President — Finance, has evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2016. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Vice President — Finance concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective for ensuring that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it ﬁles or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods speciﬁed in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that its disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it ﬁles or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s principal executive and ﬁnancial officers, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting that occurred during the Company’s last ﬁscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over ﬁnancial reporting (as deﬁned in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Vice President — Finance, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over ﬁnancial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 1992. Based on the Company’s evaluation under the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework, the Company’s management concluded that our internal control over ﬁnancial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016. This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting ﬁrm regarding internal control over ﬁnancial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting ﬁrm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management’s report in this annual report. 40 Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Vice President, Finance, does not expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures or the Company’s internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives for the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reﬂect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the beneﬁts of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues, misstatements, errors and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been or will be prevented or detected. Further, internal controls may become inadequate as a result of changes in conditions, or through the deteriorations of the degree of compliance with policies or procedures. Item 9B. Other Information None 41 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Following is a list that sets forth as of March 7, 2017 the names, ages and positions within the Company of all of the Executive Officers of the Company and the Directors of the Company. Each such director has been nominated for reelection at the Company’s 2017 Annual Meeting, to be held on May 4, 2017 at 2:00 P.M. at the The Seaport Hotel, 200 Seaport Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts. Name Raymond C. Kubacki Neil Lerner James Dyke Michael I. Schaffer, Ph.D. Harry Connick Walter S. Tomenson, Jr. A. Clinton Allen Fred J. Weinert Age 72 49 52 72 91 70 73 69 Position Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President, Director Vice President, Finance Corporate Vice President, Sales & Marketing Vice President, Laboratory Operations Director, Audit Committee member, Compensation Committee Member, Nominating Committee member Director, Audit Committee member, Compensation Committee Member, Nominating Committee member Director, Audit Committee member, Nominating Committee member Director, Audit Committee member, Compensation Committee Member, Nominating Committee member All Directors hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are elected. Officers serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Mr. Kubacki has been the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer since 1991. He has also served as Chairman of the Board of the Company since 2003. From 2007 until 2012, he served as a director of Protection One, Inc. and from 2004 to 2007 he served as a director of Integrated Alarm Services Group, Inc. He is also a trustee of the Center for Excellence in Education based in Washington, D.C. and holds an Executive Masters Professional Director Certiﬁcation, their highest level award, from the American College of Corporate Directors, a public company director education and credentialing organization. Mr. Kubacki has been a director of the Company since 1991. Mr. Lerner has served as Vice President, Finance and Treasurer since May 2011. From October 2010 until May 2011, he served as Vice President, Controller. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Director of Operational Accounting at Beacon Rooﬁng Supply, Inc., Corporate Controller with Atlas TMS, Divisional Controller with Mastec, Inc, and multiple ﬁnancial management roles with Johnson & Johnson. Mr. Lerner is a Certiﬁed Public Accountant and has a Masters degree in International Management. Mr. Dyke joined the Company as Corporate Vice President, Sales and Marketing in 2010. Prior to joining the Company, he held the position of Vice President US Sales and Marketing for Pitney Bowes DMT and worked as a Strategic Sales Consultant. Prior to immigrating to the USA from Canada, he held the position of General Manager DMT United Kingdom and Ireland from 2005 to 2007, and VP/General Manager DMT Canada 2002 to 2005, both with Pitney Bowes Ltd. Since joining the Company, he has served on drug testing industry advisory boards and been an active speaker discussing the challenges of workplace drug abuse. Dr. Schaffer has served as Vice President of Laboratory Operations since 1999. From 1990 to 1999, he served as Director of Toxicology, Technical Manager and Responsible Person for the Leesburg, Florida laboratory of SmithKline Beecham Clinical Laboratories. From 1990 to 1999, he was also a member of the Board of Directors of the American Board of Forensic Toxicologists. Dr. Schaffer has also served as an inspector for the College of American Pathologists since 1990. Mr. Connick served as District Attorney for Orleans Parish (New Orleans, LA) from 1974 to 2003. In 2002, Mr. Connick received from Drug Czar, John P. Walters, the Director’s Award for Distinguished Service in recognition of exemplary accomplishment and distinguished service in the ﬁght against illegal drugs. Mr. Connick has been a director of the Company since 2003. 42 Mr. Tomenson is a Senior Advisor to Integro Ltd. Mr. Tomenson was Managing Director and Chairman of Client Development of Marsh, Inc. from 1998 until 2004. From 1993 to 1998, he was chairman of FINPRO, the ﬁnancial services division of Marsh, Inc. Mr. Tomenson is a Director of the Trinity College School Fund, Inc. He also serves on the Executive Council of the Inner-City Scholarship Fund and holds an Executive Masters Professional Director Certiﬁcation, their highest level award, from the American College of Corporate Directors, a public company director education and credentialing organization. Mr. Tomenson has been a director of the Company since 1999. Mr. Allen is the Founder and President of the American College of Corporate Directors, a public company director education and credentialing organization. Mr. Allen also serves as the Chairman of the Board of Collectors Universe, (CLCT: NASDAQ), a member of the board of Brooks Automation (BRKS: NASDAQ), and is Lead Director of LKQ Corporation (LKQ: NASDAQ), a Fortune 500 Company. Mr. Allen had previously served as Vice-Chairman of the Company from 1990 to 2000 and Chairman from 2000 to 2002. He rejoined the Board as an independent member in 2015. Mr. Weinert is an entrepreneur whose current activities are concentrated in commercial real estate, international business development and environmental consulting. He served on the Business Advisory Council for the University of Dayton for over 20 years from 1984 until 2005. From 1973 until 1989, Mr. Weinert held various executive positions in the Finance and Operations groups of Waste Management, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including 6 years as the President of Waste Management International, Inc. Mr. Weinert has been a director of the Company since 1991. The information required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K will be set forth in the Proxy Statement of the Company relating to the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 4, 2017 and is incorporated herein by reference. The Company has a code of ethics that applies to all employees and non-employee directors. This code satisﬁes the requirements set forth in Item 406 of Regulation S-K and applies to all relevant persons set forth therein. The Company will mail to interested parties a copy of the Code of Ethics upon written request and without charge. Such request shall be made to our General Counsel, 125 Nagog Park, Acton, Massachusetts 01720. The information required by Item 407 of Regulation S-K will be set forth in the Proxy Statement of the Company relating to the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 4, 2017 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement of the Company relating to the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 4, 2017 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneﬁcial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement of the Company relating to the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 4, 2017 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence The information required by this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement of the Company relating to the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 4, 2017 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this item will be set forth in the Proxy Statement of the Company relating to the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 4, 2017 and is incorporated herein by reference. 43 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules PART IV (a) (1) Financial Statements required by Item 15 are included and indexed in Part II, Item 8 (a) (2) Financial Statement Schedules included in Part IV of this report. Schedule II is omitted because information is included in Notes to Financial Statements. All other schedules under the accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instructions and are inapplicable and, thus have been omitted. (a) (3) See ‘‘Exhibit Index’’ included elsewhere in this Report. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None 44 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: March 7, 2017 PSYCHEMEDICS CORPORATION By: /s/ RAYMOND C. KUBACKI Raymond C. Kubacki Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. /s/ RAYMOND C. KUBACKI Raymond C. Kubacki /s/ NEIL LERNER Neil Lerner HARRY CONNICK* Harry Connick WALTER S. TOMENSON, JR* Walter S. Tomenson, Jr. FRED J. WEINERT* Fred J. Weinert A. CLINTON ALLEN* A. Clinton Allen *By: /s/ RAYMOND C. KUBACKI Raymond C. Kubacki Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer) Vice President, Finance (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) March 7, 2017 March 7, 2017 Director Director Director Director Attorney-in-Fact March 7, 2017 45 Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 4.1 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5 10.2.6 10.2.7 10.2.8 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* 10.8* 10.10* 10.11* EXHIBIT INDEX Description Amended and Restated Certiﬁcate of Incorporation ﬁled on August 1, 2002 — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the Quarter ended September 30, 2002). Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled on July 31, 2015). Specimen Stock Certiﬁcate — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8-A ﬁled on July 31, 2002). Lease dated October 6, 1992 with Mitchell H. Hersch, et. al with respect to premises in Culver City, California — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-KSB for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 1992). Security Agreement dated October 6, 1992 with Mitchell H. Hersch et. al — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-KSB for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 1992). First Amendment to Lease dated with Mitchell H. Hersch, et.al California — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 1997). Second Amendment to Lease dated with Mitchell H. Hersch, et.al. California — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 1997). Third Amendment to Lease dated December 31, 1997 with Mitchell H. Hersch, et.al. California — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 1997). Fourth Amendment to Lease dated May 24, 2005 with Mitchell H. Hersch, et.al. California — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 2005). Fifth Amendment to Lease dated November 22, 2011 with Mitchell H. Hersch, et.al. California — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 2011). Sixth Amendment to Lease dated October 13, 2015 with Mitchell H. Hersch, et.al. California — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ﬁscal year ended December 31, 2015) 2006 Incentive Plan, as amended — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled on May 19, 2016). Form of Stock Unit Award used with employees and consultants under the 2006 Incentive Plan — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled on May 19, 2016). Form of Stock Unit Award used with non-employee directors under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan — (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled on May 19, 2016). Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement used with employees under the 2006 Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled on May 19, 2016) Form of Non Qualiﬁed Stock Option Agreement used with employees, non-employee directors and consultants under the 2006 Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled on May 19, 2016) Change in control severance agreement with Ray Kubacki dated March 2014. (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled March 8, 2014). Change in control severance agreement with Michael Schaffer dated March 2014. (Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled March 8, 2014). 46 Exhibit Number 10.12* 10.13* 10.14* 10.15 10.16 10.17 23.1 24 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 Description Employment offer letter dated April 7, 2010 with James V. Dyke (incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010) Change in Control Severance Agreement with James V. Dyke dated February 24, 2015 (Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K ﬁled on February 27, 2015) Employment offer letter dated October 25, 2010 with Neil Lerner (incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the year ended December 31, 2010) Lease dated March 12, 2015 with Bristol-Culver Associates, LLC and Mountain Organic Farms, LLC with respect to 6100 Bristol parkway premises in Culver City, CA — (Incorporated by reference from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015) Loan agreement dated March 20, 2015 with Banc of America Leasing and Capital, LLC — (Incorporated by reference from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015) Letter Agreement dated September 15, 2015 with Banc of America Leasing and Capital, LLC, together with Equipment Security Note dated September 15, 2015 and Proposal Letter dated August 19, 2015 — (Incorporated by reference from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015) Consent of BDO USA, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Power of Attorney Certiﬁcation of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certiﬁcation of Vice President — Finance Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certiﬁcation of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certiﬁcation of Vice President — Finance Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 * Management compensation plan or arrangement 47 EXHIBIT 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Psychemedics Corporation Acton, Massachusetts We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 333-134974, 333-174531, and 333-211745) of Psychemedics Corporation of our report dated March 7, 2017, relating to the ﬁnancial statements which appear in this Form 10-K. /s/ BDO USA, LLP Boston, Massachusetts March 7, 2017 48 EXHIBIT 24 Power of Attorney KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each of the undersigned, being a director or officer, or both, of Psychemedics Corporation, a Delaware corporation (hereinafter called the ‘‘Corporation’’), does hereby constitute and appoint Raymond C. Kubacki and Neil L. Lerner, with full power to each of them to act alone, as the true and lawful attorneys and agents of the undersigned, with full power of substitution and resubstitution to each of said attorneys, to execute, ﬁle or deliver any and all instruments and to do all acts and things which said attorneys and agents, or any of them, deem advisable to enable the Corporation to comply with the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and any requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission in respect thereof, in connection with the ﬁling under said Securities Exchange Act of the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, including speciﬁcally, but without limitation of the general authority hereby granted, the power and authority to sign his or her name as a director or officer, or both, of the Corporation, as indicated below opposite his or her signature, to the Annual Report on Form 10-K, or any amendment, post-effective amendment, or papers supplemental thereto to be ﬁled in respect of said Annual Report on Form 10-K; and each of the undersigned does hereby fully ratify and conﬁrm all that said attorneys and agents, or any of them, or the substitute of any of them, shall do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the undersigned has subscribed these presents, as of the 2nd day of March, 2017. Signature Title /s/ RAYMOND C. KUBACKI Raymond C. Kubacki Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Director (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ NEIL LERNER Neil Lerner /s/ HARRY CONNICK Harry Connick /s/ WALTER S. TOMENSON, JR. Walter S. Tomenson, Jr. /s/ A. CLINTON ALLEN A. Clinton Allen /s/ FRED J. WEINERT Fred J. Weinert Vice President, Finance (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director 49 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Raymond C. Kubacki, certify that: EXHIBIT 31.1 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Psychemedics Corporation (the ‘‘registrant’’); 2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the ﬁnancial statements, and other ﬁnancial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the ﬁnancial condition, results of operations and cash ﬂows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as deﬁned in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over ﬁnancial reporting (as deﬁned in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have: a) b) c) d) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared; designed such internal control over ﬁnancial reporting, or caused such internal control over ﬁnancial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of ﬁnancial reporting and the preparation of ﬁnancial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent ﬁscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth ﬁscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting; 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) all signiﬁcant deﬁciencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report ﬁnancial information; and any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a signiﬁcant role in the registrant’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting. Date: March 7, 2017 By: /s/ Raymond C. Kubacki Raymond C. Kubacki President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Neil Lerner, certify that: EXHIBIT 31.2 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Psychemedics Corporation (the ‘‘registrant’’); 2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the ﬁnancial statements, and other ﬁnancial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the ﬁnancial condition, results of operations and cash ﬂows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as deﬁned in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over ﬁnancial reporting (as deﬁned in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have: a) b) c) d) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared; designed such internal control over ﬁnancial reporting, or caused such internal control over ﬁnancial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of ﬁnancial reporting and the preparation of ﬁnancial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent ﬁscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth ﬁscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting; 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) all signiﬁcant deﬁciencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over ﬁnancial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report ﬁnancial information; and any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a signiﬁcant role in the registrant’s internal control over ﬁnancial reporting. Date: March 7, 2017 By: /s/ Neil Lerner Neil Lerner Vice President, Finance (principal ﬁnancial and accounting officer) EXHIBIT 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Raymond C. Kubacki, President and Chief Executive Officer of Psychemedics Corporation (the ‘‘Company’’), certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, as ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 7, 2017 (the ‘‘Report’’), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the ﬁnancial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 7, 2017 By: /s/ Raymond C. Kubacki Raymond C. Kubacki President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) This certiﬁcation accompanies this Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed ﬁled by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. EXHIBIT 32.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Neil Lerner, Vice President, Finance of Psychemedics Corporation (the ‘‘Company’’), certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, as ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 7, 2017 (the ‘‘Report’’), fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the ﬁnancial condition and results of operations of the Company. Date: March 7, 2017 By: /s/ Neil Lerner Neil Lerner Vice President, Finance (principal ﬁnancial and accounting officer) This certiﬁcation accompanies this Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed ﬁled by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. [This page intentionally left blank.] MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE INFORMATION BOARD OF DIRECTORS Raymond C. Kubacki Chairman, President and C.E.O. Harry Connick Independent Director Walter S. Tomenson, Jr. Independent Director Fred J. Weinert Independent Director A. Clinton Allen Independent Director CORPORATE OFFICERS Raymond C. Kubacki Chairman, President and C.E.O. Michael I. Schaffer, Ph.D. Vice President, Laboratory Operations Neil Lerner Vice President, Finance James Dyke Corporate Vice President, Sales & Marketing TRANSFER AGENT Computershare P.O. BOX 30170 College Station, TX 77842-3170 Overnight correspondence should be sent to: Computershare 211 Quality Circle, Suite 210 College Station, TX 77845 1-877-373-6374 (781-575-3120) Internet Address: www.computershare.com COUNSEL Lynch, Brewer, Hoffman & Fink, LLP Boston, Massachusetts AUDITORS BDO USA, LLP Boston, Massachusetts CORPORATE OFFICES Corporate Headquarters: 125 Nagog Park Acton, Massachusetts 01720 Primary Laboratory Facility: 5832 Uplander Way Culver City, California 90230 FORM 10-K A copy of the Company’s Form 10-K, as ﬁled with the Securities and Exchange Commission, may be obtained by any stockholder at our website: www.psychemedics.com or by writing to: Investor Relations Psychemedics Corporation 125 Nagog Park Acton, MA 01720 ANNUAL MEETING The 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be held on May 4, 2017 at 2:00 p.m. at The Seaport Hotel 200 Seaport Boulevard Boston, Massachusetts NASDAQ Stock Exchange Symbol (PMD) 125 NAGOG PARK, ACTON, MA 01720

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