Rayonier Advanced Materials
Annual Report 2021

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Making Renewable to Remarkable a Reality 2021 | ANNUAL REPORT Dear Fellow Stockholders: 2021 marked a pivotal transition for Rayonier Advanced Materials as we divested the balance of our non-strategic assets, repaid a significant amount of debt and focused the Company on its core biorefineries and the natural, biobased products they produce. Early in 2021, we announced the sale of our lumber and newsprint mills, thus concluding the Portfolio Optimization initiative started after the acquisition of Tembec in 2017. This sale was completed in August with a sales price of approximately $235 million. In addition to retaining all cash and proceeds earned prior to the closing date, we retained rights associated with approximately $112 million of duties paid by the Company for softwood lumber sold into the U.S. prior to closing. This strategic sale will enable the Company to focus more fully on its core biorefineries and provided capital needed to accelerate investments in the BioFuture. Rayonier Advanced Materials operates four unique biorefineries. The primary products produced in these facilities are Cellulose Specialties, which serve as the natural building blocks for a wide variety of products used in everyday life including naturally derived plastics, food additives and high-performance tires. These biorefineries can also produce bioenergy used to power homes in our local communities, bioethanol used to supplement gasoline and biomaterials such as lignosulphonates used to strengthen concrete in roads and buildings. We also announced several key investments to further expand our offerings, including the start-up of a carboxylated nanocellulose (CNC) facility within our Temiscaming facility, a partnership studying the benefits of a natural prebiotic in poultry, new sustainability certifications in Fernandina and the approval of a bioethanol plant in Tartas. By expanding the diversity of our product offerings, we not only become more efficient in utilizing our critical renewable resource, but we also create new financial growth opportunities. We are deeply committed to operating our business in a sustainable manner. In our 2021 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Report, we announced our goal of a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the end of the decade and provided other key metrics and disclosures aligned to the TCFD and SASB reporting frameworks. This report also highlights our efforts to positively impact society and communities through our focus on safety, diversity and inclusion. We also recently received the Nordic Swan certification for our responsible forest management efforts. Our sustainable partnerships with our regions’ vital working forests have spanned generations and multiple growing cycles. We responsibly source the wood fiber from these working forests and transform this renewable material into remarkable products used by our customers for a wide variety of end uses, including as a substitute for petroleum- based products. Financially, we grew both our continuing operations as well as our discontinued operations prior to the sale. The discontinued operations benefited from a sharp increase in lumber prices during the second quarter. For the full year, discontinued operations captured an incremental $177 million of Adjusted EBITDA, while the continuing operations Adjusted EBITDA grew by 28% to $128 million. With the strong free cash flow generation, the Company repaid over $150 million of debt and grew its cash balances by $159 million, which provides further capital needed to accelerate investments in the business. In addition to transforming the business and balance sheet, the Company also added two new key leaders to its senior management team. With the retirement of Paul Boynton, the Company hired Vito Consiglio as its next President and CEO. and the Company also hired Joshua Hicks to lead our largest segment, High Purity Cellulose. Together, these two executives bring over 50 years of industry experience and leadership to the Company. Their fresh perspective will complement the strong skill set of the existing management team. As we look forward to 2022, Rayonier Advanced Materials is well positioned to grow from its core business. We negotiated double-digit price increases for our key Cellulose Specialties products while also increasing overall sales volumes. We are investing in our assets to drive increased reliability and product diversity and we remain vigilant in managing inflationary cost pressure and supply chain challenges. We are confident we have the right team and strategy to meet the challenges ahead and to drive significant value for our stockholders in 2022 and beyond. Sincerely, DE LYLE W. BLOOMQUIST Independent Chair of the Board of Directors UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 or TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 001-36285 RAYONIER ADVANCED MATERIALS INC. Incorporated in the State of Delaware I.R.S. Employer Identification No. 46-4559529 1301 RIVERPLACE BOULEVARD, SUITE 2300 JACKSONVILLE, FL 32207 (Principal Executive Office) Telephone Number: (904) 357-4600 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common stock, par value $0.01 per share Trading Symbol(s) RYAM Name of exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange Securities to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None No ☒ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. No ☐ No ☐ Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☐ ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☒ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒ The aggregate market value of the Common Stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates at the close of business on June 26, 2021 was $404,407,276 based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange. The registrant had 63,738,406 shares of Common Stock, $.01 par value per share, outstanding as of February 24, 2022. Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the 2022 annual meeting of the stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III hereof. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Item 1. 1A. 1B. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7A. 8. 9. 9A. 9B. 9C. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Table of Contents Part I Business.................................................................................................................................................... Risk Factors .............................................................................................................................................. Unresolved Staff Comments..................................................................................................................... Properties.................................................................................................................................................. Legal Proceedings .................................................................................................................................... Mine Safety Disclosures........................................................................................................................... Part II Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities....................................................................................................................................... [Reserved]................................................................................................................................................. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations .................. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk .................................................................. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ........................................................................................ Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure .................. Controls and Procedures........................................................................................................................... Other Information..................................................................................................................................... Disclosure regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections....................................................... Part III Information about our Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance................................... Executive Compensation .......................................................................................................................... Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence......................................... Principal Accounting Fees and Services .................................................................................................. Part IV Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.................................................................................................. Form 10-K Summary................................................................................................................................ Page 3 9 21 21 21 21 22 23 24 43 43 43 43 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 46 50 i When we refer to “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” or “Rayonier Advanced Materials” we mean Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. References herein to “Notes to Financial Statements” refer to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10- K (this “Report”). Amounts contained in this Report may not always add due to rounding. Note About Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Report”) regarding anticipated financial, business, legal or other outcomes including business and market conditions, outlook and other similar statements relating to Rayonier Advanced Materials’ (“the Company” ) future events, developments, or financial or operational performance or results, are “forward- looking statements” made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements are identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “estimate,” “believe,” “intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate” “guidance” and other similar language. However, the absence of these or similar words or expressions does not mean a statement is not forward-looking. While we believe these forward-looking statements are reasonable when made, forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or events and undue reliance should not be placed on these statements. Although we believe the expectations reflected in any forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance these expectations will be attained, and it is possible actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward-looking statements due to a variety of risks and uncertainties. The following risk factors and those contained in Item 1A — Risk Factors, among others, could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the Company’s historical experience and those expressed in forward- looking statements made in this document. Epidemic and Pandemic Risks • We are subject to risks associated with epidemics and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic and related impacts. The nature and extent of ongoing and future impacts of the pandemic are highly uncertain and unpredictable. Macroeconomic and Industry Risks • The businesses we operate are highly competitive which may result in fluctuations in pricing and volume that can materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in raw material and energy availability and prices could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. • • We are subject to material risks associated with doing business outside of the United States. • • Currency fluctuations may have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Restrictions on trade through tariffs, countervailing and anti-dumping duties, quotas and other trade barriers, in the United States and internationally, could materially adversely affect our ability to access certain markets. Business and Operational Risks • Our ten largest customers represent approximately 36 percent of our 2021 revenue, and the loss of all or a substantial • • portion of our revenue from these large customers could have a material adverse effect on our business. A material disruption at one of our major manufacturing facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our sales and profitability, increase our cost of production and capital needs, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. The availability of, and prices for, wood fiber may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our operations require substantial capital. • • We depend on third parties for transportation services and increases in costs and the availability of transportation could materially adversely affect our business. 1 Our failure to maintain satisfactory labor relations could have a material adverse effect on our business. • • We are dependent upon attracting and retaining key personnel, the loss of whom could materially adversely affect our • • business. Failure to develop new products or discover new applications for our existing products, or our inability to protect the intellectual property underlying such new products or applications, could have a material negative impact on our business. The risk of loss of the Company’s intellectual property and sensitive data, or disruption of its manufacturing operations, in each case due to cyberattacks or cybersecurity breaches, could materially adversely impact the Company. Regulatory Risks • • • Our business is subject to extensive environmental laws, regulations and permits that may materially restrict or adversely affect how we conduct business and our financial results. The potential longer-term impacts of climate-related risks remain uncertain at this time. The Company considers and evaluates climate-related risks in three general categories; Regulatory, Transition to a low- carbon economy, and Physical risks related to climate-change. Financial Risks • We may need to make significant additional cash contributions to our retirement benefit plans if investment returns on pension assets are lower than expected or interest rates decline, and/or due to changes to regulatory, accounting and actuarial requirements. • We have debt obligations that could materially adversely affect our business and our ability to meet our obligations. • The phase-out of the London Inter Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) as an interest rate benchmark in 2023 may impact our borrowing costs. Challenges in the commercial and credit environments may materially adversely affect our future access to capital. • • We may need additional financing in the future to meet our capital needs or to make acquisitions, and such financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all, and may be dilutive to existing stockholders. Company’s Common Stock and Certain Corporate Matters Risks • • Your percentage of ownership in the Company may be diluted in the future. Certain provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and of Delaware law, could prevent or delay an acquisition of the Company, which could decrease the price of our common stock. Merger and Acquisition Risks • We closed on the sale of the lumber and newsprint facilities and related assets to GreenFirst on August 28, 2021; Fifteen percent (15%) of the purchase price for the GreenFirst transaction was paid in the common shares of the capital of GreenFirst (to be held by us for a minimum of six (6) months following the transaction closing) and our ability to ultimately realize the benefit of this consideration is subject to market conditions and GreenFirst’s future performance. Forward-looking statements are only as of the date of the filing of this Report, and the Company undertakes no duty to update its forward-looking statements except as required by law. You are advised, however, to review any further disclosures we have made or may make in our filings and other submissions to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including those on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K and other reports. Details on each of the above risk factors are more specifically described in Item 1A - Risk Factors. Note About Non-GAAP Financial Measures A “non-GAAP financial measure” is generally defined as a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future performance that excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments, so as to be different from the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). This Report contains certain non-GAAP financial measures, including Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”), adjusted EBITDA, and adjusted free cash flows. Each non-GAAP measure is reconciled to each of its most directly comparable GAAP financial measure in Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. We believe these non-GAAP measures provide useful information to our Board of Directors, management and investors regarding certain trends relating to our financial condition and results of operations. Our management uses these non-GAAP 2 measures to compare our performance to that of prior periods for trend analyses, to determine management incentive compensation and for budgeting, forecasting and planning purposes. We do not consider non-GAAP measures an alternative to financial measures determined in accordance with GAAP. The principal limitation of these non-GAAP financial measures is they may exclude significant expense and income items that are required by GAAP to be recognized in our consolidated financial statements. In addition, they reflect the exercise of management’s judgment about which expense and income items are excluded or included in determining these non-GAAP financial measures. In order to compensate for these limitations, reconciliations of the non-GAAP financial measures we use to their most directly comparable GAAP measures are provided. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be relied upon, in whole or part, in evaluating the financial condition, results of operations or future prospects of the Company. Item 1. Business Part I We are a global leader of cellulose-based technologies, which comprise a broad offering of high purity cellulose specialties, a natural polymer commonly used in the production of specialty chemicals and polymers for use in producing liquid crystal displays, filters, textiles and performance additives for pharmaceutical, food and other industrial applications. Starting from a tree and building upon more than 95 years of experience in cellulose chemistry, we provide high quality high-purity cellulose pulp products that make up the essential building blocks for our customers’ products while providing exceptional service and value. We also produce unique, lightweight paperboard and a bulky, high-yield pulp for use in consumer products. Additionally, we have made strategic investments in projects with sustainability benefits, including renewable energy projects at our Temiscaming facility in Quebec, Canada and our Tartas, France facility; TemSilk™, a high-purity product that helps our customers produce a more environmentally friendly product known as Lyocell; and Anomera, Inc., a company that manufactures carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), a patented, biodegradable product for use as an ingredient in cosmetics and various industrial materials . We have also recently launched a project at our Tartas facility to produce second- generation (“2G”) bioethanol to help meet the demand for Europe’s fast-growing biofuels market. With production expected to begin mid-2023, we expect to be among the first in France to produce wood-based 2G bioethanol fuel. Our 2G bioethanol product is expected to help petrochemical companies improve the climate profile of their energy offerings in the European market. Prior to June 27, 2014, we consisted of Rayonier Inc.’s (“Rayonier’s”) wholly-owned performance fibers business which was engaged primarily in the production of cellulose specialties. On that date, we separated from Rayonier and started our business as an independent, publicly traded company. In November 2017, we completed the acquisition of Tembec Inc. (the “Acquisition”) which manufactured cellulose specialties, as well as lumber, paperboard, newsprint and high-yield pulp. In November 2019, we sold the Matane pulp mill (the “Matane Mill”), which was acquired in the Acquisition. As a result of the sale, the Matane Mill’s operating results and assets and liabilities for prior periods are shown as discontinued operations. In August 2021, we sold the lumber and newsprint assets in Ontario and Québec Canada, that we had acquired in the Acquisition. As a result of the sale, the lumber and newsprint operating results as well as the assets and liabilities included in the sale are shown as discontinued operations for prior periods. See Note 3 — Discontinued Operations of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. Following the sales of the Matane Mill and the lumber and newsprint operations, we report the following business segments and all prior period disclosures have been conformed to this segment structure: • High Purity Cellulose • Paperboard • High-Yield Pulp See Note 20 — Segment and Geographical Information of our consolidated financial statements for more information. 3 High Purity Cellulose The High Purity Cellulose segment, and in particular the cellulose specialties product line, is the primary driver of our profitability. Cellulose specialties are natural polymers, used as raw materials to manufacture a broad range of consumer- oriented products such as liquid crystal displays, impact-resistant plastics, thickeners for food products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cigarette filters, high-tenacity rayon yarn for tires and industrial hoses, food casings, paints and lacquers. We manufacture products tailored to the precise and demanding chemical and physical specifications of our customers, achieving industry-leading purity and product functionality. Our ability to consistently manufacture high-quality cellulose specialties products is the result of our proprietary production processes, intellectual property, and over 95 years of technical expertise and knowledge of cellulosic chemistry. In addition to cellulose specialties, a significant portion of our production capacity is dedicated to manufacturing high- purity commodity products for viscose and absorbent materials applications. Commodity viscose pulp is a raw material required for the manufacture of viscose staple fibers which are used in woven applications such as rayon textiles for clothing and other fabrics, and in non-woven applications such as baby wipes, cosmetic and personal wipes, industrial wipes and mattress ticking. Absorbent materials, typically referred to as fluff fibers, are used as an absorbent medium in products such as disposable baby diapers, feminine hygiene products, incontinence pads, convalescent bed pads, industrial towels and wipes and non-woven fabrics. Cellulose specialties typically contain over 95 percent cellulose, while commodity products typically contain less than 95 percent cellulose. Our specialized assets, capable of creating the world’s leading high purity cellulose products, are also ideally suited for generating biofuels, bioelectricity and other biomaterials such as lignin and tall oils. For example, we have recently launched a 2G bioethanol project in our Tartas, France facility to serve Europe’s fast-growing biofuels market. This project will capture residual sugars from our existing pulp process and improve the sustainability of our operating model. Commercial sales of this 2G bioethanol are targeted to begin in mid-2023, under a long-term offtake agreement with a large international petrochemicals company. Products Cellulose Specialties Cellulose specialties are a natural polymer primarily derived from either wood or cotton and are used as a principal raw material to manufacture a broad range of products. Cellulose specialties generally command a price premium and earn higher margins relative to other commodity wood pulp products. Cellulose specialties are a dissolving wood pulp product which target a combination of high purity and high viscosity. Unlike other wood pulps used for their physical properties, cellulose specialties are sought after for the unique chemical properties and reactivity they impart to downstream products. Derived from wood, our cellulose specialties require high levels of purity, consistency and process knowledge. Our products play a significant role in our customers’ manufacturing processes, which require cellulose specialties of high purity and uniformity for efficient production. Therefore, our customers demand products of the highest quality. As a result, our products are custom-engineered and manufactured to each customer’s unique specifications and require a stringent qualification process, and our quality and consistency allow our customers to operate more efficiently and cost-effectively. One of our key competitive advantages is our unique ability to leverage our global manufacturing asset base to provide our customers greater supply chain security for cellulose specialties fibers. With our four facilities and five manufacturing lines capable of producing cellulose specialties, we are the only cellulose specialties producer in the world with flexibility to use both hardwood and softwood fibers, kraft and sulfite cooking processes, and a variety of proprietary chemical treatments to provide customized product functionality. Additionally, we possess significant process knowledge: the understanding of wood fiber properties and their modification under a sequence of chemical processes, accumulated and developed over 95 years of practical application to satisfy a variety of customer needs. This process knowledge, combined with our manufacturing scale and flexibility and knowledge of customers’ applications and specifications, makes us the industry’s most adaptable modifier of cellulose fibers. Commodity Products We can shift our High Purity Cellulose segment manufacturing assets between commodity viscose pulp and absorbent materials production. Historically we have opted to participate in both markets and fluctuate production to take advantage of market conditions and generate the most attractive margins. Commodity viscose pulp is primarily sold to producers of viscose staple fibers which in turn are used to manufacture rayon fibers which are widely used in the clothing and textile industries. Shifts in fashion styles and textile fiber blending have 4 increased demand for viscose staple fibers. Additionally, variability in cotton linter supply and increasing environmental concerns about cotton production have resulted in viscose staple producers shifting volume away from cotton linter pulp to wood-based dissolving pulp. Absorbent materials, or fluff fibers, are typically used in consumer products such as baby diapers. These fibers provide a medium for fluid acquisition, distribution and retention in the products in which they are incorporated. Pricing for commodity products is typically referenced to published indexes or based on publicly available spot market prices. Competition Cellulose Specialties Significant intellectual property, capital investment and technical expertise are needed to design and manufacture customized cellulose specialties fibers to exacting customer specifications. The product must be formulated to achieve the desired characteristics including parameters for purity, viscosity, brightness, reactivity and other physical properties. Product qualification time can be lengthy, extending six to twenty-four months. Customer relationships are typically long-term and based on an understanding of the customer’s production processes and on technical expertise, which we utilize to help us solve our customers’ production challenges and support new product development. Establishing a production line and obtaining the necessary production technologies requires substantial capital and ongoing maintenance expenditures. Product performance and customization, technical service and price are principal methods of competition in cellulose specialties. Product performance is primarily determined by the chemical attributes of the pulp, including purity, viscosity and uniformity of the cellulose specialties. Our processes, which are a key element of our intellectual property, are capable of generating cellulose specialties purity levels in excess of 98 percent as well as the highest levels of viscosity derived from wood pulp. Typically, product pricing is set annually in the fourth quarter for the following year based on discussions with customers and the terms of contractual arrangements. We compete with both domestic and foreign producers in cellulose specialties. Our competitors include GP Cellulose, Borregaard, Bracell, Sappi, Nippon, Cosmo Specialty Fibers and Aditya Birla Group. Some competitors use both wood and cotton linter fibers, as a source of cellulose fibers. Our multiple manufacturing lines, processes and intellectual property allow us to compete in more segments of the cellulose specialties market than any of our competitors. Commodity Products The principal method of competition in commodity products is price, as purity and uniformity are less critical differentiators. We compete with both domestic and foreign producers of commodity products. For commodity viscose pulp, many competitors derive their commodity viscose pulp from either wood or cotton. Although cellulose specialties can generally be sold to meet commodity viscose demand, the reverse is not typically true. However, in recent years commodity viscose pulp has continued to supplant cotton as the preferred raw material input for viscose staple fiber production. For commodity viscose pulp, our major competitors include Sappi, Austrocell and Bracell. For absorbent materials, our major competitors include GP Cellulose, Domtar, International Paper and Klabin. Paperboard We manufacture paperboard in the Temiscaming plant in Quebec, Canada. Paperboard is used for printing documents, brochures, promotional materials, packaging, paperback book or catalog covers, file folders, tags, and tickets. Pricing for paperboard is typically referenced to published indices and marketed through our internal sales team. Our production facility has the capacity to annually produce 180,000 metric tons of paperboard. Products Products packaging, materials, paperback book or catalog covers, file folders, tags and tickets. Paperboard business include the in printing documents, brochures, promotional Competition The principal method of competition in our Paperboard segment is price and product performance. Price is impacted by the balance between supply and demand as affected by global economic conditions, changes in consumption and capacity, the level of customer and producer inventories, and fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Product performance is determined based on the physical attributes of the products in a customer’s manufacturing processes. To a lesser extent, quality and service are also 5 considered competitive determinants. For our Paperboard segment, our significant competitors include WestRock, Metsa Group, Clearwater Paper, and Sappi. High-Yield Pulp We manufacture and market high-yield pulp produced in our Temiscaming plant in Quebec, Canada. High-yield pulp, is used by paper manufacturers to produce paperboard, packaging, printing and writing papers and a variety of other paper products. Pricing for high-yield pulp is typically referenced to published indices marketed through our internal sales team. Our Temiscaming plant has the capacity to annually produce 290,000 metric tons of high-yield pulp. Products We produce high-yield pulp in our Temiscaming plant, primarily from hardwood aspen and maple species. These pulps are used by paper manufacturers to produce paperboard products, printing and writing papers and a variety of other paper products. Annually, approximately 65,000 metric tons are used internally for production of Paperboard. Competition The principal method of competition in the High-Yield Pulp segment is price. Price is impacted by the balance between supply and demand as affected by global economic conditions, changes in consumption and capacity, the level of customer and producer inventories, and fluctuations in currency exchange rates. To a lesser extent, quality and service are also considered competitive determinants. Significant High-Yield Pulp competitors include Millar Western, West Fraser, Paper Excellence, Estonia Cell, Sappi and Winstone. Raw Materials and Input Costs All our manufacturing operations require significant amounts of wood fiber, in the form of logs or wood chips, as a raw material and energy to produce our products. Additionally, our High Purity Cellulose and High-Yield Pulp segments’ manufacturing processes require significant amounts of chemicals. These raw materials and input costs are subject to significant changes in prices as a result of weather conditions, supply and demand. To control cost, we continually pursue reductions in usage and costs of key supplies, services and raw materials. Wood We procure wood chips for our High Purity Cellulose and High-Yield Pulp plants through the purchase of chips from lumber producers or the production for chips from roundwood at our own wood chipping facilities. Prices for wood are impacted by various factors including supply and demand, weather events, transportation costs for delivery and overall economic conditions. Chemicals Chemicals, which include caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), sulfuric acid, ammonia, sodium chlorate and various specialty chemicals, are purchased under negotiated supply agreements with third parties. The prices for these products are impacted by various factors including supply and demand, environmental regulation, energy prices and overall economic conditions. Energy Our energy is primarily produced through the burning of lignin and other residual biomass in recovery and power boilers located at our plants. However, our manufacturing facilities still utilize significant amounts of fuel oil, natural gas and purchased electricity to supplement their energy requirements. Our energy costs are also impacted by emission allowances purchased or sold at market prices during any given period. In addition, energy prices impact our transportation costs for delivery of raw materials to our manufacturing facilities and delivery of our finished products to customers. Intellectual Property Substantially all of our intellectual property relates to our High Purity Cellulose segment. We own patents, trademarks and trade secrets, and have developed significant know-how, particularly in the production of high purity cellulose, but also in the 6 production of paperboard, which we deem important to our operations. We intend to protect our intellectual property, including, when appropriate, filing patent applications for inventions that we deem important to our business and operations. Our U.S. patents generally have a duration of 20 years from the date of filing. We also require key employees to enter into non- compete agreements as appropriate. Seasonality Our operating results may be materially affected by seasonal changes and the related impact on energy prices. Customers No single customer accounted for more than 10 percent of our consolidated net sales during the year ended December 31, 2021. Research and Development Our research and development capabilities and activities are primarily focused on our High Purity Cellulose segment. The quality and consistency of our cellulose specialties and research and development capabilities create a material competitive advantage; they are important factors in achieving an optimal value for our cellulose specialties products. Our research and development efforts are directed at further developing products and technologies, improving the quality of cellulose fiber grades, improving manufacturing efficiency and environmental controls and reducing fossil fuel consumption. We continue to focus our research and development activities to develop and market additional new products and applications. We spent $7 million, $7 million and $6 million on research and development for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Environmental Matters Our manufacturing operations are subject to significant federal, state, provincial and local environmental regulations. For a more detailed discussion, see Item 1A — Risk Factors, Item 3 — Legal Proceedings, Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Environmental Regulation. Additionally, see Note 10 — Environmental Liabilities and Note 21 — Commitments and Contingencies of our consolidated financial statements for more information. Human Capital Employees We have production facilities in the U.S., Canada, and France and sales offices in the U.S., Canada, France, United Kingdom, Japan, and China. Of our approximately 2,500 employees, 72 percent belong to labor unions, as all of our manufacturing sites are represented by various local and national unions. We believe our relationships with the union employee representatives are strong and open. See Note 21 — Commitments and Contingencies of our consolidated financial statements for more information. Safety The safety of our employees is our most important priority. We are committed to our vision of every employee coming to work and going home injury-free every day, and we continue to make progress each year. While no injury is acceptable, our 2021 company-wide injury rate decreased 12 percent versus 2020. We drive towards our vision of injury-free operations by focusing on five leading safety metrics: housekeeping, leadership engagement, corrective action closure, gas emissions and life safety programs. We continuously track and measure our progress against these leading safety metrics. Safety subcommittees, composed of leaders from across the Company, are accountable for each of the respective leading metrics and report to an overall safety steering team chaired by our CEO. Employee Engagement Attracting, retaining and developing employees is vital to our success. We strive to ensure that all of our employees have the mentorship, training and support they need to develop lasting and rewarding careers, because we believe that engaged employees are happier, safer, and more productive. As an example, our Early Career Development (“ECD”) program provides recent graduates and new hires with structured onboarding, on-the-job training and leadership experiences to support the ongoing development of the technical and leadership skills required to support and sustain our manufacturing operations. Additionally, we partner with colleges and universities to develop a robust pipeline of prospective employees and provide 7 scholarships and internships to students whose academic pursuits align with career opportunities in chemical, electrical, mechanical and process control engineering. We also provide our employees with training and education opportunities such as financial services and retirement planning workshops. Code of Conduct Within the framework of our core values of Integrity, Accountability, Quality, and People, the Rayonier Advanced Materials Standard of Ethics and Code of Corporate Conduct is our guide to the lawful and ethical performance of our duties. Adherence to the Code is intended to ensure that we: · Fulfill our obligation to observe the law both in letter and spirit in all countries in which we do business; and · Deal fairly with our shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, regulators and communities. We publish and communicate these expectations and values for all new hires and for all other employees several times throughout each year, including through various trainings. Diversity and Inclusion Fostering a diverse and inclusive culture is integral to our success as a company and also an important component of our commitment to people as outlined in our Code of Conduct, Company Values and Human Rights Policy. We have taken several important steps to strengthen our approach to diversity and inclusion. Our Diversity and Inclusion Advisory Group (DIAG), led by our Director of Diversity and Inclusion, has the mandate to help foster meaningful, lasting progress and to position the Company as a leader in diversity and inclusion. The DIAG provides regular reports to senior leadership and our Board on our progress in various focus areas, including recruiting, retention, mentoring and community engagement. Availability of Reports and Other Information Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are made available to the public free of charge in the Investor Relations section of our website www.rayonieram.com, shortly after we electronically file such material with, or furnish them to, the SEC. All reports we file with or furnish to the SEC are also available free of charge on the SEC’s website, https://www.sec.gov. Our corporate governance guidelines and charters of all committees of our board of directors are also available on our website. 8 Item 1A. Risk Factors Our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and equity are subject to a number of risks and potential material adverse events including, but not limited to, those listed below. When considering an investment in our securities, you should carefully read and consider these risks, together with all other information in this Report and our other filings and submissions to the SEC. If any of the events described in the following risk factors actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results, as well as the market price of our securities, could be materially adversely affected. Epidemic and Pandemic Risks We are subject to risks associated with epidemics and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic and related impacts. The nature and extent of ongoing and future impacts of the pandemic are highly uncertain and unpredictable. Our global operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises, including epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic which has generated, and may continue to generate, significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption across the globe including in many markets in which we or our customers do business. Over the past two years, COVID-19 has adversely impacted our business and financial condition in various ways, including impacts associated with preventive and precautionary measures that we, other businesses, governments and individual consumers have taken and are continuing to take to limit the spread of the virus, including mandatory closures, “shelter-in-place” orders, vaccine programs and mandates and travel and quarantine restrictions. Examples of such impacts have included: increased operating costs due to social distancing and other strict health and safety protocols implemented at our facilities to protect employees and contractors; reductions and/or unpredictable fluctuations in demand; and reduced supply chain reliability due to international shipping congestion associated with global demand surges and fluctuations and empty container imbalances. Impacts could be magnified if the pandemic severity increases or duration persists over an extended period of time. While the full extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s ongoing and future impacts on our business cannot currently be predicted with certainty, we continue to promote the health and safety of our employees, contractors, suppliers and customers and to closely monitor the pandemic’s impacts on our liquidity, access to capital markets, reliability, customers and suppliers, and the macroeconomic conditions relevant including general economic uncertainty, unemployment rates and recessionary pressures. to our business, Specific risks associated with COVID-19 include, but are not limited to, the following: • Significant and unpredictable reductions and other fluctuations in demand for certain of our products due to pandemic-driven factors such as end-market weakness and customer security-of-supply concerns. • • Adverse effects on our suppliers, vendors and other global supply chain partners which have impaired and could continue to impair our ability to timely and efficiently move our products through the various steps in the global supply chain process to our end customers. Possible workforce disruption to the extent our operational, management or other personnel are impacted in significant numbers by COVID-19 or fail to comply with applicable vaccination mandates or programs and are not available to perform their duties and tasks, which could create reductions or suspensions of our manufacturing operations and other support functions. Restricted access to capital, increased financing costs and/or adverse effects on our liquidity and perceptions of our creditworthiness due to the ongoing adverse impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy and capital markets worldwide. Possible heightening of other risks described in the “Risk Factors” section in this Report to the extent that COVID-19 continues to adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. • • Macroeconomic and Industry Risks The businesses we operate are highly competitive and many of them are cyclical, which may result in fluctuations in pricing and volume that can materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 9 Competition, demand fluctuations and cyclicality are the most significant drivers of sales volumes and pricing for our products. We face significant competition from domestic and foreign producers in virtually all of our businesses. For example, in our cellulose specialties product line, increased cellulose specialties production capacity from our competitors, some of whom have lower raw material, wood and production costs than us, combined with demand weakness, have collectively contributed to substantially lower cellulose specialties sales prices over the past several years. Likewise, volumes have declined meaningfully in recent years due to these factors. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these dynamics and may continue to do so. Our high-purity commodity products for viscose and absorbent materials applications are also highly cyclical, and in 2019 and 2020 were at extremely low pricing levels. While these levels began to slowly rebound during the latter part of 2020 and continued to increase throughout 2021, there can be no assurance as to the extent of such rebound or that elevated levels will be sustained over a significant period of time. With respect to demand for cellulose specialties, and in particular our acetate grades, the majority of these acetate grades are used to manufacture acetate tow, which is used to make the filter component of a cigarette. Significant increases in cigarette costs and potential actions taken by the United States and other countries to discourage smoking, such as tax increases on tobacco products, policy changes and future legislation, may have a material adverse effect on the demand for tobacco products. Additionally, increased use of e-cigarettes, electronically heated tobacco products and smokeless tobacco products, by way of example, may affect demand for traditional cigarettes. In addition, some of the industries in which our end-use customers participate, such as publishing, packaging, automotive and textiles, are cyclical in nature, thus posing risks to us which are beyond our control. These industries are highly competitive and may experience overcapacity and reductions in end-use demand, each of which may affect demand for and pricing of our products. The consequences of this could include the reduction, delay or cancellation of customer orders. Our paperboard and high yield pulp businesses are highly cyclical and influenced by a variety of factors. These include periods of excess product supply due to industry capacity increases, periods of decreased demand due to reduced economic activity or market conditions, inventory de-stocking by customers and fluctuations in currency exchange rates. These factors may cause significant price changes over a short period, such as fluctuations experienced over the past two years during the COVID-19 pandemic. To address these factors, we have in the past, and may in the future, elect to schedule production curtailments and shutdowns to address, for example, unfavorable economic conditions, reduced demand for our products or the end products of our customers, lack of economically viable fiber in Canada, reduced market prices and other factors. In particular, our high yield pulp business has been the subject of temporary curtailments at given points over the past two years in reaction to market conditions. Given broader inflation in the economy, we are monitoring the risk inflation presents to active and future contracts. To date we have seen broad based increases in costs from inflation that are material to our business as a whole; however, if we experience greater than expected supply chain and labor inflation, our profits and margins under our contracts could be materially adversely affected. In sum, continued competitive pressures and demand weakness, as well as the cyclicality of our commodity businesses, may have a material adverse impact on our future sales prices and volumes and, therefore, our business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in raw material and energy availability and prices could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Raw material and energy costs, such as chemicals, oil and natural gas and electricity are a significant operating expense. The cost of these inputs can be volatile and are susceptible to rapid and substantial increases due to factors beyond our control, such as lack of availability, changing economic and weather conditions, political, civil or other unrest or instability in energy-producing nations, and supply and demand considerations. For example, caustic soda, a key manufacturing input in our high purity cellulose business, has historically had significant price volatility. Similarly, the price of oil and natural gas (including its pipeline transportation element) is subject to fluctuations based on market demand and other factors. Additionally, we experienced significant price volatility in various chemicals during 2021 driven by weather events in the southeastern United States which substantially impacted supply. In contracts for certain of our products, pricing is set annually or otherwise not subject to change for a contractually-agreed period of time; so in some cases we may have limited ability to pass along fluctuations in these input costs once the contract price for the relevant 10 period has been established. In addition, industrial and other policies of the governments and governmental agencies having jurisdiction over suppliers of raw materials to our facilities may change, due to changes in political leadership or otherwise, which also could adversely impact the cost of energy and its transportation. While we often use various strategies to mitigate the potential impact of this pricing volatility, such as long term contracting and the purchase of derivative commodity contracts, the impact of raw material and energy pricing increases could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to material risks associated with doing business outside of the United States. We have large manufacturing operations in Canada and France, and a significant portion of our sales are to customers and customer locations outside of the United States, including China, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Canada and other international markets. Sales to customers outside of the United States made up approximately 66 percent of our revenue in 2021. The manufacture and sale of our products in non-U.S. markets results in risks that are inherent in conducting business under international laws, regulations and customs. We expect international sales will continue to contribute significantly to our results of operations, financial condition and future growth. The risks associated with our business outside the United States include: • • • • • • • • • maintaining and governing international subsidiaries and managing international operations; • complying with changes in and reinterpretations of the laws, regulations and enforcement priorities of the countries in which we manufacture and sell our products; complying with anti-bribery laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions; trade protection laws, policies and measures and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment, including loss or modification of exemptions for taxes and tariffs, imposition of new tariffs and duties and import and export licensing requirements, as discussed below in more detail; complying with data privacy laws such as the European Union’s General Data Privacy Regulation (GDPR); repatriating cash from foreign countries to the United States; changes in tax laws and their interpretations in the countries in which we do business, including the potential impact on the value of recorded or future deferred tax assets and liabilities; product damage or losses incurred during shipping; political instability and actual or anticipated military or political conflicts; economic instability, inflation, recessions and interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations, as discussed below in more detail; uncertainties regarding non-U.S. judicial systems, rules and procedures; and • • minimal or limited protection of intellectual property in some countries. These and other risks of doing business outside of the United States could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Currency fluctuations may have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have manufacturing operations in the United States, Canada and France. We also sell our products all over the world, in either U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars or Euros. As a result, we are exposed to movements in foreign currency exchange rates, and our earnings are affected by increases or decreases in the value of the U.S. dollar and in the value of the Canadian dollar and Euro relative to the U.S. dollar. For example, a strengthening U.S. dollar or a weakening home currency of the countries in which certain of our international competitors manufacture products can adversely impact our competitive position versus these competitors. In addition to ordinary course currency fluctuations, specific events have had, and could in the future have, an impact on currency valuation. Our risk management policy allows management, with oversight from the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, to hedge a significant portion of its exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, though no hedges are currently in place. To accomplish this, we have used, and may in the future continue to use, derivative instruments, such as currency options and foreign exchange forward contracts, to mitigate our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, but there can be no assurance that we will be 11 protected against substantial foreign currency fluctuations or that such fluctuations will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Restrictions on trade through tariffs, countervailing and anti-dumping duties, quotas and other trade barriers, in the United States and internationally, could materially adversely affect our ability to access certain markets. We manufacture our products in the United States, Canada and France, and sell them into more than 40 countries. Our financial results are highly dependent on our ability to sell our products globally. Trade barriers such as tariffs, countervailing and anti-dumping duties, quotas and similar restrictions on trade have in the past, and could in the future, result in materially reduced revenues and profitability. Examples of the effects of such restrictions on trade and tariffs on our business in China and Canada are set forth below. China In 2021, we had total sales of $296 million of products shipped to customers in China and, of this amount, $217 million were of products manufactured in the United States. Trade tensions and trade-related actions, such as tariffs and duties, between China and the U.S. have impacted our business and our customers’ businesses and could do so in the future. Failure of the U.S. and Chinese governments to reach acceptable agreements regarding trade, as well as continued trade volatility and additional trade-related actions by the Chinese government, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Canada Until August 2021, we operated six softwood lumber mills in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and for several years sold softwood lumber into the United States from Canada. The United States and Canada have a history dating to the early 1980s of trade disputes relating to the export of softwood lumber from Canada into the United States. Each dispute has been resolved via agreement or litigation, which generally involved some combination of duties and/or quotas as well as a return of all or most of the duties previously paid by Canadian softwood lumber producers. In October 2015, a ten-year Softwood Lumber Agreement (the “SLA”) between the United States and Canada, which resolved the 2001-2006 lumber dispute between the countries, expired. No agreement was reached to extend or renew it, and as a result, after a one-year cooling-off period the United States commenced a dumping investigation of lumber exports from Canada into the U.S. In 2017, anti-dumping and countervailing duties were assessed by the United States Department of Commerce (“USDOC”) on lumber exported into the United States, we were assigned an anti-dumping duty rate of six percent and a countervailing duty rate of 14 percent. These duties are being legally challenged by Canada under both the North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) and World Trade Organization (“WTO”) dispute resolution processes. In December 2020, following its administrative review of the period of April 28, 2017 through December 31, 2018, the USDOC determined revised rates for antidumping and countervailing duties, and we are now subject to an anti-dumping duty rate of 1.57 percent and a countervailing duty rate of 7.42 percent. Canada has filed an appeal under Chapter 10 of the United States- Mexico-Canada Agreement on Trade (USMCA) to contest these revised duties. As part of the sale of our lumber assets in August 2021, we retain all rights and obligations to softwood lumber duties, generated or incurred through the closing date of the transaction. We paid approximately $112 million in lumber duties through the date of the sale of our lumber assets and we expect to eventually receive a refund for most of these duties in the event of a favorable ruling under the NAFTA or WTO process or a settlement of the dispute. No assurances can be given that the duties will be overturned or repaid through the legal process or a negotiated settlement, or that lumber pricing will be sufficient to substantially offset their impact. Business and Operational Risks Our ten largest customers represent approximately 36 percent of our 2021 revenue, and the loss of all or a substantial portion of our revenue from these large customers could have a material adverse effect on our business. While we are not dependent on any single customer or group of customers, our ten largest customers accounted for approximately 36 percent of revenue in 2021. Due to the highly competitive nature of our businesses, we regularly bid for new business and to retain/renew existing business and, as such, we are subject to the potential for meaningful revenue and volume gains and losses. 12 We are also subject to credit risk associated with these customers. If one or more of our ten largest customers were to become bankrupt, insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for our products, we may incur significant write-offs of accounts that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although we continue to strive to broaden and diversify our customer base, a significant portion of our revenue is derived from these ten customers, and the loss of all or a substantial portion of sales to any of these customers, or significant, unfavorable changes to pricing or terms contained in contracts with them, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. See Note 20 — Segment and Geographical Information of our consolidated financial statements for more information on our major customers. A material disruption at one of our major manufacturing facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our sales and profitability, increase our cost of production and capital needs, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. Any of our major manufacturing facilities, or a significant portion of any of these facilities, could cease operations unexpectedly or suffer a material disruption to all or a portion of its operations due to a number of material adverse events, including: • unscheduled outages or downtime due to the need for unexpected maintenance or equipment failure, such as for portions of our facilities that produce steam and electricity (such as boilers and turbines), pollution control equipment and equipment directly used to manufacture our products, such as reliability issues during the first quarter of 2019 at the Temiscaming, Quebec plant and during the third quarter of 2021 at the Jesup, Georgia plant; prolonged power interruptions or failures; explosion of boilers or other pressure vessels; interruptions in the supply of raw materials, including chemicals and wood fiber; disruptions to or failures of the transportation infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, railroad tracks and tunnels, as well as lack of availability of rail, trucking and ocean shipping equipment and service from third party transportation providers; interruption or material reduction of water supply; a chemical spill or release or other event causing impacts to the environment or human health and safety; information technology system failures and cybersecurity incidents causing systems to be inaccessible or unusable; natural disasters (including those as a result of climate change), including fires, floods, windstorms, earthquakes, hurricanes or other similar catastrophes, such as the hurricanes which impacted our Jesup, Georgia and Fernandina Beach, Florida plants in 2017; labor interruptions, such as strikes and short duration walk-outs such as the walk-outs in 2019 and 2021 at our plant in Tartas, France; terrorism or threats of terrorism; and other operational problems resulting from these and other risks. • • • • • • • • • • • Some of these matters are discussed in more detail in other sections of this Item 1A — Risk Factors in this Report. Depending on the nature, extent and length of any operational interruption, the event could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, we could incur significant costs to improve the climate-related resiliency of our infrastructure and supply chain and otherwise prepare for, respond to, and mitigate the effects of climate change. The availability of, and prices for, wood fiber may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Wood fiber is the single largest raw material in the manufacturing process for virtually all of our products. Many factors can impact its availability and pricing. Fiber for our U.S. and French facilities is primarily harvested from privately- held lands, while fiber for our Canadian facilities is primarily harvested from lands owned or controlled by the governments of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, referred to as “Crown lands”. In August 2021, we transferred agreements with provincial authorities, which granted timber “tenures” for terms varying from five to 20 years, to a third party in connection with the sale of the lumber and newsprint assets. Concurrently with the transaction, we entered into a 13 20-year wood chip and residual fiber supply agreement with the buyer of those assets, securing supply for our operations at the Temiscaming plant. There can be no assurance that, upon termination of this wood chip and residual fiber supply agreement (for any reason whether due to its natural expiration or otherwise), this agreement will be renewed, extended or replaced in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. Regulatory developments and environmental litigation also have caused, and may cause in the future, significant reductions in the amount of timber available for commercial harvest from non-Crown lands in Canada and privately-owned lands in the U.S. and France, thereby increasing prices for these sources of wood fiber. In Canada, for example, future legislation and policy changes, litigation advanced by environmental groups and Indigenous communities concerning rights and limitations on harvesting and use of timberlands, the protection of endangered species, the promotion of forest diversity, control over insect and disease infestations, and the response to and prevention of wildfires could also affect wood fiber supply, pricing and availability. In addition, much of the wood fiber we use is sourced by or from third party contractors who harvest, chip and/or transport the fiber to our manufacturing facilities, either as logs for lumber and chipping or as chips. Another key factor in fiber supply and pricing is the availability of experienced logging and fiber transportation contractors in the areas in which our manufacturing facilities are located. Sourcing fiber from greater distances from our facilities due to unavailability of more proximally located fiber sources could also impact pricing due to additional transportation cost. Significant reduction in the availability of contractors experienced in harvesting and transporting logs could also impact wood fiber supply, pricing and availability. Finally, natural conditions, such as weather, timber growth cycles and restrictions on access to timberlands for harvesting (for example, due to prolonged wet or cold conditions) may also limit the availability, and increase the price, of wood, as may other factors, including damage by fire, insect infestation, disease, prolonged drought and natural disasters (including those as a result of climate change) such as wind storms and hurricanes. Additionally, we experienced significant price volatility in various chemicals during 2021 driven by weather events in the southeastern United States which substantially impacted supply. It is unclear whether these conditions will persist into the future. In sum, any sustained decrease in harvestable lands or wood supply, or increase in fiber prices, whether sourced from Crown lands in Canada or from private parties in Canada, the U.S. or France, changes in the logging and transportation supply base, or significant changes to historically customary natural conditions, could materially increase our costs and thereby materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our operations require substantial capital. We operate capital intensive businesses and require substantial capital for ongoing maintenance, repair and replacement of existing facilities and equipment. Although we endeavor to maintain our production equipment with regular scheduled maintenance, key pieces of equipment and systems, some of which are large in scale, may need to be repaired or replaced periodically. The costs of repairing or replacing such equipment and the associated downtime of the affected production line could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, new or existing environmental regulations at times require additional capital expenditures for compliance. We believe our capital resources are currently adequate to meet our current projected operating needs, capital expenditures and other cash requirements. However, if for any reason we are unable to provide for our operating needs, capital expenditures and other cash requirements on reasonable economic terms, we could experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We depend on third parties for transportation services and increases in costs and the availability of transportation could materially adversely affect our business. Our business depends on transportation services provided by third parties, both domestically and internationally. We rely on these providers for transportation of the products we manufacture as well as delivery of raw materials to our manufacturing facilities. A significant portion of the products we manufacture and raw materials we use are transported by railroad or trucks, and by ship. If any of our transportation providers fail to deliver the goods we manufacture in a timely manner, or damage them during transport, we may be unable to sell those products at full value, or at all. Similarly, if any of these providers fail to deliver raw materials to us in a timely manner, we may be unable to timely manufacture our products in response to 14 In addition, the cost of energy, and specifically fuel, may adversely impact the cost of transporting our customer demand. products. Finally, if any of the ports we commonly use for international shipping, or the port system generally, suffer work stoppages, slowdowns or strikes, our business could be materially adversely impacted. Our failure to maintain satisfactory labor relations could have a material adverse effect on our business. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 72 percent of our global work force is unionized. As a result, we are required to negotiate the wages, benefits and other terms of employment with these employees collectively. Our financial results could be materially adversely affected if labor negotiations result in substantially higher compensation costs or materially restrict how we run our operations. In addition, our inability to negotiate acceptable contracts with any of these labor unions as existing agreements expire could result in strikes or work stoppages by the affected workers. While we do not expect any labor interruptions of significant duration, if our unionized employees were to engage in a strike or other work stoppage (such as the short-duration walk-outs in 2019 and 2021 at our plant in Tartas, France) at one or more of our major facilities, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are dependent upon attracting and retaining key personnel, the loss of whom could materially adversely affect our business. We believe our success depends, to a significant extent, upon our ability to attract and retain key senior management and operations management personnel. Changing demographics and labor work force trends may result in the loss of knowledge and skills as experienced workers retire. Furthermore, some of our facilities are in relatively remote locations, which can adversely impact our ability to recruit and retain employees. To the extent that the demand for qualified personnel exceeds supply, as has been the case from time to time in recent years and has recently intensified further due to industry trends, we could experience higher labor, recruiting or training costs in order to attract and retain such employees, or could experience difficulties in performing under our contracts if our needs for such employees were unmet. Our failure to develop and retain key personnel and recruit and develop qualified replacements for retiring or other departing employees could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations and could adversely affect our ability to succeed in our human capital goals and priorities. Failure to develop new products or discover new applications for our existing products, or our inability to protect the intellectual property underlying such new products or applications, could have a material negative impact on our business. We have an active research and development program to develop new products and new applications for our existing products. However, there can be no assurance this program will be successful, either from a product development or commercialization perspective, or that any particular invention, product or development, or the program as a whole, will lead to significant revenue or profit generation. Moreover, some of our new products and new applications may not contain intellectual property that can be protected under intellectual property laws. Failure to generate meaningful revenue and profit from our research and product development efforts could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in the future. The risk of loss of the Company’s intellectual property and sensitive data, or disruption of its manufacturing operations, in each case due to cyberattacks or cybersecurity breaches, could materially adversely impact the Company. Like most companies, we have been, and expect in the future to continue to be, subject to attempted cyberattacks. Such attacks could include, for example, the increasingly prevalent practice of cyber extortion through the deployment of ransomware. Cyberattacks or cybersecurity breaches could compromise our intellectual property and confidential business information, cause a disruption to our operations, or harm our reputation. Moreover, the recent pandemic-driven increase in remote working and virtual interactions has only served to expand our “attack surface”. Our information technology systems, some of which are dependent on services provided by third parties, serve an important role in the efficient operation of our business. This role includes ordering and managing equipment, parts and raw materials from suppliers, managing inventory, managing the processes we use to produce finished products, facilitating order entry and fulfillment and processing of facilitating internal and external communications, administering human resources functions, retaining certain personal information and providing other processes necessary to manage our business. While we have implemented and maintain what we believe to be appropriate transactions, summarizing and reporting financial results, 15 cybersecurity policies, programs, controls and systems, there can be no assurance a cyberattack would not be successful, or that such a cybersecurity breach will not occur. Such an event could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Regulatory Risks Our business is subject to extensive environmental laws, regulations and permits that may materially restrict or adversely affect how we conduct business and our financial results. Our plants are subject to environmental laws, regulations and permits that may require significant capital to enable our compliance, or which could limit our operations and production. Many of our operations are subject to environmental laws, regulations and permits that contain stringent conditions governing how we operate our facilities, including how much and, in some cases, what types of products, we can produce. These laws, regulations and permits, now and in the future, may materially adversely restrict our current production, limit our ability to increase production and impose significant costs on our operations with respect to environmental compliance. It is expected that, overall, compliance- related capital and operating costs will likely increase over time as environmental laws, regulations and permit conditions become stricter, and as the expectations of the communities in which we operate become more demanding. Environmental laws, regulations and permits are constantly changing and are generally becoming more restrictive. Laws, regulations, permits and related judicial decisions and administrative interpretations affecting our business are subject to change, and new laws and regulations are frequently enacted. These laws and regulations may limit, prohibit or affect, among other things, air emissions, wastewater discharges, receiving water quality, water withdrawal, remedial standards for contaminated property and groundwater, and the type of chemicals we use in our manufacturing processes. the complexity and restrictions imposed by these laws and regulations have increased and regulatory Over time, enforcement efforts have intensified. Environmental regulatory authorities have pursued a number of initiatives which, if implemented, could impose additional operational and pollution control obligations on industrial facilities like ours, especially in the area of air emissions, wastewater and storm water control. See Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Environmental Regulation of this Report for further information. Environmental laws and regulations will likely continue to become more restrictive and over time could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Environmental groups, Indigenous communities (in Canada) and interested individuals may seek to delay or prevent a variety of our operations. We expect that environmental groups, Indigenous communities and interested individuals will intervene with increasing frequency in the regulatory processes in areas where we operate plants. Generally, environmental permitting programs in all areas where we operate include provisions for public and stakeholder engagement for both renewal of existing permits and approvals for expansions or modifications of our manufacturing operations. In Canada, direct consultation with Indigenous communities may also be required. Delays, restrictions and increased costs caused by the intervention of these groups or interested individuals could adversely affect our operating results. In addition to intervention in permit proceedings, interested groups and individuals may file or threaten to file lawsuits that seek to prevent us from obtaining permits, implementing capital improvements or pursuing operating plans. For example, in March 2014, litigation was commenced in federal court by the Altamaha Riverkeeper (“ARK”) alleging violations of federal and state environmental laws relating to permitted wastewater discharges from our plant in Jesup, Georgia (although it was dismissed by the court on summary judgment in 2015), and in January of 2016 the same group brought an action in the Georgia Office of Administrative Hearings against the Georgia Environmental Protection Division of the Natural Resources (the “EPD”) in opposition to the issuance by the EPD of a renewed wastewater treatment permit for our Jesup plant. While these proceedings have, to date, been decided largely in our favor, we would expect similar attempts at legal intervention to be made in the future. We currently own or may acquire properties that require environmental remediation or otherwise are subject to environmental and other liabilities. We currently own, or may acquire in the future, properties which are subject to environmental liabilities, such as remediation of soil, sediment and groundwater contamination and other liabilities, and we may have such liabilities at properties, such as formerly operated manufacturing facilities, that we do not currently own. The cost of assessment and remediation of contaminated properties could be substantial and materially adversely affect our financial results. These costs could include, without limitation, costs of investigation and assessment, corrective measures, installation of pollution control equipment and other remediation and closure costs, as well as resolution of third-party 16 laws and regulations. Although we believe we currently have adequate liabilities recorded, injury as a result of alleged violations of, or liabilities arising out of, claims for property damage and personal environmental legal requirements relating to assessment and remediation of contaminated properties continue to become more stringent and there can be no assurance that actual expenditures will not exceed current liabilities and forecasts, or that other presently unknown liabilities will not be discovered in the future. See Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Environmental Regulation of this Report and Note 10 — Environmental Liabilities of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. The potential longer-term impacts of climate-related risks remain uncertain at this time. Climate change and its impacts on people and our planet continues to be a topic of significant focus and attention to our customers, investors and various other stakeholders. Based on currently available information, we do not expect climate-related issues or associated expenditures to have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations in fiscal 2022 or over the next several years, but we can give no assurance that expenditures will not exceed current expectations, and such expenditures may increase in future years. Additional information regarding climate change and the Company is available in our 2021 Environmental, Social and Governance Report (“ESG Report”) which can be found on our website at www.rayonieram.com. The ESG Report includes, among other things, assessments, metrics and targets aligned to the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) and Sustainable Accounting Standards Board (SASB) reporting frameworks. The information contained in our ESG Report is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K and should not be considered part of this or any other report that we file with or furnish to the SEC. Any targets or goals with respect to matters discussed herein or in our ESG Report are forward-looking statements and may be aspirational. These targets or goals are not guarantees of future results and involve assumptions and known and unknown risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. The Company considers and evaluates climate-related risks in three general categories: Regulatory; Transition to a low-carbon economy; and Physical risks related to climate-change. Regulatory. There are numerous international, federal and state-level initiatives and proposals to address domestic and global climate issues. Within the United States, Canada and France, where we have operations, most of these initiatives and proposals would, or currently do, regulate and/or tax, in one fashion or another, the production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) to facilitate the reduction of carbon compound emissions into the atmosphere and provide tax and other incentives to produce and use more “clean energy.” Initiatives that materially impact purchased electricity prices could increase our manufacturing costs, especially in our Canadian operations, because our operations in Canada use more purchased electricity (on a percentage basis) than our U.S. facilities. In addition, the federal government of Canada has indicated its intent to regulate priority air pollutants and GHGs under the Clean Air Act and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Under the proposed regulatory targets, our Canadian pulp and paper mills may be required to reduce air pollutants, such as particulate matter (“PM”), sulphur oxides (“SOx”) emissions, nitrogen oxides (“NOx”) and GHGs. While industry consultations are ongoing with the federal government, the cost of making any such reductions is currently unknown; however, the requirements associated with PM, SOx and NOx are not expected to be material to us given our current operations and pollution control systems. The federal government of Canada has adopted the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act which implements the federal carbon pollution pricing system. Under the provisions of the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, the provinces, who have implemented their own carbon pollution price, or a “cap-and-trade” system, will not be subject to the federal program provided their program meets the minimum federal pricing and emissions reduction targets. Quebec implemented a “cap-and-trade” program for GHGs which meets the minimum criteria. Our Temiscaming plant in Québec was a net purchaser of credits under these programs in 2021. To date, the cost of GHG credits under cap-and-trade programs purchased by our business and incorporated into the overall cost of our purchased wood fiber has not been material, though no assurances can be given that they will not substantially increase in the future because the future state of the law and the cost of GHG credits in applicable jurisdictions is currently not known. Transition. The transition to a low carbon economy, as predicted by many investors and other stakeholders, poses both risks and opportunities for us that are, as yet, not quantified. Similar to other manufacturers in our industry, we use biomass, natural gas, liquid fossil fuels and purchased electricity to power our plants. Changes in policy, regulation or technology related to fuels that we, or our electricity providers, use could materially increase our costs. Additionally, customers continue to express a desire for certified material and improvements in sustainable performance. 17 At the same time, our main product lines (cellulose specialties and viscose grade commodity dissolving wood pulps) as well as all of our other products, are made from wood as their primary raw material, which is a renewable, natural raw material. In addition, our cellulose specialty products are natural polymers that potentially can be used as an effective, more these climate-friendly substitute for certain applications which currently use fossil fuel-based products. However, opportunities, as well as their attendant risks, including for our new 2G bioethanol project in Tartas, France, are not fully known or understood at this time. Physical. The potential impacts of extreme weather which could result from the impacts of climate change, such as hurricanes, blizzards, and heavy rain, are factored into our enterprise risk assessment process and the mitigation measures we currently take to protect our assets and business. It is not clear whether increased frequency of these or similar events would materially change our risk profile, analyses or mitigation measures, but there can be no assurance that they would not require additional expenditures which could be material. In sum, additional business and regulatory initiatives may be implemented to address GHG emissions and other climate-change-related concerns. If such initiatives are implemented, we may be required to incur additional capital expenditures, increased operating costs for wood fiber or raw materials, and/or mitigating expenses, such as carbon taxes or other charges, to address and comply with any such initiatives. No assurance can be given that the increased costs associated with compliance of future GHG-related requirements will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Financial Risks We may need to make significant additional cash contributions to our retirement benefit plans if investment returns on pension assets are lower than expected or interest rates decline, and/or due to changes to regulatory, accounting and actuarial requirements. We have a qualified non-contributory defined benefit pension plan, which covers many of our salaried and hourly employees in the United States. The Federal Pension Protection Act of 2006 requires certain capitalization levels be maintained in each of these benefit plans. Our non-U.S. pension plans, while currently adequately funded, will also require periodic contributions to ensure that applicable legal requirements are met. Because it is unknown what the investment return on pension assets will be in future years or what interest rates may be at any point in time, no assurances can be In addition, it is possible new or given that applicable law will not require us to make future material plan contributions. additional accounting rules and changes to actuarial requirements (for example, if life expectancy assumptions for participants are increased) may also result in the need for additional contributions to the plans. Any such contributions could materially adversely affect our financial condition. See Item 7 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates of this Report for additional information about these plans, including funding status. We have debt obligations that could materially adversely affect our business and our ability to meet our obligations. As of December 31, 2021, our total combined indebtedness was approximately $0.9 billion. This significant amount of debt could have material adverse consequences to us and our investors, including: requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to be used for interest payments on this debt; • • making it more difficult to satisfy debt service and other obligations; • increasing the risk of a future credit ratings downgrade of our debt, which could increase future debt costs and limit the future availability of debt financing; increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; reducing the cash flows available to fund capital expenditures and other corporate purposes and to grow our business; limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, market or other changes in our businesses and industry; placing us at a competitive disadvantage to our competitors that may not be as highly leveraged with debt; limiting our ability to borrow additional funds as needed or take advantage of business opportunities as they arise, pay cash dividends or repurchase shares of our common stock; and • • • • • 18 • limiting access to liquidity, including through our variable interest asset-based revolving credit facility. To the extent we incur additional indebtedness, the risks described above could increase. In addition, our actual cash requirements in the future may be greater than expected. Our cash flows from operations may not be sufficient to repay all of the outstanding debt as it becomes due, and we may not be able to borrow money, sell assets or otherwise raise funds on acceptable terms, or at all, to refinance our debt. See Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases in our consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our debt obligations. The phase-out of LIBOR as an interest rate benchmark in 2023 may impact our borrowing costs. The reporting of financial information used to determine LIBOR is scheduled to be phased out beginning in 2023. As of December 31, 2021, we had no indebtedness outstanding with interest payment terms based on LIBOR. However, under the terms of our asset-based revolving credit facility, loans are subject to LIBOR or a comparable or successor widely- published alternative rate designated by the administrative agent. We have not yet been advised by the administrative agent of its selected alternative rate, and although the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) is expected to be the alternative rate that replaces LIBOR, we cannot predict what margin adjustments and related terms would be negotiated with our loan counterparties. As a result, our interest expense could increase. While we do not believe that a change from LIBOR to an alternative rate will have a material adverse impact on our borrowing costs or ability to access capital, no assurances relating to the potential impact can be provided at this time. Challenges in the commercial and credit environments may materially adversely affect our future access to capital. Our ability to issue debt or equity or enter into other financing arrangements on acceptable terms could be materially adversely affected if there continues to be a material decline in the pricing or sales volume for our products, or if significantly unfavorable changes in economic conditions occur. Volatility in the world financial markets could increase borrowing or other costs of capital or affect our ability to gain access to the capital markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may need additional financing in the future to meet our capital needs or to make acquisitions, and such financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all, and may be dilutive to existing stockholders. We may need to seek additional financing for general corporate purposes. For example, we may need to increase our investment in research and development activities, make strategic investments in our facilities or require funding to invest in joint ventures or make acquisitions. We may be unable to obtain desired additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. For example, during periods of volatile credit markets, there is a risk that lenders, even those with strong balance sheets and sound lending practices, could fail or refuse to honor their credit commitments and obligations, including but not limited to extending credit up to the maximum permitted by a credit facility and otherwise accessing capital and/or honoring loan commitments. If our lenders are unable to fund borrowings under their loan commitments or we are unable to borrow, it could be difficult to replace such loan commitments on similar terms or at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to fund growth opportunities, successfully develop or enhance products or If we raise additional funds through respond to competitive pressures, any of which could negatively affect our business. the issuance of equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution of their ownership interest. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt, the terms of such debt may subject us to limitations on our operations and ability to pay dividends due to restrictive covenants in addition to those that are expected to be in place pursuant to our existing indebtedness. Company’s Common Stock and Certain Corporate Matters Risks Your percentage of ownership in the Company may be diluted in the future. In the future, your percentage ownership in the Company may be diluted because of equity issuances for acquisitions, capital market transactions or other corporate purposes, including equity awards we will grant to our directors, officers and employees. Our employees have options to purchase shares of our common stock, and we anticipate our compensation committee will grant additional stock options or other stock-based awards to our employees. Such awards will have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. From time to time, we will issue additional options or other stock-based awards to our employees under our employee benefits plans. 19 Certain provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and of Delaware law, could prevent or delay an acquisition of the Company, which could decrease the price of our common stock. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designation, powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our Board of Directors generally may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common stock. For example, we could issue preferred stock and grant the holders thereof the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we could assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the common stock. Merger and Acquisition Risks We closed on the sale of the lumber and newsprint facilities and related assets to GreenFirst on August 28, 2021; Fifteen percent (15%) of the purchase price for the GreenFirst transaction was paid in the common shares of the capital of GreenFirst (to be held by us for a minimum of six (6) months following the transaction closing) and our ability to ultimately realize the benefit of this consideration is subject to market conditions and GreenFirst’s future performance. 20 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties The following table details the material properties we owned or leased at December 31, 2021: Annual Production Capacity (a) Owned/Leased Segment/Location High Purity Cellulose Facilities: Jesup, Georgia, United States Fernandina Beach, Florida, United States Temiscaming, Quebec, Canada Tartas, France Paperboard Facilities: 330,000 metric tons of cellulose specialties or commodity products 245,000 metric tons of commodity products 155,000 metric tons of cellulose specialties or commodity products 150,000 metric tons of cellulose specialties or commodity products 140,000 metric tons of cellulose specialties or commodity products Temiscaming, Quebec, Canada 180,000 metric tons of paperboard High-Yield Pulp Facilities: Temiscaming, Quebec, Canada 290,000 metric tons of high-yield pulp Corporate and Other: Jacksonville, Florida, United States Corporate Headquarters Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Leased (a) Capacity of our manufacturing facilities is based on historic average production and is not adjusted for potential market related downtime and/or reliability issues. Our manufacturing facilities are maintained through ongoing capital investments, regular maintenance and equipment upgrades. As a result, production capacities may vary from the amounts listed above. The facilities, warehouses, machinery and equipment in use as of December 31, 2021 are in good operating condition and in regular use. Item 3. Legal Proceedings As disclosed in Note 21 — Commitments and Contingencies of our consolidated financial statements, we are engaged in certain legal proceedings, and the disclosure set forth in Note 21 relating to legal proceedings is incorporated herein by reference. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 21 Part II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the trading symbol “RYAM”. Holders The number of record holders of our common stock at February 24, 2022 was 3801. Dividends On September 6, 2019, our Board of Directors suspended our quarterly common stock dividend. The declaration and payment of future common stock dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors the Board of Directors deem relevant. In addition, our debt facilities place limitations on the declaration and payment of future dividends. No dividends were declared in 2020 or 2021. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities The following table provides information regarding our purchases of Rayonier Advanced Materials common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2021: Period September 26 to October 30 .................... October 31 to November 27..................... November 28 to December 31 ................. Total..................................................... Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (a) — $ — $ — $ — — — — — $ — $ — $ — 60,294,000 60,294,000 60,294,000 (a) On January 29, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized a share buyback program pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase shares of its common stock with an aggregate purchase price of up to $100 million. As of December 31, 2021, the remaining unused authorization under our share buyback program was approximately $60 million. See Note 13 — Incentive Stock Plans for additional information. Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans See Item 12 - Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters of this Report for information relating to our equity compensation plans. 22 Stock Performance Graph The following graph compares the performance of our common stock (assuming reinvestment of dividends) with a broad- based market index, Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) Small Cap 600, and an industry-specific index, the S&P 500 Materials Index. The table and related information shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. The following graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2021. The data in the following table was used to create the previous graph: Rayonier Advanced Materials... $ 12/31/2016 100 12/31/2017 135 $ 12/31/2018 71 $ 12/31/2019 26 $ 12/31/2020 45 $ 12/31/2021 39 $ S&P Small Cap 600 .................. $ S&P 500 Materials Index.......... $ 100 100 $ $ 113 124 $ $ 104 106 $ $ 127 132 $ $ 141 158 $ $ 179 202 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities During 2021, we did not issue or sell any unregistered equity securities. Item 6. [Reserved] 23 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Overview We are a diversified global leader of cellulose-based technologies that operates in the following business segments: • • • High Purity Cellulose Paperboard High-Yield Pulp Our High Purity Cellulose business has leading positions in the cellulose specialties markets. In addition, our other business segments provide a more diversified earnings stream. The following significant events occurred in 2021, 2020 and 2019: • • • • • • • • Our businesses were impacted by the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic in 2021 and 2020. However, due to the role we play in producing critical raw materials for pharmaceutical, food, cleaning and other products, our manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Canada and France have operated continuously throughout the pandemic. In order to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on our financial results and operations, we implemented and have maintained protocols to reduce the potential spread of COVID-19 in our operating facilities and work spaces. In December 2021, we settled certain U.S. pension liabilities through the purchase of annuity contracts with an insurance company who assumed responsibility for related future pension benefits. The settlement resulted in the recognition of approximately $6 million in settlement expenses which were recognized in the Other components of net periodic benefit income (expense) line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. See Note 17 — Employee Benefit Plans of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. In October 2021, pursuant to a notice previously provided to the trustee under the indenture governing our 7.625% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 (the “Secured Notes”), we redeemed $25 million of the Secured Notes at a redemption price of 103 percent. In connection with the redemption, we recorded a $1 million loss. The loss is recorded in Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. During the third quarter of 2021, we repurchased approximately $127 million of our 5.50% Senior Notes due 2024 (the “Unsecured Notes”) through several open-market transactions and retired such Unsecured Notes for approximately $124 million in cash. In connection with the repurchases, we recorded a net gain of $2 million, net of the write-off of $1 million of deferred financing costs associated with the Unsecured Notes. The net gain is recorded in Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. On August 28, 2021, we completed the sale of our lumber and newsprint facilities and certain related assets (the “Purchased Assets”) located in Ontario and Québec Canada to GreenFirst Forest Products, Inc. (“GreenFirst”). As a result of the sale, the lumber and newsprint assets and operations have been presented as discontinued operations and we have reclassified certain prior year amounts to conform to this presentation. Unless otherwise stated, information in this Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“this MD&A”) relates to our continuing operations. We present businesses that represent components as discontinued operations when they meet the criteria for held for sale or are sold, and their disposal represents a strategic shift that has, or will have, a major effect on our operations and financial results. See Note 3 —Discontinued Operations for additional information. In December 2020, we issued $500 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.625 percent senior secured notes due 2026 (the “Senior Secured Notes”), at an offering price of 100 percent of the principal amount thereof. We also entered into a five-year senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility with an initial committed amount of $200 million (the “ABL Revolving Credit Facility”). In connection with these transactions, we terminated all commitments and repaid all outstanding obligations under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities and recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $8 million. See Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. In December 2020, the USDOC reduced from 20 percent to 9 percent the duties we paid in 2017 and 2018 for the importation of softwood lumber into the U.S. from Canada. In November 2019, we completed the sale of the Matane Mill for $175 million and used $100 million of the net proceeds to repay borrowings under our prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities. As a result of the sale, the Matane 24 Mill’s operating results have been classified as discontinued operations in our consolidated financial statements and we reorganized our operating and reportable segments to align with our new management reporting structure. Included in discontinued operations is allocated interest expense, due to the required loan payments, and professional fees incurred to sell the operation. See Note 3 — Discontinued Operations of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. • • • In October 2019, we settled certain Canadian pension liabilities through the purchase of annuity contracts with an insurance company. The settlement resulted in the recognition of approximately $9 million in settlement expenses which were recognized in “Other components of net periodic benefit costs” in our financial statements. See Note 17 — Employee Benefit Plans of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. In September 2019, and again in June 2020, we amended our Senior Secured Credit Facilities. See Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. In September 2019, we announced our Board of Directors determined to suspend the quarterly common stock dividend to improve cash flow. High Purity Cellulose We manufacture and market high purity cellulose, which is sold as either cellulose specialties or commodity products. We are the leading global producer of cellulose specialties, which are primarily used in dissolving chemical applications that require a highly purified form of cellulose. Pricing for our cellulose specialties products is typically set by contract for a duration of at least one year based on discussions with customers. Our commodity products primarily consist of commodity viscose and absorbent materials. Commodity viscose is a raw material required for the manufacture of viscose staple fibers which are used in woven and non-woven applications. Absorbent materials, typically referred to as fluff fibers, are used as an absorbent medium in consumer products. Pricing for commodity products is typically referenced to published indexes or based on publicly available spot market prices. Sales of chemicals and energy, a majority of which are by-products, are included in the high purity cellulose segment. Our four production facilities, located in the U.S., Canada and France, have a combined annual production capacity of approximately 775,000 metric tons of cellulose specialties or commodity products. Additionally, we have dedicated approximately 245,000 metric tons of annual production to commodity products. Wood fiber, chemicals, and energy represent approximately 27 percent, 15 percent and 6 percent, respectively, of our per metric ton cost of sales. Labor, manufacturing and maintenance supplies, depreciation, manufacturing overhead and transportation costs represent our remaining cost of sales. Paperboard We manufacture and market paperboard that is used for printing documents, brochures, promotional materials, packaging, paperback book or catalog covers, file folders, tags, and tickets. Pricing for paperboard is typically referenced to published indices and marketed through our internal sales team. Our production facility located in Canada has the capacity to annually produce 180,000 metric tons of paperboard. Wood pulp, chemicals, and energy represent approximately 67 percent, 15 percent and 5 percent, respectively, of our per metric ton cost of sales. Labor, manufacturing and maintenance supplies, depreciation, manufacturing overhead and transportation costs represent our remaining cost of sales. High-Yield Pulp We manufacture and market high-yield pulp which is used by paper manufacturers to produce paperboard, packaging, printing and writing papers and a variety of other paper products. Pricing for high-yield pulp is typically referenced to published indexes marketed through our internal sales team. Our production facility located in Canada has the capacity to annually produce 290,000 metric tons of high-yield pulp. Wood fiber, chemicals, and energy represent approximately 20 percent, 11 percent and 11 percent, respectively, of our per metric ton cost of sales. Labor, manufacturing and maintenance supplies, depreciation, manufacturing overhead and transportation costs represent our remaining cost of sales. 25 Market Assessment This market assessment represents our best current estimate of each of our business segments in this environment. High Purity Cellulose Amid strong demand for cellulose specialties, sales prices are expected to increase double digit percent for 2022, while sales volumes are also expected to increase. Demand for commodity products also remains solid. Commodity prices in the first quarter of 2022 are expected to be slightly higher than fourth quarter levels as fluff price increases are expected to offset slight declines in viscose pulp prices. Total sales volumes will be dependent on managing ongoing supply-chain constraints and production reliability, including extensive planned outages in all four facilities in 2022. We also remain committed to investing in our core business to improve reliability and foster innovation for growth. Overall, we expect to drive incremental Adjusted EBITDA for the segment compared to 2021. However, we expect a slow start to the year as we execute extensive maintenance outages in our Jesup, Fernandina Beach and Temiscaming facilities to addresses reliability on major pieces of equipment within the production process in the first half of 2022. We are also managing production reliability ahead of the outages, along with supply chain disruptions and higher raw material and energy costs. Paperboard Paperboard prices continue to increase driven by strong demand in both commercial printing and packaging segments. Demand for renewable packaging continues to grow as consumers and governments drive more sustainable solutions. Our unique Kallima® brand paperboard provides a solution with its greater surface area to weight properties and we continue to look for opportunities to expand the product offerings to meet the rising demand for sustainable packaging. Raw material costs are expected to rise in the first quarter as North American pulp prices remain high driven by industry capacity reductions. High-Yield Pulp While High-yield pulp markets have rebounded recently, we expect to realize lower prices in the first quarter of 2022 driven by lower selling prices contracted in the fourth quarter. Supply-chain constraints may also continue to impact sales volumes, while the costs are expected to increase driven by chemical and transportation costs. Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect our assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and to disclose contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements. We base these estimates and assumptions on historical data and trends, current fact patterns, expectations and other sources of information we believe are reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates. New Accounting Pronouncements See Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Pronouncements of our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may affect our financial results and disclosures in future periods. Accounting Policies: Revenue Recognition and Measurement Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation to transfer products. Accordingly, we recognize revenue when control has been transferred to the customer. Generally, control transfers upon delivery to a location in accordance with terms and conditions of the sale. Changes in customer contract terms and conditions, as well as the timing of orders and shipments, may have an impact on the timing of revenue recognition. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring our products and is generally based upon contractual arrangements with customers or published indices. We sell our products both directly to customers and through distributors and agents typically under agreements with payment terms less than 90 days. The nature of our contracts may give rise to variable consideration, which may be constrained, including sales volume- based rebates to customers. We estimate the level of volumes based on anticipated purchases at the beginning of the period and record a rebate accrual for each purchase toward the requisite rebate volume. These estimated rebates are included in the transaction price as a reduction to net sales. 26 These methodologies are consistent with the manner in which we have historically accounted for the recognition of revenue. Property, Plant & Equipment Depreciation expense is computed using the units-of-production method for our High Purity Cellulose, Paperboard, High- Yield Pulp plant and equipment and the straight-line method for all other property, plant and equipment over the useful economic lives of the assets involved. The total units of production used to calculate depreciation expense is determined by factoring annual production days, based on normal production conditions, by the economic useful life of the asset involved. The physical life of equipment, however, may be shortened by economic obsolescence caused by environmental regulation, competition or other causes. We depreciate our non-production assets, including office, lab, and transportation equipment, using the straight-line depreciation method over 3 to 25 years. Buildings and land improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method over 15 to 35 years and 5 to 30 years, respectively. We believe these depreciation methods are appropriate for us, versus other generally accepted accounting methods, because they most closely match our revenues with expenses. Gains and losses on the retirement of assets are included in operating income. Long-lived assets are reviewed annually for impairment or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets that are held and used is measured by net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. Property, plant and equipment are grouped for purposes of evaluating recoverability at the combined plant level, the lowest level for which independent cash flows are identifiable. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Accounting Estimates: Environmental liabilities At December 31, 2021, we had $171 million of accrued liabilities for environmental costs relating to disposed operations. Numerous price, quantity, cost and probability assumptions are used in estimating these obligations. Factors affecting these estimates include changes in the nature or extent of contamination, changes in the content or volume of the material discharged or treated in connection with one or more impacted sites, requirements to perform additional or different assessment or remediation, changes in technology that may lead to additional or different environmental remediation strategies, approaches and work-plans, discovery of additional or unanticipated contaminated soil, groundwater or sediment on or off-site, changes in remedy selection, changes in law or interpretation of existing law and the outcome of negotiations with governmental agencies or non-governmental parties. We periodically review our environmental liabilities and also engage third-party consultants to assess our ongoing remediation of contaminated sites. Quarterly, we review our environmental liabilities related to assessment activities and remediation costs and adjust them as necessary. Liabilities for financial assurance, monitoring and maintenance activities and other activities are assessed annually. A significant change in any of these estimates could have a material effect on our results of operations. See Note 10 — Environmental Liabilities of our consolidated financial statements for more information. Determining the adequacy of pension and other postretirement benefit assets and liabilities Our defined benefit pension and postretirement plans for employees in the U.S. and Canada require numerous estimates and assumptions to determine the proper amount of pension and postretirement liabilities and annual expense to record in our financial statements. The key assumptions include discount rate, return on assets, salary increases, health care cost trends, mortality rates, longevity and service lives of employees. Although authoritative guidance on how to select most of these assumptions exists, we exercise some degree of judgment when selecting these assumptions based on input from our actuary and other advisors. Different assumptions, as well as actual versus expected results, would change the periodic benefit cost and funded status of the benefit plans recognized in the financial statements. Our long-term return plan assets assumption was established based on historical long-term rates of return on broad equity and bond indices, discussions with our actuary and investment advisors and consideration of the actual historical annualized rate of returns. In determining future pension obligations, we select a discount rate based on information supplied by our actuary. The actuarial rates are developed by models which incorporate high-quality (AA rated), long-term corporate bond rates into their calculations. The weighted average discount rate increased from 2.48 percent at December 31, 2020 to 2.82 percent at December 31, 2021. Our defined pension plans were underfunded by $126 million at December 31, 2021. The underfunded status decreased by $78 million in 2021, primarily due to the settlements of certain Canadian and US pension plans. In 2022, pension expense is expected to decrease due to an decrease in service cost and lower amortization of actuarial losses partly offset by higher interest 27 cost and lower expected return on assets. Future pension expense will be impacted by many factors including actual investment performance, changes in discount rates, timing of contributions and other employee related matters. See Note 17 — Employee Benefit Plans of our consolidated financial statements for more information. As required under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 715 Compensation-Retirement Benefits, we have recorded the impact of settlements and de-recognition of projected benefit obligations in connection with the wind up of certain plans and the purchase of annuity contracts from third party insurance companies who have assumed responsibility for related future pension benefits. In 2021, we purchased annuity contracts from a third-party insurance company who assumed responsibility for future pension benefits for certain participants in our U.S. defined benefit plan and recorded a loss of $6 million on the settlement and de-recognition of the projected benefit obligation. Additionally, during 2021 and 2020, we started the process of winding up certain Canadian pension plans and as a result recorded a settlement loss of $2 million and a gain of $2 million, respectively. In 2019, we purchased annuity contracts from a third-party insurance company who assumed responsibility for future pension benefits for certain participants in our Canadian defined benefit plans and recorded a loss of $9 million on the settlement and de-recognition of the projected benefit obligation. In 2021, we made mandatory contributions and benefit payments to plan participants of approximately $9 million. During 2022, we expect to make mandatory and discretionary benefit payments to plan participants of approximately $9 million. Future mandatory contribution requirements will vary depending on actual investment performance, changes in valuation assumptions, interest rates and legal requirements to maintain a certain funding status. The sensitivity of pension expense and projected benefit obligation related to our pension plans to changes in economic assumptions is highlighted below: Change in Assumption 50 bp decrease in discount rate 50 bp increase in discount rate 50 bp decrease in long-term return on assets 50 bp increase in long-term return on assets Impact on (in millions): Effect on 2022 Pension Expense Effect on December 31, 2021 Projected Benefit Obligation (Decrease)/Increase Increase (Decrease) $3 $(2) $3 $(3) $52 $(46) Realizability of both recorded and unrecorded tax assets and tax liabilities We have recorded certain deferred tax assets we believe will be realized in future periods. The recognition of these tax assets is based on our analysis of both positive and negative evidence about the future realization of the tax benefit of each existing deductible temporary difference or carryforward. Future realization is based on the existence of sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character, within the appropriate taxing jurisdiction (for example country, state or province), and within the carryback and carryforward periods available under the applicable tax laws. The strongest form of positive evidence is the evaluation of historical earnings, which should be considered with future earnings projections within the applicable carryforward periods. This evidence supports the realizability of most recorded deferred tax assets. Tax assets are reviewed periodically for realizability. This review requires management to make assumptions and estimates about future profitability affecting the realization of these tax assets. If the review indicates the realizability may be less than likely, a valuation allowance is recorded. Our income tax returns are subject to examination by U.S. federal and state taxing authorities as well as foreign jurisdictions, including Canada and France. In evaluating the tax benefits associated with various tax filing positions, we record a tax benefit for an uncertain tax position if it is more-likely-than-not to be realized upon ultimate settlement of the issue. We record a liability for an uncertain tax position that does not meet this criterion. The liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits are adjusted in the period in which it is determined the issue is settled with the taxing authorities, the statute of limitations expires for the relevant taxing authority to examine the tax position or when new facts or information become available. See Note 19 — Income Taxes of our consolidated financial statements for more information. 28 Results of Operations Summary of our results of operations for each of the following years ended December 31: Financial Information (in millions, except percentages) 2021 2020 2019 Net Sales ............................................................................................. $ Cost of Sales ....................................................................................... Gross Margin ..................................................................................... Selling, general and administrative expenses ................................... Other operating expense, net ............................................................ Operating Income (Loss) .................................................................. Interest expense ................................................................................ Interest income and other, net........................................................... Other components of net periodic benefit (expense)........................ Unrealized loss on GreenFirst equity securities ............................... Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment .................................................. Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes ................................................................................................... Income Tax Benefit .......................................................................... Equity loss of equity method investments Loss from Continuing Operations .................................................. $ Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes Net Income (Loss).............................................................................. $ 1,408 $ 1,344 $ (1,333) 75 (1,280) 64 1,431 (1,377) 54 (76) (9) (10) (66) — (4) (4) 1 (83) 35 (2) (50) 116 66 $ $ (78) (16) (30) (56) (7) 3 — (8) (98) 61 (1) (38) 39 1 $ $ (81) (25) (52) (52) — — — — (104) 20 — (84) 61 (23) Gross Margin %................................................................................... Operating Margin %............................................................................ Effective Tax Rate %........................................................................... 5.3 % (0.7)% 41.9 % 4.8 % (2.2)% 62.0 % 3.8 % (3.6)% 19.5 % Results of Operations, Year Ended December 31, 2021 versus December 31, 2020 Net sales by segment were as follows: Net Sales (in millions) 2021 2020 High Purity Cellulose....................................................................................................... $ Paperboard........................................................................................................................ High-Yield Pulp .............................................................................................................. Eliminations ..................................................................................................................... Total Net Sales................................................................................................................... $ 1,091 $ 208 136 (27) 1,408 $ 1,051 190 125 (22) 1,344 Net sales increased $64 million or 5 percent, in 2021 compared to 2020, driven by higher sales prices across all three of our segments. For a further assessment of changes in net sales, see the discussion of “Operating Results by Segment” for 2021 compared to 2020 discussion below in this MD&A. 29 Operating income by segment was as follows: Operating income (loss) (in millions) High Purity Cellulose.................................................................................................. $ Paperboard .................................................................................................................. High-Yield Pulp ......................................................................................................... Corporate .................................................................................................................... Total Operating Income (Loss) .................................................................................. $ 2021 2020 $ 20 13 7 (50) (10) $ 7 18 — (55) (30) Operating loss for 2021 improved by $20 million when compared to the prior year. The improvement was primarily driven by higher High Purity Cellulose commodity prices and cellulose specialties sales volumes, as well as higher High-Yield Pulp and Paperboard sales prices, partly offset by higher input costs, shipping constraints and equipment reliability issues resulting in lower production. For a further assessment of changes of operating income, see the “Operating Results by Segment” for 2021 compared to 2020 discussion below in this MD&A. Non-operating Expenses Interest expense for 2021 increased $10 million, primarily driven by the higher interest rate and additional amortization of debt issuance costs related to the December 23, 2020 refinancing of our prior Senior Secured Credit Facilities. In 2021, we repurchased approximately $127 million of our Unsecured Notes and redeemed $25 million of the Secured Notes. In connection with these transactions, we recorded a net gain on extinguishment of long-term debt of $1 million. During 2020, the refinancing of the Senior Secured Notes resulted a loss from extinguishment of long-term debt of $8 million, primarily from writing off unamortized deferred financing fees. For additional information, see Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases. Included in 2021 is a $4 million unrealized loss associated with shares of GreenFirst received in connection with the sale of lumber and newsprint assets. See Note 3 — Discontinued Operations. Other components of net periodic benefit (expense) changed by $7 million to a $4 million expense primarily as a result of $8 million related to pension settlement losses recorded during 2021. See Note 17 — Employee Benefit Plans. Income Taxes The effective tax rate for 2021 was a benefit of 42 percent. The 2021 effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to a tax benefit recognized by remeasuring the Canadian deferred tax assets at a higher blended statutory tax rate in Canada. The statutory tax rate is higher as a result of changing the allocation of income between the Canadian provinces due to the sale of lumber and newsprint assets. The 2020 effective tax rate from continuing operations was a benefit of 62 percent. See Note 19 — Income Taxes of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. 30 Discontinued Operations Sale of lumber and newsprint assets On August 28, 2021, we completed the sale of our lumber and newsprint facilities and certain related assets (the “Purchased Assets”) located in Ontario and Québec, Canada to GreenFirst for $232 million. At closing, we received $193 million in cash, 28.7 million shares of GreenFirst’s common stock with a deemed fair value of $42 million and a credit note issued to us by GreenFirst in the amount of CAD $8 million (approximately USD $5 million after present value discount). The credit note may be offset against amounts owed to GreenFirst in the future for wood chip purchases, equally over the next 5 years. The GreenFirst shares will be held for a minimum of six months. The cash received at closing was preliminary and subject to final purchase price adjustments. Driven primarily by lower inventory balances, we previously estimated the cash portion of the purchase price to be reduced by $8 million, to $185 million. Further, after inclusion of other adjustments resulting from events related to the sale, we estimated to ultimately incur a total net cash outflow of approximately $3 to $4 million. Pursuant to the terms of the asset purchase agreement, together with GreenFirst, we have engaged a third party to assist in In finalizing certain adjustments related to the inventory valuation, in the amount of $6 million, which remain unresolved. connection with the sale, we recorded a preliminary gain on sale of $4 million, net of tax, inclusive of currently estimated purchase price adjustments. The preliminary net gain is included in the results of discontinued operations. The Purchased Assets excluded accounts receivable, accounts payable, certain retained inventory and rights and obligations to softwood lumber duties, generated or incurred through the closing date. Since 2017, we have paid a total of $112 million in duties. We expect a cash tax impact of $1 million as a result of this transaction. In connection with the transaction, we entered into a 20 year wood chip and residual fiber supply agreement with GreenFirst as well as a transition services agreement. The transition services agreement is expected to end in the second quarter of 2022. See Note 3 — Discontinued Operations of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. Operating Results by Segment High Purity Cellulose (dollars in millions, except average sales prices) 2021 2020 Net Sales Operating Income Average Sales Prices ($ per metric ton): Sales Volumes (thousands of metric tons): Changes in High Purity Cellulose net sales are as follows: $ $ $ 1,091 20 1,122 $ $ $ 884 Net Sales (in millions) 2020 Changes Attributable to: Price Volume/Mix 2021 Cellulose Specialties Commodity Products and Other Other Sales (a) Total Net Sales $ $ 685 283 83 1,051 $ $ (20) $ 76 — 56 $ 47 (80) 17 (16) $ $ (a) Other sales include sales of electricity, lignin and other by-products to third parties. 1,051 7 992 976 712 279 100 1,091 Total net sales increased $40 million, or 4%, in 2021. Sales prices for cellulose specialties decreased 3 percent during the year ended December 31, 2021 whereas commodity prices increased 37 percent. Cellulose specialties sale volumes increased 7 percent while commodity sales volumes declined 28 percent for the full year compared to 2020, driven by increased demand in cellulose specialties. However, overall sales volumes were impacted by shipping constraints and reliability issues, including a kiln reliability disruption at the Jesup, GA facility which negatively impacted commodity production by approximately 10,000 metric tons in the third quarter of 2021. 31 Changes in High Purity Cellulose operating income are as follows: Operating Income (in millions) 2020 Gross Margin Changes Attributable to: Volume/ Sales Mix (a) Price Cost SG&A and other Operating Income $ 7 $ 56 $ 10 $ (56) $ 3 $ Operating Margin % (a) Volume/Sales Mix computed based on contribution margin. 0.7 % 5.0 % 1.0 % (5.1)% 0.2 % 2021 20 1.8 % Operating income increased by $13 million in 2021 when compared to the prior year primarily due to higher commodity prices, partially offset by increased costs driven by inflation on key material inputs, and higher maintenance and logistics expenses. Offsetting energy costs in 2021 is a $12 million favorable impact related to sales of emission allowances associated with our operations in Tartas, France. Included in SG&A and other costs is our share of the loss of the lignin joint venture of $2 million and $4 million during 2021 and 2020, respectively. Paperboard (dollars in millions, except average sales prices) 2021 2020 Net Sales.......................................................................................................................... $ Operating income........................................................................................................... $ Average Sales Prices ($ per metric tons) (a): 208 13 Paperboard..................................................................................................................... $ 1,165 $ $ $ Sales Volumes (in thousands of metric tons) (a): Paperboard..................................................................................................................... 179 190 18 1,076 176 Changes in Paperboard net sales are as follows: Net Sales (in millions) 2020 Changes Attributable to: Price Volume/Mix 2021 Paperboard....................................... $ 190 $ 16 $ 2 $ 208 Total net sales increased $18 million, or 9 percent in 2021. Paperboard sales prices increased 8 percent and sales volumes increased 2 percent in 2021. The increased volumes and prices were driven by improved market demand. Changes in Paperboard operating income are as follows: Operating Income (in millions) 2020 Gross Margin Changes Attributable to: Volume/ Sales Mix (a) Price Cost SG&A and other 2021 Operating Income ............. $ Operating Margin % ......... $ 18 9.5 % $ 16 7.0 % $ 1 0.3 % $ (22) (10.5)% — $ — % 13 6.3 % (a) Computed based on contribution margin. Operating income declined $5 million in 2021 due to increased costs from higher raw material pulp input prices partially offset by the increase in sales prices. 32 High-Yield Pulp (dollars in millions, except average sales prices) 2021 2020 Net Sales ..................................................................................................................... $ Operating income ...................................................................................................... $ Average Sales Prices ($ per metric ton): High-Yield Pulp (a)................................................................................................. $ Sales Volumes (in metric tons): High-Yield Pulp (a)................................................................................................. $ $ $ 136 7 546 197 125 — 470 217 (a) Average sales prices and volumes for external sales only. For the year ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the High-Yield Pulp segment sold 68,000 metric tons and 66,000 metric tons of high-yield pulp for $28 million and $23 million, respectively, to the Paperboard segment. Changes in High-Yield Pulp net sales are as follows: Net Sales (in millions) 2020 Changes Attributable to: Price Volume/Mix 2021 High-Yield Pulp Net Sales............. $ 125 $ 19 $ (8) $ 136 Total net sales increased $11 million, or 9 percent, in 2021. Average pulp sales prices increased 16 percent, driven by market demand improvements. Pulp sales volumes decreased 9 percent impacted by shipping constraints. Changes in High-Yield Pulp operating income are as follows: Operating Income (in millions) Gross Margin Changes Attributable to: 2020 Price Operating Income .......... $ Operating Margin % ...... — $ — % 19 13.2 % Volume/ Sales Mix (a) (4) $ Cost $ (8) $ (2.2)% (5.9)% SG&A and other 2021 — $ — % 7 5.1 % (a) Computed based on contribution margin. Operating income for High Yield Pulp increased $7 million in 2021, driven by higher sales prices, partially offset by lower sales volumes, driven by logistics constraints, and higher operational costs. Corporate (in millions) 2021 2020 Operating loss ............................................................................................................ $ (50) $ (55) The operating loss for Corporate decreased by $5 million to $50 million in 2021, when compared to 2020, primarily due to favorable foreign currency impacts. 33 Results of Operations, Year Ended December 31, 2020 versus December 31, 2019 2020 2019 Net Sales (in millions) High Purity Cellulose.................................................................................................. $ Paperboard .................................................................................................................. High-Yield Pulp ......................................................................................................... Eliminations ................................................................................................................ Total Net Sales.............................................................................................................. $ 1,051 $ 190 125 (22) 1,344 $ 1,127 200 128 (24) 1,431 Net sales decreased $87 million, or 6 percent, in 2020 compared to 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by lower high purity cellulose sales prices. For further assessment of changes in net sales, see “Operating Results by Segment” for 2020 compared to 2019 discussion below in this MD&A. Operating income by segment was as follows: Operating Income (in millions) High Purity Cellulose.................................................................................................. $ Paperboard .................................................................................................................. High Yield Pulp ......................................................................................................... Corporate .................................................................................................................... Total Operating Income.............................................................................................. $ 2020 2019 $ 7 18 — (55) (30) $ 7 4 3 (66) (52) Operating income for 2020 improved $22 million when compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily due to lower costs driven by improved operating reliability. Non-operating Expenses Interest expense for 2020 increased $4 million driven by the higher interest rate margin from the amendments to our credit facilities held during most of 2020, as well as increased amortization of debt issuance costs. In December 2020, in connection with the early repayment of the Senior Secured Credit Facility, we recorded a loss from extinguishment of long-term debt of $8 million, primarily from writing off unamortized deferred financing fees. For additional information, see Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases. Other components of net periodic benefit (expense) changed by $3 million to a $3 million benefit during 2020 as a result of a $2 million pension settlement and curtailment gain recorded during the fourth quarter of 2020. See Note 17 — Employee Benefit Plans. Income Taxes The effective tax rate for continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 was 62 percent. The 2020 effective tax rate benefit differs from the federal statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to benefits from the CARES Act, the release of certain valuation allowances related to nondeductible interest expense, tax return to accrual adjustments, and tax credits, partially offset by increases to uncertain tax position reserves, nondeductible executive compensation, and lower tax deductions on vested stock compensation. The 2019 effective tax rate from continuing operations was a benefit of 20 percent. See Note 19 — Income Taxes of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. Discontinued Operations We have presented the operating results for our lumber and newsprint assets sold August 2021, and our Matane operations sold in November 2019, as discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Included in discontinued operations for the sale of the above operations is allocated interest expense for debt that was required or expected to be repaid upon completion of the transactions. In addition, legal and administrative costs to sell the operations are included in discontinued operations. Income from discontinued operations during the year ended December 31, 2020 included a $1 million benefit resulting from the final working capital adjustment as required by the Matane sale agreement. See Note 3 — Discontinued Operations of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. 34 Operating Results by Segment High Purity Cellulose (dollars in millions, except for average sales prices) 2020 2019 Net Sales Operating Income Average Sales Prices ($ per metric ton): Sales Volumes (thousands of metric tons): Changes in High Purity Cellulose net sales are as follows: $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,051 7 992 976 1,127 7 1,083 964 Net Sales (in millions) Cellulose specialties Commodity products and other Other sales (a) Total Net Sales 2019 Changes Attributable to: Price Volume/Mix 2020 $ $ 765 280 82 1,127 $ $ $ 11 (44) — (33) $ (91) 47 1 (43) $ $ 685 283 83 1,051 (a) Other sales include sales of electricity, resins, lignin and other by-products to third parties. Total net sales decreased $76 million, or 7 percent, in 2020. Sales prices for cellulose specialties increased 2 percent during the year ended December 31, 2020 whereas commodity prices declined 17 percent, primarily driven by impacts on demand on the larger commodity pulp and textile markets related to COVID-19 and a China trade dispute. Cellulose specialties sale volumes declined 12 percent primarily due to the impact on demand, driven by COVID-19. Commodity sales volumes increased 21 percent for the full year compared to 2019, driven by the recovery of the textile markets in the second half of 2020. Changes in High Purity Cellulose operating income are as follows: Operating Income (in millions) Operating Income........................ $ 7 $ 2019 Gross Margin Changes Attributable to: Volume/ Sales Mix (a) (37) $ Price Cost (33) 68 $ SG&A and other 2 $ 2020 7 $ Operating Margin %.................... (a) Volume/Sales Mix computed based on contribution margin. 0.6 % (3.0)% (3.6)% 6.5 % 0.2 % 0.7 % Operating income remained essentially flat in 2020 when compared to the prior year. Lower wood and chemical costs, improved reliability and higher commodity volumes were offset by the impact of lower cellulose specialty volumes and commodity sale price declines during 2020. Included in SG&A and other costs is our share of the loss of the lignin joint venture of $4 million and $5 million during 2020 and 2019, respectively. Paperboard (dollars in millions, except average sales prices) Net Sales.......................................................................................................................... $ Operating income........................................................................................................... $ Average Sales Prices ($ per metric tons) (a): Paperboard..................................................................................................................... $ 1,076 Sales Volumes (in thousands of metric tons) (a): Paperboard..................................................................................................................... 176 35 2020 2019 190 18 $ $ $ 200 4 1,103 181 Changes in Paperboard net sales are as follows: Net Sales (in millions) 2019 Changes Attributable to: Price Volume/Mix 2020 Paperboard .......................................................... $ 200 $ (5) $ (5) $ 190 Total net sales declined $10 million, or 5 percent, in 2020. Paperboard sales prices declined 2 percent due to increased competition. Paperboard sales volumes decreased 3 percent. Changes in Paperboard operating income are as follows: Operating Income (in millions) 2019 Gross Margin Changes Attributable to: Volume/ Sales Mix (a) Price Cost SG&A and other 2020 Operating Income........... $ 4 $ (5) $ (2) $ 21 $ Operating Margin %....... 2.0 % (2.5)% (1.1)% 11.1 % — $ — % 18 9.5 % (a) Computed based on contribution margin. Operating income increased $14 million in 2020 due to decreased costs from lower pulp raw material prices as well as lower transportation costs. High-Yield Pulp (dollars in millions, except for average sales prices) 2020 2019 Net Sales ..................................................................................................................... $ Operating income ...................................................................................................... $ Average Sales Prices ($ per metric ton): 125 $ — $ High-Yield Pulp (a)................................................................................................. $ 470 $ Sales Volumes (in metric tons): High-Yield Pulp (a)................................................................................................. 217 128 3 499 207 (a) Average sales prices and volumes for external sales only. For the year ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the High-Yield Pulp segment sold 66,000 metric tons and 66,000 metric tons of high-yield pulp for $23 million and $25 million, respectively, to the Paperboard segment. Changes in High-Yield Pulp net sales are as follows: Net Sales (in millions) 2019 Changes Attributable to: Price Volume/Mix 2020 High-Yield Pulp ................................................. $ 128 $ (8) $ 5 $ 125 Total net sales declined $3 million, or 2 percent, in 2020. Average pulp sales prices declined 6 percent due to weak market conditions during 2020. Pulp sales volumes increased 5 percent. 36 Changes in High-Yield Pulp operating income are as follows: Operating Income (in millions) Gross Margin Changes Attributable to: 2019 Price Volume/ Sales Mix (a) Cost SG&A and other 2020 Operating Income .................. $ Operating Margin % .............. $ 3 2.3 % $ (8) (6.5)% $ 2 1.8 % $ 3 2.4 % — $ — % — — % (a) Sales volume computed based on contribution margin. Operating income for High-Yield Pulp decreased $3 million during 2020, driven by lower pulp prices, partly offset by higher pulp sales volumes. Costs improved primarily from lower transportation expenses, partially offset by higher energy costs. Corporate (in millions) 2020 2019 Operating loss ............................................................................................................ $ (55) $ (66) The operating loss for Corporate decreased by $11 million to $55 million in 2020, when compared to 2019, primarily due to lower environmental reserves charges and reduced spending, partially offset by higher non-cash amortization of technology costs and unfavorable currency impacts in 2021 and the impact of an insurance recovery in 2020. Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash flows from operations, primarily driven by operating results, have historically been our primary source of liquidity and capital resources. However, our operating cash flows have been volatile in recent years due to decreases in market prices for our commodity products as well as impacts driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, we have maintained a key focus on cash, managing working capital closely and optimizing the timing and level of our capital expenditures. During the third quarter of fiscal 2021, we repurchased approximately $127 million of our Unsecured Notes through open- market transactions and retired such Unsecured Notes for approximately $124 million in cash. In October 2021 pursuant to a notice previously provided to the trustee under the indenture governing our Secured Notes, we redeemed $25 million of the Secured Notes at a redemption price of 103 percent. We amended our prior Senior Secured Credit Facility in 2019 and again in 2020 to provide us with financial flexibility. In December 2020, we terminated our prior Senior Secured Credit Facility, entered into an ABL Credit Facility and completed the refinancing of certain debt. See Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. As of December 31, 2021, we are in compliance with all financial and other customary covenants. We continue to believe our future cash flows from operations and availability under our ABL Credit Facility, as well as our ability to access the capital markets, if necessary or desirable, will be adequate to fund our operations and anticipated long-term funding requirements, including capital expenditures, defined benefit plan contributions, and repayment of debt maturities, although no assurances can be given. Our non-guarantor subsidiaries had assets of $745 million, year-to-date revenue of $228 million, covenant EBITDA for the last twelve months of $9 million and liabilities of $252 million as of December 31, 2021. For a reconciliation of EBITDA to net income, see the “Performance and Liquidity Indicators” discussion below in this MD&A. On September 6, 2019, our Board of Directors suspended our quarterly common stock dividend. The declaration and payment of future common stock dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors the Board of Directors deem relevant. In addition, our ABL Credit Facility places limitations on the declaration and payment of future dividends. No dividends were declared in 2020 or 2021. On January 29, 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a $100 million common stock share buyback program. As of December 31, 2021, the remaining unused authorization under our share buyback program was approximately $60 million. For 37 the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we did not repurchase any common shares under this buyback program. We do not expect to utilize any further authorization in the near future. Material Cash Requirements Our principal contractual commitments include standby letters of credit, surety bonds, guarantees, purchase obligations and leases. We utilize arrangements such as standby letters of credit and surety bonds to provide credit support for certain suppliers and vendors in case of their default on critical obligations, collateral for certain of our self-insurance programs and guarantees for the completion of our remediation of environmental liabilities. As part of our ongoing operations, we also periodically issue guarantees to third parties. Information regarding letters of credit, surety bonds and other guarantees as of December 31, 2021 is hereby incorporated by reference to Note 21 — Commitments and Contingencies of our consolidated financial statements. Our purchase obligations payments are expected to be made on natural gas, steam energy and wood chips purchase contracts. As of December 31, 2021, the value of our non-cancellable unconditional purchase obligations was $771 million. See Note 21 — Commitments and Contingencies of our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our purchase obligations. We lease certain buildings, machinery and equipment under various operating leases. As of December 31, 2021, future payments to be made under these operating leases are $24 million. See Note 4 —Leases for additional information. A summary of liquidity and capital resources is shown below (in millions of dollars): As of December 31, 2021 2020 2019 Cash and cash equivalents (a).......................................................................... $ Availability under the ABL Credit Facility (b) ............................................... Availability under the Revolving Credit Facility (c)....................................... Total debt (d) ................................................................................................... Stockholders’ equity........................................................................................ $ 253 103 — 929 814 Total capitalization (total debt plus equity)..................................................... Debt to capital ratio ......................................................................................... 1,743 53 % $ 94 102 — 1,084 695 1,779 64 — 87 1,082 683 1,765 61 % 61 % (a) Cash and cash equivalents consisted of cash, money market deposits and time deposits with original maturities of 90 days or less. (b) Amounts available under the ABL Credit Facility fluctuate based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory levels. At December 31, 2021, we had $143 million of gross availability and net available borrowings of $103 million after taking into account standby letters of credit of approximately $40 million. In addition to the availability under the ABL Credit Facility, we have $14 million available under an accounts receivable factoring line of credit in France. See Note 21 — Commitments and Contingencies of our consolidated financial statements for additional information. In December 2020, all outstanding liabilities under the Senior Secured Credit Facility were paid in full and the related Revolving Credit Facility was terminated. (c) (d) See Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases of our consolidated financial statements for more information. Cash Flows (in millions of dollars) The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for each of the following years ended December 31: Cash Provided by (Used for): Operating activities-continuing operations...................................................... $ Operating activities- discontinued operations ................................................. $ Investing activities-continuing operations....................................................... $ Investing activities-discontinued operations ................................................... $ Financing activities.......................................................................................... $ 2021 2020 2019 74 $ $ 159 (97) $ 183 $ (157) $ 54 $ $ 70 (66) $ (12) $ (19) $ 58 (17) (88) 140 (138) 38 Cash Provided by Operating Activities Cash flows provided by operating activities of continuing operations increased $20 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, to $74 million, compared to the same prior year period. The increase was driven by higher sales prices across all three of our segments, partially offset by higher costs, the impact of shipping constraints and lower production. In addition, during 2021 we received $35 million in net tax cash refunds and $20 million of Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (“CEWS”) claims. The year ended December 31, 2020 included a $33 million increase to the U.S. income tax receivable from the passage of the CARES Act in March of 2020. Cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations during the year ended 2021 improved by $89 million when compared to the same prior year period, primarily driven by the increase in lumber sales prices. Cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations decreased $4 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, to $54 million, compared to the same prior year. The decrease was primarily due to lower high purity cellulose sales primarily driven by the impacts of COVID-19. The decrease was partly offset by an increase in income tax receivables later refunded during 2021. Cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations during the year ended 2020 improved by $87 million, compared to the same prior year period, primarily driven by higher lumber prices and lower costs from improved reliability Cash Provided by (Used for) Investing Activities Cash used for investing activities of continuing operations increased $31 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the same prior year period primarily from increased custodial capital expenditures. The increase also includes our $4 million investment in Anomera, Inc. Cash provided by investing activities of discontinued operations increased $195 million, to $183 million, during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to cash used for investing activities of $12 million in the same prior year period ended. The increase was driven by net cash received in connection with the sale of the lumber and newsprint assets which was completed on August 28, 2021, partially offset by capital expenditures of $9 million in 2021. Cash used for investing activities of continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased $22 million to $66 million compared to the same prior year period. Capital expenditures from continuing operations decreased $27 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, when compared to the same prior year period. The current year included proceeds of $1 million from the sale of assets and $4 million of contributions for our investment in Anomera. See Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Pronouncements for additional information on the investment. Cash used in investing activities for discontinued operations during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $12 million compared to cash provided by investing activities of $140 million during the same prior year period. Included in investing activities for December 30, 2019 was proceeds from discontinued operations of $158 million that were received from the November 2019 sale of the Matane mill and $3 million of discontinued operations capital spending. 39 Cash Provided by (Used for) Financing Activities Cash used for financing activities increased by $138 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, to $157 million, when compared to the same prior year period. The increase was primarily driven by the open-market purchases of a portion of our Unsecured Notes during the third quarter of 2021, as well as the redemption of $25 million of Secured Notes during the fourth quarter of 2021. Additionally, cash used to repurchase common stock in lieu of income taxes from the vesting of incentive stock grants was $1 million higher during the 2021 period. The year ended December 31, 2020 had $23 million of higher debt issuance costs when compared to the 2021 period. See Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases and Note 13 — Stockholders' Equity, to our consolidated financial statements for additional information. Cash used for financing activities decreased $119 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due a decrease of $109 million in our net long-term debt payments during 2020, compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. In addition, the year ended December 31, 2020 included $5 million of short term borrowings from the France factoring line. Common stock dividends paid decreased by $9 million due to the suspension of the quarterly $0.07 dividend starting in the third quarter of 2019. In addition, the preferred stock dividend payments declined by $10 million in 2020 as the preferred stock automatically converted to common stock in August 2019. During 2020, we incurred $24 million of debt issuance costs primarily from the Senior Secured Notes due 2026 that were issued in December 2020. Common shares repurchased decreased by $6 million during 2020 when compared to the same prior year period due to fewer shares repurchased in lieu of payment of income taxes. See Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases and Note 13 — Stockholders' Equity for additional information. Performance and Liquidity Indicators The discussion below is presented to enhance the reader’s understanding of our operating performance, liquidity, ability to generate cash and satisfy rating agency and creditor requirements. This information includes the following measures of financial results: EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted free cash flows. These measures are not defined by U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and the discussion of EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted free cash flows is not intended to conflict with or change any of the GAAP disclosures described above. Our management uses these non-GAAP measures to compare our performance to that of prior periods for trend analyses, purposes of determining management incentive compensation and budgeting, forecasting and planning purposes. Our management considers these measures, in addition to operating income, to be important to estimate the enterprise and stockholder values of the Company, and for making strategic and operating decisions. In addition, analysts, investors and creditors use these measures when analyzing our operating performance, financial condition and cash generating ability. Our management uses EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA as performance measures and adjusted free cash flows as a liquidity measure. See “Note about Non-GAAP Financial Measures” on page 2 for limitations associated with non-GAAP measures. EBITDA is defined by SEC rules as earnings from continuing operations before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is defined by us as EBITDA before pension settlement gain/loss, insurance recoveries, loan amendment costs, non-recurring expenses related to our review of its commodity asset portfolio, severance expense, gain on bargain purchase and loss on debt extinguishment. EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are not necessarily indicative of results that may be generated in future periods. 40 Below is a reconciliation of Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for each of the years ended December 31 (in millions of dollars): Reconciliation of Income (Loss) from Continuing Operations to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Income (loss) from continuing operations 2021 2020 2019 $ (50) $ (38) $ Depreciation and amortization Interest expense, net Income tax expense (benefit) EBITDA Pension settlement (gain) loss Insurance recovery Loan amendment costs Non-recurring expense (a) Severance expense Loss on debt extinguishment Adjusted EBITDA 139 66 (35) 120 8 — — — — — 137 56 (61) 94 (2) — — — — 8 $ 128 $ 100 $ (84) 142 52 (20) 90 9 (4) 4 1 1 — 101 (a) Non-recurring expenses are related to the review of our commodity asset portfolio. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for 2021 increased compared to 2020, primarily due to higher sales prices across the segments, partially offset by higher costs, the impact of shipping constraints and lower production. EBITDA increased for 2020 compared to 2019, due to lower costs, primarily driven by improved reliability and lower environmental and pension costs, partially offset by the loss on debt extinguishment. Adjusted EBITDA decreased slightly for 2020 compared to 2019. For additional information regarding operating results see “Results of Operations” for 2021 compared to 2020 and for 2020 compared to 2019 discussions above in this MD&A. Adjusted free cash flows is defined as cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations adjusted for capital expenditures, net of proceeds from sale of assets, excluding strategic capital expenditures. Adjusted free cash flows, as defined by us, is a non-GAAP measure of cash generated during a period which is available for debt reduction, strategic capital expenditures, acquisitions and repurchase of our common stock. Adjusted free cash flows is not necessarily indicative of the adjusted free cash flows that may be generated in future periods. Below is a reconciliation of cash flows from operations to adjusted free cash flows for each of the following years ended December 31 (in millions of dollars): Reconciliation of Cash Flows from Operations to Adjusted Free Cash Flows 2021 2020 2019 Cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations.................... $ Capital expenditures, net of proceeds from sale of assets (a)................. Adjusted free cash flows - continuing operations ........................................ $ $ 74 (76) (2) $ 54 (45) 9 $ $ 58 (68) (10) (a) Capital expenditures, net of proceeds from sale of assets, excludes strategic capital expenditures which we deem discretionary. Strategic capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 were $16 million, $17 million, and $20 million, respectively. Adjusted free cash flows from continuing operations in 2021 decreased compared to 2020, primarily due to higher costs, the impact of shipping constraints and lower production as well as higher capital expenditures. Adjusted free cash flows from continuing operations in 2020 increased compared to 2019, primarily due to lower costs driven by improved reliability and lower capital expenditures. Environmental Regulation We are subject to stringent environmental laws and regulations concerning air emissions, wastewater discharges, waste handling and disposal, and assessment and remediation of environmental contamination, which impact both our current ongoing operations and about 20 former operating facilities or third party-owned sites classified as disposed operations. These include 41 the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 and similar state laws and regulations impacting U.S. facilities, as well as requirements relating to ancillary matters such as financial assurance of our legal obligations for facility closure and post- closure care. Similar laws and legal requirements also impact current and former operating sites in Canada and France, respectively. Management closely monitors our environmental responsibilities and believes we are in material compliance with current requirements. In addition to ongoing compliance with laws and regulations, our facilities operate in accordance with various permits, which are issued by state and federal environmental agencies. Many of these permits impose operating conditions on us which require significant expenditures to ensure compliance. Upon renewal and renegotiation of these permits, the issuing agencies often seek to impose new or additional conditions in response to new environmental laws and regulations, or more stringent interpretations of existing laws and regulations. In addition, under many federal environmental laws, private citizens and organizations, such as environmental advocacy groups, have the right to legally challenge permitting and other decisions made by regulatory agencies. Our operations are subject to constantly changing environmental requirements, and interpretations of existing requirements, which are often impacted by new policy initiatives, new and amended legislation and regulation, negotiations involving state and federal governmental agencies and various other stakeholders, as well as, at times, litigation. For additional information, see Item 1A — Risk Factors for a discussion of the potential impact of environmental risks on our business, and Item 3 — Legal Proceedings, for a discussion of any environmental-related litigation. Our future spending requirements in the area of environmental compliance could change significantly based on the passage of new environmental laws and regulations. Environmental Liabilities For information and details relating to our estimated environmental liabilities, see Item 1A — Risk Factors and Note 10 — Environmental Liabilities of our consolidated financial statements for more information. 42 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Market and Other Economic Risks We are exposed to various market risks, primarily changes in interest rates, currency and commodity prices. Our objective is to minimize the economic impact of these market risks. We may use derivatives in accordance with policies and procedures approved by the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Derivatives are managed by a senior executive committee whose responsibilities include initiating, managing and monitoring resulting exposures. See Note 11 — Derivative Instruments for additional information. We manage our foreign currency exposures by balancing certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. We may also use foreign currency forward contracts to manage these exposures. The principal objective of such contracts is to minimize the potential volatility and financial impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not utilize financial instruments for trading or other speculative purposes. The prices, sales volumes and margins of the commodity products of our High Purity Cellulose segment and all the products of the High-Yield Pulp segment have historically been cyclically affected by economic and market shifts, fluctuations in capacity, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. In general, these products are commodities that are widely available from other producers; because these products have few distinguishing qualities from producer to producer, competition is based primarily on price, which is determined by supply relative to demand. The overall levels of demand for the products we manufacture, and consequently our sales and profitability, reflect fluctuations in end user demand. Our cellulose specialties product prices are impacted by market supply and demand, raw material and processing costs, changes in global currencies and other factors. While these prices are not directly correlated to commodity dissolving wood pulp and paper pulp prices, changes in commodity dissolving wood pulp and paper pulp prices may impact competitors' actions which can lead to an impact in prices for cellulose specialties products. In addition, slightly over half of our cellulose specialties contracted volumes are under multi-year contracts that expire between 2022 and 2024. As of December 31, 2021, we had $7 million of variable rate debt which is subject to interest rate risk. At this borrowing level, a hypothetical one-percentage point increase/decrease in interest rates would result in an immaterial increase/decrease in interest payments and expense over a 12-month period. The fair market value of our long-term fixed interest rate debt is also subject to interest rate risk. However, we intend to hold most of our debt until maturity. The estimated fair value of our fixed-rate debt at December 31, 2021 was $964 million compared to the $928 million principal amount. We use quoted market prices to estimate the fair value of our fixed-rate debt. Generally, the fair market value of fixed-rate debt will increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. We may periodically enter into commodity forward contracts to fix some of our energy costs that are subject to price volatility caused by weather, supply conditions, political and economic variables and other unpredictable factors. Such forward contracts partially mitigate the risk of changes to our gross margins resulting from an increase or decrease in these costs. Forward contracts which are derivative instruments are reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair values, unless they qualify for the normal purchase normal sale ("NPNS") exception and such exception has been elected. If the NPNS exception is elected, the fair values of such contracts are not recognized on the balance sheet. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Our consolidated financial statements and related financial statement schedule, together with the report of independent registered accounting firm, appear at pages F-1 through F-48 of this Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, and are incorporated by reference into this Item 8. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Disclosure Controls and Procedures Rayonier Advanced Materials management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate disclosure controls and procedures. Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) are designed with the objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this annual report on Form 10-K, is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported 43 within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no control evaluation can provide absolute assurance all control exceptions and instances of fraud have been prevented or detected on a timely basis. Even systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance their objectives are achieved. Based on an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this annual report on Form 10-K, our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2021. Internal Control over Financial Reporting With regard to our internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f), our Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting on page F-2, and the Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on page F-3, included in Item 8 — Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this annual report on Form 10-K, are incorporated by reference into this Item 9A. For the quarter ended December 31, 2021, based upon the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d), there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that would materially affect or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. 44 Certain information required by Part III is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the Company’s 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”). We will make the Proxy Statement available on our website at www.rayonieram.com as soon as it is filed with the SEC. Part III Item 10. Information about our Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this Item with respect to directors, executive officers and corporate governance is incorporated by reference from the sections entitled “Commitment to Best Practices in Corporate Governance,” and “Proposal 1: Election of Directors,” and the subsections entitled “Executive Compensation Tables and Related Information-Executive Officers” and “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” and “Proposal 5: Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and subsection entitled “Audit Committee Financial Experts” in the Proxy Statement. The information required by this Item with respect to disclosure of any known late filing or failure by an insider to file a report required by Section 16 of the Exchange Act is incorporated by reference to the section entitled “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the Proxy Statement. Our Standard of Ethics and Code of Corporate Conduct, which is applicable to our principal executive officer and financial and accounting officers, is available on our website, www.rayonieram.com at the “Investors” tab under “Corporate Governance”. Any amendments to or waivers of the Standard of Ethics and Code of Corporate Conduct will also be disclosed on our website. No material changes have been made to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to the board of directors. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information called for by Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from the sections entitled “Compensation Discussion & Analysis,” “Report of the Compensation and Management Development Committee” and “Executive Compensation Tables and Related Information,” and the subsection entitled “Commitment to Best Practices in Corporate Governance-Director Compensation,” in the Proxy Statement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information called for by Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference from the subsections entitled “Executive Compensation Tables and Related Information-Stock Ownership of Directors and Executive Officers”, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the Proxy Statement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information called for by Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference from the section entitled “Proposal 1: Election of Directors,” and the subsections entitled “Commitment to Best Practices in Corporate Governance-Corporate Governance Principles”, “Director Independence” and “Related Person Transactions” in the Proxy Statement. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information called for by Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference from the subsection entitled “Proposal 5: Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm-Information Regarding Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Proxy Statement. 45 Part IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) 1. Consolidated Financial Statements. For a list of the consolidated financial information included herein, see page F-1 of this Report. 2. Financial Statement Schedules. All other schedules have been omitted as the required information is not applicable or the information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto under Item 8 herein. The following consolidated financial statement schedule is included in Item 8: Schedule II-Valuation and Qualifying Accounts 3. Exhibits. (b) Exhibits. See Item 15(a)(3). (c) Financial Statement Schedule. See Item 15(a)(2). Exhibit No. Description 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 Separation and Distribution Agreement between Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. and Rayonier Inc., dated as of May 28, 2014 Arrangement Agreement by and between Tembec Inc. and Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. dated as of May 24, 2017* Amending Agreement, dated as of July 23, 2017, to the Arrangement Agreement by and between Tembec Inc. and Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. dated as of May 24, 2017 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Certificate of Designations of 8.00% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc., filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and effective August 10, 2016 Amended and Restated Bylaws of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Indenture among Rayonier A.M. Products Inc., the guarantors party thereto from time to time and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee, dated as of May 22, 2014 Description of Common Stock Location Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 filed on May 29, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 25, 2017 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on July 24, 2017 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2016 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 4 to Registration Statement on Form 10 filed on May 29, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 2, 2020 46 Exhibit No. Description Indenture, dated as of December 23, 2020, by and among Rayonier A.M. Products Inc., the Guarantors party thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association as trustee and as notes collateral agent Location Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2020 4.3 4.4 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Form of 7.625% Senior Secured Notes due 2026, included as Exhibit A to the Indenture Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2020 Pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item 601(b)(4)(iii)(A), Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. by this filing agrees, upon request, to furnish to the SEC a copy of other instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Transition Services Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2014, by and between Rayonier Inc. and Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2014, by and among Rayonier Inc., Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc., Rayonier TRS Holdings Inc. and Rayonier A.M. Products Inc. Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2014, by and between Rayonier Inc. and Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Intellectual Property Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2014, by and between Rayonier Inc. and Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2014 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Incentive Stock Plan, as amended effective May 23, 2016** Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2017 Incentive Stock Plan, effective May 22, 2017** Incorporated herein by reference to Appendix C to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement filed on April 8, 2016 Incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement filed on April 7, 2017 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2017 Incentive Stock Plan (as amended effective December 15, 2017)** First Amendment to the Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2017 Incentive Stock Plan, effective May 22, 2017** Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2021 Incentive Stock Plan effective May 17, 2021 ** Incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement filed on April 6, 2018 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on November 7, 2019 Incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement filed on April 2, 2021 Form of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2021 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement** Incorporated hereby by referenced to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2020 Form of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2021 Performance Share Unit Award Agreement** Incorporated hereby by referenced to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2020 Form of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2021 Performance Cash Unit Award Agreement** Incorporated hereby by referenced to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2020 Form of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Incentive Stock Plan Supplemental Terms Applicable to the 2020 Equity Award Grant** Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2020 47 Exhibit No. Description 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 Form of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Incentive Stock Plan Supplemental Terms Applicable to the 2021 Equity Award Grant** Form of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Incentive Stock Plan Supplemental Terms Applicable to the 2022 Equity Award Grant** Description of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2020 Performance Share Award Program** Location Incorporated hereby by referenced to Exhibit 10.16 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2021 Filed herewith Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on May 7, 2020 Description of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2021 Performance Share Award Program** # Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on August 5, 2021 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Non-Equity Incentive Plan, as amended effective May 23, 2016** Incorporated herein by reference to Appendix B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement filed on April 8, 2016 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Executive Severance Pay Plan, Amended and Restated effective October 21, 2019** Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on November 7, 2019 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Non Change In Control Executive Severance Plan** Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2016 First Amendment to the Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Non Change In Control Executive Severance Plan** Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on November 7, 2019 Trust Agreement for Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Legal Resources Trust, dated June 28, 2014, by and between Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association** Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Excess Benefit Plan, effective June 27, 2014** Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Excess Savings and Deferred Compensation Plan, effective June 28, 2014** Form of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Excess Savings and Deferred Compensation Plan Agreements, effective June 28, 2014** Retirement Plan for Salaried Employees of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc., effective June 27, 2014 and Amended and Restated as of October 21, 2019** Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Investment and Savings Plan for Salaried Employees, effective January 1, 2015** Amendment to Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Investment and Savings Plan for Salaried Employees, effective January 1, 2015** Amendment to Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Investment and Savings Plan for Salaried Employees, effective January 1, 2016** Amendment to Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Investment and Savings Plan for Salaried Employees, effective January 1, 2016** Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q/A filed on September 4, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q/A filed on September 4, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q/A filed on September 4, 2014 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 27, 2015 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on November 7, 2019 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 24, 2017 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 24, 2017 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 24, 2017 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 24, 2017 48 Location Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 24, 2017 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 24, 2017 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant’s Amendment No. 4 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 filed on May 29, 2014 Incorporated hereby by referenced to Exhibit 10.35 to the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 1, 2020 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2020 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q filed on May 6, 2021 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on December 6, 2021 Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on January 20, 2022 Filed herewith Filed herewith Filed herewith Filed herewith Filed herewith Furnished herewith Filed herewith Exhibit No. Description 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 21 23.1 24 31.1 31.2 32 101 104 Amendment to Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Investment and Savings Plan for Salaried Employees, effective October 1, 2016** Amendment to Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Investment and Savings Plan for Salaried Employees, effective February 13, 2017** Form of Indemnification Agreement between Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. and individual directors or officers** Form of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Outside Directors Compensation Program/Cash Deferral Option Agreement, effective January 1, 2020** Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of December 10, 2020, among Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc., Rayonier A.M. Products Inc., the other subsidiaries of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent. Asset Purchase Agreement by and between 9437-6001 Quebec Inc., as purchaser and GreenFirst Forest Products Inc., as Purchaser guarantor, and Rayonier A.M. Canada G.P. and Rayonier A.M. Canada Industries Inc., collectively the Seller, dated as of April 10, 2021# Employment Letter between Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. and Vito J. Consiglio, dated as of December 5, 2021** Separation and Release Agreement dated January 19, 2022 between Paul G. Boynton and Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc.** Subsidiaries of the registrant Consent of Grant Thornton LLP Powers of attorney Chief Executive Officer’s Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) and pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Chief Financial Officer’s Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14-(a) and pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certification of Periodic Financial Reports Under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 The following financial information from our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (“XBRL”), includes: (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019; (ii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019; and (iv) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements Cover Page Interactive Data File - formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101 49 * The exhibits to the Arrangement Agreement have been omitted from this filing pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company will furnish copies of any such schedules and exhibits to the SEC upon request. ** Management contract or compensatory plan. #Certain confidential portions of this exhibit were omitted by means of marking such portions with asterisks because the identified confidential portions (i) are not material and (ii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 50 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Signatures Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. (Registrant) By: /s/ MARCUS J. MOELTNER Marcus J. Moeltner Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Finance (Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial Officer) Date: March 1, 2022 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. 51 Signature Title Date /s/ VITO J. CONSIGLIO Vito J. Consiglio (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ MARCUS J. MOELTNER Marcus J. Moeltner (Principal Financial Officer) /s/ GABRIELA GARCIA Gabriela Garcia (Principal Accounting Officer) * DeLyle W. Bloomquist * Paul G. Boynton * Charles E. Adair * Julie A. Dill * James F. Kirsch * David C. Mariano * Thomas I. Morgan * Lisa M. Palumbo * Ivona Smith Chief Executive Officer and President March 1, 2022 Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Finance March 1, 2022 Chief Accounting Officer and Vice President, Controller March 1, 2022 Chairman Vice Chair Director Director Director Director Director Director Director *By: /s/ MARCUS J. MOELTNER Marcus J. Moeltner (Attorney-In-Fact) March 1, 2022 52 Index to Financial Statements Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting ............................................................................ Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 248) .............................................. Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2021 ...... Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 ................................................................................. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Years Ended December 31, 2021 ............................................. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements................................................................................................................... Index to Financial Statement Schedules Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts .......................................................................................................... All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, the required matter is not present, or the required information has been otherwise supplied in the financial statements or the notes thereto. Page F-2 F-3 F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-48 F-1 Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting The management of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. and its subsidiaries is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Our system of internal controls over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc.’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. In making this assessment, we used the framework included in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework). Based on our management’s assessment and the criteria set forth in Internal Control — Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021. Grant Thornton LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements, has audited and issued a report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. The report appears on page F-5 of this Report. F-2 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Board of Directors and Stockholders Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Opinion on the financial statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 1, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion. Basis for opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to the financial error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical audit matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Accruals for environmental liabilities As described further in Note 10 to the financial statements, the Company records accruals for environmental liabilities based on its current interpretation of environmental laws and regulations when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of such liability is estimable. Accruals for environmental liabilities totaled approximately $171 million at December 31, 2021. These liabilities are established based on projected spending over many years and require significant estimates and specialized knowledge to determine the proper amount at any point in time. In addition to the estimated liabilities recorded, the Company is subject to the risk of reasonably possible additional liabilities in excess of the established liabilities due to potential changes in circumstances and future events. The Company estimates this exposure could range up to approximately $86 million in addition to the liabilities recorded and has disclosed this exposure in Note 10. The principal considerations for our determination that the accruals for environmental liabilities is a critical audit matter are that the length of time over which the obligation will be resolved is significant and the estimate requires specialized knowledge of environmental engineering. The estimate, which involves assumptions such as the nature and extent of contamination at each site, the nature and extent of required cleanup efforts, the duration and effectiveness of the chosen remedial strategy and changes in environmental regulations, is subjective in nature and involved our complex and subjective judgment. Our audit procedures related to the accruals for environmental liabilities included the following, among others. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of relevant controls over the Company’s estimation process and accounting for the accruals, and the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the reserve estimates. We performed a public domain search to determine whether the sites being accounted for by the Company are complete and whether all information from regulators is being considered in the estimation process. We engaged an environmental reserve specialist to assist us in evaluating the appropriateness of the Company’s remediation plans and the reasonableness of management’s estimates in F-3 relation to the regulatory requirements and to review the estimated costs used by the Company, including consideration of information available from external data from other sources. With the support of our environmental reserve specialist, we evaluated the competency of the specialist used by the Company in addition to whether the method, models and assumptions utilized in estimating the reserve balances were appropriate based on testing of engineering studies and historical experience. Realizability of deferred tax assets As described further in Note 19 to the financial statements, at December 31, 2021, the Company had gross deferred tax assets of approximately $507 million, primarily related to its Canadian operations, reduced by a valuation allowance of approximately $68 million. Deferred tax assets must be reduced by a valuation allowance if, based upon the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the deferred tax assets will become realized. The Company assesses the need for a valuation allowance by evaluating both the positive and negative evidence that may exist. The principal considerations for our determination that the realizability of deferred tax assets is a critical audit matter are that the length of time of the forecast period is significant and the estimate of future taxable income of the Company’s Canadian operations is an accounting estimate subject to a high level of estimation uncertainty. Our audit procedures related to the realizability of deferred tax assets included the following, among others. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the key controls over the Company’s forecasting process, evaluation of the realizability of deferred tax assets and establishment of valuation allowances. We assessed the historical accuracy of management’s forecasted Canadian taxable income and compared the forecasts to historical trends and current industry and economic trends. Additionally, we performed sensitivity analyses around the assessment. We involved tax professionals to evaluate the application of jurisdictional tax laws and regulations used in the Company’s assumptions and calculations. /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016. Jacksonville, Florida March 1, 2022 F-4 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Board of Directors and Stockholders Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Opinion on internal control over financial reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control— Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control— Integrated Framework issued by COSO. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021, and our report dated March 1, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. Basis for opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of transactions are recorded as necessary to permit financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and preparation of expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that the assets of Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP Jacksonville, Florida March 1, 2022 F-5 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income For the Years Ended December 31, (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) Net Sales ......................................................................................................... $ 2021 1,407,558 $ 2020 1,343,834 $ 2019 1,430,948 Cost of Sales ................................................................................................... Gross Margin ................................................................................................. (1,332,836) 74,722 (1,280,405) 63,429 (1,377,483) 53,465 Selling, general and administrative expenses ............................................... Foreign exchange gains (losses) .................................................................. Other operating expense, net (Note 18)........................................................ Operating Loss............................................................................................... Interest expense ............................................................................................ Interest income (loss) and other, net............................................................. Other components of net periodic benefit income (expense) ....................... Unrealized loss on GreenFirst equity securities ........................................... Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment .............................................................. Loss from Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes .......................... Income tax benefit (Note 19)........................................................................ Equity in loss of equity method investment .................................................. Loss from Continuing Operations .............................................................. Income from discontinued operations (Note 3)............................................. Net Income (Loss) Attributable to the Company ....................................... Mandatory convertible stock dividends......................................................... Net Income (Loss) Available to Common Stockholders ............................ $ Basic Earnings (Loss) Per Share of Common Stock (Note 15) Loss from continuing operations .................................................................. $ Income from discontinued operations ......................................................... Net income (loss) per common share-basic.................................................. $ Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Share of Common Stock (Note 15) Loss from continuing operations ................................................................. $ Income from discontinued operations ......................................................... Net income (loss) per common share-diluted .............................................. $ Comprehensive Income: Net Income (Loss).......................................................................................... $ Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax (Note 14) (75,789) 875 (10,253) (10,445) (66,394) 785 (4,337) (3,597) 1,116 (82,872) 34,688 (1,585) (49,769) 116,183 66,414 — 66,414 $ (0.78) $ 1.83 1.05 $ (0.78) $ 1.83 1.05 $ (77,942) (5,677) (10,175) (30,365) (55,517) (7,064) 2,559 — (7,841) (98,228) 60,890 (731) (38,069) 38,624 555 — 555 $ (0.60) $ 0.61 0.01 $ (0.60) $ 0.61 0.01 $ (80,775) (3,209) (21,964) (52,483) (52,001) 175 (24) — — (104,333) 20,386 — (83,947) 61,497 (22,450) (8,582) (31,032) (1.70) 1.13 (0.57) (1.70) 1.13 (0.57) 66,414 $ 555 $ (22,450) Foreign currency translation adjustments..................................................... Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments ......................................... Net gain (loss) from pension and postretirement plans ................................ Total other comprehensive income (loss) ................................................ Comprehensive Income (Loss) .................................................................... $ (17,919) (2,681) 69,765 49,165 115,579 $ 25,024 544 (19,976) 5,592 6,147 $ (5,394) 12,912 8,952 16,470 (5,980) See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F-6 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets As of December 31, (Dollars in thousands, except common share amounts) Assets 2021 2020 Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net (Note 5) Inventory (Note 6) Prepaid and other current assets Investment in GreenFirst equity securities (Note 3) Income tax receivable (Note 19) Assets of discontinued operations-held for sale (Note 3) Total current assets Property, Plant and Equipment, Net (Note 7) Deferred Tax Assets (Note 19) Intangible Assets, Net Other Assets Assets of discontinued operations- held for sale (Note 3) Total Assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current Liabilities Accounts payable Accrued and other current liabilities (Note 8) Debt due within one year (Note 9) Current environmental liabilities (Note 10) Liabilities of discontinued operations- held for sale (Note 3) Total current liabilities Long-Term Debt (Note 9) Non-Current Environmental Liabilities (Note 10) Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits (Note 17) Deferred Tax Liabilities (Note 19) Other Non-Current Liabilities Liabilities of discontinued operations- Held for Sale (Note 3) Commitments and Contingencies (Note 21) Stockholders’ Equity (Note 13) $ $ $ $ $ $ 253,307 181,604 230,691 50,597 38,510 21,411 — 776,120 1,146,162 335,119 31,432 156,191 — 2,445,024 169,456 136,124 37,680 11,303 — 354,563 891,031 159,919 170,317 20,485 34,366 — 93,653 179,208 170,647 58,845 — 58,657 72,562 633,572 1,177,791 382,959 38,441 156,399 140,703 2,529,865 156,721 109,715 17,100 8,684 780 293,000 1,066,837 162,995 249,847 24,462 25,824 11,814 Common stock, 140,000,000 shares authorized at $0.01 par value, 63,738,409 and 63,359,839 issued and outstanding, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 14) Total Stockholders’ Equity Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 637 408,834 489,342 (84,470) 814,343 2,445,024 $ 633 405,161 422,928 (133,635) 695,087 2,529,865 $ F-7 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended December 31, (Dollars in thousands) Operating Activities Net income (loss) ................................................................................................ $ Income from discontinued operations Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization.......................................................................... Stock-based incentive compensation expense.................................................. Amortization of capitalized debt costs and debt discount ................................ Deferred income tax (benefit) expense............................................................. Increase in environmental liabilities................................................................. Unrealized loss on GreenFirst equity securities ............................................... Loss (gain) on debt extinguishment.................................................................. Net periodic benefit cost of pension and postretirement plans......................... Loss from sale/disposal of property, plant and equipment............................... Loss (gain) on foreign currency exchange ....................................................... Other ................................................................................................................. Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Receivables....................................................................................................... Inventories ........................................................................................................ Income tax receivables ..................................................................................... Accounts payable.............................................................................................. Accrued liabilities............................................................................................. All other operating activities ............................................................................ Payments for pension and other postretirement benefit plans............................. Expenditures for environmental liabilities .......................................................... Cash provided by operating activities-continuing operations ................... Cash provided by operating activities-discontinued operations ................ Cash Provided by Operating Activities Investing Activities Capital expenditures ............................................................................................ Proceeds from sale of assets................................................................................ Investment in equity method investment............................................................. Cash used for investing activities-continuing operations ........................... Cash provided by (used for) investing activities-discontinued operations Cash (Used for) Provided by Investing Activities Financing Activities Issuance of long-term debt .................................................................................. Revolving credit facility and other borrowings................................................... Repayments of revolving credit facility and other borrowings........................... Repayment of debt long-term debt...................................................................... Short-term financing, net..................................................................................... Dividends paid on common stock ....................................................................... Dividends paid on preferred stock....................................................................... Repurchase of common stock.............................................................................. Debt issuance costs.............................................................................................. Cash Used for Financing Activities............................................................... Change in cash and cash equivalents............................................................... Net effect of foreign exchange on cash and cash equivalents............................. Balance, beginning of year.................................................................................. Balance, end of year ............................................................................................ $ 2021 2020 2019 66,414 (116,183) $ 555 (38,624) $ (22,450) (61,497) 138,299 5,099 3,802 (37,094) 6,099 3,597 (1,866) 16,095 1,010 3,978 (3,690) (11,518) (58,310) 32,915 7,376 23,900 8,871 (8,552) (6,556) 73,686 159,538 233,224 (95,238) 2,021 (4,142) (97,359) 182,750 85,391 4,393 — — (161,025) 2,028 — — (1,422) (636) (156,662) 161,953 (2,299) 93,653 253,307 138,371 6,432 2,198 (12,243) 5,381 — 7,841 7,659 481 8,646 3,837 4,539 15,168 (52,568) (5,715) 9,128 (31,839) (9,654) (5,308) 54,285 70,185 124,470 (63,308) 1,440 (4,426) (66,294) (11,527) (77,821) 500,000 29,043 (30,328) (498,875) 5,044 — — (457) (23,817) (19,390) 27,259 2,369 64,025 93,653 $ $ 142,152 6,452 1,789 (16,262) 16,384 — — 10,001 1,319 7,083 (3,359) 14,443 47,768 (6,175) (25,262) (21,283) (14,640) (11,592) (6,444) 58,427 (16,523) 41,904 (90,497) 2,627 — (87,870) 140,372 52,502 — 91,158 (86,000) (114,331) — (8,569) (10,350) (6,878) (3,514) (138,484) (44,078) (863) 108,966 64,025 See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. F-8 Table of Contents Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Dollar amounts in thousands unless otherwise stated) 1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation Nature of Operations Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. (“the Company”) is a leading manufacturer of high purity cellulose products, paperboard and pulp products. The Company operates in the following business segments: High Purity Cellulose The Company, through its four production facilities located in the United States (“U.S.”), Canada and France, manufactures and markets high purity cellulose, which is sold as either cellulose specialties or commodity products. Cellulose specialties are primarily used in dissolving chemical applications that require a highly purified form of cellulose. Commodity products are used for commodity viscose and absorbent materials applications. Commodity viscose is a raw material required for the manufacture of viscose staple fibers which are used in woven and non-woven applications. Absorbent materials, typically referred to as fluff fibers, are used as an absorbent medium in consumer products. Sales of resins, chemicals, and energy, a majority of which are by-products of the manufacturing process, are included in the high purity cellulose segment. Paperboard The Company, through its production facility in Canada, manufactures and markets paperboard products. Paperboard is used for packaging, printing documents, brochures, promotional materials, paperback book or catalog covers, file folders, tags and tickets. High-Yield Pulp The Company, through its production facility in Canada, manufactures and markets high-yield pulp. High-yield pulp is used by paper manufacturers to produce paperboard, packaging, printer and writing papers and a variety of other paper products. Basis of Presentation Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company and its wholly owned, majority owned and controlled subsidiaries. The Company applies the equity method of accounting for investments in which it has an ownership interest from 20 percent to 50 percent or exercises significant influence over the related investee’s operations. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Discontinued Operations As a result of the sale of its lumber and newsprint assets and the Matane, Quebec, Canada high-yield pulp mill, the Company has reclassified certain prior year amounts to conform to the current year’s presentation for discontinued operations. Unless otherwise stated, information in these notes to consolidated financial statements relates to continuing operations. The Company presents businesses that represent components as discontinued operations when they meet the criteria for held for sale or are sold, and their disposal represents a strategic shift that has, or will have, a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. See Note 3 - Discontinued Operations for additional information. Reclassifications Certain amounts in prior periods have been reclassified to conform with current period presentation. F-9 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Fiscal Year The Company’s fiscal year end is the last day of the calendar year. For interim reporting periods, the Company uses the last Saturday of the fiscal quarter. Coronavirus Pandemic The Company’s businesses have been impacted by the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic. However, due to the role they play in producing critical raw materials for pharmaceutical, food, cleaning and other products, the Company’s manufacturing facilities in the U.S., Canada and France have remained operating. In order to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on its financial results and operations, the Company has implemented and maintained protocols to reduce the potential spread of COVID-19 in its operating facilities and work spaces. Subsequent Events Events and transactions subsequent to the balance sheet date have been evaluated for potential recognition and disclosure through March 1, 2022, the date these financial statements were issued. There were no subsequent events warranting disclosure. 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Pronouncements Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and to disclose contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. There are risks inherent in using estimates and therefore, actual results could differ from those estimates. Translation of Foreign Currency Assets and liabilities of consolidated subsidiaries whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars using currency exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated using the average currency exchange rates during the period. Foreign currency translation gains and losses are reported as a component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (“AOCI”). Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in operating results as incurred. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include time deposits and other investments that are highly liquid with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Expected Credit Losses Trade accounts receivable are stated at the net amount expected to be collected. All customers are granted credit on a short-term basis and related credit risks are considered minimal. The Company maintains an allowance for expected credit losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company's allowance is established based on historical patterns of accounts receivable collections and expected losses, including consideration of general economic conditions. Outstanding accounts receivable balances are reviewed quarterly or more frequently when circumstances indicate a review is warranted, for example if there is a significant change in the aging of the Company’s receivables or a customer’s financial condition. Write-offs are recorded at the time a customer receivable is deemed uncollectible and collection efforts have been exhausted. Inventory Finished goods, work-in-process and raw materials inventories are valued at the lower of cost, as determined on the first-in, Inventory costs first-out basis, or net realizable value. Manufacturing and maintenance supplies are valued at average cost. include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. The need for a provision for estimated losses from obsolete, excess or slow-moving inventories is reviewed periodically. F-10 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Property, Plant, Equipment and Depreciation Property, plant and equipment additions are recorded at cost, including applicable freight, interest, construction and installation costs. High Purity Cellulose, Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp production related plant and equipment are depreciated using the units-of-production method. The total units of production used to calculate depreciation expense is determined by factoring annual production days, based on normal production conditions, by the economic useful life of the asset involved. Production related assets under finance leases are depreciated using the straight-line method over the related lease term. The Company depreciates its non-production assets, including office, lab and transportation equipment, using the straight-line depreciation method over 3 to 25 years. Buildings and land improvements are depreciated using the straight-line method over 15 to 35 years and 5 to 30 years, respectively. Depreciation expense reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income was $125 million, $124 million and $126 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Gains and losses on the retirement of assets are included in operating income. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets that are held and used is measured by net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the assets, which is based on a discounted cash flows model. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Asset Retirement Obligations The Company is obligated to close out its operating sites' landfills in accordance with certain legal requirements and records a liability for these obligations when the fair value can be reasonably estimated. In connection with these obligations, asset retirement liabilities are initially estimated and recorded based on discounted expected cash flows with a corresponding asset, capitalized as part of the related long-lived asset. Initial cost estimates are updated whenever events and circumstances indicate a new estimate is more appropriate. The asset is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the remaining useful life of the related asset. Accretion expense in connection with the discounted liability is also recognized over the same time period. As of December 31, 2021, and 2020, the Company had accrued $8 million and $2 million in long term liabilities, respectively, for asset retirement obligations. Related depreciation and accretion expenses are included in other operating expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 the accretion related to asset retirement obligations was immaterial. Capitalized Software The Company capitalizes certain costs in connection with obtaining software for internal use. These costs are generally amortized over a period of 5 years, once the assets are ready for their intended use. Amortization expense for software is recorded in Cost of Sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income was $7 million, $6 million and $3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Maintenance Costs The Company performs scheduled inspections, repairs and maintenance of plant machinery and equipment at the Company’s High Purity Cellulose, Paperboard and High-Yield Pulp manufacturing facilities during a full plant shutdown. Costs associated with these planned outage periods are referred to as shutdown costs and are incurred to ensure the long-term reliability and safety of the manufacturing operations. Shutdown costs are accounted for using the deferral method, under which expenditures related to shutdown are capitalized in other assets when incurred and amortized to production costs on a straight- line basis over the period benefited, or the period of time until the next scheduled shutdown which can generally range from one year to eighteen months. Shutdown costs are classified as operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020 the Company had $19 million and $26 million, respectively, in shut down costs capitalized in other current assets. Emissions Allowances The Company is subject to numerous international, federal and state-level rules, initiatives, and proposals to address domestic and global climate issues, including those governing emissions. In order to comply with certain of these regulations and ordinances, the Company is allotted certain allowances or credits (“emissions allowances”) by governing authorities to offset the obligations created by the Company’s operations. There is no value assigned to the government allotted emissions allowances recorded on the balance sheet. Income or expense from the sale or purchase of emission allowances are recognized within cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. F-11 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Research and Development Expenses Research and development capabilities and activities are primarily focused on the High Purity Cellulose segment. These efforts are directed at further developing products and technologies, improving the quality of cellulose fiber grades, improving manufacturing efficiency and environmental controls and reducing fossil fuel consumption. Research and development expenses were $7 million, $7 million and $6 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Intangible Assets The Company has definite-life intangible assets which it acquired through a business combination. The definite-life intangible assets consist of customer lists and trade-names and are amortized over their estimated useful lives generally for periods ranging from 8 to 15 years. The Company evaluates the recovery of its definite-life intangible assets by comparing the net carrying value of the asset group to the undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated from the use and eventual disposition of that asset group when events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of the asset group is not recoverable, the fair value of the asset group is measured, and, if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. The Company’s definite-lived intangible assets are summarized as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2021 Customer Lists Trade Names Total Definite-Lived Intangibles Customer Lists Trade Names Total Definite-Lived Intangibles Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Weighted-Average Remaining Life 51,680 $ 8,604 60,284 $ (26,481) $ (2,371) (28,852) $ 25,199 6,233 31,432 3.9 years 10.9 years 5.3 years December 31, 2020 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount Weighted-Average Remaining Life 51,680 $ 8,604 60,284 $ (20,047) $ (1,796) (21,843) $ 31,633 6,808 38,441 4.9 years 11.9 years 6.2 years $ $ $ $ Total amortization expense related to definite-lived assets was $7 million, $7 million and $7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The following table outlines the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets held as of December 31, 2021: 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total Equity Method Investments Anomera, Inc. December 31, 2021 $ $ 7,009 7,009 7,009 6,473 576 3,356 31,432 The Company is an investor in Anomera, Inc. (“Anomera”), a Canadian start-up corporation headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. Anomera manufactures Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC), a patented, biodegradable product, with uses in F-12 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) the cosmetics industry and various other industrial applications, including concrete, inks and pigments, polymer composites, coatings and adhesives industries. Anomera has a product development lab in Mississauga, Ontario and is constructing a pilot production facility on the Company’s Temiscaming site. In exchange for voting and non-voting interests, the Company has invested a total of $11 million in Anomera through December 31, 2021, and expects to make additional investments at various times over the next five years. The Company and Anomera entered into various service, leasing and supply agreements to support Anomera’s operations which began in 2021. The Company has a 44 percent voting interest in Anomera and is able to exercise significant influence, but not control, as it does not have the ability to direct the decisions that most significantly impact its economic performance. The Company has previously evaluated this investment and concluded it is not a variable interest entity. Further, no events or circumstances have indicated a reassessment of this conclusion. The Company accounts for this investment under the equity method of accounting and records its share of net earnings and losses on the investment in the “Income (loss) from equity method investee, net of tax” in the line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded a loss of $2 million and $1 million, respectively, from its equity investment in Anomera. There are no financing agreements at Anomera for which the Company is liable. LignoTech Florida LLC The Company holds a 45 percent interest in LignoTech Florida LLC (“LTF”), a joint venture accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Borregaard, a public company in Norway traded on the Oslo Exchange, owns the remaining 55 percent interest. LTF purchases sulfite liquor from the Company’s Fernandina Beach, Florida plant and converts it to purified lignins and ligno-sulfonates which are used in concrete, textile dyes, pesticides, batteries and other products. The Company recorded $14 million and $7 million of lignin sales to the LTF joint venture during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company records its share of net earnings and losses on the investment in the “Other operating expense, net” line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. During each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded losses of $2 million, $4 million and $5 million, respectively, from its equity investment in LTF. See Note 18 — Other Operating Expense, Net for further discussion. The Company is liable for certain financing agreements related to the entity. See Note 21 — Commitments and Contingencies for further discussion. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value was established as follows: Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 — Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flows methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs. Derivative Instruments Derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value and are classified according to their asset or liability position and the expected timing of settlement. Changes in the fair values of derivatives are recorded in net earnings or other comprehensive income based on whether the instrument is designated and effective as a hedge transaction and, if so, the type of hedge transaction. Gains or losses on derivative instruments reported in AOCI are reclassified to earnings in the period the hedged item affects earnings. If the underlying hedged transaction ceases to exist, any associated amounts reported in AOCI are reclassified to earnings at that time. Any ineffectiveness is recognized in earnings in the current period. Revenue Recognition and Measurement The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The core principle of ASC 606 is that a company should recognize revenue when it transfers control of goods or services to customers F-13 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) for an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied. The majority of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation to transfer products. Accordingly, it recognizes revenue when control has been transferred to the customer. Generally, control passes upon delivery to a location in accordance with terms and conditions of the sale. Changes in customer contract terms and conditions, as well as the timing of orders and shipments, may have an impact on the timing of revenue recognition. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring its products and is generally based upon contractual arrangements with customers or published indices. The Company sells its products both directly to customers and through distributors and agents typically under agreements with payment terms less than 90 days. The Company elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the goods. As such, shipping and handling costs incurred are recorded in cost of sales. In addition, the Company has excluded from net sales any value-add, sales and other taxes which are collected concurrent with its revenue-producing activities. The nature of the Company’s contracts may give rise to variable consideration, which may be constrained, including sales volume-based rebates to customers. The Company estimates the level of sales volumes based on anticipated purchases at the beginning of the period and records a rebate accrual for each purchase toward the requisite rebate volume. These estimated rebates are included in the transaction price as a reduction to net sales. The Company has certain contracts which contain performance obligations which are not significant in the context of the contract with the customer and have elected not to assess whether these promised goods or services are performance obligations. Contract liabilities primarily relate to prepayments received from the Company’s customers before revenue is recognized and sales volume rebates payable to customers. These amounts are included in accrued customer incentives and prepayments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets (see Note 8 — Accrued and Other Current Liabilities). The Company does not have any material contract assets as of December 31, 2021 or 2020. These methodologies are consistent with the manner in which the Company has historically accounted for the recognition of revenue. Environmental Costs The Company has established liabilities to assess, remediate, maintain and monitor sites related to disposed operations from which no current or future benefit is discernible. These obligations are established based on projected spending over the next 20 years and require significant estimates to determine the proper amount at any point in time. The projected period, from 2022 through 2042, reflects the time during which potential future costs are both estimable and probable. As new information becomes available, these cost estimates are updated and the recorded liabilities are adjusted appropriately. Environmental liabilities are accounted for on an undiscounted basis and are reflected in current and non-current liabilities for disposed operations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Employee Benefit Plans The determination of expense and funding requirements for the Company’s defined benefit pension and postretirement health care and life insurance plans are largely based on a number of actuarial assumptions. The key assumptions include discount rate, return on assets, salary increases, health care cost trends, mortality rates, longevity and service lives of employees. The components of periodic pension and post retirement costs, other than service costs, are presented separately outside of operating income in Other components of net periodic benefit income (expense) on the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is presented in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expense, which correlates with the related employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Only the service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost is eligible for capitalization in assets. Changes in the funded status of the Company’s plans are recorded through comprehensive income in the year in which the changes occur. Actuarial gains and losses, which occur when actual experience differs from actuarial assumptions, are reflected in stockholders’ equity, net of taxes. If actuarial gains and losses exceed ten percent of the greater of plan assets or plan liabilities, the Company will amortize them over the average future service period of employees. F-14 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Income Taxes The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured pursuant to tax laws using rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not such deferred tax assets will not be realized. Interest expense and penalties, if applicable, related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded in income tax expense. The Company’s income tax returns are subject to audit by U.S. federal and state taxing authorities as well as foreign jurisdictions, including Canada and France. In evaluating the tax benefits associated with various tax filing positions, the Company records a tax benefit for an uncertain tax position if it is more-likely-than-not to be realized upon ultimate settlement of the issue. The Company records a liability for an uncertain tax position that does not meet this criterion. The Company adjusts its liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits in the period in which it is determined the issue is settled with the taxing authorities, the statute of limitations expires for the relevant taxing authority to examine the tax position or when new facts or information becomes available. New and Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In November 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2021-10 (ASU 2021-10), Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, which requires business entities to provide certain disclosures when they have received government assistance and use a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy to other accounting guidance. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the new guidance will have on related disclosures. 3. Discontinued Operations On August 28, 2021, the Company completed the sale of its lumber and newsprint facilities and certain related assets (the “Purchased Assets”) located in Ontario and Québec Canada, to GreenFirst Forest Products, Inc. (“GreenFirst”) for $232 million. At closing, the Company received $193 million in cash, approximately 28.7 million shares of GreenFirst’s common stock with a deemed fair value of $42 million and a credit note issued to the Company by GreenFirst in the amount of CAD $8 million (approximately USD $5 million after present value discount). The credit note may be offset against amounts owed by the Company to GreenFirst in the future for wood chip purchases, equally over the next 5 years. The GreenFirst shares will be held for a minimum of six months and accounted for at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. See Note 12 — Fair Value Measurements for additional information. The cash received at closing was preliminary and subject to final purchase price adjustments. Driven primarily by lower inventory balances, the Company previously estimated the cash portion of the purchase price to be reduced by $8 million, from $193 million to $185 million. Further, after inclusion of other adjustments resulting from events related to the sale, the Company estimated to ultimately incur a total net cash outflow of approximately $3 million to $4 million. Pursuant to the terms of the asset purchase agreement, GreenFirst and the Company have engaged a third party to assist in finalizing certain adjustments related to the inventory valuation, in the amount of $6 million, which remain unresolved. As of August 28, 2021, the carrying value of the Purchased Assets was $215 million. The Purchased Assets included six lumber facilities, a newsprint facility, inventory and certain real property, machinery, permits, leases, licenses, pension assets and liabilities and other related assets associated with the successful operations of these businesses. Other assets and liabilities, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, certain retained inventory and rights and obligations to softwood lumber duties, generated or incurred through the closing date, are excluded. Since 2017, the Company has paid a total of $112 million in duties. In connection with the sale, the Company recorded a preliminary gain on sale of $4 million, net of tax, inclusive of currently estimated purchase price adjustments. The preliminary net gain is included in the results of discontinued operations. In connection with the transaction, the Company entered into a 20-year wood chip and residual fiber supply agreement with GreenFirst, securing supply for the Company’s operations at the Temiscaming plant. Additionally, the parties entered into a Transition Services Agreement ("TSA") whereby the Company has provided certain transitional services to GreenFirst following the closing of the transaction. The TSA includes support related to information technology, accounting, treasury, F-15 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) human resources and payroll, tax, supply chain and procurement functions. Costs incurred by the Company in connection with the TSA are reimbursed by GreenFirst. The TSA is expected to be terminated in the second quarter of 2022. The lumber and newsprint assets were acquired by the Company as part of its acquisition of Tembec Inc. (“Tembec”) in November 2017 and were previously reported as part of the Company’s Forest Products and Pulp and Newsprint segments. In November 2019, the Company sold its Matane, Quebec pulp mill to Sappi Limited, a global diversified wood fiber company, for a gross purchase price of approximately $175 million. The Matane mill was acquired by the Company as part of its acquisition of Tembec and was previously reported as part of the Company’s Pulp segment. The following table presents the major classes of assets and liabilities of discontinued operations that classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2020: Inventory Prepaid and other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Other assets Total assets Accrued and other current liabilities Total current liabilities Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Other long-term liabilities Total liabilities December 31, 2020 62,837 9,725 72,562 97,151 43,552 213,265 780 780 9,316 2,498 12,594 $ $ $ $ Income (loss) from discontinued operations is comprised of the following: December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Net Sales (a) Cost of sales Gross margin Selling, general and administrative expenses and other Operating income (loss) Interest expense (b) Other non-operating income (loss) Income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes Income tax benefit (expense) Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes Gain from sale of discontinued operation, pre-tax Income tax expense on gain Gain from sale of discontinued operations, net of tax $ 442,583 $ 395,065 $ (236,670) 205,913 (27,119) 178,794 (7,294) 967 172,467 (60,400) 112,067 8,751 (4,635) 4,116 (320,710) 74,355 (16,916) 57,439 (8,698) 3,457 52,198 (14,282) 37,916 956 (248) 708 472,005 (446,599) 25,406 (36,589) (11,183) (12,222) (4,730) (28,135) 5,195 (22,940) 118,888 (34,451) 84,437 Income from Discontinued Operations $ 116,183 $ 38,624 $ 61,497 (a) Net of intercompany sales of $31 million, $44 million, $42 million for years ended 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. F-16 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (b) In connection with the sale to GreenFirst, the Company allocated interest expense to discontinued operations based on the total portion of debt not attributable to other operations repaid as a result of the transaction. The Company was required to repay $100 million of debt from proceeds received from the sale of Matane. As such, interest expense in 2019 has been allocated to discontinued operations using the weighted-average interest rates in effect for the period based on the proportionate amounts required to be repaid. Other discontinued operations information is as follows: Depreciation and amortization Capital expenditures 4. Leases December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ $ 3,172 9,607 $ $ 13,045 14,039 $ $ 12,649 17,921 The Company’s operating and finance leases are primarily for corporate offices, warehouse space, rail cars and equipment. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 14.8 years with standard renewal and termination options available at the Company’s discretion. Certain equipment leases have purchase options at the end of the term of the lease, which are not included in the right-of-use (“ROU”) assets as it is not reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments unless the lease provides an implicit or explicit interest rate. The weighted average discount rate used in determining the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was 7.6 percent and 6.0 percent, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used in determining the finance lease ROU assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was 7.0 percent. The Company’s operating and finance lease cost is as follows: Operating Leases Operating lease expense Finance Leases Amortization of ROU assets Interest Total Year Ended December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 $ $ 6,049 $ 352 163 6,564 $ 6,034 328 187 6,549 As of December 31, 2021, the weighted average remaining lease term is 5.3 years and 4.9 years for operating leases and financing leases, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the weighted average remaining lease term is 3.5 years and 5.9 years for operating leases and finance leases, respectively. Cash provided by operating activities includes approximately $6 million and $6 million from operating lease payments made during years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, assets acquired under finance leases of $2 million and $2 million, respectively, are reflected in Property, Plant and Equipment, net. The Company’s finance leases liabilities are included as debt and the maturities for the next five years and thereafter are included in Note 9 — Debt and Finance Leases. F-17 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The Company’s balance sheet includes the following operating lease assets and liabilities: Balance Sheet Classification December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Right-of-use assets Lease liabilities, current Other assets Accrued and other current liabilities Lease liabilities, non-current Other non-current liabilities $ $ $ 18,316 6,050 12,551 $ $ $ 15,847 4,886 11,974 As of December 31, 2021, operating lease maturities for 2022 through 2026 and thereafter are as follows: 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total minimum lease payments Less: imputed interest Present value of future minimum lease payments December 31, 2021 $ $ 7,173 6,111 2,564 1,601 1,005 5,335 23,789 (5,188) 18,601 5 Accounts Receivable The Company’s accounts receivable included the following for the years ended December 31: Accounts receivable, trade............................................................................................. $ Accounts receivable, other (a)....................................................................................... Allowance for expected credit losses ............................................................................ Total accounts receivable, net................................................................................... $ 2021 2020 131,371 51,007 (774) 181,604 $ $ 140,036 39,659 (487) 179,208 (a) Accounts receivable, other consists primarily of value added/consumption taxes, government grants receivable and accrued billings due from government agencies. 6. Inventory The Company’s inventory included the following for the years ended December 31: Finished goods ............................................................................................................... $ Work-in-progress ........................................................................................................... Raw materials ................................................................................................................ Manufacturing and maintenance supplies...................................................................... Total inventory .......................................................................................................... $ 175,832 $ 6,533 41,974 6,352 230,691 $ 119,549 2,242 43,697 5,159 170,647 2021 2020 F-18 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) 7. Property, Plant and Equipment The Company’s property, plant and equipment included the following as of December 31: Land and land improvements......................................................................................... $ Buildings........................................................................................................................ Machinery and equipment ............................................................................................. Other .............................................................................................................................. Construction in progress ................................................................................................ Total property, plant and equipment, gross............................................................... Accumulated depreciation ............................................................................................. Total property, plant and equipment, net .................................................................. $ 2021 2020 $ 34,831 254,929 2,435,508 4,995 58,341 2,788,604 27,794 248,934 2,420,734 4,959 53,510 2,755,931 (1,642,442) 1,146,162 $ (1,578,140) 1,177,791 8. Accrued and Other Current Liabilities The Company’s accrued and other current liabilities included the following as of December 31: Accrued customer incentives and prepayments Accrued payroll and benefits $ Accrued interest Accrued income taxes Accrued property and other taxes Accrued stumpage Deferred revenue (a) Other current liabilities 2021 2020 $ 28,793 13,363 19,153 9,210 4,074 — 20,451 41,080 29,387 21,500 3,230 5,052 3,995 10,045 721 35,785 Total accrued and other current liabilities $ 136,124 $ 109,715 (a) In January 2021, the Company's Canadian subsidiaries applied for the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (“CEWS”) in the amount of CAD $25 million (approximately $20 million) for periods between March 2020 and August 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had received the full amount. All CEWS claims are subject to mandatory audit. The Company will recognize amounts from these claims in income at the time that there is sufficient evidence that it will not be required to repay such amounts. F-19 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) 9. Debt and Finance Leases The Company’s debt and finance leases include the following for the years ended December 31: 2021 2020 ABL Credit Facility due 2025, $103 million available, bearing interest at 0.25% LIBOR floor plus 2.25%, interest rate of 2.50% at December 31, 2021 $ — $ Senior Secured Notes due 2026 at a fixed interest rate of 7.625%............................ Senior Notes due 2024 at a fixed interest rate of 5.50% ............................................ Canadian dollar based, fixed rate term loans with interest rates ranging from 5.50% to 6.86% and maturity dates ranging from July 2022 through April 2028..... Other loans.................................................................................................................. Short-term factoring facility-France........................................................................... Finance lease obligations............................................................................................ Total principal payments due ........................................................................................ Less: debt premium, original issue discount and issuance costs............................... Total debt....................................................................................................................... Less: debt due within one year.................................................................................. Long-term debt .............................................................................................................. $ 475,000 369,185 65,451 18,280 7,118 2,138 937,172 (8,461) 928,711 (37,680) 891,031 $ Debt and finance lease payments due during the next five years and thereafter are as follows: — 500,000 495,647 73,791 18,193 5,089 2,489 1,095,209 (11,272) 1,083,937 (17,100) 1,066,837 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Thereafter Total payments Asset Backed Loan due 2025 Finance Lease Minimum Lease Payments Less: Interest Net Present Value Debt Principal Payments $ 515 515 515 515 472 — $ $ 138 110 81 50 15 — $ 377 405 434 465 457 — 37,302 10,298 379,974 10,829 485,170 11,462 $ 2,532 $ 394 $ 2,138 $ 935,035 On December 23, 2020, the Company entered into a 5-year senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility with an initial committed amount of $200 million (the “ABL Credit Facility”). The outstanding letters of credit issued thereunder were reissued under the ABL Credit Facility. The ABL Credit Facility is secured by certain U.S. and Canadian assets, including a first priority lien on inventory, accounts receivable and bank accounts. The ABL Credit Facility also is secured by second priority lien on certain of the assets securing the Senior Secured Notes. Availability under the ABL Credit Facility fluctuates based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory levels. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $143 million of gross availability under the ABL Credit Facility and net available borrowings of $103 million taking into account $40 million used to secure outstanding letters of credit. Additionally. the Company is subject to cash dominion if availability falls below a certain threshold, currently $25 million. In connection with entering into this agreement, the Company incurred and capitalized fees totaling $9 million. The credit agreement governing the ABL Credit Facility does not contain an ongoing financial maintenance covenant. However, the agreement requires the Company to meet a fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.0 if availability falls below a certain threshold, currently $40 million. The agreement also contains various customary covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries, as defined by the ABL Credit Facility, to take certain specified actions, subject to certain exceptions, including: creating liens; incurring indebtedness; making investments and acquisitions; engaging F-20 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) including dividends and in mergers and other fundamental changes; making dispositions; making restricted payments, distributions; and consummating transactions with affiliates. Additionally, the ABL Credit Facility contains customary affirmative covenants and customary events of default (subject, in certain cases, to customary grace or cure periods), including, without limitation, payment defaults, breach of covenant defaults, bankruptcy defaults, judgment defaults, defaults under certain other indebtedness and changes in control. At December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the ABL Credit Facility. 7.625% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 On December 23, 2020, the Company issued $500 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.625 percent senior secured notes due 2026 (the “Senior Secured Notes”), at an offering price of 100 percent of the principal amount thereof. The Company used the net proceeds from the sale of the Senior Secured Notes, together with cash on hand, to repay all outstanding In connection with this issuance, the Company incurred and obligations under its previous Senior Secured Credit Facility. capitalized fees totaling $10 million. The Senior Secured Notes were issued and sold in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and non-U.S. persons pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. The lenders under the Senior Secured Notes have a first priority security interest in substantially all of the Company’s current and future U.S. and Canadian material assets. The ABL Credit Facility is also secured by certain U.S. and Canadian assets, including a first priority lien on inventory, accounts receivable and bank accounts, while the Senior Secured Notes will have second priority liens on certain of the assets securing the ABL Credit Facility. In connection with the early repayment of the outstanding obligations of the previous Senior Secured Credit Facility, during fiscal year 2020, the Company recorded a loss from early extinguishment of long-term debt of $8 million, primarily from writing off unamortized deferred financing fees. During the third quarter of 2021, pursuant to a notice previously provided to the trustee under the indenture governing its 7.625% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 , the Company redeemed $25 million of the Secured Notes at a redemption price of 103 percent. In connection with the repurchases, a net loss of $1 million is recorded in the Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The indenture governing the Senior Secured Notes contains various customary covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries, as defined by the Senior Secured, to take certain specified actions, subject to certain exceptions, including: creating liens; incurring indebtedness; making investments and acquisitions; engaging in mergers and other fundamental changes; making dispositions; making restricted payments, including dividends and distributions; and consummating transactions with affiliates. Additionally, the Senior Secured Notes contain customary affirmative covenants and customary events of default (subject, in certain cases, to customary grace or cure periods), including, without limitation, payment defaults, breach of covenant defaults, bankruptcy defaults, judgment defaults, defaults under certain other indebtedness and changes in control. At December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Senior Secured Notes. 5.50% Senior Notes due 2024 On May 22, 2014, the Company issued $550 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.50 percent senior notes due 2024 (the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes were issued and sold in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and non-U.S. persons pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. During the third quarter of fiscal 2021, the Company repurchased approximately $127 million of the Senior Notes through open-market transactions and retired them for approximately $124 million in cash. In connection with the retirement of these Senior Notes, the Company recorded a net gain of $2 million including the impact of $1 million of deferred financing fees in Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment in the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. The indenture governing the Senior Notes contains various customary covenants that limit the ability of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries, as defined by the Senior Notes, to take certain specified actions, subject to certain exceptions, incurring indebtedness; making investments and acquisitions; engaging in mergers and other including: creating liens; fundamental changes; making dispositions; making restricted payments, including dividends and distributions; and consummating transactions with affiliates. Additionally, the Senior Notes contain customary affirmative covenants and F-21 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) customary events of default (subject, in certain cases, to customary grace or cure periods), including, without limitation, payment defaults, breach of covenant defaults, bankruptcy defaults, judgment defaults, defaults under certain other indebtedness and changes in control. At December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Senior Notes. Senior Secured Credit Facility In December 2020, all outstanding liabilities under the Senior Secured Credit Facility were paid in full and the related agreements terminated. The terminated senior secured credit facilities (collectively, the “ Prior Credit Facility”) consisted of a $230 million senior secured term loan and a multi-currency revolving credit facility in a U.S. Dollar equivalent amount of $150 million. The lenders under the Credit Facilities had a first priority security interest in substantially all the Company’s current and future U.S. and Canadian material assets. Through its termination in December 2020, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Prior Credit Facility. Short-term Factoring Facility-France The Company’s subsidiary in France entered into a factoring agreement with BNP-Paribas Factor ("BNP") pursuant to which it submits the value of eligible receivables up to USD $3 million and €24 million for immediate payment. Eligibility of receivables is based on invoices issued to the Company’s subsidiary from customers previously approved by BNP. Upon collection of these receivables, on average no longer than 60 days, amounts outstanding under this agreement are paid off. The Company pays interest on a monthly basis for these borrowings based on the value of factored invoices at Euribor 3-month rate (with floor at zero) plus 0.55 percent. The weighted-average interest rate on total short-term borrowings associated with this agreement at December 31, 2021 was 0.55 percent as Euribor 3-month rate was negative for the period. Other Loans The Company has various other fixed rate loans with financial institutions primarily related to energy projects in France. There was $18 million outstanding on these loans as of December 31, 2021 at a weighted average interest rate of 1.11 percent. As of December 31, 2020, there was $18 million outstanding on these loans at weighted average interest rate of 1.36 percent. 10. Environmental Liabilities The Company’s environmental liabilities relate to sawmills, pulp, paper and wood treating plants which have ceased operations other than environmental investigation and remediation activities. The Company owns or has liability for approximately twenty sites that are subject to various federal, state or provincial statutes, including but not limited to, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”) and the Environmental Protection Act in the United States, and similar laws in Canada and France, related to the investigation and remediation of environmentally-impacted sites. The Company estimates its environmental liabilities based on its current interpretation of environmental laws and regulations when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of such liability is estimable. The Company calculates estimates based on a number of factors, including the application and interpretation of current environmental laws, regulations and other requirements; reports and advice of internal and third-party environmental specialists; and management’s knowledge and experience with these and similar types of environmental matters. These estimates include potential costs for investigation, assessment, remediation, ongoing operation and maintenance (where applicable), and post-remediation monitoring of the sites, as well as the cost of legally-required financial assurance relating to the Company’s obligations on an undiscounted basis, generally for a period of 20 years. These environmental liabilities do not include potential third-party recoveries to which the Company may be entitled unless they are probable and estimable. F-22 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The following table provides detail for specific sites where current estimates exceed 10 percent of the total liabilities for disposed operations at December 31, 2021, 2020, or 2019. An analysis of the activity of the liabilities for disposed operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows: December 31, 2019 Liability Payments Increase (Decrease) to Liabilities (a) December 31, 2020 Liability Payments Increase (Decrease) to Liabilities (a) 54,440 $ (1,447) $ 1,011 $ 54,004 $ (1,563) $ Port Angeles, Washington ........... $ Augusta, Georgia ......................... Baldwin, Florida .......................... East Point, Georgia ...................... All other sites ................................... 21,547 17,177 15,135 63,077 (514) (55) (957) (2,335) Total .............................................. 171,376 $ (5,308) $ 62 (700) 2,724 2,514 5,611 21,095 16,422 16,902 63,256 (877) (429) (887) (2,800) 171,679 $ (6,556) $ Less: Current portion ................... (11,339) Non-Current portion..................... $ 160,037 (8,684) $ 162,995 December 31, 2021 Liability $ 52,564 21,120 16,362 17,259 63,917 171,222 (11,303) $ 159,919 123 902 369 1,244 3,461 6,099 (a) Included in the Increase (Decrease) to Liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2020 is $1 million increase of the liability due to foreign currency fluctuations. The liability as of December 31, 2021 did not have a significant impact from foreign currency fluctuations. A brief description of the above identified sites is as follows: Port Angeles, Washington — The Company operated a pulp mill at this site from 1930 until 1997. The site and the adjacent marine areas (a portion of Port Angeles harbor) have been in various stages of the assessment process under the Washington Model Toxics Control Act (“MTCA”) since 2000, and several voluntary interim soil clean-up actions have been performed during this time. In addition, the Company may be liable under CERCLA for “natural resource damages” caused by releases from the site. As a result of an agreed order with the Washington State Department of Ecology (“Ecology”), the remainder of the MTCA regulatory process will be completed on a set timetable, subject to approval of all reports and studies by Ecology. Upon completion of all work required under the agreed order and negotiation of an approved remedy, additional remedial measures for the site and off-site areas may be necessary and, as a result, current cost estimates and the corresponding liability could change. During 2021, the estimated liability decreased $1 million due to spend in the current year. During 2020, the estimated liability decreased slightly as changes in the remediation costs were partly offset by an increase in the reserve. Augusta, Georgia — The Company operated a wood treatment plant at this site from 1928 to 1988. This site operates under a 10-year hazardous waste permit renewed and issued pursuant to RCRA in 2015. Ongoing remediation activities currently consist primarily of groundwater recovery and treatment. Current cost estimates and the corresponding liability could vary if recovery or discharge volumes change or if changes to current remediation activities are required in the future. During 2021 and 2020, the estimated liability remained relatively flat, due to payments offset by the estimated changes in the estimated costs related to the site’s operation and maintenance. Baldwin, Florida — The Company operated a wood treatment plant at this site from 1954 to 1987. This site operates under a 10-year hazardous waste permit renewed and issued pursuant to RCRA in 2017. Ongoing remediation activities currently consist primarily of groundwater recovery and treatment. Additional remedial activities may be necessary in the future and, therefore, current cost estimates and the corresponding liability could change. During 2021, the reserve remained flat as payments during the year were essentially offset by an increase in the remediation cost estimates. During 2020, the reserve decreased $1 million primarily from a favorable change in the estimated costs expected for the site. East Point, Georgia - The Company operated a wood treatment plant at this site from 1920 to 1984. Current site activities are governed by a 2009 Consent Order that will conclude with a new 10-year RCRA permit, which will replace the current 1996 permit. Onsite remediation activities consist primarily of groundwater recovery and treatment. Current cost estimates and the corresponding liability could vary if changes to current remediation activities are required in the future. During 2021, the reserve remained relatively flat with payments offsetting an increase in the estimated costs. During 2020, the reserve increased by $2 million due to changes in estimates related to the remediation activities. In addition to the estimated liabilities, the Company is subject to the risk of reasonably possible additional liabilities in excess of the established liabilities due to potential changes in circumstances and future events, including, without limitation, changes to current laws and regulations; changes in governmental agency personnel, direction, philosophy or enforcement F-23 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) increases in the cost of remediation, operation, maintenance and policies; developments in remediation technologies; monitoring of its disposed operations sites and providing financial assurance relating thereto; changes in the volume, nature or extent of contamination to be remediated or monitoring to be undertaken; the outcome of negotiations with governmental agencies or non-governmental parties; and changes in accounting rules or interpretations. Based on information available as of December 31, 2021, the Company estimates this exposure could range up to approximately $86 million, although no assurances can be given that this amount will not be exceeded given the factors described above. These potential additional costs are attributable to several of the above sites and other applicable liabilities. This estimate excludes liabilities which would otherwise be considered reasonably possible but for the fact that they are not currently estimable primarily due to the factors discussed above. Subject to the previous paragraph, the Company believes its estimates of liabilities are sufficient for probable costs expected to be incurred over the next 20 years with respect to its disposed operations. However, no assurances are given these estimates of liabilities will be sufficient for the reasons described above, and additional liabilities could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. 11. Derivative Instruments The Company’s earnings and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. The Company allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate exposure but does not allow derivatives to be used for speculative purposes. In December 2020, the Company terminated all outstanding derivative instruments, which had been previously designated as hedging instruments and had various maturity dates through 2028. Accumulated gains and losses associated with these instruments were deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), to be recognized in earnings as the underlying hedged transactions occur and affect earnings. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized after-tax gains of $2.7 million associated with the deferred component in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to these settlements. A $0.8 million net after-tax loss remains deferred within AOCI as of December 31, 2021, which will be recognized in earnings as the underlying hedged transactions occur and affect earnings. Interest Rate Risk The Company’s current debt obligations are primarily fixed and therefore not materially exposed to variability in interest payments due to changes in interest rates. The Company previously entered into interest rate swap agreements to reduce the volatility of interest expense, achieve a desired proportion of fixed-rate versus floating-rate debt and to hedge the variability in cash flows attributable to interest rate risks caused by changes in the LIBOR benchmark. The Company had designated the swaps as cash flow hedges and assesses their effectiveness using the hypothetical derivative method in conjunction with regression. Effective gains and losses deferred to AOCI are reclassified into earnings over the life of the associated hedge. Ineffective gains and losses are classified to earnings immediately. There was no hedge ineffectiveness during 2021 or 2020. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk Foreign currency fluctuations affect investments in foreign subsidiaries and foreign currency cash flows related to third party purchases, product shipments, and foreign-denominated debt. The Company is also exposed to the translation of foreign currency earnings to the U.S. dollar. Management may use foreign currency forward contracts to selectively hedge its foreign currency cash flows exposure and manage risk associated with changes in currency exchange rates. The Company’s principal foreign currency exposure is to the Canadian dollar, and to a lesser extent, the euro. F-24 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The effects of derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges, the related changes in AOCI and the gains and losses in income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative (Effective Portion) Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion) Gain (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income (Effective Portion) Interest rate swaps ........................................ Foreign currency contracts ........................... Foreign currency contracts ........................... Foreign currency contracts ........................... Interest rate swaps ........................................ Foreign currency contracts ........................... Foreign currency contracts ........................... Foreign currency contracts ........................... $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (2,027) $ (13,045) $ 6,481 $ (197) $ December 31, 2021 — Interest expense — Other operating expense, net 4,088 Cost of sales (397) Interest income and other, net December 31, 2020 (2,666) Interest expense 702 Other operating expense, net (6,481) Cost of sales (918) Interest income and other, net The effects of derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments on the statement of income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Foreign exchange contracts Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative Other operating expense, net December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 — $ $ (703) The after-tax amounts of unrealized gains in AOCI related to hedge derivatives at December 31, 2021 and 2020 are presented below: Unrealized gains from foreign currency cash flow hedges.......................... $ 12. Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 1,834 (847) $ The following table presents the carrying amount, estimated fair values and categorization under the fair value hierarchy for financial instruments held by the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, using market information and what management believes to be appropriate valuation methodologies discussed in further detail below: December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020 Carrying Amount Fair Value (b) Level 1 Level 2 Carrying Amount Fair Value (b) Level 1 Level 2 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents ............................. $ 253,307 Investment in GreenFirst equity securities .... 38,510 $ 253,307 $ — $ 93,653 $ 93,653 $ — 38,510 — — — — Liabilities (a): Fixed-rate long-term debt .............................. $ 919,455 $ — $ 964,308 $1,076,359 $ — $1,050,287 (a) Liabilities excludes finance lease obligation. (b) The Company did not have Level 3 assets or liabilities at December 31, 2021 and 2020. The Company uses the following methods and assumptions in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments: Cash and cash equivalents — The carrying amount is equal to fair market value. Investment in GreenFirst shares — The fair value of the shares of common stock received in connection with the sale of the lumber and newsprint assets to GreenFirst reflects a discount for lack of marketability (“DLOM”) given the restriction on sale by the Company for a minimum of six months following the close of the transaction. The primary inputs in the fair value estimate are expected term, dividend yield, volatility and risk-free rate. All inputs to the DLOM F-25 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) are observable. GreenFirst is based in Canada and currently does not pay a dividend. The following are the key inputs at each measurement date: Expected Term Risk-free rate Dividend yield Volatility DLOM At closing of transaction At period end 0.5 years 0.20 % — 92.04 % 14.38 % 0.16 years 0.10 % — 73.77 % 6.77 % Debt — The fair value of fixed rate debt is based upon quoted market prices for debt with similar terms and maturities. The variable rate debt adjusts with changes in the market rate, therefore the carrying value approximates fair value. 13. Stockholders' Equity An analysis of stockholders’ equity is shown below (share amounts not in thousands): Common Stock Preferred Stock Shares Par Value Shares Par Value Additional Paid in Capital Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Stockholders’ Equity $ 399,490 $ 462,568 $ (155,697) $ 706,871 Balance, December 31, 2018 49,291,130 $ 493 1,725,000 $ Net loss Other comprehensive income, net of tax Preferred stock converted to common — — — — — — 17 — — — — stock 13,361,678 133 (1,725,000) (17) (116) Issuance of common stock under incentive stock plans Stock-based compensation 978,091 — Repurchase of common stock (a) (494,770) Common stock dividends ($0.14 per share) Preferred stock dividends ($6.00 per share) — — Balance, December 31, 2019 63,136,129 Net income Other comprehensive income, net of tax Issuance of common stock under incentive stock plans Stock-based compensation — — 416,454 — 10 — (4) — — 632 — — 4 — Repurchase of common stock (a) (192,744) (3) Balance, December 31, 2020 63,359,839 633 Net income Other comprehensive income, net of tax Issuance of common stock under incentive stock plans Stock-based compensation — — 509,713 — — — 5 — Repurchase of common stock (a) (131,143) (1) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (10) 6,531 (6,875) — — 399,020 — — (4) 6,599 (454) 405,161 — — (5) 5,099 (1,421) (22,450) — — — — — (7,395) (10,350) 422,373 555 — — — — 422,928 66,414 — — — — — 16,470 — — — — — — (139,227) — 5,592 — — — (22,450) 16,470 — — 6,531 (6,879) (7,395) (10,350) 682,798 555 5,592 — 6,599 (457) (133,635) 695,087 — 49,165 — — — 66,414 49,165 — 5,099 (1,422) Balance, December 31, 2021 63,738,409 $ 637 — $ — $ 408,834 $ 489,342 $ (84,470) $ 814,343 (a) Repurchased to satisfy the tax withholding requirements related to the issuance of stock under the Rayonier Advanced Materials Incentive Stock Plan. F-26 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock On August 4, 2016, the Company’s 8.00% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”), at a public offering price of $100.00 per share. Net proceeds were $167 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and expenses. registered public offering of 1,725,000 shares of the Company completed a Each share of the Preferred Stock automatically converted into shares of common stock on August 15, 2019. The number of shares of common stock issuable at conversion was determined based on the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s common stock over a 20-trading day period immediately prior to the mandatory conversion date (“Applicable Market Value”). The Applicable Market Value for the Company’s common stock was less than $12.91, resulting in a conversion rate per share of 7.7459. On August 15, 2019, the Company issued approximately 13.4 million shares of common stock at conversion. Dividends on the Preferred Stock were payable on a cumulative basis when declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. Preferred Stock dividends were paid at an annual rate of 8.00% of the liquidation preference of $100 per share. The final dividend was paid on August 15, 2019. Common Stock Buyback On January 29, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized a share buyback program pursuant to which the Company may, from time to time, purchase shares of its common stock with an aggregate purchase price of up to $100 million. No shares were repurchased in connection with the program during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. 14. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) AOCI was comprised of the following for the three years ended December 31: F-27 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Unrecognized components of employee benefit plans, net of tax: Balance, beginning of year Other comprehensive gain (loss) before reclassifications Income tax on other comprehensive gain (loss) 2021 2020 2019 $ (146,614) $ 63,147 (126,638) $ (37,515) (13,365) 8,940 (135,590) (8,119) 2,413 Reclassifications to earnings: (a) Pension settlement loss (gain) (b) Amortization of losses Amortization of prior service costs Income tax on reclassifications Plans included in sale of assets to GreenFirst Income Tax on plans included in sale of assets to GreenFirst Net comprehensive gain (loss) on employee benefit plans, net of tax Balance, end of year Unrealized gain on derivative instruments, net of tax: Balance, beginning of year Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Income tax on other comprehensive income Reclassifications to earnings: (c) Interest rate contracts Foreign exchange contracts Income tax on reclassifications Net comprehensive gain on derivative instruments, net of tax Balance, end of year (c) Foreign currency translation: Balance, beginning of year Foreign currency translation, net of tax effects of $0, $0, and $0 (d) Balance, end of year 7,618 15,491 550 (6,649) 4,012 (1,039) 69,765 (76,849) 1,834 — — — (3,691) 1,010 (2,681) (847) (2,548) 12,838 564 (2,255) — — 8,787 9,889 693 (4,711) — — (19,976) (146,614) 8,952 (126,638) 1,290 (8,788) 2,171 2,666 6,697 (2,202) 544 1,834 (11,622) 12,822 (3,076) (688) 5,615 (1,761) 12,912 1,290 (8,485) (5,394) (13,879) 11,145 (17,919) (6,774) (13,879) 25,024 11,145 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of year $ (84,470) $ (133,635) $ (139,227) (a) The AOCI components for defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost. See Note 17 — Employee Benefit Plans for additional information. (b) In 2021, the Company purchased annuity contracts from a third-party insurance company who assumed responsibility for future pension benefits for certain participants in its U.S. defined benefit plan and recorded a loss of $6 million on the settlement and de-recognition of the projected benefit obligation. Additionally, the Company continued the process of winding up certain Canadian pension plans and as a result recorded a settlement loss of $2 million. During 2020, the Company finalized the wind up process of certain Canadian pension plans and as a result recorded a settlement gain of $3 million. In 2019, the Company purchased annuity contracts from a third-party insurance company who assumed responsibility for future pension benefits for certain participants in its Canadian defined benefit plans and recorded a loss of $9 million on the settlement and de-recognition of the projected benefit obligation. See Note 17 — Employee Benefit Plans. (c) Reclassifications of interest rate contracts are recorded in interest expense. Reclassifications of foreign currency exchange contracts are recorded in cost of sales, other operating income or non-operating income as appropriate. Additional details about the reclassifications related to derivative instruments is included in Note 11 —Derivative Instruments. F-28 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (d) Foreign currency translation is net of tax effects of zero for all periods presented as the French operations are taxed on the foreign functional currency, not the translated Company’s reporting currency. 15. Earnings per Share of Common Stock Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income available for common stockholders by the weighted- average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted to include the potentially dilutive effect of outstanding stock options, performance shares, restricted shares and Preferred Stock. The following table provides details of the calculations of basic and diluted EPS for the three years ended December 31: Income (loss) from continuing operations Less: Preferred Stock dividends Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders Income from discontinued operations Net income (loss) available for common stockholders 2021 2020 2019 $ $ $ (49,769) $ (38,069) $ — — (49,769) $ (38,069) $ 116,183 66,414 $ 38,624 555 $ (83,947) (8,582) (92,529) 61,497 (31,032) Shares used for determining basic earnings per share of common stock 63,645,245 63,241,197 54,511,863 Dilutive effect of: Stock options Performance and restricted shares Preferred Stock — — — — — — — — — Shares used for determining diluted earnings per share of common stock 63,645,245 63,241,197 54,511,863 Basic earnings per share (not in thousands) Income (loss) from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations Net income (loss) Diluted earnings per share (not in thousands) Income (loss) from continuing operations Income from discontinued operations Net income (loss) $ $ $ $ (0.78) $ 1.83 1.05 $ (0.60) $ 0.61 0.01 $ (0.78) $ (0.60) $ 1.83 1.05 $ 0.61 0.01 $ (1.70) 1.13 (0.57) (1.70) 1.13 (0.57) Anti-dilutive instruments excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the three years ended December 31, are as follows: Stock options Performance and restricted shares Total 16. Incentive Stock Plans 2021 111,124 2,387,272 2,498,396 2020 152,281 2,650,357 2,802,638 2019 205,026 494,469 699,495 As of December 31, 2021, the Company had three stock-based incentive plans. The Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Incentive Stock Plan and the Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2017 Incentive Stock Plan (the “Prior Plans”) provided for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, restricted stock, and restricted stock units, subject to certain limitations. The Company no longer issues shares under the Prior Plans. The Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. 2021 Incentive Stock Plan (the “2021 Plan”) provides for up to 4.5 million shares to be granted for stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance shares, restricted stock, and restricted stock units. Under the 2021 Plan, shares available for issuance may be increased by any shares of common stock subject to awards under the Prior Plan that, in whole or in part, are forfeited, terminated or expire unexercised, settled in cash in lieu of stock, or released from a reserve for failure to meet the maximum payout under a program. At December 31, 2021, approximately 3.6 million shares were available for future grants under the 2021 Plan. F-29 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company made new grants of restricted stock units and performance-based stock units to certain employees. The 2021 restricted stock unit awards cliff vest after three years. The 2021 performance- based stock unit awards measure total shareholder return (“TSR”) on an absolute basis and relative to peers. Participants can earn between 0 and 200 percent of the target award. Performance below the threshold for the absolute TSR would result in a zero payout for the TSR metric. There is a performance-based stock award and cash unit stock award that will be measured using the same objectives but paid and accounted for separately. As required by Accounting Standards Codification 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, the portion of the award to be settled in cash is classified as a liability and remeasured to fair value at the end of each reporting period until settlement. In March 2021, the performance-based share units granted in 2018 were settled at an average of 60 percent of the performance-based stock units awarded, resulting in the issuance of 182,811 shares of common stock. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis, net of forfeitures, over the service period of the award. The Company does not estimate a forfeiture rate for non-vested shares. Forfeitures are recognized and will lower stock-based compensation during the period in which they occur. The Company’s total stock-based compensation cost, including allocated amounts, for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $5 million, $6 million and $6 million, respectively. These amounts may not reflect the cost of current or future equity awards. The Company’s employee stock option compensation program generally provides accelerated vesting (i.e., a waiver of the remaining period of service required to earn an award) for awards held by employees at the time of their retirement. Stock- based compensation expense for stock option awards is recognized over the shorter of: (1) the service period (i.e., the stated period of time required to earn the award); or (2) the period beginning at the start of the service period and ending when an employee first becomes eligible for retirement. Fair Value Calculations by Award All restricted stock and performance share awards are presented for Rayonier Advanced Materials stock only. Option awards include Rayonier Advanced Materials awards held by employees of its former parent Rayonier Inc. Non-Qualified Employee Stock Option Awards Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the market value of the underlying stock on the grant date. They generally vest ratably over three years and have a maximum term of 10 years and two days from the grant date. The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company has elected to value each grant in total and recognize the expense for stock options on a straight-line basis over three years. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, no options were granted. A summary of the Company’s stock option activity is presented below for the year ended December 31, 2021: Stock Options Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding at January 1, 2021................................ 152,281 $ 38.26 Forfeited ................................................................... Exercised .................................................................. — — Expired ..................................................................... (41,157) Outstanding at December 31, 2021.......................... Options vested and expected to vest ........................ Options exercisable at December 31, 2021.............. 111,124 111,124 111,124 $ $ $ — — 35.07 39.47 39.47 39.47 1.2 $ 1.2 $ 1.2 $ A summary of additional information pertaining to stock options granted to employees is presented below: Intrinsic value of options exercised............................................................................. $ Fair value of options vested ........................................................................................ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 2021 2020 2019 — — — — — F-30 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Restricted Stock and Stock Unit Awards Restricted stock and stock units granted in connection with the Company’s performance share plan generally vests upon completion of periods ranging from one year to three years. The fair value of each share granted is equal to the share price of the underlying stock on the date of grant. As of December 31, 2021, there was $3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the Company’s outstanding restricted stock. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. The following table summarizes the activity of restricted stock and stock units granted to employees for the three years ended December 31: Restricted stock and stock units granted...................................................................... Weighted average price of restricted stock or units granted........................................ $ Intrinsic value of restricted stock and units outstanding (in thousands)...................... $ Fair value of restricted stock and units vested (in thousands) ..................................... $ 2021 561,025 9.71 5,296 4,412 2020 426,469 3.73 5,405 4,420 2019 395,260 11.99 3,201 4,881 $ $ $ $ $ $ A summary of the Company’s restricted stock and stock units activity is presented below for the year ended December 31, 2021: Restricted Stock and Stock Units Awards Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Outstanding at January 1, 2021 ........................................................................................... 828,955 $ Granted ................................................................................................................................ Forfeited .............................................................................................................................. Vested .................................................................................................................................. Outstanding at December 31, 2021 ..................................................................................... 561,025 (135,594) (326,830) 927,556 $ 10.27 9.71 10.81 13.50 8.72 Performance-Based Stock Unit Awards The Company’s performance-based stock unit awards generally vest upon completion of a three-year period. The 2021 performance-based stock unit award payout is calculated using a combination of Company specific performance metrics and total shareholder return, which is measured on an absolute basis as well as relative to a peer group of companies. Depending on performance against these targets, the awards will pay out in common stock amounts between 0 and 200 percent of the performance-based stock units awarded. The performance-based stock unit awards which are measured against a market condition or incorporate market conditions are valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The model generates the fair value of the market-based award or market- based portion of the award at the grant date. The related expense is then amortized over the award’s vesting period. As of December 31, 2021, there was $2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the Company’s performance- based stock unit awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s performance-based stock units awarded to its employees for the three years ended December 31: Common shares of stock reserved for performance-based stock units Weighted average fair value of performance-based stock units granted Intrinsic value of outstanding performance-based stock units (in thousands) 2021 2020 2019 534,172 980,641 1,115,747 $ $ 12.29 8,335 $ $ 14.98 4,572 $ $ 22.75 4,774 F-31 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) A summary of the Company’s performance-based stock unit award activity is presented below for the year ended December 31, 2021: Outstanding at January 1, 2021 Granted Forfeited Vested Outstanding at December 31, 2021 Performance-Based Stock Units Awards Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 1,821,402 267,086 $ (326,256) (302,516) 1,459,716 $ 8.77 12.29 8.81 22.76 6.51 The expected volatility is based on representative price returns using the stock price of several peer companies. The risk- free rate was based on the 3-year U.S. treasury rate on the date of the award. The following chart provides a tabular overview of the weighted average assumptions used in calculating the fair value of the awards granted for the three years ended December 31: Expected volatility ................................................................................................................. Risk-free rate.......................................................................................................................... 2021 93.0 % 0.3 % 2020 67.8 % 0.9 % 2019 49.5 % 2.5 % 17. Employee Benefit Plans Defined Benefit Plans The Company has defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans covering certain union and non-union employees, primarily in the U.S. and Canada. The defined benefit pension plans are closed to new participants. Certain Canadian plans were included with the sale of the Company’s lumber and newsprint assets. In 2021, the Company purchased annuity contracts from a third-party insurance company that assumed responsibility for future pension benefits for certain participants in its U.S. defined benefit plan and recorded a loss of $6 million on the settlement and de-recognition of the projected benefit obligation. Additionally, the Company continued the process of winding up certain Canadian pension plans and as a result recorded a settlement loss of $2 million. During 2020, the Company started the process of winding up certain Canadian pension plans and as a result recorded a settlement gain of $3 million. During 2019, the Company settled certain Canadian pension liabilities through the purchase of annuity contracts with an insurance company. The settlement resulted in the recognition of a $9 million loss during the year ended December 31, 2019. The settlements were recognized in Other components of net periodic benefit income (expense) in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Defined benefit pension and other postretirement plan liabilities are calculated using actuarial estimates and management assumptions. These estimates are based on historical information, along with certain assumptions about future events. Changes in assumptions, as well as changes in actual experience, could cause the estimates to change. F-32 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The following tables set forth the changes in the projected benefit obligation and plan assets and reconciles the funded status and the amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the defined benefit pension and postretirement plans for the two years ended December 31: Change in Projected Benefit Obligation Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year ............... $ Service cost ...................................................................... Interest cost ...................................................................... Actuarial loss (gain) ......................................................... Participant contributions .................................................. Benefits paid..................................................................... Settlement ........................................................................ Effects of foreign currency exchange rates ...................... Projected benefit obligation at end of year ......................... $ Change in Plan Assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year..................... $ Actual return on plan assets ............................................. Employer contributions.................................................... Participant contributions .................................................. Benefits paid..................................................................... Settlement......................................................................... Effects of foreign currency exchange rates ...................... Fair value of plan assets at end of year ............................... $ Pension Postretirement 2021 2020 2021 2020 $ 919,385 10,322 17,331 (32,221) 818 (43,454) (88,689) 934 $ 838,231 8,985 23,573 83,801 769 (41,848) (1,495) 7,369 $ 34,417 1,437 650 1,220 113 (1,808) — 496 37,444 1,234 855 (3,536) 105 (1,643) — (42) 784,426 $ 919,385 $ 36,525 $ 34,417 $ 715,267 66,593 658,431 85,309 $ — $ — 6,857 818 (43,454) (88,445) 541 658,177 $ 7,056 769 (41,848) — 5,549 715,267 1,695 113 (1,808) — $ — — $ — — 1,538 105 (1,643) — — — Funded Status at end of year:.............................................. $ (126,247) $ (204,121) $ (36,525) $ (34,417) The projected benefit obligation decreased during the year ended December 31, 2021 due to the settlements of certain Canadian and US pension plans, lower interest costs and actuarial gains resulting from an increase in the discount rate assumed. Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of: Non-current assets............................................................... $ Current liabilities ................................................................ Non-current liabilities ......................................................... Pension Postretirement 2021 2020 2021 2020 13,376 $ 17,595 $ — $ (4,013) (135,610) (4,088) (217,628) (1,817) (34,708) — (2,197) (32,220) (34,417) Net amount recognized................................................... $ (126,247) $ (204,121) $ (36,525) $ Net gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income for the three years ended December 31 are as follows: Net gains (losses)............................................. $ Prior service (costs) gains................................ $ $ (38,178) $ — $ — $ (6,294) $ (1,728) $ (1,025) $ — $ 663 $ — $ (97) — Pension 2020 2019 2021 Postretirement 2020 2019 2021 64,173 F-33 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Net gains or losses and prior service costs or credits reclassified from other comprehensive income and recognized as a component of pension and postretirement expense for the three years ended December 31 are as follows: 2021 Pension 2020 Postretirement 2019 2021 2020 2019 Continuing operations: Pension settlement (gain) loss (a)................... $ Amortization of losses.................................... 7,618 $ 15,471 (1,571) $ 13,084 (1,770) $ 10,363 — $ 20 Amortization of prior service (credit) cost ..... 703 717 846 (153) — $ (188) (153) — 81 (153) Discontinued operations: Pension settlement (gain) loss (a)................... Amortization of losses.................................... Amortization of prior service (credit) cost ..... — — — (977) (58) — 10,557 (119) — — — — — — — — — — (a) In 2019, the Company purchased annuity contracts from a third-party insurance company that assumed responsibility for future pension benefits for certain participants in the Company’s Canadian defined benefit plans and recognized a net loss on the settlement and de- recognition of the projected benefit obligation. The year ended December 31, 2020 includes settlement gains for Canadian plans in the process of winding-up. During 2021, the Company completed the wind-up of certain Canadian pension plans and began the process of winding up additional Canadian plans, recognizing a loss. In 2021, the Company purchased annuity contracts from a third-party insurance company that assumed responsibility for future pension benefits for certain participants in the Company’s U.S. defined benefit plans and recognized a loss on the settlement and de-recognition of the projected benefit obligation. Net losses, prior service costs or credits and plan amendments that have not yet been included in pension and postretirement expense for the two years ended December 31 which have been recognized as a component of AOCI are as follows: Pension Postretirement 2021 2020 2021 2020 Prior service cost (credit) .................................................... $ Net losses ............................................................................ Deferred income tax benefit................................................ Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).......... $ (1,455) $ (95,470) 22,243 (74,682) $ (2,116) $ (187,533) 43,731 (145,918) $ $ 879 (3,547) 501 (2,167) $ 1,032 (1,820) 90 (698) For defined benefit pension plans, the following table sets forth the projected and accumulated benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets for the years ended December 31: Projected benefit obligation ........................................................................................................ $ Accumulated benefit obligation .................................................................................................. $ Fair value of plan assets .............................................................................................................. $ 2021 2020 784,426 754,727 658,177 $ $ $ 919,385 891,345 715,266 For pension plans with a projected benefit obligation exceeding plan assets, the projected benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets were $745 million and $605 million at December 31, 2021, respectively, and $867 million and $646 million at December 31, 2020, respectively. For pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation exceeding plan assets, the accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets were $717 million and $605 million at December 31, 2021, respectively, and $831 million and $646 million at December 31, 2020, respectively. F-34 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The following tables set forth the components of net pension and postretirement benefit cost that have been recognized in continuing operations during the three years ended December 31: Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost 2021 Pension 2020 Postretirement 2019 2021 2020 2019 Service cost ...................................................... $ 10,322 $ 8,985 $ 8,182 $ 1,437 $ 1,234 $ Interest cost ...................................................... Expected return on plan assets ......................... 17,331 (37,255) Amortization of prior service (credit) cost ...... Amortization of losses ..................................... Pension settlement (gain) loss ......................... Other ............................................................... 703 15,471 7,618 — 23,573 (36,786) 717 13,084 (1,571) — 29,651 (40,192) 846 10,363 (1,770) — 650 — (153) 20 — (49) 855 — (153) (188) — (2,091) 1,795 1,198 — (153) 81 — — Net periodic benefit cost (a) ................................. $ 14,190 $ 8,002 $ 7,080 $ 1,905 $ (343) $ 2,921 (a) Service cost is included in cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses in the statements of income, as appropriate. Interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service cost, amortization of losses and amortization of negative plan amendment are included in non-operating income on the Consolidated Statement of Income. The Company uses the spot rate approach method to determine the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost. Under this method, individual spot rates along the yield curve that correspond with the timing of each benefit payment will be used. The Company believes this provides a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by improving the correlation between projected cash outflows and corresponding spot rates on the yield curve. The following table sets forth the weighted average principal assumptions inherent in the determination of benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost of the pension and postretirement benefit plans as of December 31: Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31: Discount rate Rate of compensation increase Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended December 31: Discount rate Expected long-term return on plan assets Rate of compensation increase Pension 2020 2021 2019 2021 Postretirement 2020 2019 2.82 % 2.65 % 2.48 % 2.70 % 3.45 % 2.70 % 2.77 % 3.90 % 2.50 % 4.12 % 2.62 % 3.79 % 2.57 % 5.93 % 2.65 % 3.16 % 6.24 % 2.70 % 4.00 % 6.60 % 2.70 % 2.42 % N/A 3.90 % 3.16 % N/A 4.12 % 3.62 % N/A 3.79 % The estimated return on plan assets is based on historical and expected long-term rates of return on broad equity and bond indices and consideration of the actual annualized rate of return. The Company, with the assistance of external consultants, utilizes this information in developing assumptions for returns, risks and correlation of asset classes, which are then used to establish the asset allocation ranges. Assumed health care cost trends have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the postretirement benefit plans. The following table sets forth the assumed health care cost trend rates as of December 31: Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year ............................... Rate to which the cost trend is assumed to decline (ultimate trend rate) ...................................................................................................... Year that ultimate trend rate is reached ............................................... Postretirement 2021 2020 U.S. 7.40 % 3.70 % 2074 Canada 6.00 % U.S. 6.50 % Canada 5.68 % 4.50 % 2023-2025 5.00 % 2024 4.50 % 2022-2025 F-35 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Investment of Plan Assets The Company’s Pension and Savings Plan Committee and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors oversee the defined benefit pension plans’ investment program. The investment approach of each defined benefit pension plan is designed to maximize returns and provide sufficient liquidity to meet each plans obligations while maintaining acceptable risk levels. For certain defined benefit plans, investment target allocation percentages for equity securities can range up to 65 percent. In other more well-funded plans, 100 percent is allocated to fixed income securities. All plans were within their respective targeted ranges. The Company’s weighted average defined benefit pension plan asset allocation at December 31, 2021 and 2020, by asset category are as follows: Asset Category U.S. equity securities .................................................................................................................. International equity securities ..................................................................................................... U.S. fixed income securities ....................................................................................................... International fixed income securities .......................................................................................... Other ........................................................................................................................................... Total........................................................................................................................................ Percentage of Plan Assets 2021 2020 21 % 24 % 35 % 14 % 6 % 100 % 29 % 25 % 24 % 18 % 4 % 100 % Investments within the equity categories may include large capitalization, small capitalization and emerging market securities, while the international fixed income portfolio may include emerging markets debt. Pension assets did not include a direct investment in Rayonier Advanced Materials common stock at December 31, 2021 or 2020. Fair Value Measurements The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy (see Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Pronouncements for definition), the assets of the plans as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Asset Category Mutual funds and Collective trusts...................................... $ Corporate bonds................................................................... $ US government securities.................................................... $ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 174,939 $ — $ — $ — $ $ 49,938 54,823 $ — $ — $ — $ 174,939 49,938 54,823 Fair Value at December 31, 2021 Investments at net asset value: Common collective trust funds............................................ Total assets at fair value.................................................. 378,477 658,177 $ Asset Category Mutual funds........................................................................ $ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total 5,878 $ — $ — $ 5,878 Fair Value at December 31, 2020 Investments at net asset value: Common collective trust funds............................................ Total assets at fair value.................................................. 709,388 715,266 $ F-36 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) The valuation methodology used for measuring the fair value of these asset categories was as follows: Mutual funds and Collective trusts — Net asset value in an observable market. Corporate bonds — Valued using pricing models maximizing the use of observable inputs for similar securities. This includes basing value on yields currently available on comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings. US government securities — Valued using pricing models maximizing the use of observable inputs for similar securities. Common collective trust funds — Common collective trusts are measured at NAV per share, as a practical expedient for fair value, as provided by the Plan trustee. The NAV is calculated by determining the fair value of the fund’s underlying assets, deducting its liabilities, and dividing by the units outstanding as of the valuation date. These funds are not publicly traded; however, in the majority of cases the unit price calculation is based on observable market inputs of the funds’ underlying assets. There have been no changes in the methodology used during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Cash Flows Expected benefit payments for the next ten years are as follows: 2022........................................................................................................................................ $ 2023........................................................................................................................................ 2024........................................................................................................................................ 2025........................................................................................................................................ 2026........................................................................................................................................ Pension Benefits Postretirement Benefits 38,141 $ 38,293 38,939 39,595 40,276 1,623 1,634 1,641 1,765 1,954 2027 — 2031.......................................................................................................................... 206,373 10,121 The Company has mandatory pension contribution requirements of $3 million in 2022 and may make additional discretionary contributions. Defined Contribution Plans The Company provides defined contribution plans to all of its hourly and salaried employees. The Company’s contributions charged to expense for these plans were $8 million, $7 million, and $8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. 18. Other Operating Expense, Net Other operating expense, net was comprised of the following for the three years ended December 31: Environmental liability expense (a) ............................................................. $ (6,709) $ (5,954) $ (17,663) Loss on sale or disposal of property, plant and equipment .......................... Equity income (loss) from joint venture ..................................................... Insurance settlement..................................................................................... Miscellaneous income (expense) ................................................................. (1,010) (2,048) — (486) (481) (3,706) — (34) (1,319) (5,089) 4,500 (2,393) Total other operating expense, net........................................................... $ (10,253) $ (10,175) $ (21,964) 2021 2020 2019 (a) Environmental liability expense reflects the adjustments to the Company’s estimates for environmental liability for the assessment, remediation and long-term monitoring and maintenance of the disposed operations sites over the next 20 years and other related costs. See Note 10 — Environmental Liabilities for additional information. F-37 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) 19. Income Taxes Income Tax Benefit (Expense) from Continuing Operations Income tax benefit (expense) from continuing operations for the three years ended December 31 are as follows: 2021 2020 2019 Current Federal......................................................................................................... $ Foreign ........................................................................................................ State and other............................................................................................. Deferred Federal......................................................................................................... Foreign ........................................................................................................ State and other............................................................................................. 2,676 $ 49,940 $ (4,924) (158) (2,406) (5,241) 41,962 373 37,094 302 (332) 49,910 3,390 6,868 722 10,980 Income tax expense..................................................................................... $ 34,688 $ 60,890 $ A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to the actual income tax rate for the three years ended December 31 is as follows: 7,792 (4,201) 534 4,125 (2,752) 18,634 379 16,261 20,386 2021 2020 2019 U.S. federal statutory income tax rate ........................................................ CARES Act and other tax regulations (a)................................................ 21.0 % (0.8) 21.0 % 20.2 Change in valuation allowance (b) .......................................................... Adjustment to previously filed tax returns............................................... Tax credits (excluding FTC) ................................................................... Nondeductible compensation for executives and share-based awards .... Net changes in uncertain tax positions Difference in foreign statutory rates Book tax differences related to joint venture U.S. tax on foreign earnings (GILTI and Subpart F inclusions).............. Change in blended statutory rate (c) ........................................................ Other ........................................................................................................ (3.6) 5.2 2.1 (3.0) (2.2) 1.0 0.6 (2.2) 23.2 0.6 13.9 6.4 2.5 (2.1) (1.7) 1.8 0.3 — 0.2 (0.5) 21.0 % 3.9 (10.5) 0.1 4.5 1.0 (1.6) 1.6 0.2 — (0.8) 0.1 Income tax rate as reported......................................................................... 41.9 % 62.0 % 19.5 % (a) On March 27, 2020, the United States Congress passed the “CARES Act” to provide taxpayer protection against the economic impacts of COVID-19. As part of the CARES Act, the Company is able to carry 2019 and 2020 tax net operating losses back to tax years when the U.S. Federal Statutory rate was 35 percent compared with the current 21 percent. The Company has recognized a $20 million tax benefit arising from the remeasured increased value of the tax net operating losses in 2019 and 2020. (b) The tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes an adjustment to reverse a valuation allowance, which was initially recorded for the year ended December 31, 2019, on a deferred tax asset generated from a disallowed interest deduction. Under the Internal Revenue Code Section 163(j), U.S. interest is only deductible up to 30 percent of “adjusted taxable income (“ATI”). The disallowed interest deduction can be carried forward indefinitely but will only be realized to the extent the Company has net U.S. interest expense below 30 percent of ATI in any given year after first utilizing its current year interest expense. Based on its projected interest expense and ATI, the Company does not believe it will be able to realize any of the existing suspended interest deductions and, as a result, had recorded a full valuation allowance on these deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2019. However, in December of 2019 the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (“AICPA”) issued Technical Questions and Answers (“TQA”) 3300.01-02 which asserts that a valuation allowance should only be recognized to the extent that the reversal of existing deferred tax assets and liabilities is not sufficient to realize the disallowed interest carryforward, ignoring material evidence including the expectation of future F-38 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) earnings or losses and future interest expense. In strict compliance with the AICPA’s TQA, in 2020, the Company reversed all of the valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets generated from disallowed interest through December 31, 2020 resulting in a $14 million increase in the tax benefit, of which $9 million related to recognition of deferred tax assets recorded on December 31, 2019. The Company has determined that the adjustment was not material to the December 31, 2019 consolidated financial statements. The Company’s conclusion was reached in consideration of qualitative factors such as the fact that the deferred tax asset will likely never be realized or impact cash taxes and the fact that the income tax benefit does not impact operating cash flows, operating income, earnings before interest, depreciation and amortization and adjusted free cash flow. The continued application of this AICPA guidance is expected to result in future recognition of additional deferred tax assets that the Company believes will not be realized. (c) The 2021 effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to a tax benefit recognized by remeasuring the Company’s Canadian deferred tax assets at a higher blended statutory tax rate in Canada. The statutory tax rate is higher as a result of changing the allocation of income between the Canadian provinces due to the sale of lumber and newsprint assets. Less significantly, France enacted scheduled decreases to the federal statutory tax rate between 2019 and 2022. The annual impact of remeasuring the French deferred tax liabilities to the scheduled statutory tax rates is also included here. F-39 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Deferred Taxes Deferred income taxes result from recording revenues and expenses in different periods for financial reporting versus tax reporting. The nature of the temporary differences and the resulting net deferred tax liability for the two years ended December 31 were as follows: 2021 2020 Gross deferred tax assets: Canadian net operating losses (a) ........................................................................................... $ Canadian pool of scientific research and experimentation deductions ("SR&ED") (a)......... Property, plant and equipment basis differences .................................................................... $ 115,436 94,705 103,877 Tax credit carryforwards (a)................................................................................................... Pension, postretirement and other employee benefits ............................................................ Environmental liabilities ........................................................................................................ Deferred interest deductions (a) ............................................................................................. Other compensation................................................................................................................ State net operating losses (a) .................................................................................................. Capitalized costs..................................................................................................................... Other ....................................................................................................................................... Total gross deferred tax assets................................................................................................ Less: valuation allowance (a) ................................................................................................. Total deferred tax assets after valuation allowance................................................................ Gross deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment basis differences .................................................................... Intangible assets...................................................................................................................... Other ....................................................................................................................................... Total gross deferred tax liabilities .......................................................................................... Net deferred tax asset.................................................................................................................. $ Included in: ................................................................................................................................. Deferred tax assets.................................................................................................................. $ Deferred tax liabilities ............................................................................................................ $ 72,881 37,753 41,218 11,388 4,330 4,987 2,259 18,448 507,282 (67,644) 439,638 (105,152) (9,245) (10,607) (125,004) 314,634 $ 358,497 335,119 (20,485) 314,634 $ $ 382,959 (24,462) 358,497 168,342 87,722 95,267 84,844 52,876 39,067 11,290 6,363 4,290 3,521 14,465 568,047 (81,133) 486,914 (103,793) (11,513) (13,111) (128,417) (a) The following relates to net operating losses, tax credits, and certain other carryforwards as of December 31, 2021: Gross Amount Tax Effected Valuation Allowance Foreign R&D credit carryforwards...................... $ State tax credit carryforwards .............................. $ State net operating losses ..................................... $ Canada non-capital losses .................................... $ Canadian pool of SR&ED.................................... $ Interest limitation carryforward ........................... $ 42,512 22,135 108,028 527,439 411,334 51,726 $ $ $ $ $ $ 42,512 22,135 4,987 115,436 94,705 11,388 $ $ $ $ $ $ (42,512) (21,893) (3,201) — — — Expiration 2022-2039 2022-2030 2022-2041 2028-2041 None None Unrecognized Tax Benefits The Company recognizes the impact of a tax position if it is more likely than not to prevail, based on technical merit, in the case of an audit. As of December 31, 2021, there were several positions resulting in unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect income tax expense. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefits for the three years ended December 31 is as follows: F-40 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Balance at January 1,............................................................................................. $ Decreases related to prior year tax positions .................................................... Increases related to prior year tax positions...................................................... Increases related to current year tax positions .................................................. Balance at December 31,....................................................................................... $ 2021 2020 2019 11,438 $ 10,555 $ (1,330) 1,019 946 12,073 $ (2,251) 3,009 125 11,438 $ 8,844 (193) 1,904 — 10,555 Each of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits would impact the effective tax rate if recognized. Total interest and penalties recorded in unrecognized tax benefits is less than $1 million. It is reasonably possible that within the next twelve months a number of tax positions could increase or decrease, due to pending tax legislation, new tax regulations, or the conclusion of statute of limitations, impacting the Company’s unrecognized tax position reserve by between a decrease of $2 million and increase of $4 million. Tax Statutes In the normal course of business, the Company is regularly audited by tax authorities, and is currently under audit in the U.S. and Canada. The following table provides detail of tax years that remain open to examination by significant taxing jurisdictions: Taxing Jurisdiction U.S. ........................................................................................................................................................... France ....................................................................................................................................................... Canada ...................................................................................................................................................... Open Tax Years 2014-2021 2018-2021 2017-2021 Other Tax Items Several provisions passed in 2017 as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act are scheduled to go into effect beginning in 2022. Certain of these provisions would, as currently enacted, negatively impact the Company’s U.S. cash taxes in future years. The most impactful of these provisions is the further limitation of U.S. interest deductibility under Internal Revenue Code §163(j). Under this section, Companies may only deduct U.S. interest expenses up to a portion of Adjusted Taxable Income (“ATI”). Beginning in 2022, ATI is reduced from a tax EBITDA measurement to tax EBIT, which results in a significant decrease in U.S. interest deductibility. Additional provisions which could impact the Company’s U.S. taxes in future years include the requirement to capitalize and amortize research expenditures and the phase-out of immediate expensing of U.S. capital asset additions. 20. Segment and Geographical Information As a result of the sale of the Company’s lumber and newsprint assets, the Company operates in the following business segments: High Purity Cellulose, Paperboard, High-Yield Pulp and Corporate. All prior period amounts presented herein have been reclassified to conform to the new segment structure. See Note 3 —Discontinued Operations for additional information on the sale of the Company’s lumber and newsprint assets. See also Note 1 — Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation for a description of the operating businesses. The Corporate segment consists primarily of senior management, accounting, information systems, human resources, treasury, tax and legal administrative functions that provide support services to the operating business units. The Company allocates a portion of the cost of maintaining these support functions to its operating units. The Company evaluates the performance of its segments based on operating income. Intersegment sales consist primarily of High-Yield Pulp sales to Paperboard. Intersegment sales prices are at rates that approximate market for the respective operating area. F-41 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Net sales, disaggregated by product-line, was comprised of the following for the three years ended December 31: 2021 2020 2019 Net sales: High Purity Cellulose Cellulose Specialties ................................................................ $ Commodity Products................................................................ Other sales (a) .......................................................................... Total High Purity Cellulose.................................................... 711,574 $ 685,177 $ 279,307 100,268 1,091,149 282,663 83,463 1,051,303 765,077 279,527 82,383 1,126,987 Paperboard Paperboard ............................................................................... 208,332 189,882 199,987 High-Yield Pulp High-Yield Pulp ...................................................................... Eliminations............................................................................... 135,676 (27,599) 125,417 (22,768) 127,784 (23,810) Total net sales ...................................................................... $ $ (a) Other sales include sales of electricity, lignin and other by-products to third-parties 1,407,558 1,343,834 $ 1,430,948 Operating income by segment was comprised of the following for the years ended December 31: 2021 2020 2019 Operating income: High Purity Cellulose................................................................... $ Paperboard ................................................................................... High-Yield Pulp ........................................................................... Corporate...................................................................................... Total operating loss .................................................................... $ $ 19,738 13,379 6,686 (50,248) $ 6,994 17,862 (225) (54,996) (10,445) $ (30,365) $ 6,588 4,120 2,726 (65,917) (52,483) Identifiable assets by segment were as follows for the years ended December 31: Identifiable assets: .................................................................................................... High Purity Cellulose............................................................................................... $ Paperboard ............................................................................................................... High-Yield Pulp....................................................................................................... Corporate ................................................................................................................. Assets Held for Sale................................................................................................. Total identifiable assets.......................................................................................... $ Long-life assets by country were as follows for the years ended December 31: 2021 2020 1,579,300 114,391 38,147 713,186 — 2,445,024 $ $ 1,528,929 129,871 33,259 624,541 213,265 2,529,865 2021 2020 Long-life assets: .......................................................................................................................... United States.............................................................................................................................. $ Canada (a).................................................................................................................................. France ........................................................................................................................................ 737,710 $ 768,111 723,662 207,407 898,430 229,613 Other .......................................................................................................................................... 125 Total long-life assets................................................................................................................ $ 1,668,904 138 $ 1,896,292 (a) 2020 includes $141 million of assets of discontinued operations F-42 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Depreciation and amortization and capital expenditures by segment were as follows for the years ended December 31: Depreciation and amortization:.................................................... High Purity Cellulose.................................................................... $ Paperboard .................................................................................... High-Yield Pulp ............................................................................ Corporate....................................................................................... Total depreciation and amortization............................................ $ Capital expenditures (a):............................................................... High Purity Cellulose.................................................................... $ Paperboard .................................................................................... High-Yield Pulp ............................................................................ Corporate....................................................................................... Total capital expenditures ........................................................... $ 2021 2020 2019 $ 116,757 14,320 $ 116,080 15,420 2,544 4,678 2,528 4,343 123,279 15,587 2,551 735 138,299 $ 138,371 $ 142,152 110,092 $ 67,906 $ 2,160 2,215 205 114,672 $ 1,838 2,127 1,621 73,492 $ 79,293 1,446 2,265 6,300 89,304 (a) Amounts exclude the impact of changes in capital assets purchased on account and government grants. Geographical distribution of the Company’s sales was comprised of the following for the three years ended December 31: United States ................................................ $ China ............................................................ Canada ......................................................... Japan............................................................. Europe .......................................................... Latin America............................................... Other Asia .................................................... All other ....................................................... Total sales ................................................ $ Sales by Destination 2021 % 2020 % 2019 % 472,440 295,515 72,490 118,443 283,904 18,901 130,233 $ 34 21 5 9 20 1 9 458,749 357,091 71,817 119,178 233,535 12,688 73,734 $ 34 27 5 9 17 1 6 502,232 328,037 69,891 119,839 268,134 10,223 115,332 36 23 5 8 18 1 8 15,632 1,407,558 1 100 $ 17,042 1,343,834 1 100 $ 17,260 1,430,948 1 100 The Company had no significant customers representing over 10 percent of total sales for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company had one significant customer in the High Purity Cellulose segment that represented 10 percent of total sales for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company had no significant customers representing over 10 percent of total sales for the year ended December 31,2019. 21. Commitments and Contingencies Commitments The Company leases certain buildings, machinery and equipment under various operating leases. Total rental expense for operating leases amounted to $7 million, $7 million, and $6 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. See Note 4 - Leases, for additional information on future minimum lease payments. F-43 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) At December 31, 2021, the future minimum payments under purchase obligations were as follows: 2022 .............................................................................................................................. 2023 .............................................................................................................................. 2024 .............................................................................................................................. 2025 .............................................................................................................................. 2026 .............................................................................................................................. Thereafter...................................................................................................................... Total.......................................................................................................................... Purchase Obligations (a) (b) 163,053 $ 64,418 58,805 49,860 33,744 401,335 771,215 $ (a) Purchase obligations primarily consist of payments expected to be made on natural gas, steam energy and wood chips purchase contracts. Obligations reported in the table are estimates and may vary based on changes in actual price and volumes terms. (b) Purchase obligations under the twenty-year wood chip and residual fiber supply agreement with GreenFirst represent $402 million of the purchase obligations presented above. The Company is expected to make payments of $20 million per year through the duration of the agreement. Litigation and Contingencies Final Settlement Reached in Dispute with IESO Relating to Investigation of the Kapuskasing Newsprint Facility. From the period from 2014 to early 2021, the Market Assessment and Compliance Division (“MACD”) branch of the Independent Electricity System Operator (“IESO”), the governmental agency responsible for operating the wholesale electricity market and directing the operation of the bulk electrical system in the province of Ontario, Canada, had been engaged in reviewing the Company's compliance with the published rules that govern the operation of the wholesale electricity market in Ontario, Canada. The inquiry was focused primarily on payments made by IESO to the Company between 2010 and 2019 under market rules in connection with multiple planned, extended and unplanned forced outages that caused extensive downtime, in full or in part, of the Company’s former Kapuskasing, Ontario newsprint facility. In May 2020, MACD finalized two of its four investigations into the Company’s electricity management practices at its former Kapuskasing newsprint facility and issued orders asserting penalties of CAD $25 million. These orders called for the Company to pay penalties of CAD $3 million immediately and CAD $12 million over a 10-year period, with the remaining CAD $10 million to be deferred and ultimately forgiven assuming the Company otherwise complied with the orders’ remaining terms. The Company, which maintained it had complied in all material respects with the published rules, vigorously contested IESO’s orders, including through the filing of judicial review proceedings with the divisional Court (Superior Court of Justice) of Ontario seeking invalidation of the orders. At the time these orders were issued, the remaining two investigations remained open, subjecting the Company to the risk that MACD may in the future issue additional orders upon finalization of these additional investigations. On April 19, 2021, the Company and IESO entered into Minutes of Settlement (“MOS”) pursuant to which the parties agreed to fully and finally settle all claims relating to all four of the investigations (whether completed or not) and related orders, the judicial review proceedings and underlying disputes. As part of the settlement, the Company agreed to a fixed obligation to pay a sum of CAD $12 million over a period of 5 years comprised of a CAD $4.5 million up-front payment and a CAD $7.5 million payment to be spread (on a front-weighted basis) over the next 5 anniversaries of the MOS, without interest. In addition to the foregoing, the MOS provides that a “suspended” sum of CAD $10.4 million would become due and payable in the event the Company fails to comply with any of the terms and conditions of the MOS or commits an event of default, as defined under the applicable market rules, unless such breach or event of default is remedied on a timely basis. This contingent “suspended” sum decreases annually as the scheduled fixed, or non-contingent, payments are made under the MOS. Assuming no uncured event of default or breach occurs during the repayment period, upon full payment of the CAD $12 million, the entire "suspended" sum shall be extinguished and the Company shall be released from any payment obligation with respect thereto. Given the parties’ finalization of and entry into the MOS, the Company considers this matter concluded (subject only to the parties’ obligations yet to be performed under the MOS). Duties on Canadian softwood lumber sold to the U.S. The Company operated six softwood lumber mills in Ontario and Quebec, Canada and exported softwood lumber into the United States from Canada. In 2017, anti-dumping and countervailing F-44 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) duties were assessed by the United States Department of Commerce (“USDOC”) on lumber exported into the United States, with the Company being assigned an anti-dumping duty rate of 6 percent and a countervailing duty rate of 14 percent. In December 2020, following its administrative review of the period of April 28, 2017 through December 31, 2018, USDOC determined revised rates for anti-dumping and countervailing duties. As such, from December 2020 through the closing of the sale of the lumber assets on August 28, 2021, the Company was subject to an anti-dumping duty rate of approximately 1.6 percent and a countervailing duty rate of approximately 7.4 percent. Canada’s legal challenge to the USDOC’s assessment of duties continues in spite of the recent revision in rates. The Company paid approximately $112 million in lumber duties through August 28, 2021, recorded as expense in the periods incurred. The Company currently has a $20 million long-term receivable associated with the December 2020 determination of the revised rates for the 2017 and 2018 periods. Cash is not expected to return to the Company until final resolution of the softwood lumber dispute, which remains subject to legal challenges and to USDOC further administrative review processes covering periods after December 31, 2018. As part of the sale of its lumber assets, the Company retains all rights and obligations to softwood lumber duties, generated or incurred through the closing date of the transaction. Other. In addition to the above, the Company is engaged in various legal and regulatory actions and proceedings, and has been named as a defendant in various lawsuits and claims arising in the ordinary course of its business. While the Company has procured reasonable and customary insurance covering risks normally occurring in connection with its businesses, the Company has in certain cases retained some risk through the operation of self-insurance, primarily in the areas of workers’ compensation, property insurance and general liability. These other lawsuits and claims, either individually or in aggregate, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Guarantees and Other The Company provides financial guarantees as required by creditors, insurance programs and various governmental agencies. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had net exposure of $40 million from various standby letters of credit, primarily for financial assurance relating to environmental remediation, credit support for natural gas and electricity purchases, and guarantees related to foreign retirement plan obligations. These standby letters of credit represent a contingent liability. The Company would only be liable upon its default on the related payment obligations. The letters of credit have various expiration dates and will be renewed as required. The Company had surety bonds of $82 million as of December 31, 2021, primarily to comply with financial assurance requirements relating to environmental remediation and post closure care, to provide collateral for the Company’s workers’ compensation program, and to guarantee taxes and duties for products shipped internationally. These surety bonds expire at various dates and are expected to be renewed annually as required. LignoTech Florida (“LTF”) is a venture in which the Company owns 45 percent and its partner Borregaard ASA owns 55 percent. The Company is a guarantor of LTF’s financing agreements and, in the event of default, expects it would only be liable for its proportional share of any repayment under the agreements. The Company proportion of the LTF financing agreement guarantee was $33 million at December 31, 2021. The Company has not recorded any liabilities for these financial guarantees in its Consolidated Balance Sheets, either because the Company has recorded the underlying liability associated with the guarantee or the guarantee is dependent on the Company’s own performance and, therefore, is not subject to the measurement requirements or because the Company has calculated the estimated fair value of the guarantee and determined it to be immaterial based upon the current facts and circumstances that would trigger a payment obligation. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential amount of the liability under these potential obligations due to the unique set of facts and circumstances likely to be involved with each provision. The Company currently employs just over 2,500 people in the United States, Canada and France. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 72 percent of the work force is unionized. As a result, the Company is required to negotiate wages, benefits and other terms with unionized employees collectively. As of December 31, 2021, all of the Company’s collective bargaining agreements covering its unionized employees are current. F-45 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) 22. Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information Supplemental disclosures of cash flows information was comprised of the following for the three years ended December 31: Supplemental cash flow information: Cash paid for interest on debt ....................................................................... $ Cash paid (received) for income taxes.......................................................... $ Capital assets purchased on account ............................................................. $ Assets acquired under operating leases ........................................................ $ 46,770 $ (34,715) $ 25,580 $ 6,774 49,294 1,168 19,594 182 $ $ $ $ 48,124 3,266 11,513 16,544 2021 2020 2019 F-46 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) 23. Quarterly Results for 2021 and 2020 (Unaudited) 2021 Net Sales ........................................ $ Gross Margin ................................. $ Operating Income........................... $ Income (loss) from continuing operations ....................................... $ Income from discontinued operations ....................................... $ Net Income (Loss).......................... $ Basic earnings per share Continuing operations............... $ Discontinued operations ........... $ Total.......................................... $ Diluted earnings per share: Continuing operations............... $ Discontinued operations ........... $ Total.......................................... $ 2020 Net Sales ........................................ $ Gross Margin ................................. $ Operating Income........................... $ Income (loss) from continuing operations ....................................... $ Income from discontinued operations ....................................... $ Net Income (Loss).......................... $ Basic earnings per share Continuing operations............... $ Discontinued operations ........... $ Total.......................................... $ Diluted earnings per share: Continuing operations............... $ Discontinued operations ........... $ Total.......................................... $ March 27 June 26 September 25 December 31 Total Year Quarter Ended 318,678 20,424 $ $ (473) $ 341,019 22,279 1,377 (16,211) $ 8,297 (10,817) $ (27,028) $ 113,931 122,228 (0.26) $ (0.17) $ (0.43) $ (0.26) $ (0.17) $ (0.43) $ 0.13 1.79 1.92 0.13 1.76 1.89 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 374,014 19,336 2,826 $ $ $ $ 373,847 12,683 $ (14,175) $ 1,407,558 74,722 (10,445) (13,394) $ (28,461) $ (49,769) 8,636 $ (4,758) $ 4,433 $ (24,028) $ 116,183 66,414 (0.21) $ $ 0.14 (0.07) $ (0.21) $ $ 0.14 (0.07) $ (0.45) $ $ 0.07 (0.38) $ (0.45) $ $ 0.07 (0.38) $ (0.78) 1.83 1.05 (0.78) 1.83 1.05 March 28 June 27 September 26 December 31 Total Year Quarter Ended $ 324,476 8,280 $ (6,166) $ $ 324,170 22,538 $ (6,161) $ $ 323,483 21,570 $ (1,110) $ $ 371,705 11,041 $ (16,928) $ 1,343,834 63,429 (30,365) (17,987) $ (3,505) $ 12,621 (6,139) $ (24,126) $ (9,358) $ (12,863) $ 16,239 28,860 (0.29) $ (0.09) $ (0.38) $ (0.29) $ (0.09) $ (0.38) $ (0.05) $ (0.15) $ (0.20) $ (0.05) $ (0.15) $ (0.20) $ 0.20 0.26 0.46 0.20 0.25 0.45 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (29,198) $ (38,069) 37,882 8,684 $ $ 38,624 555 (0.46) $ 0.60 0.14 $ $ (0.46) $ 0.60 0.14 $ $ (0.60) 0.61 0.01 (0.60) 0.61 0.01 F-47 Table of Contents Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (In thousands) Additions Description Allowance for doubtful accounts: Balance at Beginning of Year Charged to Cost and Expenses Charged to Other Accounts Deductions Balance at End of Year Year ended December 31, 2021................................ $ Year ended December 31, 2020................................ $ Year ended December 31, 2019................................ $ Allowance for sales returns: Year ended December 31, 2021................................ $ Year ended December 31, 2020................................ $ Year ended December 31, 2019................................ $ Deferred tax asset valuation allowance: Year ended December 31, 2021................................ $ Year ended December 31, 2020................................ $ Year ended December 31, 2019................................ $ Self-insurance liabilities: Year ended December 31, 2021................................ $ Year ended December 31, 2020................................ $ Year ended December 31, 2019................................ $ 487 606 559 759 730 1,259 81,133 94,660 85,938 1,028 1,357 1,011 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 346 108 232 $ $ $ (15) $ $ 156 (346) $ (13,489) $ (13,527) $ 8,722 273 425 622 $ $ $ $ 2 4 10 $ $ $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ (61) $ (231) $ (195) $ (7) $ (127) $ (183) $ 774 487 606 737 759 730 — $ — $ — $ 67,644 81,133 94,660 (319) $ (754) $ (276) $ 982 1,028 1,357 F-48 Subsidiaries of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. As of 12/31/2021 Name of Subsidiary Rayonier A.M. Canada Energy LP Rayonier A.M. Canada Enterprises Inc. Rayonier A.M. Canada General Partnership Rayonier A.M. Canada Industries Inc. Rayonier A.M. France SAS Rayonier A.M. Products Inc. Rayonier A.M. Tartas SAS Rayonier Performance Fibers, LLC Southern Wood Piedmont Company Exhibit 21 Place of Incorporation Canada Canada Canada Canada France Delaware France Delaware Delaware Exhibit 23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm We have issued our reports dated March 1, 2022, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting included in the Annual Report of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. We consent to the incorporation by reference of said reports in the Registration Statements of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. on Form S-3 (File No. 333-209747) and on Forms S-8 (File No. 333-197093 and File No. 333-218975). /s/ Grant Thornton LLP Jacksonville, Florida March 1, 2022 Certification Exhibit 32 The undersigned hereby certify, pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, that to our knowledge: 1. 2. March 1, 2022 The annual report on Form 10-K of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. (the "Company") for the period ended December 31, 2021 (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and The information in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ VITO J. CONSIGLIO Vito J. Consiglio President and Chief Executive Officer Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. /s/ MARCUS J. MOELTNER Marcus J. Moeltner Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Finance Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Exhibit 31.1 I, Vito Consiglio, certify that: Certification 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. b. c. d. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. b. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 1, 2022 /s/ VITO J. CONSIGLIO Vito J. Consiglio President and Chief Executive Officer Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. Exhibit 31.2 I, Marcus J. Moeltner, certify that: Certification 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a. b. c. d. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a. b. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 1, 2022 /s/ MARCUS J. MOELTNER Marcus J. Moeltner Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Finance Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] BOARD OF DIRECTORS De Lyle W. Bloomquist Chair of the Board Paul G. Boynton ViceChairof the Board Charles E. Adair Director Vito J. Consiglio Director Julie A. Dill Director James F. Kirsch Director David C. Mariano Director Thomas I. Morgan Director Lisa M. Palumbo Director Ivona Smith Director SENIOR LEADERSHIP Vito J. Consiglio President and ChiefExecutive Officer Kenneth J. Duffy VicePresident Commercial Gabriela Garcia ChiefAccounting Officer and Vice President Controller Joshua C. Hicks Senior VicePresident High Purity Cellulose William R. Manzer Executive Vice President Manufacturing Operations Anthony R. Matthews VicePresident Supply Chain Marcus J. Moeltner ChiefFinancial Officer and Senior VicePresident Finance James L. Posze, Jr. ChiefAdministrative Officer and Senior VicePresident HumanResources Christian Ribeyrolle President, France Businessand VicePresident Biomaterials R. Colby Slaughter VicePresident, GeneralCounsel and CorporateSecretary ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS May 16, 2022 5:30 p.m. DoubleTree Hotel 1201 Riverplace Boulevard Jacksonville, Florida 32207 TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR Please contact Computershare for all essential stockholder services, including: Change of address Lost dividend checks Changes in registered ownership Certificates of transfer Inside the U.S. Outside the U.S. (866) 246-0322 (201) 680-6578 Rayonier Advanced Materials Inc. c/o Computershare P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 Overnight correspondence should be sent to: Computershare 462 South 4th Street Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 Online Inquiries: https://www-us.computershare.com/investor/contact Stockholder website: https://www.computershare.com/investor INVESTOR RELATIONS Michael H. Walsh Treasurer and Vice President, Investor Relations (904) 357-4600 mickey.walsh@rayonieram.com Leaving a positive impact for a sustainable future. Corporate Headquarters 1301 Riverplace Boulevard • Suite 2300 / Jacksonville, FL 32207 www.RayonierAM.com

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