Rigel Pharmaceuticals
Annual Report 2014

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One) x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 or o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Commission file number 0-29889 RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 1180 Veterans Blvd. South San Francisco, California (Address of principal executive offices) 94-3248524 (IRS Employer Identification No.) 94080 (Zip Code) (650) 624-1100 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class: Common Stock, par value $.001 per share Name of each exchange on which registered: The Nasdaq Global Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x Indicate by a check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer x Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company o Indicate by a check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x The approximate aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by non- affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of the registrant’s Common Stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on June 30, 2014, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $317,388,705. Shares of the registrant’s outstanding Common Stock held by each executive officer, director and affiliates of the registrant’s outstanding Common Stock have been excluded. The determination of affiliate status for the purposes of this calculation is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. As of February 25, 2015, there were 88,043,642 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporate information by reference from the definitive proxy statement for the registrant’s 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business ......................................................................................................................................................... Item 1A. Risk Factors ................................................................................................................................................... Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments .......................................................................................................................... Properties ....................................................................................................................................................... Item 2. Item 3. Legal Proceedings .......................................................................................................................................... Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures ................................................................................................................................ PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities ................................................................................................................................... Item 6. Selected Financial Data ................................................................................................................................. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ........................ Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk ........................................................................ Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ............................................................................................. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ....................... Item 9A. Controls and Procedures ................................................................................................................................ Item 9B. Other Information .......................................................................................................................................... PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance ............................................................................ Item 11. Executive Compensation ............................................................................................................................... Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ..... Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence .............................................. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services ........................................................................................................ PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules ................................................................................................. Signatures ...................................................................................................................................................... Page 1 10 22 22 22 22 22 24 25 34 35 57 57 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 64 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains statements indicating expectations about future performance and other forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. We usually use words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “might,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “intend” or the negative of these terms or similar expressions to identify these forward- looking statements. These statements appear throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are statements regarding our current intent, belief or expectation, primarily with respect to our operations and related industry developments. Examples of these statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the following: our business and scientific strategies; the progress of our product development programs, including clinical testing, and the timing of commencement and results thereof; our corporate collaborations, and revenues that may be received from collaborations and the timing of those potential payments; our drug discovery technologies; our research and development expenses; protection of our intellectual property; and sufficiency of our cash resources and need for additional capital. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements for many reasons, including as a result of the risks and uncertainties discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A forward- looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. PART I Item 1. Business Overview Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was incorporated in Delaware in June 1996, and is based in South San Francisco, California. We are a clinical-stage drug development company that discovers and develops novel, small-molecule drugs for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, immuno-oncology related diseases, and muscle disorders. Our pioneering research focuses on intracellular signaling pathways and related targets that are critical to disease mechanisms. We currently have the following product candidates in development: fostamatinib, an oral spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor, which is in Phase 3 clinical trials for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and initiating a Phase 2 clinical trial for IgA nephropathy (IgAN); R348, a topical JAK/SYK inhibitor, in a Phase 2 clinical trial for dry eye in ocular graft-versus-host disease (GvHD); two oncology product candidates in Phase 1 development with partners BerGenBio AS (BerGenBio) and Daiichi Sankyo (Daiichi); and two preclinical programs with AstraZeneca AB (AZ) for R256 in asthma and with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS) for TGF beta inhibitors in immuno-oncology. Since the beginning of 2014, we have experienced the following business events: • • • • • In February 2015, we announced that we entered into a collaboration agreement with BMS for the discovery, development and commercialization of cancer immunotherapies based on our extensive portfolio of small molecule TGF beta receptor kinase inhibitors, in which BMS will pay us an upfront payment of $30.0 million. In January 2015, we announced that our Phase 3 clinical program in fostamatinib for the treatment of ITP is actively enrolling patients in the United States (U.S.) and Europe. We expect to separately report top line results of the two clinical studies with the first study reporting in the first quarter of 2016. In January 2015, we announced that we are initiating a Phase 2 clinical trial of fostamatinib in patients with IgAN, a chronic autoimmune disease of the kidneys, and expect to report results in the first half of 2016. In January 2015, we announced that in December 2014 we earned a non-refundable payment of $5.8 million from AZ resulting from AZ’s continued development of R256 in asthma as of December 2014. In November 2014, we announced that James M. Gower retired from the Board of Directors and from his positions as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Raul Rodriguez, then President and Chief Operating Officer, assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer and joined the Board of Directors. 1 • • • In October 2014, we earned a milestone payment of $2.5 million from AZ for its initiation of a good laboratory practices (GLP) toxicology study with R256 for the potential treatment of moderate to severe chronic asthma. In August 2014, we announced that R348, our ophthalmic JAK/SYK inhibitor, did not meet the primary or secondary endpoints in a completed Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with dry eye disease. In light of the overall findings, we decided not to initiate any new studies of R348 for this indication, but will be continuing our Phase 2 study of dry eye in patients with GvHD. In August 2014, we announced that we discontinued our indirect AMPK activator program, R118, due to its side-effect profile in Phase 1 clinical trials. However, we will continue our direct AMPK activator research program. Strategy Our research team is focused on creating a portfolio of product candidates that may be developed as small-molecule therapeutics for our own proprietary programs or for development by potential collaborative partners. We recognize that the product development process is subject to both high costs and a high risk of failure. We believe that identifying a variety of product candidates and working in conjunction with other pharmaceutical partners may minimize the risk of failure, fill the product pipeline gap at major pharmaceutical companies, and ultimately increase the likelihood of advancing clinical development and potential commercialization of the product candidates. The key elements to our business and scientific strategy are to: • • • • develop and commercialize selected drug candidates on our own in markets where we believe a company our size can successfully compete; develop a diverse portfolio of drug candidates that address a variety of therapeutic indications or that represent significant market opportunities; utilize our robust discovery engine to rapidly discover and validate new product candidates in a broad range of therapeutic indications; and develop drug candidates and establish strategic collaborations with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to further develop and market our product candidates. Product Development Programs Our product development portfolio features multiple novel, small-molecule drug candidates whose specialized mechanisms of action are intended to provide therapeutic benefit for a range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, immuno-oncology related diseases, and muscle disorders. Pipeline Fostamatinib—Oral SYK Inhibitor Current Stage Status Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) .................. Phase 3 IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) ............................................. Phase 2 R348—Topical Ophthalmic JAK/SYK Inhibitor Dry Eye in Patients with Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD) ........................ Phase 2 Our Phase 3 clinical program for ITP is currently actively enrolling patients in the United States and Europe. We expect to separately report top line results of our two studies with the first study reporting in the first quarter of 2016 and the other study in the second quarter of 2016. We are currently initiating a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with IgAN and we expect to report results in the first half of 2016. We have initiated a Phase 2 clinical trial to investigate R348 for the treatment of dry eye in patients with GvHD in the second quarter of 2014 and expect results of this study in the first quarter of 2016. 2 Clinical Stage Programs Fostamatinib—Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Disease background. Chronic ITP affects an estimated 60,000 to 125,000 people in the U.S. In patients with ITP, the immune system attacks and destroys the body’s own blood platelets, which play an active role in blood clotting and healing. ITP patients can suffer extraordinary bruising, bleeding and fatigue as a result of low platelet counts. Current therapies for ITP include steroids, blood platelet production boosters that imitate thrombopoietin (TPOs) and splenectomy. Orally-available SYK inhibitor program. Taken in tablet form, fostamatinib blocks the activation of SYK inside immune cells. ITP causes the body to produce antibodies that attach to healthy platelets in the blood stream. Immune cells recognize these antibodies and affix to them, which activates the SYK enzyme inside the immune cell, and triggers the destruction of the antibody and the attached platelet. When SYK is inhibited by fostamatinib, it interrupts this immune cell function and allows the platelets to escape destruction. The results of our Phase 2 clinical trial, in which fostamatinib was orally administered to sixteen adults with chronic ITP, published in Blood (2009, volume 113, number 14), showed that fostamatinib significantly increased the platelet counts of certain ITP patients, including those who had failed other currently available agents. In October 2013, we met with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for an end-of-Phase 2 meeting for fostamatinib in ITP. Based on that meeting, we designed a Phase 3 clinical program, called FIT, in which a total of 150 ITP patients will be randomized into two identical multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. One trial will consist of sites predominantly in the Unites States while the other trial will consist mainly of international sites. The patients will have been diagnosed with persistent or chronic ITP, and have blood platelet counts consistently below 30,000 per microliter of blood. Two-thirds of the subjects will receive fostamatinib orally at 100 mg bid (twice daily) and the other third will receive placebo on the same schedule. Subjects are expected to remain on treatment for 24 weeks. At week four of treatment, subjects who meet certain platelet count and tolerability thresholds will have their dosage of fostamatinib (or corresponding placebo) increased to 150 mg bid. The primary efficacy endpoint of this program is a stable platelet response by week 24 with platelet counts at or above 50,000 per microliter of blood for at least four of the final six qualifying blood draws. Our Phase 3 clinical program for ITP is currently actively enrolling patients in the U.S. and Europe. We expect to separately report top line results of the two studies with the first study reporting in the first quarter of 2016 and the other study in the second quarter of 2016. Fostamatinib—IgAN Disease background. IgAN is an autoimmune disease that severely affects the functioning of the kidneys. An estimated 12,000 Americans are diagnosed with this type of glomerulonephritis each year, with 25% of its victims eventually requiring dialysis and/or kidney transplantation over time. IgAN is characterized by the deposition of IgA immune complexes in the glomeruli of the kidneys leading to an inflammatory response and subsequent tissue damage that ultimately disrupts the normal filtering function of the kidneys. By inhibiting SYK in kidney cells, fostamatinib may block the signaling of IgA immune complex receptors and arrest or slow destruction of the glomeruli. Orally-available SYK inhibitor program. We are currently initiating a Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with IgAN, a chronic autoimmune disease of the kidneys. We expect the study, called SIGN (SYK Inhibition for Glomerulonephritis), to enroll 75 patients with the disease and report results in the first half of 2016. R348—Dry Eye in Patients with Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD) Disease background. According to an article published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, a significant number (22% to 80%) of patients with acute or chronic GvHD develop a secondary incidence of dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca). In general, these patients are severely ill and have a great medical need for a topical therapy that may better manage their symptoms. Topical Ophthalmic JAK/SYK inhibitor program. R348, an ophthalmic JAK/SYK inhibitor, is being evaluated in a Phase 2 study of patients with ocular GvHD to determine if it reduces inflammation and limits the damage to the eye tissue caused by the disease. We expect results of this study in the first quarter of 2016. 3 Research/Preclinical Programs We are conducting proprietary research in the broad disease areas of inflammation/immunology and muscle wasting/muscle endurance. Within each disease area, our researchers are investigating mechanisms of action as well as screening compounds against potential novel targets and optimizing those leads that appear to have the greatest potential. We have active small molecule discovery programs in muscle wasting. Excessive loss of muscle in the context of illness can contribute significantly to both morbidity and mortality rates. Many conditions that have been associated with muscle atrophy, or the loss of muscle mass, including cancer, chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, mechanical ventilation and aging (sarcopenia), have significant patient populations that may benefit from therapeutics that counter such muscle loss. In the area of muscle atrophy and muscle endurance, we are focusing on several signaling pathways that are important for muscle homeostasis. Patients with chronic illnesses such as chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or diabetes, often experience a decrease in strength and increase in fatigue due to muscle myopathy. Corporate Collaborations We have several active collaborations, none of which that we currently consider significant. Under these collaborations, which we enter into in the ordinary course of business, we received or may be entitled to receive upfront cash payments, progress-dependent contingent payments on events achieved by such partners and royalties on any net sales of products sold by such partners under the agreements. As of December 31, 2014, total future contingent payments to us under all of these current collaborations could exceed $144.0 million if all potential product candidates achieved all of the payment triggering events under all of our current collaborations (based on a single product candidate under each agreement). Of this amount, up to $52.9 million relates to the achievement of development events, up to $53.6 million relates to the achievement of regulatory events and up to $37.5 million relates to the achievement of certain commercial or launch events. This estimated future contingent amount does not include any estimated royalties that could be due to us if any of these partners successfully commercialize the licensed products. Future events that may trigger payments to us under the agreements are based solely on our partners’ future efforts and achievements of specified development, regulatory and/or commercial events. Since we do not control the research, development or commercialization of the product candidates generated under these collaborations, we are not able to reasonably estimate when, if at all, any contingent payments would become payable to us. As such, the contingent payments we could receive thereunder involve a substantial degree of risk to achieve and may never be received. Accordingly, we do not expect, and investors should not assume, that we will receive all or any portion of the potential contingent payments provided for under these collaborations and it is possible that we may never receive any additional significant contingent payments or royalties under these collaborations. In June 2012, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license agreement with AZ for the development and commercialization of our program, R256, an inhaled JAK inhibitor shown to inhibit IL-13 and IL-4 signaling, which is being investigated as a treatment for moderate to severe chronic asthma. AZ is responsible for beginning the first-in-human clinical studies for R256, and for designing and conducting the clinical development of the compound. AZ also has exclusive rights to commercialize R256 around the world. AZ paid us an upfront payment of $1.0 million in July 2012. Under the agreement, we were obligated to provide the following deliverables: (i) granting a license of rights to our program, and (ii) delivery of a small batch of compound to AZ. We concluded that these deliverables should be accounted for as separate units of accounting. As our obligations with respect to the deliverables were achieved by June 30, 2012, we recognized revenue of $1.0 million in the second quarter of 2012. On December 31, 2014 and 2013, we earned revenue associated with the time-based non-refundable payment of $5.8 million for each period from AZ in consideration for AZ’s decision to continue its development of R256 in asthma. In October 2014, we earned a $2.5 million milestone from AZ for their continued development and initiation of a GLP toxicology study with R256. In June 2011, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with BerGenBio for the development and commercialization of an oncology program, which is currently in Phase 1 development. BerGenBio is responsible for all activities it wishes to perform under the license we granted to it. In July 2012, we received a time-based payment of $500,000 from BerGenBio due to us on June 29, 2012, pursuant to the terms of the agreement. We recognized the payment as revenue in the second quarter of 2012. 4 In August 2002, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Daiichi to pursue research related to a specific target from a novel class of drug targets called ligases that control cancer cell proliferation through protein degradation which is currently in Phase 1 development. In April 2013, we received a $1.4 million non-refundable payment from Daiichi related to Daiichi’s filing of an investigational new drug (IND) for an oncology compound. In January 2012, we received a $750,000 payment from Daiichi. To date, we have earned payments under this arrangement amounting to $7.9 million. The research phase of this three-year collaboration expired in August 2005. Under the terms of the collaboration agreement, we retain the rights to co- develop and co-promote certain products resulting from this collaboration in North America, while Daiichi retains co-development and promotion rights in the remainder of the world. Our Discovery Engine The approaches that we use in connection with both our proprietary product development programs and our corporate collaborations are designed to identify protein targets for compound screening and validate the role of those targets in the disease process. Unlike genomics-based approaches, which begin by identifying genes and then searching for their functions, our approach identifies proteins that are demonstrated to have an important role in a specific disease pathway. By understanding the disease pathway, we attempt to avoid studying genes that will not make good drug targets and focus only on the subset of expressed proteins of genes that we believe are specifically implicated in the disease process. We begin by developing assays that model the key events in a disease process at the cellular level. We then identify potential protein targets. In addition, we identify the proteins involved in the intracellular process and prepare a map of their interactions, thus giving us a comprehensive picture of the intracellular disease pathway. We believe that our approach has a number of advantages, including: • • • • • • improved target identification: it focuses only on the subset of expressed proteins of genes believed to be specifically implicated in the disease process; rapid validation of protein targets: it produces validated protein targets quickly because it uses key events in the disease process as the basis to design the functional, disease-based screen; improved disease pathway mapping: it produces a comprehensive map of the intracellular disease pathway, enabling the identification of a large number of potential protein targets; informed target selection: it provides a variety of different types of targets and information concerning the role each plays in their endogenous state to better select targets more susceptible to pharmaceutical intervention; efficient compound screening: it increases the probability and speed with which compound screening will identify “hits” because it provides detailed knowledge of the target that can be used to guide the design of the compound screen; and risk reduction: it may reduce the risk of failure in the product development process due to serious side effects, including toxicity or other reasons, by selecting only targets that are specific to the disease in question and that have no apparent role in other cell types or signaling pathways. Because of the very large numbers of screens employed, our technology is labor intensive. The complexity of our technology requires a high degree of skill and diligence to perform successfully. We believe we have been and will continue to be able to meet these challenges successfully and increase our ability to identify targets for drug discovery. Although other companies may utilize technologies similar to certain aspects of our technology, we are unaware of any other company that employs the same combination of technologies that we do. Pharmacology and Preclinical Development We believe that the rapid characterization and optimization of compounds identified in high-throughput screening (HTS) will generate high quality preclinical development candidates. Our pharmacology and preclinical development group facilitates lead optimization by characterizing lead compounds with respect to pharmacokinetics, potency, efficacy and selectivity. The generation of proof-of-principle data in animals and the establishment of standard pharmacological models with which to assess lead compounds represent integral components of lead optimization. As programs move through the lead optimization stage, our pharmacology and preclinical development groups support our chemists and biologists by performing the necessary studies, including toxicology, for IND application submissions. 5 Clinical Development We have assembled a team of experts in drug development to design and implement clinical trials and to analyze the data derived from these trials. The clinical development group possesses expertise in project management and regulatory affairs. We work with external clinical research organizations with expertise in managing clinical trials, drug formulation, and the manufacture of clinical trial supplies to support our drug development efforts. Intellectual Property We are able to protect our technology from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that it is covered by valid and enforceable patents or is effectively maintained as a trade secret. Accordingly, patents and other proprietary rights are an essential element of our business. We have about 75 pending patent applications and over 295 issued and active patents in the United States, as well as corresponding pending foreign patent applications and issued foreign patents. Our policy is to file patent applications to protect technology, inventions and improvements to inventions that are commercially important to the development of our business. We seek U.S. and international patent protection for a variety of technologies, including new screening methodologies and other research tools, target molecules that are associated with disease states identified in our screens, and lead compounds that can affect disease pathways. We also intend to seek patent protection or rely upon trade secret rights to protect other technologies that may be used to discover and validate targets and that may be used to identify and develop novel drugs. We seek protection, in part, through confidentiality and proprietary information agreements. We are a party to various license agreements that give us rights to use technologies in our research and development. Our patents extend for varying periods according to the date of patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained. Our material patents relate to compositions of matter covering specific drug candidates in clinical trials that target SYK. These patents will expire, excluding patent term extensions, in 2023, 2024 and 2026. Several of these patents will have patent term extensions, depending on the length of time required to conduct clinical trials. We currently hold a number of issued patents in the United States, as well as corresponding applications that allow us to pursue patents in other countries, some of which have been allowed and/or granted and others of which we expect to be granted. Specifically, in most cases where we hold a U.S. issued patent, the subject matter is covered at least by an application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), which is then used or has been used to pursue protection in certain countries that are members of the treaty. Our material patents relate to fostamatinib, an oral SYK inhibitor, and R406, the active metabolite of fostamatinib. Fostamatinib. Fostamatinib is covered as a composition of matter in a U.S. issued patent that has an expiration date in September 2026, after taking into account a patent term adjustment, and may be granted further protection under the patent term extension rules related to conducting clinical trials. Fostamatinib is also covered under broader composition of matter claims in a U.S. issued patent that has an expiration date in March 2026, after taking into account a patent term adjustment. Methods of using fostamatinib to treat various indications, methods of making fostamatinib, and compositions of matter covering certain intermediates used to make fostamatinib are also covered, respectively, in three U.S. issued patents; the earliest expiration date of any of these patents is in April 2023 and the latest expiration date is in June 2026, after taking into account patent term adjustments. Corresponding applications have been filed in foreign jurisdictions under the PCT, and are at various stages of prosecution. Of note, a patent covering fostamatinib as a composition of matter and in compositions for use treating various diseases has been granted by the European Patent Office. R406. R406 is covered as a composition of matter in a U.S. issued patent and, with a patent term adjustment, has an expiration date in February 2025. R406 is also covered under two broader composition of matter patents issued in the U.S. expiring in February 2023 and July 2024. Methods of using R406 to treat various indications and compositions of matter covering certain intermediates used to make R406 are also covered under patents described above. Corresponding applications have been filed in foreign jurisdictions under the PCT and are at various stages of prosecution. Competition The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Many of the drugs that we are attempting to discover will be competing with existing therapies. In addition, a number of companies are pursuing the development of pharmaceuticals that target the same diseases and conditions that we are targeting. For example, there are existing therapies and drug candidates in development for the treatment of ITP that may be alternative therapies to fostamatinib, if it is ultimately approved for commercialization. We 6 face, and will continue to face, intense competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as from academic and research institutions and government agencies, both in the United States and abroad. Some of these competitors are pursuing the development of pharmaceuticals that target the same diseases and conditions as our research programs. Our major competitors include fully integrated pharmaceutical companies that have extensive drug discovery efforts and are developing novel small molecule pharmaceuticals. We also face significant competition from organizations that are pursuing the same or similar technologies, including the discovery of targets that are useful in compound screening, as the technologies used by us in our drug discovery efforts. Competition may also arise from: • • • • new or better methods of target identification or validation; other drug development technologies and methods of preventing or reducing the incidence of disease; new small molecules; or other classes of therapeutic agents. Our competitors or their collaborative partners may utilize discovery technologies and techniques or partner with collaborators in order to develop products more rapidly or successfully than we or our collaborators are able to do. Many of our competitors, particularly large pharmaceutical companies, have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources and larger research and development staffs than we do. In addition, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private organizations conducting research may seek patent protection with respect to potentially competitive products or technologies and may establish exclusive collaborative or licensing relationships with our competitors. We believe that our ability to compete is dependent, in part, upon our ability to create, maintain and license scientifically advanced technology and upon our and our collaborators’ ability to develop and commercialize pharmaceutical products based on this technology, as well as our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, obtain patent protection or otherwise develop proprietary technology or processes and secure sufficient capital resources for the expected substantial time period between technological conception and commercial sales of products based upon our technology. The failure by any of our collaborators or us in any of those areas may prevent the successful commercialization of our potential drug targets. Many of our competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, have significantly greater experience than we do in: • • • identifying and validating targets; screening compounds against targets; and undertaking preclinical testing and clinical trials. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, identifying or validating new targets or discovering new drug compounds before we do. Our competitors might develop technologies and drugs that are more effective or less costly than any that are being developed by us or that would render our technology and product candidates obsolete and noncompetitive. In addition, our competitors may succeed in obtaining the approval of the FDA or other regulatory agencies for product candidates more rapidly. Companies that complete clinical trials, obtain required regulatory agency approvals and commence commercial sale of their drugs before us may achieve a significant competitive advantage, including certain patent and FDA marketing exclusivity rights that would delay or prevent our ability to market certain products. Any drugs resulting from our research and development efforts, or from our joint efforts with our existing or future collaborative partners, might not be able to compete successfully with competitors’ existing or future products or obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere. 7 We face and will continue to face intense competition from other companies for collaborative arrangements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, for establishing relationships with academic and research institutions and for licenses to additional technologies. These competitors, either alone or with their collaborative partners, may succeed in developing technologies or products that are more effective than ours. Our ability to compete successfully will depend, in part, on our ability to: • • • • • identify and validate targets; discover candidate drug compounds that interact with the targets we identify; attract and retain scientific and product development personnel; obtain patent or other proprietary protection for our new drug compounds and technologies; and enter commercialization agreements for our new drug compounds. Research and Development Expenses A significant portion of our operating expenses is related to research and development and we intend to maintain our strong commitment to research and development. See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for costs and expenses related to research and development, and other financial information for each of the fiscal years 2014, 2013 and 2012. Government Regulation Our ongoing development activities are and will continue to be subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States and other countries, including the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The regulatory review and approval process is expensive and uncertain. Securing FDA approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the FDA for each indication to establish a product candidate’s safety and efficacy. Preclinical studies generally are conducted in laboratory animals to evaluate the potential safety and the efficacy of a product. Drug developers submit the results of preclinical studies to the FDA as part of an IND application that must be approved before clinical trials can begin in humans. Typically, clinical evaluation involves a time consuming and costly three-phase process. • • • Phase 1—Clinical trials are conducted with a small number of patients to determine the early safety profile, maximum tolerated dose and pharmacological properties of the product in human volunteers. Phase 2—Clinical trials are conducted with groups of patients afflicted with a specific disease in order to determine preliminary efficacy, optimal dosages and expanded evidence of safety. Phase 3—Large-scale, multi-center, comparative clinical trials are conducted with patients afflicted with a specific disease in order to determine safety and efficacy as primary support for regulatory approval by the FDA to market a product candidate for a specific disease. The approval process takes many years, requires the expenditure of substantial resources and may involve ongoing requirements for post- marketing studies. Clinical trials are subject to oversight by institutional review boards and the FDA. In addition, clinical trials: • must be conducted in conformance with the FDA’s good clinical practices and other applicable regulations; • must meet requirements for institutional review board oversight; • must meet requirements for informed consent; • are subject to continuing FDA oversight; • may require large numbers of participants; and • may be suspended by us, our collaborators or the FDA at any time if it is believed that the subjects participating in these trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or if the FDA finds deficiencies in the IND or the conduct of these trials. 8 Even if we are able to achieve success in our clinical testing, we, or our collaborative partners, must provide the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities with clinical data that demonstrates the safety and efficacy of our products in humans before they can be approved for commercial sale. We do not know whether any future clinical trials will demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy necessary to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals or will result in marketable products. Our failure, or the failure of our strategic partners, to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our products under development will prevent receipt of FDA and similar foreign regulatory approval and, ultimately, commercialization of our products. Any clinical trial may fail to produce results satisfactory to the FDA. Preclinical and clinical data can be interpreted in different ways, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Negative or inconclusive results or adverse medical events during a clinical trial could cause a clinical trial to be repeated or a program to be terminated. In addition, delays or rejections may be encountered based upon additional government regulation from future legislation or administrative action or changes in FDA policy or interpretation during the period of product development, clinical trials and FDA regulatory review. Failure to comply with applicable FDA or other applicable regulatory requirements may result in criminal prosecution, civil penalties, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production or injunction, as well as other regulatory action against our potential products, collaborative partners or us. Outside the United States, our ability to market a product is contingent upon receiving a marketing authorization from the appropriate regulatory authorities. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, marketing authorization, pricing and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. At present, foreign marketing authorizations are applied for at a national level, although within the E.U., registration procedures are available to companies wishing to market a product in more than one E.U. member state. If the regulatory authority is satisfied that adequate evidence of safety, quality and efficacy has been presented, a marketing authorization will be granted. This foreign regulatory approval process involves all of the risks associated with FDA clearance. Manufacturing and Raw Materials We currently rely on, and will continue to rely on, third party contract manufacturers to produce sufficient quantities of our product candidates for use in our preclinical and clinical trials. We do not expect our costs for purchase of raw materials and manufacturing of our product candidates to increase significantly through 2015. Employees As of December 31, 2014, we had 127 employees. None of our employees are represented by a collective bargaining arrangement, and we believe our relationship with our employees is good. Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel to perform research and development work in the future will be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic and research institutions and government agencies for experienced scientists. Scientific and Medical Advisors We utilize scientists and physicians to advise us on scientific and medical matters as part of our ongoing research and product development efforts, including experts in clinical trial design, preclinical development work, chemistry, biology, infectious diseases, immunology, muscle wasting and metabolism, general metabolism and oncology. Certain of our scientific and medical advisors and consultants receive non-employee options to purchase our common stock and an honorarium for time spent assisting us. Available Information Our website is located at www.rigel.com. The information found on our website is not part of or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We electronically file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to the reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. We make available free of charge on or through our website copies of these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file these reports with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Further, copies of these reports are available at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. 9 Item 1A. Risk Factors In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the following risks, as well as the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements we have made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and those we may make from time to time. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently see as immaterial, may also harm our business. We will need additional capital in the future to sufficiently fund our operations and research. We have consumed substantial amounts of capital to date as we continue our research and development activities, including preclinical studies and clinical trials. In April 2013, our partner, AZ announced the top-line results of OSKIRA-1, a Phase 3 study to assess the efficacy and safety of fostamatinib, the first oral SYK inhibitor in development for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In June 2013, AZ announced the topline results from OSKIRA-2 and OSKIRA-3, two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials investigating fostamatinib. Based on the totality of the results of the OSKIRA Phase 3 program in patients with RA, in June 2013, AZ informed us that it would not proceed with regulatory filings and instead would return the rights to fostamatinib to us. As such, our collaboration agreement with AZ related to fostamatinib was no longer a potential source of future funds for us. We have decided not to continue development of fostamatinib for the treatment of RA or lymphoma due to insufficient efficacy findings from completed clinical trials and the competitive landscape in those indications. We initiated a Phase 3 clinical program to study fostamatinib in ITP in July 2014 on our own, which may accelerate our need for additional capital. We may seek another collaborator or licensee in the future for further clinical development and commercialization of fostamatinib, as well as our other clinical programs, which we may not be able to obtain on commercially reasonable terms or at all. We believe that our existing capital resources will be sufficient to support our current and projected funding requirements into the first quarter of 2017. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of our product candidates and other research and development activities, including risks and uncertainties that could impact the rate of progress of our development activities, we are unable to estimate with certainty the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our current and anticipated clinical trials and other research and development activities. We will continue to need additional capital and the amount of future capital needed will depend largely on the success of our internally developed programs as they proceed in later and more expensive clinical trials, including any additional clinical trials that we may decide to conduct with respect to fostamatinib. Unless and until we are able to generate a sufficient amount of product, royalty or milestone revenue, which may never occur, we expect to finance future cash needs through public and/or private offerings of equity securities, debt financings or collaboration and licensing arrangements, as well as through interest income earned on the investment of our cash balances and short-term investments. With the exception of contingent and royalty payments that we may receive under our existing collaborations, we do not currently have any commitments for future funding. We do not know whether additional financing will be available when needed, or that, if available, we will obtain financing on reasonable terms. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities in the future, our stockholders could at that time experience substantial dilution. Any debt financing that we are able to obtain may involve operating covenants that restrict our business. To the extent that we raise additional funds through any new collaboration and licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish some rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Our future funding requirements will depend on many uncertain factors. Our future funding requirements will depend upon many factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to: • • • the progress and success of our clinical trials and preclinical activities (including studies and manufacture of materials) of our product candidates conducted by us; the progress of research and development programs carried out by us; any changes in the breadth of our research and development programs; 10 • • • • • • • • the ability to achieve the events identified in our collaborative agreements that may trigger payments to us from our collaboration partners; the progress of the research and development efforts of our collaborative partners; our ability to acquire or license other technologies or compounds that we seek to pursue; our ability to manage our growth; competing technological and market developments; the costs and timing of obtaining, enforcing and defending our patent and other intellectual property rights; the costs and timing of regulatory filings and approvals by us and our collaborators; and expenses associated with any unforeseen litigation, including any securities class action lawsuits. Insufficient funds may require us to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, to lose rights under existing licenses or to relinquish greater or all rights to product candidates at an earlier stage of development or on less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose or may adversely affect our ability to operate as a going concern. We might not be able to commercialize our product candidates successfully if problems arise in the clinical testing and approval process. Commercialization of our product candidates depends upon successful completion of extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate their safety and efficacy for humans. Preclinical testing and clinical development are long, expensive and uncertain processes. In connection with clinical trials of our product candidates, we face the risks that: • • • the product candidate may not prove to be effective; the product candidate may cause harmful side effects; the clinical results may not replicate the results of earlier, smaller trials; • we, or the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities, may terminate or suspend the trials; • • • • our results may not be statistically significant; patient recruitment and enrollment may be slower than expected; patients may drop out of the trials; and regulatory and clinical trial requirements, interpretations or guidance may change. We do not know whether we, or any of our collaborative partners, will be permitted to undertake clinical trials of potential products beyond the trials already concluded and the trials currently in process. It will take us, or our collaborative partners several years to complete any such testing, and failure can occur at any stage of testing. Interim results of trials do not necessarily predict final results, and acceptable results in early trials may not be repeated in later trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including biotechnology companies, have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after achieving promising results in earlier trials. For example, R348, our ophthalmic JAK/SYK inhibitor, did not meet the primary or secondary endpoints in a recently completed Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with dry eye disease. Moreover, we or our collaborative partners or regulators may decide to discontinue development of any or all of these projects at any time for commercial, scientific or other reasons. For example, in August 2014, we announced that we have discontinued our indirect AMPK activator program, R118, due to its side-effect profile in Phase 1 clinical trials. In addition, in June 2013, our partner, AZ, informed us that it would not proceed with regulatory filings and instead would return the rights to fostamatinib to us. We initiated a Phase 3 clinical program to study fostamatinib in ITP in July 2014 on our own. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully complete the clinical development of fostamatinib or receive regulatory approval to ultimately commercialize fostamatinib. If we are unable to complete the clinical development of fostamatinib, our business will be harmed. 11 There is a high risk that drug discovery and development efforts might not successfully generate good product candidates. At the present time, the majority of our operations are in various stages of drug identification and development. We currently have four product candidates in the clinical testing stage. In our industry, it is statistically unlikely that the limited number of compounds that we have identified as potential product candidates will actually lead to successful product development efforts, and we do not expect any drugs resulting from our research to be commercially available for several years, if at all. Our compounds in clinical trials and our future leads for potential drug compounds are subject to the risks and failures inherent in the development of pharmaceutical products. These risks include, but are not limited to, the inherent difficulty in selecting the right drug and drug target and avoiding unwanted side effects, as well as unanticipated problems relating to product development, testing, enrollment, obtaining regulatory approvals, maintaining regulatory compliance, manufacturing, competition and costs and expenses that may exceed current estimates. In future clinical trials, we or our partners may discover additional side effects and/or higher frequency of side effects than those observed in completed clinical trials. The results of preliminary and mid-stage studies do not necessarily predict clinical or commercial success, and larger later-stage clinical trials may fail to confirm the results observed in the previous studies. Similarly, a clinical trial may show that a product candidate is safe and effective for certain patient populations in a particular indication, but other clinical trials may fail to confirm those results in a subset of that population or in a different patient population, which may limit the potential market for that product candidate. With respect to our own compounds in development, we have established anticipated timelines with respect to the initiation of clinical studies based on existing knowledge of the compounds. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will meet any of these timelines for clinical development. Additionally, the initial results of the completed Phase 2 clinical trial of fostamatinib in ITP do not necessarily predict final results and the results may not be repeated in later clinical trials. Because of the uncertainty of whether the accumulated preclinical evidence (pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, safety and/or other factors) or early clinical results will be observed in later clinical trials, we can make no assurances regarding the likely results from our future clinical trials or the impact of those results on our business. Delays in clinical testing could result in increased costs to us. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical studies or trials for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these studies as required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our clinical studies, if the pace of enrollment is slower than we expect, the development costs for our product candidates may increase and the completion of our studies may be delayed or our studies could become too expensive to complete. Significant delays in clinical testing could materially impact our product development costs and timing. For example, in July 2014, we initiated our Phase 3 clinical program to study fostamatinib in ITP, in which a total of 150 ITP patients will be randomized into two identical multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. Our estimates regarding timing are based on a number of assumptions, including assumptions based on past experience with our other clinical programs. If we are unable to enroll the patients at the projected rate, the completion of the clinical program could be delayed and the costs of conducting the program could increase, either of which could harm our business. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a study, delays from scaling up of a study, delays in reaching agreement on acceptable clinical trial agreement terms with prospective clinical sites, delays in obtaining institutional review board approval to conduct a study at a prospective clinical site or delays in recruiting subjects to participate in a study. In addition, we typically rely on third-party clinical investigators to conduct our clinical trials and other third-party organizations to oversee the operations of such trials and to perform data collection and analysis. The clinical investigators are not our employees, and we cannot control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs. Failure of the third-party organizations to meet their obligations could adversely affect clinical development of our products. As a result, we may face additional delaying factors outside our control if these parties do not perform their obligations in a timely fashion. While we have not yet experienced delays that have materially impacted our clinical trials or product development costs, delays of this sort could occur for the reasons identified above or other reasons. If we have delays in testing or obtaining regulatory approvals, our product development costs will increase. For example, we may need to make additional payments to third-party investigators and organizations to retain their services or we may need to pay recruitment incentives. If the delays are significant, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our product candidates will be harmed, and our ability to become profitable will be delayed. Moreover, these third-party investigators and organizations may also have relationships with other commercial entities, some of which may compete with us. If these third-party investigators and organizations assist our competitors at our expense, it could harm our competitive position. 12 Our success as a company is uncertain due to our history of operating losses and the uncertainty of any future profitability. Although we generated operating income of approximately $35.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, it was due to the one-time upfront payment from AZ received in April 2010, as well as payment for completing the transfer of the fostamatinib long-term open label extension study to AZ and for the initiation of Phase 3 clinical trials in the fostamatinib program by AZ. We incurred a loss from operations of approximately $91.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Other than for 2010, we have historically operated at a loss each year since we were incorporated in June 1996, due in large part to the significant research and development expenditures required to identify and validate new product candidates and pursue our development efforts. We expect to continue to incur net operating losses and there can be no assurance that we will generate operating income in the foreseeable future. Currently, our only potential sources of revenues are upfront payments, research and development contingent payments and royalty payments pursuant to our collaboration arrangements. If our drug candidates fail or do not gain regulatory approval, or if our drugs do not achieve market acceptance, we may not be profitable. As of December 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $940.2 million. The extent of our future losses or profitability, if any, is highly uncertain. If our corporate collaborations or license agreements are unsuccessful, or if we fail to form new corporate collaborations or license agreements, our research and development efforts could be delayed. Our strategy depends upon the formation and sustainability of multiple collaborative arrangements and license agreements with third parties now and in the future. We rely on these arrangements for not only financial resources, but also for expertise we need now and in the future relating to clinical trials, manufacturing, sales and marketing, and for licenses to technology rights. To date, we have entered into several such arrangements with corporate collaborators; however, we do not know if these collaborations or additional collaborations with third parties, if any, will dedicate sufficient resources or if any development or commercialization efforts by third parties will be successful. In addition, our corporate collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a drug candidate or development program. Should a collaborative partner fail to develop or commercialize a compound or product to which it has rights from us for any reason, including corporate restructuring, such failure might delay our ongoing research and development efforts, because we might not receive any future payments, and we would not receive any royalties associated with such compound or product. For example, our partner, AZ, decided that it would not proceed with regulatory filings and would return the rights to fostamatinib to us. As a result, the agreement with AZ was no longer a potential source of funds to us. We initiated a Phase 3 clinical program to study fostamatinib in ITP in July 2014 on our own. We may seek another collaborator or licensee in the future for clinical development and commercialization of fostamatinib, as well as our other clinical programs, which we may not be able to obtain on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to form new collaborations or enter into new license agreements, our research and development efforts could be delayed. In addition, the continuation of some of our partnered drug discovery and development programs may be dependent on the periodic renewal of our corporate collaborations. Each of our collaborations could be terminated by the other party at any time, and we may not be able to renew these collaborations on acceptable terms, if at all, or negotiate additional corporate collaborations on acceptable terms, if at all. If these collaborations terminate or are not renewed, any resultant loss of revenues from these collaborations or loss of the resources and expertise of our collaborative partners could adversely affect our business. Conflicts also might arise with collaborative partners concerning proprietary rights to particular compounds. While our existing collaborative agreements typically provide that we retain milestone payments and royalty rights with respect to drugs developed from certain derivative compounds, any such payments or royalty rights may be at reduced rates, and disputes may arise over the application of derivative payment provisions to such drugs, and we may not be successful in such disputes. Additionally, the management teams of our collaborators may change for various reasons including due to being acquired. Different management teams or an acquiring company of our collaborators may have different priorities which may have adverse results on the collaboration with us. We are also a party to various license agreements that give us rights to use specified technologies in our research and development processes. The agreements pursuant to which we have in-licensed technology permit our licensors to terminate the agreements under certain circumstances. If we are not able to continue to license these and future technologies on commercially reasonable terms, our product development and research may be delayed or otherwise adversely affected. 13 If conflicts arise between our collaborators or advisors and us, any of them may act in their self-interest, which may be adverse to our stockholders’ interests. If conflicts arise between us and our corporate collaborators or scientific advisors, the other party may act in its self-interest and not in the interest of our stockholders. Some of our corporate collaborators are conducting multiple product development efforts within each disease area that is the subject of the collaboration with us or may be acquired or merged with a company having a competing program. In some of our collaborations, we have agreed not to conduct, independently or with any third party, any research that is competitive with the research conducted under our collaborations. Our collaborators, however, may develop, either alone or with others, products in related fields that are competitive with the products or potential products that are the subject of these collaborations. Competing products, either developed by our collaborators or to which our collaborators have rights, may result in their withdrawal of support for our product candidates. If any of our corporate collaborators were to breach or terminate its agreement with us or otherwise fail to conduct the collaborative activities successfully and in a timely manner, the preclinical or clinical development or commercialization of the affected product candidates or research programs could be delayed or terminated. We generally do not control the amount and timing of resources that our corporate collaborators devote to our programs or potential products. We do not know whether current or future collaborative partners, if any, might pursue alternative technologies or develop alternative products either on their own or in collaboration with others, including our competitors, as a means for developing treatments for the diseases targeted by collaborative arrangements with us. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval to market products in the United States and foreign jurisdictions, we will not be permitted to commercialize products we or our collaborative partners may develop. We cannot predict whether regulatory clearance will be obtained for any product that we, or our collaborative partners, hope to develop. Satisfaction of regulatory requirements typically takes many years, is dependent upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product and requires the expenditure of substantial resources. Of particular significance to us are the requirements relating to research and development and testing. Before commencing clinical trials in humans in the United States, we, or our collaborative partners, will need to submit and receive approval from the FDA of an IND. Clinical trials are subject to oversight by institutional review boards and the FDA and: • must be conducted in conformance with the FDA’s good clinical practices and other applicable regulations; • must meet requirements for institutional review board oversight; • must meet requirements for informed consent; • are subject to continuing FDA and regulatory oversight; • may require large numbers of test subjects; and • may be suspended by us, our collaborators or the FDA at any time if it is believed that the subjects participating in these trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or if the FDA finds deficiencies in the IND or the conduct of these trials. While we have stated that we intend to file additional INDs for future product candidates, this is only a statement of intent, and we may not be able to do so because we may not be able to identify potential product candidates. In addition, the FDA may not approve any IND in a timely manner, or at all. Before receiving FDA approval to market a product, we must demonstrate with substantial clinical evidence that the product is safe and effective in the patient population and the indication that will be treated. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are susceptible to varying interpretations that could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approvals. In addition, delays or rejections may be encountered based upon additional government regulation from future legislation or administrative action or changes in FDA policy during the period of product development, clinical trials and FDA regulatory review. Failure to comply with applicable FDA or other applicable regulatory requirements may result in criminal prosecution, civil penalties, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production or injunction, adverse publicity, as well as other regulatory action against our potential products or us. Additionally, we have limited experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approval. 14 If regulatory approval of a product is granted, this approval will be limited to those indications or disease states and conditions for which the product is demonstrated through clinical trials to be safe and efficacious. We cannot assure you that any compound developed by us, alone or with others, will prove to be safe and efficacious in clinical trials and will meet all of the applicable regulatory requirements needed to receive marketing approval. Outside the United States, our ability, or that of our collaborative partners, to market a product is contingent upon receiving a marketing authorization from the appropriate regulatory authorities. This foreign regulatory approval process typically includes all of the risks and costs associated with FDA approval described above and may also include additional risks and costs, such as the risk that such foreign regulatory authorities, which often have different regulatory and clinical trial requirements, interpretations and guidance from the FDA, may require additional clinical trials or results for approval of a product candidate, any of which could result in delays, significant additional costs or failure to obtain such regulatory approval. For example, there can be no assurance that we or our collaborative partners will not have to provide additional information or analysis, or conduct additional studies, before receiving approval to market product candidates. Our success is dependent on intellectual property rights held by us and third parties, and our interest in such rights is complex and uncertain. Our success will depend to a large part on our own, our licensees’ and our licensors’ ability to obtain and defend patents for each party’s respective technologies and the compounds and other products, if any, resulting from the application of such technologies. We have about 75 pending patent applications and about 295 issued and active patents in the United States, as well as corresponding pending foreign patent applications and issued foreign patents. In the future, our patent position might be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. For example, we may be involved in interferences before the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Interferences are complex and expensive legal proceedings and there is no assurance we will be successful in any such proceedings. An interference could result in our losing our patent rights and/or our freedom to operate and/or require us to pay significant royalties. Additional uncertainty may result because no consistent policy regarding the breadth of legal claims allowed in biotechnology patents has emerged to date. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims allowed in our or other companies’ patents. Because the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, we cannot assure you that: • we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications; • we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions; • • • others will not independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies; any of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents; any patents issued to us or our collaborators will provide a basis for commercially-viable products or will provide us with any competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties; • we will develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; or • the patents of others will not have a negative effect on our ability to do business. We rely on trade secrets to protect technology where we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable; however, trade secrets are difficult to protect. While we require employees, collaborators and consultants to enter into confidentiality agreements, we may not be able to adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure or the lawful development by others of such information. We are a party to certain in-license agreements that are important to our business, and we generally do not control the prosecution of in-licensed technology. Accordingly, we are unable to exercise the same degree of control over this intellectual property as we exercise over our internally-developed technology. Moreover, some of our academic institution licensors, research collaborators and scientific advisors have rights to publish data and information in which we have rights. If we cannot maintain the confidentiality of our technology and other confidential information in connection with our collaborations, our ability to receive patent protection or protect our proprietary information may otherwise be impaired. In addition, some of the technology we have licensed relies on patented inventions developed using U.S. government resources. 15 The U.S. government retains certain rights, as defined by law, in such patents, and may choose to exercise such rights. Certain of our in-licenses may be terminated if we fail to meet specified obligations. If we fail to meet such obligations and any of our licensors exercise their termination rights, we could lose our rights under those agreements. If we lose any of our rights, it may adversely affect the way we conduct our business. In addition, because certain of our licenses are sublicenses, the actions of our licensors may affect our rights under those licenses. If a dispute arises regarding the infringement or misappropriation of the proprietary rights of others, such dispute could be costly and result in delays in our research and development activities and partnering. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to operate without infringing or misappropriating the proprietary rights of others. There are many issued patents and patent applications filed by third parties relating to products or processes that are similar or identical to our licensors or ours, and others may be filed in the future. There may also be copyrights or trademarks that third parties hold. There can be no assurance that our activities, or those of our licensors, will not violate intellectual property rights of others. We believe that there may be significant litigation in the industry regarding patent and other intellectual property rights, and we do not know if our collaborators or we would be successful in any such litigation. Any legal action against our collaborators or us claiming damages or seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to the affected products, our methods or processes could: • • • • • require our collaborators or us to obtain a license to continue to use, manufacture or market the affected products, methods or processes, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all; prevent us from using the subject matter claimed in the patents held by others; subject us to potential liability for damages; consume a substantial portion of our managerial and financial resources; and result in litigation or administrative proceedings that may be costly, whether we win or lose. Our research and development efforts will be seriously jeopardized if we are unable to attract and retain key employees and relationships. As a small company, our success depends on the continued contributions of our principal management and scientific personnel and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with leading academic institutions, scientists and companies in the face of intense competition for such personnel. In particular, our research programs depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled chemists, other scientists, and development, regulatory and clinical personnel. In September 2013, we announced that we had reduced our workforce by 18%, resulting in the elimination of 30 positions, mostly from the drug discovery area, which resulted in fewer personnel devoted to research and development. If we lose the services of any of our key personnel, our research and development efforts could be seriously and adversely affected. Our employees can terminate their employment with us at any time. Our ability to use net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (Internal Revenue Code), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses to offset future taxable income. Our existing net operating losses and credits may be subject to limitations arising from previous and future ownership changes under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. To the extent we cannot completely utilize net operating loss carryforwards or tax credits in our financial statements to offset future taxable income, our tax expense may increase in future periods. Because we expect to be dependent upon collaborative and license agreements, we might not meet our strategic objectives. Our ability to generate revenue in the near term depends on the timing of recognition of certain upfront payments, achievement of certain payment triggering events with our existing collaboration agreements and our ability to enter into additional collaborative agreements with third parties. Our ability to enter into new collaborations and the revenue, if any, that may be recognized under these collaborations is highly uncertain. If we are unable to enter into one or more new collaborations, our business prospects could be harmed, which could have an immediate adverse effect on our ability to continue to develop our compounds and on the trading price of our stock. Our ability to enter into a collaboration may be dependent on many factors, such as the results of our clinical trials, competitive factors and the fit of one of our programs with another company’s risk tolerance, including toward regulatory issues, patent portfolio, clinical pipeline, the stage of the available data, particularly if it is early, overall corporate goals and financial position. 16 To date, a portion of our revenues have been related to the research or transition phase of each of our collaborative agreements. Such revenues are for specified periods, and the impact of such revenues on our results of operations is at least partially offset by corresponding research costs. Following the completion of the research or transition phase of each collaborative agreement, additional revenues may come only from payments triggered by milestones and/or the achievement of other contingent events, and royalties, which may not be paid, if at all, until certain conditions are met. This risk is heightened due to the fact that unsuccessful research efforts may preclude us from receiving any contingent payments under these agreements. Our receipt of revenues from collaborative arrangements is also significantly affected by the timing of efforts expended by us and our collaborators and the timing of lead compound identification. We have received payments from our collaborations with AZ, BerGenBio, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., a division of Johnson & Johnson, Novartis Pharma A.G., Daiichi, Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Serono and Pfizer. Under many agreements, future payments may not be earned until the collaborator has advanced product candidates into clinical testing, which may never occur or may not occur until some time well into the future. If we are not able to generate revenue under our collaborations when and in accordance with our expectations or the expectations of industry analysts, this failure could harm our business and have an immediate adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock. Our business requires us to generate meaningful revenue from royalties and licensing agreements. To date, we have not received any revenue from royalties for the commercial sale of drugs, and we do not know when we will receive any such revenue, if at all. Securities class action lawsuits or other litigation could result in substantial damages and may divert management’s time and attention from our business. We have been subject to class action lawsuits in the past, including a securities class action lawsuit commenced in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California in February 2009, that was ultimately dismissed in November 2012. However, we may be subject to similar or completely unrelated claims in the future, such as those that might occur if there was to be a change in our corporate strategy. These and other lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties, and the actual costs to be incurred relating to the lawsuit will depend upon many unknown factors. The outcome of litigation is necessarily uncertain, and we could be forced to expend significant resources in the defense of such suits, and we may not prevail. Monitoring and defending against legal actions is time-consuming for our management and detracts from our ability to fully focus our internal resources on our business activities. In addition, we may incur substantial legal fees and costs in connection with any such litigation. We have not established any reserves for any potential liability relating to any such potential lawsuits. It is possible that we could, in the future, incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims for monetary damages. A decision adverse to our interests on any such actions could result in the payment of substantial damages, or possibly fines, and could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow, results of operations and financial position. We lack the capability to manufacture compounds for development and rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and we may be unable to obtain required material in a timely manner, at an acceptable cost or at a quality level required to receive regulatory approval. We currently do not have the manufacturing capabilities or experience necessary to produce our product candidates for clinical trials, including fostamatinib for ITP and IgAN, and R348 for dry eye in GvHD. For each clinical trial of our unpartnered product candidates, we rely on third-party manufacturers for the active pharmaceutical ingredients, as well as various manufacturers to manufacture starting components, excipients and formulated drug products. We rely on manufacturers to produce and deliver all of the materials required for our clinical trials, and many of our preclinical efforts, on a timely basis and to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, including the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). In addition, we rely on our suppliers to deliver sufficient quantities of materials produced under cGMP conditions to enable us to conduct planned preclinical studies and clinical trials. Our current and anticipated future dependence upon these third-party manufacturers may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates on a timely and competitive basis. These manufacturers may not be able to produce material on a timely basis or manufacture material at the quality level or in the quantity required to meet our development timelines and applicable regulatory requirements and may also experience a shortage in qualified personnel. We may not be able to maintain or renew our existing third-party manufacturing arrangements, or enter into new arrangements, on acceptable terms, or at all. Our third party manufacturers could terminate or decline to renew our manufacturing arrangements based on their own business priorities, at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us. If we are unable to contract for the production of materials in sufficient quantity and of sufficient quality on acceptable terms, our planned clinical trials may be significantly delayed. Manufacturing delays could postpone the filing of our IND applications and/or the initiation or completion of clinical trials that we have currently planned or may plan in the future. 17 Drug manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and other federal and state agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMP and other government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. We do not have control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards and they may not be able to comply. Switching manufacturers may be difficult because the number of potential manufacturers is limited. It may be difficult or impossible for us to find a replacement manufacturer quickly on acceptable terms, or at all. Additionally, if we are required to enter into new supply arrangements, we may not be able to obtain approval from the FDA of any alternate supplier in a timely manner, or at all, which could delay or prevent the clinical development and commercialization of any related product candidates. Failure of our third-party manufacturers or us to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, civil penalties, delays in or failure to grant marketing approval of our product candidates, injunctions, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of products and compounds, operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect our business. If our competitors develop technologies that are more effective than ours, our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Many of the drugs that we are attempting to discover will be competing with existing therapies. In addition, a number of companies are pursuing the development of pharmaceuticals that target the same diseases and conditions that we are targeting. For example, there are existing therapies and drug candidates in development for the treatment of ITP that may be alternative therapies to fostamatinib, if it is ultimately approved for commercialization. We face, and will continue to face, intense competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as from academic and research institutions and government agencies, both in the United States and abroad. Some of these competitors are pursuing the development of pharmaceuticals that target the same diseases and conditions as our research programs. Our major competitors include fully integrated pharmaceutical companies that have extensive drug discovery efforts and are developing novel small-molecule pharmaceuticals. We also face significant competition from organizations that are pursuing the same or similar technologies, including the discovery of targets that are useful in compound screening, as the technologies used by us in our drug discovery efforts. Competition may also arise from: • • • • new or better methods of target identification or validation; other drug development technologies and methods of preventing or reducing the incidence of disease; new small molecules; or other classes of therapeutic agents. Our competitors or their collaborative partners may utilize discovery technologies and techniques or partner with collaborators in order to develop products more rapidly or successfully than we or our collaborators are able to do. Many of our competitors, particularly large pharmaceutical companies, have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources and larger research and development staffs than we do. In addition, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private organizations conducting research may seek patent protection with respect to potentially competitive products or technologies and may establish exclusive collaborative or licensing relationships with our competitors. We believe that our ability to compete is dependent, in part, upon our ability to create, maintain and license scientifically-advanced technology and upon our and our collaborators’ ability to develop and commercialize pharmaceutical products based on this technology, as well as our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, obtain patent protection or otherwise develop proprietary technology or processes and secure sufficient capital resources for the expected substantial time period between technological conception and commercial sales of products based upon our technology. The failure by any of our collaborators or us in any of those areas may prevent the successful commercialization of our potential drug targets. 18 Many of our competitors, either alone or together with their collaborative partners, have significantly greater experience than we do in: • • • identifying and validating targets; screening compounds against targets; and undertaking preclinical testing and clinical trials. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, identifying or validating new targets or discovering new drug compounds before we do. Our competitors might develop technologies and drugs that are more effective or less costly than any that are being developed by us or that would render our technology and product candidates obsolete and noncompetitive. In addition, our competitors may succeed in obtaining the approval of the FDA or other regulatory agencies for product candidates more rapidly. Companies that complete clinical trials, obtain required regulatory agency approvals and commence commercial sale of their drugs before us may achieve a significant competitive advantage, including certain patent and FDA marketing exclusivity rights that would delay or prevent our ability to market certain products. Any drugs resulting from our research and development efforts, or from our joint efforts with our existing or future collaborative partners, might not be able to compete successfully with competitors’ existing or future products or obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere. We face and will continue to face intense competition from other companies for collaborative arrangements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, for establishing relationships with academic and research institutions and for licenses to additional technologies. These competitors, either alone or with their collaborative partners, may succeed in developing technologies or products that are more effective than ours. Our stock price may be volatile, and our stockholders’ investment in our stock could decline in value. The market prices for our common stock and the securities of other biotechnology companies have been highly volatile and may continue to be highly volatile in the future. For example, the market price of our common stock dropped by about 40% when the results of our OSKIRA-1 clinical trials was announced in April 2013. The following factors, in addition to other risk factors described in this section, may have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock: • • • • • • • • • • • • the progress and success of our clinical trials and preclinical activities (including studies and manufacture of materials) of our product candidates conducted by us; the receipt or failure to receive the additional funding necessary to conduct our business; selling by large stockholders; presentations of detailed clinical trial data at medical and scientific conferences and investor perception thereof; announcements of technological innovations or new commercial products by our competitors or us; developments concerning proprietary rights, including patents; developments concerning our collaborations; publicity regarding actual or potential medical results relating to products under development by our competitors or us; regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries; litigation or arbitration; economic and other external factors or other disaster or crisis; and period-to-period fluctuations in financial results. 19 Our ability to generate revenues will be diminished if our collaborative partners fail to obtain acceptable prices or an adequate level of reimbursement for products from third-party payers or government agencies. The drugs we hope to develop may be rejected by the marketplace due to many factors, including cost. Our ability to commercially exploit a drug may be limited due to the continuing efforts of government and third-party payers to contain or reduce the costs of health care through various means. For example, in some foreign markets, pricing and profitability of prescription pharmaceuticals are subject to government control. In the United States, we expect that there will continue to be a number of federal and state proposals to implement similar government control. In addition, increasing emphasis on managed care in the United States will likely continue to put pressure on the pricing of pharmaceutical products. Cost control initiatives could decrease the price that any of our collaborators would receive for any products in the future. Further, cost control initiatives could adversely affect our collaborators’ ability to commercialize our products and our ability to realize royalties from this commercialization. Our ability to commercialize pharmaceutical products with collaborators may depend, in part, on the extent to which reimbursement for the products will be available from: • • • government and health administration authorities; private health insurers; and other third-party payers. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly- approved healthcare products. Third-party payers, including Medicare, are challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Government and other third-party payers increasingly are attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new drugs and by refusing, in some cases, to provide coverage for uses of approved products for disease indications for which the FDA has not granted labeling approval. Third- party insurance coverage may not be available to patients for any products we discover and develop, alone or with collaborators. If government and other third-party payers do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement levels for our products, the market acceptance of these products may be reduced. If product liability lawsuits are successfully brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products. The testing and marketing of medical products entail an inherent risk of product liability. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our products. We carry product liability insurance that is limited in scope and amount and may not be adequate to fully protect us against product liability claims. Our inability to obtain sufficient product liability insurance at an acceptable cost to protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of pharmaceutical products we develop, alone or with corporate collaborators. We, or our corporate collaborators, might not be able to obtain insurance at a reasonable cost, if at all. While under various circumstances we are entitled to be indemnified against losses by our corporate collaborators, indemnification may not be available or adequate should any claim arise. We depend on various scientific consultants and advisors for the success and continuation of our research and development efforts. We work extensively with various scientific consultants and advisors. The potential success of our drug discovery and development programs depends, in part, on continued collaborations with certain of these consultants and advisors. We, and various members of our management and research staff, rely on certain of these consultants and advisors for expertise in our research, regulatory and clinical efforts. Our scientific advisors are not our employees and may have commitments to, or consulting or advisory contracts with, other entities that may limit their availability to us. We do not know if we will be able to maintain such consulting agreements or that such scientific advisors will not enter into consulting arrangements, exclusive or otherwise, with competing pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies, any of which would have a detrimental impact on our research objectives and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 20 If we use biological and hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury or violates laws, we may be liable for damages, penalties or fines. Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of potentially harmful biological materials as well as hazardous materials, chemicals and various radioactive compounds. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages that result or for penalties or fines that may be imposed, and such liability could exceed our resources. We are also subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. The cost of compliance with, or any potential violation of, these laws and regulations could be significant. Our internal computer systems, or those used by our contract research organizations or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contract research organizations and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a disruption of our drug development programs. For example, the loss of clinical study data from completed or ongoing clinical studies for a product candidate could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of any product candidates could be delayed. Our facilities are located near known earthquake fault zones, and the occurrence of an earthquake or other catastrophic disaster could cause damage to our facilities and equipment, which could require us to cease or curtail operations. Our facilities are located in the San Francisco Bay Area near known earthquake fault zones and are vulnerable to significant damage from earthquakes. We are also vulnerable to damage from other types of disasters, including fires, floods, power loss, communications failures and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to operate our business at our facilities would be seriously, or potentially completely, impaired, and our research could be lost or destroyed. In addition, the unique nature of our research activities and of much of our equipment could make it difficult for us to recover from a disaster. The insurance we maintain may not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions. Future equity issuances or a sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may cause the price of our common stock to decline. Because we will continue to need additional capital in the future to continue to expand our business and our research and development activities, among other things, we may conduct additional equity offerings. If we or our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares issued upon the exercise of options and warrants) in the public market, the market price of our common stock could fall. A decline in the market price of our common stock could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. Furthermore, if we obtain funds through a credit facility or through the issuance of debt or preferred securities, these securities would likely have rights senior to the rights of our common stockholders, which could impair the value of our common stock. Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law may make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult. Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders. These provisions: • • establish that members of the board of directors may be removed only for cause upon the affirmative vote of stockholders owning a majority of our capital stock; authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that could be issued by our board of directors to increase the number of outstanding shares and thwart a takeover attempt; 21 • • • • • limit who may call a special meeting of stockholders; prohibit stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders; establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings; provide for a board of directors with staggered terms; and provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by a resolution of our board of directors. In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which imposes certain restrictions relating to transactions with major stockholders, may discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring us. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We currently lease facilities consisting of approximately 147,000 square feet of research and office space located at 1180 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California, of which we sublet approximately 57,000 square feet of our research and office space to an unrelated third party in December 2014. Both the lease and the sublease expire in January 2018. We believe our facilities are in good operating condition and that the leased real property that we still occupy is adequate for all present and near term uses. Item 3. Legal Proceedings None. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our common stock commenced trading publicly under the symbol “RIGL” on December 7, 2000. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low intraday sales prices of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market: Year Ended December 31, 2013 First Quarter ................................................................................................ Second Quarter ........................................................................................... Third Quarter .............................................................................................. Fourth Quarter ............................................................................................ Year Ended December 31, 2014 First Quarter ................................................................................................ Second Quarter ........................................................................................... Third Quarter .............................................................................................. Fourth Quarter ............................................................................................ High Low $7.57 $7.61 $4.24 $3.70 $5.00 $4.20 $3.85 $2.57 $6.35 $3.22 $3.00 $2.31 $2.78 $2.64 $1.94 $1.56 On February 25, 2015, the last reported sale price for our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market was $3.15 per share. 22 Holders As of February 25, 2015, there were approximately 95 stockholders of record of our common stock. Dividends We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock and currently do not plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Performance Measurement Comparison The graph below shows the cumulative total stockholder return of an investment of $100 (and the reinvestment of any dividends thereafter) on December 31, 2009 in (i) our common stock, (ii) the Nasdaq Composite Index and (iii) the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index. The Nasdaq Biotechnology Index is a modified-capitalization weighted index that includes securities of Nasdaq-listed companies classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as either Biotechnology or Pharmaceuticals and which also meet other eligibility criteria. Our stock price performance shown in the graph below is based upon historical data and is not indicative of future stock price performance. The following graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or be deemed to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index * $100 invested on 12/31/09 in stock or index-including reinvestment of dividends at fiscal year ending December 31. 23 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following selected financial data have been derived from our audited financial statements. The information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of our results of future operations and should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10- K. Statements of Operations Data: Contract revenues from collaborations ..................................... Costs and expenses: Research and development .................................................... General and administrative ................................................... Loss on sublease .................................................................... Restructuring charges ............................................................ Total costs and expenses ....................................................... Income (loss) from operations .................................................. Interest income .......................................................................... Interest expense ......................................................................... Gain on disposal of assets ......................................................... Other income ............................................................................. Net income (loss) ...................................................................... Net income (loss) per share: 2014 Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2011 2012 2013 (in thousands, except per share amounts) 2010 $8,250 $7,150 $2,250 $4,750 $125,000 67,696 22,501 9,302 — 99,499 (91,249) 243 — 98 — $(90,908) 75,328 19,612 — 1,679 96,619 (89,469) 426 — 16 — 78,778 22,849 — — 101,627 (99,377) 520 — 17 — $(89,027) $(98,840) 69,350 21,768 — — 91,118 (86,368) 420 (25) — — $(85,973) 64,392 25,291 — — 89,683 35,317 303 (91) — 2,361 $37,890 Basic ...................................................................................... Diluted ................................................................................... $(1.04) $(1.04) $(1.02) $(1.02) $(1.32) $(1.32) $(1.36) $(1.36) $0.73 $0.72 Weighted average shares used in computing net income (loss) per share: Basic ...................................................................................... Diluted ................................................................................... Balance Sheet Data: Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments ................. Working capital ........................................................................ Total assets ............................................................................... Capital lease obligations, less current portion ......................... Accumulated deficit ................................................................. Total stockholders’ equity ........................................................ 87,662 87,662 87,288 87,288 74,967 74,967 63,329 63,329 52,055 52,573 2014 2013 As of December 31, 2012 (in thousands) 2011 2010 $143,159 136,512 154,135 — (940,182) 128,246 $211,975 209,781 226,058 — (849,274) 208,251 $298,241 290,254 310,043 — (760,247) 289,096 $247,640 238,706 257,106 — (661,407) 236,149 $177,295 168,600 186,695 45 (575,434) 166,131 See Note 1 to the Financial Statements for description of the number of shares used in the computation of basic and diluted loss per share. 24 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Overview We are a clinical-stage drug development company that discovers and develops novel, small-molecule drugs for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, immuno-oncology related diseases, and muscle disorders. Our pioneering research focuses on intracellular signaling pathways and related targets that are critical to disease mechanisms. We currently have the following product candidates in development: fostamatinib, an oral SYK inhibitor, which is in Phase 3 clinical trials for ITP and initiating a Phase 2 clinical trial for IgAN; R348, a topical JAK/SYK inhibitor, in a Phase 2 clinical trial for dry eye in GvHD; two oncology product candidates in Phase 1 development with partners BerGenBio and Daiichi; two preclinical programs with AZ for R256 in asthma and with BMS for TGF beta inhibitors in immuno-oncology. Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities, contract payments under our collaboration agreements and equipment financing arrangements. Our research and development activities, including preclinical studies and clinical trials, consume substantial amounts of capital. As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately $143.2 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. In December 2014, we entered into a sublease agreement with an unrelated third party to occupy a portion of our research and office space pursuant to which we expect to receive over $14.0 million of sublease income and reimbursement from the subtenant’s share of facilities operating expenses over the term of the sublease. We believe that our existing capital resources will be sufficient to support our current and projected funding requirements into the first quarter of 2017. Unless and until we are able to generate a sufficient amount of product, royalty or milestone revenue, we expect to finance future cash needs through public and/or private offerings of equity securities, debt financings and/or collaboration and licensing arrangements, and to a much lesser extent through interest income earned on the investment of our excess cash balances and short-term investments. With the exception of contingent and royalty payments that we may receive under our existing collaborations, we do not currently have any committed future funding. Product Development Programs Our product development portfolio features multiple novel, small-molecule drug candidates whose specialized mechanisms of action are intended to provide therapeutic benefit for a range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, immuno-oncology related diseases, and muscle disorders. Please refer to “Part I. Item 1. Business—Product Development Programs” for a detailed discussion of our multiple product candidates in development. Recent Developments Changes in Executive Team and Board of Directors. In November 2014, Raul R. Rodriguez replaced James M. Gower as our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and was appointed as a director. Mr. Rodriguez had previously served as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer since June 2004 and as President since March 2010. Mr. Gower remained an employee of the Company until December 31, 2014. Corporate Collaborations We conduct research and development programs independently and in connection with our corporate collaborators. Please refer to “Part I. Item 1. Business—Corporate Collaborations” for a detailed discussion of our corporate collaborations. Research and Development Expenses Our research and development expenditures include costs related to preclinical and clinical trials, scientific personnel, supplies, equipment, consultants, sponsored research, stock-based compensation, and allocated facility costs. We do not track fully-burdened research and development costs separately for each of our drug candidates. We review our research and development expense by focusing on three categories: research, development, and other. Our research team is focused on creating a portfolio of product candidates that can be developed into small-molecule therapeutics in our own proprietary programs or with potential collaborative partners and utilizes our robust discovery engine to rapidly discover and validate new product candidates in our focused range of therapeutic indications. “Research” expenses relate primarily to personnel expenses, lab supplies, fees to third party research consultants and compounds. Our development group leads the implementation of our clinical and regulatory strategies and prioritizes disease indications in which our compounds may be studied in clinical trials. “Development” expenses relate primarily to clinical trials, personnel expenses, lab supplies and fees to third party research consultants. “Other” expenses primarily consist of allocated facilities costs and allocated stock-based compensation expense relating to personnel in research and development groups. 25 In addition to reviewing the three categories of research and development expense described in the preceding paragraph, we principally consider qualitative factors in making decisions regarding our research and development programs, which include enrollment in clinical trials and the results thereof, the clinical and commercial potential for our drug candidates and competitive dynamics. We also make our research and development decisions in the context of our overall business strategy, which includes the evaluation of potential collaborations for the development of our drug candidates. The following table presents our total research and development expense by category. Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2014 From January 1, 2007* to December 31, 2014 Categories: Research ...................................... Development ............................... Other ........................................... (in thousands) $18,388 $22,348 $24,220 30,683 31,915 23,875 21,065 $67,696 $75,328 $78,778 27,727 21,581 $174,595 257,294 194,432 $626,321 * We started tracking research and development expense by category on January 1, 2007. “Other” expenses mainly represent allocated facilities costs of approximately $16.9 million, $17.1 million and $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and allocated stock-based compensation expenses of approximately $4.7 million, $3.9 million and $7.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. As a result of the sublease agreement that we entered into in December 2014, we expect our facilities costs to decline in 2015. For the year ended December 31, 2014, a major portion of our total research and development expense was associated with our research and development expense for our ITP and IgAN programs, salaries of our research and development personnel, and allocated facilities costs. For the year ended December 31, 2013, a major portion of our total research and development expense was associated with our research and development expense for our asthma program, our topical JAK/SYK inhibitor program, as well as our oral SYK inhibitor program in ITP, salaries of our research and development personnel, and allocated facilities costs. For the year ended December 31, 2012, a major portion of our total research and development expense was associated with the salaries of our research and development personnel, research and development expense for our asthma program, as well as our topical JAK/SYK inhibitor program and allocated facilities costs. The scope and magnitude of future research and development expense are difficult to predict given the number of clinical trials that we will need to conduct for any of our potential products, as well as our limited capital resources. Preclinical testing and clinical development are long, expensive and uncertain processes. In general, biopharmaceutical development involves a series of steps, beginning with identification of a potential target and including, among others, proof of concept in animals and Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials in humans. Each of these steps is typically more expensive than the previous step. Success in early stages of development often results in increasing expenditures for a given product candidate. Significant delays in clinical testing could materially impact our product development costs and timing of completion of the clinical trials. We do not know whether planned clinical trials will begin on time, will need to be halted or revamped or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial, delays from scale up, delays in reaching agreement on acceptable clinical trial agreement terms with prospective clinical sites, delays in obtaining institutional review board approval to conduct a clinical trial at a prospective clinical site or delays in recruiting subjects to participate in a clinical trial. We currently do not have reliable estimates of total costs for a particular drug candidate to reach the market. Our potential products are subject to a lengthy and uncertain regulatory process that may involve unanticipated additional clinical trials and may not result in receipt of the necessary regulatory approvals. Failure to receive the necessary regulatory approvals would prevent us from commercializing the product candidates affected. In addition, clinical trials of our potential products may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy, which could prevent or significantly delay regulatory approval. We do not have a reasonable basis to determine when or if material net cash inflows from the commercialization and sale of our drug candidates will occur. Commercialization of our product candidates depends upon successful completion of extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate their safety and efficacy for humans. We do not know whether we, or any of our current or potential future collaborative partners, will undertake clinical trials of potential products beyond the trials already concluded and the trials currently in process. It will take us, or our current or potential future collaborative partners, 26 several years to complete any such testing, and failure can occur at any stage of testing. Interim results of trials do not necessarily predict final results, and acceptable results in early trials may not be repeated in later trials. Moreover, we or our current or potential future collaborative partners may decide to discontinue development of any project at any time for regulatory, commercial, scientific or other reasons. To date, we have not commercialized any of our drug candidates, and we may never do so. For a discussion of the risks and uncertainties associated with the timing and costs of completing the development of our drug candidates, see “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors,” including in particular the following risks: • • • • • • • • • “We will need additional capital in the future to sufficiently fund our operations and research.” “We might not be able to commercialize our product candidates successfully if problems arise in the clinical testing and approval process.” “There is a high risk that drug discovery and development efforts might not successfully generate good product candidates.” “Delays in clinical testing could result in increased costs to us.” “If our corporate collaborations or license agreements are unsuccessful, or if we fail to form new corporate collaborations or license agreements, our research and development efforts could be delayed.” “If conflicts arise between our collaborators or advisors and us, any of them may act in their self-interest, which may be adverse to our stockholders’ interests.” “If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval to market products in the United States and foreign jurisdictions, we will not be permitted to commercialize products we or our collaborative partners may develop.” “Because we expect to be dependent upon collaborative and license agreements, we might not meet our strategic objectives.” “We lack the capability to manufacture compounds for development and rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and we may be unable to obtain required material in a timely manner, at an acceptable cost or at a quality level required to receive regulatory approval.” For further discussion on research and development activities, see “Research and Development Expense” under “Results of Operations” below. Critical Accounting Policies and the Use of Estimates Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. We evaluate our estimates, including those related to our sublease agreement (including the determination of discount rate used), stock-based compensation, impairment issues, the estimated useful life of assets, and estimated accruals, particularly research and development accruals, on an on-going basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that there were no significant changes in our critical accounting policies during the year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to those previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements: 27 Revenue Recognition We present revenue from our collaboration arrangements under the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 808, Collaboration Arrangements. Our revenue arrangements with multiple elements are evaluated under FASB ASC 605-25, Multiple-Element Arrangements (as amended by Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2009-13), and are divided into separate units of accounting if certain criteria are met. The consideration we receive under collaboration arrangements is allocated among the separate units of accounting based on the selling price hierarchy, and the applicable revenue recognition criteria is applied to each of the separate units. We make significant judgments and estimates in the allocation of the consideration among the deliverables under the agreement, as well as the determination of the periods the units will be delivered to our collaborators. In June 2012, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license agreement with AZ for the development and commercialization of our program, R256, an inhaled JAK inhibitor shown to inhibit IL-13 and IL-4 signaling. AZ paid us an upfront payment of $1.0 million in July 2012. Under the agreement, we were obligated to provide the following deliverables: (i) granting a license of rights to our program, and (ii) delivery of a small batch of compound to AZ. We concluded that these deliverables should be accounted for as separate units of accounting. As our obligations with respect to the deliverables were achieved by June 30, 2012, we recognized revenue of $1.0 million in the second quarter of 2012. On December 31, 2014 and 2013, we earned revenue associated with the time-based non-refundable payment of $5.8 million for each period from AZ in consideration for AZ’s decision to continue its development of R256 in asthma. In October 2014, we earned a $2.5 million milestone from AZ for their continued development and initiation of a GLP toxicology study with R256. We recognized the above non-refundable payments as revenue when they were earned from our collaborator through passage of time that triggered for its contractual obligation to pay us or through its achievement of certain triggering events, the amounts are fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Stock-Based Compensation We grant options to purchase our common stock to our officers, directors and all other employees and consultants under our stock option plans. Eligible employees can also purchase shares of our common stock at a price per share equal to the lesser of 85% of the fair market value on the first day of the offering period or 85% of the fair market value on the purchase date under our employee stock purchase plan (Purchase Plan). The benefits provided under these plans are stock-based payments subject to the provisions of FASB ASC 718. We adopted the use of the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period for each entire stock award. In addition, we estimate the amount of expected forfeitures when calculating compensation costs, then record actual forfeitures as they occur. We review our forfeiture rates each quarter and make any necessary changes to our estimates. The determination of the fair value of stock-based payment awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by our stock price, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and dividends. We estimate volatility over the expected term of the option using historical share price performance. For expected term, among other things, we take into consideration our historical data of options exercised, cancelled and expired. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity rate. We have not paid and do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. In order to calculate stock-based compensation expense, we also estimate the forfeiture rate using our historical experience with options that cancel before they vest. In December 2014, we entered into a severance agreement with our former CEO. As part of the severance arrangement we offered, we extended the date to which our former CEO had the right to exercise his vested options within 90 days from his termination date as was stipulated under his option agreement to the end of the contractual term of the options, of which the remaining contractual term for the most recently granted options is nine years.. In addition, we also accelerated the vesting period of certain of his unvested stock options. We determined the incremental fair value of the applicable options using Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on assumptions that are subjective as discussed above. As a result of these modifications, we recorded incremental stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2014. In February 2014, we granted options to purchase 950,000 shares of common stock which will vest upon the achievement of certain corporate performance-based milestones related to the progress and success of the Phase 3 clinical program of fostamatinib in ITP. We determined the fair value of the performance-based stock options using Black-Scholes option-pricing model at the date of grant of approximately $2.5 million. For the portion of the performance-based stock options of which the performance condition is considered probable of achievement, we recognized stock-based compensation expense on the related estimated fair value of such options on straight-line basis from the date of grant up to the date when we expect the performance condition will be probably achieved. For the performance conditions that are not considered 28 probable of achievement at the grant date or upon quarterly re-evaluation, prior to the event actually occurring, we will recognize the related stock-based compensation expense when the event occurs or when we can determine that the performance condition is probable of achievement. In those cases, we will recognize the change in estimate at the time we determine the condition is probable of achievement (by recognizing stock-based compensation expense as cumulative catch-up as if we had estimated at the grant date that the performance condition will be achieved) and recognize the remaining compensation cost up to the date when we expect the performance condition will be probably achieved, if any. We also record charges associated with options granted to consultants reflecting the fair value and periodic fair value re-measurement of outstanding consultant options under FASB ASC 505-50. The valuation is based upon the current market value of our common stock and other assumptions, including the expected future volatility of our stock price, risk-free interest rate and expected term. We amortize stock-based compensation related to consultants using a straight-line attribution method consistent with the method used for employees and with the attribution election we made upon adoption of FASB ASC 718. Research and Development Accruals We have various contracts with third parties related to our research and development activities. Costs that are incurred for services rendered, but not billed to us, as of the end of the period are estimated and accrued. We make estimates of the amounts incurred in each period based on the information available to us and our knowledge of the nature of the contractual activities generating such costs. Expenses related to other research and development contracts, such as research contracts, toxicology study contracts and manufacturing contracts are estimated to be incurred generally on a straight-line basis over the duration of the contracts. Raw materials and study materials purchased for us by third parties are expensed at the time of purchase. Many of our estimates are based significantly or in part on information provided for us by third parties. If such information were not reported properly, our research and development expense amounts could be misstated. Leases We currently lease our research and office space under a noncancelable lease agreement with our landlord through January 2018. In December 2014, we entered into a sublease agreement with an unrelated third party to occupy a portion of our research and office space pursuant to which we expect to receive over $14.0 million of sublease income and reimbursement from the subtenant’s share of facilities operating expenses over the term of the sublease. In connection with this sublease, we recognized a loss on the sublease of $9.3 million. We record rent expense on a straight-line basis for our lease, net of sublease income, wherein such arrangements contain scheduled rent increases over the term of the lease and sublease, respectively. For our sublease arrangement which we classified as an operating lease, our loss on the sublease is comprised of the present value of our future payments to our landlord less the present value of our future rent payments expected from our subtenant over the term of the sublease. The present value factor, which also affects the level of accreted interest expense that we will recognize as additional charges over the term of the lease, is based on our estimate of our credit-risk adjusted borrowing rate at the time the initial sublease liability is calculated. Our estimate of our credit-risk adjusted borrowing rate was based on our comparison of the rates used by other companies of our size, our financial condition at the time we entered into such sublease agreement, as well as other factors that would affect our credit worthiness. Results of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 Revenues Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2014 Aggregate Change 2014 from 2013 Aggregate Change 2013 from 2012 (in thousands) Contract revenues from collaborations ................... $8,250 $7,150 $2,250 $1,100 $4,900 29 Revenues by collaborator were: Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 Aggregate Change 2014 from 2013 Aggregate Change 2013 from 2012 (in thousands) AstraZeneca ..................................................................... Daiichi Sankyo ................................................................ BerGenBio ....................................................................... Total ................................................................................. $8,250 $5,750 $1,000 750 1,400 500 — $8,250 $7,150 $2,250 — — $2,500 (1,400) — $1,100 $4,750 650 (500) $4,900 Contract revenue from collaborations of $8.3 million in 2014 consisted of $5.8 million associated with the non-refundable time-based payment earned and $2.5 million payment from AZ for their continued development and initiation of a good laboratory practices (GLP) toxicology study with R256 in asthma. Contract revenues from collaborations of $7.2 million in 2013 consisted of a $5.8 million associated with the non-refundable time-based payment earned from AZ resulting from AZ’s continued development of R256 in asthma, and a non-refundable payment of $1.4 million from Daiichi related to an investigational new drug application filing for an oncology compound. Contract revenue from collaborations of $2.3 million in 2012 consisted of a $1.0 million upfront payment from AZ pursuant to our worldwide license agreement for R256, a $750,000 payment from Daiichi related to an oncology compound pursuant to our existing collaboration agreement, as well as a $500,000 payment from BerGenBio related to an oncology program. We had no deferred revenue as of December 31, 2014 and 2013. Our potential future revenues may include payments from our current partners and from new partners with whom we enter into agreements in the future, if any, the timing and amount of which is unknown at this time. Research and Development Expense Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2012 Aggregate Change 2014 from 2013 Aggregate Change 2013 from 2012 Research and development expense ........................... Stock-based compensation expense included in $67,696 $75,328 $78,778 $(7,632) $(3,450) (in thousands) research and development expense ........................ $4,674 $3,930 $7,050 $744 $(3,120) The decrease in research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to the same period in 2013, was primarily due to the completion of two Phase 2 studies in 2013, completion of a Phase 2 study of R348 in dry eye in 2014, as well as the discontinuance of R118, our indirect AMPK activator program, in 2014. This was partially offset by the increase in research and development expense related to the fostamatinib in ITP and IgAN programs. The decrease in research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to the same period in 2012, was primarily due to the decrease in stock-based compensation expense, as well as a decrease in bonus compensation expense, partially offset by an increase in clinical development costs in our ITP program. We expect that our research and development expense will increase through 2016 due to the continued progress of our Phase 3 clinical trials in ITP and Phase 2 clinical trials in IgAN and ocular GvHD. General and Administrative Expense Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2012 Aggregate Change 2014 from 2013 Aggregate Change 2013 from 2012 General and administrative expense ................ Stock-based compensation expense included $22,501 $19,612 $22,849 (in thousands) in general and administrative expense ......... $5,113 $2,997 $5,567 $2,889 $2,116 $(3,237) $(2,570) The increase in general and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to the same period in 2013, was primarily due to the increase in stock-based compensation expense and severance costs related to the retirement of our former CEO, as discussed below. The decrease in general and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2013, compared to the same period in 2012, was primarily due to the decrease in stock-based compensation expense, as well as a decrease in bonus compensation expense. The decrease in stock-based compensation expense was mainly because the majority of options granted to general and administrative personnel in 2013 have a longer vesting period and a lower valuation as compared to options granted in 2012. 30 In December 2014, we entered into a severance agreement with our former CEO. The severance agreement provides for cash severance payments payable in installments over a duration of 18 months beginning on January 1, 2015. As part of the severance arrangement we offered, we extended the date to which our former CEO had the right to exercise his vested options within 90 days from his termination date as was stipulated under his option agreement to the end of the contractual term of the options, of which the remaining contractual term for the most recently granted options is nine years. In addition, we also accelerated the vesting period of certain of his unvested stock options. As a result of these modifications, we recorded incremental stock-based compensation expense in the fourth quarter of 2014. Loss on Sublease Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 2012 Aggregate Change 2014 from 2013 (in thousands) Aggregate Change 2013 from 2012 Loss on sublease ......................................................................... $9,302 $— $— $9,302 $— In December 2014, we entered into a sublease arrangement whereby we sublet 56,750 square feet or approximately 39% of our research and office space and recorded a loss on sublease of $9.3 million. The loss on the sublease is derived from the present value of the excess of our future remaining payments to our landlord associated with the applicable subleased space over our contractual sublease income from our subtenant over the term of the sublease. Restructuring Charges Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2012 Aggregate Change 2014 from 2013 Aggregate Change 2013 from 2012 Restructuring charges ............................................................ Stock-based compensation expense included $— $1,679 $— $(1,679) (in thousands) in restructuring charges ..................................................... $— $239 $— $(239) $1,679 $239 In September 2013, we reduced our workforce by 30 positions, mostly from the drug discovery area as a consequence of prioritizing projects and efforts to conserve our working capital. We recorded restructuring charges of approximately $1.7 million, including $1.5 million of workforce reduction costs paid in cash, and $239,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation expense primarily as a result of the extension of the date to which the terminated employees had to exercise their vested options through June 30, 2014. Interest income Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2014 Aggregate Change 2014 from 2013 (in thousands) Aggregate Change 2013 from 2012 Interest income ..................................................................... $243 $426 $520 $(183) $(94) Interest income results from our interest-bearing cash and investment balances. The decrease in interest income for the year ended December 31, 2014, as compared to the same period in 2013, as well as for the year ended December 31, 2013, as compared to the same period in 2012, was primarily due to lower average cash balance of our short-term investments. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15—Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern under ASC Subtopic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern. ASU No. 2017-15 provides guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. Management’s evaluation should be based on relevant conditions and events that are known and reasonably knowable at the date that the financial statements are issued (or at the date that the financial statements are available to be issued when applicable). Substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern exists when relevant conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, indicate that it is probable that the entity will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued (or available to be issued). ASU No. 2017-15 is effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is permitted. We will continue to evaluate the guidance under ASU No. 2014-15 and present the required disclosures within our financial statements at the time of adoption. 31 In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09—Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance under the ASC. The core principle of the ASU No. 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than required under existing U.S. GAAP including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU No. 2014-09 also requires additional disclosures to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. ASU No. 2014-09 will be effective fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is not permitted. ASU No. 2014-09 allows for either full retrospective or modified retrospective adoption and we have not yet determined which approach we will apply. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 on our financial statements and cannot estimate the impact of adoption at this time. Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash Requirements From inception, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of equity securities, contract payments under our collaboration agreements and equipment financing arrangements. We have consumed substantial amounts of capital to date as we continue our research and development activities, including preclinical studies and clinical trials. As of December 31, 2014, we had approximately $143.2 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, as compared to approximately $212.0 million as of December 31, 2013, a decrease of approximately $68.8 million. The decrease was primarily attributable to payments associated with operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2014. In December 2014, we entered into a sublease agreement with an unrelated third party to occupy a portion of our research and office space pursuant to which we expect to receive over $14.0 million of sublease income and reimbursement from the subtenant’s share of facilities operating expenses over the term of the sublease. We believe that our existing capital resources will be sufficient to support our current and projected funding requirements into the first quarter of 2017. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of our product candidates and other research and development activities, including risks and uncertainties that could impact the rate of progress of our development activities, we are unable to estimate with certainty the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our current and anticipated clinical trials and other research and development activities. Our operations will require significant additional funding for the foreseeable future. Unless and until we are able to generate a sufficient amount of product, royalty or milestone revenue, we expect to finance future cash needs through public and/or private offerings of equity securities, debt financings and/or collaboration and licensing arrangements, and to a much lesser extent through interest income earned on the investment of our excess cash balances and short-term investments. With the exception of contingent and royalty payments that we may receive under our existing collaborations, we do not currently have any committed future funding. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders could at that time experience substantial dilution. Any debt financing that we are able to obtain may involve operating covenants that restrict our business. To the extent that we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish some of our rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Our future funding requirements will depend upon many factors, including, but not limited to: • • • • the progress and success of our clinical trials and preclinical activities (including studies and manufacture of materials) of our product candidates conducted by us; the success of our corporate collaborations or license agreements; the progress of research programs carried out by us; any changes in the breadth of our research and development programs; 32 • • • • • • the ability to achieve the events identified in our collaborative agreements that trigger payments to us from our collaboration partners; the progress of the research and development efforts of our collaborative partners; our ability to manage our growth; competing technological and market developments; the costs and timing of obtaining, enforcing and defending our patent and other intellectual property rights; and the costs and timing of regulatory filings and approvals by us and our collaborators. Insufficient funds may require us to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research or development programs, to lose rights under existing licenses or to relinquish greater or all rights to product candidates at an earlier stage of development or on less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose or may adversely affect our ability to operate as a going concern. For the year ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we maintained an investment portfolio primarily in money market funds, government-sponsored enterprise securities, and corporate bonds and commercial paper. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested with regard to liquidity and capital preservation. Wherever possible, we seek to minimize the potential effects of concentration and degrees of risk. We will continue to monitor the impact of the changes in the conditions of the credit and financial markets to our investment portfolio and assess if future changes in our investment strategy are necessary. Cash Flows from Operating, Investing and Financing Activities 2014 Year Ended December 31, 2013 (in thousands) 2012 Net cash provided by (used in): Operating activities ....................................................... Investing activities ........................................................ Financing activities ....................................................... Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents ................................................................ $(69,753) 62,932 1,170 $(86,077) $(85,209) (39,034) 139,094 72,396 1,051 $(5,651) $(12,630) $14,851 Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $69.8 million in 2014 compared to approximately $86.1 million and $85.2 million in 2013 and 2012, respectively. Net cash used in operating activities primarily consisted of cash payments related to our research and development programs. The timing of cash requirements may vary from period to period depending on our research and development activities, including our planned preclinical and clinical trials, and future requirements to establish commercial capabilities for any products that we may develop. Net cash provided by investing activities was approximately $62.9 million in 2014 compared to net cash provided by investing activities of approximately $72.4 million in 2013 and net cash used in investing activities of approximately $39.0 million in 2012. Net cash provided by investing activities in 2014 and 2013 related to net maturities of short-term investments, partially offset by capital expenditures. Net cash used in investing activities in 2012 related to net purchases of short-term investments and capital expenditures. Capital expenditures were approximately $413,000, $1.2 million and $3.4 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $1.2 million in 2014 compared to approximately $1.1 million and $139.1 million in 2013 and 2012, respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2014 and 2013 related to the proceeds from the issuance of our shares under our Purchase Plan. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we completed an underwritten public offering in which we received net proceeds of approximately $135.7 million. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2012 also included proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and the issuance of shares under our Purchase Plan of approximately $3.4 million. 33 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements As of December 31, 2014, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements (as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act) that create potential material risks for us and that are not recognized on our balance sheets. Contractual Obligations We conduct our research and development programs internally and through third parties that include, among others, arrangements with universities, consultants and contract research organizations. We have contractual arrangements with these parties, however our contracts with them are cancelable generally on reasonable notice within one year and our obligations under these contracts are primarily based on services performed. We do not have any purchase commitments under any collaboration arrangements. As of December 31, 2014, our contractual commitments over one year are as follows: Facilities lease(1) ............................................... $47,963 $14,929 Total Less than 1 Year 1 - 3 Years (in thousands) $31,683 Payment Due By Period 3 - 5 Years More than 5 Years $1,351 $— (1) In December 2014, we entered into a sublease agreement with an unrelated third party to lease up a portion of the research and office space. The facilities lease obligations above do not include the sublease income of $8.0 million over the term of the sublease. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing the income we receive from our investments without significantly increasing risk. Some of the securities in which we invest may have market risk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the fair value amount of the investment to fluctuate. For example, if we hold a security that was issued with a fixed interest rate at the then-prevailing rate and the prevailing interest rate later rises, the market value amount of our investment will decline. To minimize this risk, we maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents and short-term investments in a variety of securities, including money market funds and government and non-government debt securities and the maturities of each of these instruments is less than one year. In 2014, we maintained an investment portfolio primarily in money market funds, U. S. treasury bills, government-sponsored enterprise securities, and corporate bonds and commercial paper. Due to the primarily short-term nature and low interest rate yields of these investments, we believe we do not have a material exposure to interest rate risk and market risk arising from our investments. Therefore, no quantitative tabular disclosure is provided. We have operated primarily in the United States, and all funding activities with our contract research organizations to date have been made in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, we have not had any significant exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations. 34 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm .............................................................................................. Balance Sheets ................................................................................................................................................................... Statements of Operations ................................................................................................................................................... Statements of Comprehensive Loss ................................................................................................................................... Statements of Stockholders’ Equity ................................................................................................................................... Statements of Cash Flows .................................................................................................................................................. Notes to Financial Statements ............................................................................................................................................ Page 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 35 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 3, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP Redwood City, California March 3, 2015 36 RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents ........................................................................................................ Short-term investments ............................................................................................................ Accounts receivable ................................................................................................................. Prepaid and other current assets ............................................................................................... Total current assets ................................................................................................................... Property and equipment, net ........................................................................................................ Other assets .................................................................................................................................. Liabilities and stockholders’ equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable ..................................................................................................................... Accrued compensation ............................................................................................................. Accrued research and development ......................................................................................... Other accrued liabilities ........................................................................................................... Deferred liability—sublease, current portion ........................................................................... Deferred rent, current portion .................................................................................................. Total current liabilities ............................................................................................................. Long-term portion of deferred liability—sublease ...................................................................... Long-term portion of deferred rent .............................................................................................. Other long-term liabilities ............................................................................................................ Commitments Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and December 31, 2014 2013 $15,203 127,956 5,750 1,628 150,537 2,509 1,089 $154,135 $20,854 191,121 5,750 2,350 220,075 4,455 1,528 $226,058 $1,613 2,832 3,993 534 2,803 2,250 14,025 6,466 5,347 51 $3,903 2,849 1,588 746 — 1,208 10,294 — 7,439 74 outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 .................................................................. — — Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 88,041,445 and 87,524,349 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively .......................................................................................................................... Additional paid-in capital ......................................................................................................... Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ................................................................... Accumulated deficit ................................................................................................................. Total stockholders’ equity ........................................................................................................ 88 1,068,347 (7) (940,182) 128,246 $154,135 88 1,057,390 47 (849,274) 208,251 $226,058 See accompanying notes. 37 RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (In thousands, except per share amounts) Contract revenues from collaborations ..................................................................... Costs and expenses: Research and development .................................................................................... General and administrative ................................................................................... Loss on sublease .................................................................................................... Restructuring charges ............................................................................................ Total costs and expenses ....................................................................................... Loss from operations ................................................................................................. Interest income .......................................................................................................... Gain on disposal of assets ......................................................................................... Net loss ...................................................................................................................... Net loss per share, basic and diluted ......................................................................... Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted .. See accompanying notes. Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 $8,250 $7,150 2012 $2,250 67,696 22,501 9,302 — 99,499 (91,249) 243 98 $(90,908) $(1.04) 87,662 75,328 19,612 — 1,679 96,619 (89,469) 426 16 $(89,027) $(1.02) 87,288 78,778 22,849 — — 101,627 (99,377) 520 17 $(98,840) $(1.32) 74,967 38 RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (In thousands) Net loss ...................................................................................................................... Other comprehensive income: Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2012 $(90,908) $(89,027) $(98,840) Net unrealized (loss) gain on short-term investments ........................................... Comprehensive loss .................................................................................................. (54) $(90,962) (35) $(89,062) 76 $(98,764) See accompanying notes. 39 RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (In thousands, except share and per share amounts) Additional Paid-in Capital 897,479 — — 135,714 3,364 12,617 1,049,174 — — — 15 1 — 87 — — 1 — 1,050 7,166 $88 $1,057,390 — — Accumulated Other Comprehensive Accumulated Income (Loss) 6 — Deficit (661,407) (98,840) Total Stockholders’ Equity 236,149 (98,840) 76 — — — 82 — (35) — — $47 — (54) — — $(7) — — — — (760,247) (89,027) 76 135,729 3,365 12,617 289,096 (89,027) — (35) — — $(849,274) (90,908) 1,051 7,166 $208,251 (90,908) — (54) — — $(940,182) 1,170 9,787 $128,246 Balance at January 1, 2012 ............................................ Net loss ..................................................................... Net change in unrealized gain on short-term Common Stock Shares 71,379,052 — Amount 71 — investments ........................................................... — Issuance of common stock at $9.50 per share for cash, net of issuance costs ......................................... Issuance of common stock upon exercise of options and participation in Purchase Plan ................................... Stock compensation expense ......................................... Balance at December 31, 2012 ...................................... Net loss ..................................................................... Net change in unrealized gain on 15,237,750 523,830 — 87,140,632 — short-term investments ......................................... — Issuance of common stock upon exercise of options and participation in Purchase Plan ................................... Stock compensation expense ......................................... Balance at December 31, 2013 ...................................... Net loss ..................................................................... Net change in unrealized gain on short-term 383,717 — 87,524,349 — investments ........................................................... — — — Issuance of common stock upon exercise of options and participation in Purchase Plan ................................... Stock compensation expense ......................................... Balance at December 31, 2014 ...................................... 517,096 — 88,041,445 — — 1,170 9,787 $88 $1,068,347 See accompanying notes. 40 RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) Operating activities Net loss ................................................................................................................ Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation and amortization ........................................................................ Stock-based compensation expense ................................................................ Gain on disposal of assets ............................................................................... Loss on sublease .............................................................................................. Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable .................................................................................... Prepaid expenses and other current assets .................................................. Other assets ................................................................................................. Accounts payable ........................................................................................ Accrued compensation ................................................................................ Accrued research and development ............................................................ Other accrued liabilities .............................................................................. Deferred rent and other long term liabilities ............................................... Net cash used in operating activities ............................................................... Investing activities Purchases of short-term investments ............................................................... Maturities of short-term investments .............................................................. Sales of short-term investments ...................................................................... Proceeds from disposal of assets ..................................................................... Capital expenditures ........................................................................................ Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities ........................................ Financing activities Net proceeds from issuances of common stock .............................................. Net cash provided by financing activities ....................................................... Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents ......................................... Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period .............................................. Cash and cash equivalents at end of period ........................................................ See accompanying notes. Year Ended December 31, 2013 2012 2014 $(90,908) $(89,027) $(98,840) 2,359 9,787 (98) 9,302 — 722 439 (2,290) (17) 2,405 (212) (1,242) (69,753) (218,594) 281,705 — 234 (413) 62,932 1,170 1,170 (5,651) 20,854 $15,203 2,592 7,166 (16) — (5,750) 1,867 231 2,206 (3,926) (536) (196) (688) (86,077) (308,846) 365,968 16,479 16 (1,221) 72,396 1,051 1,051 (12,630) 33,484 $20,854 2,433 12,617 (17) — — (1,624) 232 141 (496) 57 438 (150) (85,209) (475,398) 439,724 — 17 (3,377) (39,034) 139,094 139,094 14,851 18,633 $33,484 41 Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, “Rigel,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and “common stock” refers to Rigel’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share. 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of operations and basis of presentation We were incorporated in the state of Delaware on June 14, 1996. We are engaged in the discovery and development of novel, small-molecule drugs for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, immuno-oncology related diseases, and muscle disorders. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include those relating to our sublease agreement including the determination of discount rate used, stock-based compensation, impairment issues, estimated useful life of assets, and estimated accruals, particularly research and development accruals. We believe that the estimates and judgments upon which we rely are reasonable based upon information available to us at the time that these estimates and judgments are made, however actual results could differ from these estimates. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. Stock award plans We have three stock option plans, our 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (2011 Plan), 2000 Equity Incentive Plan (2000 Plan) and 2000 Non-Employee Directors Stock Option Plan (Directors’ Plan), that provide for granting to our officers, directors and all other employees and consultants options to purchase shares of our common stock. We also have our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Purchase Plan), where eligible employees can purchase shares of our common stock at a price per share equal to the lesser of 85% of the fair market value on the first day of the offering period or 85% of the fair market value on the purchase date. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model which considered our stock price, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and dividends. We estimate volatility over the expected term of the option using historical share price performance. For expected term, we take into consideration our historical data of options exercised, cancelled and expired. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity rate. We have not paid and do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. In order to calculate stock- based compensation expense, we also estimate the forfeiture rate using our historical experience with options that cancel before they vest. We review our forfeiture rates each quarter and make any necessary changes to our estimates. We use the straight-line attribution method over the requisite employee service period for the entire award in recognizing stock-based compensation expense. In February 2014, we granted options to purchase 950,000 shares of common stock which will vest upon the achievement of certain corporate performance-based milestones related to the progress and success of the Phase 3 clinical program of fostamatinib in ITP. We determined the fair value of the performance-based stock options using Black-Scholes option-pricing model at the date of grant of approximately $2.5 million. For the portion of the performance-based stock options of which the performance condition is considered probable of achievement, we recognized stock-based compensation expense on the related estimated fair value of such options on straight-line basis from the date of grant up to the date when we expect the performance condition will be probably achieved. For the performance conditions that are not considered probable of achievement at the grant date or upon quarterly re-evaluation, prior to the event actually occurring, we will recognize the related stock-based compensation expense when the event occurs or when we can determine that the performance condition is probable of achievement. In those cases, we will recognize the change in estimate at the time we determine the condition is probable of achievement (by recognizing stock-based compensation expense as cumulative catch-up as if we had estimated at the grant date that the performance condition will be achieved) and recognize the remaining compensation cost up to the date when we expect the performance condition will be probably achieved, if any. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized approximately $453,000 of stock-based compensation expense related to these performance-based options 42 Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments We consider all highly liquid investments in debt securities with maturity from the date of purchase of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of money market funds, U.S. treasury bills, corporate bonds and commercial paper and investments in government-sponsored enterprises. Our short-term investments include obligations of government- sponsored enterprises and corporate bonds and commercial paper. By policy, we limit the concentration of credit risk by diversifying our investments among a variety of high credit-quality issuers. All cash equivalents and short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value at December 31, 2014 and 2013. Unrealized gains (losses) are reported in the statements of stockholders’ equity and comprehensive loss. Fair value is estimated based on available market information or valuation methodologies. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. See Note 5 for a summary of available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2014 and 2013. Fair value of financial instruments The carrying values of cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value due to the short-term maturity of those instruments. Cash equivalents and short-term investments securities are carried at fair value at December 31, 2014 and 2013. Concentration of credit risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. Cash equivalents and short-term investments primarily consist of money market funds, U. S. treasury bills, government-sponsored enterprise securities, and corporate bonds and commercial paper. Due to the short-term nature of these investments, we believe we do not have a material exposure to credit risk arising from our investments. All cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments are maintained with financial institutions that management believes are creditworthy. As of December 31, 2014, our accounts receivable primarily consist of the time-based non-refundable fee of $5.8 million from AZ. To date, we have not experienced significant losses with respect to the collection of our accounts receivable and we believe that we do not have a material exposure to credit risk arising from our accounts receivable. Property and equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to seven years. Revenue recognition We present revenue from our collaboration arrangements under the FASB ASC 808, Collaboration Arrangements. Our revenue arrangements with multiple elements are evaluated under FASB ASC 605-25, Multiple-Element Arrangements (as amended by ASU No. 2009-13), and are divided into separate units of accounting if certain criteria are met, including whether the delivered element has standalone value to the customer, whether the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered element and whether delivery or performance of the undelivered element is considered probable and substantially under our control. The consideration we receive under collaboration arrangements is allocated among the separate units of accounting based on the selling price hierarchy, and the applicable revenue recognition criteria is applied to each of the separate units. Revenues associated with substantive, at-risk milestones pursuant to collaborative agreements are recognized upon achievement of the milestones. We consider a milestone to be substantive at the inception of the arrangement if it is commensurate with either our performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item as a result of a specific outcome resulting from our performance to achieve the milestone, it relates solely to past performance and it is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. Non-refundable contingent future amounts receivable in connection with future events specified in collaboration agreements that are not considered milestones will be recognized as revenue when payments are earned from our collaborators through their completion or achievement of any underlying events, the amounts are fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. 43 Research and development expenses Research and development expenses include costs for scientific personnel, supplies, equipment, consultants, research sponsored by us, allocated facility costs, costs related to pre-clinical and clinical trials, including raw materials, and stock-based compensation expense. All such costs are charged to research and development expense as incurred and at the time raw materials are purchased. Research and development accruals We have various contracts with third parties related to our research and development activities. Costs that are incurred but not billed to us as of the end of the period are accrued. We make estimates of the amounts incurred in each period based on the information available to us and our knowledge of the nature of the contractual activities generating such costs. Expenses related to other research and development contracts, such as research contracts, toxicology study contracts and manufacturing contracts are estimated to be incurred generally on a straight-line basis over the duration of the contracts. Raw materials and study materials purchased for us by third parties are expensed at the time of purchase. Leases We currently lease our research and office space under a noncancelable lease agreement with our landlord through 2018. In December 2014, we entered into a sublease agreement with an unrelated third party to occupy a portion of our research and office space. We record rent expense on a straight-line basis for our lease, net of sublease, income, wherein such arrangements contain scheduled rent increases over the term of the lease and sublease, respectively. For our sublease arrangement which we classified as an operating lease, our loss on the sublease is comprised of the present value of our future payments to our landlord less the present value of our future rent payments expected from our subtenant over the term of the sublease. This loss is discounted to the present value using an estimated credit-adjusted risk-free rate relevant to the term of the sublease arrangement. Contingencies We are subject to claims related to the patent protection of certain of our technologies, as well as a purported securities class action lawsuit and other litigation. We are required to assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these matters as well as potential ranges of probable losses. A determination of the amount of reserves required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each individual issue. Income taxes We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period the change is enacted. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount whose realization is more likely than not. Net loss per share Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period and the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if potentially dilutive securities had been issued. Potentially dilutive securities include warrant and stock options and shares issuable under our Purchase Plan. The dilutive effect of these potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Under the treasury stock method, an increase in the fair market value of our common stock can result in a greater dilutive effect from potentially dilutive securities. 44 The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share amounts): Year Ended December 31, 2013 2014 2012 EPS Numerator: Net loss ....................................................................... EPS Denominator—Basic: Weighted-average common shares outstanding ......... EPS Denominator—Diluted: Weighted-average common shares outstanding ......... Dilutive effect of stock options, shares under ESPP and warrant ................................................... Weighted-average shares outstanding and $(90,908) $(89,027) $(98,840) 87,662 87,288 74,967 87,662 87,288 74,967 — — — common stock equivalents ...................................... 87,662 87,288 74,967 Net loss per common share: Basic and diluted .................................................... $(1.04) $(1.02) $(1.32) During the periods presented, we had securities which could potentially dilute basic loss per share, but were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share, as their effect would have been antidilutive. These securities consist of the following (in thousands except per share data): Outstanding options ............................................................... Warrant .................................................................................. Weighted average exercise price of options .......................... Weighted average exercise price of warrant .......................... December 31, 2013 15,532 200 $10.55 $6.61 2014 16,971 200 $9.07 $6.61 2012 13,604 200 $11.52 $6.61 Recent accounting pronouncements In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15—Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern under ASC Subtopic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern. ASU No. 2017-15 provides guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. Management’s evaluation should be based on relevant conditions and events that are known and reasonably knowable at the date that the financial statements are issued (or at the date that the financial statements are available to be issued when applicable). Substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern exists when relevant conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, indicate that it is probable that the entity will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued (or available to be issued). ASU No. 2017-15 is effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is permitted. We will continue to evaluate the guidance under ASU No. 2014-15 and present the required disclosures within our financial statements at the time of adoption. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09—Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance under the ASC. The core principle of the ASU No. 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, it is possible more judgment and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process than required under existing U.S. GAAP including identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU No. 2014-09 also requires additional disclosures to enable users of financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts. ASU No. 2014-09 will be effective fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is not permitted. ASU No. 2014-09 allows for either full retrospective or modified retrospective adoption and we have not yet determined which approach we will apply. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 on our financial statements and cannot estimate the impact of adoption at this time. 45 2. SPONSORED RESEARCH AND LICENSE AGREEMENTS We have several active collaborations, none of which that we currently consider significant. Under these collaborations, which we enter into in the ordinary course of business, we received or may be entitled to receive upfront cash payments, progress-dependent contingent payments on events achieved by such partners and royalties on any net sales of products sold by such partners under the agreements. As of December 31, 2014, total future contingent payments to us under all of these current collaborations could exceed $144.0 million if all potential product candidates achieved all of the payment triggering events under all of our current collaborations (based on a single product candidate under each agreement). Of this amount, up to $52.9 million relates to the achievement of development events, up to $53.6 million relates to the achievement of regulatory events and up to $37.5 million relates to the achievement of certain commercial or launch events. This estimated future contingent amount does not include any estimated royalties that could be due to us if any of these partners successfully commercialize the licensed products. Future events that may trigger payments to us under the agreements are based solely on our partners’ future efforts and achievements of specified development, regulatory or commercial events. In June 2012, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license agreement with AstraZeneca AB (AZ) for the development and commercialization of our program, R256, an inhaled JAK inhibitor shown to inhibit IL-13 and IL-4 signaling, which is being investigated as a treatment for moderate to severe chronic asthma. AZ is responsible for beginning the first-in-human clinical studies for R256, and for designing and conducting the clinical development of the compound. AZ also has exclusive rights to commercialize R256 around the world. AZ paid us an upfront payment of $1.0 million in July 2012. Under the agreement, we were obligated to provide the following deliverables: (i) granting a license of rights to our program, and (ii) delivery of a small batch of compound to AZ. We concluded that these deliverables should be accounted for as separate units of accounting. As our obligations with respect to the deliverables were achieved by June 30, 2012, we recognized revenue of $1.0 million in the second quarter of 2012. On December 31, 2014 and 2013, we earned revenue associated with the time-based non-refundable payment of $5.8 million for each period from AZ in consideration for AZ’s decision to continue its development of R256 in asthma. In October 2014, we earned a $2.5 million milestone from AZ for their continued development and initiation of a GLP toxicology study with R256. In June 2011, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with BerGenBio AS (BerGenBio) for the development and commercialization of an oncology program, which is currently in Phase 1 development. BerGenBio is responsible for all activities it wishes to perform under the license we granted to it. In July 2012, we received a time-based payment of $500,000 from BerGenBio due to us on June 29, 2012, pursuant to the terms of the agreement. We recognized the payment as revenue in the second quarter of 2012. In August 2002, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Daiichi Sankyo (Daiichi) to pursue research related to a specific target from a novel class of drug targets called ligases that control cancer cell proliferation through protein degradation, which is currently in Phase 1 development. In April 2013, we received a $1.4 million payment from Daiichi related to Daiichi’s filing of an investigational new drug (IND) for an oncology compound. In January 2012, we received a $750,000 payment from Daiichi. To date, we have earned payments under this arrangement amounting to $7.9 million. The research phase of this three-year collaboration expired in August 2005. Under the terms of the collaboration agreement, we retain the rights to co-develop and co- promote certain products resulting from this collaboration in North America, while Daiichi retains co-development and promotion rights in the remainder of the world. 3. SIGNIFICANT CONCENTRATIONS For the year ended December 31, 2014, AZ accounted for all of our revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2013, AZ and Daiichi accounted for 80% and 20% of our revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2012, AZ, Daiichi and BerGenBio accounted for 44%, 33% and 22% of our revenues, respectively. At both December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had accounts receivable of $5.8 million from AZ in consideration for AZ’s decision to continue its development of R256 in asthma in 2014 and 2013, respectively. 46 4. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION Total stock-based compensation expense related to all of our stock-based awards was as follows (in thousands): Research and development ........................................................ General and administrative ........................................................ Restructuring charges ................................................................ Total stock-based compensation expense .................................. Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 $7,050 $4,674 $3,930 5,567 2,997 — 239 $9,787 $7,166 $12,617 5,113 — In December 2014, we entered into a severance agreement with our former CEO. As part of the severance arrangement we offered, we extended the date to which our former CEO had the right to exercise his vested options within 90 days from his termination date as was stipulated under his option agreement to the end of the contractual term of the options, of which the remaining contractual term for the most recently granted options is nine years. In addition, we also accelerated the vesting period of certain of his unvested stock options. As a result of these modifications, we recorded incremental stock-based compensation expense of approximately $1.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2014 (see Note 12). This amount is included as part of “General and administrative expense” in the accompanying Statement of Operations. In September 2013, we announced that we had reduced our workforce by 18%, or 30 positions, in connection with efforts to prioritize projects and conserve our working capital. As part of the severance arrangement we offered the terminated employees, we extended the date to which the terminated employees had to exercise their vested options to June 30, 2014, rather than 90 days from the termination date as was stipulated under the employee’s option agreements. In addition, we also accelerated the vesting period of certain unvested stock options for one terminated employee. As a result of these modifications, we recorded non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $239,000 in the third quarter of 2013. This expense was classified under “Restructuring expense” in the accompanying Statements of Operations. See Note 11 for further discussion regarding this reduction in our workforce. Employee Stock Option Plans In 2012, an amendment to the 2011 Plan was approved primarily to (i) increase the aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2011 Plan by 600,000 shares, (ii) provide that the number of shares available for issuance under the 2011 Plan shall be reduced by one share for each share of common stock subject to a stock option or stock appreciation right with a strike price of at least 100% of the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the grant date and by 1.4 (instead of 1.7) shares for each share of common stock subject to any other type of award issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan and (iii) include the Company’s Chief Executive Officer as an eligible participant under the 2011 Plan. In 2013, an amendment to the 2011 Plan was approved primarily to (i) increase the aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2011 Plan by 7,000,000 shares and (ii) provide that the number of shares available for issuance under the 2011 Plan shall be reduced by one share for each share of common stock subject to a stock option or stock appreciation right and by 1.64 shares for each share of common stock subject to any other type of award issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan. Options granted under our 2011 Plan expire no later than ten years from the date of grant. Options may be granted with different vesting terms from time to time, ranging from zero to five years. As of December 31, 2014, a total of 11,078,887 shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under the 2011 Plan. There were 11,219 options to purchase shares exercised during the year ended December 31, 2014 under the 2011 Plan. In 2012, an amendment to the 2000 Plan was approved primarily to (i) extend the term of the 2000 Plan to May 22, 2022, (ii) provide that the number of shares available for issuance under the 2000 Plan shall be reduced by one share for each share of common stock subject to a stock option or stock appreciation right with a strike price of at least 100% of the fair market value of the underlying common stock on the grant date and by 1.4 (instead of 1.7) shares for each share of common stock subject to any other type of award issued pursuant to the 2000 Plan and (iii) increase the maximum amount that may be received by an individual in any calendar year attributable to performance-based stock awards under the 2000 Plan from the value of not more than 166,666 shares of the Company’s common stock to the value of not more than 1,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. In 2013, an amendment to the 2000 Plan was approved primarily to (i) increase the number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2000 Plan by 675,000 shares of common stock and (ii) provide that the number of shares available for issuance under the 2000 Plan shall be reduced by one share for each share of common stock subject to a stock option or stock appreciation right and by 1.64 shares (instead of 1.4 shares) for each share of common stock subject to any other type of award issued pursuant to the 2000 Plan. Options may be granted with different vesting terms from time to time, ranging from zero to five years. As of December 31, 2014, a total of 12,299,675 shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under the 2000 Plan. There were no options to purchase shares exercised during the year ended December 31, 2014 under the 2000 Plan. 47 In 2013, an amendment to the Directors’ Plan was approved primarily to increase the number of shares authorized for issuance under the Directors’ Plan by 100,000 shares of common stock to an aggregate total of 1,235,000 shares. The exercise price of options under the Directors’ Plan is equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The maximum term of the options granted under the Directors’ Plan is ten years. As of December 31, 2014, a total of 1,188,182 shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under the Directors’ Plan. There were no options to purchase shares exercised during the year ended December 31, 2014 under the Directors’ Plan. Pursuant to FASB ASC 718, we are required to estimate the amount of expected forfeitures when calculating compensation costs. We estimated the forfeiture rate using our historical experience with nonvested options. We adjust our stock-based compensation expense as actual forfeitures occur, review our estimated forfeiture rates each quarter and make changes to our estimate as appropriate. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We have segregated option awards into the following three homogenous groups for the purposes of determining fair values of options: officers and directors, all other employees, and consultants. We determined weighted-average valuation assumptions separately for each of these groups as follows: • Volatility—We estimated volatility using the historical share price performance over the expected life of the option up to the point where we have historical market data. We also considered other factors, such as implied volatility, our current clinical trials and other company activities that may affect the volatility of our stock in the future. We determined that at this time historical volatility is more indicative of our expected future stock performance than implied volatility. • Expected term—For options granted to consultants, we use the contractual term of the option, which is generally ten years, for the initial valuation of the option and the remaining contractual term of the option for the succeeding periods. We worked with various historical data to determine the applicable expected term for each of the other option groups. This data included: (1) for exercised options, the term of the options from option grant date to exercise date; (2) for cancelled options, the term of the options from option grant date to cancellation date, excluding nonvested option forfeitures; and (3) for options that remained outstanding at the balance sheet date, the term of the options from option grant date to the end of the reporting period and the estimated remaining term of the options. The consideration and calculation of the above data gave us reasonable estimates of the expected term for each employee group. We also considered the vesting schedules of the options granted and factors surrounding exercise behavior of the option groups, our current market price and company activity that may affect our market price. In addition, we considered the optionee type (i.e., officers and directors or all other employees) and other factors that may affect the expected term of the option. • Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury constant maturity rates with similar terms to the expected term of the options for each option group. • Dividend yield—The expected dividend yield is 0% as we have not paid and do not expect to pay dividends in the future. The following table summarizes the weighted-average assumptions relating to options granted pursuant to our equity incentive plans for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012: Risk-free interest rate ....................................................................... Expected term (in years) .................................................................. Dividend yield ................................................................................. Expected volatility ........................................................................... Equity Incentive Plans Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 0.9% 1.1% 5.5 5.4 0.0% 0.0% 74.4% 72.2% 81.5% 2014 2.2% 6.5 0.0% 48 The exercise price of stock options is determined to be the market price of our common stock on the date immediately preceding the date of grant. These stock options become exercisable at varying dates and generally expire ten years from the date of grant. At December 31, 2014, options to purchase 7,596,071 shares of common stock were available for grant and 24,566,744 reserved shares of common stock were available for future issuance under our stock option plans. We recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $38,000, $36,000 and $55,000 for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, associated with options granted to consultants reflecting the fair value valuation and periodic fair value re-measurement of outstanding consultant options subject to vesting under FASB ASC 505-50. The valuation is based upon the current fair value of our common stock and other assumptions, including the expected future volatility of our stock price, risk-free interest rate and expected term. We amortized stock- based compensation related to consultants using a straight-line attribution method consistent with the method used for employees and with the attribution election we made upon adoption of FASB ASC 718. No stock options granted to consultants were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2014. Stock-Based Compensation Award Activity Option activity under our equity incentive plans was as follows: Outstanding at January 1, 2012 ................................. Authorized for grant .................................................. Granted ...................................................................... Exercised ................................................................... Cancelled ................................................................... Outstanding at December 31, 2012 ........................... Authorized for grant .................................................. Granted ...................................................................... Exercised ................................................................... Cancelled ................................................................... Outstanding at December 31, 2013 ........................... Authorized for grant .................................................. Granted ...................................................................... Exercised ................................................................... Cancelled ................................................................... Outstanding at December 31, 2014 ........................... Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2014 ............................................... Exercisable at December 31, 2014 ............................ Exercisable at December 31, 2013 ............................ Exercisable at December 31, 2012 ............................ Number of Shares Underlying Options 600,000 (2,149,266) — 40,099 Shares Available For Grant 4,707,753 11,749,359 — 2,149,266 (254,149) (40,099) 3,198,586 13,604,377 — 7,775,000 3,140,956 (3,140,956) — — 1,213,131 (1,213,131) 9,045,761 15,532,202 — (3,467,120) — — 3,467,120 (11,219) 2,017,430 (2,017,430) 7,596,071 16,970,673 16,861,378 14,243,893 13,246,612 12,841,378 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value Weighted- Average Exercise Price $12.07 $8.13 $7.08 $19.60 $11.52 $5.46 $— $8.26 $10.55 $3.39 $3.44 $10.75 $9.07 $9.10 $10.09 $11.44 $11.75 5.79 $25,140 5.19 $983 Of the 3,467,120 common stock options granted during 2014, 950,000 shares were related to performance-based stock option awards, of which only 700,000 shares are still outstanding due to the cancellation of the 250,000 shares in the fourth quarter of 2014, which will vest upon the achievement of certain corporate performance-based milestones related to the progress and success of the Phase 3 clinical program of fostamatinib in ITP. Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $2.32, $3.34 and $5.44, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the quoted price of our common stock for the options that were in-the-money at December 31, 2014. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had 2,726,779 and 2,281,966, respectively, of nonvested stock options, with approximately $24,000 and $14,000 intrinsic value at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2012, aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised under our stock option plans was approximately $10,000 and $701,000, respectively, determined as of the date of option exercise. There were no options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2013. 49 As of December 31, 2014, there was approximately $4.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to nonvested stock-based compensation arrangements granted under our stock option plans and approximately $302,000 of total unamortized compensation cost related to our Purchase Plan. The unamortized compensation cost related to our stock option plans and our Purchase Plan is expected to be recognized over a weighted- average period of approximately 1.9 years and 1.7 years, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, there were 2,456,622 and 1,513,339 shares vested with weighted-average exercise price of $4.74 and $6.64, respectively. Details of our stock options by exercise price are as follows as of December 31, 2014: Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price 8.77 6.80 7.53 5.32 6.42 3.52 0.96 3.08 5.79 $3.29 4.99 6.52 6.85 8.11 10.29 23.41 26.45 9.07 Number of Outstanding Options 2,317,779 3,300,357 2,207,938 2,196,855 2,132,765 2,528,537 1,132,244 1,154,198 16,970,673 Number of Options 1,112,849 2,050,668 1,991,664 2,187,713 2,091,925 2,522,633 1,132,244 1,154,198 14,243,894 Weighted- Average Exercise Price $3.36 5.84 6.52 6.85 8.11 10.29 23.41 26.45 $10.09 Exercise Price $1.68 - $3.55 ......................................................... $3.59 - $6.49 ......................................................... $6.51 - $6.55 ......................................................... $6.73 - $7.40 ......................................................... $7.53 - $8.27 ......................................................... $8.34 - $11.73 ....................................................... $15.49 - $24.56 ..................................................... $26.45 .................................................................... $1.68 - $26.45 ....................................................... Employee Stock Purchase Plan In August 2000, we adopted our Purchase Plan which was approved in September 2000 by our stockholders. In 2014, an amendment to the Purchase Plan was approved primarily to increase the number of shares authorized for issuance under the Directors’ Plan by 4,000,000 shares of common stock. The Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to purchase common stock at a discount through payroll deductions during defined offering periods. The price at which the stock is purchased is equal to the lesser of 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the first day of the offering or 85% of the fair market value of our common stock on the purchase date. The initial offering period commenced on the effective date of our initial public offering. We issued 505,877, 383,717 and 269,681 shares of common stock during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, pursuant to the Purchase Plan at an average price of $2.24, $2.74 and $5.81, respectively. For 2014, 2013 and 2012, the weighted average fair value of stock purchased under the Purchase Plan was $1.42, $2.05 and $3.42, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, we had 3,578,153 reserved shares of common stock available for future issuance under the Purchase Plan. The fair value of awards granted under our Purchase Plan is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which uses weighted- average assumptions. Our Purchase Plan provides for a twenty-four month offering period comprised of four six-month purchase periods with a look-back option. A look-back option is a provision in our Purchase Plan under which eligible employees can purchase shares of our common stock at a price per share equal to the lesser of 85% of the fair market value on the first day of the offering period or 85% of the fair market value on the purchase date. Our Purchase Plan also includes a feature that provides for a new offering period to begin when the fair market value of our common stock on any purchase date during an offering period falls below the fair market value of our common stock on the first day of such offering period. This feature is called a “reset.” Participants are automatically enrolled in the new offering period. We had a “reset” on January 2, 2014 because the fair market value of our stock on December 31, 2013 was lower than the fair market value of our stock on July 1, 2013, the first day of the offering period. We applied modification accounting in accordance with ASC Topic No. 718, Stock Compensation, to determine the incremental fair value associated with this Purchase Plan “reset” and will recognize the related stock-based compensation expense according to FASB ASC Subtopic No. 718-50, Employee Share Purchase Plan. The total incremental fair value for this Purchase Plan “reset” was approximately $577,000, that will be recognized from January 2, 2014 to December 31, 2015. On January 2, 2015, we had another “reset” because the fair market value of our stock on December 31, 2014 was lower than the fair market value of our stock on July 1, 2014, the first day of another offering period. We applied modification accounting in accordance with the relevant guidance and determined that the incremental fair value associated with this Purchase Plan “reset” was approximately $792,000 that will be recognized from January 2, 2015 to December 31, 2016. 50 The following table summarizes the weighted-average assumptions related to our Purchase Plan for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. Expected volatilities for our Purchase Plan are based on the two-year historical volatility of our stock. Expected term represents the weighted- average of the purchase periods within the offering period. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the expected term is based on U.S. Treasury constant maturity rates. Risk-free interest rate ...................................................................... Expected term (in years) ................................................................. Dividend yield ................................................................................ Expected volatility .......................................................................... Employee Stock Purchase Plan Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 0.2% 0.2% 1.2 1.4 0.0% 0.0% 66.0% 64.4% 47.4% 2014 0.3% 1.7 0.0% 5. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments consist of the following (in thousands): Checking account ................................................................................ Money market funds ............................................................................ U. S. treasury bills ............................................................................... Government-sponsored enterprise securities ....................................... Corporate bonds and commercial paper .............................................. Reported as: Cash and cash equivalents ................................................................... Short-term investments ........................................................................ December 31, 2014 2013 $175 10,027 2,010 45,786 85,161 $195 9,059 2,085 67,178 133,458 $143,159 $211,975 $15,203 127,956 $20,854 191,121 $143,159 $211,975 Cash equivalents and short-term investments included the following available-for-sale securities with unrealized gains and losses (in thousands): December 31, 2014 U. S. treasury bills .............................................................................. Government-sponsored enterprise securities ..................................... Corporate bonds and commercial paper ............................................. Total ............................................................................................... December 31, 2013 U. S. treasury bills .............................................................................. Government-sponsored enterprise securities ..................................... Corporate bonds and commercial paper ............................................. Total ............................................................................................... Amortized Cost $2,010 45,793 85,161 $132,964 Amortized Cost $2,083 67,160 133,431 $202,674 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses $— 4 21 $25 $— (11) (21) $(32) Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses $2 29 33 $64 $— (11) (6) $(17) Fair Value $2,010 45,786 85,161 $132,957 Fair Value $2,085 67,178 133,458 $202,721 As of December 31, 2014, our cash equivalents and short-term investments have contractual maturities within one year. 51 As of December 31, 2014, our cash equivalents and short-term investments had a weighted-average time to maturity of approximately 148 days. We view our short-term investments portfolio as available for use in current operations. We have the ability to hold all investments as of December 31, 2014 through their respective maturity dates. At December 31, 2014, we had no investments that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than twelve months. In the second quarter of 2013, we sold certain short-term investments at their approximate carrying values prior to maturity and received proceeds of $16.5 million. At December 31, 2013, we had 4 investments in continuous unrealized loss position for more than twelve months, which matured on February 10, 2014. The total unrealized loss for these investments was approximately $2,000, which was immaterial. As of December 31, 2014, a total of 31 individual securities had been in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or less and the losses were deemed to be temporary. The following table shows the fair value and gross unrealized losses of our investments in individual securities that are in an unrealized loss position, aggregated by investment category (in thousands): December 31, 2014 $23,122 Government-sponsored enterprise securities .................................................. Corporate bonds and commercial paper ......................................................... 34,441 $57,563 Total ............................................................................................................ Fair Value Unrealized Losses $(11) (21) $(32) 6. FAIR VALUE Under FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, fair value is defined as the price at which an asset could be exchanged or a liability transferred in a transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Where available, fair value is based on observable market prices or parameters or derived from such prices or parameters. Where observable prices or parameters are not available, valuation models are applied. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in our financial statements are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities, are as follows: Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets at the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. The fair valued assets we hold that are generally included under this Level 1 are money market securities where fair value is based on publicly quoted prices. Level 2—Are inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the reporting date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life. The fair valued assets we hold that are generally assessed under Level 2 included government-sponsored enterprise securities, U. S. treasury bills and corporate bonds and commercial paper. We utilize third party pricing services in developing fair value measurements where fair value is based on valuation methodologies such as models using observable market inputs, including benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers and other reference data. We use quotes from external pricing service providers and other on- line quotation systems to verify the fair value of investments provided by our third party pricing service providers. We review independent auditor’s reports from our third party pricing service providers particularly regarding the controls over pricing and valuation of financial instruments and ensure that our internal controls address certain control deficiencies, if any, and complementary user entity controls are in place. Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities and which reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the reporting date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model. 52 Fair Value on a Recurring Basis Financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized in the tables below based upon the lowest level of significant input to the valuations (in thousands): Money market funds .......................................... $10,027 — U. S. treasury bills ............................................. — Government-sponsored enterprise securities ..... — Corporate bonds and commercial paper ............ $— 2,010 45,786 85,161 Total ............................................................... $10,027 $132,957 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2014 Total $10,027 2,010 45,786 85,161 $— $142,984 $— — — — Money market funds .......................................... U. S. treasury bills ............................................. Government-sponsored enterprise securities ..... Corporate bonds and commercial paper ............ Total ............................................................... Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 $9,059 — — — Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2013 Total $9,059 2,085 67,178 133,458 $— $211,780 $— 2,085 67,178 133,458 $9,059 $202,721 $— — — — 7. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Property and equipment consists of the following (in thousands): Laboratory equipment ...................................................................... Computer and software .................................................................... Furniture and equipment .................................................................. Total property and equipment .......................................................... Less accumulated depreciation and amortization ............................ Property and equipment, net ............................................................ December 31, 2014 $23,228 1,225 1,177 $25,630 (23,121) $2,509 2013 $24,418 1,244 1,177 $26,839 (22,384) $4,455 During 2014 and 2013, we disposed of approximately $1.6 million and $445,000, respectively, of fully depreciated assets. Total depreciation and amortization expense was $2.4 million, $2.6 million and $2.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. 8. LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS We currently lease our research and office space under a noncancelable lease agreement with our landlord, HCP BTC, LLC (formerly known as Slough BTC, LLC) which expires in 2018. The lease term provides for renewal option for up to two additional period of five years each, and rental payments on a graduated scale. We determined our existing lease agreement to be an operating lease and recognize rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease period. In December 2014, we entered into a sublease agreement with an unrelated third party to occupy a portion of our research and office space pursuant to which we expect to receive over $8.0 million in future sublease income (excluding our subtenant’s share of facilities operating expenses) over the term of the sublease. In connection with this sublease, we recognized a loss on sublease of $9.3 million. We record rent expense on a straight-line basis for our lease, net of sublease income, wherein such arrangements contain scheduled rent increases over the term of the lease and sublease, respectively. For our sublease arrangement which we classified as an operating lease, our loss on the sublease is comprised of the present value of our future payments to our landlord less the present value of our future rent payments expected from our subtenant over the term of the sublease. The liability arising from this sublease agreement was determined using a credit-adjusted risk-free rate to discount the estimated future net cash flows. Further, in conjunction with our facilities lease, we have previously issued to our landlord warrants to purchase our common stock. We have previously capitalized the fair value of these warrants as part of our other long-term assets and is being amortized over the term of our lease. As a result of the sublease agreement that we entered into in December 2014, we included approximately $265,000 representing the unamortized portion of the warrant fair value attributable to the sublet space in the determination of our loss on sublease (see Note 9). 53 At December 31, 2014, future minimum lease payments and obligations under our noncancelable operating lease, net of sublease receipts, were as follows (in thousands): Operating Lease For years ending December 31, 2015 ................................................................................................... $14,929 2016 ................................................................................................... 15,530 2017 ................................................................................................... 16,153 2018 ................................................................................................... 1,351 $47,963 Total minimum payments required .................................................... Net Sublease Receipts $(2,183) $12,746 12,759 13,299 1,155 $(8,004) $39,959 (2,771) (2,854) (196) Rent expense under our operating lease amounted to approximately $15.1 million, $14.8 million and $14.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. 9. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Preferred Stock We are authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, there were no issued and outstanding shares of preferred stock. Our board of directors is authorized to fix or alter the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each series of preferred shares, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of any wholly unissued shares, to establish from time to time the number of shares constituting any such series, and to increase or decrease the number of shares, if any. Warrants In conjunction with the facilities lease entered into in May 2001, we issued a warrant to the lessor to purchase 16,666 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $80.21 per share, a 15% premium to market at the time of issuance. This warrant expired unexercised in May 2006. The fair market value of this warrant, as determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model, was approximately $683,000. This amount has been capitalized in other long-term assets and is being amortized into expense over the life of the lease. As of December 31, 2014, approximately $86,000 remained to be amortized over the remaining term of the lease. In conjunction with the facilities lease amendment in October 2002, we issued a warrant to the lessor to purchase 55,555 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $17.73 per share. The warrant expired unexercised in October 2007. The fair value of this warrant, as determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model, was approximately $565,000. This amount has been capitalized in other long-term assets and is being amortized into expense over the life of the lease. As of December 31, 2014, approximately $71,000 remained to be amortized over the term of the lease. In conjunction with the facilities lease amendment in July 2006, we issued a warrant to the lessor to purchase 100,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $10.57 per share. The fair value of this warrant, as determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model, was approximately $801,000. This amount has been included in other long-term assets and is being amortized into expense over the term of the lease. As of December 31, 2014, approximately $131,000 remained to be amortized over the term of the lease. The build-to-suit lease agreement was further amended in March 2009. The lease amendment provided for the cancellation of the abovementioned warrant to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock and the issuance of a new warrant granting our landlord the right to purchase 200,000 shares of common stock. The exercise price per share of the new warrant is $6.61. The new warrant is outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and remains exercisable at any time up to February 2016. We applied modification accounting in 2009 and determined the fair value of this warrant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The incremental fair value of the new warrant as a result of the modification is $616,000. This amount has been included in other long-term assets and is being amortized into expense over the term of the lease. As of December 31, 2014, approximately $132,000 remained to be amortized over the term of the lease. As discussed in Note 8, as a result of the sublease agreement that we entered into in December 2014, we included approximately $265,000 representing the unamortized portion of the above fair value of warrants attributable to the sublet space in the determination of our loss on sublease. 54 10. INCOME TAXES For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, our loss before income taxes was from domestic operations. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, we did not record a provision for income taxes due to our net loss. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands): December 31, 2014 2013 Deferred tax assets Net operating loss carryforwards ................................................................ $268,400 Research and development credits ............................................................. 31,735 Capitalized research and development expenses ........................................ 20,312 Deferred compensation ............................................................................... 28,408 Other, net .................................................................................................... 7,876 356,731 Total deferred tax assets ................................................................................. Valuation allowance ....................................................................................... (356,731) Net deferred tax assets .................................................................................... $— $236,737 28,869 499 24,538 3,466 294,109 (294,109) $— The reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the effective tax rate was as follows: Federal statutory tax rate ............................................................. Valuation allowance .................................................................... True up of prior year net operating loss ...................................... Other, net ..................................................................................... Effective tax rate .......................................................................... Year Ended December 31, 2012 2013 2014 (34.0) (34.0) % % 32.3% 37.9% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% (3.9)% 0.0% 0.0% (34.0)% 47.5% (11.4)% (2.1)% 0.0% In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (Section 382), a corporation that undergoes an ownership change is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating loss carryovers and tax credits to offset future taxable income. Our existing net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits are subject to limitations arising from ownership changes which occurred in previous periods. We finalized our analysis of potential ownership changes and concluded our Section 382 owner shift analysis during the year ended December 31, 2012. We have updated our net operating loss carryforwards to reflect the results of the Section 382 owner shift analysis as of December 31, 2014. We did not experience any significant changes in ownership in 2014 and 2013. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 and result in additional limitations. As of December 31, 2014, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately $717.2 million, which expire beginning in the year 2019 and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $432.0 million, which expire beginning in the year 2015. We also have federal research and development tax credits of approximately $21.5 million, which begin to expire in the year 2023 and state research and development tax credits of approximately $22.0 million, which have no expiration date. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Accordingly, the net deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The valuation allowance increased by approximately $62.6 million and $10.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Included in the valuation allowance balance at December 31, 2014 and 2013 is approximately $2.5 million of tax deductions related to the exercise of stock options prior to the adoption of ASC 718 which have not reflected as an expense for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, any future reduction in the valuation allowance relating to this amount will be credited directly to equity and not reflected as an income tax benefit in the statement of operations. As a result of certain realization requirements, the table of deferred tax assets and liabilities shown above does not include loss carryforward tax assets of approximately $1.7 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013 that arose directly from (or the use of which was postponed by) tax deductions related to stock-based compensation expense in excess of compensation expense recognized for financial reporting. Equity will be increased by approximately $1.7 million if and when such deferred tax assets are ultimately realized. 55 The following table summarizes the activity related to our gross unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands): Balance at the beginning of the year .......................................................... Increase related to prior year tax positions ............................................. Increase related to current year tax positions ......................................... Balance at the end of the year ..................................................................... Year Ended December 31, 2014 2013 $5,001 $4,300 249 452 $5,374 $5,001 — 373 Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, are $4.3 million and $3.9 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would result in adjustments to other tax accounts, primarily deferred taxes. No income tax benefit would be realized due to the company’s valuation allowance position. We do not anticipate a significant change to the unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months. We are subject to taxation in the United States and in California. Because of net operating loss and research credit carryovers, substantially all of our tax years remain open to examination. Our policy is that we recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. We currently have no tax positions that would be subject to interest or penalties. 11. RESTRUCTURING CHARGES In September 2013, we announced that we had reduced our workforce by 30 positions, mostly from the drug discovery area, as a consequence of prioritizing projects and efforts to conserve our working capital. We recorded restructuring charges in the third quarter of 2013 of approximately $1.7 million within Restructuring Charges, which included $1.5 million of costs paid or to be paid in cash, and $239,000 of non-cash stock-based compensation expense primarily as a result of the modification of certain stock options (see Note 4). At December 31, 2013, the remaining accrued restructuring costs, classified within Accrued Compensation on the Balance Sheets, consisted of $47,000 related to COBRA benefits, which was fully paid in 2014. 12. SEVERANCE AGREEMENT WITH FORMER CEO In 2014, we entered into a severance agreement with our former CEO pursuant to his resignation as CEO and member of the Board of Directors effective November 20, 2014, and his termination of employment effective December 31, 2014. The severance agreement provides for cash severance payments of $1.1 million payable in installments over a duration of 18 months beginning on January 1, 2015. Also as part of the severance arrangement, we extended the date to which our former CEO had the right to exercise his vested options. In addition, we also accelerated the vesting of certain of his unvested stock options (refer to Note 4). As of December 31, 2014, our severance liability of $1.1 million is included as part of Accrued Compensation account in the Balance Sheets. 13. SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA Year Ended December 31, 2014 Year Ended December 31, 2013 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Revenue ...................................................... Net loss....................................................... Net loss per share, basic and diluted .......... Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted ............................................. 14. SUBSEQUENT EVENT $— $(22,303) $(0.25) $— $(25,391) $(0.29) (unaudited, in thousands, except per share amounts) $1,400 $(22,768) $(0.26) $8,250 $(22,272) $(0.25) $— $(25,574) $(0.29) $— $(20,942) $(0.24) $— $(23,824) $(0.27) $5,750 $(16,861) $(0.19) 87,526 87,532 87,793 87,793 87,141 87,147 87,430 87,430 In February 2015, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (BMS) for the discovery, development and commercialization of cancer immunotherapies based on our extensive portfolio of small molecule TGF beta receptor kinase inhibitors. BMS is required to pay us a noncreditable and nonrefundable upfront payment of $30.0 million. We are also entitled to receive development and regulatory milestones that could total more than $309 million for a successful compound approved in multiple indications. In addition, we are also eligible to receive tiered royalties on the net sales of any products from the collaboration. 56 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2014. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its attestation report which is set forth below in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 57 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We have audited Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (“the COSO criteria”). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the balance sheets of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014 of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and our report dated March 3, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP Redwood City, California March 3, 2015 58 Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2014 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance PART III Information regarding our directors, executive officers and corporate governance is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Election of Directors” and “Management—Executive Officers” in our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2014. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. In 2003, we adopted a code of ethics, the Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Code of Conduct, which applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Our Code of Conduct is on our website at http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/12/120936/corpgov/codeofconduct.pdf. If we make any amendments to the code or grant any waiver from a provision of the code applicable to any executive officer or director, we intend to satisfy the disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K by disclosing the nature of the amendment or waiver on our website at the address and the location specified above. Information regarding compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2014. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation Information regarding executive and director compensation is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation” in our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2014. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding Compensation Committee interlocks and insider participation is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” in our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2014. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Information regarding our Compensation Committee’s review and discussion of our Compensation Discussion and Analysis is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Compensation Committee Report” in our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2014. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2014. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. 59 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the captions “Transactions with Related Persons” and “Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” in our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2014. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services Information regarding principal accounting fees and services is incorporated by reference to the information set forth under the caption “Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our Proxy Statement for the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2014. Such information is incorporated herein by reference. Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules PART IV (a) The following documents are being filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 1. 2. 3. Financial Statements—Index to Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K including selected quarterly financial data for the last two years in Note 13. Financial Statement Schedules—None—As all required disclosures have been made in the footnotes to the financial statements. Exhibits: 3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8- K (No. 000-29889) dated May 29, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference). 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000- 29889), dated February 2, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference). 4.1 Form of warrant to purchase shares of common stock (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 4.2 Specimen Common Stock Certificate (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-29889) dated June 24, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference). 4.3 Warrant issued to HCP BTC, LLC for the purchase of shares of common stock (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.1+ Form of Stock Option Agreement pursuant to 2000 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.2 Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Janssen Pharmaceutical N.V., dated December 4, 1998 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.3 Collaborative Research and License Agreement between Rigel and Pfizer Inc., dated January 31, 1999 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.4 Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Novartis Pharma AG, dated May 26, 1999 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 60 10.5 Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and Slough BTC, LLC, dated May 16, 2001 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2001 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.6* Amendment to Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and Slough BTC, LLC, dated October 18, 2002 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.7 Amendment No. Two to Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and Slough BTC, LLC, dated January 31, 2005 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.8 Amendment No. Three to Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and Slough BTC, LLC, dated January 31, 2005 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.9 Amendment No. Four to Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and HCP BTC, LLC, dated February 1, 2009 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.10 First Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Novartis Pharma AG, dated May 18, 2001 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2001 (No. 000- 29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.11* Second Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Novartis Pharma AG, dated July 6, 2001 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2001 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.12 First Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement by and between Rigel and Janssen Pharmaceutical N.V., dated June 30, 2000 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.13 Second Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement by and between Rigel and Janssen Pharmaceutical N.V., dated December 4, 2001 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.14* Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., dated August 1, 2002 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2002 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.15+ Employment Agreement between Rigel and Elliott B. Grossbard, dated as of March 18, 2002 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (No. 000- 29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.16* Collaborative Research and License Agreement by and between Rigel and Pfizer Inc., dated January 18, 2005 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.17+ Form of Indemnity Agreement (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2007 (No. 000-29889), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.18+ 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-189523) filed on June 21, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.19+ 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, as amended (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-189523) filed on June 21, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference). 61 10.20+ Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Rigel and Donald G. Payan, effective January 1, 2011 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.21+ Amended and Restated Change of Control Severance Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.22+ 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.23* License and Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and AstraZeneca AB, dated February 15, 2010 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.24+ 2011 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-189523) filed on June 21, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.25* Termination Agreement between Rigel and Pfizer, Inc., dated May 2, 2011 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.26+ Form of Stock Option Agreement pursuant to 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.27+ 2012 Cash Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-29889) filed on February 8, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.28+ 2013 Cash Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-29889) filed on February 14, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.29+ 2014 Cash Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-29889) filed on May 20, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference 23.1# Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 24.1# Power of Attorney (included on signature page). 31.1# Certification required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 31.2# Certification required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 32.1● Certification required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. 1350). 101.INS# XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.LAB# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document 101.PRE# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 101.DEF# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document 62 + * # ● Management contract or compensatory plan. Confidential treatment requested as to specific portions, which portions are omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Filed herewith. The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompanies the Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed “filed” by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. 63 Pursuant to the requirements of the Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of South San Francisco, State of California, on March 3, 2015. SIGNATURES RIGEL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. By: By: /s/ RAUL RODRIGUEZ Raul Rodriguez Chief Executive Officer /s/ RYAN D. MAYNARD Ryan D. Maynard Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 64 POWER OF ATTORNEY KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Raul Rodriguez and Ryan D. Maynard, and each of them, as his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place, and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming that all said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated: Signature Title Date /s/ RAUL RODRIGUEZ Raul Rodriguez /s/ RYAN D. MAYNARD Ryan D. Maynard /s/ DONALD G. PAYAN Donald G. Payan /s/ GARY A. LYONS Gary A. Lyons /s/ BRADFORD S. GOODWIN Bradford S. Goodwin /s/ WALTER H. MOOS Walter H. Moos /s/ PETER S. RINGROSE Peter S. Ringrose /s/ STEPHEN A. SHERWIN Stephen A. Sherwin Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) March 3, 2015 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Finance and Accounting Officer) March 3, 2015 Executive Vice President, President of Discovery and Research, and Director March 3, 2015 Chairman of the Board March 3, 2015 March 3, 2015 March 3, 2015 March 3, 2015 March 3, 2015 Director Director Director Director 65 EXHIBIT INDEX 3.1 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8- K (No. 000-29889) dated May 29, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference). 3.2 Amended and Restated Bylaws (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000- 29889), dated February 2, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference). 4.1 Form of warrant to purchase shares of common stock (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 4.2 Specimen Common Stock Certificate (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-29889) dated June 24, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference). 4.3 Warrant issued to HCP BTC, LLC for the purchase of shares of common stock (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.1+ Form of Stock Option Agreement pursuant to 2000 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.2 Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Janssen Pharmaceutical N.V., dated December 4, 1998 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.3 Collaborative Research and License Agreement between Rigel and Pfizer Inc., dated January 31, 1999 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.4 Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Novartis Pharma AG, dated May 26, 1999 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-45864), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.5 Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and Slough BTC, LLC, dated May 16, 2001 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2001 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.6* Amendment to Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and Slough BTC, LLC, dated October 18, 2002 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.7 Amendment No. Two to Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and Slough BTC, LLC, dated January 31, 2005 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.8 Amendment No. Three to Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and Slough BTC, LLC, dated January 31, 2005 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.9 Amendment No. Four to Build-to-Suit Lease between Rigel and HCP BTC, LLC, dated February 1, 2009 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.10 First Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Novartis Pharma AG, dated May 18, 2001 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2001 (No. 000- 29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 66 10.11* Second Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Novartis Pharma AG, dated July 6, 2001 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2001 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.12 First Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement by and between Rigel and Janssen Pharmaceutical N.V., dated June 30, 2000 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.13 Second Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement by and between Rigel and Janssen Pharmaceutical N.V., dated December 4, 2001 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.14* Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., dated August 1, 2002 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2002 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.15+ Employment Agreement between Rigel and Elliott B. Grossbard, dated as of March 18, 2002 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as amended, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002 (No. 000- 29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.16* Collaborative Research and License Agreement by and between Rigel and Pfizer Inc., dated January 18, 2005 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2005 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.17+ Form of Indemnity Agreement (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2007 (No. 000-29889), as amended, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.18+ 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-189523) filed on June 21, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.19+ 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, as amended (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-189523) filed on June 21, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.20+ Amended and Restated Employment Agreement between Rigel and Donald G. Payan, effective January 1, 2011 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.21+ Amended and Restated Change of Control Severance Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.22+ 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.23* License and Collaboration Agreement between Rigel and AstraZeneca AB, dated February 15, 2010 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.24+ 2011 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-189523) filed on June 21, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.25* Termination Agreement between Rigel and Pfizer, Inc., dated May 2, 2011 (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 10.26+ Form of Stock Option Agreement pursuant to 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011 (No. 000-29889) and incorporated herein by reference). 67 10.27+ 2012 Cash Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-29889) filed on February 8, 2012, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.28+ 2013 Cash Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-29889) filed on February 14, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference). 10.29+ 2014 Cash Incentive Plan (filed as an exhibit to Rigel’s Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 000-29889) filed on May 20, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference). 23.1# Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. 24.1# Power of Attorney (included on signature page). 31.1# Certification required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 31.2# Certification required by Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a). 32.1• Certification required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. 1350). 101.INS# XBRL Instance Document 101.SCH# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 101.CAL# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document 101.LAB# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document 101.PRE# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document 101.DEF# XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document + * # • Management contract or compensatory plan. Confidential treatment requested as to specific portions, which portions are omitted and filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Filed herewith. The certification attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompanies the Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not be deemed “filed” by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. 68 Exhibit 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Registration Statements (Form S-8 Nos. 333-51184, 333-106532, 333-125895, 333-134622 and 333-148132) pertaining to the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and the 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Registration Statements (Form S-8 Nos. 333-155031 and 333-168495) pertaining to the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-72492) pertaining to the 2001 Non-Officer Equity Incentive Plan of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Registration Statements (Form S-8 Nos. 333-107062, 333-139516 and 333-196535) pertaining to the 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-111782) pertaining to the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Registration Statements (Form S-8 Nos. 333-175977 and 333-189523) pertaining to the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan, the 2000 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-183130) pertaining to the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Registration Statements (Form S-3 Nos. 333-148838, 333-161960, 333-171159 and 333-179979) of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and in the related Prospectuses, of our reports dated March 3, 2015, with respect to the financial statements of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2014. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP Redwood City, California March 3, 2015 Exhibit 31.1 I, Raul Rodriguez, certify that: CERTIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 3, 2015 /s/ RAUL RODRIGUEZ Raul Rodriguez Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2 I, Ryan D. Maynard, certify that: CERTIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) b) c) d) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 3, 2015 /s/ RYAN D. MAYNARD Ryan D. Maynard Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer CERTIFICATION Exhibit 32.1 Pursuant to the requirement set forth in Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350), Raul Rodriguez, Chief Executive Officer of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”), and Ryan D. Maynard, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, each hereby certifies that, to the best of his knowledge: 1. 2. The Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2014, to which this Certification is attached as Exhibit 32.1 (the “Annual Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and The information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. In Witness Whereof, the undersigned have set their hands hereto as of March 3, 2015. /s/ RAUL RODRIGUEZ Raul Rodriguez Chief Executive Officer /s/ RYAN D. MAYNARD Ryan D. Maynard Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer This certification accompanies the Form 10-K to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Rigel Pharmaceuticals, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10- K), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing. 

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