Republic Bancorp Inc.
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

2023 LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS 2023 NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS • Increased Adjusted Net Income(1), a non-GAAP metric, 21% for 2023 over 2022, adjusting for the Day-1 merger related expenses associated with the CBank acquisition and the benefit in 2022 from the termination penalty and legal settlements received from Green Dot. • Generated a total return on Republic’s(2) stock of 39% in 2023 versus a decline of 1% by the KBW NASDAQ Bank Index during the same period. • Continued to drive strong performance for the Total Company through our diversified business model. More specifically:  Our Core Banking operations reported net income of $51.5 million for the year, representing a $4.1 million, or 9%, increase in net income over 2022.  Our Republic Processing Group (“RPG”) reported net income of $38.9 million for 2023, representing an $8.4 million, or 27%, increase over RPG’s adjusted 2022 net income(3). RPG’s adjusted net income for 2022 excludes the impact of the previously disclosed settlement the Company received from Green Dot. • Officially completed our acquisition of CBank in March 2023. As part of this acquisition, we welcomed 20 new associates to the Republic family. The $253 million bank brought additional density to our already strong Northern Kentucky/Cincinnati market while adding a new business line, now branded as Republic Bank Finance. During 2024, we will continue to look at efficient ways to deploy our capital in our current markets. Steve Trager Executive Chair Republic Bancorp, Inc. Dear Shareholders, Thank you for your trust and investment in Republic Bank. Our mission is to enable our clients, associates, communities and our Company to thrive. I am very proud of how our over 1,000 Republic Bank associates worked so diligently in 2023 to deliver on that mission.” REPUBLIC BANCORP | 2023 ANNUAL LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS • Grew Traditional Bank loans 20% overall, or 14% excluding the acquired operations of CBank and Republic Bank Finance, for the year. • Managed expenses prudently with Core Bank non-interest expenses, excluding the acquired CBank operations, increasing only 1.2% for the year vs 2022. • Maintained pristine credit quality with Core Bank net charge-offs for the year of 1 basis point. • Improved our Net Promoter Score to over 2x Banking industry average during 2023. • Improved our Interactive Teller Machine service levels to the best in Company history. • Expanded client connections by making over 12,000 client relationship calls. • Enhanced our digital banking capabilities supporting our industry- leading online banking scores. • Opened three (3) new banking centers: one (1) in Northern Kentucky and two (2) in metropolitan Nashville, TN. • Introduced a nationwide deposit gathering program to enhance company liquidity and maintain industry leading capital metrics. • Grew our Aircraft loans to $250 million as of December 31, 2023 with the Aircraft division contributing net income of $3.4 million to the Company’s bottom line during 2023. • Continued our progress in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion during 2023 introducing our new Community and Multi-Cultural Banking Group. Our commitment to this endeavor has made an indelible difference on the associates and the community through meaningful initiatives, partnerships, and educational opportunities. 2023/2024 RECOGNITIONS Newsweek as one of America’s Best Online Mortgage Lenders Newsweek as one of America’s Best Regional Banks and Credit Unions for 2024 R E N 0 2 3 WIN I N KENTUCK Y • 2 Kentucky’s Best Places to Work for the 7th consecutive year Louisville’s Top Corporate Philanthropists Re-located almost 100 associates to our downtown Louisville offices, supporting downtown economic development. Republic Plaza | Downtown Louisville REPUBLIC BANCORP | 2023 ANNUAL LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS 2023 INDUSTRY CHALLENGES As we entered 2023 with inflation levels not seen in 40 years, the Federal Reserve continued to raise the Federal Funds Target interest rate in an effort to get inflation closer to its 2% target. This action, along with dynamics causing long-term interest rates to decline, created an inverted yield curve environment in which the 10-year US Treasury Bond yield was lower than the 2-year US Treasury Bond yield. This current yield curve inversion began in July 2022 and was still in place at year-end 2023, representing the second longest yield curve inversion in U.S. history, second only to the inversion of that took place during 1979 and 1980. The headwind of an inverted yield curve environment was particularly meaningful for banks. In general, this environment exposed weaknesses for some banks in our industry, such as an overreliance on uninsured deposits to fund assets and investing funds from uninsured deposits into investment securities with longer durations. In an environment such as the one we have been in since March 2022, the values of these longer-term investment securities can fall significantly, causing materially negative liquidity issues if banks need to sell them to fund large deposit withdrawals from During 2023, we fortified our funding base to mitigate the risk of this market uncertainty. We are proud of the job we did across the Company of growing our retail deposits and further solidifying our overall liquidity position. As a result of the strong efforts of our associates, our Core Bank retail deposits ended the year at $4.3 billion, an increase of $219 million, or 5%, from December 31, 2022. In addition, to mitigate our risk of further liquidity disruptions in the market, we added additional liquidity capacity at the Federal Home Loan Bank, increasing our borrowing line by Shareholders can be comforted by our strong balance sheet, growing and diversified deposit base, healthy liquidity and industry leading capital levels. their uninsured depositors. These factors were major components in the failures of three large banks that occurred during the first half of the year. Shareholders can be comforted by our strong balance sheet, our growing and diversified deposit base, as well as our healthy liquidity and industry leading capital levels. $111 million from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. The growth in our deposits did come at the cost of higher funding expenses for our overall deposit portfolio, but we believe it was a cost worth absorbing given the uncertain liquidity environment in which we operated at that time. NET CHARGE OFFS TO AVERAGE LOANS REGULATORY CAPITAL RATIOS – DECEMBER 31, 2023 0.10% 0.05% 0.05% 0.01% 2023 0.00% 2022 0.01% 2021 Republic - Core Bank UBPR Peer(4) 14.25% 14.25% 13.01% 13.02% 15.50% 14.09% 13.25% 10.15% Tier 1 Leverage Ratio Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio Tier 1 Capital Ratio Total Capital Ratio Republic Bank & Trust Company UBPR Peer(4) REPUBLIC BANCORP | 2023 ANNUAL LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS 0.12% 0.10% 0.08% 0.06% 0.04% 0.02% 0.00% 18.00% 16.00% 14.00% 12.00% 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00%Our dedication to industry leading credit quality and capital remained staples during 2023. Among our many favorable credit quality metrics, we ended the fourth quarter of 2023 with a delinquency ratio of 0.16% within our Core Bank. In addition, our capital ratios at Republic Bank & Trust Company continued to be significantly above those to be considered well-capitalized as of December 31, 2023. We are proud of our many accomplishments over the past year and are optimistic about our future. We believe our focus on creating Best-in-Class client experiences, our strong capital and liquidity position, and our continued commitment to supporting all parts of the communities we serve, make us well-positioned to grow our relationships with existing clients and attract new clients. We are very proud of the good work of our over 1,000 Republic Bank associates and are much appreciative of the trust and support that each of our clients and shareholders place in Republic Bank. Executive Chair Republic Bancorp, Inc. Footnotes: NON-GAAP RECONCILIATION 1. NON-GAAP RECONCILIATION – TOTAL COMPANY NET INCOME AND ADJUSTED NET INCOME (dollars in thousands) Net income - GAAP Dec. 31, 2023 Dec. 31, 2022 $ Change % Change $ 90,374 $ 91,106 $ (732) --11 % Add: Day-1 Merger Expenses related to CBank acquisition Add: Day-1 Provision expense related to CBank acquisition Less: Contract termination fee received related to TRS Transaction Less: Legal settlement received related to TRS Transaction Add: Expenses related to TRS Transaction Applicable income tax impact on the above adjustment items 2,160 2,689 - - - (978) - - (5,000) (13,000) 914 3,859 2,160 2,689 5,000 13,000 (914) (4,837) NM NM NM NM NM Total adjusted net income - Non-GAAP (a) $ 94,245 $ 77,879 $ 16,366 21 % 2. As used in this letter, the terms “Republic,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Republic Bancorp, Inc., and, where the context requires, Republic Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries. The term the “Republic Bank” or the “Bank” refers to the Company’s subsidiary bank: Republic Bank & Trust Company. RPG Net Income NON-GAAP RECONCILIATION 3. NON-GAAP RECONCILIATION – RPG NET INCOME AND ADJUSTED NET INCOME Core Bank Net Charge-offs (dollars in thousands) DDeecc.. 3311,, 22002233 DDeecc.. 3311,, 22002222 $$ CChhaannggee %% CChhaannggee Net income - GAAP Less: Contract termination fee received related to TRS Transaction 38,918 Net Charge Offs to Average Loans $ Less: Legal settlement received related to TRS Transaction 0.12% Add: Expenses related to TRS Transaction 0.10% 0.10% Applicable income tax impact on the above adjustment items $ 43,764 $ (4,846) (11) % (5,000) (13,000) 914 3,859 5,000 13,000 (914) (3,859) NM NM NM - - - - 0.08% Total adjusted net income - Non-GAAP (a) $ 38,918 $ 30,537 $ 8,381 27 % 0.06% 0.05% 0.05% 4. UBPR Peer represents the average of all insured commercial banks having assets between $3 billion and $10 billlion as displayed in the December 31, 2023 Uniform Bank Performance Report 0.04% from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). 0.02% 0.00% 001CSN57B5 0.01% 2023 0.00% 2022 0.01% 2021 Republic - Core Bank UBPR Peer (3) (3) UBPR Peer represents the average of all insured commercial banks having assets between $3 billion and $10 billlion as displayed in the REPUBLIC BANCORP | 2023 ANNUAL LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS December 31, 2023 Uniform Bank Performance Report from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 Commission File Number: 0-24649 REPUBLIC BANCORP, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Kentucky (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 61-0862051 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 601 West Market Street, Louisville, Kentucky (Address of principal executive offices) 40202 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (502) 584-3600 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Class A Common Trading Symbol RBCAA Name of each exchange on which registered The Nasdaq Stock Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None (Title of Class) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes x No Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Yes x No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). x Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ Accelerated filer x Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes x No The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold as of June 30, 2023 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $362,785,740 (for purposes of this calculation, the market value of the Class B Common Stock was based on the market value of the Class A Common Stock into which it is convertible). The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, as of February 29, 2024 was 17,252,179 and 2,150,669. Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held April 25, 2024 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE 5 25 38 38 40 42 42 42 44 44 87 87 174 174 176 176 176 178 178 178 178 179 179 180 187 TABLE OF CONTENTS Business. PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. Item 1C. Cybersecurity Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Properties. Legal Proceedings. Mine Safety Disclosures. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. [Reserved] Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Item 9B. Other Information. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. Executive Compensation. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. PART IV Item 15. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. Index to Exhibits Signatures 2 The terms identified in alphabetical order below are used throughout this Form 10-K. You may find it helpful to refer to this page as you read this report. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Term Definition Term Definition ACH ACL ACLC Automated Clearing House Allowance for Credit Losses Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet EFTA EITC ERA Electronic Fund Transfers Act Earned Income Tax Credit Early Season Refund Advance Term OREO PATH Act Patriot Act Definition Other Real Estate Owned Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 U.S. Patriot Act Credit Exposures Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans ACLL Allowance for Credit Losses on Securities ACLS AFS Available for Sale Allowance Allowance for Credit Losses AML AOCI ARM ASC ASU Anti-Money Laundering Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Adjustable Rate Mortgage Accounting Standards Codification Accounting Standards Update ESPP EVP FASB FCA FCRA FDIA FDICIA FFTR FHA Employee Stock Purchase Plan Executive Vice President Financial Accounting Standards Board Financial Conduct Authority Fair Credit Reporting Act Federal Deposit Insurance Act Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act Provision Federal Funds Target Rate Federal Housing Administration PCD PCI PD POS PPP Prime PSU Purchase Agreement ATM ATR Basic EPS Basic earnings per Class A Common Share Automated Teller Machine Ability to Repay FHC FHLB FHLMC Financial Holding Company Federal Home Loan Bank Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation or Freddie Mac BHC BHCA Bank Holding Company Bank Holding Company Act FICO FNMA Fair Isaac Corporation Federal National Mortgage Association or Fannie Mae RA R&D RB&T / the Bank RCS Republic / Company Company’s Board of Directors Bank Owned Life Insurance Brokered Price Opinion Bank Secrecy Act Construction and Development Commercial and Industrial FOMC FRA FRB FTE FTP GAAP Federal Open Market Committee Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Bank Full Time Equivalent Funds Transfer Pricing Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United RESPA ROA ROE RPG RPPS RPS States Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and GLBA Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act Disclosure Act of 2009 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act Commercial Credit Administration Department Core Deposit Intangible Green Dot Corporation Home Equity Amortizing Loan Home Equity Line of Credit RT S&P SAC Sale Transaction Board BOLI BPO BSA C&D C&I CARD Act CARES Act CCAD CDI Current Expected Credit Losses Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Commodity Futures Trading Commission Collateralized Mortgage Obligation Constant Maturity Treasury Index CECL CEO CFO CFPB CFTC CMO CMT Core Bank The Traditional Banking, Warehouse Lending, and Mortgage Banking reportable segments Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Held to Maturity Internal Revenue Service Interactive Teller Machine Kentucky Department of Financial Institutions Loss Given Default London Interbank Offered Rate RCS product introduced in 2014 for which the Bank participates out a 90% interest and holds a 10% interest SBA SEC SERP SOFR SSUAR SVP TBA TDR Green Dot HEAL HELOC HMDA HTM IRS ITM KDFI LGD LIBOR LOC I Purchased Credit Deteriorated Purchased Credit Impaired Probability of Default Point of Sale Paycheck Protection Program The Wall Street Journal Prime Interest Rate Provision for Expected Credit Loss Expense Performance Stock Unit May 13, 2021 Asset Purchase Agreement for the sale of substantially all of the Bank's TRS assets and operations to Green Dot Refund Advance Research and Development Republic Bank & Trust Company Republic Credit Solutions Republic Bancorp, Inc. Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act Return on Average Assets Return on Average Equity Republic Processing Group Remote Payment and Presentment Service Republic Payment Solutions Refund Transfer Standard and Poor's Special Asset Committee Sale contemplated in the May 13, 2021 Purchase Agreement between the Bank and Green Dot Small Business Administration Securities and Exchange Commission Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan Secured Overnight Financing Rate Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase Senior Vice President To be Announced Troubled Debt Restructuring Coronavirus Disease of 2019 Community Reinvestment Act Commercial Real Estate Deposit Insurance Fund Diluted earnings per Class A Common Share COVID- 19 CRA CRE DIF Diluted EPS Dodd- Frank Act DTA DTL EBITDA Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Deferred Tax Assets Deferred Tax Liabilities The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act LOC II RCS product introduced in 2021 for which the Bank Captive Republic Insurance Services, Inc. participates out a 95% interest and holds a 5% interest LPO LTV MBS MSRs Loan Production Office Loan to Value Mortgage-Backed Securities Mortgage Servicing Rights TILA TPS TRS TRUP Truth in Lending Act Trust Preferred Securities Tax Refund Solutions TPS Investment NA Not Applicable USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture NASDAQ NASDAQ Global Select Market® NM OCI Not Meaningful Other Comprehensive Income VA Warehouse U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Warehouse Lending Amortization Economic Aid Act Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, OFAC Office of Foreign Assets Control Nonprofits, and Venues Act 3 Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains statements relating to future results of Republic Bancorp, Inc. that are considered “forward-looking” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The forward-looking statements are principally, but not exclusively, contained in Part I Item 1 “Business,” Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” and Part II Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” As used in this filing, the terms “Republic,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Republic Bancorp, Inc., and, where the context requires, Republic Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries. The term the “Bank” refers to the Company’s subsidiary bank: Republic Bank & Trust Company. The term the “Captive” refers to the Company’s dissolved insurance subsidiary: Republic Insurance Services, Inc. Forward-looking statements discuss matters that are not historical facts. As forward-looking statements discuss future events or conditions, the statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “target,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “potential,” or similar expressions. Do not rely on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements detail management’s expectations regarding the future and are not guarantees. Forward- looking statements are assumptions based on information known to management only as of the date the statements are made and management undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable law. Broadly speaking, forward-looking statements include: • • • • • • the potential impact of inflation on Company operations; projections of revenue, income, expenses, losses, earnings per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure, loan volume, loan growth, deposit growth, or other financial items; descriptions of plans or objectives for future operations, products, or services; descriptions and projections related to management strategies for loans, deposits, investments, and borrowings; forecasts of future economic performance; and descriptions of assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied as a result of certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the impact of inflation on the Company’s operations and credit losses; litigation liabilities, including related costs, expenses, settlements and judgments, or the outcome of matters before regulatory agencies, whether pending or commencing in the future; natural disasters impacting the Company’s operations; changes in political and economic conditions; the magnitude and frequency of changes to the FFTR implemented by the FOMC of the FRB; long-term and short-term interest rate fluctuations and the overall steepness of the U.S. Treasury yield curve, as well as their impact on the Company’s net interest income and Mortgage Banking operations; competitive product and pricing pressures in each of the Company’s six reportable segments; equity and fixed income market fluctuations; client bankruptcies and loan defaults; recession; future acquisitions; integrations of acquired businesses; changes in technology; changes in applicable laws and regulations or the interpretation and enforcement thereof; changes in fiscal, monetary, regulatory, and tax policies; changes in accounting standards; 4 • monetary fluctuations; • • • • changes to the Company’s overall internal control environment; the Company’s ability to qualify for future R&D federal tax credits; the ability for Tax Providers to successfully market and realize the expected RA and RT volume anticipated by TRS; information security breaches or cybersecurity attacks involving either the Company or one of the Company’s third-party service providers; and other risks and uncertainties reported from time to time in the Company’s filings with the SEC, including Part 1 Item 1A “Risk Factors.” • PART I Item 1. Business. Republic is a financial holding company headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. The Bank is a Kentucky-based, state-chartered non- member financial institution that provides both traditional and non-traditional banking products through six reportable segments using a multitude of delivery channels. While the Bank operates primarily in its market footprint, its non-brick-and-mortar delivery channels allow it to reach clients across the U.S. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company dissolved its Captive, a Nevada-based, wholly owned insurance subsidiary of the Company. The Captive provided property and casualty insurance coverage to the Company and the Bank, as well as a group of unrelated third-party insurance captives. As of December 31, 2023, Republic had 47 full-service banking centers with locations as follows: • Kentucky — 29 • Metropolitan Louisville — 19 • Central Kentucky — 6 • Georgetown — 1 • Lexington — 5 • Northern Kentucky (Metropolitan Cincinnati) — 4 • Bellevue— 1 • Covington — 1 • Crestview Hills — 1 • Florence — 1 • Indiana — 3 • Southern Indiana (Metropolitan Louisville) — 3 • Floyds Knobs — 1 Jeffersonville — 1 • • New Albany — 1 • Florida — 7 • Metropolitan Tampa — 7 • Ohio — 4 • Metropolitan Cincinnati — 4 • Tennessee — 4 • Metropolitan Nashville — 4 Republic’s headquarters are in Louisville, which is the largest city in Kentucky based on population. The principal business of Republic is directing, planning, and coordinating the business activities of the Bank. The financial condition and results of operations of Republic are primarily dependent upon the results of operations of the Bank. As of December 31, 2023, Republic had total assets of $6.6 billion, total deposits of $5.1 billion, and total stockholders’ equity of $913 million. Based on total assets as of December 31, 2023, Republic ranked as the second largest Kentucky-based financial holding company. The executive offices of Republic are located at 601 West Market Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, telephone number (502) 584-3600. The Company’s website address is www.republicbank.com. 5 Website Access to Reports The Company makes its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, available free of charge through its website, www.republicbank.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The information provided on the Company’s website is not part of this report, and is therefore not incorporated by reference, unless that information is otherwise specifically referenced elsewhere in this report. The SEC maintains an internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy, information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. General Business Overview As of December 31, 2023, the Company was divided into six reportable segments: Traditional Banking, Warehouse, Mortgage Banking, TRS, RPS, and RCS. Management considers the first three segments (Traditional Banking, Warehouse, Mortgage Banking) to collectively constitute “Core Bank” or “Core Banking” operations, while the last three segments (TRS, RPS, and RCS) collectively constitute RPG operations. (I) Traditional Banking segment As of December 31, 2023 and through the date of this filing, generally all Traditional Banking products and services were offered through the Company’s traditional RB&T brand. Lending Activities The Bank’s principal lending activities consist of the following: Retail Mortgage Lending — Through the Bank’s mortgage division, which consists of a Retail Channel and Consumer Direct Channel, as well as the Bank’s Private Banking division and banking center network, the Bank originates single-family, residential real estate loans, and HELOCs. Such loans are generally collateralized by owner-occupied, residential real estate properties. The collateral for these loans is predominately located in the Bank’s market footprint, except for a small percentage of loans originated through its Consumer Direct Channel, which are secured by owner-occupied collateral located outside of the Bank’s market footprint. During the second and third quarters of 2023, the Bank purchased a block of single-family, first-lien mortgage loans for investment through its Correspondent Lending Channel, with these loans secured by owner-occupied collateral generally located outside of the Bank’s market footprint, as well. The Bank offers single-family, first-lien residential real estate ARMs with interest rate adjustments tied to various market indices with specified minimum and maximum adjustments. The Bank generally charges a premium interest rate for its ARMs if the property is not owner-occupied. The interest rates on the majority of ARMs are adjusted after their fixed rate periods on an annual or semi-annual basis, with most having annual and lifetime limitations on upward rate adjustments to the loan. These loans typically feature amortization periods of up to 30 years and have fixed interest-rate periods generally ranging from five to ten years, with demand dependent upon market conditions. While there is no requirement for clients to refinance their loans at the end of the fixed-rate period, clients have historically done so the majority of the time, as most clients are interest-rate-risk averse on their first mortgage loans. Depending on the term and amount of the ARM, loans collateralized by single-family, owner-occupied first-lien residential real estate may be originated with a LTV up to 90%. The Bank also offers a 100% LTV product for medical doctors within its primary markets. The Bank does not require the borrower to obtain private mortgage insurance for ARM loans. Except for its HEAL product with loan amounts under $250,000, the Bank requires mortgagee’s title insurance on single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans to protect the Bank against defects in its liens on the properties that collateralize the loans. The Bank normally requires title, fire, and extended casualty insurance to be obtained by the borrower and, when required by applicable regulations, flood insurance. The Bank maintains an errors and omissions insurance policy to protect the Bank against loss in the event a borrower fails to maintain proper fire and other hazard insurance policies. 6 Single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans with fixed-rate periods of 15, 20, and 30 years are primarily originated and sold into the secondary market. MSRs attached to the sold portfolio are either sold along with the loan or retained. Loans sold into the secondary market, along with their corresponding MSRs, are included as a component of the Company’s Mortgage Banking segment, as discussed elsewhere in this filing. The Bank, as it has in the past, may retain such longer-term, fixed-rate loans from time to time in the future to help combat net interest margin compression. Any such loans retained on the Company’s balance sheet would be reported as a component of the Traditional Banking segment. The Bank does, on occasion, purchase single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans made to low-to-moderate income borrowers and/or secured by property located in low-to-moderate income areas, which assists the Bank in meeting its obligations under the CRA. In connection with loan purchases, the Bank receives various representations and warranties from the sellers regarding the quality and characteristics of the loans. Commercial Lending — The Bank conducts commercial lending activities primarily through Corporate Banking, Commercial Banking, CRE Banking, Business Banking, Private Banking, and Retail Banking Channels. Commercial lending credit approvals and processing are prepared and underwritten through the Bank’s centralized Commercial Credit Administration Department (“CCAD”). Commercial clients are typically primarily located within the Bank’s market footprint or in an adjoining market. Credit opportunities are generally driven by the following: companies expanding their businesses; companies acquiring new businesses; and/or companies refinancing existing debt from other institutions. The Bank has a primary focus on C&I lending and CRE lending. The targeted C&I credit size for client relationships is typically between $1 million and $10 million, with higher targets between $10 million and $35 million for large Corporate Banking. The credit size for the Bank’s CRE Division borrowers is typically $5 million and higher and exhibit higher credit quality. C&I loans typically include those secured by general business assets, which consist of equipment, accounts receivable, inventory, and other business assets owned by the borrower/guarantor. Credit facilities include annually renewable lines of credit and term loans with maturities typically from three to five years and may also involve financial covenant requirements. These requirements are monitored by the Bank’s CCAD. Underwriting for C&I loans is based on the borrower’s capacity to repay these loans from operating cash flows, typically measured by EBITDA, with capital strength, collateral, and management experience also important underwriting considerations. Corporate Banking focuses on larger C&I opportunities. Borrowers are generally single-asset entities and loan sizes typically range from $5 million to $35 million. Primary underwriting considerations are project cash flows (current and historical), financial capacity of sponsors, and collateral value financed. The majority of interest rates offered are based on a floating rate index like term-SOFR and U.S. Treasuries. Fixed-rate terms of up to 10 years are available to borrowers by utilizing standard Bank products or interest rate swaps. In many cases the Bank seeks full or limited guarantees, or in certain instances, non- recourse (of owners) loans will be issued, with such cases based upon the equity/capital position, cash flow projections, and stabilization of the borrowing entity. The Bank’s CRE Division, which launched in 2022, focuses on large CRE projects, typically in amounts from $5 million to $25 million. Borrowers are generally single-asset entities, mostly nonowner-occupied CRE. Primary underwriting considerations are cash flow projections (current and historical), financial capacity of sponsors, and collateral value financed. Fixed rate financing and reciprocal interest rate swaps are used as well. Given the size of these credits, the Bank generally seeks established, well- known borrowers and projects with low credit risk. Commercial Banking focuses on small and medium sized C&I and owner-occupied CRE opportunities. Borrowers are generally single-asset entities and loan sizes typically range from $1 million to $5 million. As with Corporate Banking, the primary underwriting considerations are cash flow projections (current and historical), quality of leases, financial capacity of sponsors, and collateral value of property financed. Interest rates offered are based on both fixed and variable interest-rate formulas. The Bank’s CRE and multi-family loans are typically secured by improved property such as office buildings, medical facilities, retail centers, warehouses, apartment buildings, condominiums, schools, religious institutions, and other types of commercial use property. 7 The Business Banking group, reporting under Retail Banking in most markets, focuses on locally based small businesses in the Bank’s market footprint with primary annual revenues up to $10 million and borrowings between $350,000 and $1 million. The needs of these clients range from expansion or acquisition financing, equipment financing, owner-occupied real estate financing, and smaller operating lines of credit. The Bank is an SBA Preferred Lending Partner, which allows the Bank to underwrite and approve its own SBA loans in an expedited manner. An experienced veteran lender oversees the Bank’s SBA Department. The Bank makes loans to borrowers generally up to $3 million under the SBA “7A Program,” as well as utilize the “504 Program” for owner-occupied CRE opportunities. The Bank’s lenders utilize programs of the SBA to reduce credit risk exposure. Construction and Land Development Lending — The Bank originates business loans for the construction of both single- family, residential properties, and commercial properties (e.g., apartment complexes, shopping centers, office buildings). While not a focus for the Bank, the Bank may originate loans for the acquisition and development of residential or commercial land into buildable lots. Single-family, residential-construction loans are made in the Bank’s market area to established homebuilders with solid financial records. The majority of these loans are made for “contract” homes that the builder has already pre-sold to a homebuyer. Commercial-construction loans are made in the Bank’s market to established commercial builders/developers with solid financial records. Typically, these loans are made for investment properties and have tenants pre-committed for some or all of the space. Generally, commercial-construction loans are made for the duration of the construction period and slightly beyond and will either convert to permanent financing with the Bank or with another lender at or before maturity. Construction-to-permanent loans are another type of construction-related financing that the Bank offers. These loans are made to borrowers who are going to build a property and retain it for ownership after construction completion. These loans are offered on both owner-occupied and nonowner-occupied CRE. Consumer Lending — Traditional Banking consumer loans made by the Bank include secured and unsecured personal loans, as well as credit cards. The Bank predominately originates consumer credit cards as the main product within this lending. Credit cards are generally marketed to existing clients of the Bank and are not generally marketed to non-clients. Aircraft Lending — Aircraft loans are typically made to purchase or refinance personal aircrafts, along with engine overhauls and avionic upgrades. Loans typically range between $100,000 and $4,000,000 in size and have terms up to 20 years. While the term of the actual loan is 20 years, the expected life of an aircraft loan is typically 4-6 years. The aircraft loan program is open to all fifty states. The credit characteristics of an aircraft borrower are higher than a typical consumer in that they must demonstrate and indicate a higher degree of credit worthiness for approval. Marine Lending — Marine lending is a new initiative that the Bank began in 2023. These loans typically are made in the Bank’s current or contiguous markets. Loans usually range between $100,000 and $1,000,000 in size. Similar to aircraft lending, the credit characteristics for a marine borrower are higher than a typical consumer as they must demonstrate and exhibit a higher degree of credit worthiness for approval. See additional discussion regarding Lending Activities under the sections titled: • Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” • Part II Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” • Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” 8 The Bank’s other Traditional Banking activities generally consist of the following: Private Banking — The Bank provides financial products and services to high-net-worth individuals through its Private Banking division. The Bank’s Private Banking officers have extensive banking experience and are trained to meet the unique financial needs of this clientele. Treasury Management Department — The Bank provides various deposit products designed for commercial business clients located throughout its market footprint. Lockbox processing, remote deposit capture, business on-line banking, account reconciliation, and ACH processing are additional services offered to commercial businesses through the Bank’s Treasury Management department. Treasury Management officers work closely with commercial and retail officers to support their clients’ cash management needs. Correspondent Lending — During the second and third quarters of 2023, the Bank purchased a block of single family, first-lien mortgage loans for investment through its Correspondent Lending channel. The Bank had previously purchased Correspondent loans during 2014 and 2015. Correspondent Lending generally involves the Bank purchasing, primarily from its Warehouse Lending clients, closed loans that meet the Bank’s specifications. Substantially all loans purchased through the Correspondent Lending channel are purchased at a premium. Premiums on loans held for investment acquired though the Correspondent Lending channel will be amortized into interest income over the expected life of the loan utilizing the level-yield. Loans acquired through the Correspondent Lending channel are generally made to borrowers outside of the Bank’s historical market footprint. Internet Banking — The Bank expands its market penetration and service delivery of its RB&T brand by offering clients Internet Banking services and products through its website, www.republicbank.com. RBMAX — RBMAX is a separately branded, national branchless banking platform offered by the Bank. RBMAX focuses on technologically savvy clients that prefer to bank virtually as well as those that prefer to carry larger balances in high yield savings accounts. Mobile Banking — The Bank allows clients to easily and securely access and manage their accounts through its mobile banking application. Other Banking Services — The Bank also provides title insurance and other financial institution related products and services. Bank Acquisitions — The Bank maintains an acquisition strategy to selectively grow its franchise as a complement to its organic growth strategies. See additional discussion regarding the Traditional Banking segment under Footnote 24 “Segment Information” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 9 (II) Warehouse Lending segment The Core Bank provides short-term, revolving credit facilities to mortgage bankers across the United States through mortgage warehouse lines of credit. These credit facilities are primarily secured by single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans. The credit facility enables the mortgage banking clients to close single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans in their own name and temporarily fund their inventory of these closed loans until the loans are sold to investors approved by the Bank. Individual advances for loans are expected to remain on the warehouse line for an average of 15 to 30 days. Advances for reverse mortgage loans and construction loans typically remain on the line longer than conventional mortgage loans. Interest income and loan fees are accrued for each individual advance during the time the advance remains on the warehouse line and collected when the loan is sold. The Core Bank receives the sale proceeds of each loan directly from the investor and applies the funds to pay off the warehouse advance and related accrued interest and fees. The remaining proceeds are credited to the mortgage-banking client. See additional discussion regarding the Warehouse Lending segment under Footnote 24 “Segment Information” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” (III) Mortgage Banking segment Mortgage Banking activities primarily include 15-, 20- and 30-year fixed-term single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans that are originated and sold into the secondary market, primarily to the FHLMC and the FNMA. The Bank typically retains servicing on loans sold into the secondary market. Administration of loans with servicing retained by the Bank includes collecting principal and interest payments, escrowing funds for property taxes and property insurance, and remitting payments to secondary market investors. The Bank receives fees for performing these standard servicing functions. As part of the sale of loans with servicing retained, the Bank records MSRs. MSRs represent an estimate of the present value of future cash servicing income, net of estimated costs, which the Bank expects to receive on loans sold with servicing retained by the Bank. MSRs are capitalized as separate assets. This transaction is posted to net gain on sale of loans, a component of “Mortgage Banking income” in the income statement. Management considers all relevant factors, in addition to pricing considerations from other servicers, to estimate the fair value of the MSRs to be recorded when the loans are initially sold with servicing retained by the Bank. The carrying value of MSRs is initially amortized in proportion to and over the estimated period of net servicing income and subsequently adjusted quarterly based on the weighted average remaining life of the underlying loans. The MSR amortization is recorded as a reduction to net servicing income, a component of Mortgage Banking income. With the assistance of an independent third party, the MSRs asset is reviewed at least quarterly for impairment based on the fair value of the MSRs using groupings of the underlying loans based on predominant risk characteristics. Any impairment of a grouping is reported as a valuation allowance. A primary factor influencing the fair value is the estimated life of the underlying loans serviced. The estimated life of the loans serviced is significantly influenced by market interest rates. During a period of declining interest rates, the fair value of the MSRs is expected to decline due to increased anticipated prepayment speeds within the portfolio. Alternatively, during a period of rising interest rates, the fair value of MSRs would be expected to increase as prepayment speeds on the underlying loans would be expected to decline. See additional discussion regarding the Mortgage Banking segment under Footnote 24 “Segment Information” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 10 (IV) Tax Refund Solutions segment Through the TRS segment, the Bank is one of a limited number of financial institutions that facilitates the receipt and payment of federal and state tax refund products and offers a credit product through third-party tax preparers located throughout the U.S., as well as tax-preparation software providers (collectively, the “Tax Providers”). The majority of all the business generated by the TRS business occurs during the first half of each year, however, during December 2022 TRS substantially increased its preseason lending activities by originating $98 million of ERAs in connection with the first quarter 2023 tax filing season. In December of 2023, TRS originated $103 million of ERAs in connection with the first quarter 2024 tax filing season. During the second half of each year, TRS generates limited revenue and incurs costs preparing for the next year’s tax filing season. RTs are fee-based products whereby a tax refund is issued to the taxpayer after the Bank has received the refund from the federal or state government. There is no credit risk or borrowing cost associated with these products because they are only delivered to the taxpayer upon receipt of the tax refund directly from the governmental paying authority. Fees earned by the Company on RTs, net of revenue share, are reported as noninterest income under the line item “Net refund transfer fees.” The RA credit product is a loan made in conjunction with the filing of a taxpayer’s final federal tax return, which allows the taxpayer to borrow funds as an advance of a portion of their tax refund. The RA product had the following features during the fir st quarters of 2023 and 2022: • Offered only during the first two months of each year; • The taxpayer had the option to choose from multiple loan-amount tiers, subject to underwriting, up to a maximum advance amount of $6,250; • No requirement that the taxpayer pay for another bank product, such as an RT; • Multiple disbursement methods available with most Tax Providers, including direct deposit, prepaid card, or check, based on the taxpayer-customer’s election; • Repayment of the RA to the Bank deducted from the taxpayer’s tax refund proceeds; and • If an insufficient refund to repay the RA: o no recourse to the taxpayer, o no negative credit reporting on the taxpayer, and o no collection efforts against the taxpayer. Since its introduction in December of 2022, the ERA credit product has been structured similarly to the RA with the primary differences being the timing of when the ERAs are originated and the documentation available to underwrite the ERA credits. The ERA is originated prior to the taxpayer receiving their fiscal year taxable income documentation, e.g., W-2, and the filing of the taxpayer’s final federal tax return. As such, the Company generally uses paystub information to underwrite the ERA. The repayment of the ERA is incumbent upon the taxpayer client returning to the Bank’s Tax Provider for the filing of their final federal tax return in order for the tax refund to potentially be received by the Bank from the federal government to pay off the advance. The ERA product had the following features during the 2023 and 2024 tax filing seasons: • Only offered during December and the following January in connection with the upcoming first quarter tax business for each period; • The taxpayer had the option to choose from multiple loan tiers, subject to underwriting, up to a maximum advance amount of $1,000; • No requirement that the taxpayer pays for another bank product, such as an RT; • Multiple disbursement methods available with most Tax Providers, including direct deposit or prepaid card, based on the taxpayer-customer’s election; • Repayment of the ERA to the Bank deducted from the taxpayer’s tax refund proceeds; and • If an insufficient refund to repay the ERA, including the failure to file a final federal tax return through a Republic Tax Provider: o no recourse to the taxpayer, o no negative credit reporting on the taxpayer, and o no collection efforts against the taxpayer. 11 The Company reports fees paid for the RAs, including ERAs, as interest income on loans. RAs, including ERAs that were originated related to the first quarter 2023 tax filing season were repaid, on average, within 32 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority. RAs do not have a contractual due date, but the Company considered an RA, related to the first quarter 2023 tax filing season, delinquent if it remained unpaid 35 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority. The number of days for delinquency eligibility is based on management’s annual analysis of tax return processing times. Provisions on RAs are estimated when advances are made. Unpaid RAs, including ERAs, related to the first quarter tax filing season of a given year are charged-off by June 30th of that year, unless they are deemed to be uncollectible earlier than June 30th, at which time they are charged off. RAs collected during the second half of that year, not subject to loan loss guarantee arrangements, are recorded as recoveries of previously charged-off loans. Related to the overall credit losses on RAs, including ERAs, the Bank’s ability to control losses is highly dependent upon its ability to predict the taxpayer’s likelihood to receive the tax refund as claimed on the taxpayer’s tax return. Each year, the Bank’s RA approval model is based primarily on the prior-year’s tax refund payment patterns. Because the substantial majority of the RA volume occurs each year before that year’s tax refund payment patterns can be analyzed and subsequent underwriting changes made, credit losses during a current year could be higher than management’s predictions if tax refund payment patterns change materially between years. In response to changes in the legal, regulatory, and competitive environment, management annually reviews and revises the RA, including the ERA, product parameters. Further changes in the RA product parameters do not ensure positive results and could have an overall material negative impact on the performance of all RA product offerings and therefore on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. See additional discussion regarding the RA product under the sections titled: • Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” • Part II Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” • Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” 12 (V) Republic Payment Solutions segment The RPS Division offers a range of payments-related products and services to consumers through third party service providers. The Bank offers both issuing solutions and money movement capabilities. Issuing Solutions: The RPS division offers prepaid and debit solutions primarily marketed to the consumer industry. Prepaid solutions include the issuing of payroll and general purpose reloadable (“GPR”) cards. Characteristics of these cards include the following: • Similar to a traditional debit card with features including traditional point of sale purchasing, ATM withdrawals and direct deposit; • Funds associated with these products typically held in pooled accounts at the Bank with the Bank maintaining records of individual balances within these pooled accounts; and • Payroll cards facilitate the loading of an employer’s payroll onto a card via direct deposit with GPR cards generally distributed through retail locations and reloadable through participating retail load networks. Debit solutions include the issuing of demand deposit accounts, savings accounts and/or debit cards. In addition to offering traditional point of sale purchasing, ATM withdrawals, and direct deposit options, these accounts may include overdraft protection. Money Movement: The Bank participates in traditional money movement solutions including ACH transactions, wire transfer, check processing, and the Mastercard RPPS. These capabilities are complementary to issuing within RPS, as well as, generally facilitating the movement of money for the TRS and RCS Divisions. The Company reports its share of client-related charges and fees for RPS programs under RPS program fees. Additionally, the Company’s portion of interchange revenue generated by prepaid card transactions is reported as noninterest income under “Interchange fee income.” See additional discussion regarding the RPS segment under the sections titled: • Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” • Part II Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” • Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Footnote 24 “Segment Information” 13 (VI) Republic Credit Solutions segment Through the RCS segment, the Bank offers consumer credit products. In general, the credit products are unsecured, small dollar consumer loans that are dependent on various factors. RCS loans typically earn a higher yield but also have higher credit risk compared to loans originated through the Traditional Banking segment, with a significant portion of RCS clients considered subprime or near-prime borrowers. The Bank uses third-party service providers for certain services such as marketing and loan servicing of RCS loans. Additional information regarding consumer loan products offered through RCS follows: • RCS line-of-credit products – Using separate third-party service providers, the Bank originates two line-of-credit products to generally subprime borrowers in multiple states. The first of these two products, the LOC I, has been originated by RCS since 2014. RCS began offering the LOC II product in January 2021. o Elastic Marketing, LLC and Elevate Decision Sciences, LLC are third-party service providers for the LOC I product and are subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision. Together, these companies provide the Bank with certain marketing, servicing, technology, and support services, while a separate third party provides customer support, servicing, and other services on the Bank’s behalf. The Bank is the lender for this product and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of the product. The Bank sells participation interests in this product. These participation interests are a 90% interest in advances made to borrowers under the borrower’s line-of-credit account, and the participation interests are generally sold three business days following the Bank’s funding of the associated advances. Although the Bank retains a 10% participation interest in each advance, it maintains 100% ownership of the underlying LOC I account with each borrower. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. o Similar to its LOC I product, the Bank provides oversight and supervision to a third party for its LOC II product. In return, this third party provides the Bank with marketing services and loan servicing for the LOC II product. The Bank is the lender for this product and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of this product. The Bank sells 95% participation interests in the LOC II product. These participation interests are generally sold three business days following the Bank’s funding of the associated advances. Although the Bank retains a 5% participation interest in each advance, it maintains 100% ownership of the underlying LOC II account with each borrower. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. • RCS installment loan product – Through RCS, the Bank offers installment loans with terms ranging from 12 to 60 months to borrowers in multiple states. The same third-party service provider for RCS’s LOC II is the third-party provider for the installment loans. This third-party provider is subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision and provides the Bank with marketing services and loan servicing for these RCS installment loans. The Bank is the lender for these RCS installment loans and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of this RCS installment loan product. Currently, all loan balances originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried as “held for sale” on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the intention to sell these loans to a third-party, who is an affiliate of the Bank’s third-party service provider, generally within sixteen days following the Bank’s origination of the loans. Loans originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried at fair value under a fair-value option, with the portfolio marked to market monthly. • RCS healthcare receivables products – The Bank originates healthcare-receivables products across the U.S. through three different third-party service providers. o For two of the programs, the Bank retains 100% of the receivables, with recourse in the event of default. o For the remaining program, in some instances the Bank retains 100% of the receivables originated, with recourse in the event of default, and in other instances, the Bank sells 100% of the receivables generally within one month of origination. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. 14 For the RCS line of credit and healthcare receivable products, the Company reports interest income and loan origination fees earned on RCS loans under “Loans, including fees,” while any net gains or losses on sale and mark-to-market adjustments of RCS loans are reported as noninterest income under “RCS Program fees.” The Company has elected fair value accounting for its RCS installment loan product that it sells after an initial holding period. As a result, interest income on loans, loan origination fees, net gains or losses on sale, and mark-to-market adjustments for the RCS installment product are reported as noninterest income under “RCS Program fees.” See additional discussion regarding the RCS segment under the sections titled: • Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” • Part II Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” • Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Footnote 24 “Segment Information” Employees and Human Capital Resources As of December 31, 2023, Republic had 1,019 FTE employees. Altogether, Republic had 1,010 full-time and 18 part-time employees. None of the Company’s employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement, and Republic has never experienced a work stoppage. The Company believes that it has had and continues to have good employee relations. Employee retention helps the Company operate efficiently and effectively. Management promotes its core values through prioritizing concern for employees’ well-being, supporting employees’ career goals, offering competitive wages, offering flexible schedules, and providing valuable fringe benefits. In addition, Bank employees may become stockholders of the Company through participation in its Employee Stock Purchase Plan and its 401(k) retirement plan, which offers a Company stock investment option. The Company actively encourages and supports the growth and development of its employees. Management generally seeks to fill positions by promotion and transfer from within the organization, whenever practical. Career development is advanced through ongoing mentoring and development programs, as well as internally developed training programs, customized corporate training engagements and educational reimbursement programs. Reimbursement is available to employees enrolled in pre-approved degree or certification programs at accredited institutions that teach skills or knowledge relevant to the financial services industry and in compliance with the Internal Revenue Code. The safety, health, and wellness of Republic’s employees is considered a top priority. The Company promotes the health and wellness of its employees by encouraging work-life balance, offering flexible work schedules, and striving to keep the employee portion of health care premiums competitive with local competition. Additionally, Republic strives to clearly and frequently communicate expectations that all employee conduct must adhere to the highest ethical standards encompassed by its corporate values, including through town hall meetings and senior leadership messages. Information about our Executive Officers See Part III, Item 10. “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.” for information about the Company’s executive officers. Competition Traditional Banking The Traditional Bank encounters intense competition in its market footprint in originating loans, attracting deposits, and selling other banking-related financial services. The deregulation of the banking industry, the ability to create financial services holding companies to engage in a wide range of financial services other than banking, and the widespread enactment of state laws that permit multi-bank holding companies, as well as the availability of nationwide interstate banking, has created a highly competitive environment for financial institutions. In one or more aspects of the Bank’s business, the Bank competes with local and regional retail and commercial banks, other savings banks, credit unions, finance companies, mortgage companies, fintech companies, and other financial intermediaries operating in Kentucky, Indiana, Florida, Tennessee, Ohio, and in other states where the Bank offers its products. The Bank also competes with insurance companies, consumer finance companies, investment banking firms, and mutual fund managers. 15 Some of the Company’s competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulatory review and restrictions that apply to the Company and the Bank. Many of the Bank’s primary competitors, some of which are affiliated with large bank holding companies or other larger financial based institutions, have substantially greater resources, larger established client bases, higher lending limits, more extensive banking center networks, numerous ATMs or ITMs, and greater advertising and marketing budgets. They may also offer services that the Bank does not currently provide. These competitors attempt to gain market share through their financial product mix, pricing strategies, and banking center locations. Legislative developments related to interstate branching and banking in general, by providing large banking institutions easier access to a broader marketplace, can act to create more pressure on smaller financial institutions to consolidate. It is anticipated that competition from both bank and non-bank entities will continue to remain strong in the foreseeable future. The primary factors in competing for bank products are convenient locations, ATMs, ITMs, flexible hours, deposit interest rates, services, internet banking, mobile banking, range of lending services offered, and lending fees. The Bank believes that an emphasis on highly personalized service tailored to individual client needs, together with the local character of the Bank’s business and its “community bank” management philosophy will continue to enhance the Bank’s ability to compete successfully in its market footprint. Warehouse Lending The Bank faces strong competition from financial institutions across the United States for mortgage banking clients in need of warehouse lines of credit. Competitors may have substantially greater resources, larger established client bases, higher lending limits, as well as underwriting standards and on-going oversight requirements that could be viewed more favorably by some clients. A few or all of these factors can lead to a competitive disadvantage to the Company when attempting to retain or grow its Warehouse client base. Mortgage Banking The Bank encounters intense competition from mortgage bankers, mortgage brokers, and financial institutions for the origination and funding of mortgage loans. Many competitors have branch offices in the same areas where the Bank’s loan officers operate. The Bank also competes with mortgage companies whose focus is often on telemarketing and consumer-direct lending. Tax Refund Solutions The TRS segment encounters direct competition for RT and RA market share from a limited number of banks in the industry. The Bank promotes these products to Tax Providers using various revenue-share and pricing incentives, as well as product features and overall service levels. Republic Payment Solutions The prepaid card industry is subject to intense and increasing competition. The Bank competes with a number of companies that market different types of prepaid card products, such as general-purpose-reloadable, gift, incentive, and corporate disbursement cards. There is also competition from large retailers who are seeking to integrate more financial services into their product offerings. Increased competition is also expected from alternative financial services providers who are often well-positioned to service the “underbanked” and who may wish to develop their own prepaid card programs. Republic Credit Solutions The small-dollar consumer loan industry is highly competitive. Competitors for the Company’s small-dollar loan programs include, but are not limited to, billers who accept late payments for a fee, overdraft privilege programs of other banks and credit unions, payday lenders, and fintech companies. New entrants to the small-dollar consumer loan market must successfully implement underwriting and fraud prevention processes, overcome consumer brand loyalty, and have sufficient capital to withstand early losses associated with unseasoned loan portfolios. In addition, there are substantial regulatory and compliance costs, including the need for expertise to customize products associated with licenses to lend in various states across the United States. 16 Supervision and Regulation The Company and the Bank are separate and distinct entities and are subject to extensive federal and state banking laws and regulations, which establish a comprehensive framework of activities in which the Company and the Bank may engage. These laws and regulations are primarily intended to provide protection to clients and depositors, not stockholders. The Company, as a public reporting company, is also subject to various federal securities laws and regulations. Because the Company’s Class A Common Stock is listed on NASDAQ, the Company is subject to NASDAQ’s rules for listed companies. As an umbrella supervisor, the FRB requires that FHCs operate in a safe and sound manner so that their financial condition does not threaten the viability of affiliated depository institutions. The FRB conducts periodic examinations to review the Company’s compliance with various legal and safety and soundness requirements, which directly impact the Bank. The Bank is a Kentucky-chartered commercial banking and trust corporation that is not a member of the Federal Reserve System, and as such it is subject to supervision and regulation by the FDIC and the KDFI. The Bank operates physical locations in Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee and originates and purchases loans on a national basis. All deposits, subject to regulatory prescribed limitations, held by the Bank are insured by the FDIC. The Bank is subject to the restrictions and requirements of, and potential enforcement actions, and examinations by the FDIC and KDFI. The Bank is a member of the FHLB system. As a member of the FHLB system, the Bank must also comply with applicable regulations of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. Regulation and supervision by each of these agencies is intended primarily for the protection of the Bank’s clients and the DIF and not for the benefit of the Company’s stockholders. The Bank’s activities are also regulated under federal and state consumer protection laws applicable to the Bank’s lending, deposit, and other activities. An adverse ruling or finding against the Company or the Bank under these laws could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. The Company and the Bank are also subject to the regulations of the CFPB. The CFPB has consolidated rules and orders with respect to consumer financial products and services and has substantial power to define the rights of consumers and responsibilities of lending institutions, such as the Bank. The CFPB does not, however, examine or supervise the Bank for compliance with such regulations; rather, based on the Bank’s size (less than $10 billion in assets), enforcement authority remains with the FDIC and the KDFI although the Bank may be required to submit reports or other materials to the CFPB upon its request. Notwithstanding jurisdictional limitations set forth in the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB and federal banking regulators may endeavor to work jointly on supervision matters. Regulators have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement authority and examination policies, including, but not limited to, policies that can materially impact the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves. Any change in regulatory requirements and policies, whether by the FRB, the FDIC, the KDFI, the CFPB, or state or federal legislation, could have a material adverse impact on Company operations. Regulators also have broad enforcement powers over banks and their holding companies, including, but not limited to: the power to mandate or restrict particular actions, activities, or divestitures; impose monetary fines and other penalties for violations of laws and regulations; issue cease and desist or removal orders; seek injunctions; publicly disclose such actions; and prohibit unsafe or unsound practices. This authority includes both informal and formal actions to effect corrective actions and/or sanctions. In addition, the Bank is subject to regulation and potential enforcement actions by other state and federal agencies. Certain regulatory requirements applicable to the Company and the Bank are referred to below or elsewhere in this filing. The description of statutory provisions and regulations applicable to banks and their holding companies set forth in this filing does not purport to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations. Their effect on the Company and the Bank is qualified in its entirety by reference to the actual laws and regulations. The Dodd-Frank Act The Dodd-Frank Act, among other things, implemented changes that affected the oversight and supervision of financial institutions, provided for a new resolution procedure for large financial companies, created the CFPB, introduced more stringent regulatory capital requirements and significant changes in the regulation of over-the-counter derivatives, reformed the regulation of credit rating agencies, increased controls and transparency in corporate governance and executive compensation practices, incorporated the Volcker Rule, required registration of advisers to certain private funds, and influenced significant changes in the securitization market. The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 (the “EGRRCPA”) and its implementing regulations 17 pulled back some of the more stringent requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act for community banks with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion, such as the Bank. Due to exemptions in the Dodd-Frank Act, the EGRRCPA, and each act’s implementing regulations, the Company and Bank are not subject to several provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, including but not limited to (1) the Durbin Amendment, which would otherwise limit the interchange fees the Bank can charge on debit card transactions, (2) the Volcker Rule, which would otherwise affect the Company’s ability to invest in or engage in certain trading activities, and (3) stricter regulatory capital requirements. I. The Company Source of Strength Doctrine — The Dodd-Frank Act codified the FRB’s longstanding “source of strength” doctrine, a policy that holding companies act as a source of strength to their insured depository institution subsidiaries by providing capital, liquidity, and other support in times of distress. FRB policies and regulations also prohibit bank holding companies from engaging in unsafe and unsound banking practices. The FDIC and the KDFI have similar restrictions with respect to the Bank. Under the Dodd-Frank Act and in line with prior FRB policy, a BHC is expected to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its banking subsidiaries and to commit resources for their support. Providing financial support of this nature could restrict the Company’s ability to pay dividends, and may be required at times when the Company may not be inclined to provide it. A BHC may also be required to guarantee the capital restoration plan of an undercapitalized banking subsidiary and any applicable cross-guarantee provisions that may apply to the BHC. In addition, any capital loans by the Company to its bank subsidiary are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of the bank subsidiary. In the event of a BHC’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the BHC to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment. Acquisitions and Strategic Planning — The Company generally is required to obtain the prior approval of the FRB under the BHCA before it may, among other things, merge or consolidate with another BHC, acquire all or substantially all of the assets of any bank, or acquire ownership or control of any voting shares of any bank, if after such acquisition it would own or control, directly or indirectly, more than 5% of any class of the voting shares of such bank. In addition, the Bank must obtain regulatory approval before completing certain transactions, such as adding new banking offices and mergers with, or acquisitions of, other financial institutions. This may affect the Company’s or the Bank’s acquisition, or timely acquisition, of interests in other banks, other merger and acquisition activity and banking office expansion. The Change in Bank Control Act generally requires the approval of the appropriate federal banking regulatory agency before any person can acquire control of a bank or BHC. An acquisition of control occurs if, immediately after a transaction, the acquiring person directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with the power to vote 25% or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities of the bank or BHC. Additionally, control is refutably presumed to exist if, immediately after a transaction, the acquiring person owns, controls, or holds with the power to vote 10% or more of any class of voting securities of an institution and (i) the institution has registered securities under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or (ii) no other person will own, control, or hold the power to vote a greater percentage of that class of voting securities immediately after the transaction. Financial Activities — The Company is an FHC. A BHC may elect to become an FHC if it and each of its banking subsidiaries is well capitalized, is well managed and has at least a “Satisfactory” rating under the CRA. As an FHC, the Company is permitted to engage directly or indirectly in a broader range of activities than those permitted for a BHC under the BHCA. Permitted activities for an FHC include securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting and brokerage, merchant banking, and other activities that are declared by the FRB, in cooperation with the Treasury Department, to be “financial in nature or incidental thereto” or are declared by the FRB unilaterally to be “complementary” to financial activities. Permitted activities also include those determined to be “closely related to banking” activities by the FRB under the BHCA and permissible for any BHC. An FHC is allowed to conduct permissible new financial activities or acquire permissible non-bank financial companies with after-the-fact notice to the FRB. To maintain FHC status, the Company and the Bank must continue to meet the well capitalized and well managed requirements and maintain at least a “Satisfactory” rating under the CRA. The failure to meet such requirements could result in material restrictions on the activities of the Company and may also adversely affect the Company’s ability to enter into certain transactions (including mergers and acquisitions) or obtain necessary approvals in connection therewith, as well as the loss of FHC status. If restrictions are imposed on the activities of an FHC, such information may not necessarily be available to the public. 18 II. The Bank The Kentucky and federal banking statutes prescribe the permissible activities in which a Kentucky-chartered bank may engage and where those activities may be conducted. Kentucky’s statutes contain a super parity provision that permits a well-rated Kentucky bank to engage in any banking activity in which a national bank in Kentucky, a state bank, state thrift, or state savings association operating in any other state, a federal savings bank, or a federal thrift meeting the qualified thrift lender test engages, provided it first obtains a legal opinion from counsel specifying the statutory or regulatory provisions that permit the activity. Safety and Soundness — The federal banking regulatory agencies have prescribed, by regulation, guidelines for all insured depository institutions relating to: (i) internal controls, information systems, and internal audit systems; (ii) loan documentation; (iii) credit underwriting; (iv) interest rate risk exposure; (v) asset growth; (vi) asset quality; (vii) earnings; and (viii) compensation and benefits. These guidelines set forth safety and soundness standards that the federal banking regulatory agencies use to identify and address problems at FDIC insured institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the FDIC determines that the Bank fails to meet any standard prescribed by these guidelines, the FDIC may require the Bank to submit to it an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. FDIC regulations establish deadlines for the submission and review of such safety and soundness compliance plans in response to any such determination. Branching — Kentucky law generally permits a Kentucky chartered bank to establish a branch office in any county in Kentucky. A Kentucky bank may also, subject to regulatory approval and certain restrictions, establish a branch office outside of Kentucky. Well- capitalized Kentucky state-chartered banks that have been in operation at least three years and that satisfy certain criteria relating to, among other things, their composite and management regulatory exam ratings, may establish a branch in Kentucky without the approval of the Commissioner of the KDFI, upon notice to the KDFI and any other state bank with its main office located in the county where the new branch will be located. Branching by banks not meeting these criteria requires the approval of the Commissioner of the KDFI, who must ascertain and determine that the public convenience and advantage will be served and promoted and that there is a reasonable probability of the successful operation of the branch. In any case, the proposed branch must also be approved by the FDIC, which considers a number of factors, including financial condition, capital adequacy, earnings prospects, character of management, needs of the community, and consistency with corporate powers. As a result of several legislative acts including the Dodd-Frank Act, the Bank, along with any other national or state-chartered bank, generally may branch across state lines. Such unlimited branching authority has the potential to increase competition within the markets in which the Company and the Bank operate. Restrictions on Affiliate Transactions and Loans to Insiders — Transactions between the Bank or its subsidiaries and affiliates (including the Company), and in some cases the Bank’s correspondent banks, are subject to FDIC regulations, the FRB’s Regulations O and W, and Sections 23A, 23B, 22(g), and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act (“FRA”). In general, these transactions must be on terms and conditions that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices and substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the bank or its subsidiaries, as those for comparable transactions with non-affiliated parties. In addition, certain types of these transactions referred to as “covered transactions” are subject to quantitative limits based on a percentage of the Bank’s capital, thereby restricting the total dollar amount of transactions the Bank or its subsidiaries may engage in with each individual affiliate and with all affiliates in the aggregate. Limitations are also imposed on loans and extensions of credit by a bank to its executive officers, directors, and principal stockholders and each of their related interests. The Dodd-Frank Act expanded the scope of these regulations, including by applying them to the credit exposure arising under derivative transactions, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, and securities borrowing and lending transactions. The FRB promulgated Regulation W to implement Sections 23A and 23B of the FRA. This regulation contains many of the foregoing restrictions and addresses derivative transactions, overdraft facilities, and other transactions between a bank and its non-bank affiliates. Restrictions on Distribution of Subsidiary Bank Dividends and Assets — Bank regulators may declare a dividend payment to be unsafe and unsound even if the Bank continues to meet its capital requirements after the dividend. Dividends paid by the Bank provide substantially all of the Company’s operating funds. Regulatory requirements limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by the Bank. Under applicable federal regulations, the Bank generally cannot pay a dividend if the Bank is not adequately capitalized or if, after paying the dividend, the Bank would be undercapitalized. Under applicable federal capital adequacy guidelines, banks are also subject to dividend limitations and restrictions if they fail to maintain an appropriate capital conservation buffer. 19 Under Kentucky law and applicable federal banking regulations, the dividends the Bank can pay during any calendar year are generally limited to its profits for that year, plus its retained net profits for the two preceding years, less any required transfers to surplus or to fund the retirement of preferred stock or debt, absent approval of the respective state or federal banking regulators. FDIC regulations also require all insured depository institutions to remain in a safe and sound condition, as defined in applicable regulations, as a condition of having FDIC deposit insurance. FDIC Deposit Insurance Assessments — All Bank deposits are insured to the maximum extent permitted by the DIF. Insured Bank deposits are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. As insurer, the FDIC is authorized to conduct examinations of, and to require reporting by, insured institutions. The FDIC also may prohibit any insured institution from engaging in any activity determined by regulation or order to pose a serious threat to the DIF. The FDIC assesses all banks quarterly. A bank’s assessment base and assessment rates are determined quarterly and are risk-based. For small banks (such as the Bank) post-Dodd-Frank Act, individual assessment rates are individually assigned based on the FDIC’s financial ratios method that estimates the probability of a bank’s failure over three years using financial data and a weighted average of the bank’s CAMELS component ratings, subject to adjustment. CAMELS composite ratings are used to set minimum and maximum assessment rates. The assessment base, post-Dodd-Frank Act, is the average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity. Management cannot predict what insurance assessment rates will be in the future. The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of any insured depository institution, including the Bank, if it determines that the institution has engaged or is engaging in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or condition imposed by an agreement with the FDIC. It may also suspend deposit insurance temporarily if an institution has no tangible capital. If insurance is terminated, the accounts at the institution at the time of termination, less subsequent withdrawals, continue to be insured for a period of six months to two years, as determined by the FDIC. Management is aware of no existing circumstances that would result in termination of the Bank’s FDIC deposit insurance. Anti-Money Laundering and Related Laws — The Company and the Bank are subject to federal laws that are designed to counter money laundering and terrorist financing and transactions with persons, companies, or foreign governments sanctioned by the United States. These laws include the BSA, the Money Laundering Control Act, the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, the Corporate Transparency Act, and the Patriot Act, as administered by the United States Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These laws obligate depository institutions and broker-dealers to verify their customers’ identity, conduct customer due diligence, report on suspicious activity, file reports of certain transactions in currency, and conduct enhanced due diligence on certain accounts. The United States Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control prohibits persons from engaging in transactions with certain designated restricted countries and persons. Depository institutions and broker-dealers are required by their federal regulators to maintain robust policies and procedures in order to ensure compliance with these anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing obligations. Failure to comply with these laws or maintain an adequate compliance program can lead to significant monetary penalties and reputational damage. Additionally, federal banking regulatory agencies evaluate the effectiveness of an applicant in combating money laundering when, determining whether to approve, among other things, a proposed bank merger, acquisition, restructuring, or other expansionary activity. Consumer Laws and Regulations — The Bank is subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws, including, but not limited to, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Military Lending Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, and these laws’ respective state-law counterparts, among many others. As discussed in more detail below, the Bank must also comply with fair lending and privacy laws. Banks as well as nonbank consumer financial services providers are subject to any rule, regulation, or guideline created by the CFPB. The CFPB is an independent “watchdog” within the Federal Reserve System that regulates any person or service provider who offers or provides personal, family, or household financial products or services by overseeing the application and implementation of federal “consumer financial laws.” The CFPB is authorized to prescribe rules applicable to any covered person or service provider identifying and prohibiting acts or practices that are unfair, deceptive, or abusive in connection with any consumer financial product or service transaction. The CFPB has engaged in rulemaking and taken enforcement actions that directly impact the business operations of financial institutions offering 20 consumer financial products or services, including the Bank and its divisions. The FDIC also regulates unfair and deceptive or abusive acts or practices under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. Such laws and regulations and the other consumer protection laws and regulations to which the Bank has been subject have historically mandated certain disclosure requirements and regulated the manner in which financial institutions must deal with clients when taking deposits from, making loans to, or engaging in other types of transactions with such clients. The continued effect of the CFPB on the development and promulgation of consumer protection rules and guidelines and the enforcement of federal “consumer financial laws” on the Bank, if any, cannot be determined with certainty at this time. Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws — Banks have a responsibility under the CRA and related regulations to help meet the credit needs of their entire communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit lenders from discriminating in their lending practices on the basis of characteristics specified in those statutes. An institution’s failure to comply with the provisions of the CRA could, at a minimum, result in regulatory restrictions on its activities and the denial of applications. In addition, an institution’s failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in federal regulatory agencies or the Department of Justice taking enforcement actions against the institution. Failure by the Bank to fully comply with these laws could result in material penalties being assessed against the Bank. The Bank received an “Outstanding” CRA Performance Evaluation in March 2023, the most recent evaluation for which it has received final ratings. A copy of the public section of this CRA Performance Evaluation is available to the public upon request. Privacy and Data Security — The FRB, FDIC, other bank regulatory agencies, and states have adopted guidelines for safeguarding confidential, personal customer information. These guidelines require each financial institution, under the supervision and ongoing oversight of its board of directors or an appropriate committee thereof, to create, implement and maintain a comprehensive written information security program designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information, protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information and protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer. If the Bank fails to properly safeguard customer information or is the subject of a successful cyber-attack, it could result in material fines and/or liabilities that could materially affect the Company’s results of operations. Additionally, in November 2021, the FRB, FDIC, and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued a joint final rule establishing computer-security incident notification requirements for banking organizations and their bank service providers. Effective April 2022, with full compliance no later than May 2022, banking organizations are required to satisfy specified consumer notice requirements if certain computer-security incidents occur, including incidents that have materially disrupted or degraded, or are reasonably likely to materially disrupt or degrade, the organization’s (i) ability to carry out banking operations, activities, or processes, or deliver banking products and services to a material portion of its customer base, in the ordinary course of business, (ii) business lines, including associated operations, services, functions, and support, that upon failure would result in a material loss of revenue, profit, or franchise value, or (iii) operations the failure or discontinuance of which would pose a threat to the financial stability of the United States. In addition, various U.S. regulators, including the FRB and the SEC, have increased their focus on cyber-security through guidance, examinations, and regulations. The Company’s Board has approved and adopted a written information security program. The GLBA requires financial institutions to implement policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of nonpublic personal information about consumers to non-affiliated third parties. In general, the statute requires explanations to consumers on policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of such nonpublic personal information, and, except as otherwise required by law, prohibits disclosing such information except as provided in the financial institution’s policies and procedures. In addition to the GLBA, the Company and the Bank are also subject to applicable state privacy laws. Prohibitions Against Tying Arrangements — The Bank is subject to prohibitions on certain tying arrangements. A depository institution generally is prohibited, subject to certain exceptions, from extending credit or offering any other service, or f ixing or varying the consideration for an extension of credit or service, on the condition that the client obtain some additional product or service from the institution or its affiliates or not obtain products or services of a competitor of the institution. Depositor Preference — The FDIA provides that, in the event of the liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors of the institution, including the claims of the FDIC as subrogee of insured depositors, and certain claims for administrative expenses of the FDIC as receiver, will have priority over other general unsecured claims against the 21 institution. If an insured depository institution fails, insured and uninsured depositors, along with the FDIC, will have priority in payment ahead of unsecured, non-deposit creditors (including depositors whose deposits are payable only outside of the U.S.), and the parent BHC, with respect to any extensions of credit they have made to such insured depository institution. Federal Home Loan Bank System — The FHLB offers credit to its members, which include savings banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, credit unions, and other entities. The FHLB system is currently divided into eleven federally chartered regional FHLBs that are regulated by the Federal Housing Finance Agency. The Bank is a member and owns capital stock in the FHLB Cincinnati. The amount of capital stock the Bank must own to maintain its membership depends on its balance of outstanding advances. It is required to acquire and hold shares in an amount at least equal to 1% of the aggregate principal amount of its unpaid single-family, residential real estate loans and similar obligations at the beginning of each year, or 1/20th of its outstanding advances from the FHLB, whichever is greater. Advances are secured by pledges of loans, mortgage backed securities, and capital stock of the FHLB. FHLBs also purchase mortgages in the secondary market through their Mortgage Purchase Program,. The Bank has never sold loans to the Mortgage Purchase Program. In the event of a default on an advance, the Federal Home Loan Bank Act establishes priority of the FHLB’s claim over various other claims. If an FHLB falls below its minimum capital requirements, the FHLB may seek to require its members to purchase additional capital stock of the FHLB. If problems within the FHLB system were to occur, it could adversely affect the pricing or availability of advances, the amount and timing of dividends on capital stock issued by FHLB Cincinnati to its members, or the ability of members to have their FHLB capital stock redeemed on a timely basis. Congress continues to consider various proposals that could establish a new regulatory structure for the FHLB system, as well as for other government-sponsored entities. The Bank cannot predict at this time, which, if any, of these proposals may be adopted or what effect they would have on the Bank’s business. Federal Reserve System — Under regulations of the FRB, the Bank is required to maintain noninterest-earning reserves against its transaction accounts (primarily NOW and regular checking accounts). The Bank is in compliance with the foregoing reserve requirements. Required reserves must be maintained in the form of vault cash, a depository account at the FRB, or a pass-through account as defined by the FRB. The balances maintained to meet the reserve requirements imposed by the FRB may be used to satisfy liquidity requirements imposed by the FDIC. The Bank is also authorized to borrow from the FRB discount window. Loans to One Borrower — Under current limits, loans and extensions of credit outstanding at one time to a single borrower and not fully secured generally may not exceed 15% of the institution’s unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. Loans and extensions of credit fully secured by certain readily marketable collateral may represent an additional 10% of unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. Capital Adequacy Requirements Capital Guidelines — The Company and the Bank are subject to capital regulations in accordance with Basel III, as administered by banking regulators. Regulatory agencies measure capital adequacy within a framework that makes capital requirements, in part, dependent on the individual risk profiles of financial institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators, including prompt corrective action as described below, that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on Republic’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators regarding components, risk weightings, and other factors. Banking regulators have categorized the Bank as well-capitalized. For purposes of determining if prompt corrective action is called for, the regulations in accordance with Basel III define “well capitalized” as a 10.0% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio, a 6.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, an 8.0% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, and a 5.0% Tier 1 Leverage ratio. Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, the Company and Bank must hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above their minimum risk-based capital requirements. 22 As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s capital ratios* were as follows: December 31, (dollars in thousands) Total capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company Tier 1 (core) capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company 2023 2022 Amount Ratio Amount Ratio $ $ $ $ 968,844 931,923 16.10 % $ 15.50 941,865 904,592 17.92 % 17.23 893,658 856,744 14.85 % $ 14.25 877,735 840,462 16.70 % 16.01 893,658 856,744 14.85 % $ 14.25 877,735 840,462 16.70 % 16.01 893,658 856,744 13.89 % $ 13.25 877,735 840,462 14.81 % 14.09 * The Company and the Bank elected to defer the impact of CECL on regulatory capital. The deferral period is five years, with the total estimated CECL impact 100% deferred for 2020 and 2021, then phased in over the next three years of 2022 through 2024. If not for this election, the Company’s and Bank’s regulatory capital ratios would have been approximately 6 basis points and 10 basis points lower than those presented in the table above as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The EGRRCPA provided for the simplification of the regulatory capital rules for certain financial institutions and their holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion. The EGRRCPA required the federal banking agencies to develop a community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) for qualifying banks and holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion and an appropriate risk profile. The EGRRCPA mandated a minimum CBLR of not less than 8% and not more than 10%. In October 2019, the federal banking agencies issued a final rule implementing the CBLR framework and setting the CBLR at 9%. Under the final rule, the CBLR is calculated, generally, as Tier 1 capital divided by average total consolidated assets (minus amounts deducted from Tier 1 capital). Under this final rule, which was effective January 1, 2020, a qualifying community banking organization that has opted to use the CBLR framework is considered to have met the generally applicable risk-based and leverage capital requirements, the capital ratio requirements to be considered “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework, and any other capital or leverage requirements to which the qualifying community banking organization is subject, if it maintains a CBLR greater than 9%. A qualifying community banking organization is a non-advanced approaches banking organization that has a leverage ratio of greater than 9%, total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion, total off-balance sheet exposures (excluding derivatives other than sold credit derivatives and unconditionally cancelable commitments) of 25% or less of total consolidated assets, and total trading assets and trading liabilities of 5% or less of total consolidated assets. While we believe we qualify as a qualifying community banking organization, we have not opted into the CBLR framework. Corrective Measures for Capital Deficiencies — Banking regulators are required to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to capital deficient institutions. Applicable regulations define, for each capital category, the levels at which institutions are well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. A bank is undercapitalized if it fails to meet any one of the ratios required to be adequately capitalized. Undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized institutions are required to submit a capital restoration plan, which must be guaranteed by the institution’s holding company. In addition, applicable regulations contain broad restrictions on certain activities of undercapitalized institutions, including asset growth, acquisitions, branch establishment, and expansion into new lines of business. With certain exceptions, an insured depository institution is prohibited from making capital distributions, including dividends, and is prohibited from paying management fees to control persons if the institution would be undercapitalized after any such distribution or payment. A bank’s capital classification will also affect its ability to accept brokered deposits. Under applicable 23 regulations, a bank may not lawfully accept, roll over, or renew brokered deposits unless it is either well capitalized or it is adequately capitalized and receives a waiver from its applicable regulator. If a banking institution’s capital decreases below acceptable levels, bank regulatory enforcement powers become more enhanced. A significantly undercapitalized institution is subject to mandated capital raising activities, restrictions on interest rates paid and transactions with affiliates, removal of management, and other restrictions. Banking regulators have limited discretion in dealing with a critically undercapitalized institution and are normally required to appoint a receiver or conservator. Banks with risk-based capital and leverage ratios below the required minimums may also be subject to certain administrative actions, including the termination of deposit insurance upon notice and hearing, or a temporary suspension of insurance without a hearing if the institution has no tangible capital. In addition, an FHC may face significant consequences if its bank subsidiary fails to maintain the required capital and management ratings, including the imposition of an agreement with the FRB that imposes limitations on its operations and may require divestitures. Until such deficiencies are corrected, the FRB generally may impose any limitations or conditions on the conduct or activities of the FHC and its affiliates that the FRB determines are appropriate, and the FHC may not commence any additional activity or acquire control of any company under Section 4(k) of the BHCA without prior FRB approval. Unless the period for compliance is extended by the FRB, if an FHC fails to correct deficiencies in maintaining its qualification for FHC status within 180 days of notice of such deficiencies from the FRB, the FRB may order divestiture of any depository institution controlled by the company. A company may comply with a divestiture order by ceasing to engage in any financial or other activity that would not be permissible for a BHC that has not elected to be treated as an FHC. The Company is currently classified as an FHC. Under FDICIA, each federal banking agency has prescribed, by regulation, non-capital safety and soundness standards for institutions under its authority. These standards cover internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation and benefits, standards for asset quality, earnings, and stock valuation, and other operational and managerial standards the agency determines to be appropriate. An institution that fails to meet these standards must develop a plan acceptable to the applicable agency specifying the steps that the institution will take to meet the standards. Failure to submit or implement such a plan may subject the institution to regulatory sanctions. Incentive and Executive Compensation In 2010, the federal banking regulatory agencies published final interagency guidance for structuring incentive compensation arrangements at banking organizations. The guidance does not set forth any formulas or pay caps but contains certain principles that organizations are required to follow with respect to employees and groups of employees that may expose the organizations to material amounts of risk. The three primary principles on which this guidance was based are (i) balancing risk and financial results so as to not encourage imprudent risk-taking, (ii) compatibility with effective controls and risk management, and (iii) strong corporate governance. The FRB and the FDIC monitor compliance with this guidance as part of safety and soundness oversight. The Company has adopted a Responsible Compensation and Sales Practices Program to comply with the interagency guidance on incentive and executive compensation. Governmental Policies The Bank’s earnings are significantly affected by the difference between the interest earned by the Bank on its loans and investments and the interest paid by the Bank on its deposits or other borrowings. The yields on its assets and the rates paid on its liabilities are sensitive to changes in prevailing market rates of interest. Thus, the earnings and growth of the Bank are influenced by general economic conditions, fiscal policies of the federal government, and the policies of regulatory agencies, particularly the FRB, which establishes national monetary policy. The nature and impact of any future changes in fiscal or monetary policies cannot be predicted. Commercial banks such as the Bank are affected by the credit policies of various regulatory authorities, including the FRB. An important function of the FRB is to regulate the national supply of bank credit. Among the instruments of monetary policy used by the FRB to implement its objectives are open market operations in U.S. Government securities, changes in reserve requirements for bank deposits, changes in the discount rate on bank borrowings and limitations on interest rates that banks may pay on deposits. The FRB uses these instruments in varying combinations to influence the overall growth of bank loans, investments and deposits, and also to affect interest rates charged on loans, received on investments, or paid for deposits. 24 The monetary and fiscal policies of regulatory authorities, including the FRB, also affect the banking industry. Through changes in the reserve requirements against bank deposits, open market operations in U.S. Government securities and changes in the discount rate on bank borrowings, the FRB influences the cost and availability of funds obtained for lending and investing. No prediction can be made with respect to possible future changes in interest rates, deposit levels, or loan demand or with respect to the impact of such changes on the business, results of operations, or earnings of the Company or the Bank. Future Regulatory and Legislative Initiatives Future changes in the laws and regulations affecting the Company’s or the Bank’s operations are not predictable and could affect the Company’s and the Bank’s operations and profitability. The U.S. Congress and state legislative bodies continually consider proposals for altering the structure, regulation, and competitive relationships of financial institutions. It cannot be predicted whether, or in what form, any of these potential proposals or other regulatory initiatives will be adopted, the impact any such proposals or initiatives would have on the financial institutions industry or the extent to which the business or financial condition and operations of the Company and its subsidiaries may be affected by any such proposals or initiatives. Other Regulation and Legislative Initiatives Any change in the laws and regulations affecting the Bank’s operations is not predictable and could affect the Bank’s operations and profitability. The U.S. Congress and state legislative bodies also continually consider proposals for altering the structure, regulation, and competitive relationships of financial institutions. It cannot be predicted whether, or in what form, any of these potential proposals or regulatory initiatives will be adopted, the impact the proposals will have on the financial institutions industry or the extent to which the business or financial condition and operations of the Company and its subsidiaries may be affected. Statistical Disclosures The statistical disclosures required by Part I Item 1 “Business” are located under Part II Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Item 1A. Risk Factors. FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS An investment in Republic’s common stock is subject to risks inherent in its business. The following are the material risk factors that impact us of which we are currently aware. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all the other information included in this filing. In addition to the risks and uncertainties described below, other risks and uncertainties not currently known to the Company or that the Company currently deems to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition, and results of operations in the future. The value or market price of the Company’s common stock could decline due to any of these identified or other risks, and an investor could lose all or part of their investment. There are factors, many beyond the Company’s control, which may significantly change the results or expectations of the Company. Some of these factors are described below, however, many are described in the other sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ECONOMIC, INTEREST RATE, AND LIQUIDITY RISKS Risks Related to Republic’s Business and Industry Mortgage Banking activities have been adversely impacted by increasing long-term interest rates. The Company is unable to predict changes in market interest rates. Changes in interest rates can impact the gain on sale of loans, loan origination fees, and loan servicing fees, which account for a significant portion of Mortgage Banking income. A decline in market interest rates generally results in higher demand for mortgage products, while an increase in rates generally results in reduced demand. Generally, if demand increases, Mortgage Banking income will be positively impacted by more gains on sale; however, the valuation of existing mortgage servicing rights will decrease and may result in a significant impairment. A decline in demand for Mortgage Banking products resulting from rising interest rates could also adversely impact other products which are typically cross-sold with mortgages. 25 Fluctuations in interest rates could reduce profitability. The Bank’s asset/liability management strategy may not be able to prevent changes in interest rates from having a material adverse effect on results of operations and financial condition. The Bank’s primary source of income is from the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. The Bank expects to periodically experience “gaps” in the interest rate sensitivities of its assets and liabilities, meaning that either interest-bearing liabilities will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than interest-earning assets, or vice versa. In either event, if market interest rates should move contrary to the Bank’s balance sheet position, earnings may be negatively affected. A continued or further inversion of the interest rate yield curve may reduce profitability. Changes in the slope of the “yield curve,” or the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates, could reduce the Bank’s net interest margin. Normally, the yield curve is upward sloping, meaning short-term rates are lower than long-term rates. Because the Bank’s interest-bearing liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than its interest-earning assets, when the yield curve flattens or even inverts, the Bank’s net interest margin generally decreases as its cost of funds rises higher and at a faster pace than the yield on its interest-earning assets. An additional rise in the Bank’s cost of interest-bearing liabilities without a corresponding increase in the yield on its interest-earning assets, would have an adverse effect on the Bank’s net interest margin and overall results of operations. The Bank may be compelled to offer market-leading interest rates to maintain sufficient funding and liquidity levels. The Bank has traditionally relied on client deposits (with approximately 6% of deposits concentrated with the Bank’s top 20 depositors), brokered deposits, and advances from the FHLB to fund operations. Such traditional sources may be unavailable, limited, or insufficient in the future. If the Bank were to lose a significant funding source, such as a few major depositors, or if any of its lines of credit were cancelled or curtailed, such as its borrowing line at the FHLB, or if the Bank cannot obtain brokered deposits, the Bank may be compelled to offer market-leading interest rates to meet its funding and liquidity needs. Obtaining funds at market-leading interest rates would have an adverse impact on the Company’s net interest income and overall results of operations. The loss of large deposit relationships could increase the Bank’s funding costs. The Bank has several large deposit relationships that do not require collateral; therefore, cash from these accounts can generally be utilized to fund the loan portfolio. If any of these balances are moved from the Bank, the Bank would likely utilize overnight borrowing lines on a short-term basis to replace the balances. The overall cost of gathering brokered deposits and/or FHLB advances, however, could be substantially higher than the Traditional Bank deposits they replace, increasing the Bank’s funding costs and reducing the Bank’s overall results of operations. Recent negative developments in the banking industry could adversely affect Republic’s current and future business operations and its financial condition and results of operations. Recent bank failures and their related negative media attention have generated significant market trading volatility among publicly traded bank holding companies and, in particular, bank holding companies for regional and community banks. These developments have negatively impacted customer confidence in regional and community banks, which could prompt customers to maintain their deposits with larger financial institutions. Further, competition for deposits has increased in recent periods, and the cost of funding has similarly increased, putting pressure on net interest margin. If Republic were required to sell a portion of its securities portfolio to address liquidity needs, it may incur losses, including as a result of the negative impact of rising interest rates on the value of our securities portfolio, which could negatively affect its earnings. The proportion of Republic’s deposit account balances that exceed FDIC insurance limits may expose the Bank to enhanced liquidity risk and earnings risks in times of financial distress. A significant factor in the two bank failures that occurred during the first quarter of 2023 appears to have been the proportion of the deposits held by each institution that exceeded FDIC insurance limits. In these two failures, the estimated percentage of uninsured deposits to total deposits, as previously disclosed, were at, or approaching, 90%. In response to these failures, many large depositors across the industry have withdrawn deposits in excess of applicable deposit insurance limits and deposited these funds in other financial institutions and, in many instances, moved these funds into money market mutual funds or other similar securities accounts in an effort to diversify the risk of further bank failure(s). Uninsured deposits historically have been less stable than insured deposits. As a result, in the event of financial distress, uninsured depositors historically have been more likely to withdraw their deposits. The Company estimates that 35% of its total deposits as of December 31, 2023, were uninsured as they were above the FDIC’s insurance limit. If a significant portion of these uninsured deposits were to be withdrawn within a short period of time such that additional sources of funding would be required to meet withdrawal demands, Republic may be unable to obtain funding at favorable terms, which may have an adverse effect on its net interest margin. Moreover, obtaining adequate funding to meet Republic’s deposit obligations may be more challenging during periods of elevated prevailing interest rates, such as the present period. The Bank’s ability to attract depositors during a time of actual or perceived 26 distress or instability in the marketplace may be limited. Further, interest rates paid for borrowings generally exceed the interest rates paid on deposits. This spread may be exacerbated by higher prevailing interest rates. Outstanding Warehouse lines of credit and their corresponding earnings could decline due to several factors, such as intense industry competition, declining mortgage demand, and a continuing rising interest rate environment. With the continued elevated inflation levels during 2023, the FOMC continued a more aggressive and hawkish approach to its monetary policies during the year and has signaled these policies could continue into the future until inflation decreases to, and remains at, acceptable levels. Included in its actions since early 2022 have been raising the FFTR multiple times, ending its quantitative easing program of buying certain types of bonds in the open market, and implementing a quantitative tightening program to reduce the size of its balance sheet by selling certain types of bonds in the market. The FOMC’s continuance of these actions caused market interest rates for U.S. Treasury bonds and mortgages to remain elevated during 2023. With the elevated mortgage rates during 2023, mortgage refinance activity remained low, and Warehouse usage continued to decline throughout the year. Further monetary tightening by the FOMC in 2024 will likely further decrease mortgage demand and Warehouse line usage. In addition, a decrease in usage across the Warehouse industry could also cause competitive pricing pressure on the Bank to lower its pricing to its Warehouse clients in order to maintain higher volumes. The Bank could likely experience decreased earnings on its Warehouse lines of credit during 2024 due to the expected elevated interest rate environment combined with strong industry competition and pricing pressures. Such decreased earnings could materially impact the Company’s results of operations. The Company may lose Warehouse clients due to mergers and acquisitions in the industry. The Bank’s Warehouse clients are primarily mortgage companies across the United States. Mergers and acquisitions affecting such clients may lead to an end to the client relationship with the Bank. The loss of a significant number of clients, or large significant clients, may materially impact the Company’s results of operations. Mortgage Banking revenue will likely continue to decline due to low mortgage demand resulting from an elevated interest rate environment, which will also lead to more intense industry competition for a shrinking mortgage market. Mortgage Banking is a significant operating segment of the Company. With the elevated level of inflation during 2023, the FOMC continued its more aggressive and hawkish approach to its monetary policies. Included in its actions since early 2022 have been raising the FFTR multiple times, ending its quantitative easing program of buying certain types of bonds in the open market, and implementing a quantitative tightening program by reducing the size of its balance sheet and selling certain types of bonds in the market. The FOMC’s continuance of these actions caused market interest rates for treasury bonds and mortgages to remain elevated during 2023. With the higher mortgage rates, mortgage refinance activity remained low during 2023, and as a result, mortgage origination volume remained low. Continued or additional monetary tightening by the FOMC in 2024 will likely further decrease mortgage demand. In addition, a decrease in mortgage demand across the mortgage industry could also cause competitive pricing pressure on the Bank to lower its mortgage pricing to maintain its volumes for a shrinking market, further causing its cash gains-as-a-percentage- of-loans-sold to decline. These factors could further materially and negatively impact the Company’s results of operations. CREDIT RISKS RAs represent a significant credit risk, and if the Bank is unable to collect a significant portion of its RAs, it would materially, negatively impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. There is credit risk associated with an RA because the funds are disbursed to the taxpayer customer prior to the Bank receiving the taxpayer customer’s refund as claimed on the return. Management annually reviews and revises the RAs underwriting criteria. These changes in the RAs underwriting criteria do not ensure positive results and could have an overall material negative impact on the performance of the RA and therefore on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Because there is no recourse to the taxpayer customer if the RA is not paid off by the taxpayer customer’s tax refund, the Bank must collect all its payments related to RAs through the refund process. Losses will generally occur on RAs when the Bank does not receive payment due to several reasons, such as IRS revenue protection strategies, including audits of returns, errors in the tax return, tax return fraud and tax debts not previously disclosed to the Bank during its underwriting process. While the Bank’s underwriting during the RA approval process takes these factors into consideration based on prior years’ payment patterns, if the IRS significantly alters its revenue protection strategies, if refund payment patterns for a given tax season meaningfully change, if the federal government fails to 27 timely deliver refunds, or if the Bank is incorrect in its underwriting assumptions, the Bank could experience higher loan loss provisions above those projected. The provision for loan losses is a significant determining factor of the RPG operations’ overall net earnings. In addition, the federal government, specifically as a result of the PATH Act, mandates that tax refunds for tax returns with certain characteristics cannot receive their corresponding refunds before February 15th each year. Substantially all the tax returns driving TRS’s product volume meet the criteria of those subject to this later funding under the PATH Act. These funding delays effectively restrict the Bank’s ability to make in-season modifications to its RA underwriting model based on then-current year tax refund funding patterns, because the substantial majority of all RAs are issued prior to February 15th. As a result, the underwriting criteria that TRS establishes for the RA product at the beginning of the tax season could have a material negative impact on the performance of the RA before mitigating revisions can be made. ERAs represent a significant credit risk, and if RB&T is unable to collect a significant portion of its ERAs, it would materially, negatively impact earnings and results of operations. In addition to all the risks associated with its other RA products, ERAs carry additional credit risks. ERAs are substantially all originated during December prior to the upcoming first quarter tax season with the expectation the taxpayer client will return to the Bank’s Tax Provider during the first quarter tax filing season to file the taxpayer’s tax return, allowing the Bank to potentially receive the taxpayer’s tax refund from the federal government to repay the ERA with the Bank. In addition, TRS originates ERAs without the taxpayer client's final fiscal year taxable income documentation, e.g., W-2, and the filing of the taxpayer’s actual federal tax return. As with other RAs, the Bank has no recourse to the borrower if the ERA is not repaid by the taxpayer client’s tax refund. If the taxpayer client fails to return to the Bank’s Tax Provider or if the taxpayer client’s final tax return is substantially different than the early season estimate used to make the ERA, ERA losses could be substantially higher than estimated, which could cause a material adverse impact to TRS’s earnings and the overall results of operations of the Company. Consumer loans originated through the RCS segment represent a higher credit risk. Loss rates for some RCS products have consistently been significantly higher than Traditional Bank loss rates for unsecured consumer loans. A material increase in RCS loan charge-offs would have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations and, if such increase in RCS loan charge-offs persisted for an extended period of time, could lead to the discontinuation of the underlying products. Consumer installment loans originated for sale through the RCS segment represent a higher risk of loss on sale. RCS originates its installment loan product for sale and sells this product at a loss if the originated loan defaults on its first payment to RCS, which is generally 16 days following the loan’s origination date. A material increase in first payment defaults for RCS installment loans would result in a material increase in these loans being sold at a loss. Such an increase could have a material adverse impact on the program, and if such losses persisted for an extended period, it could lead to the discontinuation of the underlying product. Management’s changes to RPG product parameters could have a material negative impact on the performance of the RPG products. In response to changes in the legal, regulatory, and competitive environment, management annually reviews and revises product parameters. Further changes in product parameters do not ensure positive results and could have an overall material negative impact on the performance of the product and therefore on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Warehouse Lending business is subject to numerous risks that may have a material adverse impact on the Bank’s financial statements and results of operations. Risks associated with warehouse loans include, without limitation, (i) credit risks relating to the mortgage bankers that borrow from the Bank, including but not limited to bankruptcy, (ii) the risk of intentional misrepresentation or fraud by any of such mortgage bankers and their third-party service providers, (iii) changes in the market value of mortgage loans originated by the mortgage banker during the time in warehouse, the sale of which is the expected source of repayment of the borrowings under a warehouse line of credit, or (iv) unsalable or impaired mortgage loans so originated, which could lead to decreased collateral value and the failure of a purchaser of the mortgage loan to purchase the loan from the mortgage banker. Failure to mitigate these risks could have a material adverse impact on the Bank’s financial statements and results of operations. The ACLL could be insufficient to cover the Bank’s actual loan losses. The Bank makes various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of its loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of its borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of its loans. In determining the amount of the ACLL, among other things, the Bank reviews its loss and delinquency experience, economic conditions, etc. If its assumptions are incorrect, the ACLL may not be 28 sufficient to cover losses inherent in its loan portfolio, resulting in additions to its ACLL. In addition, regulatory agencies periodically review the ACLL and may require the Bank to increase its Provision or recognize further loan charge-offs. A material increase in the ACLL or loan charge-offs would have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations. Deterioration in the quality of the Traditional Banking loan portfolio may result in additional charge-offs, which would adversely impact the Bank’s operating results and financial condition. When borrowers default on their loan obligations, it may result in lost principal and interest income and increased operating expenses associated with the increased allocation of management time and resources associated with the collection efforts. In certain situations where collection efforts are unsuccessful or acceptable “work- out” arrangements cannot be reached or performed, the Bank may charge-off loans, either in part or in whole. Additional charge-offs will adversely affect the Bank’s operating results and financial condition. Loans originated through the Bank’s Consumer Direct and Correspondent Lending channels subject the Bank to credit risks that the Bank does not have through its historical origination and servicing channels. The dollar volume of loans originated through the Bank’s Consumer Direct and Correspondent Lending channels and loans serviced as the result of the Correspondent Lending channel are primarily out-of-market. Loans originated out of the Bank’s market footprint inherently carry additional credit risk, as the Bank will experience an increase in the complexity of the customer authentication requirements for such loans. Failure to appropriately identify the end-borrower for such loans could lead to additional fraud losses. The Bank’s financial condition and earnings could be negatively impacted to the extent the Bank relies on borrower information that is false, misleading, or inaccurate. The Bank relies on the accuracy and completeness of information provided by vendors, clients, and other parties in deciding whether to extend credit and/or enter transactions with other parties. If the Bank relies on incomplete and/or inaccurate information, the Bank may incur additional charge-offs that adversely affect its operating results and financial condition. The Bank uses appraisals as part of the decision process to make a loan for, or secured by, real property. In addition, appraisals are used to value a loan if it becomes “collateral dependent” as a problem credit. Appraisals do not ensure the value of the real property collateral. As part of the new loan process or in valuing a collateral dependent problem credit, the Bank generally requires an independent third-party appraisal of the real property. An appraisal, however, is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made. An error in fact or judgment could adversely affect the reliability of the appraisal. In addition, events occurring after the appraisal may cause the value of the real estate to decrease. As a result of any of these factors, the value of collateral securing a loan may be less than supposed, and if a default occurs, the Bank may not recover the outstanding balance of the loan. Approximately 34% of the Bank’s portfolio is secured by residential real estate and 34% is secured by commercial real estate properties. Both of these loan types are heavily dependent upon third-party appraisals in the decision process. Additional charge-offs in either of these portfolios as a result of inaccurate appraisals could adversely affect the Bank’s operating results and financial condition. The Bank is exposed to risk of environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which it takes title. In the course of its business, the Bank may own or foreclose and take title to real estate and could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. The Bank may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation, and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination or may be required to investigate or clean-up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if the Bank is the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, the Bank may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. These costs and claims could adversely affect the Bank. The Bank holds a significant amount of BOLI, which creates credit risk relative to the insurers and liquidity risk relative to the product. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank held BOLI on certain employees. The eventual repayment of the cash surrender value is subject to the ability of the various insurance companies to pay death benefits or to return the cash surrender value to the Bank if needed for liquidity purposes. The Bank continually monitors the financial strength of the various insurance companies that carry these policies. However, any one of these companies could experience a decline in financial strength, which could impair its ability to pay benefits or return the Bank’s cash surrender value. If the Bank needs to liquidate these policies for liquidity purposes, it would be subject to taxation on the increase in cash surrender value and penalties for early termination, both of which would adversely impact earnings. 29 OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC RISKS RPG products represent a significant operational risk, and RPG relies heavily on the accuracy and timeliness of data received from the Bank’s third-party marketers and service providers. To conduct its RPG businesses, the Bank must implement and test new systems, train associates for new products and changes to existing products, and process information and data received from third- party marketers and service providers. Due to the high volume of transaction activity across all the RPG product lines, the Bank relies heavily on the communications and information systems of the Bank as well as the communications and information systems of its third-party providers to operate these products. Any failure, sustained interruption, or breach in security, including the cybersecurity, of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in client relationship management and other systems. If the Bank were unable to properly service this business as a result of inaccurate or untimely data from its third-party marketers and service providers, it could materially impact earnings. RCS revenues and earnings are highly concentrated in its line-of-credit products. The discontinuation of these line-of-credit products, or a substantial change in the terms under which these products are offered, would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Many of the RCS programs are heavily reliant on the ability of the Bank to sell all or a significant portion of the loans originated to a third party in order to fund the programs. If the Bank were unable to sell these loans to a third-party purchaser for any reason, RCS would likely cease originating new loans under that product line, which would significantly and negatively impact the overall earnings of RCS. RCS originates installment loans and lines of credits through its various product lines. For some of its installment products, RCS sells 100% of the balances after its origination. For its line of credit products, the Bank sells a 90% or 95% participation in the product after origination, depending upon the product. If the Bank were unable to sell these loan balances for any reason, RCS would likely cease originating new loans for that particular product as soon as practical under the terms of its various agreements. The inability of RCS to originate new loans under any of its higher-yield RCS products would cause a material adverse impact to the results of operation of RCS. In addition, the agreement between the Bank and the consumer for many of its line of credit products do not allow RCS to stop originating new customer draws on that product if RCS chooses to exit the product line. For these products, if the Bank were unable to sell these balances for any reason, RCS would retain 100% of the balances it originates on those products. In those circumstances, the credit risk for the Bank would increase substantially as it would then be responsible for 100% of any charge-offs for these loans, as opposed to 5% or 10% of the charge-offs when it is able to sell participating balances to a third-party purchaser. While the Bank would also be retaining 100% of the revenue from these balances as well, there is no guarantee the additional revenue would offset the charge-offs in the event of an economic downturn. Such an increase in charge-offs could have a material adverse impact on the results of operations of the RCS segment and the Company, as a whole. The Bank is highly dependent upon programs administered by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Changes in existing U.S. government-sponsored mortgage programs or servicing eligibility standards could materially and adversely affect its business, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. The Bank’s ability to generate revenues through mortgage loan sales to institutional investors depends significantly on programs administered by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. These entities play powerful roles in the residential mortgage industry, and the Bank has significant business relationships with them. The Bank’s status as an approved seller/servicer for both is subject to compliance with their selling and servicing guides. Any discontinuation of, or significant reduction or material change in, the operation of Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae or any significant adverse change in the level of activity in the secondary mortgage market or the underwriting criteria of Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae would likely prevent the Bank from originating and selling most, if not all, of its mortgage loan originations, which would materially and adversely affect its business, financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Clients could pursue alternatives to bank deposits, causing the Bank to lose a relatively inexpensive source of funding. Checking and savings account balances and other forms of client deposits could decrease if clients perceive alternative investments, such as the stock market, as providing superior expected returns. If clients move money out of bank deposits in favor of alternative investments, the Bank could lose a relatively inexpensive source of funds, increasing its funding costs and negatively impacting its overall results of operations. 30 Prepayment of loans may negatively impact the Bank’s results of operations and financial condition. The Bank’s clients may prepay the principal amount of their outstanding loans at any time. The speeds at which such prepayments occur, as well as the size of such prepayments, are within the Bank clients’ discretion. If clients prepay the principal amount of their loans, and the Bank is unable to lend those funds to other clients or invest the funds at the same or higher interest rates, the Bank’s interest income will be reduced. A significant reduction in interest income would have a negative impact on the Bank’s results of operations and financial condition. The Company may be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated because of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. The Company has exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including commercial banks, brokers and dealers, investment banks, and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose the Company to credit risk in the event of a default by a counterparty or client. In addition, the Company’s credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by the Company cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the credit or derivative exposure due to the Company. Any such losses could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company is dependent upon retaining and recruiting key qualified personnel and the loss of one or more of these key individuals could curtail its growth and adversely affect its prospects. The Company is materially dependent upon the ability and experience of a number of its key management personnel who have substantial experience with Company operations, the financial services industry, and the markets in which the Company offers services. It is possible that the loss of the services of one or more of its key personnel would have an adverse effect on operations. Management believes that future results also will depend in part upon attracting and retaining highly skilled and qualified management as well as sales and marketing personnel. The failure to attract or retain, including as a result of an untimely death or illness, key personnel, or to find suitable replacements for them, could have a negative effect on our operating results. Competition for such personnel is intense, and management cannot be sure that the Bank will be successful in attracting or retaining such personnel. The Company’s operations could be impacted if its third-party service providers experience difficulty. The Company depends on several relationships with third-party service providers, including core systems processing and web hosting. These providers are well- established vendors that provide these services to a significant number of financial institutions. If these third-party service providers experience difficulty or terminate their services and the Company is unable to replace them with other providers, its operations could be interrupted, which would adversely impact its business. The Company’s operations, including third-party and client interactions, are increasingly done via electronic means, and this has increased the risks related to cybersecurity threats. The Company is exposed to the risk of cyber-attacks in the normal course of business and incurs substantial cybersecurity protection costs. In general, cyber incidents can result from deliberate attacks or unintentional events. Management has observed an increased level of attention in the industry focused on cyber-attacks that include, but are not limited to, gaining unauthorized access to digital systems for purposes of misappropriating assets or sensitive information, corrupting data, or causing operational disruption. Cyber-attacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as by causing denial-of-service attacks on websites. Cyber-attacks may be carried out directly against the Company, or against the Company’s clients or service providers/vendors by third parties or insiders using techniques that range from highly sophisticated efforts to electronically circumvent network security or overwhelm websites to more traditional intelligence gathering and social engineering aimed at obtaining information necessary to gain access. While the Company, to its knowledge, has not incurred any material losses related to cyber-attacks, the Bank may incur substantial costs and suffer other negative consequences if the Bank, the Bank’s clients, or one of the Bank’s third-party service providers fall victim to successful cyber-attacks. Such negative consequences could include: remediation costs for stolen assets or information; system repairs; consumer protection costs; increased cybersecurity protection costs that may include organizational changes; deploying additional personnel and protection technologies, training employees, and engaging third-party experts and consultants; lost revenues resulting from unauthorized use of proprietary information or the failure to retain or attract clients following an attack; litigation and payment of damages; and reputational damage adversely affecting client or investor confidence. The Company’s information systems may experience an interruption that could adversely impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company relies heavily on communications and information systems to conduct its business. Any failure or interruption of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in client relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems. While the Company has policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the impact of the failure or interruption of information systems, there can be no assurance that any such failures or interruptions will not occur or, if they do 31 occur, that they will be adequately addressed. The occurrences of any failures or interruptions of the Company’s information systems could damage the Company’s reputation, result in a loss of client business, subject the Company to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose the Company to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. New lines of business or new products and services may subject the Company to additional risks. From time to time, the Company may develop and grow new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, the Company may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved, and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the Company’s system of internal control. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. All service offerings, including current offerings and those that may be provided in the future, may become riskier due to changes in economic, competitive, and market conditions beyond the Company’s control. The Bank may experience goodwill impairment, which could reduce its earnings. Under current accounting standards, goodwill is not amortized but, instead, is subject to impairment tests on at least an annual basis or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. A decline in our stock price or occurrence of a triggering event following any of our quarterly earnings releases and prior to the filing of the periodic report for that period could, under certain circumstances, cause us to perform a goodwill impairment test and result in an impairment charge being recorded for that period which was not reflected in such earnings release. In the event that we conclude that all or a portion of our goodwill may be impaired, a non-cash charge for the amount of such impairment would be recorded to earnings. Such a charge would have no impact on tangible capital. The Bank performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2023 as of September 30, 2023. The evaluation of the fair value of goodwill requires management judgment. If management’s judgment was incorrect and goodwill impairment was later deemed to exist, the Bank would be required to write down its goodwill resulting in a charge to earnings, which could materially, adversely affect its results of operations. REGULATORY AND LEGAL RISKS The Bank’s RPG products represent a significant legal, compliance, and regulatory risk, and if the Bank fails to comply with all statutory and regulatory requirements, it could have a material negative impact on earnings. Federal and state laws and regulations govern numerous matters relating to the offering of consumer loan products and consumer deposit. Failure to comply with disclosure requirements or with laws relating to the permissibility of interest rates and fees charged could have a material negative impact on earnings. In addition, failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could also expose the Bank to civil money penalties and litigation risk, including shareholder actions. Various states and consumer groups have, from time to time, questioned the fairness of the products offered by RPG. Initiatives at the federal and state level, including by governmental agencies and consumer groups, could result in regulatory, governmental, or legislative action or litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s RPG operations. If the Company can no longer offer or must substantially alter its RPG products, it will have a material negative impact on earnings. Use of third parties creates a third-party management risk. If RB&T’s third-party service providers fail to comply with all the statutory and regulatory requirements for these products or if RB&T fails to properly monitor its third-party service providers offering these products, it could have a material negative impact on earnings. The Bank, including RPG, and its third-party service providers operate in a highly regulated environment and deliver products and services that are subject to strict legal and regulatory requirements. Failure by the Bank’s third-party service providers or failure of the Bank to properly monitor the compliance of its third-party service providers with laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties that materially and adversely affect the Bank’s earnings. Such penalties could also include the discontinuance of any or all third-party program manager products and services. 32 The Bank’s “Overdraft Honor” program represents a significant business risk, and if the Bank terminated the program, it would materially impact the earnings of the Bank. There can be no assurance that Congress, the Bank’s regulators, or others, will not impose additional limitations on this program or prohibit the Bank from offering the program. The Bank’s “Overdraft Honor” program permits eligible customers to opt into the Bank’s overdraft program and overdraft their checking accounts up to a limit that is calculated and assigned each day for the Bank’s customary overdraft fee(s). Generally, to be eligible for the Overdraft Honor program, customers must qualify for one of the Bank’s traditional checking products when the account is opened and have recurring deposit activity. During the first 30 days after an account is opened, a client may participate in the Overdraft Honor program with a small, fixed limit amount depending upon the account type. After the initial 30-day period a daily overdraft limit is calculated based upon deposits and other activity in the account. If an overdraft occurs, the Bank may pay the overdraft, at its discretion, up to the client’s individual overdraft limit. Under regulatory guidelines, customers utilizing the Overdraft Honor program may remain in overdraft status for no more than 60 days before it must be closed and charged off. Loans originated through the Bank’s Consumer Direct and Correspondent Lending channels subject the Bank to regulatory and legal risks that the Bank does not have through its historical origination and servicing channels. Loans serviced outside the Bank’s traditional footprint also subject the Bank to various state-level servicing laws and regulations that are different than those within the Bank’s traditional footprint and may impact the Bank’s ability to collect a deficiency and timely foreclose on a loan. Failure by the Bank to properly comply with these various state-level laws and regulations could subject the Bank to fines and penalties that materially and adversely affect the Bank’s earnings. Such penalties could also include the discontinuance of the Consumer Direct Channel or Corresponding Lending operations. Failure to appropriately manage these additional risks could lead to regulatory and compliance risks, as well as create burdens that reduce profitability or cause operating losses from these origination channels. The Company is significantly impacted by the regulatory, fiscal, and monetary policies of federal and state governments that could negatively impact the Company’s liquidity position and earnings. These policies can materially affect the value of the Company’s financial instruments and can also adversely affect the Company’s clients and their ability to repay their outstanding loans. In addition, failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies, or adverse examination findings, could result in significant penalties, negatively impact operations, or result in other sanctions against the Company. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System regulates the supply of money and credit in the U.S. Its policies determine, in large part, the Company’s cost of funds for lending and investing and the return the Company earns on these loans and investments, all of which impact net interest margin. The Company and the Bank are heavily regulated at both the federal and state levels and are subject to various routine and non-routine examinations by federal and state regulators. This regulatory oversight is primarily intended to protect depositors, the DIF, and the banking system, not the shareholders of the Company. Changes in policies, regulations and statutes, or the interpretation thereof, could significantly impact the product offerings of Republic causing the Company to terminate or modify its product offerings in a manner that could materially adversely affect the earnings of the Company. Federal and state laws and regulations govern numerous matters including changes in the ownership or control of banks and bank holding companies, maintenance of adequate capital and the financial condition of a financial institution, permissible types, amounts and terms of extensions of credit and investments, permissible non-banking activities, the level of reserves against deposits and restrictions on dividend payments. Various federal and state regulatory agencies possess cease and desist powers and other authority to prevent or remedy unsafe or unsound practices or violations of law by banks subject to their regulations. The FRB possesses similar powers with respect to bank holding companies. These, and other restrictions, can limit in varying degrees, the way Republic conducts its business. Federal and state laws and regulations govern numerous matters relating to the offering of banking products. Failure to comply with disclosure requirements or with laws, including those relating to the permissibility of interest rates and fees charged, could have a material negative impact on earnings. In addition, failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could also expose the Bank to civil money penalties and litigation risk, including shareholder actions. Initiatives of the current President and the current Congress, along with actions of the states, governmental agencies, and consumer groups, could result in regulatory, governmental, or legislative action or litigation, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations. Republic may experience additional increases in FDIC insurance assessments. The DIF has recently incurred losses with the resolution of bank failures during the first quarter of 2023. As a result, the FDIC imposed a special assessment in November 2023, which is to become effective in April 2024. It is possible that Republic’s regular deposit insurance assessment rates will further increase should the FDIC alter its assessment rate schedule or calculation methodology for financial institutions as a result of these recent bank failures. Although Republic cannot predict the specific timing and terms of any special assessment or any other increase in 33 its deposit insurance assessment rates, any increase in Republic’s assessment fees could have a materially adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition. Legislative and regulatory actions taken now or in the future may increase Republic’s costs and impact its business, governance structure, financial condition, or results of operations. Enacted financial reform legislation has changed and will continue to change the bank regulatory framework. Ongoing uncertainty and adverse developments in the financial services industry and the domestic and international credit markets, and the effect of new legislation and regulatory actions in response to these conditions, may adversely affect Company operations by restricting business activities, including the Company’s ability to originate or sell loans, modify loan terms, or foreclose on property securing loans. These measures are likely to increase the Company’s costs of doing business and may have a significant adverse effect on the Company’s lending activities, financial performance, and operating flexibility. In addition, these risks could affect the performance and value of the Company’s loan and investment securities portfolios, which also would negatively affect financial performance. Federal and state regulatory agencies frequently adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are applied. Regulatory or legislative changes to laws applicable to the financial industry, if enacted or adopted, may impact the profitability of our business activities, require more oversight or change certain of our business practices, including the ability to offer new products, obtain financing, attract deposits, make loans and achieve satisfactory interest spreads and could expose Republic to additional costs, including increased compliance costs. These changes also may require Republic to invest significant management attention and resources to make any necessary changes to operations to comply and could have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition, and results of operations. Republic’s Management is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting. If the Company is unable to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy of the Company’s financial reports. As a public company, the Company is required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that Management evaluate and determine the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is required to deliver an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, the Company has expended, and anticipates that it will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs and significant management oversight. If any of these new or improved controls and systems do not perform as expected, the Company may experience further deficiencies in its controls. The Company’s current controls and any new controls that it develops may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in its business. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm the Company’s results of operations, cause the Company to fail to meet its reporting obligations, and adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm’s attestation reports required by the SEC. Ineffective internal control over financial reporting could diminish investor confidence, negatively affect the price of the Company’s Class A common stock, and could result in the Company’s delisting on the Nasdaq. See Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures” for further discussions of the identified material weaknesses. As described in Part II, Item 9A, Controls and Procedures, included in the Form 10-K for the year ended on December 31, 2022, the Company disclosed material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 related to (i) the initial implementation of new products offered through third parties within RPG, (ii) the maintenance of effective controls over the information and communication as it relates to the reconciliation function, and (iii) the design and maintenance of effective controls over the financial analysis of RCS products’ yields. Throughout the 2023 calendar year, the Company implemented remediation measures with respect to all three of these material weaknesses. During the fourth quarter of 2023, management concluded that Material Weakness (ii) and Material Weakness (iii) noted above were remediated. With respect to Material Weakness (i), no new material third-party products were offered through RPG during 2023 and as such, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023 as set forth in Item 9A. A material weakness, however, cannot be considered fully remediated until the enhanced controls related to that material weakness are fully implemented and operate for a sufficient period and management has concluded that these 34 controls are operating effectively. As such, Material Weakness (i) will not be considered remediated until the Company’s enhanced controls and procedures can be tested in the future through the implementation of a new material third-party product at RPG. The Company’s remediation efforts to address Material Weakness (i) are ongoing, and management cannot provide any assurance that these remediation efforts will be successful or that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in the future with respect to material new third-party products offered through RPG. The Company is required to use judgment in applying accounting policies and different estimates and assumptions in the application of these policies could result in a decrease in capital and/or other material changes to the reports of financial condition and results of operations. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the fair value of certain financial instruments, particularly securities, and goodwill and purchase accounting. While the Company has identified those accounting policies that we consider critical and have procedures in place to facilitate the associated judgments, different assumptions in the application of these policies could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The Company may be subject to examinations by taxing authorities that could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. In the normal course of business, the Company may be subject to examinations from federal and state taxing authorities regarding the amount of taxes due in connection with investments it has made and the businesses in which the Company is engaged. Federal and state taxing authorities have continued to be aggressive in challenging tax positions taken by financial institutions. The challenges made by taxing authorities may result in adjustments to the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. If any such challenges are made and are not resolved in the Company’s favor, they could have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Transactions between the Company and its insurance subsidiary, the Captive, may be subject to certain IRS responsibilities and penalties. The Captive was a Nevada-based, wholly owned insurance subsidiary of the Company that provided property and casualty insurance coverage to the Company and the Bank as well as a group of other third-party insurance captives for which insurance may not have been available or economically feasible. The Treasury Department of the United States and the IRS by way of Notice 2016- 66 have stated that transactions believed similar in nature to transactions between the Company and the Captive may be deemed “transactions of interest” because such transactions may have potential for tax avoidance or evasion. While the Captive was dissolved by the Company in November 2023, if the IRS ultimately concludes such transactions created tax avoidance or evasion issues prior to November 2023, the Company could be subject to the payment of penalties and interest. As the parent company of the Bank, the Federal Reserve may require the Company to commit capital resources to support the Bank. The Federal Reserve requires the Company to act as a source of strength to the Bank and to commit capital and financial resources to support the Bank. This support may be required at times when the Company might otherwise determine not to provide it. In addition, if the Company commits to a federal bank regulator that it will maintain the capital of the Bank, whether in response to the Federal Reserve’s invoking its source-of-strength authority or in response to other regulatory measures, that commitment will be assumed by a bankruptcy trustee and, as a result, the Bank will be entitled to priority payment in respect of that commitment, ahead of our other creditors. Thus, any borrowing that must be done by the Company in order to support the Bank may adversely impact the Company’s cash flow, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects. Risks Related to Acquisition Activity The Company’s ability to successfully complete acquisitions will affect its ability to grow and compete effectively in its market footprint. The Company has announced plans to pursue a policy of strategic growth through acquisitions to supplement organic growth. The Company’s efforts to acquire other financial institutions and financial service companies or branches may not be successful. Numerous potential acquirers exist for many acquisition candidates, creating intense competition, which affects the purchase price for which the institution can be acquired. In many cases, the Company’s competitors have significantly greater resources than the Company has, and greater flexibility to structure the consideration for the transaction. The Company may also not be the successful bidder in acquisition opportunities that it pursues due to the willingness or ability of other potential acquirers to propose a higher purchase price or more attractive terms and conditions than the Company is willing or able to propose. The Company intends to continue to pursue acquisition opportunities in its market footprint. The risks presented by the acquisition of other financial institutions could adversely affect the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations. 35 Successful Company acquisitions present many risks that could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. An institution that the Company acquires may have unknown asset quality issues or unknown or contingent liabilities that the Company did not discover or fully recognize in the due diligence process, thereby resulting in unanticipated losses. The acquisition of other institutions also typically requires the integration of different corporate cultures, loan and deposit products, pricing strategies, data processing systems and other technologies, accounting, internal audit and financial reporting systems, operating systems and internal controls, marketing programs and personnel of the acquired institution, to make the transaction economically advantageous. The integration process is complicated and time consuming and could divert the Company’s attention from other business concerns and may be disruptive to its clients and the clients of the acquired institution. The Company’s failure to successfully integrate an acquired institution could result in the loss of key clients and employees and prevent the Company from achieving expected synergies and cost savings. Acquisitions and failed acquisitions also result in professional fees and may result in creating goodwill that could become impaired, thereby requiring the Company to recognize further charges. The Company may finance acquisitions with borrowed funds, thereby increasing the Company’s leverage and reducing liquidity, or with potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities. Risks Related to the Company’s Common Stock The Company’s common stock generally has a low average daily trading volume, which limits a shareholder’s ability to quickly accumulate or quickly sell large numbers of shares of Republic’s stock without causing wide price fluctuations. Republic’s stock price can fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors, as detailed in the next risk factor. A low average daily stock trading volume can lead to significant price swings even when a relatively small number of shares are being traded. The market price for the Company’s common stock may be volatile. The market price of the Company’s common stock could fluctuate substantially in the future in response to several factors, including those discussed below. Some of the factors that may cause the price of the Company’s common stock to fluctuate include: • Variations in the Company’s and its competitors’ operating results; • Actual or anticipated quarterly or annual fluctuations in operating results, cash flows, and financial condition; • Changes in earnings estimates or publication of research reports and recommendations by financial analysts or actions taken by rating agencies with respect to the Bank or other financial institutions; • Announcements by the Company or its competitors of mergers, acquisitions, and strategic partnerships; • Additions or departure of key personnel; • The announced exiting of or significant reductions in material lines of business within the Company; • Changes or proposed changes in banking laws or regulations or enforcement of these laws and regulations; • Events affecting other companies that the market deems comparable to the Company; • Developments relating to regulatory examinations; • Speculation in the press or investment community generally or relating to the Company’s reputation or the financial services industry; • Future issuances or re-sales of equity or equity-related securities, or the perception that they may occur; • General conditions in the financial markets and real estate markets in particular, developments related to market conditions for the financial services industry; • Domestic and international economic factors unrelated to the Company’s performance; • Developments related to litigation or threatened litigation; • The presence or absence of short selling of the Company’s common stock; and • Future sales of the Company’s common stock or debt securities. In addition, the stock market, in general, has historically experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. This is due, in part, to investors’ shifting perceptions of the effect of changes and potential changes in the economy on various industry sectors. This volatility has had a significant effect on the market price of securities issued by many companies for reasons unrelated to their performance or prospects. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock, notwithstanding its actual or anticipated operating results, cash flows, and financial condition. The Company expects that the market price of its common stock will continue to fluctuate due to many factors, including prevailing interest rates, other economic conditions, operating performance, and investor perceptions of the outlook for the Company specifically and the banking industry in 36 general. There can be no assurance about the level of the market price of the Company’s common stock in the future or that investors will be able to resell their shares at times or at prices they find attractive. The Company’s insiders hold voting rights that give them significant control over matters requiring shareholder approval. The Company’s Executive Chair/CEO and Vice Chair hold substantial voting authority over the Company’s Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock. Each share of Class A Common Stock is entitled to one vote and each share of Class B Common Stock is entitled to ten votes. This group generally votes together on matters presented to shareholders for approval. These actions may include, for example, the election of directors, the adoption of amendments to corporate documents, the approval of mergers and acquisitions, sales of assets, and the continuation of the Company as a registered company with obligations to file periodic reports and other filings with the SEC. Consequently, other shareholders’ ability to influence Company actions through their vote may be limited and the non- insider shareholders may not have sufficient voting power to approve a change in control even if a significant premium is being offered for their shares. Majority shareholders may not vote their shares in accordance with minority shareholder interests. The Company is classified as a “controlled company” for purposes of the Nasdaq Listing Rules and, as a result, it qualifies for certain exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. Shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements. As of the date of this report, the Trager family controls a majority of the voting power of our outstanding common stock. As a result, the Company is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, a company of which more than 50% of the outstanding voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain stock exchange corporate governance requirements, including: • • • the requirement that a majority of the board of directors consists of independent directors; the requirement that nominating matters be decided solely by independent directors; and the requirement that executive and officer compensation matters be decided solely by independent directors. Accordingly, although the Company has not historically elected to reduce its corporate governance requirements, Company shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements. The Company’s ability to pay cash dividends is limited, and Republic may be unable to pay future dividends even if it desires to do so. Even though the Company’s board of directors has approved the payment of cash dividends on Republic’s common stock in recent years, there can be no assurance as to whether or when the Company may pay dividends on the Company’s common stock in the future. Future dividends, if any, will be declared and paid at the discretion of Republic’s board of directors and will depend on a number of factors. Republic’s principal source of funds used to pay cash dividends on its common stock will be dividends that Republic receives from the Bank. The Bank’s asset quality, earnings performance, liquidity, and capital requirements generally will be taken into account before the Bank board of directors declares or pays future dividends to Republic. The Republic board of directors will also consider Republic’s liquidity and capital requirements when considering whether to declare and pay dividends on Republic’s common stock, and, to the extent there is available cash on hand, Republic’s board of directors could determine to declare and pay dividends without relying on dividend payments from the Bank. Federal and state banking laws and regulations and state corporate laws restrict the amount of dividends the Company may declare and pay and that the Bank may declare and pay to Republic. Under Kentucky and federal banking regulations, the dividends the Bank can pay during any calendar year are generally limited to its profits for that year, plus its retained net profits for the two pr eceding years, less any required transfers to surplus or to fund the retirement of preferred stock or debt, absent approval of the respective state or federal banking regulators. FDIC regulations also require all insured depository institutions to remain in a safe and sound condition, as defined in regulations, as a condition of having FDIC deposit insurance. An investment in the Company’s common stock is not an insured deposit. The Company’s common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. Investment in the Company’s common stock is inherently risky for the reasons described in this section and elsewhere in this report and is subject to the same market forces that affect the price of common stock in any company. As a result, if an individual acquires the Company’s common stock, the shareholder could lose some or all of that investment. 37 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None Item 1C. Cybersecurity Risk management and strategy The Company employs a multi-layered approach in an effort to assess, identify and manage risks from cybersecurity threats: 1. Risk Assessment: On a regular basis, the Company conducts assessments to identify potential cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities within our systems and networks. This includes evaluating the impact of potential breaches and the likelihood of occurrence. 2. Security Measures: The Company has implemented various security measures like firewalls, encryption, intrusion detections systems, and access controls to mitigate potential risks. Further, the Company also regularly updates software and security protocols to stay ahead of any emerging threats. 3. Employee Training: The Company provides associates with cybersecurity training and awareness programs. These initiatives are intended to help employees recognize and respond appropriately to potential threats like phishing attempts or social engineering. This includes conducting tabletop exercises, fostering preparedness and effective response within the Company. 4. Incident Response Plan: The Company has established an incident response plan in an effort to address and contain any breaches or cybersecurity incidents. This plan includes defining roles, responsibilities, and steps to recover from any potential attack. 5. Regular Audits and Monitoring: The Company conducts periodic audits and continuous monitoring of systems intended to detect any anomalies or potential security breaches. This involves using advanced tools to monitory network traffic and behavior for suspicious activities. 6. Disclosure and Transparency: The Company has implemented policies and procedures related to disclosing their cybersecurity risks and management strategies in their annual report, SEC filings, or other regulatory filings providing investors with an understanding of the potential impact on the Company’s operations and financials. This multi-layered approach has been integrated into the Company’s overall risk management system and processes. Integrating cybersecurity risk management into the overall risk management system demonstrates the Company’s commitment to addressing threats that could significantly impact its operations, financial stability, and reputation. This integration is intended to provide a holistic approach to risk management and helps in creating a more resilient organization against cybersecurity threats. The Company, as an integral aspect of its regular operations and risk management processes, engages third-party entities and service organizations. The Company evaluates and selects these external partners through its due diligence process. This scrutiny is intended to provide alignment with the Company’s standards for security, reliability, and compliance. Additionally, the Company engages third-party firms to augment the Company’s cybersecurity defenses, leveraging external expertise to mitigate and prevent potential threats. Furthermore, the Company maintains ongoing oversight and monitoring of these third parties in an effort to mitigate potential risks and provide continued adherence to established protocols in order to foster an ecosystem of trusted collaborations within its operational framework. During the periods covered by this report, there were no cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For a discussion of whether and how any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition, see Item 1A. Risk Factors – "The Company’s operations, including third-party and client interactions, are increasingly done via electronic means, and this has increased the risks related to cyber security," which are incorporated by reference into this Item 1C. 38 Governance The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) plays a pivotal role in overseeing risks arising from cybersecurity threats within the Company. The Board exercises oversight by adopting a Written Information Security Program, engaging in discussions, reviewing reports, and seeking updates on the Company’s cybersecurity posture. The Board’s Risk Committee oversees and monitors the Bank’s enterprise risk management practices. The Risk Committee assists the Company’s Board of Directors with monitoring the Company’s information technology and cybersecurity plans and policies, in addition to compliance with information security and technology risk management requirements, including reporting related to the SEC’s cybersecurity disclosure rules. The Board is kept informed about cybersecurity issues through a structured and responsive communication process tailored to their needs. This involves updates provided by the Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) or other members of management during Board meetings or specific sessions dedicated to cybersecurity. Additionally, management reports to the Board on significant cyber incidents, emerging threats, and the effectiveness of existing security measures. The communication framework is intended to keep the board informed about cybersecurity matters, allowing them to make informed decisions and provide strategic guidance to fortify the Company’s defenses against potential threats. The Company employs a software platform designed for tracking, monitoring, and managing cybersecurity threats across its systems and networks. The platform serves as a centralized hub that aggregates data from various sources, allowing the cybersecurity team, led by the CISO, to take action to mitigate risks. This technological tool serves as a key component in the Company’s cybersecurity arsenal, enhancing its ability to monitor, analyze, and respond to evolving cyber threats. In cases where cybersecurity threats are deemed significant or pose a potential risk to the Company’s operations, they are escalated to members of management who oversee cybersecurity matters. Depending on the nature and criticality of the threat, it may be escalated to executives such as the CISO, Chief Information Officer, Chief Risk Officer, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel, or other relevant senior management personnel. These leaders possess the expertise and authority to assess the situation’s impact on the Company’s operations, finances, and reputation. Further, these leaders have over 15 years of experience in their respective fields of expertise. Upon receiving this information, they engage in deliberation and decision-making, collaborating with the cybersecurity team to formulate and execute an appropriate response plan, which may include elevating the matter to the Risk Committee, or the Board, if warranted. This hierarchical escalation process is intended to ensure that key decision-makers are properly informed, enabling appropriate actions to mitigate the identified cybersecurity risks. 39 Item 2. Properties. The Company’s executive offices are located at 601 West Market Street in Louisville, Kentucky. The Company also has principal support and operational functions located in three additional facilities in Louisville at 9600 Brownsboro Road, 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway and 200 South Seventh Street. As of December 31, 2023, Republic had 29 banking centers located in Kentucky, seven banking centers in Florida, three banking centers in Indiana, four banking centers in Tennessee, and four banking centers in Ohio. The location of Republic’s facilities, their respective approximate square footage, and their form of occupancy are as follows: Approximate Square Footage Owned (O)/ Leased (L) 5,000 L (1) 57,000 L (1) 21,000 L (1) 41,000 L (1) 5,000 O/L (2) 5,000 O/L (2) 3,000 O/L (2) 6,000 O/L (2) 4,000 O/L (2) 4,000 O/L (2) 4,000 O/L (2) 4,000 O/L (2) 4,000 O/L (2) 3,000 O 3,000 L <1,000 L 4,000 L 3,000 L 5,000 O/L (2) 4,000 O/L (2) 6,000 O 3,000 O 4,000 L 4,000 L 3,000 L 4,000 L 3,000 L Bank Offices Kentucky Banking Centers: Louisville Metropolitan Area 2801 Bardstown Road, Louisville 601 West Market Street, Louisville 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville 9600 Brownsboro Road, Louisville 5250 Dixie Highway, Louisville 10100 Brookridge Village Boulevard, Louisville 9101 U.S. Highway 42, Prospect 11330 Main Street, Middletown 3902 Taylorsville Road, Louisville 3811 Ruckriegel Parkway, Louisville 5125 New Cut Road, Louisville 4808 Outer Loop, Louisville 438 Highway 44 East, Shepherdsville 1420 Poplar Level Road, Louisville 4921 Brownsboro Road, Louisville 3950 Kresge Way, Suite 108, Louisville 3726 Lexington Road, Louisville 1720 West Broadway, Suite 103, Louisville Lexington 3098 Helmsdale Place 3608 Walden Drive 2401 Harrodsburg Road 641 East Euclid Avenue 333 West Vine Street Northern Kentucky 535 Madison Avenue, Covington 25 Town Center Blvd., Suite 104, Crestview Hills 8513 U.S. Highway 42, Florence 119 Fairfield Ave Suite 110, Bellevue (continued) 40 Bank Offices (continued) Georgetown, 430 Connector Road Shelbyville, 1614 Midland Trail Florida Banking Centers: 12933 Walsingham Road, Largo 10577 State Road 54, New Port Richey 6300 4th Street N, St. Petersburg 6600 Central Avenue, St. Petersburg 7800 Seminole Blvd., Seminole 6906 E. Fowler Avenue, Temple Terrace 1300 North West Shore Blvd. Suite 150, Tampa Southern Indiana Banking Centers: 4571 Duffy Road, Floyds Knobs 3141 Highway 62, Jeffersonville 3001 Charlestown Crossing Way, New Albany Tennessee Banking Centers: 113 Seaboard Lane, Franklin 3404 West End Ave, Nashville 128 Kedron Pkwy, Spring Hill 1141 Fortress Blvd, Murfreesboro Ohio Banking Center: 4030 Smith Road, Norwood 9110 West Chester Towne Center Dr., West Chester 8050 Hosbrook Road, Cincinnati 8100 Montgomery Road, Cincinnati Missouri Loan Production Office: 10024 Office Center Avenue Suite 150, Saint Louis Support and Operations: 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY Approximate Square Footage Owned (O)/ Leased (L) 5,000 O/L (2) 4,000 L (2) 4,000 O 3,000 L 10,000 O 9,000 O 3,000 O 2,000 L 4,000 L 4,000 O/L(2) 4,000 O 2,000 L 2,000 L 2,000 L 1,000 L 3,000 L 5,000 L 1,000 L 5,000 L 2,000 O 4,000 L 80,000 L(1) (1) Locations are leased from partnerships in which the Company’s Executive Chair and Chief Executive Officer, Steven E. Trager; its Vice Chair and President, A. Scott Trager; its Director, Andrew Trager-Kusman; or family members of Steven E. Trager, A. Scott Trager, and Andrew Trager-Kusman, have a financial interest. See additional discussion included under Part III Item 13 “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.” For additional discussion regarding Republic’s lease obligations, see Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” Footnote 6 “Right-of-Use Assets and Operating Leases Liabilities.” (2) The banking centers at these locations are owned by Republic; however, the banking center is located on land that is leased through long-term agreements with third parties. 41 Item 3. Legal Proceedings. In the ordinary course of operations, Republic and the Bank are defendants in various legal proceedings. There is no proceeding, pending, or threatened litigation in which Republic and the Bank are a defendant, to the knowledge of management, in which an adverse decision could result in a material adverse change in the business or consolidated financial position of Republic or the Bank. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market and Dividend Information Republic’s Class A Common Stock is traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol “RBCAA.” There is no established public trading market for the Company’s Class B Common Stock, however, the Company’s Class B Common Stock is fully convertible into the Company’s publicly-traded Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis. On February 29, 2024, the Company’s Class A Common Stock was held by 17,252,179 shareholders of record and the Class B Common Stock was held by 2,150,669 shareholders of record. The Company intends to continue its historical practice of paying quarterly cash dividends; however, there is no assurance by the Board of Directors that such dividends will continue to be paid in the future. The payment of dividends in the future is dependent upon future income, financial position, capital requirements, the discretion and judgment of the Board of Directors, and numerous other considerations. For additional discussion regarding regulatory restrictions on dividends, see Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” Footnote 13 “Stockholders’ Equity and Regulatory Capital Matters.” Republic has made available to its employees participating in its 401(k) Plan the opportunity, at the employee’s sole discretion, to invest funds held in their accounts under the plan in shares of Class A Common Stock of Republic. Shares are purchased by the independent trustee administering the plan from time to time in the open market in the form of broker’s transactions. As of December 31, 2023, the trustee held 238,112 shares of Class A Common Stock and 1,215 shares of Class B Common Stock on behalf of the plan. Details of Republic’s Class A Common Stock purchases during the fourth quarter of 2023 are included in the following table: Period October 1 - October 31 November 1 - November 30 December 1 - December 31 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 74,245 18,700 — 92,945 $ $ 44.25 45.09 — 44.42 74,245 18,700 — 92,945 53,110 34,410 34,410 34,410 During 2023, the Company repurchased 455,590 shares. In addition, in connection with employee stock awards, there were 18,463 shares withheld upon exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards to satisfy the withholding taxes and, for stock options, the exercise price. On October 25, 2022, the Board of Directors of Republic Bancorp, Inc. increased the Company’s existing authorization to purchase shares of its Class A Common Stock to 500,000 shares. The repurchase program will remain effective until the total number of shares authorized is repurchased or until Republic’s Board of Directors terminates the program. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 34,410 shares which could be repurchased under its current share repurchase programs. During 2023, there were 4,933 shares of Class A Common Stock issued upon conversion of shares of Class B Common Stock by stockholders of Republic in accordance with the share-for-share conversion provision option of the Class B Common Stock. The 42 exemption from registration of the newly issued Class A Common Stock relied upon was Section (3)(a)(9) of the Securities Act of 1933. There were no equity securities of the registrant sold without registration during the quarter covered by this report. STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH The following stock performance graph does not constitute soliciting material and should not be deemed filed or incorporated by reference into any other Company filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates the performance graph by reference therein. The following stock performance graph sets forth the cumulative total shareholder return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) on Republic’s Class A Common Stock as compared to the KBW NASDAQ Bank Index and the S&P 500 Index. The graph covers the period beginning December 31, 2018 and ending December 31, 2023. The calculation of cumulative total return assumes an initial investment of $100 in Republic’s Class A Common Stock, the KBW NASDAQ Bank Index and the S&P 500 Index on December 31, 2018. The stock price performance shown on the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance. December 31, December 31, December 31, December 31, December 31, December 31, 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Republic Class A Common Stock (RBCAA) S&P 500 Index KBW NASDAQ Bank Index $ 100.00 $ 100.00 100.00 123.71 $ 131.49 136.13 98.75 $ 155.68 122.09 142.73 $ 200.37 168.88 118.56 $ 164.08 132.75 165.22 207.21 131.57 43 Item 6. [Reserved] Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Republic Bancorp, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Republic Bank & Trust Company and Republic Insurance Services, Inc. As used in this filing, the terms “Republic,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Republic Bancorp, Inc., and, where the context requires, Republic Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries. The term the “Bank” refers to the Company’s subsidiary bank: Republic Bank & Trust Company. The term the “Captive” refers to the Company’s insurance subsidiary: Republic Insurance Services, Inc. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Republic is a financial holding company headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. The Bank is a Kentucky-based, state-chartered non- member financial institution that provides both traditional and non-traditional banking products through six reportable segments using a multitude of delivery channels. While the Bank operates primarily in its market footprint, its non-brick-and-mortar delivery channels allow it to reach clients across the U.S. During the last quarter of 2023, the Company dissolved its Captive, a Nevada-based, wholly owned insurance subsidiary of the Company. The Captive provided property and casualty insurance coverage to the Company and the Bank, as well as a group of third-party insurance captives. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Republic should be read in conjunction with Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Forward-looking statements discuss matters that are not historical facts. As forward-looking statements discuss future events or conditions, the statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “target,” “can,” “could,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “potential,” or similar expressions. Do not rely on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements detail management’s expectations regarding the future and are not guarantees. Forward- looking statements are assumptions based on information known to management only as of the date the statements are made and management undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable law. Broadly speaking, forward-looking statements include: • • • • • • the potential impact of inflation on Company operations; projections of revenue, income, expenses, losses, earnings per share, capital expenditures, dividends, capital structure, loan volume, loan growth, deposit growth, or other financial items; descriptions of plans or objectives for future operations, products, or services; descriptions and projections related to management strategies for loans, deposits, investments, and borrowings; forecasts of future economic performance; and descriptions of assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied as a result of certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to the following: • • • • • • • • • the impact of inflation on the Company’s operations and credit losses; litigation liabilities, including related costs, expenses, settlements and judgments, or the outcome of matters before regulatory agencies, whether pending or commencing in the future; natural disasters impacting the Company’s operations; changes in political and economic conditions; the magnitude and frequency of changes to the FFTR implemented by the FOMC of the FRB; long-term and short-term interest rate fluctuations and the overall steepness of the U.S. Treasury yield curve, as well as their impact on the Company’s net interest income and Mortgage Banking operations; competitive product and pricing pressures in each of the Company’s six reportable segments; equity and fixed income market fluctuations; client bankruptcies and loan defaults; 44 recession; future acquisitions; integrations of acquired businesses; changes in technology; changes in applicable laws and regulations or the interpretation and enforcement thereof; changes in fiscal, monetary, regulatory, and tax policies; changes in accounting standards; • • • • • • • • monetary fluctuations; • • • • changes to the Company’s overall internal control environment; the Company’s ability to qualify for future R&D federal tax credits; the ability for Tax Providers to successfully market and realize the expected RA and RT volume anticipated by TRS; information security breaches or cybersecurity attacks involving either the Company or one of the Company’s third-party service providers; and other risks and uncertainties reported from time to time in the Company’s filings with the SEC, including Part 1 Item 1A “Risk Factors.” • Accounting Standards Updates For disclosure regarding the impact to the Company’s financial statements of ASUs, see Footnote 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 45 Critical Accounting Estimates Republic’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported periods. Management continually evaluates the Company’s accounting policies and estimates that it uses to prepare the consolidated financial statements. In general, management’s estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, accounting and regulatory guidance, and information obtained from independent third-party professionals. Actual results may differ from those estimates made by management. Critical accounting policies are those that management believes are the most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and operating results and require management to make estimates that are difficult, subjective, and complex. Most accounting policies are not considered by management to be critical accounting policies. Several factors are considered in determining whether or not a policy is critical in the preparation of the financial statements. These factors include, among other things, whether the estimates have a significant impact on the financial statements, the nature of the estimates, the ability to readily validate the estimates with other information including independent third parties or available pricing, sensitivity of the estimates to changes in economic conditions and whether alternative methods of accounting may be utilized under GAAP. Management has discussed each critical accounting policy and the methodology for the identification and determination of critical accounting policies with the Company’s Audit Committee. Republic believes its critical accounting policies and estimates relate to the following: ACLL and Provision — As of December 31, 2023, the Bank maintained an ACLL for expected credit losses inherent in the Bank’s loan portfolio, which includes overdrawn deposit accounts. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACLL monthly and presents and discusses the ACLL with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors quarterly. The Company’s CECL method is a “static-pool” method that analyzes historical closed pools of loans over their expected lives to attain a loss rate, which is then adjusted for current conditions and reasonable, supportable forecasts prior to being applied to the current balance of the analyzed pools. Due to its reasonably strong correlation to the Company's historical net loan losses, the Company has chosen to use the U.S. national unemployment rate as its primary forecasting tool. For its CRE loan pool, the Company employs a one-year forecast of general CRE values. Management’s evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACLL is often the most critical accounting estimate for a financial institution, as the ACLL requires significant reliance on the use of estimates and significant judgment as to the reliance on historical loss rates, consideration of quantitative and qualitative economic factors, and the reliance on a reasonable and supportable forecast. Adjustments to the historical loss rate for current conditions include differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix or term, delinquency level, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in property values or other relevant factors. One-year forecast adjustments to the historical loss rate are based on the U.S. national unemployment rate and CRE values. Subsequent to the one-year forecasts, loss rates are assumed to immediately revert back to long-term historical averages. The impact of utilizing the CECL approach to calculate the ACLL is significantly influenced by the composition, characteristics and quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, as well as the prevailing economic conditions and forecasts utilized. Material changes to these and other relevant factors may result in greater volatility to the ACLL, and therefore, greater volatility to the Company’s reported earnings. See additional detail regarding the Company’s adoption of ASC 326 and the CECL method under Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” 46 Management evaluated the reasonableness of its Core Bank ACLL by evaluating absorption and exhaustion rates that account for CECL life-of-loan considerations. The absorption rate considered total Core Bank net loan losses from 2008 to 2013 as a percent of the end-of-year Core Bank ACLL. The exhaustion rate considered how many years of gross Core Bank loan charge-offs the end-of- year Core Bank ACLL could withstand based on average annual net Core Bank loan losses from 2008 to 2013. The years 2008 to 2013 represent a six-year period during which the U.S. unemployment rate rose above 8% and the Core Bank incurred a historically high period of loan losses relative to an average year of loan losses for the Core Bank. Management believes Core Bank losses from 2008 to 2013 are more representative of current economic conditions than more recent years just prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Management considered the absorption rates and exhaustion rates calculated for the Core Bank as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 to be within acceptable ranges under current economic conditions. Based on management’s evaluation, a Core Bank ACLL of $60 million, or 1.21% of total Core Bank loans, was an adequate estimate of expected losses within the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and resulted in Core Banking Provision for its loans of a net charge of $8.5 million during 2023. This compares to an ACLL of $52 million as of both December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 with Provisions of a net charge of $312,000 for 2022 and net credit of $319,000 for 2021. If the mix and amount of future charge-off percentages differ significantly from those assumptions used by management in making its determination, an adjustment to the Core Bank ACLL and the resulting effect on the income statement could be material. The RPG ACLL as of December 31, 2023 primarily related to loans originated and held for investment through the RCS segment. RCS generally originates small-dollar, consumer credit products. For its healthcare receivable products, the Bank originates the loans, and in some instances, sells 100% of the balances and in other instances retains 100% of the balances. For its LOC products, the Bank originates these products, sells 90% or 95% of the balances within three business days of loan origination, and retains a 5% or 10% interest. RCS LOC products typically earn a higher yield but also have higher credit risk compared to loans originated through Core Banking operations, with a significant portion of RCS clients considered subprime or near-prime borrowers. As of December 31, 2023, the ACLL to total loans estimated for each RCS product ranged from as low as 0.25% for its healthcare- receivables portfolios to as high as 50.89% for its line-of-credit portfolios. A lower reserve percentage was provided for RCS’s healthcare receivables as of December 31, 2023, as such receivables have recourse back to the Company’s third-party service providers in the transactions. Management only evaluated the ACLL on its active RCS products that had incurred meaningful losses since their inception, which were its line-of-credit products. Due to the general short-term nature of these products, management utilized the current year net charge-offs for 2022 and 2023 along with the end-of-the-year ACLL to calculate each years’ absorption rate and exhaustion rate. The absorption and exhaustion rates were both considered to be within acceptable ranges as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Based on management’s calculation, an ACLL of $22 million, or 7.91%, of total RPG loans was an adequate estimate of expected losses within the RPG portfolio as of December 31, 2023. RPG’s TRS segment offered its RA credit product during the first two months of 2023, 2022, and 2021, and its ERA credit product during December 2023 and 2022 related to the subsequent first quarter tax filing seasons. An ACLL for losses on RAs and ERAs is estimated during the limited, short-term period the product is offered. RAs originated during the first two months of 2023, were repaid, on average, within 32 days of origination. Provisions for RA and ERA losses are estimated when advances are made and adjusted to actual net charge-offs as of June 30th of each year. The ACLL for ERAs as of December 31, 2023 was $3.9 million for $103 million of ERAs originated during December 2023. The ACLL as of December 31, 2022 was $3.8 million for $98 million of ERAs originated during December 2022. There were no ERAs originated during 2021, and as a result there was no ACLL and corresponding Provision for ERAs as of December 31, 2021. Related to the overall credit losses on RAs and ERAs, the Bank’s ability to control losses is highly dependent upon its ability to predict the taxpayer’s likelihood to receive the tax refund as claimed on the taxpayer’s tax return. Each year, the Bank’s RA and ERA approval model is based primarily on the prior-year’s tax refund funding patterns. Because much of the loan volume occurs each year before that year’s tax refund funding patterns can be analyzed and subsequent underwriting changes made, credit losses during a current year could be higher than management’s predictions if tax refund funding patterns change materially between years. 47 In response to changes in the legal, regulatory, and competitive environment, management annually reviews and revises the RA and ERA product parameters. Further changes in RA and ERA product parameters do not ensure positive results and could have an overall material negative impact on the performance of the RA and ERA and therefore on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. See additional discussion regarding the RA product under the sections titled: • Part I Item 1A “Risk Factors” • Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” RPG recorded a net charge of $39.1 million, $22.0 million, and $15.1 million to the Provision during 2023, 2022, and 2021, with the Provision for each year primarily due to net losses on RAs and growth in short-term, consumer loans originated through the RCS segment. If the number of future charge-offs on RAs and RCS loans differ significantly from assumptions used by management in making its determination, an adjustment to the RPG ACLL and the resulting effect on the income statement could be material. Cancelled TRS Sale Transaction On June 3, 2022, the Bank and Green Dot entered into a settlement agreement (“Settlement Agreement”) to fully resolve the lawsuit that the Bank filed against Green Dot in the Delaware Court of Chancery on October 5, 2021 (the “Lawsuit”). As previously disclosed in the Company’s prior SEC filings, the Lawsuit arose from Green Dot’s inability to consummate a sale transaction contemplated in a purchase agreement through which Green Dot would purchase all of the assets and operations of the Bank’s TRS business (“TRS Purchase Agreement”). In accordance with the Settlement Agreement, on June 6, 2022, Green Dot paid $13 million to the Bank, which was in addition to a $5 million termination fee that Green Dot paid to the Bank during the first quarter of 2022 under the terms of the TRS Purchase Agreement. On June 6, 2022, the Bank and Green Dot filed a stipulation of dismissal of the Lawsuit with the Delaware Court of Chancery, which was effective to dismiss the Lawsuit when filed. 48 OVERVIEW Total Company net income was $90.4 million and Diluted EPS was $4.62 for 2023, compared to net income of $91.1 million and Diluted EPS of $4.59 for 2022. Table 1 below presents Republic’s financial performance for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Table 1 — Summary Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2023 2022 2021 Percent Increase/(Decrease) 2022/2021 2023/2022 Income before income tax expense Net income Diluted EPS of Class A Common Stock ROA ROE $ $ 113,213 90,374 4.62 1.44 % 10.10 $ 116,845 91,106 4.59 1.48 % 10.68 111,442 87,611 4.28 1.39 % 10.37 (3) % (1) 1 (3) (5) 5 % 4 7 6 3 The decrease in net income during 2023 for the Total Company primarily resulted from the nonrecurrence of the following incom e items recorded during 2022: • The benefit of a $13 million pre-tax legal settlement. • The benefit of a $5 million pre-tax contract termination fee. General highlights by reportable segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of the following: Traditional Banking segment • Net income increased $9.0 million, or 22%, from 2022. • Net interest income increased $23.0 million, or 13%, compared to 2022. • Provision was a net charge of $8.7 million for 2023 compared to a net charge of $1.4 million for 2022. • Noninterest income increased $4.2 million, or 13%, over 2022. • Noninterest expense increased $10.4 million, or 7%, over 2022. • Total Traditional Bank loans increased $763 million, or 20%, during 2023. • Total nonperforming loans to total loans for the Traditional Banking segment was 0.41% as of December 31, 2023 compared to 0.40% as of December 31, 2022. • Delinquent loans to total loans for the Traditional Banking segment was 0.18% as of December 31, 2023 compared to 0.16% as of December 31, 2022. • On March 15, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of CBank, and its wholly owned bank subsidiary Commercial Industrial Finance, for approximately $51 million in cash. Subsequent to the acquisition, the Company rebranded Commercial Industrial Finance to Republic Bank Finance. Warehouse Lending segment • Net income decreased $4.0 million, or 46%, from 2022. 49 • Net interest income decreased $4.3 million, or 31%, from 2022. • The Warehouse Provision was a net credit of $162,000 for 2023 compared to a net credit of $1.1 million for 2022. • Average committed Warehouse lines decreased to $1.0 billion during 2023 from $1.3 billion during 2022. • Average Warehouse line usage was 42% during 2023 compared to 44% during 2022. Mortgage Banking segment • Within the Mortgage Banking segment, mortgage banking income decreased $2.7 million, or 43%, from 2022 to 2023. • Overall, Republic’s proceeds from sale of secondary market loans totaled $78 million during 2023 compared to $238 million during 2022, with the Company’s cash-gain-as-a-percent-of-loans-sold decreasing to 2.25% from 3.01% from period to period. Tax Refund Solutions segment • Net income decreased $14.3 million, or 62%, from 2022 to 2023. • Net interest income increased $12.7 million, or 75%, from 2022 to 2023. • Total RA originations were $737 million during the first quarter of 2023 compared to $311 million for the first quarter of 2022. • TRS originated $103 million of ERAs during the fourth quarter of 2023 related to the anticipated filing of tax returns for the upcoming first quarter 2024 tax filing season compared to $98 million during the fourth quarter of 2022 related to the anticipated filing of tax returns for the first quarter of 2023. • The TRS Provision was $22.6 million for 2023, compared to $10.0 million for 2022. • Noninterest income was $16.1 million for 2023 compared to $35.5 million for 2022. Noninterest income for 2022 included a $5.0 million non-recurring contract termination fee and a $13.0 million non-recurring legal settlement payment. • Net RT revenue decreased $1.3 million, or 8%, from 2022 to 2023. • Noninterest expense was $12.0 million for 2023 compared to $12.4 million for 2022. 50 Republic Payment Solutions segment • Net income increased $8.2 million, or 233%, over 2022. • Net interest income increased $10.9 million, or 226%, over 2022. • Noninterest income was flat from 2022 to 2023 at $3.0 million. • Noninterest expense was $3.7 million for 2023 and $3.3 million for 2022. Republic Credit Solutions segment • Net income increased $1.3 million, or 7%, over 2022. • Net interest income increased $10.1 million, or 34%, over 2022. • Overall, RCS recorded a net charge to the Provision of $16.5 million during 2023 compared to a net charge of $12.1 million for 2022. • Noninterest income decreased $462,000, or 3%, over 2022. • Noninterest expense was $12.0 million for 2023 and $8.4 million for 2022. • Total nonperforming loans to total loans for the RCS segment was 1.11% as of December 31, 2023 compared to 0.70% as of December 31, 2022. • Delinquent loans to total loans for the RCS segment was 10.51% as of December 31, 2023 compared to 8.53% as of December 31, 2022. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS This section provides a comparative discussion of Republic’s Results of Operations for the two-year period ended December 31, 2023, unless otherwise specified. Refer to Results of Operations on pages 50-61 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Form 10-K”) for a discussion of the 2022 versus 2021 results. Net Interest Income Banking operations are significantly dependent upon net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities used to fund those assets, such as interest-bearing deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and FHLB advances. Net interest income is impacted by both changes in the amount and composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as market interest rates. See the section titled “Asset/Liability Management and Market Risk” in this section of the filing regarding the Bank’s interest rate sensitivity. A large amount of the Company’s financial instruments tracks closely with, or are primarily indexed to, either the FFTR, Prime, or SOFR. These indices trended lower beginning in the first quarter of 2020 with the onset of the COVID pandemic, as the FOMC reduced the FFTR to approximately 25 basis points. During 2022 inflation rose to levels not seen in approximately 40 years. In response, the FOMC began executing a quantitative tightening program by reducing its balance sheet, selling certain types of bonds in the market, and repeatedly increasing the FFTR. The FOMC’s increases to the FFTR since January 1, 2022 included the following: 51 Table 2 — Increases to the Federal Funds Target Rate since January 1, 2022 Date March 17, 2022 May 5, 2022 June 16, 2022 July 27, 2022 September 21, 2022 November 2, 2022 December 15, 2022 February 2, 2023 March 23, 2023 May 4, 2023 July 26, 2023 Increase to the FFTR FFTR after Increase 0.25 % 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.50 % 1.00 1.75 2.50 3.25 4.00 4.50 4.75 5.00 5.25 5.50 The FOMC’s actions and signals continued to place upward pressure on short-term market interest rates throughout 2022 and 2023. While long-term interest rates initially rose in tandem with the increases to the FFTR through the middle part of 2022, they generally moved lower than short-term rates during the second half of 2022. Long-term rates generally maintained this lower level relative to short-term rates throughout 2023 as the market generally began anticipating a recession to take place in the near-term future. As a result of the higher short-term interest rates and the lower long-term interest rates, the yield curve has been inverted for several months, with short-term rates generally higher than long-term rates on the yield curve. Because banks generally price customer deposits based on the shorter-end of the yield curve and price many loans based on the longer-end of the yield curve, an inverted yield curve is generally negative for banks’ net interest income while a steep yield curve, in which long-term rates exceed short-term rates, is generally more favorable for banks. As of the date of this filing, the near-term shape of the yield curve is uncertain. The Federal Reserve continues to signal its willingness to implement appropriate monetary policy to reduce inflation and to maintain it at an acceptable level. Many market forecasters, however, believe that near-term interest rate cuts by the FOMC are more likely than near-term interest rate increases or no change to the FFTR at all. Any further monetary tightening by the FOMC in the future will likely cause short-term interest rates to increase. It is unknown what impact additional short-term rate increases by the FOMC could have on long-term market interest rates. Alternatively, future rate cuts are likely to decrease interest rates on the shorter end of the yield curve. Similarly, it is unknown how corresponding long-term rates will move, if at all, if the FOMC does cut short-term interest rates in the near-term. Additionally, if the FFTR experiences no changes in the near-term, it is uncertain if long term rates will remain generally below short-term interest rates or if the yield curve could begin to steepen. Total Company net interest income was $288.8 million during 2023 and represented a $52.1 million increase over 2022. Total Company net interest margin expanded to 4.91% during 2023 compared to 4.12% for 2022. The following were the most significant components affecting the Company’s net interest income by reportable segment: Traditional Banking segment The Traditional Banking’s net interest income increased $23.0 million, or 13%, for 2023 compared to 2022. Traditional Banking’s net interest margin was 3.69% for 2023, an increase of 31 basis points from 2022. The increase in the Traditional Bank’s net interest income during 2023 was primarily attributable to the following factors: • Traditional Bank average loans grew from $3.7 billion with a weighted-average yield of 4.14% for 2022 to $4.2 billion with a weighted average yield of 5.01% for 2023. In addition, the acquisition of CBank added approximately $135 million to the Traditional Bank’s average loans during 2023. As discussed in the section titled “Loans” within this document, loan growth remained particularly strong within the Traditional Bank throughout 2023. 52 • Average investments grew to $772 million with a weighted-average yield of 2.78% during 2023 from $672 million with a weighted-average yield of 1.75% for 2022. As part of its overall interest rate risk management strategy, the Traditional Bank generally maintains an investment portfolio with a shorter overall duration. • The Traditional Bank’s average noninterest bearing deposits decreased from $1.6 billion during 2022 to $1.4 billion for 2023. This decrease in average noninterest-bearing deposits was funded through a decrease in interest-earning cash balances and an increase in FHLB borrowings. • The Traditional Bank’s cost of average cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased from 0.11% during 2022 to 1.55% for 2023. The following two bullets further segments this impact in the Traditional Bank’s cost of interest-bearing liabilities. o The weighted-average cost of total interest-bearing deposits increased from 0.25% during 2022 to 1.73% for 2023. In addition, average interest-bearing deposits increased $132 million from 2022 to 2023. o The average balance of FHLB borrowings increased from $21 million for 2022 to $326 million for 2023. In addition, the weighted-average cost of these borrowings increased from 1.60% to 4.68% for the same periods. This increase in the average balance of borrowings was generally driven by period-to-period decline in average deposit balances. • Average interest-earning cash was $180 million with a weighted-average yield of 5.23% during 2023 compared to $735 million with a weighted-average yield of 1.55% for 2022. The decline in average cash balances was driven generally by a decline in average deposit balances for the same periods. While net interest income was higher at the Traditional Bank for the year, it was notably lower during the fourth quarter of 2023 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. The decrease in net interest income for the fourth quarter of 2023 was the first quarter-to- same-quarter-last-year decline for the Traditional Bank during 2023. While net interest income was higher for each of the first three quarters of 2023 compared to the same quarter in 2022, each quarter experienced a diminishing magnitude of increase. This diminishing magnitude occurred as the Traditional Bank’s cost of funds increased at a faster pace than its yield on interest earning assets. The primary driver of this diminishing benefit was a reduction in interest-earning cash balances combined with an on-going shift in funding mix away from noninterest-bearing deposit balances to higher-costing, interest-bearing deposits and FHLB borrowings. As a result of these factors, the Traditional Bank’s yield on its interest earning assets increased 97 basis points from the fourth quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023, while its cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 218 basis points for the same periods. Management believes the Traditional Bank could likely continue to experience net interest margin compression during 2024 as a result of the negative impact of 1) lower interest-earning cash and low-cost deposit balances; 2) larger, higher-costing average balances of FHLB borrowings; and 3) a continuing rise in the cost of interest-bearing deposits in order to maintain client balances. Additional variables which may also impact the Traditional Bank’s net interest income and net interest margin in the future include, but are not limited to, the actual steepness and shape of the yield curve, future demand for the Traditional Bank’s financial products, and the Traditional Bank’s overall future liquidity needs. Warehouse Net interest income within Warehouse decreased $4.3 million, or 31%, from 2022 to 2023, driven by decreases in both average outstanding balances and net interest margin. Overall average outstanding Warehouse balances declined from $510 million during 2022 to $397 million for 2023, driven largely by the sharp rise in long-term interest rates during 2022, which depressed mortgage- refinancing demand and resulted in a sharp drop in Warehouse line usage. In addition, the Warehouse net interest margin decreased 31 basis points from 2.69% during 2022 to 2.38% during 2023. The decline in the Warehouse net interest margin occurred as its funding costs, as charged through the Company’s internal FTP methodology, generally rose in tandem with the increase in short-term interest rates since rates began rising in March 2022, while its yield increases were delayed until the adjustable rates on its clients’ lines of credit surpassed their contractual interest rate floors. These interest rate floors benefited the Warehouse net interest margin substantially during 2020 and 2021 when market rates declined to historical lows 53 but have produced margin compression since the onset of the FFTR increases during the first quarter of 2022. In addition, the warehouse industry came under competitive pricing pressures during 2023 as a declining market demand caused the banks that lend to Warehouse clients to lower their margins in order to maintain higher levels of balances on their existing warehouse lines. Committed Warehouse lines-of-credit decreased from $1.1 billion as of December 31, 2022 to $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2023, while average usage rates for Warehouse lines were 42% and 44%, respectively, during 2023 and 2022. A continuing period of elevated long-term market interest rates or additional increases in long-term market interest rates will likely lead to a continued reduction in average outstanding balances driven by a decline in demand from Warehouse clients. In addition, because the yield on Warehouse lines of credit are generally tied to short-term interest rates, additional increases in short-term interest rates could cause further competitive pricing pressures for the industry and the Core Bank, further driving down the yield Warehouse earns on its lines of credits. Tax Refund Solutions segment Net interest income within the TRS segment was up $12.7 million from 2022 to 2023. Loan-related interest and fees increased $17.2 million for the period and was driven primarily by a $426 million increase in RA origination volume, most of which resulted from a new contract with a large national tax preparation provider. This increase in loan revenue was partially offset by a $3.5 million increase to the segment’s net cost of funds as applied through the Company’s internal net FTP charge. See additional detail regarding the RA product under Footnote 4“Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part I Item 1 “Financial Statements.” Republic Payment Solutions segment The Company’s prepaid card program drove a $10.9 million increase to net interest income for the segment. This increase was generally driven by a higher crediting rate applied through the Company’s internal FTP. The prepaid card FTP credit yield was 4.59% for average prepaid card-related balances of $356 million during 2023 compared to 1.37% for average prepaid card-related balances of $362 million during 2022. Republic Credit Solutions segment RCS’s net interest income increased $10.1 million, or 34%, from 2022 to 2023. The increase was driven primarily by an increase in fee income from RCS’s LOC II product. RCS’s LOC II loan fees, which are recorded as interest income on loans, increased to $19.3 million during 2023 compared to $8.5 million during 2022. The Company first piloted this product during the first quarter of 2021 with limited outstanding balances during the pilot phase. It began to ramp up origination volume for the product during early 2022 and has steadily increased its volume since then, leading to corresponding higher year-over-year revenue. Overall customer demand for the RCS segment’s products is not assumed to be interest rate sensitive and therefore management does not believe a rising interest rate environment will impact origination volume for its various consumer loan products. A rising interest rate environment, however, would negatively impact the Company’s internal FTP cost allocated to this segment. As a result, the impact of rising interest rates to RCS would be negative to the segment’s financial results, although the exact amount of the negative impact would depend on the overall volume and mix of loans it generates. 54 Table 3 presents the average balance sheets for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, along with the related calculations of tax-equivalent net interest income, net interest margin and net interest spread for the related periods. Table 3 — Total Company Average Balance Sheets and Interest Rates (dollars in thousands) ASSETS 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 Average Balance Average Interest Rate Average Balance Average Interest Rate Average Balance Interest Average Rate Interest-earning assets: Federal funds sold and other interest-earning deposits Investment securities, including FHLB stock (a) TRS Refund Advance loans (b) RCS LOC products (b) Other RPG loans (c) (f) Outstanding Warehouse lines of credit (d) (f) All other Core Bank loans (e) (f) $ 183,647 $ 772,104 73,255 35,486 115,691 396,629 4,302,154 9,418 21,497 32,572 36,655 8,736 29,695 217,490 5.13 % $ 2.78 44.46 103.29 7.55 7.49 5.06 738,399 $ 671,858 28,085 28,986 96,538 510,417 3,674,407 11,370 11,739 14,481 27,318 5,744 21,351 152,181 1.54 % $ 1.75 51.56 94.25 5.95 4.18 4.14 806,811 $ 555,599 26,283 20,662 107,129 747,840 3,617,363 1,108 7,706 13,202 19,345 5,991 27,169 153,885 0.14 % 1.39 50.23 93.63 5.59 3.63 4.25 Total interest-earning assets 5,878,966 356,063 6.06 5,748,690 244,184 4.25 5,881,687 228,406 3.88 Allowance for credit losses (82,230) (67,951) (66,481) Noninterest-earning assets: Noninterest-earning cash and cash equivalents Premises and equipment, net Bank owned life insurance Other assets (a) Total assets 150,785 33,544 102,750 212,228 $ 6,296,043 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY 186,636 33,892 100,452 167,251 $ 6,168,970 167,556 38,428 91,329 189,339 $ 6,301,858 Interest-bearing liabilities: Transaction accounts Money market accounts Time deposits Reciprocal money market and time deposits Brokered deposits $ 1,500,975 $ 874,332 298,313 203,993 47,078 11,602 21,150 8,681 7,532 2,516 0.77 % $ 1,696,809 $ 2.42 2.91 3.69 5.34 779,457 240,701 55,042 — 1,974 2,000 2,636 147 — 0.12 % $ 1,580,570 $ 0.26 1.10 0.27 — 784,777 300,784 226,503 30,863 361 385 3,625 644 24 0.02 % 0.05 1.21 0.28 0.08 Total interest-bearing deposits 2,924,691 51,481 1.76 2,772,009 6,757 0.24 2,923,497 5,039 0.17 SSUARs and other short-term borrowings Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other long-term borrowings 134,632 574 0.43 265,188 397 0.15 231,430 63 0.03 325,678 15,230 4.68 21,233 339 1.60 29,479 57 0.19 Total interest-bearing liabilities 3,385,001 67,285 1.99 3,058,430 7,493 0.24 3,215,138 5,666 0.18 Noninterest-bearing liabilities and Stockholders’ equity: Noninterest-bearing deposits Other liabilities Stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity 1,880,471 135,882 894,689 $ 6,296,043 2,148,848 108,965 852,727 $ 6,168,970 2,129,222 112,466 845,032 $ 6,301,858 Net interest income Net interest spread Net interest margin $ 288,778 $ 236,691 $ 222,740 4.07 % 4.91 % 4.01 % 4.12 % 3.70 % 3.79 % (a) For the purpose of this calculation, the fair market value adjustment on debt securities is included as a component of other assets. (b) Interest income for RAs and RCS line-of-credit products is composed entirely of loan fees. (c) Interest income includes loan fees of $957,000, $882,000, and $1.7 million for 2023, 2022, and 2021. (d) Interest income includes loan fees of $1.0 million, $1.7 million, and $3.1 million for 2023, 2022, and 2021. (e) Interest income includes loan fees of $5.7 million, $4.8 million, and $4.1 million for 2023, 2022, and 2021. (f) Average balances for loans include the principal balance of nonaccrual loans and loans held for sale and are inclusive of all loan premiums, discounts, fees, and costs. 55 Table 4 illustrates the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest- bearing liabilities impacted Republic’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to (i) changes attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), (ii) changes attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume), and (iii) net change. The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate. Table 4 — Total Company Volume/Rate Variance Analysis (in thousands) Interest income: Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021 Total Net Change Increase / (Decrease) Due to Volume Rate Total Net Change Increase / (Decrease) Due to Volume Rate Federal funds sold and other interest-earning deposits Investment securities, including FHLB stock TRS Refund Advance loans RCS LOC products Other RPG loans Outstanding Warehouse lines of credit All other Core Bank loans Net change in interest income $ $ $ (1,952) 9,758 18,091 9,337 2,992 8,344 65,309 111,879 (13,395) 1,961 20,337 6,538 1,270 (5,587) 28,502 39,626 Interest expense: Transaction accounts Money market accounts Time deposits Reciprocal money market and time deposits Brokered deposits SSUARs and other short-term borrowings Federal Home Loan Bank advances Subordinated note Net change in interest expense 9,627 19,150 6,046 7,385 2,516 177 14,891 — 59,792 (254) 272 763 1,287 2,516 (271) 13,125 — 17,438 11,443 7,797 (2,246) 2,799 1,722 13,931 36,807 72,253 9,881 18,878 5,283 6,098 — 448 1,766 — 42,354 $ $ 10,262 4,033 1,279 7,973 (247) (5,818) (1,704) 15,778 1,613 1,615 (989) (497) (24) 334 282 (507) 1,827 $ (102) 1,799 922 7,844 (615) (9,510) (7,506) (7,168) 29 (3) (679) (460) (24) 10 (20) (507) (1,654) 10,364 2,234 357 129 368 3,692 5,802 22,946 1,584 1,618 (310) (37) — 324 302 — 3,481 Net change in net interest income $ 52,087 $ 22,188 $ 29,899 $ 13,951 $ (5,514) $ 19,465 56 Provision Total Company Provision was a net charge of $47.6 million for 2023 compared to a net charge of $22.3 million for 2022. The following were the most significant components comprising the Company’s Provision by reportable segment: Traditional Banking segment The Traditional Banking Provision during 2023 was a net charge of $8.7 million compared to a net charge of $1.4 million for 2022. An analysis of the Provision for 2023 compared 2022 follows: • For 2023, the Traditional Bank Provision primarily reflected the following: o The Traditional Bank incurred a net charge of $2.7 million during the first quarter of 2023 for the Day-1 Provision associated with the acquired CBank non-PCD loans. o The Traditional Bank recorded approximately $6.9 million in general formula reserves for $550 million of non CBank- related loan growth during 2023. Approximately $1.0 million of these general formula reserves was due to an increase in the Traditional Bank’s qualitative factor reserves generally related to uncertain market conditions brought about by high inflation, government actions to combat inflation, and elevated vacancy rates for commercial office space. o Offsetting the above, the Traditional Bank recognized a $1.5 million credit to the Provision during 2023 driven by the release of COVID-related reserves. The release of these reserves coincided with the federal government’s declaration of the official end to the COVID pandemic in May of 2023. • For 2022, the Traditional Bank Provision primarily reflected the following: o Approximately $4.5 million of additional Provision driven by formula reserves tied to general loan growth. Traditional Bank loans grew $353 million from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022. o Partially offsetting the above was the release of approximately $2.8 million of reserves following the payoff or upgrade of loans previously downgraded during the height of the pandemic. As a percentage of total Traditional Bank loans, the Traditional Banking ACLL was 1.28% as of December 31, 2023 compared to 1.32% as of December 31, 2022. The Company believes, based on information presently available, that it has adequately provided for Traditional Banking loan losses as of December 31, 2023. Warehouse Lending segment Warehouse recorded a net credit of $162,000 for 2023 compared to a net credit of $1.1 million for 2022. Provision for both periods reflected changes in general reserves consistent with changes in outstanding period-end balances. Outstanding Warehouse period-end balances decreased $64 million during 2023 compared to a decrease of $447 million during 2022. As a percentage of total Warehouse outstanding balances, the Warehouse ACLL was 0.25% as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022. The Company believes, based on information presently available, that it has adequately provided for Warehouse loan losses as of December 31, 2023. Tax Refund Solutions segment TRS recorded a net charge to the Provision of $22.6 million during 2023 compared to a net charge of $10.0 million for in 2022. Substantially all TRS Provision in both periods was related to its RA product, including the ERA product. TRS recorded a charge to the Provision for RA loans of $22.5 million, or 2.68% of its $840 million in total RAs and ERAs originated during 2023 compared to a charge to the Provision of $10.5 million, or 2.56 % of its $409 million of RAs originated during 2022. The 57 increase in Provision for 2023 was primarily due to the increased volume from the previously mentioned new contract with a large national tax preparation provider, which generated approximately $462 million in new RA volume related to the first quarter 2023 tax filing season. See additional detail regarding the RA and ERA products under Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplemental Data.” Republic Payment Solutions segment There is no Allowance or Provision for RPS, as the segment offers Prepaid and Debit Solutions to consumers. Republic Credit Solutions segment As illustrated in Table 5 below, RCS recorded a net charge to the Provision of $16.5 million during 2023 compared to a net charge to the Provision of $12.1 million for 2022. The increase in the Provision was driven primarily by a $2.8 million increase in net charge- offs and a $1.6 million increase in the Allowance based on general formula reserves applied to the growth for RCS’s LOC outstanding balances. Net charge-offs for RCS’s LOC II product were $6.8 million for 2023 compared to $3.2 million of net charge-offs during 2022. As previously disclosed, this product was first piloted during the first quarter of 2021. RCS began to ramp up origination volume for the RCS LOC II product during early 2022 and has steadily increased its volume since then leading to corresponding higher year-over-year net charge-offs in the product. While RCS loans generally return higher yields, they also present a greater credit risk than Traditional Banking loan products. As a percentage of total RCS loans, the RCS ACLL was 13.82% as of December 31, 2023 and 13.73% as of December 31, 2022. The Company believes, based on information presently available, that it has adequately provided for RCS loan losses as of December 31, 2023. The following table presents RCS Provision by product: Table 5 — RCS Provision by Product Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change Years Ended Dec. 31, Product: Lines of credit Hospital receivables Total Noninterest Income $ $ 16,486 43 16,529 $ $ 12,050 31 12,081 $ $ 4,436 12 4,448 37 % 39 37 % Table 6 — Analysis of Noninterest Income Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Percent Increase/(Decrease) 2023/2022 2022/2021 Service charges on deposit accounts Net refund transfer fees Mortgage banking income Interchange fee income Program fees Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance Death benefits in excess of cash surrender value of life insurance Net losses on other real estate owned Contract termination fee Legal settlement Other Total noninterest income NM - Not meaningful $ $ 13,855 15,748 3,542 13,057 15,582 2,719 1,728 (211) — — 5,437 71,457 $ $ 13,426 17,080 6,196 13,125 16,172 2,526 — (211) 5,000 13,000 3,496 89,810 $ $ 12,553 20,248 19,994 13,062 14,237 2,242 979 (160) — — 3,420 86,575 3 % (8) (43) (1) (4) 8 NM — (100) (100) 56 (20)% 7 % (16) (69) — 14 13 (100) (32) NM NM 2 4 % 58 Total Company noninterest income decreased $18.4 million from 2022. The following were the most significant components comprising the total Company’s noninterest income by reportable segment: Traditional Banking segment Traditional Banking’s noninterest income increased $4.2 million, or 13%, over 2022, driven primarily by a $1.7 million death benefit payment received during the second quarter of 2023 that was in excess of the cash surrender value of the BOLI policy. The Traditional Bank also earns a substantial majority of its fee income related to its overdraft service program from the per item fee it assesses its customers for each insufficient-funds check or electronic debit presented for payment. The total per item fees, net of refunds, included in service charges on deposits for 2023 and 2022 were $7.2 million and $6.8 million. The total daily overdraft charges, net of refunds, included in interest income for 2023 and 2022 were $1.2 million and $1.3 million. Mortgage Banking segment A decrease in Mortgage banking income for 2023 was generally caused by substantially higher long-term market interest rates, which led to a significant slowdown in the origination of mortgage loans to be sold into the secondary market. For 2023, the 30-year mortgage rate fluctuated in a range between 6.00% and 7.50% for most of the period. As a result, the Bank sold $78 million in secondary market loans and achieved an average cash-gain-as-a-percent-of-loans-sold of 2.25% during 2023. During the first two months of 2022, however, long-term interest rates were closer to historical lows, driving total 2022 secondary market loan sales of $238 million with comparable cash-gain-as-a-percent-of-loans-sold of 3.01%. Tax Refund Solutions segment TRS’s noninterest income decreased $19.4 million, or 55%, during 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Green Dot paid RB&T a total of $18 million in nonrecurring payments during 2022 related to the now-cancelled TRS Purchase Agreement. These nonrecurring payments included the following: • A contract termination fee of $5.0 million in January 2022 after RB&T provided Green Dot a notice of termination of the May 2021 TRS Purchase Agreement for the sale of substantially all of RB&T’s TRS assets and operations to Green Dot. • A legal settlement of $13.0 million in June 2022 regarding RB&T’s lawsuit against Green Dot. Regarding the noninterest income from TRS’s RT product, net RT revenue decreased $1.3 million from $17.0 million during 2022 to $15.7 million during 2023. RT revenue for 2023 was negatively impacted by a general decline in overall RT demand across the industry. Republic Payment Solutions segment RPS’s noninterest income was flat from 2022 to 2023 at $3.0 million. RPS program fees constituted the substantial majority of noninterest income at RPS. RPS program fees for RPS primarily represents a portion of the net interchange revenue earned for cardholder activity. Republic Credit Solutions segment RCS’s noninterest income decreased $462,000, or 3%, during 2023 compared to 2022, with program fees representing the substantial majority of RCS’s noninterest income. The decrease in RCS program fees primarily reflected lower sales volume and corresponding gains from RCS’s installment loan product which were substantially offset by higher sales volume and gains from RCS’s LOC II product. Proceeds from the sale of RCS's loan products totaled $12.8 million during 2023, a 3% decrease from 2022. Partially offsetting the decrease, RCS sold approximately $460 million of balances for the LOC II product during 2023, an increase of 123% over 2022. This increase in sales volume for the LOC II product contributed to a $2.5 million increase in RCS program fee revenue, which partially 59 offset the decline in revenue from the installment product. RCS began to ramp up origination volume for the LOC II product during early 2022 and has steadily increased its volume since then, leading to corresponding higher year-over-year net program revenue. The following table presents program fees by RPG Segment: Table 7 —Program Fees by RPG Segment Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change Years Ended Dec. 31, Segment: TRS RPS RCS Total $ $ — 2,827 12,755 15,582 $ $ — 2,872 13,300 16,172 $ $ — (45) (545) (590) NA % (2) (4) (4) % The following table presents RCS program fees by product: Table 8 — Program Fees by RCS Product Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change Years Ended Dec. 31, Product: Lines of credit Hospital receivables Installment loans* Total $ $ 8,762 196 3,797 12,755 $ $ 6,406 178 6,716 13,300 $ $ 2,356 18 (2,919) (545) 37 % 10 (43) (4) % *The Company has elected the fair value option for this product, with mark-to-market adjustments recorded as a component of Program Fees. 60 Noninterest Expense Table 9 — Analysis of Noninterest Expense Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 2023/2022 2022/2021 Percent Increase/(Decrease) Salaries and employee benefits Technology, equipment, and communication Occupancy Marketing and development FDIC insurance expense Interchange related expense Legal and professional fees Merger expense Other Total noninterest expense $ $ 115,869 29,107 13,967 8,446 2,728 5,965 3,204 2,160 17,952 199,398 $ $ 111,240 28,954 13,014 6,875 1,668 4,773 4,024 — 16,760 187,308 $ $ 110,088 29,351 13,193 4,390 1,591 4,960 4,924 — 14,568 183,065 4 % 1 7 23 64 25 (20) — 7 6 % 1 % (1) (1) 57 5 (4) (18) — 15 2 % Total Company noninterest expense increased $12.1 million, or 6%, during 2023 compared to 2022. The following were the most significant components comprising the increase in noninterest expense by reportable segment: Traditional Banking segment Traditional Banking noninterest expense increased $10.4 million for 2023 compared to 2022. The following primarily drove the change in noninterest expense: • Noninterest expense associated with the acquired CBank operations was $6.7 million across all categories for 2023, with no such expenses for 2022. The figure for 2023 includes $2.2 million in merger related expenses that are not expected to recur in the future. • Legacy Salaries and Benefits expense increased a net $2.8 million, or 3%, to $91.3 million for 2023, primarily due to the cost of annual merit increases and an increase in overhead salaries. Overhead salaries are allocated to the Traditional Banking and the Mortgage Banking segments each period based on each segment’s pro rata mortgage production, with Mortgage Banking production disproportionately and negatively impacted during 2023 following a rise in interest rates. • Legacy Interchange related expenses increased $1.0 million due to higher debit card and credit card purchasing activity as well as additional costs to combat fraud. • Legacy FDIC Insurance expense increased $526,000 due to higher premiums charged by the FDIC in 2023. • Partially offsetting the increase above, Legacy technology expenses declined $947,000 as the Traditional Bank continued to combine technology platforms as part of a Company-wide efficiency initiative. Mortgage Banking segment Noninterest expense at the Mortgage Banking segment decreased $1.9 million, or 19%, during 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to a $916,000 decrease in salary and employee benefits expense and a $303,000 decrease in marketing expense. A reduction in shared overhead expense primarily drove the decrease in salary and employee benefits. The Company records a credit offset to salary expense for each loan it originates and recognizes the cost of that credit as an adjustment to the loan’s yield over its estimated life. The amount of credit benefit to salary expense during a given period is determined by the overall loan origination volume during that period. 61 Republic Payment Solutions segment Noninterest expense at the RPS segment increased $370,000, or 11%, during 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to a $292,000 increase in salary and employee benefits resulting from an increase in staff. Republic Credit Solutions segment Noninterest expense at the RCS segment increased $3.6 million, or 43%, during 2023 compared to 2022. Approximately $2.7 million of this increase was concentrated within the LOC II product and was a result of a year-over-year increase in marketing activity for the product. Approximately $1.8 of the increase was within Salaries and Benefits and was primarily the result of annual merit increases and an increase in headcount. Income Tax Expense The Company’s effective tax rate was approximately 20% in 2023 compared to 22% in 2022. The effective tax rate decreased primarily due to the following: • The Company’s state tax expense decreased $1.0 million from $3.3 million in 2023 from $4.3 million in 2022. This decrease resulted primarily from a more favorable apportionment of income to states with lower income tax rates during 2023 and was primarily attributable to the Company’s Traditional Banking segment. • The Company recognized $3.0 million in income tax benefits for low-income-housing investments and R&D credits during 2023 compared to $2.2 million in 2022. The low-income-housing investments were attributable to the Company’s Traditional Banking segment, while the R&D credits were allocated among the Traditional Banking, TRS, and RCS segments. • The Company recognized $363,000 in income tax benefits during 2023 for non-recurring death benefit revenue related to the Company’s bank owned life insurance policies. See additional detail regarding the Company’s Income Tax Expense under Footnote 18 “Income Taxes” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplemental Data.” FINANCIAL CONDITION Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include cash, deposits with other financial institutions with original maturities less than 90 days, and federal funds sold. Republic had $317 million in cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 compared to $314 million as of December 31, 2022. Comparing average balances for 2023 and 2022, the Company had average interest-earning cash and cash equivalent balances of $184 million for 2023 compared to $739 million for 2022. The decline in average interest-earning cash balances from period to period was driven generally by an increase in average loan balances without a similar corresponding increase in funding liabilities. For cash held at the FRB, the Bank earns a yield on amounts more than required reserves. This cash earned a weighted-average yield of 5.13% during 2023 with a spot balance yield of approximately 5.40% on December 31, 2023. For cash held within the Bank’s banking center and ATM networks, the Bank does not earn interest. 62 Investment Securities Table 10 — Investment Securities Portfolio December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Available-for-sale debt securities (fair value): U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Private label mortgage-backed security Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Corporate bonds Trust preferred security Total available-for-sale debt securities Held-to-maturity debt securities (amortized cost): U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Mortgage backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Corporate bonds Obligations of state and political subdivisions Total held-to-maturity debt securities Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value (fair value): Freddie Mac preferred stock Community Reinvestment Act mutual fund Total equity securities with a readily determinable fair value $ $ 407,033 1,773 154,710 21,659 2,020 4,118 591,313 65,000 25 6,386 4,976 — 76,387 174 — 174 $ 411,141 2,127 171,873 21,368 10,001 3,855 620,365 75,000 27 7,270 4,964 125 87,386 111 — 111 237,459 2,731 210,749 30,294 10,046 3,847 495,126 — 46 9,080 34,928 245 44,299 170 2,450 2,620 Total investment securities $ 667,874 $ 707,862 $ 542,045 AFS debt securities primarily consists of U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agency obligations, including agency MBS and agency CMOs. The agency MBSs primarily consist of hybrid mortgage investment securities, as well as other adjustable rate mortgage investment securities, underwritten and guaranteed by the GNMA, the FHLMC and the FNMA. Agency CMOs held in the investment portfolio are substantially all floating rate securities that adjust monthly. The Bank uses a portion of the investment securities portfolio as collateral to Bank clients for SSUARs. The remaining eligible securities that are not pledged to secure client SSUARs may be pledged to the FHLB as collateral for the Bank’s borrowing line. Republic’s total investment portfolio decreased $40 million from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, driven by $105 million in calls and maturities of debt securities and $37 million in paydowns on mortgage-backed securities. These decreases were partially offset by the purchase of $70 million in debt-securities, $15 million in FHLB stock, $17 million of investments acquired as part of the CBank merger, and a $15 million increase in market value following a general decline in longer-term market interest rates. Strategies for the investment securities portfolio are influenced by economic and market conditions, loan demand, deposit mix, and liquidity needs. Since early 2020, the Bank has utilized a general investing strategy of purchasing securities with shorter-term durations or maintaining a large amount cash at the Federal Reserve. The Bank utilized this general strategy due to liquidity reasons and as an interest rate risk management tool. This strategy could change in 2024 depending upon several factors including, but not limited to, the Company’s overall current and projected liquidity positions, its customers’ demand for its loans and deposit products, the Company’s overall interest rate risk position, the interest rate environment at the time, as well as the projected interest rate environment for the near term and the long term. 63 Table 11 — Available-for-Sale Debt Securities December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies: Due in one year or less Due from one year to five years Due from five years to 10 years Total U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Corporate bonds: Due in one year or less Due from one year to five years Due from five years to ten years Total Corporate bonds Trust preferred security, due beyond ten years Private label mortgage backed security Total mortgage backed securities - residential Total collateralized mortgage obligations Total available-for-sale debt securities Table 12 — Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies: Due from one year or less Due from one year to five years Total U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Corporate bonds: Due from one year or less Due from one year to five years Due from five years to ten years Total corporate bonds Total mortgage backed securities - residential Total collateralized mortgage obligations Total held-to-maturity debt securities Amortized Cost Fair Value $ $ 189,872 231,704 — 421,576 187,479 219,554 — 407,033 — 2,012 — 2,012 3,800 443 167,996 22,698 618,525 $ — 2,020 — 2,020 4,118 1,773 154,710 21,659 591,313 $ Amortized Cost Fair Value $ $ $ 50,000 15,000 65,000 — 4,986 — 4,986 25 6,386 76,397 $ $ $ 49,876 14,961 64,837 — 4,992 — 4,992 25 6,313 76,167 Weighted Average Weighted Average Maturity in Yield Years 2.30 % 1.59 — 1.89 — 6.63 — 6.63 5.45 7.96 4.11 4.84 3.86 % 0.48 2.02 — 1.32 — 2.40 — 2.40 13.43 9.63 10.83 18.25 4.61 Weighted Average Weighted Average Maturity in Yield Years 5.25 % 5.40 5.30 6.67 — 6.67 5.49 5.86 5.73 % 0.86 2.15 1.16 2.10 — 2.10 10.72 16.13 2.48 See Footnote 2 “Investment Securities” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further information regarding the Bank’s investment securities. 64 Loan Portfolio Table 13 — Loan Portfolio Composition December 31, (in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate (1) Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit* Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group*: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Total loans** Allowance for credit losses Total loans, net 2023 2022 2021 $ $ $ 1,144,684 345,965 1,785,289 217,338 464,078 88,591 250,051 295,133 16,654 694 2,664 7,428 4,618,569 339,723 4,958,292 911,427 321,358 1,599,510 153,875 413,387 10,505 179,785 241,739 15,473 726 6,731 626 3,855,142 403,560 4,258,702 103,115 46,092 132,362 281,569 97,505 51,767 107,828 257,100 820,731 306,323 1,456,009 129,337 396,377 8,637 142,894 210,578 14,510 683 14,448 1,432 3,501,959 850,550 4,352,509 — 50,987 93,066 144,053 5,239,861 (82,130) 4,515,802 (70,413) 4,496,562 (64,577) $ 5,157,731 $ 4,445,389 $ 4,431,985 * Identifies loans to borrowers located primarily outside of the Bank’s market footprint. ** Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts and net loan origination fees and costs. (1) The approximate percentage of Nonowner-occupied CRE loans to total CRE loans was 63%, 61,%, and 61% for 2023, 2022, and 2021. The approximate percentage of Owner-occupied CRE loans to total CRE loans was 37%, 39%, and 39% for 2023, 2022, and 2021. Gross loans increased by $724 million, or 16%, during 2023 to $5.2 billion as of December 31, 2023. The most significant components comprising the change in loans by reportable segment follow: Traditional Banking segment Period-end balances for Traditional Banking loans increased $763 million, or 20%, from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. The following primarily drove the change in loan balances during 2023: • The Traditional Bank acquired loans and leases with a fair value of $216 million in connection with the CBank acquisition. As of December 31, 2023, remaining loan balances acquired in the CBank transaction were approximately $215 million. 65 • The Traditional Bank’s legacy CRE portfolio, which excludes the CRE loans acquired from CBank, grew $548 million, or 14%, during 2023, as the Traditional Bank experienced strong loan demand within its Corporate Lending, Private Banking and Commercial Real Estate divisions in its Louisville market. • With mortgage refinance volume at all-time record levels during 2020 and 2021, balances of 1-4 family loans, including HELOCs, generally declined as the vast majority of the volume of refinancings was sold into the secondary market. This trend began to change in mid to late 2022, however, as a significant rise in long-term, fixed-rate mortgages caused portfolio level ARM loans to become generally more attractive than secondary market loans. As a result, the Traditional Bank’s legacy residential real estate portfolio, which excludes the residential real estate loans acquired from CBank, increased $239 million during 2023. • The Traditional Bank’s Correspondent Lending Division purchased a block of $111 million of loans during the second and third quarters of 2023, which is net of any payoffs and paydowns during 2023. The loans purchased were all 1-4 Family, first-lien mortgages with fixed rate terms of generally five or seven years. At the time of purchase. this block of loans had a weighted-average expected life of 30 years and a weighted-average expected yield of approximately 6.67%. Warehouse Lending segment Outstanding Warehouse period-end balances decreased $64 million from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. Due to the volatility and seasonality of the mortgage market, it is difficult to project future outstanding balances of Warehouse lines of credit. The growth of the Bank’s Warehouse business greatly depends on the overall mortgage market and typically follows industry trends. Since its entrance into this business during 2011, the Bank has experienced volatility in the Warehouse portfolio consistent with overall demand for mortgage products. Weighted average quarterly usage rates on the Bank’s Warehouse lines have ranged from a low of 31% during the first quarter of 2023 to a high of 71% during the fourth quarter of 2019. On an annual basis, weighted-average usage rates on the Bank’s Warehouse lines have ranged from a low of 39% during 2022 to a high of 66% during 2020. As previously discussed, a continuing period of elevated long-term market interest rates or additional increases in long-term market interest rates will likely lead to a continued reduction in average outstanding balances driven by a decline in demand from Warehouse clients. In addition, because the yield on Warehouse lines of credit is generally tied to short-term interest rates, additional increases in short-term interest rates could cause further competitive pricing pressures for the industry and the Core Bank, driving down the yield Warehouse earns on its lines of credits. Tax Refund Solutions segment Outstanding TRS loans decreased $65,000 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. TRS loan balances as of December 31, 2022 included ERAs of $98 million originated during December 2022 and $52 million of Commercial-related loan balances originated during the fourth quarter of 2022. These balances were substantially all paid down to $0, or alternatively, charged off during 2023. TRS loan balances as of December 31, 2023 included ERAs of $103 million originated during December 2023 and $46 million of Commercial-related loan balances originated during the fourth quarter of 2023. These balances are all expected to pay down to $0 during 2024, or alternatively, be charged off if they are deemed to be uncollectible under the Company’s charge-off policy. 66 The table below illustrates the Bank’s fixed and variable rate loan maturities: Table 14 — Selected Loan Distribution December 31, 2023 (in thousands) Total One Year Or Less Over One Through Five Years Over Five Through 15 Years Over 15 Years Fixed rate loan maturities: Residential real estate Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer Total fixed rate loans Variable rate loan maturities: Residential real estate Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Warehouse lines of credit Home equity Consumer Total variable rate loans Total: Residential real estate Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Warehouse lines of credit Home equity Consumer Total loans $ $ $ $ $ $ 645,784 705,600 84,205 266,800 88,591 250,051 933 244,369 2,286,333 844,865 1,079,689 133,133 243,370 339,723 294,200 18,548 2,953,528 1,490,649 1,785,289 217,338 510,170 88,591 250,051 339,723 295,133 262,917 5,239,861 $ $ $ $ $ $ 19,468 19,671 26,652 50,810 1,432 — 47 186,373 304,453 70,376 60,856 8,450 104,627 339,723 15,367 16,675 616,074 89,844 80,527 35,102 155,437 1,432 — 339,723 15,414 203,048 920,527 $ $ $ $ $ $ 53,092 254,849 39,723 150,675 87,159 24,207 852 3,326 613,883 122,466 200,108 6,724 96,480 — 65,021 1,859 492,658 175,558 454,957 46,447 247,155 87,159 24,207 — 65,873 5,185 1,106,541 $ $ $ $ $ $ 215,413 429,565 17,377 65,315 — 50,843 34 487 779,034 202,300 818,725 117,959 42,263 — 213,812 — 1,395,059 417,713 1,248,290 135,336 107,578 — 50,843 — 213,846 487 2,174,093 $ $ $ $ $ $ 357,811 1,515 453 — — 175,001 — 54,183 588,963 449,723 — — — — — 14 449,737 807,534 1,515 453 — — 175,001 — — 54,197 1,038,700 Loans at maturity interval to overall total loans 100 % 18 % 21 % 41 % 20 % Allowance for Credit Losses As of December 31, 2023, the Bank maintained an ACLL for expected credit losses inherent in the Bank’s loan portfolio, which includes overdrawn deposit accounts. The Bank also maintained an ACLS and an ACLC for expected losses in its securities portfolio and its off-balance sheet credit exposures, respectively. Management evaluates the adequacy of the ACLL monthly, and the adequacy of the ACLS and ACLC quarterly. All ACLs are presented and discussed with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors quarterly. The Company’s ACLL increased from $70 million as of December 31, 2022 to $82 million as of December 31, 2023. As a percent of total loans, the total Company’s ACLL increased to 1.57% as of December 31, 2023 compared to 1.56% as of December 31, 2022. An analysis of the ACLL by reportable segment follows: 67 Traditional Banking segment The Traditional Banking ACLL increased approximately $8 million to $59 million as of December 31, 2023, generally driven primarily by formula reserves tied to loan growth during 2023 partially offset by the $1.5 million release of COVID-related reserves. The release of these reserves coincided with the federal government’s declaration of the official end to the COVID pandemic in May of 2023. Warehouse The Warehouse ACLL remained at approximately $1 million, and the Warehouse ACLL to total Warehouse loans remained at 0.25% when comparing December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the Warehouse ACLL was entirely qualitative in nature with no adjustments to the qualitative reserve percentage required for 2023. Tax Refund Solutions The TRS ACLL increased $102,000 from December 31, 2023 to $4 million as of December 31, 2023 driven by formula reserves applied to the $6 million of ERA loan growth which occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023. The ACLL for TRS as of December 31, 2022 was substantially all attributable to the $98 million of ERAs originated during December 2022 and the $52 million of Commercial-related loan balances originated during the fourth quarter of 2022. These balances were substantially all paid down to $0 during 2023, or alternatively, charged off during 2023. The ACLL for TRS as of December 31, 2023 was substantially all attributable to the $103 million of ERAs originated during December 2023 and the $46 million of Commercial-related loan balances originated during the fourth quarter of 2023. As previously noted, these balances are expected to all be paid down during 2024 to $0, or alternatively, be charged off if they are deemed to be uncollectible under the Company’s charge-off policy. Republic Credit Solutions segment The RCS ACLL increased $4 million to $18 million as of December 31, 2023, with this increase driven by an increase in the RCS LOC II spot balance and a change in the RCS loan mix as the outstanding healthcare receivables spot balance increased and the RCS LOC I spot balance decreased. RCS maintained an ACLL for two distinct credit products offered as of December 31, 2023, including its line-of-credit products and its healthcare-receivables products. As of December 31, 2023, the ACLL to total loans estimated for each RCS product ranged from as low as 0.25% for its healthcare-receivables products to as high as 50.89% for its line-of-credit products. The lower reserve percentage of 0.25% was provided for RCS’s healthcare receivables, as such receivables have recourse back to the third-party providers. For additional discussion regarding Republic’s methodology for determining the adequacy of the ACLL, see the section titled “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in this section of the filing. See additional detail regarding Republic Credit Solution’s loan products under Item 1 “Business.” 68 Table 15 — Summary of Loan and Lease Loss Experience Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 ACLL at beginning of period CBank Fair Value Adjustment Charge-offs: Traditional Banking: Residential real estate Commercial real estate Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Home equity Consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Total charge-offs Recoveries: Traditional Banking: Residential real estate Commercial real estate Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Home equity Consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Total recoveries Net loan recoveries (charge-offs) Provision - Core Bank Loans Provision - RPG Loans Total Provision for All Loans ACLL at end of period Credit Quality Ratios - Total Company: ACLL to total loans ACLL to nonperforming loans Net loan charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans Credit Quality Ratios - Core Banking: ACLL to total loans ACLL to nonperforming loans Net loan charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans $ 70,413 $ 64,577 $ 61,067 216 — — (26) — — (141) (2) (1,182) (1,351) — (1,351) (25,823) (128) (13,912) (39,863) (41,214) 154 94 123 10 3 342 726 — 726 3,463 31 871 4,365 5,091 (36,123) 8,536 39,088 47,624 82,130 (21) (9) — — — (1,290) (1,320) — (1,320) (11,505) (154) (11,390) (23,049) (24,369) 104 287 271 — 121 373 1,156 — 1,156 4,831 665 1,168 6,664 7,820 — (428) (86) — (51) (895) (1,460) — (1,460) (10,256) (51) (4,707) (15,014) (16,474) 396 82 76 — 46 475 1,075 — 1,075 3,533 29 408 3,970 5,045 (16,549) (11,429) 349 22,036 22,385 70,413 $ (188) 15,127 14,939 64,577 $ 1.57 % 398 0.73 1.21 % 313 0.01 1.56 % 432 0.38 1.21 % 332 0.00 1.44 314 0.25 1.18 251 0.01 $ 69 Table 16 — Net Loan Charge-offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans by Loan Category Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) Net Loan Charge-Offs (Recoveries) to Average Loans 2022 2023 2021 Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances* Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Total (0.01)% — (0.01) — (0.03) 0.28 — — 0.55 84.39 0.66 0.33 0.01 — 0.01 29.56 0.53 10.52 16.27 (0.01)% — (0.02) — (0.07) — — (0.06) 0.48 104.04 (0.14) 1.02 — — — 26.78 (3.18) 10.73 12.02 0.73 % 0.38 % (0.04)% — 0.03 — — — — — 0.65 51.69 (0.10) 0.27 0.01 — 0.01 26.58 0.19 3.93 7.42 0.25 % * Refund advances are originated during the first two months of each year, and beginning in December 2022, ERAs for the upcoming first quarter tax filing season are originated during the fourth quarter of the year. All RAs, including ERAs, are charged-off by June 30th of each year. The Company’s net charge-offs to average total Company loans increased from 0.38% during 2022 to 0.73% during 2023, with net charge-offs increasing $19.6 million and average total Company loans increasing $585 million, or 13%. As discussed in more detail above, the increase in net charge-offs was primarily driven by a $19.1 million increase in net charge-offs within the Company’s TRS and RCS operations. During 2023 and 2022, the Company’s Core Bank net charge-offs to average Core Bank loans remained near zero. 70 The following table sets forth management’s allocation of the ACLL by loan class. The ACLL allocation is based on management’s assessment of economic conditions, historical loss experience, forecasting for unemployment and vacancy rates, and various other life-of-loan and forecast considerations, as well as, qualitative factors. Additionally, management began including life-of-loan and forecast considerations into its ACLL allocation upon adoption of the CECL method on January 1, 2020. Since these factors and management’s assumptions are subject to change, the allocation is not necessarily indicative of future loan portfolio performance or future ACLL allocation. Table 17 — Management’s Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans (in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Total December 31, 2023 Percent of Percent of ACLL to Loans to December 31, 2022 Percent of Percent of ACLL to Loans to ACLL Total Loans* Total Loan Class ACLL Total Loans* Total Loan Class* ACLL 2021 Percent of Percent of ACLL to Loans to Total Loans* Total Loan Class* $ 10,337 3,047 25,830 6,060 4,236 1,061 625 5,501 1,074 694 32 501 58,998 847 59,845 22 % 7 33 4 9 2 5 6 — — — — 88 6 94 0.90 % $ 0.88 1.45 2.79 0.91 1.20 0.25 1.86 6.45 100.00 1.20 6.74 1.28 0.25 1.21 8,909 2,831 23,739 4,123 3,976 110 449 4,628 996 726 87 135 50,709 1,009 51,718 21 % 7 36 3 9 — 4 5 — — — — 85 9 94 0.98 % $ 0.88 1.48 2.68 0.97 1.05 0.25 1.91 8,647 2,700 23,769 4,128 3,487 91 357 4,111 6.44 100.00 1.29 21.57 1.32 0.25 1.21 934 683 186 314 49,407 2,126 51,533 19 % 7 32 3 9 — 3 5 — — — — 78 19 97 1.05 % 0.88 1.63 3.19 1.02 1.05 0.25 1.95 6.44 100.00 1.29 21.93 1.41 0.25 1.18 3,929 61 18,295 22,285 $ 82,130 2 1 3 6 100 % 3.81 0.13 13.82 7.91 1.57 % $ 3,797 91 14,807 18,695 70,413 2 1 3 6 100 % 4.00 0.18 13.73 7.27 1.56 % — 96 12,948 13,044 $ 64,577 — 1 2 3 100 % — 0.19 13.91 9.06 1.44 % *See Table 13 in this section of the filing for loan portfolio balances. Values of less than 50 basis points are rounded down to zero. Management believes, based on information presently available, that it has adequately provided for loan and lease credit losses as of December 31, 2023. For additional discussion regarding Republic’s methodology for determining the adequacy of the ACLL, see the section titled “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in this section of the filing. 71 Asset Quality Classified and Special Mention Loans The Bank applies credit quality indicators, or ratings, to individual loans based on internal Bank policies. Such internal policies are informed by regulatory standards. Loans rated “Loss,” “Doubtful,” “Substandard,” and PCD-Substandard are considered “Classified.” Loans rated “Special Mention,” or PCD-Special Mention are considered Special Mention. The Bank’s Classified and Special Mention loans decreased approximately $14 million during 2023, driven primarily by upgrades during 2023 to commercial-purpose loans within the hospitality and leisure industry. See Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional discussion regarding Classified and Special Mention loans. Table 18 — Classified and Special Mention Loans December 31, (in thousands) Loss Doubtful Substandard PCD - Substandard Total Classified Loans Special Mention PCD - Special Mention Total Special Mention Loans $ 2023 2022 2021 $ — — 20,253 1,699 21,952 51,447 447 51,894 — — 17,010 1,498 18,508 69,246 718 69,964 $ — — 21,714 1,692 23,406 114,496 795 115,291 Total Classified and Special Mention Loans $ 73,846 $ 88,472 $ 138,697 Nonperforming Loans Nonperforming loans include loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90-days-or-more and still accruing. The nonperforming loan category as of December 31, 2022 included TDRs totaling approximately $2 million. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023, which eliminated the TDR designation under GAAP. Nonperforming loans to total loans increased to 0.39% at December 31, 2023 from 0.36% at December 31, 2022, as the total balance of nonperforming loans increased by $4 million, or 26%, while total loans increased $724 million, or 16%, during 2023. The ACLL to total nonperforming loans decreased to 398% as of December 31, 2023 from 432% as of December 31, 2022, as the total ACLL increased $12 million and the balance of nonperforming loans increased by approximately $4 million, or 26%. The driver of the increase in ACLL was primarily formula reserves applied to $724 million of loan growth from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023. 72 Table 19 — Nonperforming Loans and Nonperforming Assets Summary December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Loans on nonaccrual status* Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still on accrual** Total nonperforming loans Other real estate owned Total nonperforming assets Credit Quality Ratios - Total Company: ACLL to total loans Nonaccrual loans to total loans ACLL to nonaccrual loans Nonperforming loans to total loans Nonperforming assets to total loans (including OREO) Nonperforming assets to total assets Credit Quality Ratios - Core Bank: ACLL to total loans Nonaccrual loans to total loans ACLL to nonaccrual loans Nonperforming loans to total loans Nonperforming assets to total loans (including OREO) Nonperforming assets to total assets $ $ 19,150 1,468 20,618 1,370 21,988 $ $ 15,562 756 16,318 1,581 17,899 $ $ 20,504 48 20,552 1,792 22,344 1.57 % 0.37 429 0.39 0.42 0.33 1.21 % 0.39 313 0.39 0.41 0.35 1.56 % 0.34 452 0.36 0.40 0.31 1.21 % 0.37 332 0.37 0.40 0.32 1.44 % 0.46 315 0.46 0.50 0.37 1.18 % 0.47 251 0.47 0.51 0.40 * Loans on nonaccrual status include collateral-dependent loans. See Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for the components within the nonaccrual loans to total loans and ACLL to nonaccrual loans ratios, as well as additional discussion regarding nonaccrual loans and collateral-dependent loans. ** Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still accruing consist of smaller-balance consumer loans. 73 Table 20 — Nonperforming Loan Composition December 31, (in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group 2023 Percent of Total Loan Class Balance 2022 Percent of Total Balance Loan Class Balance 2021 Percent of Total Loan Class $ 15,056 64 850 — 1,221 — — 1,948 — — 10 1 19,150 — 19,150 1.32 % 0.02 0.05 — 0.26 — — 0.66 — — 0.38 0.01 0.41 — 0.39 $ 13,388 117 1,001 — — — — 815 — — 31 210 15,562 — 15,562 1.47 % 0.04 0.06 — — — — 0.34 — — 0.46 33.55 0.40 — 0.37 $ 12,039 95 6,557 — 13 — — 1,700 — 1 97 3 20,505 — 20,505 1.47 % 0.03 0.45 — 0.00 — — 0.81 — 0.15 0.67 0.21 0.59 — 0.47 — — 1,468 1,468 — — 1.11 0.52 — — 756 756 — — 0.70 0.29 — — 47 47 — — 0.05 0.03 Total nonperforming loans $ 20,618 0.39 $ 16,318 0.36 $ 20,552 0.46 74 Table 21 — Stratification of Nonperforming Loans December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Number of Nonperforming Loans and Recorded Investment No. Balance <= $100 Balance > $100 & <= $500 No. No. Balance > $500 No. Total Balance $ 125 3 — — 2 — — 36 — NM 3 1 170 — 170 — — NM NM 4,569 64 — — 61 — — 1,236 — — 10 1 5,941 — 5,941 — — — — $ 45 — 1 — 1 — — 3 — — — — 50 — 50 — — — — 7,200 — 191 — 339 — — 712 — — — — 8,442 — 8,442 — — — — $ 3 — 1 — 1 — — — — — — — 5 — 5 — — — — 3,287 — 659 — 821 — — — — — — — 4,767 — 4,767 — — 1,468 1,468 $ 173 3 2 — 4 — — 39 — NM 3 1 225 — 225 — — NM NM 15,056 64 850 — 1,221 — — 1,948 — — 10 1 19,150 — 19,150 — — 1,468 1,468 Total 170 $ 5,941 50 $ 8,442 5 $ 6,235 225 $ 20,618 NM – Not meaningful. Loans from Republic Processing Group are generally small dollar homogenous consumer loans. December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Number of Nonperforming Loans and Recorded Investment No. Balance <= $100 Balance > $100 & <= $500 No. No. Balance > $500 No. Total Balance $ 134 4 — — — — — 28 — NM 6 — 172 — 172 — — NM NM 4,650 117 — — — — — 711 — — 31 — 5,509 — 5,509 — — — — $ 45 — 1 — — — — 1 — — — 1 48 — 48 — — — — 7,353 — 232 — — — — 104 — — — 210 7,899 — 7,899 — — — — $ 1 — 1 — — — — — — — — — 2 — 2 — — — — 1,385 — 769 — — — — — — — — — 2,154 — 2,154 — — 756 756 $ 180 4 2 — — — — 29 — NM 6 1 222 — 222 — — NM NM 13,388 117 1,001 — — — — 815 — — 31 210 15,562 — 15,562 — — 756 756 Total 172 $ 5,509 48 $ 7,899 2 $ 2,910 222 $ 16,318 NM – Not meaningful. Loans from Republic Processing Group are generally small dollar homogenous consumer loans. 75 December 31, 2021 (dollars in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner occupied Nonowner occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Paycheck Protection Program Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Number of Nonperforming Loans and Recorded Investment No. Balance <= $100 Balance > $100 & <= $500 No. No. Balance > $500 No. Total Balance $ 146 3 — — 1 — — — 25 — NM 13 4 192 — 192 — — NM NM 5,042 95 — — 13 — — — 695 — 1 97 3 5,946 — 5,946 — — 47 47 $ 27 — 4 — — — — — 5 — — — — 36 — 36 — — — — 4,857 — 872 — — — — — 1,005 — — — — 6,734 — 6,734 — — — — $ 2 — 3 — — — — — — — — — — 5 — 5 — — — — 2,140 — 5,685 — — — — — — — — — — 7,825 — 7,825 — — — — $ 175 3 7 — 1 — — — 30 — NM 13 4 233 — 233 — — NM NM 12,039 95 6,557 — 13 — — — 1,700 — 1 97 3 20,505 — 20,505 — — 47 47 Total 192 $ 5,993 36 $ 6,734 5 $ 7,825 233 $ 20,552 NM – Not meaningful. Loans from Republic Processing Group are generally small dollar homogenous consumer loans. Interest income that would have been recorded if nonaccrual loans were on a current basis in accordance with their original terms was $912,000, $1.0 million, and 1.3 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021. Based on the Bank’s review as of December 31, 2023, management believes that its reserves are adequate to absorb expected losses on all nonperforming credits. Table 22 — Rollforward of Nonperforming Loans Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Nonperforming loans at the beginning of the period Loans added to nonperforming status during the period that remained nonperforming at the end of the period Loans removed from nonperforming status during the period that were nonperforming at the beginning of the period (see table below) Principal balance paydowns of loans nonperforming at both period ends Net change in principal balance of other nonperforming loans* $ 16,318 9,503 (4,801) (1,116) 714 $ 20,552 7,076 $ (10,934) (1,084) 708 23,595 3,627 (5,221) (1,450) 1 Nonperforming loans at the end of the period $ 20,618 $ 16,318 $ 20,552 *Includes relatively small consumer portfolios, e.g., RCS loans. Table 23 — Detail of Loans Removed from Nonperforming Status Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Loans charged off Loans transferred to OREO Loan payoffs and paydowns Loans returned to accrual status Total loans removed from nonperforming status during the period that were nonperforming at the beginning of the period $ $ $ — — (2,495) (2,306) $ — — (8,385) (2,549) (57) — (4,884) (280) (4,801) $ (10,934) $ (5,221) 76 Delinquent Loans Delinquent loans to total loans increased to 0.42% as of December 31, 2023, from 0.34% as of December 31, 2022, primarily due to a $5 million increase in delinquent RPG loans and a $2 million increase in Core Bank loans. Core Bank delinquent loans to total Core Bank loans increased to 0.16% as of December 31, 2023 from 0.14% as of December 31, 2022. With the exception of small-dollar consumer loans, all Traditional Bank loans past due 90-days-or-more as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were on nonaccrual status. Table 24 — Delinquent Loan Composition* December 31, (dollars in thousands) Balance Loan Class Balance Percent of Total Percent of Total Loan Class Balance Percent of Total Loan Class 2023 2022 2021 Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group $ 5,803 — — — 1,360 18 — 767 35 131 2 60 8,176 — 8,176 — — 13,916 13,916 0.51 % $ — — — 0.29 0.02 — 0.26 0.21 18.88 0.08 0.81 0.18 — 0.16 — — 10.51 4.94 4,834 — 604 — 177 — — 175 55 160 11 44 6,060 — 6,060 — — 9,200 9,200 0.53 % $ — 0.04 — 0.04 — — 0.07 0.36 22.04 0.16 7.03 0.16 — 0.14 — — 8.53 3.58 1,599 — 5,292 — 21 — — 314 30 164 9 1 7,430 — 7,430 — — 6,035 6,035 0.19 % — 0.36 — 0.01 — — 0.15 0.21 24.01 0.06 0.07 0.21 — 0.17 — — 6.48 4.19 Total delinquent loans $ 22,092 0.42 $ 15,260 0.34 $ 13,465 0.30 *Represents total loans 30-days-or-more past due. Delinquent status may be determined by either the number of days past due or number of payments past due. 77 Table 25 — Rollforward of Delinquent Loans Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Delinquent loans at the beginning of the period Loans added to delinquency status during the period and remained in delinquency status at the end of the period Loans removed from delinquency status during the period that were in delinquency status at the beginning of the period (see table below) Principal balance paydowns of loans delinquent at both period ends Net change in principal balance of other delinquent loans* Delinquent loans at the end of period $ $ 15,260 6,625 (4,371) (106) 4,684 22,092 $ $ 13,465 5,507 (6,847) (50) 3,185 15,260 $ $ 19,947 1,459 (3,559) (158) (4,224) 13,465 *Includes small consumer portfolios, e.g., RCS loans. Table 26 — Detail of Loans Removed from Delinquent Status Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Loans charged off Refund Advances paid off or charged off Loans transferred to OREO Loan payoffs and paydowns Loans paid current $ (1) $ (1) $ (58) — (1,915) (2,455) — (6,243) (603) — (2,016) (1,485) Total loans removed from delinquency status during the period that were in delinquency status at the beginning of the period $ (4,371) $ (6,847) $ (3,559) Collateral-Dependent Loans and Troubled Debt Restructurings When management determines that a loan is collateral dependent and foreclosure is probable, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs, if appropriate. The Bank’s policy is to charge-off all or that portion of its recorded investment in collateral-dependent loans upon a determination that it expects the full amount of contractual principal and interest will not be collected. A loan modification (formerly a TDR prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02) is a situation where, due to a borrower’s financial difficulties, the Bank grants a concession to the borrower that the Bank would not otherwise have considered. The majority of the Bank’s loan modifications involve a restructuring of loan terms such as a temporary reduction in the payment amount to require only interest and escrow (if required), reducing the loan’s interest rate, and/or extending the maturity date of the debt. Nonaccrual loans modified as loan modifications remain on nonaccrual status and continue to be reported as nonperforming loans. Accruing loans modified as loan modifications are evaluated for nonaccrual status based on a current evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and ability and willingness to service the modified debt. With the adoption of ASU 2022-02 in 2023, all loan modifications will now be recognized as collateral-dependent. There were $1.9 million of collateral-dependent loan modifications made during 2023, and as of December 31, 2023 there were $21.0 million of collateral-dependent loans outstanding on the Company’s balance sheet. 78 The table below presents the composition of the Company’s TDRs and collateral-dependent loans on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. Table 27 — Collateral Dependent Loan Composition Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2022 2021 Cashflow-dependent TDRs Collateral-dependent TDRs Total TDRs Collateral-dependent loans (which are not TDRs or Loan Modifications) Total recorded investment in TDRs and collateral-dependent loans $ $ 5,761 6,265 12,026 14,186 26,212 $ $ 5,960 9,426 15,386 14,645 30,031 See Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional discussion regarding collateral-dependent loans and TDRs. Other Real Estate Owned Table 28 — Rollforward of Other Real Estate Owned Activity Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 OREO at beginning of period Transfer from loans to OREO Proceeds from sale* Net gain on sale Writedowns OREO at end of period $ $ 1,581 — — — (211) 1,370 $ $ 1,792 — — — (211) 1,581 $ $ 2,499 64 (611) 51 (211) 1,792 *Inclusive of non-cash proceeds where the Bank financed the sale of the property. The fair value of OREO represents the estimated value that management expects to receive when the property is sold, net of related costs to sell. These estimates are based on the most recently available real estate appraisals, with certain adjustments made based on the type of property, age of appraisal, current status of the property and other relevant factors to estimate the current value of the property. Bank Owned Life Insurance BOLI offers tax advantaged noninterest income to help the Bank offset employee benefits expenses. The Company carried $104 million and $102 million of BOLI on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Table 29 — Rollforward of Bank Owned Life Insurance Years ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 BOLI at beginning of period BOLI acquired Death benefits paid from cash surrender value Increase in cash surrender value BOLI at end of period $ $ 101,687 — (490) 2,719 103,916 $ $ 99,161 — — 2,526 101,687 $ $ 68,018 30,000 (1,099) 2,242 99,161 79 Deposits Table 30 — Deposit Composition (in thousands) Core Bank: Demand Money market accounts Savings Reciprocal money market Individual retirement accounts (1) Time deposits, $250 and over (1) Other certificates of deposit (1) Reciprocal time deposits (1) Wholesale brokered deposits (1) Total Core Bank interest-bearing deposits Total Core Bank noninterest-bearing deposits Total Core Bank deposits Republic Processing Group: Wholesale brokered deposits (1) Money market accounts Total RPG interest-bearing deposits Noninterest-bearing prepaid card deposits Other noninterest-bearing deposits Total RPG noninterest-bearing deposits Total RPG deposits Total deposits (1) Represents time deposits. $ 2023 2022 2021 $ 1,158,051 1,007,356 263,238 188,078 33,793 101,787 225,614 90,857 88,767 3,157,541 1,239,466 4,397,007 199,960 18,664 218,624 318,769 118,763 437,532 656,156 $ 1,336,082 707,272 323,015 28,635 38,640 54,855 129,324 7,405 — 2,625,228 1,464,493 4,089,721 — 3,849 3,849 328,655 115,620 444,275 448,124 1,381,522 789,876 311,624 60,685 43,724 81,050 154,174 17,265 — 2,839,920 1,579,171 4,419,091 — 9,717 9,717 320,907 89,601 410,508 420,225 $ 5,053,163 $ 4,537,845 $ 4,839,316 Total deposits increased $515 million from December 31, 2022 to $5.1 billion as of December 31, 2023. Total Core Bank deposits increased by $307 million with the March 2023 CBank acquisition resulting in $165 million of this growth. Core Bank legacy deposits, which excludes the deposits assumed from the CBank acquisition, increased $142 million, or 3%, from December 31, 2022. Within the Core Bank’s legacy deposits, interest-bearing deposits increased $408 million and noninterest-bearing deposits decreased $266 million. As previously noted, Management believes the following two factors generally drove the $266 million decrease in Core Bank legacy noninterest-bearing deposits. • The first is a general decline in liquidity among both businesses and consumers as the excess liquidity created during the COVID pandemic continued to wane. • The second is that the substantial increase in market interest rates over the past year has caused the difference between what a client can earn for an interest-bearing deposit versus the client’s lack of a financial return for a noninterest-bearing deposit to become large enough to cause some clients to pursue other opportunities for their cash both inside and outside the Bank. Related to the $408 million increase in Core Bank legacy interest-bearing deposits, much of this increase occurred after the first quarter of when the Bank began offering significantly higher rates on these products in order to combat deposit run-off. Management believes the higher offering rates it is paying for its Traditional Bank interest-bearing deposits as of December 31, 2023 will likely continue to raise the Traditional Bank's overall cost of funds into 2024 and could cause further contraction to its net interest margin if it unable to offset this increased cost through higher interest-earning asset yields. 80 RPS Deposits Substantially all deposits within the RPG prepaid deposit category are non-interest bearing in nature as of December 31, 2023. Beginning in 2024, however, RPG expects to begin sharing a significant portion of the interest revenue that it earns on these balances with the prepaid card program managers. Management expects to record this revenue share as interest expense on deposits. This revenue share is expected to be materially negative to the net income of the prepaid card program. Table 31 — Average Deposits Years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) Transaction accounts Money market accounts Time deposits Reciprocal money market accounts Reciprocal time deposits Brokered deposits Total average interest-bearing deposits Total average noninterest-bearing deposits Total average deposits 2023 2022 2021 Average Balance Average Rate Average Balance Average Rate Average Balance Average Rate $ $ 1,500,975 874,332 298,313 146,435 57,558 47,078 2,924,691 1,880,471 4,805,162 0.77 % $ 2.42 2.91 3.41 4.42 5.34 1.76 — 1.07 % $ 1,696,809 779,457 240,701 44,152 10,890 — 2,772,009 2,148,848 4,920,857 0.12 % $ 0.26 1.10 0.22 0.48 — 0.17 — 0.14 % $ 1,580,570 784,777 300,784 185,922 40,581 30,863 2,923,497 2,129,222 5,052,719 0.02 % 0.05 1.21 0.18 0.75 0.08 0.17 — 0.10 % Table 32 — Maturity Schedule of Time Deposits in Excess of the FDIC Limit and Estimated Time Deposits that are Otherwise Uninsured as of December 31, 2023 Maturity (dollars in thousands) Three months or less Over three months through six months Over six months through 12 months Over 12 months Total $ $ Individual Instruments that Meet or Exceed the FDIC Insurance Limit Estimated Otherwise Uninsured Time Deposits Total 13,525 50,455 31,484 6,323 101,787 $ $ 274 $ 2,130 3,261 905 6,570 $ 13,799 52,585 34,745 7,228 108,357 The Bank held total estimated uninsured deposits of $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2023. Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase and Other Short-term Borrowings SSUARs are collateralized by securities and are treated as financings; accordingly, the securities involved with the agreements are recorded as assets and are held by a safekeeping agent and the obligations to repurchase the securities are reflected as liabilities. All securities underlying the agreements are under the Bank’s control. SSUARs decreased $119 million, or 55%, during 2023 to $98 million as of December 31, 2023. SSUARs generally represent large customer relationships deposited into the Bank that require security collateral above the $250,000 FDIC insurance limit of the Bank. Due to the size of the underlying relationships, large fluctuations in the underlying account balances from period to period are common. While the Bank has changed its pricing strategy with deposits in order to retain and attract funds, it has not generally changed its pricing strategy with SSUARs. As a result, its SSUAR balances have continued to decline during 2023. At this time, management is not contemplating a change in its pricing strategy for SSUARs, and as a result, a further decline in outstanding balances is possible. The Bank’s SSUAR pricing strategy, however, is subject to change depending upon several factors including, but not limited to, the Bank’s current and projected overall liquidity positions, its clients’ demand for its loans and deposit products, the Bank’s overall interest rate risk position, the interest rate environment at the time, as well as the projected interest rate environment for the near term and the long term. 81 Table 33 — Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase As of and for the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Outstanding balance at end of period Weighted average interest rate at period end Average outstanding balance during the period Average interest rate during the period Maximum outstanding at any month end Federal Home Loan Bank Advances $ $ $ 97,618 0.50 % 134,632 0.43 % 311,035 $ $ $ 216,956 $ 290,967 0.41 % 0.04 % 265,188 $ 231,430 0.15 % 0.03 % 303,315 $ 432,047 The Bank’s total FHLB advances were $380 million as of December 31, 2023 compared to $95 million as of December 31, 2022. During the third quarter of 2023, the Bank extended the term of an additional $200 million in overnight borrowings into longer-term, fixed rate advances with a weighted average term of 4.33 years and a weighted average cost of 4.61%. With overnight borrowings costing approximately 5.40% during the quarter, the Bank extended these borrowings to mitigate the risk of rising interest rates to its balance sheet, while also taking advantage of the inverted yield curve by lowering its total borrowings costs. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $270 million of the Bank’s FHLB advances were fixed terms with a weighted average maturity of 4.5 years and a weighted-average cost of 4.33%. In addition, the Bank had remaining $110 million of overnight borrowings with a cost of 5.38% as of December 31, 2023. Overall use of FHLB advances during a given year is dependent upon many factors including asset growth, deposit growth, current earnings, and expectations of future interest rates, among others. Table 34 — Federal Home Loan Bank Advances As of and for the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Outstanding balance at end of period Weighted average interest rate at period end Average outstanding balance during the period Average interest rate during the period Maximum outstanding at any month end $ $ $ 380,000 $ 95,000 $ 25,000 4.63 % 3.84 % 0.14 % 325,678 $ 21,233 $ 29,479 4.68 % 1.60 % 0.19 % 525,000 $ 95,000 $ 25,000 82 Interest Rate Swaps Non-hedge Interest Rate Swaps The Bank enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate client transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments, the Bank enters into offsetting positions in order to minimize the Bank’s interest rate risk. These swaps are derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments, and therefore changes in fair value are reported in current year earnings. A summary of the Bank’s interest rate swaps related to clients as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is included in the following table: December 31, (in thousands) Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Assets Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Liabilities Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Total Bank Position Pay variable/receive fixed Pay variable/receive fixed Pay variable/receive fixed Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Assets Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Liabilities Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Total Pay fixed/receive variable Pay fixed/receive variable Pay fixed/receive variable Total 2023 2022 Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value $ $ $ 120,442 $ 95,820 216,262 $ 95,820 120,442 216,262 $ 4,066 $ (4,867) (801) $ 40,032 $ 91,636 131,668 $ 4,867 (4,066) 91,636 40,032 801 $ 131,668 $ 1,386 (6,742) (5,356) 6,742 (1,386) 5,356 $ 432,524 $ — $ 263,336 $ — See Footnote 8 “Interest Rate Swaps” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further information regarding the Bank’s interest rate swaps. Liquidity The Bank maintains sufficient liquidity to fund routine loan demand and routine deposit withdrawal activity. Liquidity is managed by maintaining sufficient liquid assets, primarily in the form of cash, cash equivalents, and unincumbered investment securities. Funding and cash flows can also be realized through deposit product promotions, the sale of AFS debt securities, principal paydowns on loans and mortgage-backed securities, and proceeds realized from loans held for sale. Table 35 — Liquid Assets and Borrowing Capacity The Company’s liquid assets and borrowing capacity included the following: December 31, (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Unencumbered debt securities Total liquid assets Available borrowing capacity with the FHLB Available borrowing capacity through unsecured credit lines Total available borrowing capacity 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 316,567 491,783 808,350 730,265 100,000 830,265 $ 313,689 438,052 751,741 899,362 125,000 1,024,362 756,971 219,775 976,746 900,424 125,000 1,025,424 Total liquid assets and available borrowing capacity $ 1,638,615 $ 1,776,103 $ 2,002,170 The Company had a loan to deposit ratio (excluding wholesale brokered deposits) of 106% as of December 31, 2023 and 107% as of December 31, 2022. Republic’s banking centers and its website, www.republicbank.com, provide access to retail deposit markets. These retail deposit products, if offered at attractive rates, have historically been a source of additional funding when needed. If the Bank were to lose a significant funding source, such as a few major depositors, or if any of its lines of credit were cancelled, or if the Bank cannot obtain brokered deposits, the Bank would be compelled to offer market leading deposit interest rates to meet its funding and liquidity needs. 83 As noted in the sections above titled “Deposits” and “Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase and Other Short-term Borrowings,” the Bank implemented a general strategy during 2022 and most of the first quarter of 2023 to maintain a low beta for its client-related interest-bearing liabilities as part of its overall strategy to increase its net interest margin and net interest income. As a result of this strategy, however, the Bank did experience a decline in both personal and business deposit balances and SSUAR balances as some clients moved their funds to more attractive offerings outside of the Bank. In response to this deposit outflow, during the second quarter of 2023 the Bank began marketing some deposit products, such as money market accounts and short-term certificates of deposit, with higher offering rates. This strategy generally reversed the outflow of deposits during late May and June of 2023. These higher offering rates also raised the Traditional Bank's overall cost of funds meaningfully during 2023 and caused contraction to its net interest margin on a linked-quarter basis. Management is unsure if these higher offering rates will continue to prevent future deposit outflows or if the Bank may be required to raise its offering rates more in order to prevent future deposit outflows. The Bank’s overall deposit and SSUAR pricing strategies are subject to change depending upon several factors including, but not limited to, the Bank’s current and projected overall liquidity positions, its clients’ demand for its loans and deposit products, the Bank’s overall interest rate risk position, the interest rate environment at the time, as well as the projected interest rate environment for the near term and the long term. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank had approximately $912 million in deposits from 187 large non-sweep deposit relationships, including reciprocal deposits, where the deposit amount exceeded $2 million for a depositor’s taxpayer identification number. Total uninsured deposits for the Bank were $1.8 billion, or 35%, of total deposits as of December 31, 2023. The 20 largest non-sweep deposit relationships by taxpayer identification number represented approximately $312 million, or 6%, of the Bank’s total deposit balances as of December 31, 2023. These accounts do not require collateral; therefore, cash from these accounts can generally be utilized to fund the loan portfolio. If any of these balances were moved from the Bank, the Bank would likely utilize overnight borrowing lines in the short-term to replace the balances. On a longer-term basis, the Bank would likely utilize wholesale-brokered deposits to replace withdrawn balances, or alternatively, higher-cost internet-sourced deposits. Based on past experience utilizing brokered deposits and internet-sourced deposits, the Bank believes it can quickly obtain these types of deposits if needed. The overall cost of gathering these types of deposits, however, could be substantially higher than the Traditional Bank deposits they replace, potentially decreasing the Bank’s earnings. The Bank’s liquidity is impacted by its ability to sell certain investment securities, which is limited due to the level of investment securities that are needed to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, FHLB borrowings, and for other purposes, as required by law. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, these pledged investment securities had a fair value of $100 million and $218 million. Capital Table 36 — Capital Information pertaining to the Company’s capital balances and ratios follows: As of and for the Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2023 2022 2021 Stockholders’ equity Book value per share at December 31, Tangible book value per share at December 31,* Dividends declared per share - Class A Common Stock Dividends declared per share - Class B Common Stock Average stockholders’ equity to average total assets Total risk-based capital Common equity tier 1 capital Tier 1 risk-based capital Tier 1 leverage capital Dividend payout ratio Dividend yield *For additional detail, see Footnote 2 of “Selected Financial Data” in this section of the filing. $ $ 912,756 47.15 44.55 1.496 1.360 14.21 % 16.10 14.85 14.85 13.89 32 3.66 $ 856,613 43.38 42.11 1.364 1.240 13.82 % 17.92 16.70 16.70 14.81 30 3.33 843,063 42.69 41.40 1.232 1.120 13.41 % 17.48 16.39 16.39 13.36 29 2.42 84 Total stockholders’ equity increased from $857 million as of December 31, 2022 to $913 million as of December 31, 2023. The increase in stockholders’ equity was primarily attributable to net income earned during 2023 reduced primarily by cash dividends declared. See Part II, Item 5. “Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds” for additional detail regarding stock repurchases and stock buyback programs. Common Stock — The Class A Common shares are entitled to cash dividends equal to 110% of the cash dividend paid per share on Class B Common Stock. Class A Common shares have one vote per share and Class B Common shares have ten votes per share. Class B Common shares may be converted, at the option of the holder, to Class A Common shares on a share for share basis. The Class A Common shares are not convertible into any other class of Republic’s capital stock. Dividend Restrictions — The Parent Company’s principal source of funds for dividend payments are dividends received from the Bank. Banking regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid to the Parent Company by the Bank without prior approval of the respective states’ banking regulators. Under these regulations, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the current year’s net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years. As of January 1, 2024, the Bank could, without prior approval, declare dividends of approximately $133 million. Any payment of dividends in the future will depend, in large part, on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and other factors considered relevant by the Company’s Board of Directors. Regulatory Capital Requirements — The Company and the Bank are subject to capital regulations in accordance with Basel III, as administered by banking regulators. Regulatory agencies measure capital adequacy within a framework that makes capital requirements, in part, dependent on the individual risk profiles of financial institutions. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on Republic’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Parent Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators regarding components, risk weightings and other factors. Banking regulators have categorized the Bank as well-capitalized. For prompt corrective action, the regulations in accordance with Basel III define “well capitalized” as a 10.0% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio, a 6.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, an 8.0% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, and a 5.0% Tier 1 Leverage ratio. Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, the Company and Bank must hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above their minimum risk- based capital requirements. Republic continues to exceed the regulatory requirements for Total Risk Based Capital, Common Equity Tier I Risk Based Capital, Tier I Risk Based Capital and Tier I Leverage Capital. Republic and the Bank intend to maintain a capital position that meets or exceeds the “well-capitalized” requirements as defined by the FRB and the FDIC, in addition to the Capital Conservation Buffer. Formal measurements of the capital ratios for Republic and the Bank are performed by the Company at each quarter end. 85 Contractual Obligations and Commitments The Company or the Bank has required future payments under various contractual obligations and other commitments. See the following footnotes within Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for additional detail regarding contractual obligations and other commitments of the Company or Bank: • Footnote 6 “Right-of-Use Assets and Operating Lease Liabilities” • Footnote 9 “Deposits” • Footnote 10 “Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase” • Footnote 12 “Off Balance Sheet Risks, Commitments, and Contingent Liabilities” • Footnote 17 “Benefit Plans” In addition, the Bank maintains contractual obligations for its technological needs, including its enterprise risk management application, customer relationship management application, internet banking platform, and its core accounting application. The total contractual commitment for these applications is approximately $13 million through May 2025. Asset/Liability Management and Market Risk Asset/liability management is designed to ensure safety and soundness, maintain liquidity, meet regulatory capital standards, and achieve acceptable net interest income based on the Bank’s risk tolerance. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in net interest income as a result of market fluctuations in interest rates. The Bank, on an ongoing basis, monitors interest rate and liquidity risk in order to implement appropriate funding and balance sheet strategies. Management considers interest rate risk to be a significant risk to the Bank’s overall earnings and balance sheet. The interest sensitivity profile of the Bank at any point in time will be impacted by a number of factors. These factors include the mix of interest sensitive assets and liabilities, as well as their relative pricing schedules. It is also influenced by changes in market interest rates, deposit and loan balances, and other factors. The Bank utilizes earnings simulation models as tools to measure interest rate sensitivity, including both a static and dynamic earnings simulation model. A static simulation model is based on current exposures and assumes a constant balance sheet. In contrast, a dynamic simulation model relies on detailed assumptions regarding changes in existing business lines, new business, and changes in management and customer behavior. While the Bank runs the static simulation model as one measure of interest rate risk, historically, the Bank has utilized its dynamic earnings simulation model as its primary interest rate risk tool to measure the potential changes in market interest rates and their subsequent effects on net interest income for a one-year time period. This dynamic model projects a “Base” case net interest income over the next 12 months and the effect on net interest income of instantaneous movements in interest rates between various basis point increments equally across all points on the yield curve. Many assumptions based on growth expectations and on the historical behavior of the Bank’s loans and deposits and their related balances in relation to changes in interest rates are incorporated into this dynamic model. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the dynamic model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model’s simulated results due to the actual timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes, the actual timing and magnitude of changes in loan and deposit balances, as well as the actual changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies as compared to those projected in the various simulated models. Additionally, actual results could differ materially from the model if interest rates do not move equally across all points on the yield curve. 86 As of December 31, 2023, a dynamic simulation model was run for interest rate changes from “Down 300” basis points to “Up 300” basis points. The following table illustrates the Bank’s projected percent change from its Base net interest income over the period beginning January 1, 2024 and ending December 31, 2024 based on instantaneous movements in interest rates from Down 300 to Up 300 basis points equally across all points on the yield curve. The Bank’s dynamic earnings simulation model includes secondary market loan fees and excludes Traditional Bank loan fees. Table 37 — Bank Interest Rate Sensitivity as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 -300 -200 -100 Change in Rates +100 +200 +300 Basis Points Basis Points Basis Points Basis Points Basis Points Basis Points % Change from base net interest income as of December 31, 2023 % Change from base net interest income as of December 31, 2022 5.0 % (5.7)% 0.1 % (2.8)% 0.2 % (0.6) % (1.0) % 1.8 % (2.1) % 3.7 % (3.1)% 5.7 % Notable changes for the Bank’s interest rate sensitivity projections from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 occurred in all the scenarios. In general, the period-to-period declines in the up-rate scenarios were generally tied to three main factors. First, the Company’s average interest-earning cash balances further declined from December 2022 to December 2023. As a result, the benefit the Company expects to receive from rising short-term interest rates, as a result of its immediately repricing interest-earning cash, decreased. Second, the Company increased its assumed deposit betas from December 2022 to December 2023 in anticipation of a more competitive deposit gathering and retention environment. These higher deposit betas resulted in higher projected costs for the Company’s interest-bearing deposits in a rising rate environment. Third, net interest income is projected to decline in the up-rate scenarios due to the increased amount of immediately repricing overnight borrowings on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022. Conversely in the down rate scenarios, the Company’s interest rate risk position notably improved. This improvement was generally tied to three factors. The first factor is a notable increase above current levels for mortgage banking income as refinance activity is assumed to increase with a decline in interest rates. Second, net interest income is expected to improve due to the assumed benefit for interest rate floors related to loans, which are projected to take effect with a substantial drop in interest rates. Third, net interest income is projected to improve in the down rate scenarios due to the increased amount of immediately repricing overnight borrowings on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 as compared to December 31, 2022. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. See the section titled “Asset/Liability Management and Market Risk” included under Part II Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The following are included in this section: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 173) Consolidated balance sheets — December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income — years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity — years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Consolidated statements of cash flows — years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Footnotes to consolidated financial statements 88 91 92 94 95 96 87 Crowe LLP Independent Member Crowe Global REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Republic Bancorp, Inc. Louisville, Kentucky Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Republic Bancorp, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. 88 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans – Adjustments to the Historical Loss Rate As described in Note 1 and Note 4, the allowance for credit losses on loans (“ACLL”) under ASC 326 requires the measurement of expected lifetime credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost at the reporting date. The measurement is based on historical loss rates, qualitative factors, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The allowance for credit losses was $82.1 million as of December 31, 2023. Management employs a process and methodology to estimate the ACLL that evaluates both quantitative and qualitative metrics. The methodology for evaluating quantitative loss rates consists of two basic components. The first component involves pooling loans into portfolio segments for loans that share similar risk characteristics. These loans are referred to as pooled loans and the methodology to estimate the ACLL is discussed below. The second component involves individually analyzed loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with loans that are pooled into portfolio segments. For pooled loans, the Company utilizes a “static-pool” method to estimate credit losses over the expected life of the loan. The “static- pool” methodology analyzes historical closed pools of similar loans over their expected lives to attain a historical loss rate. Adjustments are made to the historical loss rate for current conditions including underwriting standards, portfolio mix or term, delinquency level as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in property value or other relevant factors. One-year forecast adjustments to the historical loss rate are based on the U.S. national unemployment rate and commercial real estate values. Subsequent to the one-year forecast, loss rates are assumed to immediately revert back to long-term historical averages. We identified management’s application of the allowance for credit losses on loans, specifically the adjustments to the historical loss rate, as a critical audit matter due to the degree of judgment applied to these adjustments. This critical audit matter requires the performance of audit procedures to evaluate the application of ASC 326 for loans and involved especially subjective auditor judgment and required significant audit effort, including the need to involve more experienced audit personnel. Management’s analysis of the adjustments to the historical loss rates during the reasonable and supportable forecast period within the allowance for credit losses on loans requires a high degree of subjectivity and judgment and requires the Company to make significant estimates of the risks present for each portfolio segment. Changes in these assumptions could have a material effect on the Company’s financial results. 89 The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included: Testing the design and operating effectiveness of controls over the evaluation of the ACLL, including controls addressing: • Relevance and reliability of the underlying data inputs, judgments, and calculations used to determine the forecasts and adjustments to historical loss rates. • Management’s review of the reasonableness of forecasts and the adjustments to historical loss rates. Substantively testing management’s process, including evaluating their judgments and assumptions, to assess the estimate of the ACLL including: • Evaluating the reasonableness of management’s significant assumptions, judgments, and conclusions related to the reasonable and supportable forecasts and adjustments to historical loss rates. Our evaluation considered the weight of evidence from internal and external sources and loan portfolio performance. • Testing the relevance and reliability of data inputs and mathematical accuracy of the forecasts and adjustments to historical loss rates within the ACLL calculation. /S/ Crowe LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1996. Louisville, Kentucky March 14, 2024 90 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS DECEMBER 31, (in thousands, except share data) ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Available-for-sale debt securities, at fair value (amortized cost of $618,525 in 2023 and $663,003 in 2022, allowance for credit losses of $0 in 2023 and 2022) Held-to-maturity debt securities (fair value of $76,167 in 2023 and $87,357 in 2022, allowance for credit losses of $10 in 2023 and $10 in 2022) Equity securities with readily determinable fair value Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value Consumer loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value Loans (loans carried at fair value of $0 in 2023 and $2 in 2022) Allowance for credit losses Loans, net Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost Premises and equipment, net Right-of-use assets Goodwill Other real estate owned Bank owned life insurance Low-income housing tax credit investments Other assets and accrued interest receivable TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES Deposits: Noninterest-bearing Interest-bearing Total deposits Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings Operating lease liabilities Federal Home Loan Bank advances Low-income housing tax credit obligations Other liabilities and accrued interest payable Total liabilities Commitments and contingent liabilities (Footnote 12) STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred stock, no par value Class A Common Stock, no par value, 30,000,000 shares authorized, 17,203,355 shares (2023) and 17,584,928 shares (2022) issued and outstanding; Class B Common Stock, no par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized, 2,154,562 shares (2023) and 2,159,495 shares (2022) issued and outstanding Additional paid in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income Total stockholders’ equity 2023 2022 $ 316,567 $ 313,689 591,313 620,365 76,387 174 3,227 7,914 16,094 5,239,861 (82,130) 5,157,731 23,770 33,411 34,691 40,516 1,370 103,916 75,055 112,755 87,386 111 1,302 4,706 13,169 4,515,802 (70,413) 4,445,389 9,146 31,978 37,017 16,300 1,581 101,687 75,324 76,393 $ 6,594,891 $ 5,835,543 $ $ 1,676,998 3,376,165 5,053,163 1,908,768 2,629,077 4,537,845 97,618 35,539 380,000 58,619 57,196 216,956 37,809 95,000 43,609 47,711 5,682,135 4,978,930 — — — — 4,553 142,124 786,487 (20,408) 4,648 141,694 742,250 (31,979) 912,756 856,613 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 6,594,891 $ 5,835,543 See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements. 91 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, (in thousands, except per share data) INTEREST INCOME: Loans, including fees Taxable investment securities Federal Home Loan Bank stock and other Total interest income INTEREST EXPENSE: Deposits Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings Federal Home Loan Bank advances Subordinated note Total interest expense NET INTEREST INCOME 2023 2022 2021 $ 325,148 $ 221,075 $ 19,260 11,655 356,063 11,384 11,725 244,184 51,481 574 15,230 — 67,285 6,757 397 339 — 7,493 219,592 7,450 1,364 228,406 5,039 63 57 507 5,666 288,778 236,691 222,740 Provision for expected credit loss expense for on-balance sheet exposures (loans and investment securities) 47,624 22,348 14,808 241,154 214,343 207,932 13,855 15,748 3,542 13,057 15,582 2,719 1,728 (211) — — 5,437 71,457 115,869 29,107 13,967 8,446 2,728 5,965 3,204 2,160 17,952 199,398 13,426 17,080 6,196 13,125 16,172 2,526 — (211) 5,000 13,000 3,496 89,810 111,240 28,954 13,014 6,875 1,668 4,773 4,024 — 16,760 187,308 113,213 22,839 90,374 $ 116,845 25,739 91,106 $ 4.64 $ 4.21 4.62 $ 4.20 4.60 $ 4.19 4.59 $ 4.17 $ $ $ 12,553 20,248 19,994 13,062 14,237 2,242 979 (160) — — 3,420 86,575 110,088 29,351 13,193 4,390 1,591 4,960 4,924 — 14,568 183,065 111,442 23,831 87,611 4.29 3.90 4.28 3.89 NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION NONINTEREST INCOME: Service charges on deposit accounts Net refund transfer fees Mortgage banking income Interchange fee income Program fees Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance Death benefits in excess of cash surrender value of life insurance Net losses on other real estate owned Contract termination fee Legal settlement Other Total noninterest income NONINTEREST EXPENSE: Salaries and employee benefits Technology, equipment, and communication Occupancy Marketing and development FDIC insurance expense Interchange related expense Legal and professional fees Merger expense Other Total noninterest expense INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAX EXPENSE INCOME TAX EXPENSE NET INCOME BASIC EARNINGS PER SHARE: Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE: Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements. 92 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, (in thousands) Net income OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) 2023 2022 2021 $ 90,374 $ 91,106 $ 87,611 Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt security for which a portion of OTTI has been recognized in earnings Total other comprehensive income (loss) before income tax Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 15,380 46 15,426 (3,855) 11,571 (45,109) (29) (45,138) 11,285 (33,853) (8,908) 63 (8,845) 2,210 (6,635) COMPREHENSIVE INCOME $ 101,945 $ 57,253 $ 80,976 See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements. 93 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY YEARS ENDED December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands, except per share data) Common Stock Class A Shares Outstanding Class B Shares Outstanding Additional Paid In Capital Amount Accumulated Other Total Retained Earnings Comprehensive Stockholders’ Income (Loss) Equity Balance, January 1, 2021 18,697 2,199 $ 4,899 $ 143,637 $ 666,278 $ 8,509 $ 823,323 Net income Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Dividends declared on Common Stock: Class A Shares ($1.232 per share) Class B Shares ($1.120 per share) Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld Conversion of Class B to Class A Common Shares Repurchase of Class A Common Stock Net change in notes receivable on Class A Common Stock Deferred compensation - Class A Common Stock: Directors Designated key employees Employee stock purchase plan - Class A Common Stock Stock-based awards - Class A Common Stock: Performance stock units, net of shares tendered back Restricted stock, net of shares tendered back Stock options — — — — 28 34 (980) — 4 — 15 — 18 — — — — — — (34) — — — — — — — — — — — — 13 — (216) — — — 4 — 2 — — — — — (155) — (6,831) 151 417 607 691 129 736 574 87,611 — (22,451) (2,435) — — (40,481) — — — — — — — — (6,635) — — — — — — — — — — — — 87,611 (6,635) (22,451) (2,435) (142) — (47,528) 151 417 607 695 129 738 574 Balance, December 31, 2021 17,816 2,165 $ 4,702 $ 139,956 $ 688,522 $ 1,874 $ 835,054 Net income Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Dividends declared on Common Stock: Class A Shares ($1.364 per share) Class B Shares ($1.240 per share) Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld Conversion of Class B to Class A Common Shares Repurchase of Class A Common Stock Net change in notes receivable on Class A Common Stock Deferred compensation - Class A Common Stock: Directors Designated key employees Employee stock purchase plan - Class A Common Stock Stock-based awards - Class A Common Stock: Performance stock units, net of shares tendered back Restricted stock, net of shares tendered back Stock options — — — — 3 5 (273) — 6 — 16 — 12 — — — — — — (5) — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — (60) — — — 4 — — — — — — — 50 — (1,940) 61 503 725 690 152 937 560 91,106 — (24,122) (2,679) — — (10,577) — — — — — — — — (33,853) — — — — — — — — — — — — 91,106 (33,853) (24,122) (2,679) 52 — (12,577) 61 503 725 694 152 937 560 Balance, December 31, 2022 17,585 2,160 $ 4,648 $ 141,694 $ 742,250 $ (31,979) $ 856,613 Net income Net change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Dividends declared on Common Stock: Class A Shares ($1.496 per share) Class B Shares ($1.360 per share) Stock options exercised, net of shares withheld Conversion of Class B to Class A Common Shares Repurchase of Class A Common Stock Net change in notes receivable on Class A Common Stock Deferred compensation - Class A Common Stock: Directors Designated key employees Employee stock purchase plan - Class A Common Stock Stock-based awards - Class A Common Stock: Performance stock units, net of shares tendered back Restricted stock, net of shares tendered back Stock options — — — — 1 5 (456) — — 7 16 — 45 — — — — — — (5) — — — — — — — — — — — — 1 — (100) — 2 — 3 — (1) — — — — — 340 — (3,319) 49 767 671 735 (281) 694 774 90,374 — (26,002) (2,933) (343) — (16,860) — — — — — 1 — — 11,571 — — — — — — — — — — — — 90,374 11,571 (26,002) (2,933) (2) — (20,279) 49 769 671 738 (281) 694 774 Balance, December 31, 2023 17,203 2,155 $ 4,553 $ 142,124 $ 786,487 $ (20,408) $ 912,756 See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements. 94 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, (in thousands) OPERATING ACTIVITIES: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Net amortization on investment securities and low-income housing investments Net accretion and amortization on loans Unrealized and realized losses on equity securities with readily determinable fair value Depreciation of premises and equipment Amortization of mortgage servicing rights (Recovery) loss of mortgage servicing rights Provision for on-balance sheet exposures Provision for off-balance sheet exposures Net gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale Origination of mortgage loans held for sale Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans held for sale Net gain on sale of consumer loans held for sale Origination of consumer loans held for sale Proceeds from sale of consumer loans held for sale Net gain realized on sale of other real estate owned Writedowns of other real estate owned Deferred compensation expense - Class A Common Stock Stock-based awards and ESPP expense - Class A Common Stock Amortization of right-of-use assets Accretion of operating lease liabilities Net gain on sale of bank premises and equipment Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance Gain from death benefits in excess of cash surrender value of BOLI Net change in other assets and liabilities: Accrued interest receivable Accrued interest payable Other assets Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities INVESTING ACTIVITIES: Net cash proceeds paid in acquisition Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities Purchases of held-to-maturity debt securities Proceeds from calls, maturities and paydowns of equity and available-for-sale debt securities Proceeds from calls, maturities and paydowns of held-to-maturity debt securities Net change in outstanding warehouse lines of credit Purchase of correspondent loans, including premiums paid Net change in other loans Proceeds from redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock Net purchases of Federal Home Loan Bank stock Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned Proceeds from sale of bank premises and equipment Purchase of bank owned life insurance, net of death benefits paid Investments in low-income housing tax partnerships Net purchases of premises and equipment Proceeds of principal and earnings from bank-owned life insurance Net cash used in investing activities FINANCING ACTIVITIES: Net change in deposits Net change in securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings Payments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances Payoff of subordinated note, net of common security interest Repurchase of Class A Common Stock Net proceeds from Class A Common Stock purchased through employee stock purchase plan Net proceeds from option exercises and equity awards vested - Class A Common Stock Cash dividends paid Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASHFLOW INFORMATION: Cash paid during the period for: Interest Income taxes SUPPLEMENTAL NONCASH DISCLOSURES: Mortgage servicing rights capitalized Transfers from loans to real estate acquired in settlement of loans New unfunded obligations in low-income-housing investments Right-of-use assets recorded Operating Lease Liabilities Recorded See accompanying footnotes to consolidated financial statements. 95 2023 2022 2021 $ 90,374 $ 91,106 $ 87,611 4,947 (3,576) (63) 7,063 1,881 — 47,624 90 (2,053) (77,800) 77,928 (12,753) (1,056,995) 1,063,615 — 211 1,440 1,298 6,062 (6,023) — (2,719) (1,728) (4,875) 3,834 (24,763) (4,488) 108,531 (40,970) (45,000) (25,000) 106,123 35,999 64,837 (110,620) (493,163) — (14,624) — — — 10,145 (6,896) 2,218 (516,951) 293,640 (119,338) (733,000) 1,018,000 — (20,279) 627 (2) (28,350) 411,298 2,878 313,689 316,567 63,451 21,487 522 — 30,300 3,736 3,753 $ $ $ 4,798 (3,760) 263 7,598 2,264 — 22,348 198 (4,942) (205,365) 238,398 (13,277) (1,045,715) 1,063,801 — 211 1,228 1,753 8,190 (8,223) — (2,526) — (3,695) 80 (3,863) 3,919 154,789 — (329,820) (75,000) 161,561 31,945 446,990 (30) (478,928) 1,165 — — — — (8,889) (3,503) — (254,509) (301,471) (74,011) (25,000) 95,000 — (12,577) 590 52 (26,145) (343,562) (443,282) 756,971 313,689 7,413 21,637 1,838 — 29,115 6,382 6,360 $ $ $ 4,414 (13,973) 463 8,986 3,453 (500) 14,808 63 (19,659) (680,714) 717,847 (11,298) (882,180) 875,570 (51) 211 1,024 1,545 5,874 (6,022) (399) (2,242) (979) 3,048 (183) (792) (5,672) 100,253 — (211,545) — 230,457 9,139 112,246 (54) 207,169 7,086 — 611 637 (28,901) (14,507) (5,785) — 306,553 106,415 79,941 (235,000) 25,000 (40,000) (47,528) 591 (142) (24,699) (135,422) 271,384 485,587 756,971 5,849 20,069 5,054 64 10,000 1,354 1,354 $ $ $ FOOTNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Operations and Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Republic Bancorp, Inc. (the “Parent Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Republic Bank & Trust Company and Republic Insurance Services, Inc. As used in this filing, the terms “Republic,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Republic Bancorp, Inc., and, where the context requires, Republic Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries. The term “Bank” refers to the Company’s subsidiary bank: Republic Bank & Trust Company. The term “Captive” refers to the Company’s dissolved insurance subsidiary: Republic Insurance Services, Inc. All significant intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated in consolidation. Republic is a financial holding company headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. The Bank is a Kentucky-based, state-chartered non- member financial institution that provides both traditional and non-traditional banking products through six reportable segments using a multitude of delivery channels. While the Bank operates primarily in its market footprint, its non-brick-and-mortar delivery channels allow it to reach clients across the U.S. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company dissolved its Captive, a Nevada-based, wholly owned insurance subsidiary of the Company. The Captive provided property and casualty insurance coverage to the Company and the Bank, as well as a group of unrelated third-party insurance captives. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was divided into six reportable segments: Traditional Banking, Warehouse, Mortgage Banking, TRS, RPS and RCS. Management considers the first three segments to collectively constitute “Core Bank” or “Core Banking” operations, while the last three segments collectively constitute RPG operations. Core Bank Traditional Banking segment — The Traditional Banking segment provides traditional banking products primarily to customers in the Company’s market footprint. As of December 31, 2023, Republic had 47 full-service banking centers with locations as follows: • Kentucky — 29 • Metropolitan Louisville — 19 • Central Kentucky — 6 • Georgetown — 1 • Lexington — 5 • Northern Kentucky (Metropolitan Cincinnati) — 4 • Bellevue— 1 • Covington — 1 • Crestview Hills — 1 • Florence — 1 • Indiana — 3 • Southern Indiana (Metropolitan Louisville) — 3 • Floyds Knobs — 1 • Jeffersonville — 1 • New Albany — 1 • Florida — 7 • Metropolitan Tampa — 7 • Ohio — 4 • Metropolitan Cincinnati — 4 • Tennessee — 4 • Metropolitan Nashville — 4 Republic’s headquarters are in Louisville, which is the largest city in Kentucky based on population. Traditional Banking results of operations are primarily dependent upon net interest income, which represents the difference between the interest income and fees on interest-earning assets and the interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities. Principal interest-earning 96 Traditional Banking assets represent investment securities and commercial and consumer loans primarily secured by real estate and/or personal property. Interest-bearing liabilities primarily consist of interest-bearing deposit accounts, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, as well as short-term and long-term borrowing sources. FHLB advances have traditionally been a significant borrowing source for the Bank. Other sources of Traditional Banking income include service charges on deposit accounts, debit and credit card interchange fee income, title insurance commissions, and increases in the cash surrender value of BOLI. Traditional Banking operating expenses consist primarily of: salaries and employee benefits; technology, equipment, and communication; occupancy; interchange related expense; marketing and development; FDIC insurance expense, and various other general and administrative costs. Traditional Banking results of operations are significantly impacted by general economic and competitive conditions, particularly changes in market interest rates, government laws and policies, and actions of regulatory agencies. Warehouse Lending segment — The Core Bank provides short-term, revolving credit facilities to mortgage bankers across the United States through mortgage warehouse lines of credit. These credit facilities are primarily secured by single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans. The credit facility enables the mortgage banking clients to close single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans in their own name and temporarily fund their inventory of these closed loans until the loans are sold to investors approved by the Bank. Individual loans are expected to remain on the warehouse line for an average of 15 to 30 days. Reverse mortgage loans typically remain on the line longer than conventional mortgage loans. Interest income and loan fees are accrued for each individual loan during the time the loan remains on the warehouse line and collected when the loan is sold. The Core Bank receives the sale proceeds of each loan directly from the investor and applies the funds to pay off the warehouse advance and related accrued interest and fees. The remaining proceeds are credited to the mortgage-banking client. Mortgage Banking segment — Mortgage Banking activities primarily include 15-, 20- and 30-year fixed-term single-family, first- lien residential real estate loans that are originated and sold into the secondary market, primarily to the FHLMC and the FNMA. The Bank typically retains servicing on loans sold into the secondary market for loans generated in states within its footprint and generally sells servicing for loans generated in states outside of its footprint. Administration of loans with servicing retained by the Bank includes collecting principal and interest payments, escrowing funds for property taxes and property insurance, and remitting payments to secondary market investors. The Bank receives fees for performing these standard servicing functions. Republic Processing Group Tax Refund Solutions segment — Through the TRS segment, the Bank is one of a limited number of financial institutions that facilitates the receipt and payment of federal and state tax refund products and offers a credit product through third-party tax preparers located throughout the U.S., as well as tax-preparation software providers (collectively, the “Tax Providers”). The majority of all the business generated by the TRS business occurs during the first half of each year. During the second half of each year, TRS generates limited revenue and incurs costs preparing for the next year’s tax filing season. RTs are fee-based products whereby a tax refund is issued to the taxpayer after the Bank has received the refund from the federal or state government. There is no credit risk or borrowing cost associated with these products because they are only delivered to the taxpayer upon receipt of the tax refund directly from the governmental paying authority. Fees earned by the Company on RTs, net of revenue share, are reported as noninterest income under the line item “Net refund transfer fees.” The RA credit product is a loan made in conjunction with the filing of a taxpayer’s final federal tax return, which allows the taxpayer to borrow funds as an advance of a portion of their tax refund. The RA product had the following features during the fir st quarters of 2023 and 2022: • Offered only during the first two months of each year; • The taxpayer had the option to choose from multiple loan-amount tiers, subject to underwriting, up to a maximum advance amount of $6,250; • No requirement that the taxpayer pay for another bank product, such as an RT; • Multiple disbursement methods available with most Tax Providers, including direct deposit, prepaid card, or check, based on the taxpayer-customer’s election; • Repayment of the RA to the Bank deducted from the taxpayer’s tax refund proceeds; and 97 • If an insufficient refund to repay the RA: o no recourse to the taxpayer, o no negative credit reporting on the taxpayer, and o no collection efforts against the taxpayer. Since its introduction in December of 2022, the ERA credit product has been structured similarly to the RA with the primary differences being the timing of when the ERAs are originated and the documentation available to underwrite the ERA credits. The ERA is originated prior to the taxpayer receiving their fiscal year taxable income documentation, e.g., W-2, and the filing of the taxpayer’s final federal tax return. As such, the Company generally uses paystub information to underwrite the ERA. The repayment of the ERA is incumbent upon the taxpayer client returning to the Bank’s Tax Provider for the filing of their final federal tax return in order for the tax refund to potentially be received by the Bank from the federal government to pay off the advance. The ERA product had the following features during the 2023 and 2024 tax filing seasons: • Only offered during December and the following January in connection with the upcoming first quarter tax business for each period; • The taxpayer had the option to choose from multiple loan tiers, subject to underwriting, up to a maximum advance amount of $1,000; • No requirement that the taxpayer pays for another bank product, such as an RT; • Multiple disbursement methods available with most Tax Providers, including direct deposit or prepaid card, based on the taxpayer-customer’s election; • Repayment of the ERA to the Bank deducted from the taxpayer’s tax refund proceeds; and • If an insufficient refund to repay the ERA, including the failure to file a final federal tax return through a Republic Tax Provider: o no recourse to the taxpayer, o no negative credit reporting on the taxpayer, and o no collection efforts against the taxpayer. The Company reports fees paid for RAs, including ERAs, as interest income on loans. RAs originated related to the first quarter 2023 tax filing season were repaid, on average, within 32 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority. RAs and ERAs do not have a contractual due date but the Company considered an RA, related to the first quarter 2023 tax filing season, delinquent if it remained unpaid 35 days after the taxpayer’s tax return was submitted to the applicable taxing authority. The number of days for delinquency eligibility is based on management’s annual analysis of tax return processing times. Provisions on RAs are estimated when advances are made. Unpaid RAs, including ERAs, related to the first quarter tax filing season of a given year are charged-off by June 30th of that year, with RAs collected during the second half of that year recorded as recoveries of previously charged-off loans. Related to the overall credit losses on RAs and ERAs, the Bank’s ability to control losses is highly dependent upon its ability to predict the taxpayer’s likelihood to receive the tax refund as claimed on the taxpayer’s tax return. Each year, the Bank’s RA and ERA approval model is based primarily on the prior-year’s tax refund payment patterns. Because the substantial majority of the RA and ERA volume occurs each year before that year’s tax refund payment patterns can be analyzed and subsequent underwriting changes made, credit losses during a current year could be higher than management’s predictions if tax refund payment patterns change materially between years. Settlement of Lawsuit Against Green Dot — On June 3, 2022, the Bank and Green Dot entered into the Settlement Agreement to fully resolve the Lawsuit that the Bank filed against Green Dot in the Delaware Court of Chancery on October 5, 2021. As previously disclosed in the Company’s prior SEC filings, the Lawsuit arose from Green Dot’s inability to consummate the Sale Transaction contemplated in the TRS Purchase Agreement through which Green Dot would purchase all of the assets and operations of the Bank’s Tax Refund Solutions business. In accordance with the Settlement Agreement, on June 6, 2022, Green Dot paid $13 million to the Bank, which was in addition to a $5 million termination fee that Green Dot paid to the Bank during the first quarter of 2022 under the terms of the TRS Purchase Agreement. On June 6, 2022, the Bank and Green Dot filed a stipulation of dismissal of the Lawsuit with the Delaware Court of Chancery, which was effective to dismiss the Lawsuit when filed. 98 Republic Payment Solutions segment - The RPS Division offers a range of payments-related products and services to consumers through third party service providers. The Bank offers both issuing solutions and money movement capabilities. Issuing Solutions: The RPS division offers prepaid and debit solutions primarily marketed to the consumer industry. Prepaid solutions include the issuing of payroll and general purpose reloadable (“GPR”) cards. Characteristics of these cards include the following: • Similar to a traditional debit card with features including traditional point of sale purchasing, ATM withdrawals and direct deposit; • Funds associated with these products typically held in pooled accounts at the Bank with the Bank maintaining records of individual balances within these pooled accounts; and • Payroll cards facilitate the loading of an employer’s payroll onto a card via direct deposit with GPR cards generally distributed through retail locations and reloadable through participating retail load networks. Debit solutions include the issuing of demand deposit accounts, savings accounts and/or debit cards. In addition to offering traditional point of sale purchasing, ATM withdrawals, and direct deposit options, these accounts may include overdraft protection. Money Movement: The Bank participates in traditional money movement solutions including ACH transactions, wire transfer, check processing, and the Mastercard RPPS. These capabilities are complementary to issuing within RPS, as well as, generally facilitating the movement of money for the TRS and RCS Divisions. The Company reports its share of client-related charges and fees for RPS programs under RPS program fees. Additionally, the Company’s portion of interchange revenue generated by prepaid card transactions is reported as noninterest income under “Interchange fee income.” Republic Credit Solutions segment — Through the RCS segment, the Bank offers consumer credit products. In general, the credit products are unsecured, small dollar consumer loans that are dependent on various factors. RCS loans typically earn a higher yield but also have higher credit risk compared to loans originated through the Traditional Banking segment, with a significant portion of RCS clients considered subprime or near-prime borrowers. The Bank uses third-party service providers for certain services such as marketing and loan servicing of RCS loans. Additional information regarding consumer loan products offered through RCS follows: • RCS line-of-credit products – Using separate third-party service providers, the Bank originates two line-of-credit products to generally subprime borrowers in multiple states. The first of these two products (the “LOC I”) has been originated by the Bank since 2014. The second (the “LOC II”) was introduced in January 2021. o RCS’s LOC I represented the substantial majority of RCS activity during 2021 and 2022. Elastic Marketing, LLC and Elevate Decision Sciences, LLC, are third-party service providers for the product and are subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision. Together, these companies provide the Bank with certain marketing, servicing, technology, and support services, while a separate third party provides customer support, servicing, and other services on the Bank’s behalf. The Bank is the lender for this product and is marketed as such. Further, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of the product. The Bank sells participation interests in this product. These participation interests are a 90% interest in advances made to borrowers under the borrower’s line-of-credit account, and the participation interests are generally sold three business days following the Bank’s funding of the associated advances. Although the Bank retains a 10% participation interest in each advance, it maintains 100% ownership of the underlying LOC I account with each borrower. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. 99 o In January 2021, RCS began originating balances through its LOC II. One of RCS’s existing third-party service providers, subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision, provides the Bank with marketing services and loan servicing for the LOC II product. The Bank is the lender for this product and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of this product. The Bank sells participation interests in this product. These participation interests are a 95% interest in advances made to borrowers under the borrower’s line-of-credit account, and the participation interests are generally sold three business days following the Bank’s funding of the associated advances. Although the Bank retains a 5% participation interest in each advance, it maintains 100% ownership of the underlying LOC II account with each borrower. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. • RCS installment loan product – Through RCS, the Bank offers installment loans with terms ranging from 12 to 60 months to borrowers in multiple states. The same third-party service provider for RCS’s LOC II is the third-party provider for the installment loans. This third-party provider is subject to the Bank’s oversight and supervision and provides the Bank with marketing services and loan servicing for these RCS installment loans. The Bank is the lender for these RCS installment loans and is marketed as such. Furthermore, the Bank controls the loan terms and underwriting guidelines, and the Bank exercises consumer compliance oversight of this RCS installment loan product. Currently, all loan balances originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried as “held for sale” on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the intention to sell these loans to a third-party, who is an affiliate of the Bank’s third-party service provider, generally within sixteen days following the Bank’s origination of the loans. Loans originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried at fair value under a fair-value option, with the portfolio marked to market monthly. • RCS healthcare receivables products – The Bank originates healthcare-receivables products across the U.S. through three different third-party service providers. o For two of the programs, the Bank retains 100% of the receivables, with recourse in the event of default. o For the remaining program, in some instances the Bank retains 100% of the receivables originated, with recourse in the event of default, and in other instances, the Bank sells 100% of the receivables within one month of origination. Loan balances held for sale through this program are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. For the RCS line of credit and healthcare receivable products, the Company reports interest income and loan origination fees earned on RCS loans under “Loans, including fees,” while any net gains or losses on sale and mark-to-market adjustments of RCS loans are reported as noninterest income under “RCS Program fees.” The Company has elected fair value accounting for its RCS installment loan product that it sells after an initial holding period. As a result, interest income on loans, loan origination fees, net gains or losses on sale, and mark-to-market adjustments for the RCS installment product are reported as noninterest income under “RCS Program fees.” Use of Estimates — To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided. Actual amounts could differ from these estimates. The resulting change in estimates could be material to the financial statements. Concentration of Credit Risk — With limited exception, the Company’s Traditional Banking business activity is with clients located in Kentucky, Indiana, Florida, and Tennessee. The Company’s Traditional Banking exposure to credit risk is significantly affected by changes in the economy in these specific areas. The Bank’s warehouse lines of credit are secured by single family, first-lien residential real estate loans originated by the Bank’s mortgage clients across the United States. As of December 31, 2023, 31% of collateral securing warehouse lines was located in California. Earnings Concentration — For 2023, 2022 and 2021, approximately 32%, 31% and 24% of total Company net revenues (net interest income plus noninterest income) were derived from the RPG operations. Within RPG, the TRS segment accounted for 13%, 16% and 100 12%, the RPS segment accounted for 5%, 2% and 1%, while the RCS segment accounting for 14%, 13% and 11% of total Company net revenues. For 2023, 2022, and 2021, approximately 3%, 4% and 8% of total Company net revenues (net interest income plus noninterest income) were derived from the Company’s Warehouse segment. Cash Flows — Cash and cash equivalents include cash, deposits with other financial institutions with original maturities less than 90 days and federal funds sold. Net cash flows are reported for client loan and deposit transactions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, repurchase agreements and income taxes. Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Financial Institutions — Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions mature within one year and are carried at cost. Debt Securities — Debt securities are classified as AFS when they might be sold before maturity. AFS debt securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income, net of tax. Debt securities are classified as HTM and carried at amortized cost less any applicable ACLS when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. Interest income includes amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts on securities are generally amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to the earliest call date. Gains and losses on sales are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method. A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become more than 90 days delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Equity Securities — Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in net income. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. Allowance for Credit Losses on Available-for-Sale Securities — For the Company’s AFS corporate bond, the Company uses third- party PD and LGD data to estimate an ACLS, which is limited by the amount that the bond’s fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. For all other AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For other AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACLS is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACLS is recognized in other comprehensive income. Changes in ACLS are recorded as a charge or credit to the Provision. Losses are charged against the ACLS when management believes the lack of collectability of an AFS debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Accrued interest on AFS debt securities totaled $2 million and $2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and is excluded from the ACLS. Accrued interest on AFS debt securities is presented as a component of other assets on the Company’s balance sheet. Allowance for Credit Losses on Held-to-Maturity Securities — The Company measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $384,000 and 101 $92,000 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and is excluded from the ACLS. Accrued interest on HTM debt securities is presented as a component of other assets on the Company’s balance sheet. The estimate of ACLS on HTM debt securities considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company classifies its HTM portfolio into the following major security types: MBS, corporate bonds, and municipal bonds. MBS securities include CMOs. Nearly all of the MBS portfolio is issued by U.S. government entities or government sponsored entities. These securities are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The MBS portfolio also carries ratings no lower than investment grade. The Company uses PD and LGD estimates provided by a third-party to estimate an ACLS for its corporate and municipal bond portfolios. These PD and LGD estimates are updated at least quarterly by the Company, with these estimates incorporating the most recent market expectations and forecasted information. Loans Held for Sale - In the ordinary course of business, the Bank originates for sale mortgage loans and consumer loans. Mortgage loans originated for sale are primarily originated and sold into the secondary market through the Bank’s Mortgage Banking segment, while consumer loans originated for sale are originated and sold through the RCS segment. Mortgage Banking Activities — Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value, as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. Net gains on mortgage loans held for sale are recorded as a component of Mortgage Banking income and represent the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the loans sold. Substantially all of the gains or losses on the sale of loans are reported in earnings when the interest rates on loans are locked. Commitments to fund mortgage loans (“interest rate lock commitments”) to be sold into the secondary market and non-exchange traded mandatory forward sales contracts (“forward contracts”) for the future delivery of these mortgage loans or the purchase of TBA securities are accounted for as free-standing derivatives. Fair values of these mortgage derivatives are estimated based on changes in mortgage interest rates from the date the Bank enters into the derivative. Generally, the Bank enters into forward contracts for the future delivery of mortgage loans or the purchase of TBA securities when interest rate lock commitments are entered into, in order to hedge the change in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the loans. Changes in the fair values of these mortgage derivatives are included in net gains on sales of loans, which is a component of Mortgage Banking income on the income statement. Mortgage loans held for sale are generally sold with the MSRs retained. When mortgage loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded as a component of Mortgage Banking income. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts, when available or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method, which requires servicing rights to be amortized into Mortgage Banking income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans. Amortization of MSRs are initially set at seven years and subsequently adjusted on a quarterly basis based on the weighted average remaining life of the underlying loans. MSRs are evaluated for impairment quarterly based upon the fair value of the MSRs as compared to carrying amount. Impairment is determined by stratifying MSRs into groupings based on predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type, loan terms and investor type. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for an individual grouping, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount. If the Bank later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular grouping, a reduction of the valuation allowance is recorded as an increase to income. Changes in valuation allowances are reported within Mortgage Banking income on the income statement. The fair value of the MSR portfolios is subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates. A primary factor influencing the fair value is the estimated life of the underlying serviced loans. The estimated life of the serviced loans is significantly influenced by market interest rates. During a period of declining interest rates, the fair value of the MSRs generally will decline due to higher expected prepayments within the portfolio. Alternatively, during a period of rising interest rates the fair value of MSRs generally will increase, as prepayments on the underlying loans would be expected to decline. See Footnote 15 “Mortgage Banking Activities” in this section of the filing for management’s determination of MSR impairment. 102 Loan servicing income is reported on the income statement as a component of Mortgage Banking income. Loan servicing income is recorded as loan payments are collected and includes servicing fees from investors and certain charges collected from borrowers. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal, or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned. Loan servicing income totaled $3.4 million, $3.5 million and $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. Late fees and ancillary fees related to loan servicing are considered nominal. Consumer Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value — The Bank offers RCS installment loans with terms ranging from 12 to 60 months to borrowers in multiple states. Balances originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried as “held for sale” on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the intent to sell generally within sixteen days following the Bank’s origination of the loans. Loans originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried at fair value under a fair-value option, with the portfolio marked to market monthly. Consumer Loans Held for Sale, at Lower of Cost or Fair Value — RCS originates for sale 90% or 95% of the balances from its line- of-credit products and a portion of its healthcare receivables product. Ordinary gains or losses on the sale of these RCS products are reported as a component of “Program fees.” Loans — The Bank’s financing receivables consist primarily of loans and lease financing receivables (together referred to as “loans”). Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost net of the ACLL. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of premiums and discounts, and deferred loan fees and costs. Accrued interest on loans, which is excluded from the ACLL, totaled $16 million and $11 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and was reported as a component of other assets on the Company’s balance sheet. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method. Premiums on loans held for investment are amortized into interest income on the level-yield method over the expected life of the loan. Lease financing receivables, which are generally direct financing leases, are reported at their principal balance outstanding, including any lease residual amount, net of any unearned income, deferred loan fees and costs, and applicable ACLL. Leasing income is recognized on a basis that achieves a constant periodic rate of return on the outstanding lease financing balances over the lease terms. Interest income on mortgage and commercial loans is typically discontinued at the time the loan is 80 days delinquent unless the loan is well secured and in process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan, which may define past due status by the number of days or the number of payments past due. In most cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 80 days still on accrual include smaller balance, homogeneous loans that are evaluated collectively or individually for loss. Interest accrued but not received for all classes of loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured, typically a minimum of six consecutive months of performance. Consumer and credit card loans are not placed on nonaccrual status but are reviewed periodically and charged-off when the loan is deemed uncollectible, generally no more than 120 days. Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans — The Company has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. The Company will generally classify a loan acquired in a business acquisition as PCD if it meets any of the following criteria: • Non-accretable discount assigned by the Bank; • Classified by either the acquired bank or the Bank as Special Mention or Substandard; • Nonaccrual status when purchased; • Past due 30 days or more when purchased; • Loans that have been at least one time over 30 days past due; • Past maturity date when purchased; • Select loans that are cross collateralized with any loans identified above; 103 PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An ACLL is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial ACLL determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and ACLL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ACLL are recorded through the Provision. Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans — The ACLL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged-off against the ACLL when management believes the lack of collectability of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged- off and expected to be charged-off. The ACLL is measured on a collective or pooled basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The first table of Footnote 4 illustrates the Company’s loan portfolio by ACLL risk pool. This pooling method is primarily based on the pool’s collateral type or the pool’s purpose and generally follows the Bank’s loan segmentation for regulatory reporting. For each of its loan pools, the Company uses a “static-pool” method, which analyzes historical closed pools of similar loans over their expected lives to attain a loss rate. This loss rate is then adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts prior to being applied to the current balance of the analyzed pools. Adjustments to the historical loss rate for current conditions include differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in property values or other relevant factors. A one-year forecast adjustment to the historical loss rate is based on a forecast of the U.S. national unemployment rate, which has shown a relatively strong historical correlation to the Bank’s loan losses. For its CRE loan pool, the Company uses a one-year forecast of general CRE values. Subsequent to one-year forecasts, loss rates are assumed to immediately revert back to long- term historical averages. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis, with the Company choosing to individually evaluate all loan modifications (formerly TDRs). Loans evaluated individually are not included in the pooled evaluation but are instead evaluated under a discounted cash flow or collateral-dependent method. A collateral dependent method is used when foreclosure is probable, with expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs if appropriate. Determining Expected Loan Lives: Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual loan term, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a Loan Modification will be executed with an individual borrower, or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company. See Footnote 4 “Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses” in this section of the filing for additional discussion regarding the Company’s ACLL. Loan Modifications — A loan modification is a situation where, due to a borrower’s financial difficulties, the Bank grants a concession to the borrower that the Bank would not otherwise have considered. The Company measures the ACLL for loan modifications individually using the collateral method. Transfers of Financial Assets — Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Other Real Estate Owned — Assets acquired through loan foreclosures are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. The Bank’s selling costs for OREO typically range from 104 10- 13% of each property’s fair value, depending on property class. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or broker price opinions. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed. Appraisals for both collateral-dependent loans and OREO are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Bank. Appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Once the appraisal is received, a member of the Bank’s CCAD reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal, as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources, such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. On at least an annual basis, the Bank performs a back test of collateral appraisals by comparing actual selling prices on recent collateral sales to the most recent appraisal of such collateral. Back tests are performed for each collateral class, e.g., residential real estate or commercial real estate, and may lead to additional adjustments to the value of unliquidated collateral of similar class. Premises and Equipment, Net — Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed over the estimated useful lives of the related assets on the straight-line method. Estimated lives typically range from 25 to 39 years for buildings and improvements, three to ten years for furniture, fixtures and equipment and three to five years for leasehold improvements. Right of Use Assets and Operating Lease Liabilities — For its long-term operating leases, the Company records on its balance sheet operating lease liabilities equal to the present value of the required minimum lease payments plus any amounts probable of being owed under a residual value guarantee. Offsetting these operating lease liabilities, the Company records right-of-use assets for the underlying leased property. Regarding lease terms, the Company’s assumes the remaining lease term includes the fixed noncancelable term, plus all periods for which failure to renew the lease imposes a penalty on the Company, plus all periods for which the Company is reasonably certain to exercise a lease renewal option, plus all periods for which the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise a lease termination option. In determining whether it is reasonably certain to exercise a lease renewal or termination option, the Company considers its overall strategic plan and all economic and environmental circumstances connected to the leased property. To discount its operating lease payments and guarantees, the Company employs the interest rate curve published by the FHLB of Cincinnati for the FHLB’s collateralized term borrowings, matching expected lease term to borrowing term. The Company does not place short-term leases on its balance sheet. Short-term leases have a lease term of 12 months or less and do not include a purchase option that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock — The Bank is a member of the FHLB system. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security and annually evaluated for impairment. Because this stock is viewed as a long-term investment, impairment is based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are recorded as interest income. Bank Owned Life Insurance — The Bank maintains BOLI policies on certain employees. BOLI is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement. The Bank recognizes tax-free income from the periodic increases in cash surrender value of these policies and from death benefits in noninterest income. Credit ratings for the Bank’s BOLI carriers are reviewed at least annually. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets — Goodwill resulting from business acquisitions represents the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized but tested annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. 105 The Company has selected September 30th as the date to perform its annual goodwill impairment test. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on the Bank’s balance sheet. All goodwill is attributable to the Company’s Traditional Banking segment and is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Based on its assessment, the Company believes its goodwill of $41 million as of December 31, 2022 and $16 million as of December 31, 2021 was not impaired and is properly recorded in the consolidated financial. Off Balance Sheet Financial Instruments — Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to fund loans and standby letters of credit. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering client collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded upon funding. Instruments such as standby letters of credit are considered financial guarantees and are recorded at fair value. Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures — The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. The likelihood that funding will occur is based on the historical usage rate of such commitments. For a listing of off-balance sheet credit exposures the Company generally considers for an ACLC, see Footnote 12 “Off Balance Sheet Risks, Commitments And Contingent Liabilities” in this section of the filing. The ACLC is recorded as a component of other liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet. Any provision for the ACLC is recorded on the Company’s income statement as a component of other noninterest expense. Derivatives —Derivatives are reported at fair value in other assets or other liabilities. The Company’s derivatives include interest rate swap agreements. For asset/liability management purposes, the Bank uses interest rate swap agreements to hedge the exposure or to modify the interest rate characteristic of certain immediately repricing liabilities. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship. For a derivative designated as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the derivative’s unrealized gain or loss is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). For derivatives not designated as hedges, the gain or loss is recognized in current period earnings. Net cash settlements on interest rate swaps are recorded in interest expense and cash flows related to the swaps are classified in the cash flow statement the same as the interest expense and cash flows from the liabilities being hedged. The Bank formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. The Bank also formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether a swap is highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged items. The Bank discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended. When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as noninterest income. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are amortized into earnings over the same periods that the hedged transactions will affect earnings. The Bank enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate client transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments to meet client needs, the Bank enters into offsetting positions with dealer counterparties in order to minimize the Bank’s interest rate risk. These swaps are derivatives but are not designated as hedging instruments; therefore, changes in fair value are reported in current year earnings. 106 Interest rate swap contracts involve the risk of dealing with counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is positive, this generally indicates that the counterparty or client owes the Bank and results in credit risk to the Bank. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is negative, the Bank owes the client or counterparty and does not have credit risk. Stock Based Compensation — For stock options and restricted stock awards issued to employees, compensation cost is recognized based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. The Company utilizes a Black-Scholes model to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards. Compensation expense is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Forfeitures of stock-based awards are accounted for when incurred in lieu of using forfeiture estimates. Income Taxes — Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. DTAs and DTLs are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces DTAs to the amount expected to be realized. A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more-likely-than-not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more-likely-than-not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. Retirement Plans — 401(k) plan expense is recorded as a component of salaries and employee benefits and represents the amount of Company matching contributions. Deferred compensation and supplemental retirement plan expense allocates the benefits over years of service. Earnings Per Common Share — Basic earnings per share is based on net income (in the case of Class B Common Stock, less the dividend preference on Class A Common Stock), divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share include the dilutive effect of additional potential Class A common shares issuable under stock options. All outstanding unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to nonforfeitable dividends are considered participating securities for this calculation. Earnings and dividends per share are restated for all stock dividends through the date of issuance of the financial statements. Comprehensive Income — Comprehensive income consists of net income and OCI. OCI includes, net of tax, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities and unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges, which are also recognized as separate components of equity. Loss Contingencies — Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable, and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there are any outstanding matters that would have a material effect on the financial statements. Restrictions on Cash and Cash Equivalents — Republic has historically been required by the FRB to maintain average reserve balances. Effective March 15, 2020, the FRB reduced the Bank’s reserve requirement ratio to zero percent, therefore, cash and due from banks on the consolidated balance sheet included no required reserve balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company’s Captive maintained cash reserves to cover insurable claims. Reserves totaled $4 million as of December 31, 2022. There were no reserves as of December 31, 2023 as the Captive was dissolved during the fourth quarter of 2023. Equity — Stock dividends in excess of 20% are reported by transferring the par value of the stock issued from retained earnings to common stock. Stock dividends for 20% or less are reported by transferring the fair value, as of the ex-dividend date, of the stock issued from retained earnings to common stock and additional paid in capital. Fractional share amounts are paid in cash with a reduction in retained earnings. 107 Dividend Restrictions — Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the Bank to Republic or by Republic to shareholders. Fair Value of Financial Instruments — Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Footnote 14 “Fair Value” in this section of the filing. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates. Revenue from Contracts with Customers - The Company’s services that fall within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, are presented within noninterest income and are recognized as revenue as the Company satisfies its obligation to its client. The Company expenses as-incurred incremental costs of obtaining a contract when the amortization period of those costs would be less than one year. Segment Information — Reportable segments represent parts of the Company evaluated by management with separate financial information. Republic’s internal information is primarily reported and evaluated in six reportable segments – Traditional Banking, Warehouse, Mortgage Banking, TRS, RPS, and RCS. Reclassifications — Certain amounts presented in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on previously reported prior periods’ net income or shareholders’ equity. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards The following ASUs were adopted by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023: ASU. No. 2022-02 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses Topic Nature of Update (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures This ASU eliminates the TDR recognition and measurement guidance and, instead, requires the Company to evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether a modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. This ASU also enhances existing disclosure requirements and introduces new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Method of Financial Date Adopted Adoption Statement Impact January 1, 2023 Prospectively Disclosures have been updated to reflect adoption. This ASU requires the Company to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Gross writeoff information must be included in the vintage disclosures required for the Company in accordance with ASC 326- 20-50-6, which requires that the Company disclose the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. (see Note 4 in this section of the filing) 2022-06 Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 This ASU extends the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate January 1, 2023 Prospectively reform relief guidance in Topic 848. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide relief during the temporary transition period, so the FASB included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) would cease being published. In 2021, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) delayed the intended cessation date of certain tenors of USD LIBOR to June 30, 2023. Immaterial. The Company ceased making new loans and renewing loans indexed to LIBOR on January 1, 2022. 108 Accounting Standards Updates The following not-yet-effective ASUs were issued since the Company’s most recently filed Form 10-K and are considered relevant to the Company’s financial statements. Generally, if an issued-but-not-yet-effective ASU with an expected immaterial impact to the Company has been disclosed in prior Company filings, that ASU will not be subsequently redisclosed. ASU. No. 2022-03 Topic Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures Nature of Update This ASU clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. Date Adoption Adoption Required Method January 1, 2024 Prospectively Expected Financial Impact Immaterial Among other things, these amendments require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income [or loss] by the applicable statutory income tax rate). January 1, 2025 Prospectively The Company is currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements. 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures The amendments in the ASU is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. January 1, 2024 Retrospectively The Company is 2023-06 Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative This ASU incorporates certain SEC disclosure requirements into the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™. The amendments in the ASU are expected to clarify or improve disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of Codification Topics, allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the requirements, and align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. Prospectively The date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective. 2023-03 2023-02 Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Income Statement— Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480), Equity (Topic 505), and Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280—General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock (SEC Update) Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force) 2023-01 Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements This ASU amends the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™ for SEC paragraphs pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, SEC Staff Announcement at the March 24, 2022 EITF Meeting, and Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 6.B, Accounting Series Release 280—General Revision of Regulation S-X: Income or Loss Applicable to Common Stock. Upon addition to the FASB Codification. Prospectively This ASU allows reporting entities to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. January 1, 2024 Prospectively This ASU requires entities to determine whether a related party arrangement between entities under common control is a lease. If the arrangement is determined to be a lease, an entity must classify and account for the lease on the same basis as an arrangement with a related party (on the basis of legally enforceable terms and conditions). January 1, 2024 Prospectively 109 currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements. Immaterial The Company is currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements. The Company is currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements. The Company is currently analyzing the impact of this ASU on its financial statements. 2. INVESTMENT SECURITIES Available-for-Sale Debt Securities The following tables summarize the amortized cost, fair value, and ACLS of AFS debt securities and the corresponding amounts of related gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in AOCI: December 31, 2023 (in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Private label mortgage-backed security Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Corporate bonds Trust preferred security Total available-for-sale debt securities December 31, 2022 (in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Private label mortgage-backed security Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Corporate bonds Trust preferred security Total available-for-sale debt securities Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Allowance for Credit Losses Fair Value $ $ $ $ 421,576 443 167,996 22,698 2,012 3,800 618,525 Amortized Cost 436,333 843 189,312 22,774 10,000 3,741 663,003 $ $ $ $ — 1,330 176 36 8 318 1,868 Gross Unrealized Gains 1 1,284 16 21 1 114 1,437 $ $ $ $ (14,543) — (13,462) (1,075) — — (29,080) $ $ — — — — — — — Gross Unrealized Losses Allowance for Credit Losses (25,193) — (17,455) (1,427) — — (44,075) $ $ — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 407,033 1,773 154,710 21,659 2,020 4,118 591,313 Fair Value 411,141 2,127 171,873 21,368 10,001 3,855 620,365 The following tables summarize the amortized cost, fair value, and ACLS of HTM debt securities and the corresponding amounts of related gross unrecognized gains and losses: December 31, 2023 (in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Corporate bonds Obligations of state and political subdivisions Total held-to-maturity debt securities December 31, 2022 (in thousands) U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Corporate bonds Obligations of state and political subdivisions Total held-to-maturity debt securities Gross Gross Amortized Cost Unrecognized Unrecognized Gains Losses Fair Value Allowance for Credit Losses $ $ $ $ 65,000 25 6,386 4,986 — 76,397 $ $ — — 48 6 — 54 $ $ (163) — (121) — — (284) Gross Gross Amortized Cost Unrecognized Unrecognized Gains Losses 75,000 27 7,270 4,974 125 87,396 $ $ 106 — 54 — — 160 $ $ — (1) (148) (49) (1) (199) $ $ $ $ 64,837 25 6,313 4,992 — 76,167 $ $ — — — (10) — (10) Fair Value Allowance for Credit Losses 75,106 26 7,176 4,925 124 87,357 $ $ — — — (10) — (10) 110 Sales and Calls of Available-for-Sale Debt Securities During 2023, 2022, and 2021 there were no material sales of AFS debt securities. The Company had AFS debt securities called during 2023, with an amortized cost of $65 million. The Company had no AFS debt securities called during 2022. The Company had AFS debt securities called during 2021, with an amortized cost of $90 million. Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity as of December 31, 2023. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or early termination penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are detailed separately. December 31, 2023 (in thousands) Due in one year or less Due from one year to five years Due from five years to ten years Due beyond ten years Private label mortgage-backed security Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Total debt securities Unrealized-Loss Analysis on Debt Securities Available-for-Sale Debt Securities Held-to-Maturity Debt Securities Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value $ $ 189,872 233,716 — 3,800 443 167,996 22,698 618,525 $ $ 187,479 221,574 — 4,118 1,773 154,710 21,659 591,313 $ $ 50,000 19,986 — — — 25 6,386 76,397 $ $ 49,876 19,953 — — — 25 6,313 76,167 The following tables summarize AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for which an ACLS had not been recorded as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, aggregated by investment category and length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position: December 31, 2023 (in thousands) Available-for-sale debt securities: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Trust preferred security Total available-for-sale debt securities $ $ 26,707 $ 1,911 1,668 — 30,286 $ (84) $ (23) (52) — (159) $ 380,326 $ 136,180 17,239 — 533,745 $ (14,459) $ (13,439) (1,023) — (28,921) $ 407,033 $ 138,091 18,907 — 564,031 $ (14,543) (13,462) (1,075) — (29,080) December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Available-for-sale debt securities: Less than 12 months 12 months or more Total Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses Fair Value Unrealized Losses U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Total available-for-sale debt securities $ $ 229,372 $ 105,274 20,418 355,064 $ (7,139) $ (7,434) (1,426) (15,999) $ 171,676 $ 65,520 6 237,202 $ (18,054) $ (10,021) (1) (28,076) $ 401,048 $ 170,794 20,424 592,266 $ (25,193) (17,455) (1,427) (44,075) As of December 31, 2023, the Bank’s portfolio consisted of 191 securities, 144 of which were in an unrealized loss position. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank’s portfolio consisted of 179 securities, 163 of which were in an unrealized loss position. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no holdings of debt securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity. 111 Mortgage-Backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations As of December 31, 2023, with the exception of the $1.8 million private label mortgage-backed security, all other mortgage-backed securities and CMOs held by the Bank were issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies, primarily the FHLMC and FNMA. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were gross unrealized losses of $14.5 million and $18.9 million related to AFS mortgage-backed securities and CMOs. Because these unrealized losses are attributable to changes in interest rates and illiquidity, and not credit quality, and because the Bank does not have the intent to sell these securities, and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, management does not consider these securities to have OTTI. Trust Preferred Security The Parent Company owns a floating rate trust preferred security with a $5 million par value. The coupon on this security is based on the 3-month Term SOFR rate plus 159 basis points. The Company performs an ongoing analysis of the credit risk of the underlying borrower in relation to its TRUP. Private Label Mortgage-Backed Security The Bank owns one private label mortgage-backed security with a total carrying value of $1.8 million as of December 31, 2023. This security is mostly backed by “Alternative A” first-lien mortgage loans, but also has an insurance “wrap” or guarantee as an added layer of protection to the security holder. This asset is illiquid, and as such, the Bank determined it to be a Level 3 security in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. Based on this determination, the Bank utilized an income valuation model (“present value model”) approach, in determining the fair value of the security. This approach is beneficial for positions that are not traded in active markets or are subject to transfer restrictions, and/or where valuations are adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non- transferability. Such adjustments are generally based on available market evidence. In the absence of such evidence, management’s best estimate is used. Management’s best estimate consists of both internal and external support for this investment. See additional discussion regarding the Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security in this section of the filing under Footnote 14 “Fair Value.” The following table presents a rollforward of the Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security credit losses recognized in earnings: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Balance, beginning of period Recovery of losses previously recorded Balance, end of period $ $ 1,462 $ — 1,462 $ 1,462 $ — 1,462 $ 1,462 — 1,462 Further deterioration in economic conditions could cause the Bank to record an additional impairment charge related to credit losses of up to $443,000, which is the current gross amortized cost of the Bank’s remaining private label mortgage-backed security. 112 Rollforward of the Allowance for Credit Losses on Debt Securities The tables below present a rollforward for 2023 and 2022 of the ACLS on AFS and HTM debt securities: (in thousands) Available-for-Sale Securities: Corporate Bonds Held-to-Maturity Securities: Corporate Bonds Beginning Balance Provision offs Recoveries 2023 Charge- ACLS Roll-forward Years Ended December 31, Beginning Ending Balance Balance Provision 2022 Charge- offs Recoveries Ending Balance $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — 10 — — — 10 47 (37) — — 10 Total $ 10 $ — $ — $ — $ 10 $ 47 $ (37) $ — $ — $ 10 The ACLS on the Company’s HTM corporate bonds remained unchanged during 2023 based on no change to the PD and LGD estimates on these bonds. PD and LGD estimates for these bonds were elevated during 2020 due to pandemic-driven economic concerns. There were no HTM debt securities in nonaccrual status or past due 90 days or more as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. All of the Company’s HTM corporate bonds were rated investment grade as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. There were no HTM debt securities considered collateral dependent as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Pledged Debt Securities Debt securities pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and securities held for other purposes, as required or permitted by law are as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Amortized cost Fair value Carrying amount Equity Securities $ 106,169 $ 99,530 99,530 236,047 217,562 217,562 There were no material sales of equity securities in 2023. During 2022, the Company sold an equity security for $2.2 million and realized a loss of $55,000. There were no material sales of equity securities in 2021. The following tables present the carrying value, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of equity securities with readily determinable fair values: December 31, 2023 (in thousands) Freddie Mac preferred stock Total equity securities with readily determinable fair values December 31, 2022 (in thousands) Freddie Mac preferred stock Total equity securities with readily determinable fair values Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value — — $ $ 174 174 $ $ — — $ $ 174 174 Amortized Cost Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value — — $ $ 111 111 $ $ — — $ $ 111 111 $ $ $ $ 113 For equity securities with readily determinable fair values, the gross realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of income were as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) Gains (Losses) Recognized on Equity Securities Year Ended December 31, 2023 Total Realized Unrealized Year Ended December 31, 2022 Realized Unrealized Total Freddie Mac preferred stock Community Reinvestment Act mutual fund Total equity securities with readily determinable fair value $ $ — $ — — $ 63 $ — 63 $ 63 $ — — $ (204) 63 $ (204) $ (59) $ — (59) $ (59) (204) (263) 3. LOANS HELD FOR SALE In the ordinary course of business, the Bank originates for sale mortgage loans and consumer loans. Mortgage loans originated for sale are primarily originated and sold into the secondary market through the Bank’s Mortgage Banking segment, while consumer loans originated for sale are originated and sold through the RCS segment. Mortgage Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value See additional detail regarding mortgage loans originated for sale, at fair value under Footnote 15 “Mortgage Banking Activities” of this section of the filing. Consumer Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value The Bank offers RCS installment loans with terms ranging from 12 to 60 months to borrowers in multiple states. Balances originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried as “held for sale” on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the intent to sell generally within sixteen days following the Bank’s origination of the loans. Loans originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried at fair value under a fair-value option, with the portfolio marked to market monthly. Activity for consumer loans held for sale and carried at fair value was as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Balance, beginning of period Origination of consumer loans held for sale Proceeds from the sale of consumer loans held for sale Net gain on sale of consumer loans held for sale Balance, end of period $ $ 4,706 $ 130,185 (130,772) 3,795 7,914 $ 19,747 $ 311,704 (333,438) 6,693 4,706 $ 3,298 271,430 (260,730) 5,749 19,747 Consumer Loans Held for Sale, at Lower of Cost or Fair Value RCS originates for sale 90% of the balances from its line-of-credit product and a portion of its healthcare receivables product. Ordinary gains or losses on the sale of these RCS products are reported as a component of “Program fees.” Activity for consumer loans held for sale and carried at the lower of cost or market value was as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Balance, beginning of period Origination of consumer loans held for sale Proceeds from the sale of consumer loans held for sale Net gain on sale of consumer loans held for sale Balance, end of period $ $ 13,169 $ 926,810 (932,843) 8,958 16,094 $ 2,937 $ 734,011 (730,363) 6,584 13,169 $ 1,478 610,750 (614,840) 5,549 2,937 114 4. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES The composition of the loan portfolio follows: December 31, (in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate (1) Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit* Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group*: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Total loans** Allowance for credit losses Total loans, net $ 2023 2022 $ 1,144,684 345,965 1,785,289 217,338 464,078 88,591 250,051 295,133 16,654 694 2,664 7,428 4,618,569 339,723 4,958,292 103,115 46,092 132,362 281,569 5,239,861 (82,130) 911,427 321,358 1,599,510 153,875 413,387 10,505 179,785 241,739 15,473 726 6,731 626 3,855,142 403,560 4,258,702 97,505 51,767 107,828 257,100 4,515,802 (70,413) $ 5,157,731 $ 4,445,389 *Identifies loans to borrowers located primarily outside of the Bank’s market footprint. **Total loans are presented inclusive of premiums, discounts and net loan origination fees and costs. See table directly below for expanded detail. (1) The approximate percentage of Nonowner-occupied CRE loans to total CRE loans was 63%, 61,%, and 61% for 2023, 2022, and 2021. The approximate percentage of Owner-occupied CRE loans to total CRE loans was 37%, 39%, and 39% for 2023, 2022, and 2021. The following table reconciles the contractually receivable and carrying amounts of loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Contractually receivable Unearned income Unamortized premiums Unaccreted discounts Other net unamortized deferred origination (fees) and costs Carrying value of loans $ $ 5,246,621 (2,556) 1,060 (2,533) (2,731) 5,239,861 $ $ 4,519,136 (835) 99 (479) (2,119) 4,515,802 115 Credit Quality Indicators Bank procedures for assessing and maintaining credit gradings are the same whether a new or renewed loan is being underwritten, or whether an existing loan is being re-evaluated for potential credit quality concerns. The latter usually occurs upon receipt of updated financial information, or other pertinent data, which triggers a review in the loan grade. Specific Bank procedures follow: • For new and renewed C&I, CRE, and C&D loans, the Bank’s CCAD scores and assigns the credit quality grade to the loan. • Commercial loan officers are responsible for monitoring their respective loan portfolios and reporting any adverse material changes to senior management. When circumstances warrant a review and possible change in the credit quality grade, loan officers are required to notify the Bank’s CCAD or Special Asset division (under certain deteriorating circumstances). • The Special Asset area of the Bank monitors throughout the month the status of all past due loans and classified loans with the respective commercial officers. These meetings are designed to give loan officers an opportunity to identify other existing loans that should be downgraded as well. • Monthly, members of Executive Management along with managers of Commercial Lending, CCAD, Accounting, Special Assets, and Retail Collections attend a Special Asset Committee meeting. The SAC reviews all loans for the Bank graded Special Mention or worse or loans potentially subject to downgrade into these classifications and discusses the relative trends and current status of these assets. In addition, the SAC reviews all classified and potentially classified residential real estate and home equity loans. SAC also reviews the actions taken by management regarding credit-quality grades, foreclosure mitigation, loan extensions, deferrals, or forbearance, loan modifications, and collateral repossessions. Based on the information reviewed in this meeting, the SAC approves all specific loan loss allocations to be recognized by the Bank within the ACLL analysis. • All new and renewed warehouse lines of credit are approved by the Executive Loan Committee. The credit area of the Warehouse Lending division initially recommends the credit quality grade for warehouse facilities to ELC, of which ELC may approve or amend. The Bank’s internal loan review department is the final authority on a loan’s grade and reviews all approved loan grades, which they may approve or amend based on their independent review. Monthly, the CLO reviews warehouse lending activity including data associated with the underlying collateral to the warehouse facilities, i.e., the mortgage loans associated with the balances drawn. Key performance indicators monitored include average days outstanding for each draw, average FICO credit report score for the underlying collateral, average LTV for the underlying collateral and other factors deemed relevant. On at least an annual basis, the Bank’s internal loan review department analyzes all individual loans with outstanding balances greater than $1 million that are internally classified as “Special Mention,” “Substandard,” “Doubtful,” or “Loss.” In addition, on an annual basis, the Bank analyzes a sample of “Pass” rated loans. The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, public information, and current economic trends. The Bank also considers the fair value of the underlying collateral and the strength and willingness of the guarantor(s). The Bank analyzes loans individually, and based on this analysis, establishes a credit risk rating. The Bank uses the following definitions for risk ratings: Risk Grade 1 — Excellent (Pass): Loans fully secured by liquid collateral, such as certificates of deposit, reputable bank letters of credit, or other cash equivalents; loans fully secured by publicly traded marketable securities where there is no impediment to liquidation; or loans to any publicly held company with a current long-term debt rating of A or better. Risk Grade 2 — Good (Pass): Loans to businesses that have strong financial statements containing an unqualified opinion from a Certified Public Accounting firm and at least three consecutive years of profits; loans supported by unaudited financial statements containing strong balance sheets, five consecutive years of profits, a five-year satisfactory relationship with the Bank, and key balance sheet and income statement trends that are either stable or positive; loans that are guaranteed or otherwise backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government or an agency thereof, such as the Small Business Administration; or loans to publicly held companies with current long-term debt ratings of Baa or better. 116 Risk Grade 3 — Satisfactory (Pass): Loans supported by financial statements (audited or unaudited) that indicate average or slightly below average risk and having some deficiency or vulnerability to changing economic conditions; loans with some weakness but offsetting features of other support are readily available; loans that are meeting the terms of repayment, but which may be susceptible to deterioration if adverse factors are encountered. Risk Grade 4 — Satisfactory/Monitored (Pass): Loans in this category are considered to be acceptable credit quality but contain greater credit risk than Satisfactory loans due to weak balance sheets, marginal earnings or cash flow, or other uncertainties. These loans warrant a higher-than-average level of monitoring to ensure that weaknesses do not advance. The level of risk in a Satisfactory/Monitored loan is within acceptable underwriting guidelines so long as the loan is given the proper level of management supervision. All revolving lines of credit will be placed in this category if a borrowing base is to be implemented as a condition of approval for the loan. Lastly, a start-up business venture will receive this rating due to the lack of any historical financial data. Risk Grade 5 — Special Mention: Loans that possess some credit deficiency or potential weakness that deserves close attention. Such loans pose an unwarranted financial risk that, if not corrected, could weaken the loan by adversely impacting the future repayment ability of the borrower. The key distinctions of a Special Mention classification are that (1) it is indicative of an unwarranted level of risk and (2) credit weaknesses are considered potential and are not defined impairments to the primary source of repayment. Purchased with Credit Deterioration Loans — Group 1: To the extent that a PCD, formerly PCI, loan’s performance does not reflect an increased risk of loss of contractual principal beyond the ACLL established as part of its initial day-one evaluation, such loan would be classified in the PCD-1 category, whose credit risk is considered by management equivalent to a non-PCD “Special Mention” loan within the Bank’s credit rating matrix. Purchased with Credit Deterioration Loans — Substandard: If during the Bank’s periodic evaluations of its PCD, formerly PCI, loan portfolio, management deems a PCD-1 loan to have an increased risk of loss of contractual principal beyond the ACLL established as part of its initial day-one evaluation, such loan would be classified PCD-Sub within the Bank’s credit risk matrix. Management deems the risk of default and overall credit risk of a PCD-Sub loan to be greater than a PCD-1 loan and more analogous to a non-PCD “Substandard” loan within the Bank’s credit rating matrix. Risk Grade 6 — Substandard: One or more of the following characteristics may be exhibited in loans classified as Substandard: • Loans that possess a defined credit weakness. The likelihood that a loan will be paid from the primary source of repayment is uncertain. Financial deterioration is under way and very close attention is warranted to ensure that the loan is collected without loss. • Loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor. • The primary source of repayment is gone, and the Bank is forced to rely on a secondary source of repayment, such as collateral liquidation or guarantees. • Loans have a distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected. • Unusual courses of action are needed to maintain a high probability of repayment. • The borrower is not generating enough cash flow to repay loan principal; however, it continues to make interest payments. • The Bank is forced into a subordinated or unsecured position due to flaws in documentation. • The Bank is seriously contemplating foreclosure or legal action due to the apparent deterioration in the loan. • There is significant deterioration in market conditions to which the borrower is highly vulnerable. Risk Grade 7 — Doubtful: One or more of the following characteristics may be present in loans classified as Doubtful: • Loans have all of the weaknesses of those classified as Substandard. However, based on existing conditions, these weaknesses make full collection of principal highly improbable. • The primary source of repayment is gone, and there is considerable doubt as to the quality of the secondary source of repayment. 117 • The possibility of loss is high but because of certain important pending factors, which may strengthen the loan, loss classification is deferred until the exact status of repayment is known. Risk Grade 8 — Loss: Loans are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuing to carry them as assets is not feasible. Loans will be classified “Loss” when it is neither practical nor desirable to defer writing off or reserving all or a portion of a basically worthless asset, even though partial recovery may be possible at some time in the future. For all real estate and consumer loans, including small-dollar RPG loans, which do not meet the scope above, the Bank uses a grading system based on delinquency and nonaccrual status. Loans that are 80 days or more past due or on nonaccrual are graded Substandard. Occasionally, a real estate loan below scope may be graded as “Special Mention” or “Substandard” if the loan is cross collateralized with a classified C&I or CRE loan. Purchased loans are accounted for as any other Bank-originated loan, potentially becoming nonaccrual, as well as being risk rated under the Bank’s standard practices and procedures. In addition, these loans are considered in the determination of the ACLL once day-one fair values are final. Management separately monitors PCD, formerly PCI, loans and no less than quarterly reviews them against the factors and assumptions used in determining day-one fair values. In addition to its quarterly evaluation, a PCD loan is typically reviewed when it is modified or extended, or when information becomes available to the Bank that provides additional insight regarding the loan’s performance, the status of the borrower, or the quality or value of the underlying collateral. If a loan modification is performed on a PCD loan, the loan is transferred out of the PCD population. The loan may require an additional Provision if its restructured cash flows are less than management’s initial day-one expectations. PCD loans for which the Bank simply chooses to extend the maturity date are generally not considered loan modifications and remain in the PCD population. 118 The following tables include loans by segment, risk category, and, for non-revolving loans, origination year. Regarding origination year, loan extensions and renewals are generally considered originated in the year extended or renewed unless the loan is classified as a Loan Modification. Loan extensions and renewals classified as Loan Modifications generally receive no change in origination date upon extension or renewal. (in thousands) As of December 31, 2023 2023 Residential real estate owner-occupied: Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year 2021 2020 2022 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Converted to Term Prior Total Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs $ $ $ 346,195 $ 41 — — 346,236 $ — $ 200,715 $ — 2,526 — 203,241 $ 10 $ 175,030 $ — 1,885 — 176,915 $ 16 $ 167,493 $ — 1,226 — 168,719 $ — $ 230,384 $ 6,309 10,406 — 247,099 $ — $ Residential real estate nonowner-occupied: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Commercial real estate: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Construction and land development: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Commercial and industrial: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Lease financing receivables: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Aircraft: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Home equity: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 63,405 $ 170 — — 63,575 $ — $ 342,658 $ 23,852 — — 366,510 $ — $ 107,827 $ — — — 107,827 $ — 140,753 $ 349 49 — 141,151 $ — $ 45,824 $ 429 — — 46,253 $ 20 $ 97,761 $ — — — 97,761 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 2,474 $ — — — 2,474 $ — $ 7,597 $ — — — 7,597 $ — $ 1,122,291 6,350 16,043 — 1,144,684 26 343,734 2,167 64 — 345,965 — 69,827 $ 1,971 — — 71,798 $ — $ 82,814 $ — 16 — 82,830 $ — $ 47,395 $ — — — 47,395 $ — $ 72,696 $ 26 48 — 72,770 $ — $ 439,643 $ 1,020 — — 440,663 $ — $ 351,600 $ 374 — — 351,974 $ — $ 174,093 $ — — — 174,093 $ — $ 264,306 $ 8,998 868 — 274,172 $ — $ 32,491 $ 1,716 — — 34,207 $ — $ 143,670 $ — — — 143,670 $ — $ 1,748,461 35,960 868 — 1,785,289 — 297 $ 250 $ 225 $ — — — 297 $ — 13,150 $ — — — 13,150 $ — $ 4,571 $ 183 — — 4,754 $ — $ 30,628 $ — — — 30,628 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — — — 250 $ — 20,957 $ 1,476 339 — 22,772 $ — $ 2,889 $ 115 65 — 3,069 $ 8 $ 21,045 $ — — — 21,045 $ — $ — — — 225 $ — 120,069 $ 542 25 — 120,636 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 292,890 $ 235 2,008 — 295,133 $ 2 $ 2,697 $ — — — 2,697 $ — 3,968 $ — 820 — 4,788 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 217,338 — — — 217,338 — 456,543 6,263 1,272 — 464,078 — 87,505 919 167 — 88,591 141 250,051 — — — 250,051 — 292,890 235 2,008 — 295,133 2 89,106 $ — — — 89,106 $ — 87,497 $ 423 36 — 87,956 $ — $ 23,956 $ 30 102 — 24,088 $ 113 $ 55,896 $ — — — 55,896 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 16,936 $ — — — 16,936 $ — 70,149 $ 3,473 3 — 73,625 $ — $ 10,265 $ 162 — — 10,427 $ — $ 44,721 $ — — — 44,721 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 119 (in thousands) As of December 31, 2023 2023 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year (Continued) 2021 2020 2022 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Converted to Term Prior Total Consumer: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Warehouse: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs TRS: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs RCS: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Grand Total: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Grand Total YTD Gross Charge-offs (in thousands) As of December 31, 2022 Residential real estate owner-occupied: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Residential real estate nonowner-occupied: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Commercial real estate: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Construction and land development: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 3,947 $ — — — 3,947 $ 9 $ 1,194 $ — — — 1,194 $ 11 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ 126 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 181 $ — — — 181 $ 8 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 74 $ — — — 74 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 3,420 $ — 13 — 3,433 $ 7 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 30,607 $ — — — 30,607 $ — $ 7,203 $ — — — 7,203 $ — $ 579 $ 454 $ — — — 579 $ — $ — — — 454 $ — $ 37,368 $ — — — 37,368 $ — $ 18,611 $ — — — 18,611 $ 1,147 $ 339,723 $ — — — 339,723 $ — $ 149,207 $ — — — 149,207 $ 25,825 $ 54,634 $ — 1,517 — 56,151 $ 13,912 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 27,427 — 13 — 27,440 1,182 339,723 — — — 339,723 — 149,207 — — — 149,207 25,951 130,845 — 1,517 — 132,362 13,912 1,178,977 $ 24,841 49 — 1,203,867 $ 155 $ 975,037 $ 3,444 2,664 — 981,145 $ 134 $ 752,275 $ 4,009 1,904 — 758,188 $ 24 $ 438,155 $ 183 1,226 — 439,564 $ — $ 653,315 $ 16,924 11,739 — 681,978 $ 15 $ 1,007,850 $ 2,493 3,550 — 1,013,893 $ 40,886 $ 160,406 $ — 820 — 161,226 $ — $ 5,166,015 51,894 21,952 — 5,239,861 41,214 2022 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year 2020 2019 2021 Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Converted to Term Prior Total 231,638 $ — 1,230 — 232,868 $ 21 $ 189,495 $ 160 1,103 — 190,758 $ — $ 188,004 $ — 1,501 — 189,505 $ — $ 91,778 $ — 30 — 91,808 $ — $ 55,058 $ — — — 55,058 $ — $ 71,306 $ — 1,460 — 72,766 $ — $ 32,803 $ — — — 32,803 $ — $ 208,296 $ 7,240 9,994 — 225,530 $ — $ 57,053 $ 32 120 — 57,205 $ — $ 394,317 $ 11,870 — — 406,187 $ 9 $ 210,055 $ — — — 210,055 $ — $ 117,928 $ 21,296 — — 139,224 $ — $ 253,213 $ 9,967 805 — 263,985 $ — $ 43,289 $ — — — 43,289 $ — $ 638 $ 641 $ 373 $ — — — 641 $ — $ — — — 373 $ — $ — — — 638 $ — $ 120 78,337 $ — — — 78,337 $ — $ 451,327 $ 3,124 — — 454,451 $ — $ 107,153 $ — — — 107,153 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 25,499 $ 318 — — 25,817 $ — $ 1,781 $ — — — 1,781 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 6,147 $ — — — 6,147 $ — $ 888,739 7,400 15,288 — 911,427 21 321,176 32 150 — 321,358 — 99,791 $ — — — 99,791 $ — $ 1,552,130 46,575 805 — 1,599,510 9 — $ — — — — $ — $ 153,875 — — — 153,875 — 2022 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year (Continued) 2020 2019 2021 (in thousands) As of December 31, 2022 Commercial and industrial: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Lease financing receivables: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Aircraft: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Home equity: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Consumer: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Warehouse: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs TRS: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs RCS: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Total YTD Gross Charge-offs Grand Total: Risk Rating Pass or not rated Special Mention Substandard Doubtful Grand Total YTD Gross Charge-offs $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 116,483 $ 536 — — 117,019 $ — $ 5,469 $ — — — 5,469 $ — $ 65,399 $ — — — 65,399 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 82,431 $ 13,239 — — 95,670 $ — $ 1,964 $ — — — 1,964 $ — $ 54,749 $ — — — 54,749 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 17,944 $ — — — 17,944 $ — $ 542 $ — — — 542 $ — $ 35,085 $ — — — 35,085 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ $ 415 $ 499 $ 168 $ — — — 415 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — — — 499 $ 5 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — — — 168 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 22,357 $ — — — 22,357 $ — $ 2,273 $ — — — 2,273 $ — $ 1,264 $ — — — 1,264 $ — $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Revolving Loans Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis Converted to Term Prior Total 36,367 $ 1,756 — — 38,123 $ — $ 103,257 $ 255 — — 103,512 $ — $ 4,865 $ — — — 4,865 $ — $ 982 $ — — — 982 $ — $ 7,454 $ — 210 — 7,664 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 240,704 $ 171 864 — 241,739 $ — $ 4,328 $ — 33 — 4,361 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 29,594 $ — — — 29,594 $ — $ 15,573 $ — — — 15,573 $ 1,274 $ 403,560 $ — — — 403,560 $ — $ 149,272 $ — — — 149,272 $ 11,659 $ 50,589 $ — 1,149 — 51,738 $ 11,390 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 397,601 15,786 — — 413,387 — 10,505 — — — 10,505 — 179,575 — 210 — 179,785 — 240,704 171 864 — 241,739 — 23,514 — 42 — 23,556 1,290 403,560 — — — 403,560 — 149,272 — — — 149,272 11,659 106,679 — 1,149 — 107,828 11,390 36,254 $ — — — 36,254 $ — $ 1,548 $ — — — 1,548 $ — $ 16,888 $ — — — 16,888 $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 2,531 $ — 9 — 2,540 $ 11 $ — $ — — — — $ — $ — $ — — — — $ — $ 602 $ — — — 602 $ — $ 1,078,578 $ 3,660 1,230 — 1,083,468 $ 21 $ 860,795 $ 25,269 1,133 — 887,197 $ 14 $ 508,758 $ — 1,501 — 510,259 $ — $ 280,501 $ 21,296 1,469 — 303,266 $ 11 $ 597,660 $ 18,995 11,162 — 627,817 $ — $ 990,235 $ 744 2,013 — 992,992 $ 24,323 $ 110,803 $ — — — 110,803 $ — $ 4,427,330 69,964 18,508 — 4,515,802 24,369 121 Subprime Lending Both the Traditional Banking segment and the RCS segment of the Company have certain classes of loans that are considered to be “subprime” strictly due to the credit score of the borrower at the time of origination. Traditional Bank loans considered subprime totaled approximately $58 million and $49 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Approximately $37 million and $30 million of the outstanding Traditional Bank subprime loan portfolio as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were originated for CRA purposes. Management does not consider these loans to possess significantly higher credit risk due to other underwriting qualifications. The RCS segment originates two short-term line-of-credit products, with the second product introduced in January 2021. The Bank sells 90% or 95% of the balances maintained through these products within three business days of loan origination and retains a 5% or 10% interest. These products are unsecured and made to borrowers with subprime or near prime credit scores. The aggregate outstanding balance held-for-investment for these products totaled $36 million and $29 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Allowance for Credit Losses The following tables present the activity in the ACLL by portfolio class for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: (in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Beginning CBank Balance Adjustment* Provision Charge- offs Recoveries Balance Balance Provision 2022 Charge- offs Ending Recoveries Balance 2023 ACLL Roll-forward Years Ended December 31, Ending Beginning $ $ 8,909 2,831 23,739 4,123 3,976 110 449 4,628 996 726 87 135 50,709 1,009 51,718 3,797 91 14,807 18,695 — — — — — 216 — — — — — — 216 — 216 — — — — $ 1,303 $ 213 1,997 1,937 137 866 176 872 (26) $ — — — — (141) — (2) 151 $ 10,337 $ 3 3,047 94 25,830 6,060 — 4,236 123 1,061 10 625 — 5,501 3 8,647 $ 2,700 23,769 4,128 3,487 91 357 4,111 181 $ 129 (308) (5) 218 19 92 396 (21) $ — (9) — — — — — 2 102 $ 8,909 2,831 287 23,739 4,123 3,976 110 449 4,628 — 271 — — 121 176 667 (32) 386 8,698 (162) 8,536 (162) (896) (37) (87) (1,351) — (1,351) 64 197 14 67 726 — 726 1,074 694 32 501 58,998 847 59,845 934 683 186 314 140 866 (111) (151) (155) (1,038) (3) (94) 49,407 1,466 (1,320) — 2,126 (1,117) 349 (1,320) 51,533 77 215 15 66 1,156 — 1,156 996 726 87 135 50,709 1,009 51,718 22,492 (25,823) (128) 3,463 31 3,929 61 (13,912) (39,863) 871 4,365 18,295 22,285 67 16,529 39,088 — 10,471 (11,505) (154) 96 12,948 12,081 (11,390) 13,044 22,036 (23,049) (516) 4,831 665 1,168 6,664 3,797 91 14,807 18,695 Total $ 70,413 $ 216 $ 47,624 $ (41,214) $ 5,091 $ 82,130 $ 64,577 $ 22,385 $ (24,369) $ 7,820 $ 70,413 * The net fair value adjustment to ACLL includes an estimate of lifetime credit losses for Purchased Credit Deteriorated loans. 122 (in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Beginning Balance Provision for Credit Loss ACLL Roll-forward Year Ended December 31, 2021 Charge- offs Recoveries $ 9,715 $ 2,466 23,606 3,274 2,797 106 253 4,990 (1,461) $ 231 509 854 700 (15) 104 (874) — $ — (428) — (86) — — (51) (163) (641) (19) (72) (1,460) — (1,460) 107 425 (233) (254) 93 (281) (188) 6,723 (40) 8,444 15,127 (10,256) (51) (4,707) (15,014) 929 587 399 577 49,699 2,407 52,106 — 158 8,803 8,961 Ending Balance 8,647 2,700 23,769 4,128 3,487 91 357 4,111 934 683 186 314 49,407 2,126 51,533 — 96 12,948 13,044 $ 393 3 82 — 76 — — 46 61 312 39 63 1,075 — 1,075 3,533 29 408 3,970 Total $ 61,067 $ 14,939 $ (16,474) $ 5,045 $ 64,577 The cumulative loss rate used as the basis for the estimate of the Company’s ACLL as of December 31, 2023 was primarily based on a static pool analysis of each of the Company’s loan pools using the Company’s loss experience from 2013 through 2020, supplemented by qualitative factor adjustments for current and forecasted conditions. The Company employs one-year forecasts of unemployment and CRE values within its ACLL model, with reversion to long-term averages following the forecasted period. The cumulative loss rate within the Company’s ACLL also includes estimated losses based on an individual evaluation of loans which are either collateral dependent or which do not share risk characteristics with pooled loans, e.g., Loan Modifications. 123 Nonperforming Loans and Nonperforming Assets Detail of nonperforming loans and nonperforming assets and select credit quality ratios follows: December 31, (in thousands) Loans on nonaccrual status* Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still on accrual** Total nonperforming loans Other real estate owned Total nonperforming assets Credit Quality Ratios - Total Company: Nonperforming loans to total loans Nonperforming assets to total loans (including OREO) Nonperforming assets to total assets Credit Quality Ratios - Core Bank: Nonperforming loans to total loans Nonperforming assets to total loans (including OREO) Nonperforming assets to total assets 2023 2022 $ $ 19,150 1,468 20,618 1,370 21,988 $ $ 15,562 756 16,318 1,581 17,899 0.39 % 0.42 0.33 0.39 % 0.41 0.35 0.36 % 0.40 0.31 0.37 % 0.40 0.32 *Loans on nonaccrual status include collateral-dependent loans. **Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still accruing consist of smaller balance consumer loans. The following table presents the recorded investment in nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90-days-or-more and still on accrual by class of loans: December 31, (in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group Nonaccrual 2023 2022 Past Due 90-Days-or-More and Still Accruing Interest* 2022 2023 $ 15,056 $ 64 850 — 1,221 — — 1,948 — — 10 1 19,150 — 19,150 — — — — $ 13,388 117 1,001 — — — — 815 — — 31 210 15,562 — 15,562 — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1,468 1,468 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 756 756 756 Total $ 19,150 $ 15,562 $ 1,468 $ * Loans past due 90-days-or-more and still accruing consist of smaller balance consumer loans. 124 As of December 31, 2023 Nonaccrual Loans with ACLL Nonaccrual Loans without ACLL Total Nonaccrual Loans Year Ended December 31, 2023 Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual Loans* (in thousands) Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer Total $ $ 376 20 850 — 1,221 — — — 8 2,475 $ $ 14,680 44 — — — — — 1,948 3 16,675 $ $ 15,056 64 850 — 1,221 — — 1,948 11 19,150 * Includes interest income for loans on nonaccrual loans as of the beginning of the period that were paid off during the period. (in thousands) Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer Total As of December 31, 2022 Nonaccrual Loans with ACLL Nonaccrual Loans without ACLL Total Nonaccrual Loans $ $ 2,252 56 1,001 — — — — — 15 3,324 $ $ 11,136 61 — — — — — 815 226 12,238 $ $ 13,388 117 1,001 — — — — 815 241 15,562 $ $ $ $ 954 15 191 — 26 — — 184 6 1,376 1,000 1 1,384 — — — — 263 16 2,664 Year Ended December 31, 2022 Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual Loans* * Includes interest income for loans on nonaccrual as of the beginning of the period that were paid off during the period. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90-days-or-more and still on accrual include smaller balance, primarily retail, homogeneous loans. Nonaccrual loans are typically returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and held current for six consecutive months and future contractual payments are reasonably assured. Loan modifications on nonaccrual status are reviewed for return to accrual status on an individual basis, with additional consideration given to performance under the modified terms. 125  Delinquent Loans The following tables present the aging of the recorded investment in loans by class of loans: December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group 30 - 59 Days Delinquent 60 - 89 Days Days Delinquent Delinquent* Delinquent** Total Total Current Total 90 or More $ $ 3,396 — — — 140 18 — 417 31 129 — 53 4,184 — 4,184 — — 9,387 9,387 $ 769 — — — 36 — — 96 4 1 — 7 913 — 913 — — 3,061 3,061 $ 1,638 — — — 1,184 — — 254 — 1 2 — 3,079 — 3,079 — — 1,468 1,468 5,803 — — — 1,360 18 — 767 35 131 2 60 8,176 — 8,176 $ 1,138,881 $ 345,965 1,785,289 217,338 462,718 88,573 250,051 294,366 1,144,684 345,965 1,785,289 217,338 464,078 88,591 250,051 295,133 16,619 563 2,662 7,368 4,610,393 339,723 4,950,116 16,654 694 2,664 7,428 4,618,569 339,723 4,958,292 — — 13,916 13,916 103,115 46,092 118,446 267,653 103,115 46,092 132,362 281,569 Total Delinquency ratio*** $ 13,571 $ 0.25 % 3,974 $ 0.08 % 4,547 $ 0.09 % 22,092 $ 0.42 % 5,217,769 $ 5,239,861 *All loans past due 90-days-or-more, excluding small balance consumer loans, were on nonaccrual status. **Delinquent status may be determined by either the number of days past due or number of payments past due. ***Represents total loans 30-days-or-more past due by aging category divided by total loans. 126 December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer: Credit cards Overdrafts Automobile loans Other consumer Total Traditional Banking Warehouse lines of credit Total Core Banking Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions: Refund Advances Other TRS commercial & industrial loans Republic Credit Solutions Total Republic Processing Group 30 - 59 Days Delinquent 60 - 89 Days Days Delinquent Delinquent* Delinquent** Total 90 or More $ $ 2,382 — 604 — 177 — — 56 50 158 8 43 3,478 — 3,478 — — 6,488 6,488 $ 1,185 — — — — — — 93 5 1 — 1 1,285 — 1,285 — — 1,956 1,956 $ 1,267 — — — — — — 26 — 1 3 — 1,297 — 1,297 — — 756 756 4,834 — 604 — 177 — — 175 55 160 11 44 6,060 — 6,060 — — 9,200 9,200 Total Current Total $ 906,593 $ 321,358 1,598,906 153,875 413,210 10,505 179,785 241,564 911,427 321,358 1,599,510 153,875 413,387 10,505 179,785 241,739 15,418 566 6,720 582 3,849,082 403,560 4,252,642 15,473 726 6,731 626 3,855,142 403,560 4,258,702 97,505 51,767 98,628 247,900 97,505 51,767 107,828 257,100 Total Delinquency ratio*** $ 9,966 $ 0.22 % 3,241 $ 0.07 % 2,053 $ 0.05 % 15,260 $ 0.34 % 4,500,542 $ 4,515,802 *All loans past due 90 days-or-more, excluding small-dollar consumer loans, were on nonaccrual status. **Delinquent status may be determined by either the number of days past due or number of payments past due. ***Represents total loans 30-days-or-more past due divided by total loans. Collateral-Dependent Loans The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: (in thousands) Traditional Banking: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Commercial real estate Construction & land development Commercial & industrial Lease financing receivables Aircraft Home equity Consumer Total Traditional Banking December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 Secured by Real Estate Secured by Personal Property Secured by Real Estate Secured by Personal Property Secured by Real Estate Secured by Personal Property $ $ 18,602 64 870 — 1,273 — — 2,008 — 22,817 $ $ — $ — — — — 108 — — 13 121 $ 18,057 150 1,041 — — — — 967 — 20,215 $ $ — $ — — — — — 210 — 26 236 $ 14,798 95 6,736 — — — — 1,976 — 23,605 $ $ — — — — 192 — — — 274 466 Collateral-dependent loans are generally secured by real estate or personal property. If there is insufficient collateral value to secure the Company’s recorded investment in these loans, they are charged down to collateral value less estimated selling cost, when selling costs are applicable. Selling costs range from 10%-13%, with those percentages based on annual studies performed by the Company. 127 Loan and Lease Modification Disclosures Pursuant to ASU 2022-02 The following table shows the amortized cost of loans and leases as of December 31, 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, segregated by portfolio segment and type of modification. The following tables shows the amortized cost of loans and leases modified by type. (in thousands) Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Nonowner-occupied Home equity Republic Processing Group Total Loan Modifications (in thousands) Term extension Principal deferral Total Loan Modifications Loans (#) Rate Reduction ($) Loans (#) Term Extension ($) Loans (#) Principal Deferral ($) Amortized Cost Basis of Modified Financing Receivables Years Ended December 31, 2023 — — — — — $ $ — — — — — 1 — — — 1 $ $ 158 — — — 158 14 — 9 199 222 $ $ 975 — 709 48 1,732 Total Loan Modification by Type Accruing Nonaccruing Years Ended December 31, 2023 Loans (#) Recorded investment ($) Loans (#) Recorded investment ($) — 199 199 $ $ — 48 48 1 23 24 $ $ 158 1,684 1,842 The following tables show the percentage of the amortized cost of loans and leases that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost of each segment of financing receivable. (dollars in thousands) Republic Processing Group Total Accruing Loan Modifications (dollars in thousands) Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Home equity Total Nonaccruing Loan Modifications Accruing Loan Modifications Years Ended December 31, 2023 Loans Amortized Cost Basis % of Total of Financing Receivable 199 199 $ $ 48 48 0.02 % 0.00 Nonaccruing Loan Modifications Years Ended December 31, 2023 Loans Amortized Cost Basis % of Total of Financing Receivable 15 9 24 $ $ 1,133 709 1,842 0.10 % 0.24 0.04 There were no commitments to lend additional amounts to the borrowers included in the previous table. 128 The Company closely monitors the performance of loans and leases that have been modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table shows the performance of such loans and leases that have been modified during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023. (in thousands) Republic Processing Group Total Accruing Loan Modifications (in thousands) Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Home equity Total Nonaccruing Loan Modifications Accruing Loan Modifications Years Ended December 31, 2023 Current 30-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due 48 48 $ $ — — $ $ — — Nonaccruing Loan Modifications Years Ended December 31, 2023 Current 30-89 Days Past Due 90+ Days Past Due 856 650 1,506 $ $ — 34 34 $ $ 277 25 302 $ $ $ $ There were nine loans and leases with a total balance of $752,000 that had a payment default during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and were modified in the twelve months prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Upon the Company’s determination that a modified loan or lease has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan or lease is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the allowance for loan and lea se losses is adjusted by the same amount. 129 Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDR) Disclosures Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02 Detail of TDRs differentiated by loan type and accrual status follows: December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Loans Investment Troubled Debt Restructurings on Nonaccrual Status Number of Recorded Troubled Debt Restructurings on Accrual Status Total Troubled Debt Restructurings Number of Loans Recorded Investment Number of Loans Recorded Investment Residential real estate Commercial real estate Commercial & industrial Consumer Total troubled debt restructurings 66 $ — — 1 67 $ 3,427 — — 9 3,436 84 $ 1 1 2,322 2,408 $ 7,345 847 1 397 8,590 150 $ 1 1 2,323 2,475 $ 10,772 847 1 406 12,026 The classification between nonperforming and performing was determined at the time of modification. Modification programs focus on extending maturity dates or modifying payment patterns with most TDRs experiencing a combination of concessions. Modifications do not result in the contractual forgiveness of principal or interest. The following table shows the recorded investment of loans and leases classified as troubled debt restructurings as of December 31, 2022. December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Residential real estate loans (including home equity loans): Rate reduction Principal deferral Legal modification Total residential TDRs Commercial related and construction/land development loans: Rate reduction Principal deferral Total commercial TDRs Consumer loans: Principal deferral Legal modification Total consumer TDRs Troubled Debt Restructurings Performing to Modified Terms Troubled Debt Restructurings Not Performing to Modified Terms Total Troubled Debt Restructurings Number of Recorded Investment Loans Number of Recorded Investment Loans Number of Recorded Investment Loans 67 $ 7 67 141 6,305 699 3,149 10,153 3 $ — 6 9 1 1 2 2,320 3 2,323 847 1 848 393 13 406 — — — — — — 242 — 377 619 — — — — — — 70 $ 7 73 150 6,547 699 3,526 10,772 1 1 2 2,320 3 2,323 847 1 848 393 13 406 Total troubled debt restructurings 2,466 $ 11,407 9 $ 619 2,475 $ 12,026 130 A summary of the categories of TDR loan modifications by respective performance as of December 31, 2022 that were modified during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 follows: December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Residential real estate loans (including home equity loans): Rate reduction Legal modification Total residential TDRs Consumer loans: Principal deferral Total consumer TDRs Troubled Debt Restructurings Performing to Modified Terms Troubled Debt Restructurings Not Performing to Modified Terms Total Troubled Debt Restructurings Number of Recorded Investment Loans Number of Recorded Investment Loans Number of Recorded Investment Loans 1 $ 30 31 192 1,607 1,799 — $ 3 3 — 297 297 1 $ 33 34 192 1,904 2,096 1,042 1,042 145 145 — — — — 1,042 1,042 145 145 Total troubled debt restructurings 1,073 $ 1,944 3 $ 297 1,076 $ 2,241 There was no significant change between the pre and post modification loan balances for the twelve months ending December 31, 2022. Foreclosures The following table presents the carrying amount of foreclosed properties held as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 as a result of the Bank obtaining physical possession of such properties: December 31, (in thousands) Commercial real estate Total other real estate owned 2023 2022 $ $ 1,370 $ 1,370 $ 1,581 1,581 The following table presents the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to local requirements of the applicable jurisdiction as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Recorded investment in consumer residential real estate mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure $ 1,556 $ 909 131 Refund Advances The Company’s TRS segment offered its RA product during the first two months of 2023, 2022, and 2021 and its ERA product during December 2022 and 2023 related to the first quarter 2023 and 2024 tax filing season. The Company bases its estimated Provision for RAs on the current year’s RA delinquency information, the prior year’s tax refund payment patterns subsequent to the first quarter, and any Tax Provider loss guarantee arrangements. Each year, all unpaid RAs and ERAs are charged off by June 30 th, and each quarter thereafter, any credits to the Provision for RAs and ERAs match the recovery of previously charged-off accounts. Information regarding RA follows: (dollars in thousands) 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2022 Refund Advances originated Net charge to the Provision for RAs, including ERAs Provision as a percentage of RAs, including ERAs, originated Refund Advances net charge-offs (recoveries) Refund Advances net charge-offs (recoveries) to total Refund Advances originated $ $ Information regarding ERAs follows: 840,162 22,492 $ 2.68 % 22,360 $ 408,712 10,471 $ 2.56 % 6,674 $ 2021 250,045 6,723 2.69 % 6,723 2.66 % 1.63 % 2.69 % (dollars in thousands) 2023 Years Ended December 31, 2022 Early Season Refund Advances outstanding Net charge to the Provision for outstanding Early Season Refund Advances Provision to total Early Season Refund Advances outstanding 5. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT $ 103,115 $ 97,505 $ 3,931 3.81 % 3,797 3.89 % A summary of the cost and accumulated depreciation of premises and equipment follows: 2021 — — — % December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Land Buildings and improvements Furniture, fixtures and equipment Leasehold improvements Construction in progress Total premises and equipment Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization Premises and equipment, net $ $ 4,578 $ 33,606 55,023 24,893 34 118,134 84,723 33,411 $ 3,818 32,780 51,652 21,755 547 110,552 78,574 31,978 Depreciation expense related to premises and equipment follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Depreciation expense $ 7,063 $ 7,598 $ 8,986 132 6. RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND OPERATING LEASE LIABILITIES The Company records as operating lease liabilities the present value of its required minimum lease payments plus any amounts probable of being owed under a residual value guarantee. Offsetting these operating lease liabilities, the Company records right-of-use assets for the underlying leased property. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was under 50 separate and distinct operating lease contracts to lease the land and/or buildings for 37 of its offices, with 12 such operating leases contracted with a related party of the Company. As of December 31, 2023, payments on 26 of the Company’s operating leases were considered variable because such payments were adjustable based on periodic changes in the Consumer Price Index. The Company recorded three third-party lease renewals during 2023 with a total right-of-use asset value of $1.7 million and recorded five new third-party leases during 2023 with a total right-of-use asset value of $2.0 million. The Company recorded two new third-party office leases, renewed one of its existing related-party leases, and extended six of its third-party leases during 2022, with a related total right-of-use asset value of $6 million connected to this 2022 activity. The following table presents information concerning the Company’s operating lease expense recorded as a noninterest expense within the category “Occupancy and equipment, net” for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Operating lease expense: Related Party: Variable lease expense Fixed lease expense Third-Party: Variable lease expense Fixed lease expense Total operating lease expense Other information concerning operating leases: Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities Cash paid for variable rent payments not included in measurement of operating lease liabilities $ 4,688 233 $ 4,831 $ 207 4,921 137 1,464 1,566 7,951 6,901 603 $ $ $ $ 1,001 1,526 7,565 $ 787 1,372 7,217 6,847 $ 603 7,286 The following table presents the weighted average remaining term and weighted average discount rate for the Company’s non-short- term operating leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 Weighted average remaining term in years Weighted average discount rate 7.61 2.30 % 8.44 2.10 % The following table presents a maturity schedule of the Company’s operating lease liabilities based on undiscounted cash flows, and a reconciliation of those undiscounted cash flows to the operating lease liabilities recognized on the Company’s balance sheet as of December 31, 2023: Year (in thousands) Related Party Third-Party Total 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total undiscounted cash flows Discount applied to cash flows Total discounted cash flows reported as operating lease liabilities 133 $ $ $ 3,726 $ 3,569 3,640 3,680 3,541 8,210 26,366 $ (2,742) 23,624 $ 2,883 $ 2,302 1,982 1,661 952 3,790 13,570 $ (1,655) 11,915 $ 6,609 5,871 5,622 5,341 4,493 12,000 39,936 (4,397) 35,539 7. GOODWILL AND CORE DEPOSIT INTANGIBLE ASSETS A progression of the balance for goodwill follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Beginning of period Acquired goodwill Impairment End of period $ $ 16,300 $ 24,216 — 40,516 $ 16,300 $ — — 16,300 $ 16,300 — — 16,300 The goodwill balance relates entirely to the Company’s Traditional Banking segment and Core Banking operations. Impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying value of goodwill exceeds its fair value. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s Core Banking reporting unit had positive equity and the Company elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was not more-likely-than-not that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeded its fair value. The Company recorded a $3 million CDI asset in association with its March 15, 2023 CBank acquisition. For the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, aggregate CDI amortization expense follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Core deposit amortization expense $ 405 $ — $ 189 134 8. INTEREST RATE SWAPS Non-hedge Interest Rate Swaps The Bank enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate client transactions and meet their financing needs. Upon entering into these instruments to meet client needs, the Bank enters into offsetting positions in order to minimize the Bank’s interest rate risk. These swaps are derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments, and therefore changes in fair value are reported in current year earnings. Interest rate swap contracts involve the risk of dealing with counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is positive, this generally indicates that the counter party or client owes the Bank, and results in credit risk to the Bank. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is negative, the Bank owes the client or counterparty and has no credit risk. A summary of the Bank’s interest rate swaps related to clients as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is included in the following table: December 31, (in thousands) Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Assets Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Liabilities Interest rate swaps with Bank clients - Total Bank Position Pay variable/receive fixed Pay variable/receive fixed Pay variable/receive fixed Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Assets Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Liabilities Offsetting interest rate swaps with institutional swap dealer - Total Pay fixed/receive variable Pay fixed/receive variable Pay fixed/receive variable Total 2023 2022 Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value $ $ $ 120,442 $ 95,820 216,262 $ 95,820 120,442 216,262 $ 4,066 $ (4,867) (801) $ 40,032 $ 91,636 131,668 $ 4,867 (4,066) 91,636 40,032 801 $ 131,668 $ 1,386 (6,742) (5,356) 6,742 (1,386) 5,356 $ 432,524 $ — $ 263,336 $ — The Bank and its counterparties are required to pledge securities or cash as collateral when either party is in a net loss position exceeding $250,000 with the other party. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank’s counterparties had cash of $1.9 million and $3.6 million pledged to the Bank, which were included in Interest-bearing deposits on the Company’s Balance Sheet. Conversely, the Bank had $1.0 million and $901,000 pledged to its counterparties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, which were included in Cash and cash equivalents on the Company’s Balance Sheet. 135 9. DEPOSITS The composition of the deposit portfolio follows: December 31, (in thousands) Core Bank: Demand Money market accounts Savings Reciprocal money market Individual retirement accounts (1) Time deposits, $250 and over (1) Other certificates of deposit (1) Reciprocal time deposits (1) Wholesale brokered deposits (1) Total Core Bank interest-bearing deposits Total Core Bank noninterest-bearing deposits Total Core Bank deposits Republic Processing Group: Wholesale brokered deposits (1) Money market accounts Total RPG interest-bearing deposits Noninterest-bearing prepaid card deposits Other noninterest-bearing deposits Total RPG noninterest-bearing deposits Total RPG deposits Total deposits (1) Represents time deposits. $ 2023 2022 1,158,051 $ 1,007,356 263,238 188,078 33,793 101,787 225,614 90,857 88,767 3,157,541 1,239,466 4,397,007 199,960 18,664 218,624 318,769 118,763 437,532 656,156 1,336,082 707,272 323,015 28,635 38,640 54,855 129,324 7,405 — 2,625,228 1,464,493 4,089,721 — 3,849 3,849 328,655 115,620 444,275 448,124 $ 5,053,163 $ 4,537,845 As of December 31, 2023, the scheduled maturities and weighted average rate of all time deposits, including brokered and reciprocal certificates of deposit, were as follows: Years (dollars in thousands) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total Principal Weighted Average Rate $ $ 601,695 21,843 93,070 7,324 16,846 — 740,778 4.56 % 2.02 5.07 1.62 4.01 — 4.51 136 10. SECURITIES SOLD UNDER AGREEMENTS TO REPURCHASE Securities sold under agreements to repurchase consist of short-term excess funds from correspondent banks, repurchase agreements and overnight liabilities to deposit clients arising from the Bank’s treasury management program. While comparable to deposits in their transactional nature, these overnight liabilities to clients are in the form of repurchase agreements. Repurchase agreements collateralized by securities are treated as financings; accordingly, the securities involved with the agreements are recorded as assets and are held by a safekeeping agent and the obligations to repurchase the securities are reflected as liabilities. Should the fair value of currently pledged securities fall below the associated repurchase agreements, the Bank would be required to pledge additional securities. To mitigate the risk of under collateralization, the Bank typically pledges at least two percent more in securities than the associated repurchase agreements. All such securities are under the Bank’s control. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, all securities sold under agreements to repurchase had overnight maturities. Additional information regarding securities sold under agreements to repurchase follows: December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 Outstanding balance at end of period Weighted average interest rate at end of period $ 97,618 $ 216,956 0.50 % 0.41 % Fair value of securities pledged: U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Total securities pledged $ $ 99,530 99,530 $ $ 254,296 254,296 Additional information regarding securities sold under agreements to repurchase for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Average outstanding balance during the period Weighted average interest rate during the period Maximum outstanding at any month end during the period $ 134,632 $ 265,188 $ 231,430 0.43 % 0.15 % 0.03 % $ 311,035 $ 303,315 $ 432,047 11. FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK ADVANCES As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, FHLB advances were as follows: December 31, (in thousands) Overnight advances Fixed interest rate advances Total FHLB advances 2023 2022 $ $ 110,000 $ 270,000 380,000 $ 75,000 20,000 95,000 Each FHLB advance is payable at its maturity date, with a prepayment penalty for fixed rate advances that are paid off earlier than maturity. FHLB advances are collateralized by a blanket pledge of eligible real estate loans. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Republic had available borrowing capacity of $730 million and $899 million, respectively, from the FHLB. In addition to its borrowing capacity with the FHLB, Republic also had unsecured lines of credit totaling $100 million and $125 million, respectively, available through various other financial institutions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. 137 Aggregate future principal payments on FHLB advances based on contractual maturity and the weighted average cost of such advances are detailed below: Year (dollars in thousands) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Total Weighted Average Rate Principal $ $ 110,000 — 30,000 80,000 160,000 380,000 5.38 % — 4.82 4.01 4.39 4.63 % Information regarding overnight FHLB advances follows: December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 Outstanding balance at end of period Weighted average interest rate at end of period $ 110,000 $ 5.38 % 75,000 4.36 % Years Ended December 31, (dollars in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Average outstanding balance during the period Weighted average interest rate during the period Maximum outstanding at any month end during the period $ $ 197,185 $ 5.06 % 485,000 $ 4,630 $ 0.53 % 75,000 $ 28,767 0.15 % 25,000 The following table illustrates real estate loans pledged to collateralize advances and letters of credit with the FHLB: December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 First-lien, single family residential real estate Home equity lines of credit Multi-family commercial real estate $ 1,345,752 $ 266,389 133,565 1,106,287 219,644 — 12. OFF BALANCE SHEET RISKS, COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Commitments to Extend Credit The Company, in the normal course of business, is party to financial instruments with off balance sheet risk. These financial instruments primarily include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. The contract or notional amounts of these instruments reflect the potential future obligations of the Company pursuant to those financial instruments. Creditworthiness for all instruments is evaluated on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the Company’s credit policies. Collateral from the client may be required based on the Company’s credit evaluation of the client and may include business assets of commercial clients, as well as personal property and real estate of individual clients or guarantors. The Company also extends binding commitments to clients and prospective clients. Such commitments assure a borrower of financing for a specified period of time at a specified rate. The risk to the Company under such loan commitments is limited by the terms of the contracts. For example, the Company may not be obligated to advance funds if the client’s financial condition deteriorates or if the client fails to meet specific covenants. 138 An approved but unfunded loan commitment represents a potential credit risk and a liquidity risk, since the Company’s client(s) may demand immediate cash that would require funding. In addition, unfunded loan commitments represent interest rate risk as market interest rates may rise above the rate committed to the Company’s client. Since a portion of these loan commitments normally expire unused, the total amount of outstanding commitments at any point in time may not require future funding. The following table presents the Company’s commitments, exclusive of Mortgage Banking loan commitments for each year ended: December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Unused warehouse lines of credit Unused home equity lines of credit Unused loan commitments - other Standby letters of credit FHLB letter of credit Total commitments $ 623,277 $ 446,006 1,159,284 11,012 — $ 2,239,579 $ 733,940 410,057 951,021 9,735 643 2,105,396 Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a client to a third party. The terms and risk of loss involved in issuing standby letters of credit are similar to those involved in issuing loan commitments and extending credit. In addition to credit risk, the Company also has liquidity risk associated with standby letters of credit because funding for these obligations could be required immediately. The Company does not deem this risk to be material. The following tables present a rollforward of the ACLC for years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022: ACLC Roll-forward Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) Loan Commitments Beginning Balance Provision offs Recoveries 2023 Charge- Ending Balance Beginning Balance Provision Recoveries Ending Balance 2022 Charge- offs Unused warehouse lines of credit Unused home equity lines of credit Unused construction lines of credit Unused loan commitments - other $ 190 $ 332 384 344 (74) $ (277) 436 5 — $ — — — — $ — — — 116 $ 55 820 349 154 $ 247 383 268 36 $ 85 1 76 — $ — — — — $ — — — 190 332 384 344 Total $ 1,250 $ 90 $ — $ — $ 1,340 $ 1,052 $ 198 $ — $ — $ 1,250 The Company increased its ACLC $90 million during 2023 primarily due to an increase in unused construction lines, which was partially offset by a decrease in home equity lines. 139 13. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND REGULATORY CAPITAL MATTERS Common Stock — The Company’s Class A Common shares are entitled to cash dividends equal to 110% of the cash dividend paid per share on Class B Common Stock. Class A Common shares have one vote per share and Class B Common shares have ten votes per share. Class B Common shares may be converted, at the option of the holder, to Class A Common shares on a share-for-share basis. The Class A Common shares are not convertible into any other class of Republic’s capital stock. Dividend Restrictions — The Parent Company’s principal source of funds for dividend payments are dividends received from the Bank. Banking regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid to the Parent Company by the Bank without prior approval of the respective states’ banking regulators. Under these regulations, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the current year’s net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years. As of January 1, 2024, the Bank could, without prior approval, declare dividends of approximately $133 million. Any payment of dividends in the future will depend, in large part, on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, and other factors considered relevant by the Company’s Board of Directors. Regulatory Capital Requirements — The Parent Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by banking regulators. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on Republic’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Parent Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Company’s assets, liabilities and certain off- balance sheet items, as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institution’s category. 140 For prompt corrective action, the regulations in accordance with Basel III define “well capitalized” as a 10.0% Total Risk-Based Capital ratio, a 6.5% Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, an 8.0% Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital ratio, and a 5.0% Tier 1 Leverage ratio. Additionally, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions, including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers, the Company and Bank must hold a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% composed of Common Equity Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital above their minimum risk-based capital requirements. Minimum Requirement for Capital Adequacy Purposes Minimum Requirement to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Actual (dollars in thousands) Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio As of December 31, 2023 Total capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company $ 968,844 931,923 16.10 % $ 15.50 481,522 481,147 8.00 % 8.00 $ NA 601,433 NA 10.00 % Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company 893,658 856,744 14.85 14.25 270,856 270,645 4.50 4.50 NA 390,932 NA 6.50 Tier 1 (core) capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company (dollars in thousands) As of December 31, 2022 Total capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company 893,658 856,744 14.85 14.25 361,141 360,860 6.00 6.00 NA 481,147 NA 8.00 893,658 856,744 13.89 13.25 257,442 258,697 4.00 4.00 NA 323,371 NA 5.00 Minimum Requirement for Capital Adequacy Purposes Minimum Requirement to be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Actual Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio $ 941,865 904,592 17.92 % $ 17.23 420,514 420,040 8.00 % 8.00 $ NA 525,050 NA 10.00 % Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company 877,735 840,462 16.70 16.01 236,539 236,273 4.50 4.50 NA 341,283 NA 6.50 Tier 1 (core) capital to risk-weighted assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company Tier 1 leverage capital to average assets Republic Bancorp, Inc. Republic Bank & Trust Company 877,735 840,462 16.70 16.01 315,386 315,030 6.00 6.00 NA 420,040 NA 8.00 877,735 840,462 14.81 14.09 237,106 238,578 4.00 4.00 NA 298,222 NA 5.00 141 14. FAIR VALUE Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values: Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date. Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The Bank used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of each type of financial instrument: Available-for-sale debt securities: Except for the Bank’s U.S. Treasury securities, its private label mortgage-backed security, and its TRUP investment, the fair value of AFS debt securities is typically determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs). The Bank’s U.S. Treasury securities are based on quoted market prices (Level 1 inputs) and considered highly liquid. The Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security remains illiquid, and as such, the Bank classifies this security as a Level 3 security in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. Based on this determination, the Bank utilized an income valuation model (present value model) approach in determining the fair value of this security. See in this section of the filing under Footnote 2 “Investment Securities” for additional discussion regarding the Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security. The Company acquired its TRUP investment in 2015 and considered the most recent bid price for the same instrument to approximate market value as of December 31, 2023. The Company’s TRUP investment is considered highly illiquid and also valued using Level 3 inputs, as the most recent bid price for this instrument is not always considered generally observable. Equity securities with readily determinable fair value: Quoted market prices in an active market are available for the Bank’s CRA mutual fund investment and fall within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the Company’s Freddie Mac preferred stock is determined by matrix pricing, as described above (Level 2 inputs). Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value: The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices. Mortgage loans held for sale are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value: The fair value for these loans is based on contractual sales terms, Level 3 inputs. Consumer loans held for investment, at fair value: The Bank held an immaterial amount of consumer loans at fair value through a consumer loan program the Company is currently unwinding. The fair value of these loans was based on the discounted cash flows of the underlying loans, Level 3 inputs. Further disclosure of these loans is considered immaterial and thus omitted. 142 Mortgage Banking derivatives: Mortgage Banking derivatives used in the ordinary course of business primarily consist of mandatory forward sales contracts (“forward contracts”) and interest rate lock loan commitments. The fair value of the Bank’s derivative instruments is primarily measured by obtaining pricing from broker-dealers recognized to be market participants. The pricing is derived from market observable inputs that can generally be verified and do not typically involve significant judgment by the Bank. Forward contracts and rate lock loan commitments are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Interest rate swap agreements: Interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company values its interest rate swaps using a third-party valuation service and classifies such valuations as Level 2. Valuations of these interest rate swaps are also received from the relevant dealer counterparty and validated against the Company’s calculations. The Company has considered counterparty credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap assets and has considered its own credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap liabilities. Collateral-dependent loans: Collateral-dependent loans generally reflect partial charge-downs to their respective fair value, which is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or BPOs. These appraisals or BPOs may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the process by the independent experts to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Collateral-dependent loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly. Other real estate owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or BPOs. These appraisals or BPOs may utilize a single approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the process by the independent experts to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Appraisals for collateral-dependent loans, impaired premises and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Bank. Once the appraisal is received, a member of the Bank’s CCAD reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal, as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources, such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. On at least an annual basis, the Bank performs a back test of collateral appraisals by comparing actual selling prices on recent collateral sales to the most recent appraisal of such collateral. Back tests are performed for each collateral class, e.g., residential real estate or commercial real estate, and may lead to additional adjustments to the value of unliquidated collateral of similar class. Mortgage servicing rights: At least quarterly, MSRs are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the MSRs as compared to carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an individual tranche exceeds fair value, impairment is recorded, and the respective individual tranche is carried at fair value. If the carrying amount of an individual tranche does not exceed fair value, impairment is reversed if previously recognized and the carrying value of the individual tranche is based on the amortization method. The valuation model utilizes assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income and can generally be validated against available market data (Level 2). 143 Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including financial assets and liabilities for which the Bank has elected the fair value option, are summarized below: (in thousands) Financial assets: Available-for-sale debt securities: U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Private label mortgage-backed security Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Corporate bonds Trust preferred security Total available-for-sale debt securities Equity securities with readily determinable fair value: Freddie Mac preferred stock Community Reinvestment Act mutual fund Total equity securities with readily determinable fair value Mortgage loans held for sale Consumer loans held for sale Rate lock commitments Interest rate swap agreements Financial liabilities: Mandatory forward contracts Interest rate swap agreements Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value $ $ $ $ $ $ 177,784 — — — — — 177,784 — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 229,249 — 154,710 21,659 2,020 — 407,638 174 — 174 3,227 — 243 8,933 $ $ $ $ $ — 1,773 — — — 4,118 5,891 — — — — 7,914 — — $ 61 $ 8,933 $ — — 407,033 1,773 154,710 21,659 2,020 4,118 591,313 174 — 174 3,227 7,914 243 8,933 61 8,933 144 (in thousands) Financial assets: Available-for-sale debt securities: U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies Private label mortgage-backed security Mortgage-backed securities - residential Collateralized mortgage obligations Corporate bonds Trust preferred security Total available-for-sale debt securities Equity securities with readily determinable fair value: Freddie Mac preferred stock Total equity securities with readily determinable fair value Mortgage loans held for sale Consumer loans held for sale Consumer loans held for investment Rate lock commitments Interest rate swap agreements Financial liabilities: Mandatory forward contracts Interest rate swap agreements Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 193,385 — — — — — 193,385 — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ 217,756 — 171,873 21,368 10,001 — 420,998 111 111 1,302 — — 2 8,127 $ $ $ $ $ — 2,127 — — — 3,855 5,982 — — — 4,706 2 — — 411,141 2,127 171,873 21,368 10,001 3,855 620,365 111 111 1,302 4,706 2 2 8,127 $ — — 67 8,127 $ $ — — 67 8,127 All transfers between levels are generally recognized at the end of each quarter. There were no transfers into or out of Level 1, 2 or 3 assets during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Private Label Mortgage-Backed Security The following table presents a reconciliation of the Bank’s private label mortgage-backed security measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3): Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Balance, beginning of period Total gains or losses included in earnings: Net change in unrealized gain (loss) Principal paydowns Balance, end of period $ $ 2,127 $ 2,731 $ 2,957 46 (400) 1,773 $ (29) (575) 2,127 $ 63 (289) 2,731 The fair value of the Bank’s single private label mortgage-backed security is supported by analysis prepared by an independent third party. The third party’s approach to determining fair value involved several steps: 1) detailed collateral analysis of the underlying mortgages, including consideration of geographic location, original loan-to-value and the weighted average FICO score of the borrowers; 2) collateral performance projections for each pool of mortgages underlying the security (probability of default, severity of default, and prepayment probabilities); and 3) discounted cash flow modeling. The significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement of the Bank’s single private label mortgage-backed security are prepayment rates, probability of default and loss severity in the event of default. Significant fluctuations in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly different fair value measurement. 145 The following tables present quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Range Private label mortgage-backed security $ 1,773 Discounted cash flow (1) Constant prepayment rate 3.9% - 4.5% (2) Probability of default 1.8% - 9.4% (3) Loss severity 25% - 35% December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Range Private label mortgage-backed security $ 2,127 Discounted cash flow (1) Constant prepayment rate 4.5% - 4.7% (2) Probability of default 1.8% - 9.3% (3) Loss severity 25% - 35% Trust Preferred Security The Company invested in its TRUP in November 2015. The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s TRUP measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Balance, beginning of period Total gains or losses included in earnings: Discount accretion Net change in unrealized gain (loss) Balance, end of period $ 3,855 $ 3,847 $ 3,800 59 204 4,118 $ 57 (49) 3,855 $ 53 (6) 3,847 $ The fair value of the Company’s TRUP investment is based on the most recent bid price for this instrument, as provided by a third- party broker. Mortgage Loans Held for Sale The Bank has elected the fair value option for mortgage loans held for sale. These loans are intended for sale and the Bank believes that the fair value is the best indicator of the resolution of these loans. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loan and in accordance with Bank policy for such instruments. None of these loans were past due 90-days-or-more nor on nonaccrual as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the aggregate fair value, contractual balance (including accrued interest), and unrealized gain was as follows: December 31, (in thousands) Aggregate fair value Contractual balance Unrealized gain 2023 2022 $ 3,227 $ 3,168 59 1,302 1,265 37 146 The total amount of gains and losses from changes in fair value of mortgage loans held for sale included in earnings for 2023, 2022, and 2021 are presented in the following table: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Interest income Change in fair value Total included in earnings Consumer Loans Held for Sale $ $ 282 $ 22 304 $ 519 $ (688) (169) $ 1,081 (1,361) (280) RCS carries loans originated through its installment loan program at fair value. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loan and in accordance with Bank policy for such instruments. None of these loans were past due 90-days-or-more or on nonaccrual as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement of the Bank’s short-term installment loans are the net contractual premiums and level of loans sold at a discount price. Significant fluctuations in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower/higher fair value measurement. The following table presents quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurement inputs for installment loans: December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Rate Consumer loans held for sale $ 7,914 Contract Terms (1) Net Premium 0.15% (2) Discounted Sales 10.00% December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Rate Consumer loans held for sale $ 4,706 Contract Terms (1) Net Premium (2) Discounted Sales 0.15% 10.00% The aggregate fair value, contractual balance, and unrealized gain on consumer loans held for sale, at fair value, were as follows: December 31, (in thousands) Aggregate fair value Contractual balance Unrealized loss 2023 2022 $ 7,914 $ 7,964 (50) 4,706 4,734 (28) The total amount of net gains from changes in fair value included in earnings for consumer loans held for sale, at fair value, are presented in the following table: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Interest income Change in fair value Total included in earnings $ $ 4,242 $ (22) 4,220 $ 9,970 $ (142) 9,828 $ 7,708 100 7,808 147 Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below: (in thousands) Collateral-dependent loans: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Commercial real estate Home equity Total collateral-dependent loans* Other real estate owned: Commercial real estate Total other real estate owned (in thousands) Collateral-dependent loans: Residential real estate: Owner-occupied Commercial real estate Total collateral-dependent loans* Other real estate owned: Residential real estate Total other real estate owned Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value — — — — — — $ $ $ $ — — — — — — $ $ $ $ 1,580 795 104 2,479 1,370 1,370 $ $ $ $ 1,580 795 104 2,479 1,370 1,370 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using: Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value — — — — — $ $ $ $ — — — — — $ $ $ $ 1,456 906 2,362 1,581 1,581 $ $ $ $ 1,456 906 2,362 1,581 1,581 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ * The difference between the carrying value and the fair value of collateral dependent or impaired loans measured at fair value is reconciled in a subsequent table of this Footnote. 148 The following tables present quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands) Collateral-dependent loans - residential real estate owner- occupied Collateral-dependent loans - commercial real estate Collateral-dependent loans - home equity Other real estate owned - commercial real estate December 31, 2022 (dollars in thousands) Collateral-dependent loans - residential real estate owner- occupied Collateral-dependent loans - commercial real estate Other real estate owned - commercial real estate Collateral Dependent Loans Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Range (Weighted Average) 1,580 Sales comparison approach Adjustments determined for 0% - 27% (4%) differences between comparable sales 795 Sales comparison approach Adjustments determined for 11% (11%) differences between comparable sales 104 Sales comparison approach Adjustments determined for 5% (5%) differences between comparable sales 1,370 Sales comparison approach Adjustments determined for 39% (39%) differences between comparable sales Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Inputs Range (Weighted Average) 1,456 Sales comparison approach Adjustments determined for differences 0% - 41% (11%) between comparable sales 906 Sales comparison approach Adjustments determined for differences 16% (16%) between comparable sales 1,581 Sales comparison approach Adjustments determined for differences 39% (39%) between comparable sales $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Collateral-dependent loans are generally measured for loss using the fair value for reasonable disposition of the underlying collateral. The Bank’s practice is to obtain new or updated appraisals or BPOs on the loans subject to the initial review and then to evaluate the need for an update to this value on an as-necessary or possibly annual basis thereafter (depending on the market conditions impacting the value of the collateral). The Bank may discount the valuation amount as necessary for selling costs and past due real estate taxes. If a new or updated appraisal or BPO is not available at the time of a loan’s loss review, the Bank may apply a discount to the existing value of an old valuation to reflect the property’s current estimated value if it is believed to have deteriorated in either: (i) the physical or economic aspects of the subject property or (ii) material changes in market conditions. The review generally results in a partial charge-off of the loan if fair value, less selling costs, is below the loan’s carrying value. Collateral-dependent loans are valued within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Provision on collateral-dependent loans $ (4) $ 7 $ 960 Other Real Estate Owned Other real estate owned, which is carried at the lower of cost or fair value, is periodically assessed for impairment based on fair value at the reporting date. Fair value is determined from external appraisals or BPOs using judgments and estimates of external professionals. Many of these inputs are not observable and, accordingly, these measurements are classified as Level 3. 149 Details of other real estate owned carrying value and write downs follow: December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Other real estate owned carried at fair value Other real estate owned carried at cost Total carrying value of other real estate owned Other real estate owned write-downs during the years ended $ $ $ Financial Instruments 1,370 $ — 1,370 $ 211 $ 1,581 $ — 1,581 $ 211 $ 1,792 — 1,792 211 The carrying amounts and estimated exit price fair values of financial instruments, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 follow: (in thousands) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Available-for-sale debt securities Held-to-maturity debt securities Equity securities with readily determinable fair values Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value Consumer loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value Loans, net Federal Home Loan Bank stock Accrued interest receivable Mortgage servicing rights Rate lock commitments Interest rate swap agreements Liabilities: Noninterest-bearing deposits Transaction deposits Time deposits Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings Federal Home Loan Bank advances Accrued interest payable Rate lock commitments Mandatory forward contracts Interest rate swap agreements NA - Not applicable Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023: Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 316,567 $ 316,567 $ — $ — $ 591,313 76,387 174 3,227 7,914 16,094 5,157,731 23,770 18,447 7,411 243 8,933 177,784 — — — — — — — — — — — 407,638 76,167 174 3,227 — — — — 4,097 16,054 243 8,933 5,891 — — — 7,914 16,094 4,874,974 — 14,350 — — — $ 1,676,998 $ — $ 1,676,998 $ — $ 2,924,114 452,051 99,530 380,000 4,073 243 61 8,933 — — — — — — — — 2,924,114 446,218 99,530 382,062 4,073 243 61 8,933 — — — — — — — — Total Fair Value 316,567 591,313 76,167 174 3,227 7,914 16,094 4,874,974 NA 18,447 16,054 243 8,933 1,676,998 2,924,114 446,218 99,530 382,062 4,073 243 61 8,933 150 (in thousands) Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Available-for-sale debt securities Held-to-maturity debt securities Equity securities with readily determinable fair values Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value Consumer loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value Loans, net Federal Home Loan Bank stock Accrued interest receivable Mortgage servicing rights Rate lock commitments Interest rate swap agreements Liabilities: Noninterest-bearing deposits Transaction deposits Time deposits Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings Federal Home Loan Bank advances Accrued interest payable Mandatory forward contracts Interest rate swap agreements NA - Not applicable Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022: Carrying Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 $ 313,689 $ 313,689 $ — $ — $ 620,365 87,386 111 1,302 4,706 13,169 4,445,389 9,146 13,572 8,769 2 8,127 193,385 — — — — — — — — — — — 420,998 87,357 111 1,302 — — — — 2,462 17,592 2 8,127 5,982 — — — 4,706 13,169 4,276,423 — 11,110 — — — $ 1,908,768 $ — $ 1,908,768 $ — $ 2,398,853 230,224 216,956 95,000 239 67 8,127 — — — — — — — 2,398,853 223,912 216,956 93,044 239 67 8,127 — — — — — — — Total Fair Value 313,689 620,365 87,357 111 1,302 4,706 13,169 4,276,423 NA 13,572 17,592 2 8,127 1,908,768 2,398,853 223,912 216,956 93,044 239 67 8,127 15. MORTGAGE BANKING ACTIVITIES Mortgage Banking activities primarily include residential mortgage originations and servicing. Activity for mortgage loans held for sale was as follows: December 31, (in thousands) Balance, beginning of period Origination of mortgage loans held for sale Proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans held for sale Net gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale Balance, end of period 2023 2022 2021 $ $ 1,302 $ 77,800 (77,928) 2,053 3,227 $ 29,393 $ 205,365 (238,398) 4,942 1,302 $ 46,867 680,714 (717,847) 19,659 29,393 151 Mortgage loans serviced for others are not reported as assets. The following table provides information for loans serviced by the Bank for the FHLMC and FNMA as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 FHLMC FNMA Total $ $ 899,444 417,475 1,316,919 $ $ 966,677 420,637 1,387,314 Servicing loans for others generally consists of collecting mortgage payments, maintaining escrow accounts, disbursing payments to investors and processing foreclosures. Custodial escrow account balances maintained in connection with serviced loans were approximately $8 million and $11 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The following table presents the components of Mortgage Banking income: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Net gain realized on sale of mortgage loans held for sale Net change in fair value recognized on loans held for sale Net change in fair value recognized on rate lock loan commitments Net change in fair value recognized on forward contracts Net gain recognized Loan servicing income Amortization of mortgage servicing rights Change in mortgage servicing rights valuation allowance Net servicing income recognized Total Mortgage Banking income Activity for capitalized mortgage servicing rights was as follows: $ $ 1,784 $ 22 242 5 2,053 3,370 (1,881) — 1,489 3,542 $ 7,164 $ (688) (1,402) (132) 4,942 3,518 (2,264) — 1,254 6,196 $ 23,114 (1,361) (3,136) 1,042 19,659 3,288 (3,453) 500 335 19,994 (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Balance, beginning of period Additions Amortized to expense Change in valuation allowance Balance, end of period $ $ 8,770 $ 522 (1,881) — 7,411 $ 9,196 $ 1,838 (2,264) — 8,770 $ 7,095 5,054 (3,453) 500 9,196 Activity in the valuation allowance for capitalized mortgage servicing rights follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Beginning valuation allowance Charge during the period Ending valuation allowance $ $ — $ — — $ — $ — — $ 500 (500) — 152 Other information relating to mortgage servicing rights follows: December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Fair value of mortgage servicing rights portfolio Monthly weighted average prepayment rate of unpaid principal balance* Discount rate Weighted average foreclosure rate Weighted average life in years * Rates are applied to individual tranches with similar characteristics. $ 16,054 $ 128 % 10.26 % 0.16 % 7.52 17,145 127 % 10.21 % 0.10 % 7.54 Estimated future amortization expense of the MSR portfolio (net of any applicable impairment charge) follows; however, actual amortization expense will be impacted by loan payoffs and changes in estimated lives that occur during each respective year: Year 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Thereafter Total (in thousands) 1,007 999 996 939 843 717 1,910 7,411 $ $ Mortgage Banking derivatives used in the ordinary course of business primarily consist of mandatory forward sales contracts and interest rate lock loan commitments. Mandatory forward contracts represent future commitments to deliver loans at a specified price and date or to purchase TBA securities and are used to manage interest rate risk on loan commitments and mortgage loans held for sale. Interest rate lock loan commitments represent commitments to fund loans at a specific rate. These derivatives involve underlying items, such as interest rates, and are designed to transfer risk. Substantially all of these instruments expire within 90 days from the date of issuance. Notional amounts are amounts on which calculations and payments are based, but which do not represent credit exposure, as credit exposure is limited to the amounts required to be received or paid. Mandatory forward contracts also contain an element of risk in that the counterparties may be unable to meet the terms of such agreements. In the event the counterparties fail to deliver commitments or are unable to fulfill their obligations, the Bank could potentially incur significant additional costs by replacing the positions at then current market rates. The Bank manages its risk of exposure by limiting counterparties to those banks and institutions deemed appropriate by management and the Board of Directors. The Bank does not expect any counterparty to default on their obligations and therefore, the Bank does not expect to incur any cost related to counterparty default. The Bank is exposed to interest rate risk on loans held for sale and rate lock loan commitments. As market interest rates fluctuate, the fair value of mortgage loans held for sale and rate lock commitments will decline or increase. To offset this interest rate risk the Bank enters into derivatives, such as mandatory forward contracts to sell loans or purchase TBA securities. The fair value of these mandatory forward contracts will fluctuate as market interest rates fluctuate, and the change in the value of these instruments is expected to largely, though not entirely, offset the change in fair value of loans held for sale and rate lock commitments. The objective of this activity is to minimize the exposure to losses on rate loan lock commitments and loans held for sale due to market interest rate fluctuations. The net effect of derivatives on earnings will depend on risk management activities and a variety of other factors, including: market interest rate volatility; the amount of rate lock commitments that close; the ability to fill the forward contracts before expiration; and the time period required to close and sell loans. 153 The following table includes the notional amounts and fair values of mortgage loans held for sale and mortgage banking derivatives as of the period ends presented: December 31, (in thousands) Included in Mortgage loans held for sale: Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value Included in other assets: Rate lock loan commitments Mandatory forward contracts Included in other liabilities: Mandatory forward contracts 2023 Notional Amount Fair Value 2022 Notional Amount Fair Value $ 3,168 $ 3,227 $ 1,265 $ 1,302 $ 9,275 $ — 243 $ — 4,118 $ — 2 — $ 9,092 $ 61 $ 4,009 $ 67 16. STOCK PLANS AND STOCK BASED COMPENSATION In January 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Republic Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”), which replaced the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. The number of authorized shares under the 2015 Plan is fixed at 3,000,000, with such number subject to adjustment in the event of certain events, such as stock dividends, stock splits, or the like. There is a minimum three-year vesting period for awards granted to employees under the 2015 Plan that vest based solely on the completion of a specified period of service, with options generally exercisable three to six years after the issue date. Stock options generally must be exercised within one year from the date the options become exercisable and have an exercise price that is at least equal to the fair market value of the Company’s stock on their grant date. All shares issued under the 2015 Plan were from authorized and reserved unissued shares. The Company has a sufficient number of authorized and reserved unissued shares to satisfy all anticipated option exercises. There are no Class B stock options outstanding or available for exercise under the Company’s plans. Stock Options The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes based stock option valuation model. This model requires the input of subjective assumptions that will usually have a significant impact on the fair value estimate. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of Republic’s stock and other factors. Expected dividends are based on dividend trends and the market price of Republic’s stock price at grant. Republic uses historical data to estimate option exercises and employee terminations within the valuation model. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the time of grant. All share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, are recognized as compensation expense over the service period (generally the vesting period) in the consolidated financial statements based on their fair values. The fair value of stock options granted was determined using the following weighted average assumptions as of grant date: Years Ended December 31, 2023 2022 2021 Risk-free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected stock price volatility Expected life of options (in years) Estimated fair value per share 3.86 % 3.19 33.14 4 9.65 $ 1.35 % 2.50 32.12 4 10.41 $ 0.20 % 3.18 31.71 4 6.26 $ 154 The following table summarizes stock option activity from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2023: Outstanding, January 1, 2022 Granted Exercised Forfeited or expired Outstanding, December 31, 2022 Outstanding, January 1, 2023 Granted Exercised Forfeited or expired Outstanding, December 31, 2023 Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Options Class A Shares 54,281 (5,250) (44,500) 460,502 $ 37.54 50.34 34.17 40.32 465,033 $ 38.81 69,617 (10,000) (64,000) 465,033 $ 38.81 42.74 46.08 45.09 460,650 $ 38.37 2.25 $ 2,322,635 1.87 $ 7,734,879 Unvested Exercisable (vested) at December 31, 2023 287,148 $ 38.76 173,502 $ 37.72 2.42 0.96 $ 4,708,333 $ 3,026,546 Information related to the stock options during each year follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data) 2023 2022 2021 Total intrinsic value of options exercised Total cash received from options exercised, net of shares redeemed Total tax benefit of options exercised $ 58 $ (2) 1 57 $ 52 6 1,335 (142) 223 Loan balances of employees that were originated solely to fund stock option exercises were as follows: December 31, (in thousands) Outstanding loans 2023 2022 $ 129 $ 178 155 Restricted Stock Awards Restricted stock awards generally vest within three to six years after issuance, with accelerated vesting due to “change in control” or “death or disability of a participant” as defined and outlined in the 2015 Plan. The following table summarizes all restricted stock activity from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2023: Outstanding, January 1, 2022 Granted Forfeited Earned and issued Outstanding, December 31, 2022 Outstanding, January 1, 2023 Granted Forfeited Earned and issued Outstanding, December 31, 2023 Unvested Weighted-Average Weighted-Average Restricted Stock Awards Class A Shares Grant Date Fair Value 39.12 46.05 — 37.74 40.49 56,059 $ 12,174 — (3,500) 64,733 $ 64,733 $ 55,157 (1,470) (31,354) 87,066 $ 40.49 43.60 49.08 37.56 43.37 87,066 $ 43.37 Remaining Contractual Term (years) 2.25 1.98 1.98 The fair value of the restricted stock awards is based on the closing stock price on the date of grant with the associated expense amortized to compensation expense over the vesting period, generally three to six years. The total fair value of restricted shares that vested during 2023, 2022, and 2021 was approximately $1.5 million, $186,000, and $50,000. Performance Stock Units Performance stock units are earned within one year of issuance and vest within three years of issuance, with accelerated vesting due to “change in control” or “death or disability of a participant” as defined and outlined in the 2015 Plan. The following table summarizes all PSU activity from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2023: Outstanding, January 1, 2022 Granted Forfeited Earned and issued Outstanding, December 31, 2022 Outstanding, January 1, 2023 Granted Forfeited Earned and issued Outstanding, December 31, 2023 Performance Stock Units Class A Shares Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value — $ 8,874 (8,874) — — $ — $ 10,999 (10,999) — — $ — 51.39 51.39 — — — 42.74 42.74 — — 156 Expense Related to Stock Incentive Plans The Company recorded expense related to stock incentive plans for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Stock option expense Restricted stock award expense Performance stock unit expense Total expense $ $ 774 $ 829 (281) 1,322 $ 560 $ 937 152 1,649 $ 574 738 129 1,441 Unrecognized expenses related to unvested awards under stock incentive plans are estimated as follows: Year (in thousands) 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Total Deferred Compensation Stock Options Restricted Stock Awards Total $ $ 489 $ 263 18 5 — 775 $ 1,052 $ 844 539 8 — 2,443 $ 1,541 1,107 557 13 — 3,218 On April 19, 2018, the shareholders of Republic approved an amendment and restatement of the Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Plan”). Prior to the Plan’s 2018 amendment and restatement, only directors participated in the plan, with the 2018 amendment and restatement initiating key-employee participation. The Plan provides non-employee directors and designated key employees the ability to defer compensation and have those deferred amounts paid later in the form of Company Class A Common shares based on the shares that could have been acquired as the deferrals were made. The Company maintains a bookkeeping account for each director or key-employee participant, and at the end of each fiscal quarter, deferred compensation is converted to “stock units” equal to the amount of compensation deferred during the quarter divided by the quarter- end fair market value of the Company’s Class A Common stock. Stock units for each participant’s account are also credited with an amount equal to the cash dividends that would have been paid on the number of stock units in the account if the stock units were deemed to be outstanding shares of stock. Any dividends credited are converted into additional stock units at the end of the fiscal quarter in which the dividends were paid. DIRECTORS Members of the Board of Directors may defer board and committee fees from two to five years, with each director participant retaining a nonforfeitable interest in his or her deferred compensation account. 157 The following table presents information on director deferred compensation under the Plan for the periods presented: Outstanding, January 1, 2022 Deferred fees and dividend equivalents converted to stock units Stock units converted to Class A Common Shares Outstanding, December 31, 2022 86,800 $ 18,241 (5,814) 99,227 $ 29.98 46.58 49.51 31.43 Outstanding Stock Units Weighted-Average Market Price at Date of Deferral Outstanding, January 1, 2023 Deferred fees and dividend equivalents converted to stock units Stock units converted to Class A Common Shares Outstanding, December 31, 2023 Vested Director deferred compensation has been expensed as follows: 99,227 $ 31.43 17,811 (3,635) 113,403 $ 43.14 33.29 35.65 113,403 $ 35.65 Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Director deferred compensation expense $ 777 $ 503 $ 417 KEY EMPLOYEES Designated key employees may defer a portion of their base salaries on a pre-tax basis under the Plan, with the Company matching employee deferrals up to a prescribed limit. With limited exception, the Company match amount remains unvested until December 31st of the year that is five years from the beginning of the year that the Company match is made. The following table presents information on key-employee deferred compensation under the Plan for the periods presented: Outstanding Stock Units Weighted-Average Market Price at Date of Deferral Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) Outstanding, January 1, 2022 Deferred base salaries and dividend equivalents converted to stock units Matching stock units credited Matching stock units forfeited Stock units converted to Class A Common Shares Outstanding, December 31, 2022 Outstanding, January 1, 2023 Deferred base salaries and dividend equivalents converted to stock units Matching stock units credited Matching stock units forfeited Stock units converted to Class A Common Shares Outstanding, December 31, 2023 Vested Unvested 65,318 $ 40.57 9,389 9,315 (1,151) — 82,871 $ 43.08 43.08 48.25 — 41.03 82,871 $ 41.03 10,646 10,578 (2,753) (5,084) 96,258 $ 59,626 $ 36,632 $ 45.03 44.90 41.09 43.01 42.17 42.60 41.48 3.13 2.84 3.11 2.40 158 The following presents key-employee deferred compensation expense for the period presented: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Key-employee - base salary Key-employee - employer match Total Employee Stock Purchase Plan $ $ 484 $ 250 734 $ 408 $ 317 725 $ 429 178 607 On April 19, 2018, the shareholders of Republic approved the ESPP. Under the ESPP, participating employees may purchase shares of the Company Class A Common Stock through payroll withholdings at a purchase price that cannot be less than 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on the first trading day of each offering period, or on the last trading day of each offering period. Participating employees were able purchase the Company’s Class A Common Stock through the ESPP at: • 85% of fair market value on the last day of the three-month offering periods ended March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021, September 30, 2021, December 31, 2021, March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022, September 30, 2022, December 31, 2022, March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2023. The following presents expense under the ESPP for the period presented: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 ESPP expense $ 111 $ 104 $ 104 17. BENEFIT PLANS 401(k) Plan Republic maintains a 401(k) plan for eligible employees. All eligible employees are automatically enrolled at 6% of their eligible compensation within 30 days of their date of hire unless the eligible employee elects to enroll sooner. Participants in the plan have the option to contribute from 1% to 75% of their annual eligible compensation, up to the maximum allowed by the IRS. The Company matches 100% of participant contributions up to 1% and an additional 75% for participant contributions between 2% and 5% of each participant’s annual eligible compensation. Participants are fully vested after two years of employment. Republic may also contribute discretionary matching contributions in addition to the matching contributions if the Company achieves certain operating goals. Normal and discretionary contributions for each of the periods ended were as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Employer matching contributions Discretionary employer bonus matching contributions $ 3,136 $ — 3,096 $ — 3,373 — Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan In association with its May 17, 2016 Cornerstone acquisition, the Company inherited a SERP. The SERP requires the Company to pay monthly benefits following retirement of the SERP’s four participants. The Company accrues the present value of such benefits monthly. The SERP liability was approximately $2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Expense under the SERP was $0, $0, and $232,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. 159 18. INCOME TAXES Allocation of federal and state income tax between current and deferred portion is as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Current expense: Federal State Deferred expense: Federal State Total $ $ 22,015 5,237 $ 24,537 5,939 $ 19,348 4,169 (3,329) (1,084) 22,839 $ (4,273) (464) 25,739 $ (246) 560 23,831 Effective tax rates differ from federal statutory rate applied to income before income taxes due to the following: Years Ended December 31, Federal corporate tax rate Effect of: State taxes, net of federal benefit Low-income housing and R&D tax credits Nontaxable income Tax benefit of vesting employee benefits Other, net Effective tax rate 2023 2022 2021 21.00 % 21.00 % 21.00 % 2.90 (2.67) (1.38) (0.06) 0.38 20.17 3.70 (1.88) (1.00) (0.01) 0.22 22.03 3.32 (1.76) (1.06) (0.20) 0.08 21.38 160 Year-end DTAs and DTLs were due to the following: December 31, (in thousands) Deferred tax assets: Allowance for credit losses Operating lease liabilities Accrued expenses Net operating loss carryforward(1) Acquisition fair value adjustments Other-than-temporary impairment R&D Capitalization Unrealized investment security losses Other Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Right of use assets - operating leases Depreciation and amortization Federal Home Loan Bank dividends Deferred loan costs Lease Financing Receivables Mortgage servicing rights Unrealized investment securities gains Total deferred tax liabilities Less: Valuation allowance Net deferred tax asset 2023 2022 $ 20,654 $ 8,940 6,285 1,191 55 582 4,492 6,803 2,337 51,339 (8,726) (2,805) (757) (2,732) (3,058) (1,864) — (19,942) 17,427 9,362 5,901 1,371 101 567 2,271 10,657 2,248 49,905 (9,166) (2,835) (745) (2,153) (1,996) (2,172) — (19,067) — 31,397 $ — 30,838 $ (1) The Company has federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (acquired in its 2016 Cornerstone acquisition) of $5.1 million (federal) and $2.6 million (state). These carryforwards begin to expire in 2030 for both federal and state purposes. The use of these federal and state carryforwards is each limited under IRC Section 382 to $722,000 annually for federal and $634,000 annually for state. Finally, the Company has state AMT credit carryforwards of $15,000 with no expiration date. Unrecognized Tax Benefits The following table shows a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Balance, beginning of period Additions based on tax related to the current period Additions for tax positions of prior periods Reductions due to the statute of limitations Balance, end of period $ $ 2,866 $ 280 36 (320) 2,862 $ 2,191 $ 950 — (275) 2,866 $ 1,941 433 253 (436) 2,191 Of the 2023 total, $2.4 million represented the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably affect the effective income tax rate in future periods. 161 It is the Company’s policy to recognize interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense related to its unrecognized tax benefits. Amounts related to interest and penalties recorded in the income statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, and accrued on the balance sheets as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are presented below: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Interest and penalties recorded in the income statement as a component of income tax expense $ Interest and penalties accrued on balance sheet 314 $ 1,163 72 $ 849 267 777 The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by taxing authorities for all years prior to and including 2019. With a few exceptions, which are immaterial in the aggregate, the Company is no longer subject to state income tax examinations for all years prior to and including 2018. Low-Income Housing Tax Credits Investments and Obligations The Company is a limited partner in several low-income housing partnerships whose purpose is to invest in qualified affordable housing. The Company expects to recover its remaining investments in these partnerships through the use of tax credits that are generated by the investments. The following table summarizes information related to the Company’s qualified low-income housing investments and obligations: December 31, (in thousands) Investment Low-income housing tax credit - Gross Life-to-date amortization Low-income housing tax credit - Net Accounting Method Proportional amortization 2023 2022 Investments $ $ 57,596 $ (15,904) 41,692 $ Unfunded Obligations 58,619 NA 58,619 Investments 42,306 (10,591) 31,715 $ $ $ $ Unfunded Obligations 43,609 NA 43,609 162 19. EARNINGS PER SHARE The Company calculates earnings per share under the two-class method. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The difference in earnings per share between the two classes of common stock results from the 10% per share cash dividend premium paid on Class A Common Stock over that paid on Class B Common Stock. See Footnote 13, “Stockholders’ Equity and Regulatory Capital Matters” of this section of the filing. A reconciliation of the combined Class A and Class B Common Stock numerators and denominators of the earnings per share and diluted earnings per share computations is presented below: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands, except per share data) 2023 2022 2021 Net income Dividends declared on Common Stock: Class A Shares Class B Shares Undistributed net income for basic earnings per share Weighted average potential dividends on Class A shares upon exercise of dilutive options Undistributed net income for diluted earnings per share Weighted average shares outstanding: Class A Shares Class B Shares Effect of dilutive securities on Class A Shares outstanding Weighted average shares outstanding including dilutive securities Basic earnings per share: Class A Common Stock: Per share dividends distributed Undistributed earnings per share* Total basic earnings per share - Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock: Per share dividends distributed Undistributed earnings per share* Total basic earnings per share - Class B Common Stock Diluted earnings per share: Class A Common Stock: Per share dividends distributed Undistributed earnings per share* Total diluted earnings per share - Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock: Per share dividends distributed Undistributed earnings per share* Total diluted earnings per share - Class B Common Stock $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 90,374 $ 91,106 $ (26,002) (2,933) 61,439 (92) 61,347 17,634 2,158 61 19,853 1.50 3.14 4.64 1.36 2.85 4.21 1.50 3.12 4.62 1.36 2.84 4.20 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (24,122) (2,679) 64,305 (87) 64,218 17,876 2,161 64 20,101 1.36 3.24 4.60 1.240 2.95 4.19 1.36 3.23 4.59 1.240 2.93 4.17 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 87,611 (22,451) (2,435) 62,725 (100) 62,625 18,497 2,178 82 20,757 1.23 3.06 4.29 1.12 2.78 3.90 1.23 3.05 4.28 1.12 2.77 3.89 *To arrive at undistributed earnings per share, undistributed net income is first pro rated between Class A and Class B Common Shares, with Class A Common Shares receiving a 10% premium. The resulting pro-rated, undistributed net income for each class is then divided by the weighted average shares for each class. Stock options excluded from the detailed earnings per share calculation because their impact was antidilutive are as follows: Years Ended December 31, Antidilutive stock options Average antidilutive stock options 2023 2022 2021 149,169 145,809 178,000 128,000 144,000 142,625 163 20. TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES AND THEIR AFFILIATES Republic leases office facilities under operating leases from limited liability companies in which Republic’s Executive Chair/Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chair are partners. Rent expense and obligations under these leases are presented in Footnote 6 in this section of the filing. Loans made to executive officers and directors of Republic and their related interests during 2023 were as follows: Beginning balance Effect of changes in composition of related parties New loans Repayments Ending balance (in thousands) $ $ 6,827 2,861 3,944 (2,687) 10,945 Deposits from executive officers, directors, and their affiliates totaled $117 million and $126 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. By an agreement dated December 14, 1989, as amended August 8, 1994, the Company entered into a split-dollar insurance agreement with a trust established by the Company’s deceased former Chair, Bernard M. Trager. Pursuant to the agreement, from 1989 through 2002 the Company paid $690,000 in total annual premiums on the insurance policies held in the trust. The policies are joint-life policies payable upon the death of Mrs. Jean Trager, as the survivor of her husband Bernard M. Trager. The cash surrender value of the policies was approximately $2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Pursuant to the terms of the trust, the beneficiaries of the trust will each receive the proceeds of the policies after the repayment of any unreimbursed portion of the $690,000 annual premiums paid by the Company. The unreimbursed portion constitutes indebtedness from the trust to the Company and is secured by a collateral assignment of the policies. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the unreimbursed portion was $140,000 and $240,000, and the net death benefit under the policies was approximately $5 million. Upon the termination of the agreement, whether by the death of Mrs. Trager or earlier cancellation, the Company is entitled to be repaid by the trust the amount of indebtedness outstanding at that time. 21. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME OCI components and related tax effects were as follows: Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Available-for-Sale Debt Securities: Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt security for which a portion of OTTI has been recognized in earnings Net gains (losses) Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income Net of tax $ 15,380 $ (45,109) $ 46 15,426 (3,855) 11,571 (29) (45,138) 11,285 (33,853) (8,908) 63 (8,845) 2,210 (6,635) There were no amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated OCI for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. 164 The following is a summary of the accumulated OCI balances, net of tax: (in thousands) December 31, 2022 2023 Change December 31, 2023 Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities Unrealized gain on AFS debt security for which a portion of OTTI has been recognized in earnings Total unrealized gain (loss) $ $ (32,934) $ 955 (31,979) $ 11,525 $ 46 11,571 $ (21,409) 1,001 (20,408) (in thousands) December 31, 2021 2022 Change December 31, 2022 Unrealized gain (loss) on AFS debt securities Unrealized gain on AFS debt security for which a portion of OTTI has been recognized in earnings Total unrealized gain (loss) $ $ 890 $ (33,824) $ 984 1,874 $ (29) (33,853) $ (32,934) 955 (31,979) 22. PARENT COMPANY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION BALANCE SHEETS December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Securities available for sale Investment in bank subsidiary Investment in non-bank subsidiaries Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity: Other liabilities Stockholders’ equity $ 37,778 $ 5,872 875,503 — 2,598 36,436 3,855 819,144 2,773 2,465 $ 921,751 $ 864,673 8,995 912,756 8,060 856,613 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 921,751 $ 864,673 165 STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Income and expenses: Dividends from subsidiary Interest income Other income Less: Interest expense Less: Other expenses Income before income tax benefit Income tax benefit Income before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries Net income Comprehensive income STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS $ $ $ 48,000 $ 429 (37) — 1,097 47,295 166 47,461 42,913 59,460 $ 229 54 — 819 58,924 124 59,048 32,058 28,300 143 53 507 760 27,229 245 27,474 60,137 90,374 $ 91,106 $ 87,611 101,945 $ 57,253 $ 80,976 Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) 2023 2022 2021 Operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: $ 90,374 $ 91,106 $ 87,611 Accretion of investment securities Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries Director deferred compensation Change in other assets Change in other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities: Investment in venture capital fund Investment in subsidiary bank Net cash used in investing activities Financing activities: Common Stock repurchases Net proceeds from Class A Common Stock purchased through employee stock purchase plan Net proceeds from Common Stock options exercised and equity awards Payoff of subordinated note, net of common security interest Cash dividends paid Net cash used in financing activities Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period (59) (42,913) 769 (1,639) 3,973 50,505 (532) (627) (1,159) (20,279) 627 (2) — (28,350) (48,004) 1,342 36,436 (56) (32,058) 427 4,571 (5,428) 58,562 (337) (590) (927) (12,577) 590 52 — (26,145) (38,080) 19,555 16,881 (53) (60,137) 347 (736) 1,694 28,726 — (591) (591) (47,528) 591 (142) (40,000) (24,699) (111,778) (83,643) 100,524 Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 37,778 $ 36,436 $ 16,881 166 23. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS The following tables present the Company’s net revenue by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021: (dollars in thousands) Core Banking Republic Processing Group Year Ended December 31, 2023 Traditional Warehouse Mortgage Banking Banking Lending Total Core Banking Tax Refund Solutions Republic Payment Solutions Republic Credit Solutions Total RPG Total Company Net interest income (1) $ 194,516 $ 9,447 $ 282 $ 204,245 $ 29,557 $ 15,729 $ 39,247 $ 84,533 $ 288,778 Noninterest income: Service charges on deposit accounts Net refund transfer fees Mortgage banking income (1) Interchange fee income Program fees (1) Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI (1) Death benefits in excess of cash surrender value of life insurance (1) Net losses on OREO Other Total noninterest income 13,810 — — 12,926 — 2,719 1,728 (211) 4,913 35,885 44 — — — — — — — — 44 — — 3,542 — — — — — 74 3,616 13,854 — 3,542 12,926 — 2,719 1,728 (211) 4,987 39,545 — 15,748 — 126 — — — — 215 16,089 — — — 4 2,827 — — — 154 2,985 1 — — 1 12,755 — 1 15,748 — 131 15,582 — — — 81 12,838 — — 450 31,912 13,855 15,748 3,542 13,057 15,582 2,719 1,728 (211) 5,437 71,457 Total net revenue $ 230,401 $ 9,491 $ 3,898 $ 243,790 $ 45,646 $ 18,714 $ 52,085 $ 116,445 $ 360,235 Net-revenue concentration (2) 64 % 3 % 1 % 68 % 13 % 5 % 14 % 32 % 100 % (1) This revenue is not subject to ASC 606. (2) Net revenue represents net interest income plus total noninterest income. Net-revenue concentration equals segment-level net revenue divided by total Company net revenue. (dollars in thousands) Core Banking Republic Processing Group Years Ended December 31, 2022 Traditional Warehouse Mortgage Banking Banking Lending Total Core Banking Tax Republic Refund Payment Solutions Solutions Republic Credit Solutions Total RPG Total Company Net interest income (1) $ 171,543 $ 13,729 $ 519 $ 185,791 $ 16,896 $ 4,819 $ 29,185 $ 50,900 $ 236,691 Noninterest income: Service charges on deposit accounts Net refund transfer fees Mortgage banking income (1) Interchange fee income Program fees (1) Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI (1) Net losses on OREO Contract termination fee Legal settlement Other Total noninterest income 13,388 — — 12,943 — 2,526 (211) — — 3,002 31,648 50 — — — — — — — — — 50 — — 6,196 — — — — — — 136 6,332 13,438 — 6,196 12,943 — 2,526 (211) — — 3,138 38,030 (12) 17,080 — 176 — — — 5,000 13,000 260 35,504 — — — 6 2,872 — — — — 98 2,976 — — — — 13,300 — — — — — 13,300 (12) 17,080 — 182 16,172 — — 5,000 13,000 358 51,780 13,426 17,080 6,196 13,125 16,172 2,526 (211) 5,000 13,000 3,496 89,810 Total net revenue $ 203,191 $ 13,779 $ 6,851 $ 223,821 $ 52,400 $ 7,795 $ 42,485 $ 102,680 $ 326,501 Net-revenue concentration (2) 63 % 4 % 2 % 69 % 16 2 % 13 % 31 % 100 % % (1) This revenue is not subject to ASC 606. (2) Net revenue represents net interest income plus total noninterest income. Net-revenue concentration equals segment-level net revenue divided by total Company net revenue. 167 (dollars in thousands) Core Banking Republic Processing Group Year Ended December 31, 2021 Traditional Warehouse Mortgage Banking Banking Lending Total Core Banking Tax Republic Refund Payment Solutions Solutions Republic Credit Solutions Total RPG Total Company Net interest income (1) $ 157,249 $ 25,218 $ 1,081 $ 183,548 $ 14,999 $ 838 $ 23,355 $ 39,192 $ 222,740 Noninterest income: Service charges on deposit accounts Net refund transfer fees Mortgage banking income (1) Interchange fee income Program fees (1) Increase in cash surrender value of BOLI (1) Net losses on OREO Other Total noninterest income 12,506 — — 12,777 — 2,242 (160) 4,127 31,492 57 — — — — — — — 57 — — 19,994 — — — — 191 20,185 12,563 — 19,994 12,777 — 2,242 (160) 4,318 51,734 (10) 20,248 — 277 — — — 81 20,596 — — — 8 3,171 — — — 3,179 — — — — 11,066 — — — 11,066 (10) 20,248 — 285 14,237 — — 81 34,841 12,553 20,248 19,994 13,062 14,237 2,242 (160) 4,399 86,575 Total net revenue $ 188,741 $ 25,275 $ 21,266 $ 235,282 $ 35,595 $ 4,017 $ 34,421 $ 74,033 $ 309,315 Net-revenue concentration (2) 61 % 8 % 7 % 76 % 12 1 % 11 % 24 % 100 % % (1) This revenue is not subject to ASC 606. (2) Net revenue represents net interest income plus total noninterest income. Net-revenue concentration equals segment-level net revenue divided by total Company net revenue. The following represents information for significant revenue streams subject to ASC 606: Service charges on deposit accounts – The Company earns revenue for account-based and event-driven services on its retail and commercial deposit accounts. Contracts for these services are generally in the form of deposit agreements, which disclose fees for deposit services. Revenue for event-driven services is recognized in close proximity or simultaneously with service performance. Revenue for certain account-based services may be recognized at a point in time or over the period the service is rendered, typically no longer than a month. Examples of account-based and event-driven service charges on deposits include per item fees, paper- statement fees, check-cashing fees, and analysis fees. Net refund transfer fees – An RT is a fee-based product offered by the Bank through third-party tax preparers located throughout the United States, as well as tax-preparation software providers (collectively, the “Tax Providers”), with the Bank acting as an independent contractor of the Tax Providers. An RT allows a taxpayer to pay any applicable tax preparation and filing related fees directly from his federal or state government tax refund, with the remainder of the tax refund disbursed directly to the taxpayer. RT fees and all applicable tax preparation, transmitter, audit, and any other taxpayer authorized amounts are deducted from the tax refund by either the Bank or the Bank’s service provider and automatically forwarded to the appropriate party as authorized by the taxpayer. RT fees generally receive first priority when applying fees against the taxpayer’s refund, with the Bank’s share of RT fees generally superior to the claims of other third-party service providers, including the Tax Providers. The remainder of the refund is disbursed to the taxpayer by a Bank check printed at a tax office, direct deposit to the taxpayer’s personal bank account, or loaded to a prepaid card. The Company executes contracts with individual Tax Providers to offer RTs to their taxpayer customers. RT revenue is recognized by the Bank immediately after the taxpayer’s refund is disbursed in accordance with the RT contract with the taxpayer customer. The fee paid by the taxpayer for the RT is shared between the Bank and the Tax Providers based on contracts executed between the parties. The Company presents RT revenue net of any amounts shared with the Tax Providers. The Bank’s share of RT revenue is generally based on the obligations undertaken by the Tax Provider for each individual RT program, with more obligations generally corresponding to higher RT revenue share. The significant majority of net RT revenue is recognized and obligations under RT contracts fulfilled by the Bank during the first half of each year. Incremental expenses associated with the fulfilment of RT contracts are generally expensed during the first half of the year. 168 Interchange fee income – As an “issuing bank” for card transactions, the Company earns interchange fee income on transactions executed by its cardholders with various third-party merchants. Through third-party intermediaries, merchants compensate the Company for each transaction for the ability to efficiently settle the transaction, and for the Company’s willingness to accept certain risks inherent in the transaction. There is no written contract between the merchant and the Company, but a contract is implied between the two parties by customary business practices. Interchange fee income is recognized almost simultaneously by the Company upon the completion of a related card transaction. The Company compensates its cardholders by way of cash or other “rewards” for generating card transactions. These rewards are disclosed in cardholder agreements between the Company and its cardholders. Reward costs are accrued over time based on card transactions generated by the cardholder. Interchange fee income is presented net of reward costs within noninterest income. Net gains/(losses) on other real estate – The Company routinely sells OREO it has acquired through loan foreclosure. Net gains/(losses) on OREO reflect both 1) the gain or loss recognized upon an executed deed and 2) mark-to-market write-downs the Company takes on its OREO inventory. The Company generally recognizes gains or losses on OREO at the time of an executed deed, although gains may be recognized over a financing period if the Company finances the sale. For financed OREO sales, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the OREO asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on sale, the Company adjusts the transaction price and related gain/(loss) on sale if a significant financing component is present. Mark-to-market write-downs taken by the Company during the property’s holding period are generally at least 10% per year but may be higher based on updated real estate appraisals or BPOs. Incremental expenditures to bring OREO to salable condition are generally expensed as-incurred. 169 24. SEGMENT INFORMATION Reportable segments are determined by the type of products and services offered and the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business (such as banking centers and business units), which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and clients are similar. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was divided into six reportable segments: Traditional Banking, Warehouse, Mortgage Banking, TRS, RPS, and RCS. Management considers the first three segments to collectively constitute “Core Bank” or “Core Banking” operations, while the last three segments collectively constitute RPG operations. The nature of segment operations and the primary drivers of net revenues by reportable segment are provided below: Reportable Segment: Nature of Operations: Primary Drivers of Net Revenue: Core Banking: Traditional Banking Provides traditional banking products to clients in its market footprint primarily via its network of banking centers and to clients outside of its market footprint primarily via its digital delivery channels. Loans, investments, and deposits Warehouse Lending Provides short-term, revolving credit facilities to mortgage bankers across the United States. Mortgage warehouse lines of credit Mortgage Banking Primarily originates, sells, and services long-term, single-family, first-lien residential real estate loans primarily to clients in the Bank's market footprint. Loan sales and servicing Republic Processing Group: Tax Refund Solutions TRS offers tax-related credit products and facilitates the receipt and payment of federal and state tax refunds through Refund Transfer products. TRS products are primarily provided to clients outside of the Bank’s market footprint. Loans and refund transfers Republic Payment Solutions RPS offers general-purpose reloadable cards. RPS products are primarily provided to clients outside of the Bank’s market footprint. Prepaid cards Republic Credit Solutions Offers consumer credit products. RCS products are primarily provided to clients outside of the Bank’s market footprint, with a substantial portion of RCS clients considered subprime or near-prime borrowers. Unsecured, consumer loans The accounting policies used for Republic’s reportable segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Segment performance is evaluated using operating income. Goodwill is allocated to the Traditional Banking segment. Income taxes are generally allocated based on income before income tax expense unless specific segment allocations can be reasonably made. Transactions among reportable segments are made at carrying value. 170 Segment information for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is as follows: (dollars in thousands) Net interest income Core Banking Republic Processing Group Traditional Warehouse Mortgage Banking Banking Lending Total Core Banking Tax Refund Solutions Republic Payment Solutions Republic Credit Solutions Total RPG Total Company Year Ended December 31, 2023 $ 194,516 $ 9,447 $ 282 $ 204,245 $ 29,557 $ 15,729 $ 39,247 $ 84,533 $ 288,778 Provision for expected credit loss expense 8,698 (162) — 8,536 22,559 — 16,529 39,088 — — — — — 35,885 35,885 — — — — — 44 44 — 3,542 — — — 74 3,616 — 3,542 — — — 36,003 39,545 15,748 — — — — 341 16,089 — — 2,827 — — 158 2,985 — — 12,755 — — 83 12,838 15,748 — 15,582 — — 582 31,912 Income (loss) before income tax expense Income tax expense (benefit) 61,602 11,673 6,106 1,365 (4,121) (907) 63,587 12,131 11,052 2,196 15,004 3,307 23,570 5,205 49,626 10,708 113,213 22,839 160,101 3,547 8,019 171,667 12,035 3,710 11,986 27,731 199,398 $ 49,929 $ 4,741 $ (3,214) $ 51,456 $ 8,856 $ 11,697 $ 18,365 $ 38,918 $ 90,374 $ 5,504,886 $ 340,224 $ 14,746 $ 5,859,856 $ 228,738 $ 366,117 $ 140,180 $ 735,035 $ 6,594,891 Net-revenue concentration* 64 % 3 % 1 % 68 % 3.69 % 2.38 % 4.19 % 3.61 % NM 13 4.59 % NM NM 4.91 % 5 % 14 % 32 % 100 % (dollars in thousands) Net interest income Core Banking Republic Processing Group Traditional Warehouse Mortgage Banking Banking Lending Total Core Banking Tax Refund Solutions Republic Payment Solutions Republic Credit Solutions Total RPG Total Company Year Ended December 31, 2022 $ 171,543 $ 13,729 $ 519 $ 185,791 $ 16,896 $ 4,819 $ 29,185 $ 50,900 $ 236,691 Provision for expected credit loss expense 1,429 (1,117) — 312 9,955 — 12,081 22,036 — — — — — 31,648 31,648 — — — — — 50 50 — 6,196 — — — 136 6,332 — 6,196 — — — 31,834 38,030 17,080 — — 5,000 13,000 424 35,504 — — 2,872 — — 104 2,976 — — 13,300 — — — 13,300 17,080 — 16,172 5,000 13,000 528 51,780 Income before income tax expense Income tax expense 52,081 11,104 11,292 2,539 (3,061) (673) 60,312 12,970 30,068 6,905 4,455 942 22,010 4,922 56,533 12,769 116,845 25,739 149,681 3,604 9,912 163,197 12,377 3,340 8,394 24,111 187,308 $ 40,977 $ 8,753 $ (2,388) $ 47,342 $ 23,163 $ 3,513 $ 17,088 $ 43,764 $ 91,106 $ 4,894,773 $ 405,052 $ 13,938 $ 5,313,763 $ 46,192 $ 363,067 $ 112,521 $ 521,780 $ 5,835,543 3.38 % 2.69 % 4.01 % 3.32 % NM 16 1.37 % NM NM 4.12 % 2 % 13 % 31 % 100 % Net refund transfer fees Mortgage banking income Program fees Contract termination fee Legal settlement Other noninterest income Total noninterest income Total noninterest expense Net income (loss) Period-end assets Net interest margin Net refund transfer fees Mortgage banking income Program fees Contract termination fee Legal settlement Other noninterest income Total noninterest income Total noninterest expense Net income Period-end assets Net interest margin 47,624 15,748 3,542 15,582 — — 36,585 71,457 22,348 17,080 6,196 16,172 5,000 13,000 32,362 89,810 Net-revenue concentration* 63 % 4 % 2 % 69 % 171 (dollars in thousands) Net interest income Core Banking Republic Processing Group Traditional Warehouse Mortgage Banking Banking Lending Total Core Banking Tax Refund Solutions Republic Payment Solutions Republic Credit Solutions Total RPG Total Company Year Ended December 31, 2021 $ 157,249 $ 25,218 $ 1,081 $ 183,548 $ 14,999 $ 838 $ 23,355 $ 39,192 $ 222,740 Provision for expected credit loss expense (38) (281) — (319) 6,683 — 8,444 15,127 Net refund transfer fees Mortgage banking income Program fees Gain on branch divestiture Other noninterest income Total noninterest income Total noninterest expense Income before income tax expense Income tax expense Net income — — — — 31,492 31,492 — — — — 57 57 — 19,994 — — 191 20,185 — 19,994 — — 31,740 51,734 20,248 — — — 348 20,596 — — 3,171 — 8 3,179 — — 11,066 — — 11,066 20,248 — 14,237 — 356 34,841 145,376 4,210 12,356 161,942 13,611 2,733 4,779 21,123 183,065 21,467 7,685 13,782 20,981 4,962 16,019 $ 22,552 1,960 20,592 $ 73,659 14,607 59,052 $ $ 15,301 3,685 $ 11,616 $ 1,284 279 1,005 $ 22,591 5,260 17,331 39,176 9,224 29,952 $ 111,442 23,831 87,611 $ 14,808 20,248 19,994 14,237 — 32,096 86,575 Period-end assets $ 4,717,836 $ 850,703 $ 43,929 $ 5,775,552 $ 371,647 $ 371,647 $ 109,517 $ 392,773 $ 6,168,325 Net interest margin 3.18 % 3.37 % NM 3.39 % NM NM NM NM Net-revenue concentration* 61 % 8 % % 7 76 % 12 1 % % 11 % 24 % % 4.10 100 *Net revenue represents net interest income plus total noninterest income. Net-revenue concentration equals segment-level net revenue divided by total Company net revenue. NM - Not Meaningful 25. ACQUISITION OF CBANK OVERVIEW On March 15, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition of CBank (“CBank”), and its wholly owned bank subsidiary Commercial Industrial Finance, Inc. (“CIF”), for approximately $51 million in cash. The primary reason for the acquisition of CBank was to expand the Company’s footprint in the Cincinnati, Ohio metropolitan statistical area. ACQUISITION SUMMARY The table on the following page provides a summary of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as recorded by CBank, the previously reported preliminary fair value adjustments necessary to adjust those acquired assets and assumed liabilities to fair value, final recast adjustments to those previously reported preliminary fair values, and the expected fair values of those assets and liabilities as recorded by the Company. Effective September 30, 2023, management has finalized the fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities. 172 Years Ended December 31, (in thousands) Assets acquired: Cash and cash equivalents Investment securities Loans Allowance for loan and lease losses Loans, net Goodwill Core deposit intangible Premises and equipment, net Other assets and accrued interest receivable Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed: Deposits: Noninterest-bearing Interest-bearing Total deposits March 15, 2023 As Previously Reported As Recasted As Recorded Fair Value by CBank Adjustments Recast Adjustments As Recorded by Republic $ 10,030 $ 16,463 221,707 (2,953) 218,754 954 — 162 7,067 — (4) (4,219) 1,353 (2,866) (954) 2,844 35 (320) $ a b c d e f g — (65) (150) 1,391 1,241 — — (24) — $ a b c, j f 10,030 16,394 217,338 (209) 217,129 — 2,844 173 6,747 $ 253,430 $ (1,265) $ 1,152 $ 253,317 $ 42,160 $ 179,487 221,647 $ h — 31 31 — — — $ 42,160 179,518 221,678 Other liabilities and accrued interest payable 4,709 96 i 50 i 4,855 Total liabilities assumed Net assets acquired Cash consideration paid Goodwill Explanation of fair value and recast adjustments: 226,356 127 50 226,533 $ 27,074 $ (1,392) $ 1,102 26,784 (51,000) $ 24,216 a. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the investment securities. b. Adjustments to loans to reflect estimated fair value adjustments based on the Company’s evaluation of the acquired loan portfolio. c. Adjustments to the Allowance reflect the fair value adjustment to eliminate the acquiree’s recorded allowance for loan losses and other fair value adjustments based on the Company’s evaluation of the acquired loan portfolio. d. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment to eliminate the recorded goodwill. e. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment for the core deposit intangible asset recorded as a result of the acquisition. f. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the premises and equipment, net. g. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the other assets and accrued interest receivable. h. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the assumed time deposits. i. Adjustment reflects the fair value adjustment based on the Company’s evaluation of the other liabilities and accrued interest payable. j. Adjustment reflects a change in estimated fair value based upon further evaluation of PCD loans, including cash payments received subsequent to the date of acquisition. 173 Goodwill of approximately $24 million, which is the excess of the merger consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired, was recorded in the CBank acquisition and is the result of expected operational synergies and other factors. This goodwill is all attributable to the Company’s Traditional Banking segment and is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. (a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out by Republic Bancorp, Inc.’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Executive Chair/Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023. (b) Management’s Report on our Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even effective internal control can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to reliability of financial statements. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Executive Chair/Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (“COSO”) of the Treadway Commission (“2013 Framework”). Based on our evaluation under the COSO 2013 Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. Crowe LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the 2023 Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, as part of its audit, has issued an attestation report, included in Item 8. Financial Statement and Supplemental Data, on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. (c) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Except with respect to our remediation actions described below, the Company did not materially change its internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, and made no changes that it believes are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting. Remediation of Material Weaknesses As previously disclosed in Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined that material weaknesses existed as of December 31, 2022 in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The material weaknesses that management identified were the following: 1) the Company did not maintain effective controls over the initial implementation of new products offered through third parties within RPG. Specifically, management identified that an RCS product’s contractual terms were not sufficiently communicated internally, and the controls were not designed to identify and test all relevant transactional data posting to the Company’s financial statements for the product; 174 2) 3) the Company did not maintain effective controls over the information and communication as it relates to the reconciliation function. Specifically, the controls were not precisely designed to identify, communicate, resolve, and timely escalate reconciliation issues to the appropriate levels within the organization; and the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over the financial analysis of RCS products’ yields. Specifically, the Company reviewed the weighted average yield of all RCS products on a segment basis rather than an individual product basis. The material weaknesses identified above resulted in the correction of an error through a voluntary immaterial revision of revenue and net income during 2021 and the first three quarters of 2022. This understatement could have become material to the Company if it had remained undetected. The Company corrected this error as a voluntary immaterial revision to its financial statements as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and in the periods in which the error occurred. Remediation Plan and Status Throughout the 2023 calendar year, the Company implemented remediation measures with respect to these material weaknesses. During the fourth quarter of 2023, management concluded that Material Weakness 2 and Material Weakness 3 noted above were remediated. A material weakness will not be considered fully remediated until the enhanced controls related to that material weakness are fully implemented and operate for a sufficient period and management has concluded that these controls are operating effectively. To remediate these material weaknesses, the Company implemented the following measures as it relates to each: Material Weakness 1: the Company did not maintain effective controls over the initial implementation of new products offered through third parties within RPG. Specifically, management identified that an RCS product’s contractual terms were not sufficiently communicated internally, and the controls were not designed to identify and test all relevant transactional data posting to the Company’s financial statements for the product. • The Company did not pilot any new material third-party products within the RPG group during 2023, and as such, management was unable to test its enhanced policies and procedures for new product implementation. Although the controls related to new RPG products have not been tested for remediation, management assessed, as of December 31, 2023, the severity of the deficiencies related to new RPG products and the maximum potential impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Based on this assessment, management concluded that no material weakness existed as of December 31, 2023 related to new RPG products. Material Weakness 2: the Company did not maintain effective controls over the information and communication as it relates to the reconciliation function. Specifically, the controls were not precisely designed to identify, communicate, resolve, and timely escalate reconciliation issues to the appropriate levels within the organization. • The Company designated a new accounting position specific to the RPG operations that will report up directly to the Chief Financial Officer of the Company and not to the RPG business unit. This position has day-to-day responsibilities overseeing the financial reporting of the RPG segment. • The Company engaged an outside technology company to assist it in automating internal reconciliations, which will allow the Company’s personnel to more quickly identify and resolve reconciliation issues. • The Company enhanced its training, policies, and procedures to provide better guidance to reconciliation personnel for escalation requirements of reconciliation items as well as enhanced internal policies and controls for escalating and resolving reconciliation issues. The Company’s remediation steps outlined above strengthened its internal control over financial reporting. During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company successfully tested its enhanced internal policies and controls regarding the reconciliation function. As a result, management concluded that it had remediated Material Weakness 2 as of December 31, 2023. 175 Material Weakness 3: the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over the financial analysis of RCS products’ yields. Specifically, the Company reviewed the weighted average yield of all RCS products on a segment basis rather than an individual product basis. • During the first quarter of 2023, management enhanced its internal monthly financial reporting to provide a more detailed yield analysis at the product level for the performance of each RCS product. The Company’s testing of this monthly review control documented that it was operating effectively during October, November, and December of 2023. The Company’s remediation steps outlined above strengthened its internal control over financial reporting. As a result, management concluded that it had remediated Material Weakness 3 as of December 31, 2023. Item 9B. Other Information. Adoption or Termination of Trading Arrangements by Directors and Executive Officers During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the 1934 Act) informed us of the adoption or termination of any "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. None PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. The information required by this Item appears under the headings “PROPOSAL ONE: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS,” “DELINQUENT SECTION 16(a) REPORTS” and “THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND ITS COMMITTEES” of the Proxy Statement of Republic for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“Proxy Statement”) to be held April 25, 2024, all of which is incorporated herein by reference. Set forth below is certain information with respect to the Company’s executive officers: Name Age Position with the Company Christy Ames Pedro Bryant Steven E. DeWeese Juan Montano William R. Nelson Logan Pichel Anthony T. Powell John Rippy Kevin Sipes Jeff Starke A. Scott Trager Steven E. Trager Andrew Trager-Kusman Margaret Wendler 51 Secretary of the Company; EVP of RB&T 62 EVP of RB&T 55 EVP of RB&T 54 EVP of RB&T 60 President of RB&T's Republic Processing Group 59 Director of the Company and RB&T; President and CEO of RB&T 56 EVP of RB&T 63 Assistant Secretary of the Company; EVP of RB&T 52 EVP, CFO, and Chief Accounting Officer of the Company and RB&T 46 EVP of RB&T 71 Vice Chair and President of the Company; Director of the Company and RB&T 63 Executive Chair and CEO of the Company; Executive Chair of RB&T 37 Director of the Company and RB&T; SVP of RB&T 69 EVP of RB&T Executive officers of the Company are elected by the Board of Directors and serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors. Steven E. Trager and A. Scott Trager are cousins. Steven E. Trager is Andrew Trager-Kusman’s uncle. 176 Christy Ames joined Republic Bank & Trust Company on January 2, 2018 as the Bank’s Senior Vice President, General Counsel. She also serves as the Secretary for the Bank and the Company. Ms. Ames has represented financial institutions for over twenty years, most recently serving as a member at Stites & Harbison, PLLC and Chair of the firm’s Financial Institution Litigation Sub Group and as General Counsel for First Residential Mortgage Network, Inc. d/b/a SurePoint Lending. In January 2022, Ms. Ames was named an EVP of the Bank. Pedro Bryant, who has almost 40 years in the banking industry, joined the Company in July 2020 as an EVP of the Bank and the Bank’s Managing Director of Community Lending. Prior to joining Republic, he served from 2002 to 2020 as President and CEO of Metro Bank, a Louisville-based community development bank. Steven E. DeWeese joined the Company in 1990 and has held various positions within the Company since then. In 2000, he was promoted to SVP. In 2003, he was promoted to Managing Director of Business Development. In 2006, he was promoted to Managing Director of Retail Banking, and in January 2010 he was promoted to EVP of the Company. In 2019, he was named the Company’s Managing Director of Private and Business Banking. Juan Montano has served as the Bank’s EVP and Chief Mortgage Banking Officer since 2018. He previously served as SVP and Managing Director of Mortgage Lending from 2015 to 2018. He joined the Company in 2009 as SVP and Managing Director of Finance. William R. Nelson has served as President of Republic Processing Group since 2007. He previously served as Director of Relationship Management of HSBC, Taxpayer Financial Services, in 2004 and was promoted to Group Director — Independent Program in 2006 through 2007. He previously served as Director of Sales, Marketing and Customer Service with the Bank from 1999 through 2004. Logan Pichel was appointed CEO of the Bank effective October 1, 2021 and was elected to the boards of the Company and the Bank in September 2021. He joined the Company in June 2020 as the Bank’s President and has over 25 years in the banking industry. Prior to joining Republic, he served from 2005 to 2020 at Regions Bank, most recently as their Executive Vice President, Head of Corporate Development and Financial Planning & Analysis and Mergers and Acquisitions. Anthony T. Powell joined the Company in 1999 as VP. In 2001, he was promoted to SVP and Senior Commercial Lending Officer. In 2005, he was promoted to SVP and Managing Director of Business Lending. In 2015, he assumed responsibility for the Retail Banking division of the Company and was named SVP and Chief Credit and Retail Officer. In January 2017, he was named EVP and Chief Lending Officer. John Rippy joined the Company in 2005 as SVP and Risk Management Officer. In 2009, he was named SVP and Chief Legal and Compliance Officer. In 2013, he was named SVP and Chief Risk Management Officer. In 2018, he was named EVP and Chief Risk Officer. He also serves as assistant Secretary of the Company. Kevin Sipes joined the Company in 1995 and has served as EVP and Treasurer of Republic and the Company since 2002 and CFO of Republic and the Company since 2000. He began serving as Chief Accounting Officer of the Company in 2000. Jeff Starke joined Republic Bank & Trust Company on July 19, 2021 as the Bank’s Executive Vice President, Chief Information Officer and became the Bank’s Chief Information and Operations Officer in 2024. He has held various technological and operational roles in the financial services vertical for over 20 years. Prior to joining Republic, he served from 2010 to 2021 at Bank OZK, most recently as Chief Technology Officer and Chair of the Information Systems Steering Committee. A. Scott Trager has served as Vice Chair of Republic and the Bank since April 2017. He has also served as Director and President of Republic since 2012. He served as President of the Bank from 1984 to 2017 and Vice Chair of Republic from 1994 to 2012. Steven E. Trager has served as Executive Chair (previously titled Chair) and CEO of Republic since 2012. He was named Executive Chair of the Bank in September 2021, prior to which he served as Chair and CEO of the Bank since 1998. From 1994 to 1997 he served as Vice Chair of the Company. From 1994 to 1998 he served as Secretary, and from 1998 to 2012 he served as President and CEO of Republic. Andrew Trager-Kusman has served as the Bank’s Chief Strategy Officer since October 2021. He previously served as Managing Director of Corporate Strategies for the Bank since 2016. He was named a Director of Republic in April 2019 and a Senior Vice President of the Bank in January 2020. 177 Margaret S Wendler joined the Company in 1996. She has served the Company in human resources since 2005. Most recently, in 2019 she was named Chief Human Resources Officer. In 2021, she was also named an EVP of the Bank. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The compensation-related information required by this Item appears under the headings “COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS,” COMPENSATION COMMITTEE REPORT,” “DIRECTOR COMPENSATION,” and “CERTAIN INFORMATION AS TO MANAGEMENT” of the Proxy Statement, all of which is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. Equity Compensation Plan Information The following table sets forth information regarding Republic’s Common Stock that may be issued upon exercise of options, warrants and rights under all equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2023. Republic’s security holders approved each of the equity compensation plans listed in the table below. There were no equity compensation plans not approved by security holders as of December 31, 2023. Plan Category (a) (1) (b) (c) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights Weighted-Average Exercise Price Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in of Outstanding Options, Warrants Column (a)) and Rights 2015 Stock Incentive Plan 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (3) 757,377 (2) $ $ — 38.37 — 1,824,176 167,403 (1) Column (a) above includes options issued for Class A Common Stock only. Options for Class B Common Stock have been authorized but are not issued. (2) Includes 209,661 shares of Class A Common Stock subject to issuance in accordance with the Republic Bancorp, Inc. Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan for service previously rendered. Republic’s security holders previously approved this plan. These shares are to be issued from shares available for issuance under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. Also includes 87,066 restricted shares of Class A Common Stock. The weighted-average exercise price in Column (b) does not take these awards into account. For further information, see Footnote 16 “Stock Plans and Stock Based Compensation” of Part II Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” (3) The 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan is a qualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan under Section 423 of the Code, pursuant to which up to 250,000 shares of Class A Common Stock were authorized for issuance. Under the ESPP, employees may purchase shares at a purchase price that cannot be less than 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on the first trading day of each offering period or on the last trading day of each offering period. No offering period may exceed 27 months in length. As of the close of business on December 31, 2023, there were no shares of Class A Common Stock subject to purchase during open offering periods. Additional information required by this Item appears under the heading “SHARE OWNERSHIP” of the Proxy Statement, which is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. Information required by this Item is under the headings “PROPOSAL ONE: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS” and “CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS” of the Proxy Statement, all of which is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. Information required by this Item appears under the heading “PROPOSAL TWO: RATIFICATION OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM” of the Proxy Statement which is incorporated herein by reference. 178 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules. (a)(1) Financial Statements: The following are included under Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:” Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated balance sheets — December 31, 2023 and 2022 Consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income — years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity — years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Consolidated statements of cash flows — years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Notes to consolidated financial statements (a)(2) Financial Statements Schedules: Financial statement schedules are omitted because the information is not applicable. (a)(3) Exhibits: The Exhibit Index of this report is incorporated herein by reference. The management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K pursuant to Item 15(b) are noted in the Exhibit Index. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. Not applicable. 179 INDEX TO EXHIBITS No. Description 3(i) Articles of Incorporation of Registrant, as amended (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i) to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed October 13, 2016) 3(ii) Amended and Restated Bylaws (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed April 26, 2021) 4.1 Provisions of Articles of Incorporation of Registrant defining rights of security holders (see Articles of Incorporation, as amended, of Registrant incorporated as Exhibit 3(i) herein) 4.2 Description of Securities (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019) 10.01* Agreement of Employment dated April 24, 2020, between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Logan Pichel (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed May 5, 2020) 10.02* Change in Control Severance Agreement dated January 27, 2021 between Republic Bank & Trust Company and William Nelson (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 1, 2021) 10.03* Form of Executive Officer Change in Control Agreement between Republic Bank & Trust Company and designated Executive Officers (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 1, 2021) 10.04 Split Dollar Insurance Policy with Citizens Fidelity Bank and Trust Company as the Trustee of the Bernard Trager Irrevocable Trust, dated December 14, 1989, as amended August 8, 1994 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.70 to Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012) 10.05 Right of First Offer Agreement by and among Republic Bancorp, Inc., Teebank Family Limited Partnership, Bernard M. Trager and Jean S. Trager. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed September 19, 2007) 10.06 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated August 1, 1982, relating to 2801 Bardstown Road, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1998) 10.07 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated August 1, 2008, relating to 2801 Bardstown Road, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed June 9, 2008) 10.08 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated August 1, 2008, relating to 2801 Bardstown Road, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 9, 2018) 10.09 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Teeco Properties, dated April 1, 1995, relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.10 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1998) 10.10 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Teeco Properties, dated October 1, 1996, relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.10 of Registrant’s Form S-1) 10.11 Lease extension between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Teeco Properties, dated September 25, 2001, relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.25 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2001) 10.12 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Teeco Properties, dated May 1, 2002, relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2002) 10.13 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Teeco Properties, dated October 1, 2005, relating to property at 601 West Market Street, Louisville, KY (Floor 4), amending and modifying previously filed exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s 180 No. Description Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2002 (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2005) 10.14 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Teeco Properties, as of October 1, 2006, relating to property at 601 West Market Street, Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed September 25, 2006) 10.15 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Teeco Properties, as of July 8, 2008, relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Floors 1,2,3,5 and 6), Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008) 10.16 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Teeco Properties, as of July 8, 2008, relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Floor 4), Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008) 10.17 Assignment of Lease relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Floors 1,2,3,5 and 6), Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.31 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016) 10.18 Assignment of Lease relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Floor 4), Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.32 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016) 10.19 Master Office Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Makbe LLC, dated August 1, 2020, relating to property at 601 West Market Street (Incorporated by reference to exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020) 10.20 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated February 3, 1993, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1998) 10.21 Fifth Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated February 1, 1999, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of Registrant’s Form 10- Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1999) 10.22 Sixth Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated February 1, 2000, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of Registrant’s Form 10- K for the year ended December 31, 1999) 10.23 Seventh Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated July 1, 2003, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2003) 10.24 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated August 2, 1993, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003) 10.25 Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated September 1, 1995, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003) 10.26 Second Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated February 16, 1996, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003) 181 No. Description 10.27 Third Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated January 21, 1998, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003) 10.28 Fourth Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated September 11, 1998, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003) 10.29 Eighth Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated February 1, 2004, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2004) 10.30 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated September 1, 2005, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville, KY, amending and modifying previously filed exhibit 10.12 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1998 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2005) 10.30.1 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated August 14, 2015, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015) 10.30.2 Second Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated January 31, 2018, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 of Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 9, 2018) 10.30.3 Third Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee-Hurstbourne LLC, dated January 10, 2023, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31.3 of Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 3, 2023) 10.31.1 First amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee-Hurstbourne LLC, dated January 10, 2023, as amended, relating to 661 South Hurstbourne Parkway, Louisville (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-K filed March 3, 2023) 10.32 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated November 17, 1997, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1998) 10.33 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated August 1, 1999, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1999) 10.34 Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated October 30, 1999, as amended, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1999) 10.35 Third Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated May 1, 2003, as amended, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2003) 10.36 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated November 1, 2005, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005) 182 No. Description 10.37 Assignment and Assumption of Lease by Republic Bank & Trust Company with the consent of Jaytee Properties, dated May 1, 2006, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road, Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2006) 10.38 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated January 17, 2008, as amended, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road, Louisville, KY (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) 10.39 Fourth Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated January 15, 2014, as amended, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013) 10.40 Fifth Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated March 15, 2017, as amended, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017) 10.41 Sixth Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, dated August 1, 1999, as amended, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019) 10.42 Seventh Amendment to Office Lease dated as of September 1, 2021 to the Office Lease dated August 1, 1999, as amended, by and between Jaytee-Springhurst, LLC and Republic Bank & Trust Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021) 10.43 Eighth Amendment to Office Lease dated as of November 17, 2021 to the Office Lease dated August 1, 1999, as amended, by and between Jaytee-Springhurst, LLC and Republic Bank & Trust Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (Commission Number: 0-24649)) 10.44 Ground lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road, dated January 17, 2008, relating to 9600 Brownsboro Road, Louisville, KY (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007) 10.45 10.46 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated June 27, 2008, relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed July 1, 2008) Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated March 1, 2011, relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.66 of the Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010) 10.47 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated May 1, 2013, relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013) 10.48 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated January 15, 2014, as amended, relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.54 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013) 183 No. Description 10.49 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated March 18, 2015, as amended, relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015) 10.50 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated September 30, 2015, relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015) 10.51 Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated March 15 2017 relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017) 10.52 First Amendment to Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated September 20 2017, as amended, relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017) 10.53 Master Office Lease between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Jaytee Properties II SPE, LLC, dated October 1 2020, relating to 200 South Seventh Street, Louisville, KY. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.56 of Registrant’s Form 10- K for the year ended December 31, 2021) 10.54* 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex A of Registrant’s 2015 Proxy Statement) 10.55* Option Award Agreement for 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015) 10.56* Restricted Stock Award Agreement for 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015) 10.57* Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement for 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed January 27, 2016) 10.58* Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 1, 2021) 10.59* Form of Performance Stock Unit Award (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 1, 2021) 10.60* Form of Option Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed February 1, 2021) 10.61* Form of Agreement for TRS Transaction Bonus Program (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed May 19, 2021) 10.62* Republic Bancorp, Inc. 401(k)/Profit Sharing Plan and Trust (Incorporated by reference to Form S-8 filed December 28, 2005) 10.63* Republic Bancorp, Inc. 401(k) Retirement Plan, as Amended and Restated, effective April 1, 2011 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 23.2 to Form 11-K for the year ended December 31, 2011) 10.64* Republic Bancorp, Inc. 401(k) Retirement Plan, as Amended and Restated, effective January 1, 2015 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 23.2 of Form 11-K for the year ended December 31, 2014) 184 No. Description 10.65* Republic Bancorp, Inc. 401(k) Retirement Plan, as Amended and Restated, effective May 1, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021) 10.66* Republic Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation and the Republic Bank & Trust Company Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (as adopted November 18, 2004) (Incorporated by reference to Form S-8 filed November 30, 2004) 10.67* Republic Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan Post- Effective Amendment No. 1 (Incorporated by reference to Form S-8 filed April 13, 2005) 10.68* Republic Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation, as amended and restated as of March 16, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed March 18, 2005) 10.69* Republic Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation as amended and restated as of March 19, 2008 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008) 10.70* Republic Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation, as adopted November 18 2004 and then amended and restated as on March 16, 2005, March 19, 2008, and again on January 24, 2018 (Incorporated by reference to Annex A of Registrant’s 2018 Proxy Statement) 10.71* Amendment 2019-1 to the Republic Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries Non-Employee Director and Key Employee Deferred Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020) 10.72* Republic Bancorp, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex B of Registrant’s 2018 Proxy Statement) 10.73* Consulting Agreement dated as of July 16, 2019, between David P. Feaster and Republic Bank & Trust Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.70 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019) 10.74** Amended and Restated Joint Marketing Agreement, dated July 1, 2015, by and between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Elevate@Work, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.87 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018) 10.75** Written Consent to the Amended and Restated Joint Marketing Agreement, dated September 1, 2016, by and between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Elevate@Work, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.88 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018) 10.76** Amended and Restated License and Support Agreement, dated July 1, 2015, by and between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Elevate Decision Sciences, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.89 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018) 10.77** Participation Agreement, dated July 1, 2015, by and between Elastic SPV, Ltd. and Republic Bank & Trust Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.90 of Registrant’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018) 10.78 Asset Purchase Agreement dated as of May 13, 2021, between Republic Bank & Trust Company and Green Dot Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Registrant’s Form 8-K filed May 19, 2021) (Termination of this agreement has been disclosed in Registrant’s Form 8-K filed January 10, 2022) 10.79* Form of Bonus Agreement between Republic Bank & Trust Company and designated Executive Officers 185 No. Description 10.80* Form of RPG Bonus Agreement between Republic Bank & Trust Company and designated Executive Officers 16.1 Letter from Crowe LLP to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, dated December 5, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 16.1 to Registrant’s Form 8-K filed December 5, 2023) 21 23 Subsidiaries of Republic Bancorp, Inc. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 31.1 Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Axt of 2002 31.2 Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 32*** Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2003 97* Republic Bancorp, Inc. Incentive-Based Compensation Recovery Policy effective November 15, 2023 101 The following financial statements from the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K were formatted in iXBRL (Inline eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (iii) Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document). Denotes management contracts and compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K * pursuant to Item 15(b). ** including the redacted portions, has been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Confidential treatment has been requested for the redacted portions of this agreement. A complete copy of the agreement, *** This certification shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 186 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. March 14, 2024 REPUBLIC BANCORP, INC. /s/ Steven E. Trager By: Steven E. Trager Executive Chair and Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated. /s/ Steven E. Trager Steven E. Trager /s/ A. Scott Trager A. Scott Trager /s/ Kevin Sipes Kevin Sipes /s/ David P. Feaster David P. Feaster /s/ Jennifer N. Green Jennifer N. Green /s/ Heather V. Howell Heather V. Howell /s/ Timothy S. Huval Timothy S. Huval /s/ Ernest W. Marshall, Jr. Ernest W. Marshall, Jr. /s/ W. Patrick Mulloy, II W. Patrick Mulloy, II /s/ George Nichols III George Nichols III /s/ W. Kennett Oyler, III W. Kennett Oyler, III /s/ Logan M. Pichel Logan M. Pichel /s/ Vidya Ravichandran Vidya Ravichandran Executive Chair, Chief Executive Officer March 14, 2024 and Director Vice Chair, President and Director March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 187 SIGNATURES (continued) /s/ Michael T. Rust Michael T. Rust /s/ Susan Stout Tamme Susan Stout Tamme /s/ Andrew Trager-Kusman Andrew Trager-Kusman /s/ Mark A. Vogt Mark A. Vogt Director Director Director Director March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 March 14, 2024 188 

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