Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers
Annual Report 2016

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 Commission file number: 001-13425 Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter) Canada (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) N/A (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 9500 Glenlyon Parkway Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 0C6 (Address of Principal Executive Offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: (778) 331-5500 (Registrant’s Telephone Number, including Area Code) Title of Each Class Common Shares Name of Exchange on Which Registered New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:59)(cid:3)No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:133)(cid:3)No (cid:59) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes (cid:59)(cid:3)No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes (cid:59)(cid:3)No (cid:133) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference on Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form10-K. (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer, accelerated filer, and smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer (cid:59) Accelerated filer (cid:133) Non-accelerated filer (cid:133) (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company (cid:133) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes (cid:133)(cid:3)No (cid:59) At June 30, 2016 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant (assuming for these purposes, but without conceding, that all executive officers and Directors are "affiliates" of the registrant) was approximately $3,575,313,844. The number of common shares of the registrant outstanding as of February 17, 2017, was 106,822,475. Documents Incorporated by Reference Certain portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, in connection with the registrant’s 2017 Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders, are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. RITCHIE BROS. AUCTIONEERS INCORPORATED FORM 10-K For the year ended December 31, 2016 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures INDEX PART I PART II Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accountant Fees and Services PART III PART IV Exhibits, Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES ITEM 1: ITEM 1A: ITEM 1B: ITEM 2: ITEM 3: ITEM 4: ITEM 5: ITEM 6: ITEM 7: ITEM 7A: ITEM 8: ITEM 9: ITEM 9A: ITEM 9B: ITEM 10: ITEM 11: ITEM 12: ITEM 13: ITEM 14: ITEM 15: ITEM 16: 1 3 20 36 36 39 39 40 45 46 89 90 152 152 156 156 156 156 156 156 157 161 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements The information discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (“Ritchie Bros.”, the “Company”, “we” or “us”) includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Canadian securities laws. These statements are based on our current expectations and estimates about our business and markets, and include, among others, statements relating to: (cid:120) our future strategy, objectives, targets, projections, performance, and key enablers; (cid:120) our ability to drive shareholder value; (cid:120) market opportunities; (cid:120) our ability to attract bidders and sellers from different markets to our auctions; (cid:120) our internet initiatives and the level of participation in our auctions by internet bidders, and the success of EquipmentOne and our other online marketplaces; (cid:120) our ability to grow our core auction business, including our ability to increase our market share among traditional customer groups, including those in the used equipment market, and do more business with new customer groups in new sectors; (cid:120) the impact of our initiatives, services, investments, and acquisitions on us and our customers; (cid:120) the acquisition or disposition of properties; (cid:120) our ability to integrate our acquisitions; (cid:120) potential future mergers and acquisitions, including the planned merger of Ritchie Bros. and IronPlanet Holdings, Inc.; (cid:120) ability for the planned merger of Ritchie Bros. and IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. to add multi-channel solutions for equipment sellers, add scale and sales volume to our core auction business, bolster the scope and offering of our business and increase our earnings and growth; (cid:120) potential future strategic alliances, including the planned alliance between Ritchie Bros., IronPlanet, Inc., and Caterpillar Inc. (cid:120) ability for the planned alliance among Ritchie Bros., IronPlanet, Inc., and Caterpillar Inc. to significantly strengthen our relationship with Caterpillar dealers; (cid:120) our ability to add new business and information solutions, including, among others, our ability to maximize and integrate technology to enhance our existing services and support additional value-added service offerings; (cid:120) the supply trend of equipment in the market and the anticipated price environment for late model equipment, as well as the resulting effect on our business and Gross Auction Proceeds (“GAP”) (as defined under “Part I, Item 1: Business” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K); (cid:120) the growth potential of Ritchie Bros. Financial Services, as well as expectations towards and significance of its service offerings and geographical expansion in the near future; (cid:120) fluctuations in our quarterly revenues and operating performance resulting from the seasonality of our business; (cid:120) our ability to implement new performance measurement metrics to gauge our effectiveness and progress; (cid:120) our compliance with all laws, rules regulations and requirements that affect our business; (cid:120) the relative percentage of GAP represented by straight commission or underwritten (guarantee and inventory) contracts, and its impact on revenues and profitability; (cid:120) our Revenue Rates (as described under “Part II, Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), the sustainability of those rates, the impact of our commission rate and fee changes, and the seasonality of GAP and revenues; (cid:120) our future capital expenditures and returns on those expenditures; Ritchie Bros. 1 (cid:120) the proportion of our revenues, operating expenses, and operating income denominated in currencies other than the United States (“U.S.”) dollar or the effect of any currency exchange and interest rate fluctuations on our results of operations; (cid:120) financing available to us, our ability to refinance borrowings, and the sufficiency of our working capital to meet our financial needs; and (cid:120) our ability to satisfy our present operating requirements and fund future growth through existing working capital and credit facilities. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by such words as “aim”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “could”, “continue”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “ongoing”, “plan”, “potential”, “predict”, “will”, “should”, “would”, “could”, “likely”, “generally”, “future”, “period to period”, “long-term”, or the negative of these terms, and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. While we have not described all potential risks related to our business and owning our common stock, the important factors listed under “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are among those that we consider may affect our performance materially or could cause our actual financial and operational results to differ significantly from our expectations. Except as required by applicable securities law and regulations of relevant securities exchanges, we do not intend to update publicly any forward-looking statements, even if our expectations have been affected by new information, future events or other developments. You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of the factors listed or referenced under “Risk Factors” herein and other relevant factors. Ritchie Bros. 2 ITEM 1: BUSINESS PART I Company Overview We are one of the world’s largest industrial auctioneers and used equipment distributors, selling more than $4.3 billion of used equipment and other assets during 2016. Our expertise, global reach, market insight and trusted brand provide us with a unique position in the used equipment market. We primarily sell used equipment for our customers through live unreserved auctions at 45 auction sites worldwide, which are simulcast online to reach a global bidding audience. During 2013, we added to our sales channels by launching EquipmentOne, an online-only used equipment marketplace, in order to reach a broader customer base. These two complementary used equipment brand solutions provide different value propositions to equipment owners and allow us to meet the needs and preferences of a wide spectrum of equipment sellers. In the past two years, we have also added a private brokerage service (Ritchie Bros. Private Treaty) and an online listing service (Mascus). Through our unreserved auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services, we sell a broad range of used and unused equipment, including trucks and other assets. Construction and heavy machinery comprise the majority of the equipment sold through our multiple brand solutions. Customers selling equipment through our sales channels include end users (such as construction companies), equipment dealers, and other equipment owners (such as rental companies). Our customers participate in a variety of sectors, including heavy construction, transportation, agriculture, energy, and mining. Our Gross Auction Proceeds1 (“GAP”) represents the total proceeds from all items sold at our auctions and online marketplaces. Our GAP was $4.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2016, representing a 2% increase from 2015. Approximately half of what we sold during 2016, transacted online; through either online simulcast auction participation, or through EquipmentOne. In 2016, of the $4.3 billion of all items sold by us, $2.1 billion were sold to online buyers through these online solutions. We operate worldwide with locations in more than 15 countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands, and employ more than 1,700 full time employees worldwide. Our corporate information Our corporate headquarters are located near Vancouver, Canada: at 9500 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5J 0C6, and our telephone number is (778) 331-5500. We maintain a customer website at www.rbauction.com and an investor website at investor.ritchiebros.com. None of the information on our websites is incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K by this or any other reference. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated was amalgamated on December 12, 1997 under, and is governed by, the Canada Business Corporation Act. Our articles were amended on May 2, 2000 to permit our directors to set the number of directors on our Board of Directors (our “Board”) by resolution of the Board, subject to the limits set out in our articles, and to permit our directors to appoint one or more additional directors to our Board between shareholder meetings, provided that the total number of directors appointed does not exceed 1⁄3 of the number of directors elected at the previous annual general meeting. Our articles were further amended on April 19, 2004 to subdivide each of our common shares outstanding on May 4, 2004 into two common shares. On April 11, 2008 the shareholders approved a further amendment to our articles to subdivide each of our common shares outstanding on April 24, 2008 into three common shares. 1 GAP is not a measure of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, and is not presented in our consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 3 Multi-channel sales solutions and complementary services We offer a variety of sales solutions and complementary services that position us as one of the world’s largest industrial auctioneers and used equipment distributors. Our multi-channel sales solutions allow sellers to choose the method of sale best for them, based on their specific needs and preferences for control over the sales process, efficiency and surety of sale, ability to select the buyer, and equipment transportation constraints. Our vision is to position appropriate solutions at each point of the seller journey, which is illustrated as follows, and connect them with quality buyers from a global marketplace: Each of the channels offered through our multi-channel sales solutions reaches a different segment of customers. Integrated on site/online auctions: Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Our core business, Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers, operates unreserved auctions; meaning that auction items are sold during live on site auctions without a minimum or “reserve” price. Each asset is sold to the highest bidder on auction day, regardless of what their highest bid was. In unreserved auctions, we do not allow consignors or their agents to bid on or buy back or in any way influence the selling price of their own equipment. This type of auction ensures the sale of goods on the day of the auction at the global market price. Our adherence to the unreserved auction process is one of our founding principles and we believe one of our most significant competitive advantages. GAP, the total value of assets sold through our auction and other sales channels, is driven by four primary influences: (cid:120) Number of lots consigned: increasing the number of lots sold can bolster GAP. (cid:120) Mix of categories of assets sold: The proportion of higher-valued items sold at each auction relative to smaller goods impacts the auction proceeds generated. (cid:120) Pricing environment: A strong pricing environment will enhance market values of equipment sold at auctions. (cid:120) Mix of equipment age: Newer equipment generally has a higher market value compared to older machinery. Our bidders participate in our auctions in person, by proxy, or through real-time online bidding. Annual online participation in our auctions has increased steadily since that option was introduced in 2002. Some online bidders still visit our auction sites prior to the auction, in order to test and inspect the equipment being sold. Ritchie Bros. 4 Over 60% of our core auction GAP goes to buyers from outside the region of sale. Our ability to consistently draw significant numbers of local and international bidders from many different markets to our auctions, most of whom are end users rather than resellers, is appealing to sellers of used equipment and trucks and helps us to attract consignments to our auctions. Higher consignment volumes attract more bidders, which in turn attract more consignments, and so on in a self- reinforcing process that has helped us to achieve a history of significant growth and momentum in our business which is reflected in our core auction GAP growth. Consignment volumes at our auctions are affected by a number of factors, including regular fleet upgrades and reconfigurations, financial pressure, retirements, and inventory reductions, as well as by the timing of the completion of major construction and other projects. We generally cannot influence the decision of an equipment owner whether to sell, but once they have made the decision to sell, our sales team’s opportunity is to demonstrate the Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers value proposition and have the equipment contributed to one of our unreserved auctions. Revenues from our core auction business are comprised of seller commissions earned, where we act as an agent for consignors of equipment and other assets, as well as administrative fees and fees from value-added services. Commissions: The majority of our commissions are earned as a pre-negotiated fixed rate of the gross selling price, while other commissions are earned through underwritten transactions: o Straight commission: Consignors contract to sell their equipment through one of our unreserved auctions. We earn a pre-determined percentage of the selling price as commission. o Underwritten commission: Our underwritten commissions consist of: (cid:131) Guaranteed contracts: Consignors are guaranteed a pre-determined amount for their equipment, regardless of the final selling price at the auction. A stepped commission fee is negotiated, accounting for the additional risk we assume. (cid:131) Inventory contracts: We may choose to purchase equipment outright, obtaining title of the piece to sell at an upcoming auction. Net revenues from the gain on inventory sales are booked as revenue. Administrative fees and value-added services: We also charge equipment buyers an administrative fee for purchases made at our auctions. Further, we provide additional services to assist with the sale and purchase of equipment, including appraisal services, insurance services, refurbishment and logistics services which supplement revenue generation (see “Support businesses”). Our commission and fee revenues, in thousands of U.S. dollars, over the last three years are as follows: Year ended December 31, Commissions Fees $ $ 2016 424,128 142,267 566,395 $ $ 2015 405,308 110,567 515,875 $ $ 2014 379,340 101,757 481,097 During 2016, Ritchie Bros. acquired Petrowsky Auctioneers and Kramer Auctions, both regional auction companies, to grow our customer reach in both the US Northeast region and the Canadian Agricultural sector. Auctions held by Petrowsky and Kramer are currently branded as such, though simulcast live on Ritchie Bros.’ retail website and considered part of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers’ business segment. Online marketplace EquipmentOne Ritchie Bros. launched EquipmentOne to cater to a complementary segment of the used equipment transaction market that prefers to retain control over the sales process, while potentially taking on more effort. Through EquipmentOne, equipment sellers are able to list their equipment on the online marketplace, receive and accept offers, and complete and settle their sale. This brand solution also effectively meets the needs of large fleet owners who want to transact when they want, and only if a certain price point is achieved. Ritchie Bros. 5 EquipmentOne is a secure online marketplace that equipment sellers can navigate independently, while still leveraging our trusted brand and transaction processing. EquipmentOne facilitates the completion of sales through a settlement process managed by EquipmentOne that protects both the seller and the buyer. In February 2016, we expanded our EquipmentOne offering from the United States into Canada. Opposite from our auction model, revenue from EquipmentOne is generated from a buyer’s premium and a smaller portion of revenue is generated from equipment, listing and transaction fees from sellers. Online listing service Mascus Acquired by Ritchie Bros. in 2016, Mascus is an online equipment listing service for used heavy machinery and trucks, with a global presence and a leading market position in Europe. Mascus offers subscriptions to equipment dealers, brokers, exporters and equipment manufacturers to list equipment available for sale at a listed price. Through Mascus, we provide online advertising services, business tools and solutions to many of the world’s leading equipment dealerships and equipment manufacturers. Unlike other solutions provided by Ritchie Bros., Mascus does not transact sales (does not generate GAP), and instead earns revenue through listing fees for the equipment it lists on its site. Brokerage channel for highly specialized assets Ritchie Bros. Private Treaty In 2015, Ritchie Bros. launched our private brokerage service, wherein we act as a private sales agent/broker, leveraging our global customer base and extensive heavy industry knowledge to conduct negotiated sales of specialized and high-value equipment items between buyers and sellers. Under this service offering, the seller sets the price and the completion timeline. To earn our commission from rendering private brokerage services, we manage the sales process in accordance with the seller’s terms, including marketing the equipment to a global audience and settling the sale. With over 50 years of experience, Ritchie Bros. has the connections and expertise to identify and target the most qualified buyers from around the world for sellers’ assets. Support businesses In addition to the multiple sales channels we offer customers, we also offer several support services to facilitate equipment transactions and auction services: Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (“RBFS”) RBFS originates loans for equipment buyers in the United States and Canada, including Ritchie Bros. auctions and other sales formats. This business acts as a loan originator via a brokerage model, matching loan applicants with appropriate financial lending institutions (we do not act as a lender or otherwise utilize our balance sheet for RBFS loans). The RBFS business generates revenue through both brokerage fees (the net present value of the spread between wholesale rates offered to us and the retail rates provided to customers) and administrative fees. Xcira In 2015, we purchased a 75% stake in Xcira, a leading online auction simulcast technology provider. Xcira had been a long-time supplier to Ritchie Bros., and the platform is an integral part of our auction services. Xcira also licenses its technology solutions and platforms to other (non-industrial) auction companies, such as Christies and Insurance Auto Auctions. Xcira’s revenue is generated through contracts for services with these and many other auction companies. Equipment Refurbishment Through Ritchie Bros.’ network of refurbishment facilities, located at most permanent auction sites, equipment sellers and buyers can choose to have equipment repaired and/or repainted. This work is conducted by third party suppliers contracted by Ritchie Bros., to facilitate better marketability of equipment being sold, and to refurbish used equipment purchased at our auctions. Ritchie Bros. charges a fee to conduct these services. Ritchie Bros. 6 Ritchie Bros. Logistical Services (“RBLS”) Currently only piloted in Europe, RBLS offers end-to-end transportation and customs clearance solutions for equipment sellers and buyers with shipping needs. Ritchie Bros. oversees the transport process, through the use of selected shipping service providers, to ease the transportation and logistical needs of customers during the equipment sales and purchase process. History and development of our business Ritchie Bros. was founded in 1958 in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. We held our first major industrial auction in 1963, selling over $600,000 worth of construction equipment in Radium, British Columbia. While our early auction sales were held primarily in Western Canada, Ritchie Bros. expanded eastward in Canada through the 1960s. By 1970, we had established operations in the United States and held our first American sale in Beaverton, Oregon. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, we held auctions in additional locations across Canada and an increasing number of U.S. states. In 1987, we held our first European auctions in Liverpool, United Kingdom and Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Our first Australian auction was held in 1990, and this was followed by expansion into Asia, with subsequent sales in Japan, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore. We held our first Mexican auction in 1995 and our first auction in the Middle East in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 1997. In 1994, we introduced our prototype auction facility, opening new permanent auction sites in Fort Worth, Texas and Olympia, Washington that represented significant improvements over the facilities being used at the time by other industrial equipment auctioneers. We have since constructed similar facilities in various locations in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Europe, Australia, Asia and the Middle East. We have 45 permanent and regional auction sites at the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In March 1998, we completed an initial public offering of our common shares. Our common shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) under the ticker symbol “RBA”. On May 15, 2012, we purchased AssetNation, an online marketplace and solutions provider for surplus and salvage assets based in the United States. Leveraging AssetNation’s technology and e-commerce expertise in early 2013 we commercially launched our new online marketplace, EquipmentOne. On November 4, 2015, we acquired a 75% interest in Xcira, a proven leader in simulcast auction technology that provides a seamless customer experience for integrated on site and online auctions. Through this acquisition, we secured Xcira’s bidding technology, which represents a significant and growing portion of all bidding conducted at our auctions. On February 19, 2016, we acquired 100% of the equity interests in Mascus International Holding B.V. (“Mascus”). Mascus is an Amsterdam-based company that operates a global online listing service to advertise equipment and other assets for sale. Unlike other sales channels offered by Ritchie Bros., Mascus does not currently transact through its website. Sales facilitated through Mascus are conducted directly between the seller and buyer. On July 12, 2016, Ritchie Bros. acquired the minority interest of Ritchie Bros. Financial Services – providing Ritchie Bros. with full ownership of this growing business. RBFS provides loans to equipment purchasers, as a brokerage business, through several bank relationships. RBFS does not leverage Ritchie Bros. balance sheet for the loans it originates. On August 2, 2016, Ritchie Bros. acquired Petrowsky Auctioneers – a leading regional industrial auctioneer in the U.S. Northeast. Similar to Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers, Petrowsky Auctioneers offers live on site and simulcast live online auctions. Ritchie Bros. 7 On August 29, 2016, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) pursuant to which Ritchie Bros. agreed to acquire a 100% interest in IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. (“IronPlanet”). IronPlanet is a leading online industrial auctioneer and marketplace, with several complementary brands and solutions catering to the needs of equipment owners. The acquisition of IronPlanet (the “Acquisition” or “Merger”) is currently under regulatory review in the United States. We expect that the U.S. Department of Justice (“DoJ”) will complete its review of the transaction by the end of the second quarter of 2017. While the closing of the transaction is subject to the DoJ review and customary closing conditions, assuming approval is provided at that time, we believe the acquisition will likely close shortly thereafter (see “Acquisition of IronPlanet”). On August 29, 2016, we entered into a Strategic Alliance and Remarketing Agreement (the “Alliance”) with IronPlanet, Inc. (“IronPlanet subsidiary”) and Caterpillar Inc. (“Caterpillar”). The Alliance is subject to, contingent upon, and will not be effective until consummation of the IronPlanet acquisition. On November 15, 2016, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Kramer Auctions Ltd. And Kramer Auctions — Real Estate Division Inc. (together, ‘‘Kramer’’), a Canadian agricultural auction company with strong customer relationships in central Canada. Operating for more than 65 years, Kramer operates in Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba as a premier agricultural auctioneer, offering both on-the-farm and on site live auctions for customers selling equipment, livestock and real-estate in the agricultural sector. Acquisition of IronPlanet On August 29, 2016, Ritchie Bros. entered into an agreement to acquire IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the ‘‘Acquisition’’ or the “Merger”). IronPlanet is a leading online marketplace for selling and buying used equipment and other assets in the United States and internationally. IronPlanet operates online equipment sales platforms under a number of brands, including: IronPlanet, Cat Auction Services, Kruse Energy, GovPlanet and TruckPlanet. Over the last several years, Ritchie Bros. has undertaken a meaningful strategic transformation, through both organic and acquisitive growth initiatives, to broaden our service offerings and the value propositions we provide to different segments of the used equipment transaction market. Our stated M&A objectives were: (1) adding multi-channel solutions for equipment sellers; (2) adding scale and sales volume to our core auction business; and (3) securing a ‘‘needle-moving’’ transaction that could significantly bolster the scope and offering of our business. We believe the IronPlanet Acquisition will accelerate this strategy and meet these objectives. Specifically, this Acquisition represents a ‘‘needle-moving’’ transaction and presents a unique opportunity for us to strengthen our multi-channel platform and equipment disposition solutions. It will also allow us to better serve customers globally by enabling customers with varying preferences to choose from a variety of channels and formats to meet their varying needs and preferences. We believe this Acquisition will provide us with increased earnings and growth through: (cid:120) the global expansion of IronPlanet’s unique online brand solutions; (cid:120) the Cat Auction Services brand combined with the Caterpillar Agreement (see below) (cid:120) IronPlanet’s brand offering of multiple formats, including weekly online unreserved auctions, online reserved marketplace formats and buy-it-now formats — which appeal to a different set of sellers and buyers than our core business; (cid:120) the ability to appeal to equipment sellers who do not want to move their equipment to an auction site, and the ability to provide additional comfort to online equipment buyers through the IronClad Assurance buyer protection program; (cid:120) increased access to sectors Ritchie Bros. has not traditionally targeted, such as government surplus and energy; and, (cid:120) our ability to expand our financial services business (RBFS) to a broader customer base. Ritchie Bros. 8 Related to the acquisition of IronPlanet, Ritchie Bros. has entered into an agreement with Caterpillar Inc., contingent on the acquisition closing, to become Caterpillar’s preferred used equipment auction vendor. The Caterpillar Agreement provides that upon consummation of the Acquisition, Caterpillar will designate us as a ‘‘preferred’’ but nonexclusive provider for online and on site auctions and marketplaces (including those of IronPlanet) in the countries where we do business in exchange for preferred rates and access to certain data and information. The Used Equipment Market Opportunity Ritchie Bros. is one of the world’s largest industrial auctioneers and used equipment distributors. Our scale is a competitive advantage, as we reach a vast audience of targeted equipment bidders and buyers. As we sell large volumes of used equipment, we attract more interested buyers. This in turn attracts more equipment sellers. This cycle continues to bolster our growth, which is demonstrated by our long history of expansion. We recently updated our estimate of the annual global used equipment market, through a review of the construction, transportation and agricultural used equipment markets. Based on this review, we believe the global used equipment market is valued at more than $300 billion. The market is highly fragmented and fluid between sales channels; however, we believe our multi-channel sales solutions can meet a broad range of customer preferences and needs. We compete with other sellers of used equipment on the basis of breadth, brand reputation, security, and global reach of our services, as well as in the variety of contracts and methods and channels of selling equipment. The volume of used equipment transactions is affected by the ongoing production of new equipment and trucks, the demand for equipment, the rate of equipment utilization and the motivations of equipment owners to realign and replace their fleets. Our goal is to capture a greater proportion of the transactions through our multi-channel strategy. Most of our businesses generate revenue based on a percent of the selling price of goods sold through our sales channels. As such, influences on used equipment pricing can affect corporate performance. Factors such as regional or global economic and construction activity, the supply of good quality used equipment, availability of low-cost financing and changes to regional regulations can affect the demand for, and therefore price of, equipment sold through our auctions and our online marketplace. Competitive Advantages Our key strengths provide distinct competitive advantages and have enabled us to achieve significant and profitable growth over the long term. Our GAP has grown at a compound annual growth rate of 9.45% over the last 25 years, as illustrated below. Ritchie Bros. 9 Global platform Our business is a leader of equipment disposition services, with global reach, including 45 auction sites in more than 15 countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands. Our global presence ensures we generate global market pricing for our equipment sellers, as we reach international buyers and equipment demand, helping to deliver strong price realization through our sales channels. This global reach provides us and our selling customers with the ability to transcend local market conditions. In our core auction business, Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers, we believe our network of auction sites has allowed us to achieve economies of scale by holding more frequent and larger auctions at our existing facilities, thereby taking advantage of our considerable operating capacity without incurring significant incremental costs. In addition, many of our auction sites are equipped with state-of-the-art painting and refurbishing facilities which, together with purpose-built auction theatres and equipment display yards, allow us to deliver a uniquely high level of service to our customers. Our secure yards enable our bidders to inspect, test and compare assets available for sale at our auctions, and give them confidence that the assets on which they are bidding exist and will be in the same condition when they pick them up as they were when they purchased them. An industry leader in a highly fragmented market We believe there is a global market opportunity in excess of $300 billion per year, including an opportunity in the United States of over $50 billion per year. While our business is a global market leader for the sale of used equipment, Ritchie Bros. currently has only 1.4% of the estimated global used equipment market, based on GAP during 2016. The United States represents a key area for growth with positive industrial tailwinds around infrastructure and construction. Multi-channel product offering Our multi-channel sales solutions provide a wide range of brand solutions for used industrial equipment, which appeal to a variety of personal preferences for sellers and buyers. We continue to build on our strong brand equity and loyal customer base by providing many value-added services to equipment sellers and buyers, including financing and leasing solutions, appraisal services, insurance services, refurbishment and logistics services. We continue to look for even more ways to support the equipment industry and serve the various needs of equipment owners. Ritchie Bros. 10 Technological capability Ritchie Bros. continues to use and develop leading auction and marketplace technology, which has facilitated approximately half of our GAP through online sales during 2016. During the year, we developed and deployed our first mobile bidding app for smartphones and tablets, invested in the development of next- generation auction bidding platforms through Xcira, and enhanced Wi-Fi access at many of our auction sites. Diverse sector coverage Our sales solutions cater to the needs of end users, dealers and other equipment sellers across a variety of sectors, such as construction, transportation, agriculture, energy and mining. This diversity of sectors mitigates sector-specific exposure, and enables the sale of equipment with cross-sector applications regardless of sector-specific cyclicality. Experienced management team Our experienced management team continues to capitalize on the strength of our core on site auction offering, while expanding our online offering through multiple acquisitions to better serve our existing customers and to attract new customers. Ritchie Bros. executives have served as officers of a number of well- known global public companies, and have developed a deep understanding of the used equipment market and customer base. Data and sector intelligence Ritchie Bros. transacted more than 430,000 assets through its sales channels in 2016, had more than 660,000 people register to bid, and had more than 910,000 average monthly users of www.rbauction.com in 2016. The volume of transactions and customer interactions we have provide us with a unique, proprietary database of information. This information provides us with some of the world’s best information to identify market trends and estimate used equipment values. These competitive advantages have enabled us to hold successful auctions that are appealing to both buyers and consignors, as evidenced by the growth in the number of buyers and consignors participating in our auctions, set out in the graph below, and the resulting growth in our GAP over the last decade. Industrial Auction Metrics: 2006 – 2016 Ritchie Bros. 11 We believe that this momentum, together with our reputation, size and financial resources, gives our customers confidence in our auction services, which should contribute to our growth over the long term. Digital Capabilities An increasing portion of sales transactions through Ritchie Bros.’ solutions are conducted online, as illustrated in the graph below. As such, digital technologies and capabilities have become an increasing important component of our strategy and service offering. Internet services Online bidding at live auctions We believe that our extensive internet presence and the tools available on our website are valuable to buyers and sellers of equipment and represent a distinct competitive advantage for Ritchie Bros. Our online bidding service, provided by Xcira, a business under the Ritchie Bros. family of companies, has enhanced our ability to transcend local market conditions and offer international scope to equipment buyers and sellers at our auctions. It has also increased the number of bidders participating in our auctions, which we believe has led to higher selling prices. Through the use of Xcira’s online bidding technology, we launched our internet bidding service in 2002. Internet bidders and buyers at our auctions have continued to trend higher on an annual basis since 2002, with just over half of our core auction GAP in 2016 generated from online transactions. In 2016, we sold over $1.9 billion of equipment to users of this core auction service. In 2016, customers bidding in our live industrial auctions over the internet accounted for 66% of total industrial auction registrations. Our internet bidding service gives our auction customers the choice of how they want to do business with us and access to both live and online auction participation. Our online bidding technology is available in nine languages. Ritchie Bros. 12 The average number of registered bidders, both online and on-site, participating in our industrial auctions has increased 118% to 2,356 registered bidders in 2016 from 1,080 bidders in 2001, prior to the implementation our internet bidding service. Online sales through a secure and trusted marketplace In 2013, we launched our online equipment marketplace, EquipmentOne (www.equipmentone.com), which provides equipment sellers with control over the selling price and the sales process. EquipmentOne appeals to equipment sellers who want to manage the process, decide if and when to sell, and negotiate a selling price. This optionality appeals to companies and equipment owners who would prefer to sell only under certain conditions. During 2016, $148.0 million of online transactions were completed on EquipmentOne. Search engine optimization In 2010 we launched our new 22-language Ritchie Bros. website, with enhanced features such as high quality zoomable photos, watch lists and other valuable features. The website (www.rbauction.com) now enables customers to interact with us more easily, as well as search for and purchase the equipment they need, and we believe it is a powerful tool for attracting new non-English speaking customers. In 2011 we launched our detailed equipment information program, in which we provide free of charge on our website to all customers much more detailed information and photos about the equipment to be sold at our auctions. We believe this program is allowing customers to shop with greater ease and bid with more confidence, and has made our auctions more appealing to a broader range of equipment owners. Strategy Over the past several years our strategy has continued to evolve. At the beginning of 2015 we formalized a new strategy, that outlines the following objectives, strategic pillars and key enablers: Ritchie Bros. 13 Ritchie Bros. 14 There are three main drivers to our strategy and roadmap to generate shareholder value: GROW Revenue and Earnings We are committed to pursuing growth initiatives that will further enhance our sector reach, drive geographic depth, meet a broader set of customer needs, and add scale to our operations. EquipmentOne is a key part of a full-service offering to provide our customers with a menu of options that cater to their needs at different points of their asset disposition journey. The strategy of offering EquipmentOne and other sales channels alongside our core auction service is a key step in developing a truly multi-channel offering to our market. The addition of Ritchie Bros. Private Treaty and Mascus (our listing service), as well as the acquisition of the minority interest in Ritchie Bros. Financial Services, will also contribute to revenue and earnings growth for the Company. We will also continue to focus on accelerating our strategic accounts growth and improving the overall performance and use of our underwritten contracts. DRIVE Efficiencies and Effectiveness We plan to take advantage of opportunities to improve the overall effectiveness of our organization by enhancing sales productivity, modernizing and integrating our legacy IT systems and optimizing business processes. We are also implementing formal performance measurement metrics to gauge our effectiveness and progress, and will better align our executive compensation plans with our new strategy and key targets. We also continue to evaluate ways to most effectively structure our organization to enhance the agility of our business, and speed up our decision making processes, to better serve our customers. OPTIMIZE our Balance Sheet Our business model provides us with the ability to generate strong cash flows. Cash flow represents our ability to convert revenue into cash, and provides a meaningful indication of the strength of our business. We will focus not only on profit growth but also further enhancing cash flow, reviewing contract structures and auction site returns to improve the cash flow and asset returns of our core auction segment. During 2016 we also adjusted our capital structure, taking on more debt (through a new syndicated credit facility and issuance of senior unsecured notes) to improve our average cost of capital, and continued to be prudent with our organic capital expenditures. The announced acquisition of IronPlanet is considered a transformational transaction, and one that will increase both the scale and scope of our Company. The enhanced scale of our combined business is expected to drive further operating leverage from our unique business model, and provide new opportunities to operate more efficiently by utilizing a more digital service offering. Segmented Information Segmented information is disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in “Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Operations Transaction volume and Gross Auction Proceeds Equipment sales are transacted through our core auction business, Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers, and our online marketplace, EquipmentOne. During 2016, $4.2 billion, or 97% of total GAP, was generated through Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers, while $148.0 million, or 3% of total GAP was sold through EquipmentOne. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers In 2016, approximately 87% of our GAP was attributable to auctions held on one of our 45 permanent auction sites and regional auction sites, compared to 85% in 2015. Please see further discussion below under “Part II, Item 2: Properties – international network of auction sites” for a discussion of our properties. In 2016, 10% of our GAP came from “off-site” auctions, compared to 12% in 2015 and 2014. Off-site auctions are typically held on rented or consignor-owned land. The decision as to whether to hold a particular auction at one of our sites instead of at an off-site location is influenced by the nature, amount and location of the equipment to be sold. The majority of our agricultural auctions are held at off-site locations, usually on the consignor’s farm. Ritchie Bros. 15 During 2016, the Company acquired Petrowsky Auctioneers and Kramer Auctions. Transactions from both Petrowsky and Kramer branded auctions are now allocated to GAP reported for Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers. Equipment transactions and revenue generated through Ritchie Bros. Private Treaty are also allocated to our Core Auction reportable segment. EquipmentOne GAP generated through EquipmentOne, also referred to as Gross Transaction Value (“GTV”) represents total proceeds from all items sold at our online marketplaces, as well as a buyers’ premium component applicable only to our online marketplace transactions. Seasonality Our Core Auction reportable segment GAP and associated revenues are affected by the seasonal nature of our business. Core auction GAP and revenues tend to increase during the second and fourth calendar quarters, during which time we generally conduct more business than in the first and third calendar quarters. Given the operating leverage inherent in our business model, the second and fourth quarter also tend to produce higher operating margins, given the higher volume and revenue generated in those quarters. Some of the key elements of our auction and marketplace process include: Attracting bidders We believe our proprietary customer database, which contains over 610,900 customer names from approximately 190 countries, significantly enhances our ability to market our auctions effectively. We typically send tens of thousands of digital and print direct marketing materials to strategically selected customers from our database as part of our comprehensive auction marketing service. We also conduct targeted regional and industry-specific advertising and marketing campaigns and use social media to generate awareness. In addition, we present information about the majority of the consigned equipment at upcoming auctions on our website so that potential bidders can review equipment descriptions and view photographs of many of the items to be sold. We had over 549,000 bidder registrations at our industrial auctions in 2016. Attracting equipment We solicit equipment consignments ranging from single pieces of equipment consigned by local owner-operators to large equipment fleets offered by multi- national consortiums upon the completion of major construction projects. For larger consignments, our service typically begins with an equipment appraisal that gives the prospective consignor a credible estimate of the value of the appraised equipment. We believe that consignors choose to sell their equipment through Ritchie Bros. sales solutions as we reach an exceptionally large audience of qualified equipment buyers, which helps equipment sellers realize higher sales prices. Our willingness to take consignment of a customer’s full equipment fleet, including ancillary assets such as inventories, parts, tools, attachments and construction materials, rather than only accepting selected items, is another valuable service that we offer to consignors that sets us apart from most of our competitors. Attractive contract options We offer consignors several contract options to meet their individual needs and sale objectives. Through our auction offerings, options include a straight commission contract, where the consignor receives the gross proceeds from the sale less a pre-negotiated commission rate, as well as alternate arrangements including guarantee contracts (where the consignor receives a guaranteed minimum amount plus an additional amount if proceeds exceed a specified level) or inventory contracts (where we purchase the equipment temporarily for resale). We refer to guarantee and inventory contracts as underwritten contracts, which accounted for approximately 25% of our GAP in 2016, compared to 29% in 2015 and 31% in 2014. Ritchie Bros. 16 In order to assist customers with their equipment transactions and to build our business and position ourselves in the marketplace, in a minority of cases, we will strategically present proposals to customers that include underwritten contracts. In making the decision to strategically use an underwritten proposal, we consider a multitude of factors, including, the size and the mix of the equipment in the proposal, the condition of the equipment, the timing of the contract in relation to a particular auction and its impact on attracting additional consignments, the competitive environment, the used equipment pricing environment and our relationship with the customer. We have a rigorous approach to appraising and evaluating the items included in a potential underwritten deal and have a well- developed, strict internal approval process for entering into underwritten contracts. Further, the choice by equipment owners between straight commission, guarantee, or inventory contracts, if presented by us, depends on the owner’s risk tolerance and sale objectives. We work with our customers to provide them with the contract option that best suits their needs at that point in time. As a result, the mix of contracts in a particular quarter or year fluctuates and is not necessarily indicative of the mix in future periods. The composition of our auction commissions and our Revenue Rate are affected by the mix and performance of contracts entered into with consignors in the particular period and fluctuates from period to period. Equipment sellers with larger packages of equipment will also often be provided with a proposal to sell their assets across multiple Ritchie Bros. sales channels – including EquipmentOne and Ritchie Bros. Private Treaty. Our proposals are structured to provide sellers with the best possible outcome, given their specific and unique needs and preferences. Value-added services We provide a wide array of services to make the auction process convenient for buyers and sellers of equipment. Examples of these services include: (cid:120) conducting title searches, where registries are commercially available, to ensure equipment is sold free and clear of all liens and encumbrances (if we are not able to deliver clear title, we provide a full refund up to the purchase price to the buyer); (cid:120) making equipment available for inspection, testing and comparison by prospective buyers; (cid:120) displaying high-quality, zoomable photographs of equipment on our website; (cid:120) providing free detailed equipment information on our website for most equipment; (cid:120) providing financing services through RBFS, as well as insurance and powertrain warranty products; (cid:120) providing access at our auctions to transportation companies, customs brokerages and other service providers, and online through our partner, uShip, and Ritchie Bros. Logistics; (cid:120) providing facilities for on-site cleaning, painting, and refurbishment of equipment; and (cid:120) handling all pre-auction marketing, as well as collection and disbursement of proceeds. Online bidding and equipment marketplace purchase metrics We continue to see an increase in the use and popularity of both our online bidding system and our online equipment marketplace. During 2016, we attracted record online bidder registrations and sold approximately $2.1 billion of equipment, trucks and other assets to online auction bidders and EquipmentOne customers. This represents an 8% increase over the $1.9 billion of assets sold online in 2015, and an annual online sales record. Competition The global used industrial equipment market is highly fragmented and often fluid between sales channels. We compete for potential purchasers and sellers of industrial equipment with other companies, including non-auction competitors such as equipment manufacturers, distributors and dealers, used equipment brokers, equipment rental companies, and other online marketplaces. We also compete with private sales – often securing new business from equipment owners who had previously tried selling their equipment privately. Ritchie Bros. 17 Governmental regulations and environmental laws Our operations are subject to a variety of federal, provincial, state and local laws, rules and regulations throughout the world relating to, among other things, the auction business, imports and exports of equipment, worker health and safety, privacy of customer information and the use, storage, discharge and disposal of environmentally sensitive materials. In addition, our development or expansion of auction sites depends upon the receipt of required licenses, permits and other governmental authorizations, and we are subject to various local zoning requirements with regard to the location of our auction sites, which vary among jurisdictions. Under some of the laws regulating the use, storage, discharge and disposal of environmentally sensitive materials, an owner or lessee of, or other person involved in, real estate may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of certain hazardous or toxic substances located on or in, or emanating from, such property, as well as related costs of investigation and property damage. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or lessee or other person knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. We typically obtain Phase I environmental assessment reports prepared by independent environmental consultants in connection with our site acquisitions and leases. A Phase I environmental assessment consists of a site visit, historical record review, interviews and reports, with the purpose of identifying potential environmental conditions associated with the subject property. There can be no assurance, however, that acquired or leased sites have been operated in compliance with environmental laws and regulations or that future uses or conditions will not result in the imposition of environmental liability upon us or expose us to third-party actions such as tort suits. Although we have insurance to protect us from such liability, there can also be no assurance that it will cover any or all potential losses. There are restrictions in the United States and Europe that may affect the ability of equipment owners to transport certain equipment between specified jurisdictions. One example of these restrictions is environmental certification requirements in the United States, which prevent non-certified equipment from being entered into commerce in the United States. In addition, engine emission standards in some jurisdictions limit the operation of certain trucks and equipment in those markets. We expect these emission standards to be implemented in additional jurisdictions or to be strengthened in existing jurisdictions in the future. We are committed to contributing to the protection of the natural environment by preventing and reducing adverse impacts of our operations. As part of our commitment, we aim to: (cid:120) empower our employees to identify and address environmental issues; (cid:120) consider environmental impacts as part of all business decisions; (cid:120) conduct business in compliance with applicable regulations and legislation, and where appropriate, adopt the most stringent standards as our global benchmark; (cid:120) use resources wisely and efficiently to minimize our environmental impact; (cid:120) communicate transparently with our shareholders about environmental matters; (cid:120) conduct ongoing assessments to ensure compliance and good stewardship; and (cid:120) hold management accountable for providing leadership on environmental matters, achieving targets, and providing education to employees. We believe that by following these principles, we will be able to achieve our objective to be in compliance with applicable environmental laws and make a positive contribution to the protection of the natural environment. Our operational and marketing activities are subject to various types of regulations, including laws relating to the protection of personal information, consumer protection and competition. For example, the Canadian Anti-Spam Law (“CASL”) came into force on July 1, 2014. CASL prohibits the transmission of commercial electronic messages to an email address without consent and it also requires certain formalities to be complied with, including the ability to unsubscribe easily from subsequent messages. Ritchie Bros. 18 We believe that we are in compliance in all material respects with all laws, rules, regulations and requirements that affect our business, and that compliance with such laws, rules, regulations and requirements does not impose a material impediment on our ability to conduct our business. Available Information The information contained on or accessible through our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We file required reports on Form 10-K, Form 10- Q, Form 8-K, proxy materials and other filings required under the Exchange Act. The public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at (800) SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. We maintain a website at www.rbauction.com and copies of our reports on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q and Form 8-K, proxy materials and other filings required under the Exchange Act, are available on our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish those reports to, the SEC. We maintain a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for our directors, officers and employees (“Code of Conduct”). A copy of our Code of Conduct may be found on our website in the Corporate Governance section. Additional information related to Ritchie Bros. is also available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. Geographical Information Geographical information about our revenues is disclosed in “Part II, Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, under the subsection “Results of Operations”. The distribution of our long-lived assets according to the country in which they are located, is as follows: Long-lived assets distribution December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Ritchie Bros. Canada 21% 20% 22% Outside of Canada 79% 80% 78% United States 55% 55% 52% Europe Other 14% 15% 16% 10% 10% 10% 19 ITEM 1A: RISK FACTORS An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. In addition to the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should carefully consider each of the risks described below before purchasing our common shares. The risk factors set forth below are not the only risks that may affect our business. Our business could also be affected by additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could materially suffer. As a result, the trading price of our common shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Information in this section may be considered “forward-looking statements.” See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of certain qualifications regarding such statements. Damage to our reputation for fairness, transparency and integrity could harm our business. One of our founding principles is that our core auctions are fair and transparent and we believe this is one of our most significant competitive advantages. Closely related to this is our reputation for fairness and honesty in our dealings with our customers. Our ability to continue to develop our brand strength, attract new customers and continue to do business with existing customers could be harmed if our reputation for fairness, transparency and integrity was damaged. If we are unable to maintain our reputation, we could lose business and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. The IronPlanet Merger is subject to conditions and may not be completed or may not be completed as described. Although we believe that the Merger will be completed as described herein, there can be no assurances that this will be the case. The consummation of the Merger pursuant to the Merger Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions set out therein, including (i) the expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, (ii) the absence of a material adverse change with respect to IronPlanet since the date of the Merger Agreement, as described in the Merger Agreement; and (iii) the United States Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States having provided a written notice to the effect that review of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement has been concluded and has terminated all action under the Section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended. The Merger will not be consummated until such clearances are received and such conditions are satisfied, which may take several months or longer. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that such clearances are received and such conditions are satisfied. Alternatively, the relevant antitrust authorities may authorize clearance of the Merger but demand that we implement certain remedies, such as undertakings or divestitures as a condition to close the Merger. Any such remedies would likely make the Merger less attractive and limit the size of the business we acquire and our ability to deliver the anticipated synergies and other benefits. We cannot assure you that we will be permitted to undertake the Merger in a timely fashion, without remedies, or at all. If the Merger is not consummated on or before October 31, 2017 or the Merger Agreement is terminated prior to such date, we will be required to redeem all of the outstanding Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the original offering price of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of such mandatory redemption. Moreover, the Merger is expected to be consummated in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement, and the Merger Agreement may be modified, amended and waived at any time by the parties thereto, without the consent of the holders of the Notes. Furthermore, modifications and amendments made to the Merger Agreement may make the Merger less attractive. The redemption of the outstanding Notes, and/or any amendment made to the Merger Agreement may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Ritchie Bros. 20 We could experience delays or impediments to executing our acquisition strategy and expanding our business due to antitrust laws. The Merger is, and other proposed business acquisitions and dispositions may be, subject to the expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, as well as potentially the obtaining of certain other antitrust clearances. The relevant regulatory and antitrust authorities focus on the effects on competition, including the structure of the relevant markets and the pro-competitive benefits of the transaction. Any delay, prohibition or modification required by regulatory and antitrust authorities could adversely affect the terms of a proposed acquisition or could require us to modify or abandon an otherwise attractive acquisition opportunity. Significant costs have been incurred and are expected to be incurred in connection with the consummation of the Merger and the integration of IronPlanet with Ritchie Bros. into a combined company, including legal, accounting, financial advisory and other costs. We expect to incur one-time costs in connection with integrating our operations, products and personnel with those of IronPlanet into a combined company, in addition to costs related directly to completing the Merger. We would expect similar costs to be incurred in connection with any future acquisition. These costs may include expenditures for: (cid:120) reorganization or closures of facilities; (cid:120) employee redeployment, relocation or severance; and (cid:120) integration of operations and information systems. In addition, we expect to incur a number of non-recurring costs associated with combining our operations with those of IronPlanet. Additional unanticipated costs may yet be incurred as we integrate our business with IronPlanet. Although we expect that the elimination of duplicative costs, as well as the realization of other efficiencies related to the integration of our operations with IronPlanet, may offset incremental transaction and transaction-related costs over time, this net benefit may not be achieved in the near term. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of, and synergies from, the Merger and may become responsible for certain liabilities and integration costs as a result. Business acquisitions involve the integration of new businesses that have previously operated independently from us. The integration of our operations with those of IronPlanet is expected to result in financial and operational benefits, as well as operating synergies we expect to capture through corporate expense reduction including elimination of duplicate corporate administrative costs, auction site rationalization as a result of a larger digital footprint, and integration of operations and systems. There can be no assurance, however, regarding when or the extent to which we will be able to realize these and other benefits. Integration may also be difficult, unpredictable, and subject to delay because of possible company culture conflicts and different opinions on future business development. We may be required to integrate or, in some cases, replace, numerous systems, including those involving management information, purchasing, accounting and finance, sales, billing, employee benefits, payroll and regulatory compliance, many of which may be dissimilar. Difficulties associated with the integration of acquired businesses could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are able to successfully integrate the operations of Ritchie Bros. and IronPlanet, we may not realize the full benefits that we anticipate. If we achieve the expected benefits, they may not be achieved within the anticipated time frame. Also, the benefits from the Merger may be offset by costs incurred in integrating Ritchie Bros. and IronPlanet, increases in other expenses, operating losses or problems in the business unrelated to the Merger. As a result, there can be no assurance that such synergies or other benefits will be achieved. In addition, in connection with the Merger, we have assumed, and may assume in connection with future acquisitions, certain potential liabilities. To the extent such liabilities are not identified by us or to the extent indemnifications obtained from third parties are insufficient to cover such liabilities, these liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business. Ritchie Bros. 21 Additionally, we entered into the Caterpillar Agreement under which Caterpillar will designate us, upon consummation of the Merger, as a “preferred” but nonexclusive provider for online and on site auctions and marketplaces (including, those of IronPlanet) in the countries where we do business in exchange for preferred rates and access to certain data and information. If the Merger has not been consummated by June 29, 2017, subject to an extension to September 29, 2017 to satisfy certain conditions related to regulatory clearances, or the Merger is approved by any regulatory authority on the condition that Ritchie Bros. make any changes to its business (structure, process or otherwise), the Caterpillar Agreement will become null and void. If the Caterpillar Agreement becomes null and void, or is otherwise modified, it could adversely affect our anticipated benefits from the Merger. Integrating our business with IronPlanet may divert our management’s attention away from operations. Successful integration of IronPlanet’s operations, products and personnel with ours may place a significant burden on our management and other internal resources. The diversion of management’s attention, and any difficulties encountered in the transition and integration process, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. IronPlanet identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting. IronPlanet and its independent auditor identified material weaknesses in IronPlanet’s internal control over financial reporting for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Specifically, IronPlanet had a lack of resources to enable effective review over complex accounting areas and non-routine transactions in accordance with GAAP, and it did not perform effective reconciliations over certain accounts related to seller transactions. IronPlanet has taken numerous steps to strengthen its internal controls, including hiring additional financial reporting personnel with technical accounting and financial reporting experience and enhancing its internal review procedures during the financial statement close process. The actions that they have taken are subject to ongoing management review as well as audit committee oversight. IronPlanet plans to complete the remediation process as quickly as possible. However, upon consummation of the Merger, we may conclude that these remedial measures were insufficient, or we may identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in IronPlanet’s internal control over financial reporting, which, in either case, may result in IronPlanet’s or our business and financial condition being adversely impacted. We are incurring substantial indebtedness in connection with the Merger, and the degree to which we will be leveraged following the completion of the Merger may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are incurring substantial indebtedness in connection with the Merger. As of December 31, 2016, we have $619.6 million of total debt outstanding, consisting of $123.8 million under a new five-year credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders entered into on October 27, 2016 (the “New Facilities”), and $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes issued December 21, 2016 (the “Notes”), partially reduced by $4.2 million of unamortized debt issue costs, as well as $863.6 million of availability under the New Facilities. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness, including the debt incurred pursuant to the Merger as well as any future debt that we may incur, will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future from operations, financings or asset sales. Our ability to generate cash is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. We may not generate sufficient funds to service our debt and meet our business needs, such as funding working capital or the expansion of our operations. If we are not able to repay or refinance our debt as it becomes due, we may be forced to take certain actions, including reducing spending on marketing, advertising and new product innovation, reducing future financing for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes, selling assets or dedicating an unsustainable level of our cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our indebtedness. In addition, our ability to withstand competitive pressures and to react to changes in our industry, including both the live and online auction industry, could be impaired. Ritchie Bros. 22 The lenders who hold our debt could also accelerate amounts due in the event that we default, which could potentially trigger a default or acceleration of the maturity of our other debt. In addition, our substantial leverage could put us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that are less leveraged. These competitors could have greater financial flexibility to pursue strategic acquisitions and secure additional financing for their operations. Our substantial leverage could also impede our ability to withstand downturns in our industry or the economy in general. We may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. The terms of the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing the Notes will limit, but not prohibit, us from incurring additional indebtedness. If we incur any additional indebtedness that has the same priority as the Notes and the guarantees thereof, the holders of that indebtedness will be entitled to share rateably with the holders of the Notes and the guarantees thereof in any proceeds distributed in connection with any insolvency, liquidation, reorganization, dissolution or other winding-up of us. Subject to restrictions in the Credit Agreement and the indenture governing the Notes, we also will have the ability to incur additional secured indebtedness that would be effectively senior to the Notes offered hereby, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such obligations. If new indebtedness is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify. Our debt instruments will have restrictive covenants that could limit our financial flexibility. The terms of the Credit Agreement, as well as the indenture governing the Notes, contain financial and other restrictive covenants that limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interests. Our ability to borrow under our New Facilities is subject to compliance with a consolidated leverage ratio covenant and a consolidated interest coverage ratio covenant. The Credit Agreement includes other restrictions that limit our ability in certain circumstances to: incur indebtedness; grant liens; engage in mergers, consolidations and liquidations; make asset dispositions, restricted payments and investments; enter into transactions with affiliates; and amend, modify or prepay certain indebtedness. The indenture governing the Notes contains covenants that limit our ability in certain circumstances to: (cid:120) incur additional indebtedness (including guarantees thereof); (cid:120) incur or create liens on their assets securing indebtedness; (cid:120) make certain restricted payments; (cid:120) make certain investments; (cid:120) dispose of certain assets; (cid:120) allow to exist certain restrictions on the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us; (cid:120) engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and (cid:120) consolidate, amalgamate or merge with or into other companies. Our failure to comply with these covenants could result in an event of default that, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of substantially all of our funded debt. We do not have sufficient working capital to satisfy our debt obligations in the event of an acceleration of all or a significant portion of our outstanding indebtedness. Competition in our core markets could result in reductions in our future revenues and profitability. The global used equipment market, including the auction segment of that market, is highly fragmented. We compete for potential purchasers and sellers of equipment with other auction companies and with non-auction competitors such as equipment manufacturers, distributors and dealers, equipment rental companies, and other online marketplaces. When sourcing equipment to sell at our auctions or other marketplaces, we compete with other on site and online auction companies, Original Equipment Manufacturer (“OEM”) and independent dealers, equipment brokers, other third parties, and equipment owners that have traditionally disposed of equipment in private sales. Ritchie Bros. 23 Some of our competitors have significantly greater financial and marketing resources and name recognition than we do. New competitors with greater financial and other resources may enter the equipment auction market in the future. Additionally, existing or future competitors may succeed in entering and establishing successful operations in new geographic markets prior to our entry into those markets. They may also compete against us through internet-based services and other combined service offerings. If commission rates decline, or if our strategy to compete against our many competitors is not effective, our revenues, market share, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted. We may be susceptible to loss of business if competing models become more appealing to customers. If our selling model becomes undesirable or we are not successful in adding services complementary to our existing selling model and business, we may not be successful increasing market penetration over the long-term, which could prevent us from achieving our long-term earnings growth targets. Decreases in the supply of, demand for, or market values of used equipment, could harm our business. Our revenues could decrease if there was significant erosion in the supply of, demand for, or market values of used equipment, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We have no control over any of the factors that affect the supply of, and demand for, used equipment, and the circumstances that cause market values for equipment to fluctuate — including, among other things, economic uncertainty, disruptions to credit and financial markets, lower commodity prices, and our customers’ restricted access to capital — are beyond our control. Recent economic conditions have caused fluctuations in the supply, mix and market values of used equipment available for sale, which has a direct impact on our revenues. In addition, price competition and the availability of equipment directly affect the supply of, demand for, and market value of used equipment. Climate change initiatives, including significant changes to engine emission standards applicable to equipment, may also adversely affect the supply of, demand for or market values of equipment. We may incur losses as a result of our guarantee and inventory contracts and advances to consignors. Our most common type of auction contract is a straight commission contract, under which we earn a pre-negotiated, fixed commission rate on the gross sales price of the consigned equipment at auction. Straight commission contracts are used by us when we act as agent for consignors. In recent years, a majority of our annual business has been conducted on a straight commission basis. In certain other situations, we will enter into underwritten transactions and either offer to: (cid:120) guarantee a minimum level of sale proceeds to the consignor, regardless of the ultimate selling price of the consignment at the auction; or (cid:120) purchase the equipment outright from the seller for sale in a particular auction. We determine the level of guaranteed proceeds or inventory purchase price based on appraisals performed on equipment by our internal personnel. Inaccurate appraisals could result in guarantees or inventory values that exceed the realizable auction proceeds. In addition, a change in market values could also result in guarantee or inventory values exceeding the realizable auction proceeds. If auction proceeds are less than the guaranteed amount, our commission will be reduced and we could potentially incur a loss, and, if auction proceeds are less than the purchase price we paid for equipment that we take into inventory temporarily, we will incur a loss. Because a majority of our auctions are unreserved, there is no way for us to protect against these types of losses by bidding on or acquiring any of the items at such auctions. In addition, we do not hold inventory indefinitely waiting for market conditions to improve. If our exposure to underwritten contracts increases, this risk would be compounded. Occasionally, we advance to consignors a portion of the estimated auction proceeds prior to the auction. We generally make these advances only after taking possession of the assets to be auctioned and upon receipt of a security interest in the assets to secure the obligation. If we were unable to auction the assets or if auction proceeds were less than amounts advanced, we could incur a loss. Ritchie Bros. 24 We are pursuing a long-term growth strategy that includes acquisitions and developing and enhancing an appropriate sales strategy, which requires upfront investment with no guarantee of long-term returns. We continue to pursue a long-term growth strategy, including developing and enhancing an appropriate sales strategy, that contemplates upfront investments, including (i) investments in emerging markets that may not generate profitable growth in the near term, (ii) adding new business and information solutions, and (iii) developing our people. Planning for future growth requires investments to be made now in anticipation of growth that may not materialize, and if our strategies do not successfully address the needs of current and potential customers we may not be successful in maintaining or growing our GAP and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely impacted. We may also not be able to improve our systems and controls as a result of increased costs, technological challenges, or lack of qualified employees. A large component of our selling, general and administrative expenses is considered fixed costs that we will incur regardless of any GAP growth. There can be no assurances that our GAP and revenues will be maintained or grow at a more rapid rate than our fixed costs. Part of our growth strategy includes growth through acquisitions, such as the Merger, which poses a number of risks. We may not be successful in identifying appropriate acquisition candidates, consummating acquisitions on satisfactory terms or integrating any newly acquired or expanded business with our current operations. Additionally, significant costs may be incurred in connection with any acquisition and our integration of such businesses with our business, including legal, accounting, financial advisory and other costs. We may also not realize the anticipated benefits of, and synergies from, such acquisition. We cannot guarantee that any future business acquisitions will be pursued, that any acquisitions that are pursued will be consummated, or that we will achieve the anticipated benefits of completed acquisitions. Our business is subject to risks relating to our ability to safeguard our information systems, including the security and privacy of our customers’ confidential information. We rely on information technology to manage our business, including maintaining proprietary databases containing sensitive and confidential information about our customers, suppliers, counterparties and employees (which may include personally identifiable information and credit information). An increasing number of websites have disclosed breaches of their security, some of which have involved sophisticated and highly targeted attacks on portions of their websites or infrastructure. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems, change frequently, we may not be able to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities through various means, including hacking into our systems or facilities, fraud, trickery or other means of deceiving our employees or contractors. A party that is able to circumvent our security measures could misappropriate our or our customers’ confidential information, cause interruption to our operations, damage our computing infrastructure or otherwise damage our reputation. Although we maintain information security measures, there can be no assurance that we will be immune from these security risks, and any breach of our information security may have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. Under credit card payment rules and our contracts with credit card processors, if there is a breach of payment card information that we store, we could be liable to the payment card issuing banks for their cost of issuing new cards and related expenses. We may also be held liable for certain fraudulent credit card transactions and other payment disputes with customers. If we were unable to accept payment cards, our results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. Security breaches could damage our reputation, cause a loss of confidence in the security of our services and expose us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability for damages. We may be required to make significant expenditures to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by any breaches. These issues are likely to become costlier as we expand. Our insurance policies may not be adequate to reimburse us for losses caused by security breaches, and we may not be able to fully collect, if at all, under these insurance policies. Ritchie Bros. 25 The availability and performance of our technology infrastructure, including our websites, is critical to our business. The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our websites, enterprise resource planning system, processing systems and network infrastructure are important to our reputation and our business. Our systems may experience service interruptions or degradation because of hardware or software defects or malfunctions, computer denial of service, human error and natural events beyond our control. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our recovery planning may not be sufficient for all possible disruptions. Further, we will need to continue to expand and upgrade our technology, transaction processing systems and network infrastructure both to meet increased usage of our online bidding service and other services offered on our websites, to implement new features and functions and as a result of the Merger. Our business and results of operations could be harmed if we were unable to expand and upgrade in a timely manner our systems and infrastructure to accommodate any increases in the use of our internet services, or if we were to lose access to or the functionality of our internet systems for any reason, especially if such loss of service prevented internet bidders from effectively participating in one of our auctions. Frequent, persistent or ill-timed interruptions to our internet services could cause current or potential customers to believe that our systems are unreliable, which could lead to the loss of customers and harm our reputation. We use both internally developed and licensed systems for transaction processing and accounting, including billings and collections processing. We continually upgrade and improve these systems to accommodate growth in our business. If we are unsuccessful in continuing to upgrade our technology, transaction processing systems or network infrastructure to accommodate increased transaction volumes, it could harm our operations and interfere with our ability to expand our business. If the mobile solutions available to consumers are not effective, the use of our technology platform could decline. Visits and purchases made on mobile devices by consumers have increased in recent years. The smaller screen size and reduced functionality associated with some mobile devices may make the use of a technology platform more difficult or less appealing to customers. Visits to our marketplaces on mobile devices may not convert into purchases as often as visits made through personal computers, which could result in less revenue for us. Further, although we strive to provide engaging mobile experiences for customers who visit our mobile websites using a browser on their mobile device, as new mobile devices and mobile platforms are released, we may encounter problems in developing or supporting applications for them. In addition, supporting new devices and mobile device operating systems may require substantial time and resources. The success of our mobile applications could also be harmed by factors outside our control, such as: (cid:120) actions taken by providers of mobile operating systems or mobile application, or app, download stores; (cid:120) unfavorable treatment received by our mobile apps, especially as compared to competing apps, such as the placement of our mobile apps in a mobile app download store; (cid:120) increased costs to distribute or have customers use our mobile apps; or (cid:120) changes in mobile operating systems, such as iOS and Android, that degrade the functionality of our mobile websites or mobile apps or that give preferential treatment to competitive products. If customers encounter difficulty accessing or using our technology platform on their mobile devices, or if sellers and buyers choose not to use our technology platform on their mobile devices, our growth prospects and our business may be adversely affected. A deterioration of general macroeconomic conditions could materially and adversely affect our business. Our performance is subject to macroeconomic conditions and their impact on customer spending. Adverse macroeconomic conditions typically result in a general tightening in credit markets, lower levels of liquidity, increased default and bankruptcy rates, and depressed levels of activity and investment. Ritchie Bros. 26 Challenging macroeconomic conditions may have a negative impact on the operations, financial condition and liquidity of many customers and, as a result, may negatively impact the volume of equipment listed for sale and the prices of equipment sold in our marketplace, thereby having a negative impact on our revenue and ability to grow our business. If sellers choose not to sell their assets as a result of adverse economic conditions, buyers are unable to purchase equipment based on their inability to obtain sufficient financing or are unwilling to do so given the market climate, or if customers are in general financial distress, our operations may be negatively affected and revenue from our marketplace may decrease. Our ability to provide a high quality customer experience may depend on third parties and external factors over which we may have little or no control. Our ability to provide a high quality and efficient customer experience is also dependent on external factors over which we may have little or no control, including, without limitation, the reliability and performance of the equipment sold in our marketplaces and the performance of third-party carriers who transport purchased equipment on behalf of buyers. If our customers are dissatisfied with the accuracy of our appraisals and inspections, the quality of the business insights provided by our other value-added services, or do not receive the equipment they purchased in a timely manner or in the condition that they expect, customers may stop using us to purchase equipment. Failure to provide customers with high quality and efficient customer experiences could substantially harm our reputation and adversely impact our efforts to develop customer and industry trust in our brands. Government regulation of the Internet and e-commerce is evolving, and unfavorable changes in this or other regulations could substantially harm our business and results of operations. We are subject to general business regulations and laws as well as certain federal, provincial, state and local laws, rules and regulations, including those governing the internet and e-commerce. Existing and future laws and regulations may impede the growth of the internet, e-commerce or other services, and increase the cost of doing business, including providing online auction services. These regulations and laws may cover taxation, tariffs, user privacy, data protection, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, electronic contracts, and other communications, consumer protection, broadband residential Internet access and the characteristics and quality of services. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales, use and other taxes, libel, and personal privacy apply to the Internet and e-commerce. Changes to regulations and unfavorable resolution of these issues may harm our business and results of operations. Our future expenses may increase significantly and our operations and ability to expand may be limited as a result of environmental and other regulations. A variety of federal, provincial, state and local laws, rules and regulations throughout the world, including local tax and accounting rules, apply to our business. These relate to, among other things, the auction business, imports and exports of equipment, property ownership laws, licensing, worker safety, privacy of customer information, land use and the use, storage, discharge and disposal of environmentally sensitive materials. Complying with revisions to laws, rules and regulations could result in an increase in expenses and a deterioration of our financial performance. Failure to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations could result in substantial liability to us, suspension or cessation of some or all of our operations, restrictions on our ability to expand at present locations or into new locations, requirements for the acquisition of additional equipment or other significant expenses or restrictions. The development or expansion of auction sites depends upon receipt of required licenses, permits and other governmental authorizations. Our inability to obtain these required items could harm our business. Additionally, changes or concessions required by regulatory authorities could result in significant delays in, or prevent completion of, such development or expansion. Under some environmental laws, an owner or lessee of, or other person involved in, real estate may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances located on or in, or emanating from, the real estate, and related costs of investigation and property damage. These laws often impose liability without regard to whether the owner, lessee or other person knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances. Ritchie Bros. 27 Environmental contamination may exist at our owned or leased auction sites, or at other sites on which we may conduct auctions, or properties that we may be selling by auction, from prior activities at these locations or from neighboring properties. In addition, auction sites that we acquire or lease in the future may be contaminated, and future use of or conditions on any of our properties or sites could result in contamination. The costs related to claims arising from environmental contamination of any of these properties could harm our financial condition and results of operations. There are restrictions in the United States, Canada and Europe and other jurisdictions in which we do business that may affect the ability of equipment owners to transport certain equipment between specified jurisdictions or the saleability of older equipment. One example of these restrictions is environmental certification requirements in the United States, which prevent non-certified equipment from entering into commerce in the United States. In addition, engine emission standards in some jurisdictions limit the operation of certain trucks and equipment in those markets. These restrictions, or changes to environmental laws, including laws in response to climate change, could inhibit materially the ability of customers to ship equipment to or from our auction sites, reducing our GAP and harming our business, financial condition and results of operations. International bidders and consignors could be deterred from participating in our auctions if governmental bodies impose additional export or import regulations or additional duties, taxes or other charges on exports or imports. Reduced participation by international bidders and consignors could reduce GAP and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our substantial international operations expose us to foreign exchange rate fluctuations that could harm our results of operations. We conduct business in many countries around the world and intend to continue to expand our presence in international markets, including emerging markets. Fluctuating currency exchange rates may negatively affect our business in international markets and our related results of operations. Although we report our financial results in U.S. dollars, a significant portion of our revenues and expenses are generated outside the United States, primarily in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In particular, a significant portion of our revenues are earned, and expenses incurred, in the Canadian dollar and the Euro. As a result, our financial results are impacted by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not currently engage in foreign currency hedging arrangements, and, consequently, foreign currency fluctuations may adversely affect our results of operations. The results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries are translated from local currency into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. If the U.S. dollar weakens against foreign currencies, the translation of these foreign currency denominated revenues or expenses will result in increased U.S. dollar denominated revenues and expenses. Similarly, if the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies, particularly the Canadian dollar and the Euro, our translation of foreign currency denominated revenues or expenses will result in lower U.S. dollar denominated revenues and expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, foreign currency movements relative to the U.S. dollar negatively impacted revenues by $6.8 million, $40.5 million, and $12.7 million, respectively. In addition, currency exchange rate fluctuations between the different countries in which we conduct our operations impact the purchasing power of buyers, the motivation of consignors, asset values and asset flows between various countries, including those in which we do not have operations. These factors and other global economic conditions may harm our business and our results of operations. Our business is subject to the risks of operating in foreign jurisdictions. We operate in a large number of international jurisdictions. There are risks inherent in doing business internationally, including, but not limited to: Ritchie Bros. 28 (cid:120) trade barriers, trade regulations, currency controls, import or export regulations, and other restrictions on doing business freely; (cid:120) local labor, environmental, tax, and other laws and regulations, and uncertainty or adverse changes in such laws and regulations or the interpretations thereof; (cid:120) difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations; (cid:120) economic, political, social or labor instability or unrest, or changes in conditions; (cid:120) terrorism, war, hostage-taking, or military repression; (cid:120) corruption; (cid:120) expropriation and nationalization; (cid:120) high rates of inflation; and (cid:120) uncertainty as to litigation in foreign jurisdictions and enforcement of local laws. If we violate the complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations, we may face fines, criminal actions or sanctions, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and damage to our reputation. These risks inherent in our international operations increase our costs of doing business internationally and may result in a material adverse effect on our operations or profitability. Our business operations may be subject to a number of federal and local laws, rules and regulations including export control regulations. Our business operations may be subject to a number of federal and local laws, rules and regulations, including the Export Administration Regulations, or EAR, maintained by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, or ITAR, maintained by the U.S. Department of State, economic sanctions regulations maintained by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, and similar regulations in Canada and the European Union (“EU”). We have implemented procedures regarding compliance with these laws, including monitoring, on an automatic and manual basis, the potential sellers and buyers in our marketplace and restricting business from certain countries. We can offer no assurances that these procedures will always be effective. We have implemented certain processes and procedures to prevent sellers and buyers that are located in a prohibited jurisdiction or are prohibited persons from participating in our marketplaces. Such processes and procedures are designed so that our business is in compliance with OFAC-administered sanctions regulations and other applicable sanction regulations, including those in Canada and the E.U. If we were to violate applicable export control or sanctions regulations, we could be subject to administrative or criminal penalties which, in certain circumstances, could be material. We could be subject to damages, financial penalties, denial of export privileges, incarceration of our employees, other restrictions on our operations, and reputational harm. Further, any action on the part of the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, OFAC or other applicable regulator against the company or any of our employees for potential violations of these laws could have a negative impact on our reputation and business, which might decrease stockholder value. Failure to comply with anti-bribery, anti-corruption, and anti-money laundering laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act, or the CFPOA, and similar laws associated with our activities outside of the United States could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences. We are subject to the FCPA, the CFPOA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. §201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010, or the U.K. Bribery Act, and possibly other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities or facilitate the buying and selling of equipment. Ritchie Bros. 29 We face significant risks if we fail to comply with the FCPA, the CFPOA and other anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws that prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to foreign government officials, political parties or candidates, employees of public international organizations, and private-sector recipients for the corrupt purpose of obtaining or retaining business, directing business to any person, or securing any advantage. In many foreign countries, particularly in countries with developing economies, it may be a local custom that businesses engage in practices that are prohibited by the FCPA, the CFPOA or other applicable laws and regulations. In addition, we leverage various third parties to sell our solutions and conduct our business abroad. We, our channel partners, and our other third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and other corporate policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws, which often carry substantial penalties. Any violation of the FCPA, other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions and, in the case of the FCPA, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, which could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, operating results and prospects. In addition, responding to any enforcement action may result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. Income and commodity tax amounts, including tax expense, may be materially different than expected. Our global operations are subject to tax interpretations, regulations, and legislation in the numerous jurisdictions in which we operate, all of which are subject to continual change. We accrue and pay income taxes and have significant income tax assets, liabilities, and expense that are estimates based primarily on the application of those interpretations, regulations and legislation, and the amount and timing of future taxable income. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that our estimates and reserves are sufficient. The timing concerning the monetization of deferred income tax amounts is uncertain, as they are dependent on our future earnings and other events. Our deferred income tax amounts are valued based upon substantively enacted income tax rates in effect at the time, which can be changed by governments in the future. The audit and review activities of tax authorities affect the ultimate determination of the actual amounts of commodity taxes payable or receivable, income taxes payable or receivable, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and income tax expense. There is no assurance that taxes will be payable as anticipated or that the amount or timing of receipt or use of the tax-related assets will be as currently expected. Our experience indicates that taxation authorities are increasing the frequency and depth of audits and reviews and, while our approach to accounting for tax positions has generally been deemed appropriate through recent audits by taxation authorities, future tax authority determinations could have a material impact to our financial position. Losing the services of one or more key personnel could materially affect our business and require us to incur substantial additional costs to recruit replacement personnel. The growth and performance of our business depends to a significant extent on the efforts and abilities of our executive officers and senior managers. Many of our key executives have extensive experience with our business. These officers have knowledge and an understanding of our company and industry that cannot be readily duplicated. The loss of any member of our senior management team could impair our ability to execute our business plan and growth strategy, cause us to lose customers and reduce our revenues. Ritchie Bros. 30 Our business could be harmed if we lost the services of any of these individuals. We do not maintain key person insurance on the lives of any of our executive officers. As a result, we would have no way to cover the financial loss if we were to lose the services of members of our senior management team. Additionally, as a result of the Merger, our current and prospective employees could experience uncertainty about their future roles. This uncertainty may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key employees. If any of our key personnel or those of IronPlanet were to join a competitor or form a competing company, existing and potential customers could choose to form business relationships with that competitor instead of us. There can be no assurance that confidentiality, non-solicitation, non-competition or similar agreements signed by former directors, officers, employees or stockholders of us, IronPlanet or our transactional counterparties will be effective in preventing a loss of business. Our future success largely depends on our ability to attract, develop and retain skilled employees in all areas of our business, as well as to design an appropriate organization structure and plan effectively for succession. Although we actively manage our human resource risks, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in our efforts. If we fail to attract, develop and retain skilled employees in all areas of our business, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected and we may not achieve our growth or performance objectives. We are regularly subject to general litigation and other claims, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We are subject to general litigation and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business. The outcome and impact of such litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, but regardless of the outcome, these proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of legal costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. While the results of these claims have not historically had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, we may not be able to defend ourselves adequately against these claims in the future, and these proceedings may have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or results of operations. In addition to other legal proceedings, we may also be subject to intellectual property claims, which are extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant damages, and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future. Companies in the Internet and technology industries are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We periodically receive notices that claim we have infringed, misappropriated, or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights. To the extent we gain greater public recognition, we may face a higher risk of being the subject of intellectual property claims. Third-party intellectual property rights may cover significant aspects of our technologies or business methods or block us from expanding our offerings. Any intellectual property claim against us, with or without merit, could be time consuming and expensive to settle or litigate and could divert the attention of our management. Litigation regarding intellectual property rights is inherently uncertain due to the complex issues involved, and we may not be successful in defending ourselves in such matters. Many potential litigants, including some patent holding companies, have the ability to dedicate substantial resources to enforcing their intellectual property rights. Any claims successfully brought against us could subject us to significant liability for damages, and we may be required to stop using technology or other intellectual property alleged to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We also might be required to seek a license for third-party intellectual property. Even if a license is available, we could be required to pay significant royalties or submit to unreasonable terms, which would increase our operating expenses. We may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant time and expense. If we cannot license or develop technology for any allegedly infringing aspect of our business, we would be forced to limit our service and may be unable to compete effectively. Any of these results could harm our business. Ritchie Bros. 31 We may be unable to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our growth prospects. We regard our proprietary technologies and intellectual property as integral to our success. We protect our proprietary technology through a combination of trade secrets, third-party confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements, additional contractual restrictions on disclosure and use, and patent, copyright, and trademark laws. We currently are the registered owners of many Internet domain names internationally. As we seek to protect our domain names in an increasing number of jurisdictions, we may not be successful in doing so in certain jurisdictions. Our competitors may adopt trade names or domain names similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to promote our marketplace and possibly leading to customer confusion. In addition, we could face trade name or trademark or service mark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered or unregistered trademarks or service marks, including trademarks or service marks that may incorporate variations of our brand names. The legal means we use to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property do not afford complete protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. We cannot guarantee that any of our present or future intellectual property rights will not lapse or be invalidated, circumvented, challenged or abandoned; our intellectual property rights will provide competitive advantages to us; our ability to assert our intellectual property rights against potential competitors or to settle current or future disputes will not be limited by our agreements with third parties; any of our pending or future patent applications will be issued or have the coverage originally sought; or our intellectual property rights will be enforced in jurisdictions where competition may be intense or where legal protection may be weak. We also may allow certain of our registered intellectual property rights, or our pending applications or registrations for intellectual property rights, to lapse or to become abandoned if we determine that obtaining or maintaining the applicable registered intellectual property rights is not worthwhile. Further, although it is our practice to enter into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees and contractors, these agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy, reverse engineer, or otherwise obtain and use our products or technology. We cannot be certain that we will be able to prevent unauthorized use of our technology or infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights. Effective patent, copyright, trademark, service mark, trade secret, and domain name protection is time-consuming and expensive to maintain. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources. In addition, our efforts may be met with defenses and counterclaims challenging the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights or may result in a court determining that our intellectual property rights are unenforceable. If we are unable to cost-effectively protect our intellectual property rights, then our business could be harmed. If competitors are able to use our technology or develop proprietary technology similar to ours or competing technologies, our ability to compete effectively and our growth prospects could be adversely affected. We are subject to the terms of open source licenses because our technology platform incorporates open source software. Some of the software powering our marketplace incorporates software covered by open source licenses. The terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts and there is a risk that the licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to operate our marketplace. Under certain open source licenses, we could be required to publicly release the source code of our software or to make our software available under open source licenses. To avoid the public release of the affected portions of our source code, we could be required to expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer some or all of our software which could significantly interrupt our operations. Ritchie Bros. 32 In addition, use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software because open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of the software. Use of open source software may also present additional security risks because the public availability of this software may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to compromise our technology platform. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage and, if not addressed, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business continuity plan may not operate effectively in the event of a significant interruption of our business. We depend on our information and other systems and processes for the continuity and effective operation of our business. We have implemented a formal business continuity plan covering most significant aspects of our business that would take effect in the event of a significant interruption to our business, or the loss of key systems as a result of a natural or other disaster. Although we have tested our business continuity plan as part of the implementation, there can be no assurance that it will operate effectively or that our business, results of operations and financial condition will not be materially affected in the event of a significant interruption of our business. If we were subject to a disaster or serious security breach, it could materially damage our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our insurance may be insufficient to cover losses that may occur as a result of our operations. We maintain property and general liability insurance. This insurance may not remain available to us at commercially reasonable rates, and the amount of our coverage may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Our auctions generally involve the operation of large equipment close to a large number of people, and despite our focus on safe work practices, an accident could damage our facilities or injure auction attendees. Any major accident could harm our reputation and our business. In addition, if we were held liable for amounts exceeding the limits of our insurance coverage or for claims outside the scope of our coverage, the resulting costs could harm our financial condition and results of operations. Certain global conditions may affect our ability to conduct successful events. Like most businesses with global operations, we are subject to the risk of certain global conditions, such as pandemics or other disease outbreaks or natural disasters that could hinder our ability to conduct our scheduled auctions, restrict our customers’ travel patterns or their desire to attend auctions or impact our online operations, including disrupting the Internet or mobile networks or one or more of our service providers. If this situation were to occur, we may not be able to generate sufficient equipment consignments to sustain our business or to attract enough bidders to our auctions to achieve world fair market values for the items we sell. This could harm our financial condition and results of operations. Our operating results are subject to quarterly variations. Historically, our revenues and operating results have fluctuated from quarter to quarter. We expect to continue to experience these fluctuations as a result of the following factors, among others: (cid:120) the size, timing and frequency of our auctions; (cid:120) the seasonal nature of the auction business in general, with peak activity typically occurring in the second and fourth calendar quarters, mainly as a result of the seasonal nature of the construction and natural resources industries; (cid:120) the performance of our underwritten (guarantee and outright purchase) contracts; (cid:120) general economic conditions in the geographical regions in which we operate; and (cid:120) the timing of acquisitions and development of auction facilities and related costs. In addition, we may incur substantial costs when entering new geographies and the profitability of operations at new locations is uncertain as a result of the increased variability in the number and size of auctions at new sites. These and other factors may cause our future results to fall short of investor expectations or not to compare favorably to our past Ritchie Bros. 33 results. Further, as our results generally fluctuate from quarter to quarter, period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful indicators of future performance. New regulation in the areas of consumer privacy and commercial electronic messages may restrict or increase costs of our marketing efforts. Our operation and marketing activities are subject to various types of regulations, including laws relating to the protection of personal information, consumer protection and competition. User data protection and communication-based laws may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country, and these laws continue to develop in ways we cannot predict and that may adversely affect our business. Complying with these varying national requirements could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner with adverse effects on our business, and violations of privacy-related laws can result in significant penalties. See “— We process, store, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to a variety of evolving governmental regulation, industry standards and self-regulatory schemes, contractual obligations, and other legal obligations related to privacy and data protection, which may increase our costs, decrease adoption and use of our products and services and expose us to liability.” A determination that there have been violations of laws relating to our marketing practices under communications-based laws could expose us to significant damage awards, fines and other penalties that could, individually or in the aggregate, materially harm our business. One example of such a law is Canada’s Anti-Spam Law, or CASL, which came into force on July 1, 2014. CASL prohibits the transmission of electronic messages for commercial purposes to an electronic address, which includes an electronic mail account, an instant messaging account, a telephone account, or any similar account, unless the recipient has consented to receiving the message and the message complies with the requirements under CASL. CASL also requires commercial electronic messages to comply with certain formality requirements, including the implementation of an unsubscribe mechanism. CASL further imposes certain restrictions on a service provider’s ability to automatically install or cause to be installed computer software (including software updates) on a person’s device without the person’s consent. CASL, in its current form, may impose additional costs and processes with respect to communicating with existing and prospective customers and may limit cross-selling opportunities for affiliated companies, depending on whether the appropriate consents have been obtained. Penalties for non-compliance with CASL are considerable, including administrative monetary penalties of up to $10 million. The provisions of CASL providing a private right of action will come into force on July 1, 2017, and they will allow any persons to bring claims for contravention of CASL’s terms. The private right of action may lead to increased risk of class action suits. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission has also begun actively enforcing CASL and penalizing non-compliant organizations. We process, store, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to a variety of evolving governmental regulation, industry standards and self-regulatory schemes, contractual obligations, and other legal obligations related to privacy and data protection, which may increase our costs, decrease adoption and use of our products and services and expose us to liability. There are a number of federal, provincial, state, local laws, rules and regulations, as well as contractual obligations and industry standards, that provide for certain obligations and restrictions with respect to data privacy and security, and the collection, storage, retention, protection, use, processing, transmission, sharing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other customer data. The scope of these obligations and restrictions is changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among countries or conflict with other rules, and their status remains uncertain. Within the EU, strict laws, including EU Directive 95/46/EC, already apply in connection with the collection, storage, retention, protection, use, processing, transmission, sharing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other customer data. The EU model has been replicated substantially or in part in various jurisdictions outside the United States. Data protection regulators within the EU and other jurisdictions have the power to fine non-compliant organizations significant amounts and seek injunctive relief, including the cessation of certain data processing activities. If personal data transfers to us and by us from the EU are considered illegitimate under EU Directive 95/46/EC and applicable member states’ implementations thereof, we may face a risk of enforcement actions taken by EU data protection authorities. Ritchie Bros. 34 Additionally, the text of a new General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) has been approved, which strengthens the existing data protection regulations in the EU. The GDPR is set to enter into full force during 2018 and its provisions increasing the maximum level of fines that EU regulators may impose to the greater of €100 million or 4% of worldwide annual sales. Such fines would be in addition to the rights of individuals to sue for damages in respect of any data privacy breach which causes them to suffer loss. As Internet commerce and related technologies continue to evolve, thereby increasing a service provider’s capacity to collect, store, retain, protect, use, process and transmit large volumes of personal information, increasingly restrictive regulation by federal, provincial, state or foreign agencies becomes more likely. We believe that the adoption of increasingly restrictive regulation in the field of data privacy and security is likely in both the United States and in other jurisdictions, possibly as restrictive as the EU model. Obligations and restrictions imposed by current and future applicable laws, regulations, contracts and industry standards may affect our ability to provide all the current features of our products and services, and could require us to change our business practices in a manner adverse to our business. In 2015, Canada’s federal privacy legislation was amended to implement mandatory data breach notification requirements and fines of up to $100,000 per occurrence for organizations that fail to keep a log of breaches or notify the Office of the Privacy Commissioner or affected individuals. The amendments are not yet in force pending approval of related regulations, which is expected sometime in 2017. Such obligations and restrictions may limit our ability to collect, store, process, use, transmit and share data with our affiliated entities and third party partners. Compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such obligations and restrictions could increase the cost of our operations. Failure to comply with obligations and restrictions related to data privacy and security could subject us to lawsuits, fines, criminal penalties, statutory damages, consent decrees, injunctions, adverse publicity and other losses that could harm our business. In addition to government activity, privacy advocacy groups and industry groups have adopted and are considering the adoption of various self-regulatory standards and codes of conduct that, if applied to our business or current practices may place additional burdens on us, which may increase the costs of our products and services further reducing demand and harming our business. Our customers may also accidentally disclose their passwords or store them on a mobile device that is lost or stolen, creating the perception that our systems are not secure against third-party access. Additionally, our third-party contractors may have access to customer data. If these or other third-party vendors violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put our customers’ information at risk and could in turn have a material and adverse effect on our business. Any failure by us to protect our customers’ privacy and data, including as a result of our systems being compromised by hacking or other malicious or surreptitious activity, could result in a loss of customer confidence and ultimately in a loss of customers, which could materially and adversely affect our business. Our articles, by-laws, shareholder rights plan and Canadian legislation contain provisions that may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control. Certain provisions of our articles of amalgamation, and by-laws, as well as certain provisions of the Canada Business Corporations Act (the “CBCA”) and applicable Canadian securities law, could discourage potential acquisition proposals, delay or prevent a change in control or materially adversely impact the price that certain investors might be willing to pay for our common shares. Our articles of amalgamation authorize our board of directors to determine the designations, rights and restrictions to be attached to, and to issue an unlimited number of, junior preferred shares and senior preferred shares. Our by-laws contain provisions establishing that shareholders must give advance notice to us in circumstances where nominations of persons for election to our board of directors are made by our shareholders other than pursuant to either a requisition of a meeting made in accordance with the provisions of the CBCA or a shareholder proposal made in accordance with the provisions of the CBCA. Ritchie Bros. 35 Among other things, these advance notice provisions set a deadline by which shareholders must notify us in writing of an intention to nominate directors for election to the board of directors prior to any shareholder meeting at which directors are to be elected and set forth the information required in this notice for it to be valid. Our board of directors has adopted a shareholder rights plan (the “Rights Plan”), pursuant to which we issued one right in respect of each common share outstanding. Under the Rights Plan, following a transaction in which any person becomes an “acquiring person” as defined in the Rights Plan, each right will entitle the holder to receive a number of common shares provided in the Rights Plan. The purposes of the Rights Plan are (i) to provide our board of directors time to consider value-enhancing alternatives to a take-over bid and to allow competing bids to emerge; (ii) to ensure that shareholders are provided equal treatment under a take-over bid; and (iii) to give adequate time for shareholders to properly assess a take-over bid without undue pressure. The Rights Plan can potentially impose a significant penalty on any person commencing a takeover bid that would result in the offeror becoming the beneficial owner of 20% or more of our outstanding common shares. Any of these provisions, as well as certain provisions of the CBCA and applicable Canadian securities law, may discourage a potential acquirer from proposing or completing a transaction that may have otherwise presented a premium to our shareholders. U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us, our directors, or our officers We are governed by the CBCA and our principal place of business is in Canada. Many of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of their assets, as well as a substantial portion of our assets, are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us and such directors and officers or to enforce judgments obtained against us or such persons, in U.S. courts, in any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or any other laws of the United States. Additionally, rights predicated solely upon civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or any other laws of the United States may not be enforceable in original actions, or actions to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts, brought in Canadian courts, including courts in the Province of British Columbia. We are governed by the corporate laws of Canada which in some cases have a different effect on shareholders than the corporate laws of Delaware. We are governed by the CBCA and other relevant laws, which may affect the rights of shareholders differently than those of a company governed by the laws of a U.S. jurisdiction, and may, together with our charter documents, have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of our company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, or may affect the price an acquiring party would be willing to offer in such an instance. ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable. ITEM 2: PROPERTIES We own and lease various properties in Canada, the United States and 10 other countries around the world. We use the properties as auction sites and executive and administrative offices. Our corporate headquarters are located in Burnaby, Canada and are held through a lease that expires in May 2030. We also lease administrative offices in Breda, Netherlands and Chicago, United States. We own an administrative office in Lincoln, United States. Ritchie Bros. 36 International network of auction sites We generally attempt to establish our auction sites in industrial areas close to major cities. Although we lease some auction sites, we have historically preferred to purchase land and construct purpose-built facilities once we have established a base of business and determined that a region can generate sufficient financial returns to justify the investment. We generally do not construct a permanent auction site in a particular region until we have conducted a number of offsite sales in the area, and often we will operate from a regional auction site for several years before considering a more permanent investment. This process allows us to establish our business and evaluate the market potential before we make a significant investment. We will not invest in a permanent auction site unless we believe there is an opportunity for significant, profitable growth in a particular region. Our average expenditure on a permanent auction site has been in the range of $20 to $25 million in recent years, including land, improvements and buildings. We currently have 45 locations in our auction site network. A permanent auction site includes locations that we own and on which we have constructed an auction theatre and other facilities (e.g. refurbishment), and that we lease with an original term longer than three years and on which we have built permanent structures with an investment of more than $1.5 million. We have 39 permanent auction sites as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A regional auction site is a location that we lease on a term longer than one year, have limited investment in facilities (i.e. less than $1.5 million) and on which we average more than two auctions per year on a rolling two-year basis and have at least two full time staff. This category also includes sites located on land that we own with limited investment in facilities. We have six regional auction sites as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our auction site network as of the date of this discussion is as follows: Permanent auction sites Canada: Edmonton, Alberta Grande Prairie, Alberta Prince George, British Columbia Montreal, Quebec Toronto, Ontario Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Regina, Saskatchewan Halifax, Nova Scotia Chilliwack, British Columbia Ritchie Bros. Total Developed Developable Excess Number of acres Year placed into service 267 153 114 91 65 60 47 28 24 175 68 60 68 65 38 17 28 24 92 68 50 - - 13 30 - - - 17 4 23 - 9 - - - 2002 2009 2003 2000 1998 2006 2007 1997 2010 Nature Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Lease expiry date 37 Permanent auction sites (continued) United States: Orlando, Florida Chehalis, Washington North East, Maryland Denver, Colorado Kansas City, Missouri Columbus, Ohio Houston, Texas Minneapolis, Minnesota Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina Fort Worth, Texas Atlanta, Georgia Chicago, Illinois Sacramento, California Nashville, Tennessee Las Vegas, Nevada St Louis, Missouri Los Angeles, California Phoenix, Arizona Salt Lake City, Utah Albuquerque, New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico Other: Mexico City (Polotitlan), Mexico Madrid (Ocaña), Spain Moerdijk, The Netherlands Milan (Caorso), Italy Paris (St. Aubin sur Gaillon), France Dubai, United Arab Emirates Brisbane, Australia Meppen, Germany Melbourne (Geelong), Australia Tokyo (Narita), Japan Ritchie Bros. Total Developed Developable Excess Number of acres Year placed into service Nature Lease expiry date 227 204 193 143 140 135 128 122 113 109 94 91 90 81 77 67 65 48 37 11 4 324 85 62 62 50 44 42 41 40 17 189 131 80 70 40 95 116 70 45 109 62 71 90 70 77 63 63 48 37 11 1 82 65 62 42 50 44 42 41 40 17 27 40 28 72 60 30 - 52 56 - 7 20 - 11 - 4 2 - - - 2 207 20 - 10 - - - - - - 11 33 85 1 40 10 12 - 12 - 25 - - - - - - - - - - 35 - - 10 - - - - - - 2002 2012 2001 2007 2008 2007 2009 2009 2012 1994 1996 2000 2005 2006 2012 2010 2000 2002 2010 1999 2010 2008 2010 1999 2010 2008 1999 1999 2010 2013 2010 Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Leased Owned Owned Owned Leased Owned Leased Owned Owned Owned Owned Owned Leased Owned Leased Owned Owned 31-May-33 28-Feb-24 30-Jun-28 1-Jul-19 31-Oct-19 38 Regional auction sites Tipton, United States Manchester, United States North Franklin, United States North Battleford, Canada Lethbridge, Canada Donington Park, United Kingdom Total Developed Developable Excess Number of acres Year placed into service 60 54 23 21 17 11 60 25 23 11 13 11 - 10 - 10 4 - - 19 - - - - 2010 2013 2017 2017 2011 2012 Nature Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased Lease expiry date 30-Jun-21 1-Oct-18 31-Jul-21 14-Nov-19 31-Dec-17 31-Dec-20 We also own the following developable properties that are not currently under development but are available for future auction site expansion: Casa Grande, United States Tulare, United States Number of acres Year acquired 125 99 2010 2011 We believe that our administrative offices and developed auction sites are adequate and suitable for the conduct of our operations. Further, we believe that our properties that are being developed to expand our existing auction sites are sufficient to support the growth of our core auction business. We are currently evaluating the returns generated at each of the permanent and regional auction sites we operate, to ensure each site (and related site capital investments) are generating returns that meet predetermined targets. As a result of the analysis completed to date, it was determined that both the Beijing and Panama sites would be closed. The lease for the Beijing site was early-terminated in November 2016. We are currently negotiating exiting our lease for our Panama site, though no future auctions are expected to be held there. In China, we will continue to offer offsite auctions and other equipment sales channels through our sales team based there. In Panama, we will consider holding offsite auctions as opportunities arise. We established a fully owned site in Narita, Japan, in 2010 to run live auctions. Unfortunately, we have had limited success running our traditional live, unreserved auction model in this country due to both cultural factors and market dynamics. Over the last two years, we have studied the market comprehensively, built strong local relationships and tested different business models. We have come to the conclusion that our biggest opportunity in Japan is to position it as a ‘source’ market for high quality used equipment that can be exported throughout the Asia Pacific region and the Middle East. We also believe the most efficient way to serve the domestic market is primarily through digital channels while leveraging key OEM relationships. Consequently, we will commence an exploration of exiting our existing auction site at an appropriate time to maximize value. ITEM 3: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS We have no material legal proceedings pending, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, and we do not know of any material proceedings contemplated by governmental authorities. ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. Ritchie Bros. 39 PART II ITEM 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Outstanding Share Data We are a public company and our common shares are listed under the ticker symbol “RBA” on the NYSE and TSX. On February 17, 2017, we had 106,822,475 common shares issued and outstanding, 555,028 share units awarded under our senior executive and employee performance share unit (“PSU”) plans, and stock options outstanding to purchase a total of 3,364,903 common shares. No preferred shares have been issued or are outstanding. The outstanding stock options had a weighted average exercise price of $24.02 per share and a weighted average remaining term of 7.4 years. In respect of PSUs awarded under the senior executive and employee PSU plans, performance and market conditions, depending on their outcome at the end of the contingency period, can reduce the number of vested awards to nil or to a maximum of 200% of the number of outstanding PSUs. Certain of our PSUs are only cash-settled, whereas others may be settled, at our discretion, in cash or through the issuance of shares, by open market purchases of shares. Market Information Our common shares, without par value, are issued in registered form. The transfer agent for the shares is Computershare Trust Company of Canada, 100 University Avenue, 9th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2Y1. Our common shares trade on the NYSE and on the TSX under the symbol “RBA”. On February 17, 2017, there were 289 holders of record of our common shares that do not include the shareholders for whom shares are held in a nominee or street name. The following table sets forth the high and low prices of our common shares by quarter for 2016 and 2015: Quarter ended December 31, 2016 September 30, 2016 June 30, 2016 March 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 September 30, 2015 June 30, 2015 March 31, 2015 NYSE TSX (Canadian dollars) High Low High Low $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 39.96 36.79 34.69 27.59 27.66 30.57 30.85 27.23 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 33.50 27.13 26.41 21.03 23.12 25.36 24.43 24.14 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 52.88 48.29 44.20 35.75 36.76 39.94 37.87 33.68 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 45.47 34.80 34.58 29.73 31.79 33.39 29.49 29.70 Dividend Policy We currently pay a regular quarterly cash dividend of $0.17 per common share. We currently intend to continue to declare and pay a regular quarterly cash dividend on our common shares; however, any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board, after taking into account our operating results, financial condition, cash requirements, financing agreement restrictions and any other factors our Board may deem relevant. In 2016, we paid total cash dividends of $0.66 per common share, compared to $0.60 per common share in 2015, and $0.54 per common share in 2014. Because Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated is a holding company with no material assets other than the shares of its subsidiaries, our ability to pay dividends on our common shares depends on the income and cash flow of our subsidiaries. No financing agreements to which our subsidiaries are party currently restrict those subsidiaries from paying dividends. Ritchie Bros. 40 Pursuant to income tax legislation, Canadian resident individuals who receive “eligible dividends” in 2006 and subsequent years will be entitled to an enhanced gross-up and dividend tax credit on such dividends. All dividends that we pay are “eligible dividends” unless indicated otherwise. Comparison of Cumulative Return The following graph compares the cumulative return on a $100 investment in our common shares over the last five fiscal years beginning January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2016, to that of the cumulative return on a $100 investment in the Russell Global Index (“Russell 2000”), the S&P / TSX Composite Index (“S&P/TSX”) and the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index (“DJIA”) for the same period. In calculating the cumulative return, reinvestment of dividends, if any, is assumed. The indices are included for comparative purpose only. This graph is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed filed with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing. Comparison of Cumulative Five-Year Total Return Company / index RBA (NYSE) Russell 2000 S&P/TSX DJIA Ritchie Bros. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 $ $ $ $ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 $ $ $ $ 96.74 114.63 104.00 107.26 $ $ $ $ 106.14 157.05 113.94 135.68 $ $ $ $ 124.23 162.59 122.39 145.88 $ $ $ $ 111.91 153.31 108.82 142.62 $ $ $ $ 156.97 183.17 127.88 161.76 41 Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans The following table is as of December 31, 2016: Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total (1) Reflects our stock option plan. Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of options, warrants and rights (a) 3,366,714(1) $ - 3,366,714 $ Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) 24.02 - 24.02 Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) 5,202,631(2) - 5,202,631 (2) Includes 1,000,000 common shares that we may elect to issue upon settlement of our PSUs granted under the Senior Executive Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) and the Employee Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (together, the “2015 PSU Plans”). Under the 2015 PSU Plans, the number of PSUs that vest is conditional upon specified market, service, and performance vesting conditions being met. The market vesting condition is based on the relative performance of our share price in comparison to the performance of a pre-determined portfolio of other companies’ share prices. The non-market vesting conditions are based on the achievement of specific performance measures and can result in participants earning between 0% and 200% of the target number of PSUs granted. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Share repurchase program On January 12, 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up $100 million worth of our common shares (subject to TSX approval) over the next three years. On February 26, 2015, we received approval from the TSX to proceed with a Normal Course Issuer Bid (“NCIB”). This initial NCIB approved by the TSX (the “initial NCIB”) was for a one-year period from March 3, 2015 through March 2, 2016. In March 2015, we executed share repurchases at a total cost of $47.5 million. All repurchased shares were cancelled on March 26, 2015. No further share purchases were made under the initial NCIB, or by any other means, during 2015 or the first quarter of 2016, and the initial NCIB expired in accordance with its terms on March 2, 2016. On February 25, 2016, we announced our intention to renew our NCIB on the expiry of the initial NCIB. On March 1, 2016, the TSX approved a new NCIB (the “new NCIB”) for a one-year period from March 3, 2016 to March 2, 2017. Repurchases under the new NCIB during the month of March 2016 began on March 8, 2016 and ended on March 15, 2016. All repurchased shares were cancelled on March 15, 2016. No further share repurchases were made pursuant to the new NCIB, or by any other means, during 2016. For further details of the March 2016 share repurchases, refer to “Part II, Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Ritchie Bros. 42 Exchange Controls Canada has no system of exchange controls. There are no Canadian restrictions on the repatriation of capital or earnings of a Canadian public company to non- resident investors. There are no laws in Canada or exchange restrictions affecting the remittance of dividends, profits, interest, royalties and other payments to U.S. Resident Holders (as defined below) of our common shares, except as discussed in “Certain Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Residents” below. There are no limitations under the laws of Canada or in our organizational documents on the right of foreigners to hold or vote our common shares, except that the Investment Canada Act may require review and approval by the Minister of Industry (Canada) of certain acquisitions of control of Ritchie Bros. by a “non- Canadian”. “Non-Canadian” generally means an individual who is not a Canadian citizen, or a corporation, partnership, trust or joint venture that is ultimately controlled by non-Canadians. Certain Canadian Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Residents The following summarizes certain Canadian federal income tax consequences generally applicable under the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the regulations enacted thereunder (collectively, the “Canadian Tax Act”) and the Canada-United States Income Tax Convention (1980) (the “Convention”) to the holding and disposition of common shares. This comment is restricted to holders of common shares each of whom, at all material times for the purposes of the Canadian Tax Act and the Convention, (i) is resident solely in the United States, (ii) is entitled to the full benefits of the Convention, (iii) holds all common shares as capital property, (iii) holds no common shares that are “taxable Canadian property” (within the meaning of the Canadian Tax Act) of the holder, (iv) deals at arm’s length with and is not affiliated with Ritchie Bros., (v) does not and is not deemed to use or hold any common shares in a business carried on in Canada, and (vi) is not an insurer that carries on business in Canada and elsewhere (each such holder, a “U.S. Resident Holder”). Certain U.S.-resident entities that are fiscally transparent for United States federal income tax purposes (including limited liability companies) may not be regarded by the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) as entitled to the benefits of the Convention. Members of or holders of an interest in such an entity that holds common shares should consult their own tax advisers regarding the extent, if any, to which the CRA will extend the benefits of the Convention to the entity in respect of its common shares. Generally, a U.S. Resident Holder’s common shares will be considered to be capital property of a U.S. Resident Holder provided that the U.S. Resident Holder acquired the common shares as a long-term investment; is not a trader or dealer in securities; did not acquire, hold or dispose of the common shares in one or more transactions considered to be an adventure or concern in the nature of trade (i.e. speculation); and does not hold the common shares as inventory in the course of carrying on a business. This summary is based on the current provisions of the Canadian Tax Act and the Convention in effect on the date hereof, all specific proposals to amend the Canadian Tax Act and Convention publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) on or before the date hereof, and the current published administrative and assessing policies of the CRA. It is assumed that all such amendments will be enacted as currently proposed, and that there will be no other material change to any applicable law or administrative or assessing practice, whether by judicial, legislative, governmental or administrative decision or action, although no assurance can be given in these respects. Except as otherwise expressly provided, this summary does not take into account any provincial, territorial or foreign tax considerations, which may differ materially from those set out herein. This summary is of a general nature only and it is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice to any holder of common shares, and no representation with respect to Canadian federal income tax consequences to any holder of common shares is made herein. Accordingly, holders of common shares should consult their own tax advisers with respect to their individual circumstances. Ritchie Bros. 43 Disposition of common shares A U.S. Resident Holder will not be subject to tax under the Canadian Tax Act in respect of any capital gain realized by such U.S. Resident Holder on a disposition of common shares unless the common shares constitute “taxable Canadian property” (within the meaning of the Canadian Tax Act) of the U.S. Resident Holder at the time of disposition and the U.S. Resident Holder is not entitled to relief under the Convention. Generally, a U.S. Resident Holder’s common shares will not constitute “taxable Canadian property” of the U.S. Resident Holder at a particular time at which the common shares are listed on a “designated stock exchange” (which currently includes the TSX and NYSE) unless at any time during the 60-month period immediately preceding a disposition both of the following conditions are true: (i) the U.S. Resident Holder, any one or more persons with whom the U.S. Resident Holder does not deal at arm’s length, or any partnership in which the holder or persons with whom the holder did not deal at arm’s length holds a membership interest directly or indirectly through one or more partnerships, alone or in any combination, owned 25% or more of the issued shares of any class or series of our share capital; and (ii) more than 50% of the fair market value of the common shares was derived directly or indirectly from, or from any combination of, real or immovable property situated in Canada, “Canadian resource properties” (as defined in the Canadian Tax Act), “timber resource properties” (within the meaning of the Canadian Tax Act), or options in respect of, interests in or civil law rights in, such properties whether or not such properties exist. In certain circumstances, a common share may be deemed to be “taxable Canadian property” for purposes of the Canadian Tax Act. Even if the common shares constitute “taxable Canadian property” to a U.S. Resident Holder, under the Convention, such a U.S. Resident Holder will not be subject to tax under the Canadian Tax Act on any capital gain realized by such holder on a disposition of such common shares, provided the value of such common shares is not derived principally from real property situated in Canada (within the meaning of the Convention). U.S. Resident Holders whose shares may be taxable Canadian property should consult their own tax advisors. Dividends on common shares Under the Canadian Tax Act, dividends on shares paid or credited to a non-resident of Canada (or amounts paid or credited on account, or in lieu of payment of, or in satisfaction of, dividends) will be subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 25% of the gross amount of the dividends (subject to reduction under the provisions of any applicable tax treaty). Under the Convention, a U.S. resident that beneficially owns the dividends will generally be subject to Canadian withholding tax at the rate of 15% of the gross amount of such dividends unless the beneficial owner is a company which owns at least 10% of the voting shares of Ritchie Bros. at that time, in which case the rate of Canadian withholding tax is generally reduced to 5%. Ritchie Bros. 44 ITEM 6: SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2012 through December 31, 2016. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Prior to 2015, our consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”). All prior periods presented below have been restated from IFRS to U.S. GAAP. The following selected consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with “Part II, Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in “Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Also see “Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements” included in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (in U.S.$000's, except per share amounts) Consolidated Income Statements Data Revenues Operating income Income before income taxes Net income attributable to stockholders Earnings per share attributable to stockholders: Basic Diluted Consolidated Balance Sheets Data Working capital Total assets Long-term debt Contingently redeemable non-controlling interests Stockholders' equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data Dividends declared per common share Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash acquired Net capital spending 2016 566,395 135,722 130,494 91,832 0.86 0.85 125,164 1,599,533 595,706 - 687,057 0.66 45,511 29,785 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Year ended and as at December 31, 2015 515,875 174,840 176,436 136,214 1.27 1.27 140,133 1,120,115 97,915 24,785 703,176 0.60 12,107 14,152 $ $ $ $ $ 2014 481,097 127,927 129,038 90,981 0.85 0.85 140,482 1,121,510 110,846 17,287 691,932 0.54 - 29,595 $ $ $ $ $ 2013 467,403 136,959 134,755 93,644 0.88 0.87 110,205 1,161,985 177,234 8,303 686,095 0.51 - 37,066 $ $ $ $ $ 2012 437,955 116,714 112,015 80,593 0.76 0.75 96,180 1,132,428 200,746 3,504 653,084 0.47 55,617 55,298 Subsidiaries acquired as disclosed in the table above consist of Kramer in November 2016, Petrowsky in August 2016, Mascus in February 2016, Xcira in November 2015, and AssetNation in May 2012. Ritchie Bros. 45 ITEM 7: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS About Us Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (“Ritchie Bros.”, the “Company”, “we”, or “us”) (NYSE & TSX: RBA) is one of the world’s largest industrial auctioneers and used equipment distributors, selling more than $4.3 billion of used equipment and other assets during 2016. Our expertise, global reach, market insight and trusted brand provide us with a unique position in the used equipment market. We primarily sell used equipment for our customers through live unreserved auctions at 45 auction sites worldwide, which are simulcast online to reach a global bidding audience. During 2013, we added to our sales channels by launching EquipmentOne, an online-only used equipment marketplace, in order to reach a broader customer base. These two complementary used equipment brand solutions provide different value propositions to equipment owners and allow us to meet the needs and preferences of a wide spectrum of equipment sellers. In the past two years, we have also added a private brokerage service and an online listing service. Through our unreserved auctions, online marketplaces, and private brokerage services, we sell a broad range of used and unused equipment, including trucks and other assets. Construction and heavy machinery comprise the majority of the equipment sold through our multiple brand solutions. Customers selling equipment through our sales channels include end users (such as construction companies), equipment dealers, and other equipment owners (such as rental companies). Our customers participate in a variety of sectors, including heavy construction, transportation, agriculture, energy, and mining. Approximately half of what we sold during 2016 transacted online; through either online simulcast auction participation, or through EquipmentOne. In 2016, of the $4.3 billion of all items sold by us, $2.1 billion were sold to online buyers through these online solutions. We operate worldwide with locations in more than 15 countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands. Our corporate headquarters are located near Vancouver, Canada. We are a public company listed on both the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) under the ticker symbol “RBA” and, as of December 31, 2016, we had total equity market capitalization of approximately $3.6 billion. On November 4, 2015, we acquired a 75% interest in Xcira LLC (“Xcira”), a Florida-based company specializing in software and technology solutions related to online auction bidding and sales. Ritchie Bros. was one of Xcira’s first customers, and has worked very closely with Xcira over the past 14 years to customize Xcira’s solutions to meet our needs. Xcira primarily operates in the industrial auction space, but also offers solutions to auto, art, and other luxury item auctioneers. On February 19, 2016, we acquired a 100% interest in Mascus International Holding BV (“Mascus”), an Amsterdam-based company that operates a global online portal for the sale and purchase of heavy equipment and vehicles, with the largest online market presence in Europe for heavy machinery and trucks. Mascus offers subscriptions to equipment dealers, brokers, exporters, and equipment manufacturers to list equipment available for sale. In addition to online listing services, they also provide online advertising services, business tools, and other software solutions to many of the world’s leading equipment dealerships and equipment manufacturers. Founded in Scandinavia, Mascus has expanded over the past several years and now includes operations across Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America, catering to the construction, transport, agriculture, material handling, forestry, and grounds-care industries. On July 12, 2016, we completed our acquisition of the 49% non-controlling interest in Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (“RBFS”). RBFS provides equipment buyers with the confidence to make offers on equipment, trucks and other industrial assets, with pre-approved loans and financing arrangements. The business finances all brands of equipment and provides equipment buyers with the option to purchase assets at Ritchie Bros. auctions, Ritchie Bros. EquipmentOne, or through other brand solutions. Ritchie Bros. 46 RBFS has arrangements with a diverse group of financial partners to provide lending solutions that meet the specific needs of equipment owners and dealers. Services offered include pre-approved commercial equipment financing, re-financing, and leasing, as well as equipment dealer financing. Also on July 12, 2016, we announced our minority investment in Machinio Corp. (“Machinio”), a global search engine for finding, buying, and selling used machinery and equipment. With more active listings than any other website, Machinio is the most comprehensive real-time database of for-sale listings. Machinio connects hundreds of thousands of buyers each month with thousands of used machinery dealers from all over the world. Having launched in late 2012, Machinio is now the fastest growing online platform for used machinery. On August 1, 2016, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Petrowsky Auctioneers (“Petrowsky”), a Connecticut-based company that sold nearly $50 million worth of equipment and other assets at auctions in 2015, mostly in the New England, United States region. On August 29, 2016, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) pursuant to which Ritchie Bros. agreed to acquire a 100% interest in IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. (“IronPlanet”), a private company based in the United States, for approximately $740 million in cash plus the assumption of unvested equity interests in IronPlanet, subject to adjustment. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company will merge with and into IronPlanet, with the latter surviving the Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”). IronPlanet sold approximately $787 million worth of equipment and other assets through its sales channels during 2015, and has achieved a 25.2% compounded growth rate in assets sold from 2013 through 2015. Consummation of the Merger is subject to customary conditions, including (i) the expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott- Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, and procurement of certain foreign antitrust clearances; (ii) the absence of a material adverse change with respect to IronPlanet since the date of the Merger Agreement, as described in the Merger Agreement; (iii) the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States having provided written notice to the effect that review of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement has been concluded and has terminated all action under Section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended; and (iv) absent termination of IronPlanet’s registrations or withdrawal of registrations under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, the United States Department of State having concluded its review and not taken action to block or prevent the consummation of the Merger. On August 29, 2016, we entered into a Strategic Alliance and Remarketing Agreement (the “Alliance”) with IronPlanet, Inc. (“IronPlanet subsidiary”) and Caterpillar Inc. (“Caterpillar”). The Alliance is subject to, contingent upon, and will not be effective until consummation of the Merger. The Merger and Alliance are discussed further below under “strategy”. On November 15, 2016, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Kramer Auctions (“Kramer”), a leading Canadian agricultural auction company with exceptionally strong customer relationships in central Canada. Kramer operates approximately 75 on-the-farm auctions, four on site auctions, and eight livestock (bison) auctions each year, and sold more than 60 million Canadian dollars’ worth of agricultural equipment, real-estate, and other assets during the 12 months ended September 30, 2016. Overview The following discussion and analysis summarizes significant factors affecting our consolidated operating results and financial condition for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”, “Part II, Item 6: Selected Financial Data”, and the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is available on our website at www.rbauction.com, on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com. None of the information on our website, EDGAR, or SEDAR is incorporated by reference into this document by this or any other reference. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Ritchie Bros. 47 Our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. The date of this discussion is as of February 21, 2017. We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”). Except for Gross Auction Proceeds (“GAP”) and Gross Transaction Value (“GTV”) (both described below), which are measures of operational performance and not measures of financial performance, liquidity, or revenue, the amounts discussed below are based on our consolidated financial statements and are presented in United States (“U.S.”) dollars. Unless indicated otherwise, all tabular dollar amounts, including related footnotes, presented below are expressed in thousands of dollars. We make reference to various non-GAAP financial measures throughout this discussion and analysis. These measures do not have a standardized meaning, and are therefore unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. Consolidated Highlights Key fiscal year 2016 financial results include: (cid:120) Record annual revenues grew 10% in 2016 compared to 2015 (cid:120) Record annual Revenue Rate (as described below) of 13.07% in 2016, an increase of 93 basis points (“bps”) over 2015, supported by growing fee-based revenue streams (cid:120) $11.8 million of acquisition-related costs booked during 2016 (including costs related to impending acquisition of IronPlanet) (cid:120) Impairment loss of $28.2 million recognized on EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships (cid:120) $6.8 million charge related to the early termination of pre-existing debt; replaced with new $1.0 billion of credit facilities completed with bank syndicate in the fourth quarter of 2016 (cid:120) Diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) attributable to stockholders of $0.85 in 2016, a 33% decrease relative to diluted EPS of $1.27 in 2015 (cid:120) $177.6 million of net cash provided by operating activities during 2016, a 10% decrease over 2015 (cid:120) Record annual GAP of $4.3 billion in 2016, a 2% increase over 2015 Strategy The following discussion highlights how we acted on the three main drivers to our strategy during 2016. GROW Revenues and Net Income Our revenues are comprised of: (cid:120) commissions earned at our auctions where we act as an agent for consignors of equipment and other assets, as well as commissions on online marketplace sales; and (cid:120) fees earned in the process of conducting auctions through all our auction channels and from value-added service offerings, as well as subscription revenues from our listing and software services. Commissions from sales at our auctions represent the percentage we earn on GAP. GAP represents the total proceeds from all items sold at our auctions and the GTV of all items sold through our online marketplaces2. 2 GAP and GTV are measures of operational performance and are not measures of our financial performance, liquidity or revenue. GAP and GTV are not presented in our consolidated income statements. We believe that comparing GAP and GTV for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of our revenue and net income for the relevant financial period. Ritchie Bros. 48 GTV represents total proceeds from all items sold at our online marketplaces, as well as a buyers’ premium component applicable only to our online marketplace transactions. The majority of commissions are earned as a pre-negotiated fixed rate of the gross selling price. Other commissions are earned from underwritten contracts, when we guarantee a certain level of proceeds to a consignor or purchase inventory to be sold at auction. We believe that revenues are best understood by considering their relationship to GAP. We use Revenue Rate, which is calculated by dividing revenues by GAP, to determine the amount of GAP changes that flow through to our revenues. We are committed to pursuing growth initiatives that will further enhance our sector reach, drive geographic depth, meet a broader set of customer needs, and add scale to our operations. (cid:120) On August 1, 2016, we acquired Petrowsky, significantly enhancing our market presence in the New England, United States region and providing Ritchie Bros. with a new live reserve auction platform. Petrowsky’s auction sales are well aligned with Ritchie Bros.’ sector focus as they cater largely to equipment sellers in the construction and transportation industries. Petrowsky also serves customers selling assets in the underground utility, waste recycling, marine, and commercial real estate industries. The business operates one permanent auction site, in North Franklin, United States, which will continue to hold auctions, and also specializes in off-site auctions held on the land of the consignor. All Petrowsky auctions are also simulcast live online, allowing online bidders to participate. The Petrowsky brand will be maintained as a brand extension within the Ritchie Bros. family of brands, given its strong and loyal customer base and its offering of reserve auction options. (cid:120) On August 29, 2016, we announced the Merger Agreement with IronPlanet. We believe that the Merger will accelerate our customer-centric, multi-channel diversification strategy by increasing customer choice, enhancing online offerings, and providing penetration into large, additional sectors. The Merger is expected to significantly increase revenue and net income by using the strength of our balance sheet. Founded in 1999, IronPlanet complements Ritchie Bros.’ primarily end-user customer base, as it focuses largely on the needs of corporate accounts, equipment manufacturers, dealers, and government entities in equipment disposition solutions. It conducts sales primarily through online-only platforms, with weekly online auctions and in other equipment marketplaces. (cid:120) On August 29, 2016, we entered into the Alliance, which provides that upon consummation of the Merger, Caterpillar shall designate Ritchie Bros. as a ‘preferred’ but nonexclusive provider of online and on-site auctions and marketplaces (including those of IronPlanet) in the countries where we do business. In exchange for this designation, Caterpillar will receive commission rate discounts to our standard rates, as well access to certain data and information. We believe the Alliance will significantly strengthen our relationship with Caterpillar dealers. (cid:120) On November 15, 2016, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Kramer. This acquisition is expected to significantly strengthen our penetration of Canada’s agricultural sector and add key talent to our Canadian Ag sales and operations teams. Operating for more than 65 years, Kramer has established a leading market position in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba as a premier agricultural auctioneers, offering both on-the-farm and on site live auctions for customers selling equipment, livestock, and real-estate in the agricultural sector. The family-owned and operated business has developed deep, loyal customer relationships over three generations of management by the Kramer family. Like us, Kramer conducts its auctions on an unreserved basis. EquipmentOne is a key part of a full-service offering to provide our customers with a menu of options that cater to their needs at different points of their asset disposition journey. The strategy of offering EquipmentOne and other sales channels alongside our core auction service is a key step in developing a truly multi- channel offering to our market. (cid:120) During 2016, GTV at EquipmentOne increased 23% compared to 2015. (cid:120) Our EquipmentOne marketplace was expanded into Canada in the third quarter of 2015, contributing full year revenues in 2016. (cid:120) EquipmentOne launched its Enterprise Software Solution (“ESS”) in 2016, which provides a portal for dealer-to-dealer equipment sales. Dealer-to-dealer sales accounted for $29.6 million of the total $148.0 million of GTV in 2016, generating revenues of $0.6 million. Ritchie Bros. 49 The addition of Ritchie Bros. Private Treaty and Mascus (our listing service), as well as the acquisition of the minority interest in Ritchie Bros. Financial Services, will also contribute to revenue and earnings growth for the Company. (cid:120) On February 19, 2016, we acquired Mascus, a leading global online equipment listing service. The acquisition expands the breadth of equipment disposition and management solutions we can offer our customers. Mascus operates a vibrant online equipment listing service with over 360,000 items for sale and 3.3 million monthly website visits across 58 countries and in 42 languages. The business also provides equipment sellers with a turn-key suite of business tools and software solutions. Mascus customers will benefit from our deep equipment experience and extensive global buying audience, providing further global exposure for Mascus equipment listings. (cid:120) On July 12, 2016, we completed our acquisition of the 49% non-controlling interest in RBFS and announced our strategic investment in Machinio. In 2015, RBFS received more than $1 billion of credit applications and facilitated $222 million in equipment financing for Ritchie Bros. customers – representing 31% growth in funded loans compared to 2014, and 116% growth compared to 2013. RBFS acts as an intermediary with select lending partners to find financing solutions for customers purchasing equipment, including loans and lease-to-own programs. RBFS does not utilize Ritchie Bros. capital in its financing activities. These corporate development initiatives are expected to help position us for future growth and further extend our involvement in the digital innovation of the equipment industry. We will also continue to focus on accelerating our strategic accounts growth and improving the overall performance and use of our underwritten contracts. (cid:120) Underwritten contract performance improved significantly in 2016 relative to 2015, with a year-over-year increase in Revenue Rate from underwritten contracts. (cid:120) During 2016, we continued to be diligent in our valuations and methodology as it pertains to sectors that continue to experience pressure, including oil and gas and mining, in order to compete effectively and grow the business in those sectors. (cid:120) New leadership was appointed to oversee the Strategic Accounts team in order drive better results from this area of the business. DRIVE Efficiencies and Effectiveness We plan to take advantage of opportunities to improve the overall effectiveness of our organization by enhancing sales productivity, modernizing and integrating our legacy IT systems and optimizing business processes. (cid:120) During 2016 we implemented many technology and business process solutions to drive operational efficiency, which drove better auction site-to-head office data sharing, improved the customer payment and load-out experience, and enhanced our mobile bidding technology. o As an example, during the second quarter of 2016, our first ‘quick win’ project was successfully launched. This project involved an integration of our auction site operational processes with our administrative office accounting procedures. By automating the post-sale customer receipt process, we were able to greatly reduce the amount of time and expense required to match customer receipts with sale invoices, thereby ensuring timely release of customer equipment purchased at auction. These time savings have enabled our personnel to focus on customer needs and improve the customer experience. The project qualified as a ‘quick win’ due to the minimal capital expenditure that was required, the short implementation timeframe, and the fact that it drove significant efficiencies in our post-sale processes. (cid:120) Also in early 2016, we implemented a new capital expenditure approval process, which included the establishment of a Capital Committee to review and approve all significant capital information technology projects. The primary goal of the Capital Committee is to continue to control our capital expenditure, maximizing returns on information technology investments and realizing ‘quick wins’ with respect to process and customer service improvements. We are also implementing formal performance measurement metrics to gauge our effectiveness and progress, and will better align our executive compensation plans with our new strategy and key targets. Ritchie Bros. 50 (cid:120) Scorecards of key performance metrics are consistently measured and shared externally each quarter and internally more frequently. (cid:120) In early 2016, we initiated a revision to our short-term incentive plans for all management levels. This revision simplified the plans to focus on three rather than four financial measures. For directors and above, the revision prioritizes financial measures above individual goals, with a minimum of 70% of the short- term incentive based on financial results, as opposed to a 50% minimum. We believe that such a shift will better align employee incentives with our objective of increasing shareholder value. We also continue to evaluate ways to most effectively structure our organization to enhance the agility of our business, and speed up our decision making processes, to better serve our customers. (cid:120) Direct income statement responsibility has been allocated to key leadership roles. (cid:120) A regional structure has provided enhanced agility to cater to the unique regional preferences and needs of our customers. (cid:120) In addition, we announced the following appointments, which improved the alignment of our organizational structure: Becky Alseth as Chief Marketing Officer effective January 4, 2016; and Marianne Marck as Chief Information Officer effective April 18, 2016. OPTIMIZE our Balance Sheet Our business model provides us with the ability to generate strong cash flows. Cash flow represents our ability to convert revenue into cash, and provides a meaningful indication of the strength of our business. During 2016, we continued to focus not only on profit growth but also on enhancing cash flow and optimizing return on average invested capital by reviewing contract structures and evaluating auction site returns. We calculate the GAAP measure return on average invested capital directly from our consolidated financial statements by dividing net income attributable to stockholders by our average invested capital. During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company closed its Beijing, China auction site by terminating the lease early. Ritchie Bros. will continue to conduct off- site auctions in China, which drive better returns than auctions that were held at the Beijing auction site. During 2016 we also adjusted our capital structure, securing additional long-term debt sufficient to finance the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement: (cid:120) On August 29 ,2016, in connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, we obtained a financing commitment (the “Commitment Letter”) from Goldman Sachs Bank USA (“GS Bank”) pursuant to which GS Bank was committed to provide (i) a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million (the “Revolving Facility”), and (ii) a senior unsecured bridge loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $850.0 million (the “Bridge Facility”, and together with the Revolving Facility, the “Facilities”). (cid:120) On October 27, 2016, we closed a new five-year credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders, including Bank of America, N.A. (“BofA”) and Royal Bank of Canada, which provides us with: 1) Multicurrency revolving facilities of up to $675.0 million (the “Multicurrency Facilities”); 2) A delayed-draw term loan facility of up to $325.0 million (the “Delayed-Draw Facility” and together, the “New Facilities”); and 3) At our election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental term loan facilities and/or increases to the Multicurrency Facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50 million. (cid:120) In conjunction with the closing of the Credit Agreement, we terminated the entire $150 million Revolving Facility and $350 million of the $850 million Bridge Facility. Debt from the Credit Agreement will initially be used to finance the Merger with IronPlanet. (cid:120) On December 21, 2016, the Company completed an offering of $500 million of senior unsecured notes (the “Notes”), due 2025. Proceeds from the sale of the Notes will be primarily used to finance the Acquisition. Funds from the Notes, a delayed-draw term loan under the Delayed-Draw Facility, the Multicurrency Facilities, as well as any cash on hand may also be used to pay transaction fees and expenses related the Acquisition. Ritchie Bros. 51 The gross proceeds from the Notes offering, together with any prefunded accrued interest, will be held in an escrow account pending the consummation of the Acquisition. The Notes were issued at par with a maturity date of January 15, 2025. The Notes accrue interest at a rate of 5.375% per year, with interest to be paid semi-annually on each January 15 and July 15, commencing January 15, 2017. (cid:120) In conjunction with the issuance of the Notes, we terminated the remaining $500 million of the Bridge Facility. (cid:120) On March 1, 2016, we were granted approval of a new normal course issuer bid by the TSX to allow us to continue pursuing share repurchases through both the NYSE and the TSX. In March 2016, we repurchased 1.46 million of our common shares at a total cost of $36.7 million in order to address option dilution, consistent with our capital allocation priorities. (cid:120) Also during 2016, we paid dividends of $70.5 million to our stockholders. In total we returned $107.2 million to our stockholders as we executed on our capital allocation strategy during 2016. We also managed our net capital spending such that it remains well below our target of 10% of our revenues on a trailing 12-month basis. We calculate the GAAP measure net capital spending directly from our consolidated statement of cash flows by adding property, plant and equipment additions to intangible asset additions, and subtracting proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment. Used Equipment Market Update The used equipment market remained stable until late in the third quarter of 2016. At the end of the third quarter of 2016, we saw a marginal improvement in pricing, which continued into the fourth quarter. However, pricing remained lower than the used equipment valuation peak that occurred in the first quarter of 2015. We continued to see performance vary among asset sectors and geographies. Sectors that had been under extreme downward pressure in previous quarters, including those tied to commodities such as the oil and gas and mining sectors, saw some positive movement in commodity pricing commencing late in the third quarter of 2016 and continuing into the fourth quarter. As a result, we started to see some assets that had been immobile since early 2015 slowly begin to be utilized in certain geographies. Comparatively, the transportation sector, especially in North America, has remained under pressure since early 2016 when there was an excess of transportation assets that came to market. We believe this excess fleet turnover was the source of some price deterioration for transportation assets in 2016. In terms of equipment values, North America continued to be our strongest geographical region for most of 2016, responding most favorably to changes in commodity pricing and the overall economic environment. In early 2016, uncertainty in the macro economic environment negatively impacted both demand for equipment as well as equipment values, particularly in North America. However, near the end of 2016, we saw some stabilization in that regard. Australia responded favorably to the commodity price improvement that occurred late in the third quarter and into the fourth quarter of 2016, experiencing some uplift in the value of assets tied to commodities. We also continued to see an improvement in the overall age of equipment coming to market relative to recent years; a trend that we believe results from the increase in OEM production that began in 2010 and is generating more transactions in the current used equipment marketplace, as well as creating larger pools of used equipment for future transactions. We continue to closely monitor new equipment production models, dealer and rental sales performance, and pricing actions in light of pressures in the broader industrial equipment sector. Ritchie Bros. 52 Results of Operations Financial overview (in U.S.$000's, except EPS) Revenues Costs of services, excluding depreciation and amortization Selling, general and administrative expenses Acquisition-related costs Depreciation and amortization expenses Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment Impairment loss Foreign exchange loss (gain) Operating income Operating income margin Other income (expense) Income tax expense Net income attributable to stockholders Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders Effective tax rate GAP Revenue Rate Gross Auction Proceeds Year ended December 31, $ $ $ 2016 566,395 66,062 283,529 11,829 40,861 (1,282) 28,243 1,431 135,722 24.0% (5,228) 36,982 91,832 0.85 28.3% 4,334,815 13.07% $ $ $ 2015 515,875 56,026 254,389 601 42,032 (9,691) - (2,322) 174,840 33.9% 1,596 37,861 136,214 1.27 21.5% 4,247,635 12.14% $ $ $ 2014 481,097 57,884 248,220 - 44,536 (3,512) 8,084 (2,042) 127,927 26.6% 1,111 36,475 90,981 0.85 28.3% 4,212,641 11.42% Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 10% 18% 11% 1868% (3)% (87)% 100% (162)% (22)% -990bps (428)% (2)% (33)% (33)% 7% (3)% 2% 100% (6)% 176% (100)% 14% 37% 730bps 44% 4% 50% 49% 680 bps -680 bps 2% 93bps 1% 72bps 2016 performance GAP was $4.3 billion for 2016, a 2% increase over 2015. Included in GAP for 2016 is $148.0 million of GTV from our online marketplaces, which represents a 23% increase over GTV of $120.0 million in 2015. 2016 GTV includes $29.6 million of assets that transacted on a dealer-to-dealer basis on EquipmentOne’s online marketplaces primarily due to the launch of EquipmentOne’s ESS in 2016. Revenues earned on these dealer-to-dealer transactions were $0.6 million in 2016. Dealer-to-dealer transactions on EquipmentOne’s online marketplaces were not significant prior to the introduction of ESS in 2016. The increase in GAP is primarily due to an increase in the number of core auction lots year-over-year. The total number of lots at industrial and agricultural auctions grew 12%, increasing to 437,300 in 2016 from 390,300 in 2015. However, core auction GAP decreased 9% on a per-lot basis to $9,600 in 2016 from $10,600 in 2015. This decrease is primarily due to the mix and age of equipment that came to market in 2016. We also believe the macro economic environment uncertainties, particularly in North America, negatively impacted equipment demand and pricing and contributed to the decrease in core auction GAP per lot year-over-year. We saw a peak in used equipment values in the first quarter of 2015 that did not recur in 2016. Ritchie Bros. 53 GAP, on a U.S. dollar basis, grew in Canada and the United States in 2016 compared to 2015. However, this growth was partially offset by a reduction in GAP in Europe over the same comparative period. GAP in the rest of the world grew during 2016 compared to 2015. GAP in 2016 would have been $58.4 million higher, resulting in a 3% increase over 2015, if foreign exchange rates had remained consistent with those in 2015. This adverse effect on GAP is primarily due to the declining value of the Canadian dollar and the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar. During 2016, we continued to actively pursue the use of underwritten contracts from a strategic perspective, entering into such contracts only when the risk/reward profile of the terms were agreeable. The volume of underwritten contracts decreased to 25% of our GAP in 2016 from 29% in 2015, primarily due to the underwritten contracts associated with the Casper, Wyoming, offsite auction that was held on March 25, 2015. Straight commission contracts continue to account for the majority of our GAP. 2015 performance GAP was $4.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2015, a 1% increase over 2014. Included in 2015 GAP is $120.0 million of GTV from our online marketplaces, which represents a 13% increase over GTV of $106.1 million in 2014. The increase in GAP is primarily due to an increase in the number of core auction lots year-over-year. The total number of lots at industrial and agricultural auctions grew 10%, increasing to 390,300 in 2015 from 355,200 in 2014. However, core auction GAP decreased 9% on a per-lot basis to $10,600 in 2015 from $11,600 in 2014. GAP, on a U.S. dollar basis, grew in the United States and Canada in 2015 compared to 2014. However, this growth was partially offset by reductions in GAP in Europe and the rest of the world year-over-year. 2015 GAP would have been $319.4 million higher, resulting in an 8% increase over 2014, if foreign exchange rates had remained consistent with those in 2014. This adverse effect on GAP is primarily due to the declining value of the Canadian dollar and the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar. The volume of underwritten contracts decreased to 29% of our GAP in 2015 from 31% in 2014. Revenues and Revenue Rate (in U.S. $000's) United States Canada Europe Other Revenues Ritchie Bros. Year ended December 31, $ $ 2016 278,198 187,699 52,809 47,689 566,395 $ $ 2015 257,824 166,528 48,419 43,104 515,875 $ $ 2014 223,770 154,392 58,782 44,153 481,097 Better/(Worse) 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 8% 13% 9% 11% 10% 15% 8% (18)% (2)% 7% 54 Our commission rate and overall Revenue Rate are presented in the graph below: Quarterly commission rate and Revenue Rate five-year history The distribution of our revenues across the geographic regions in which we operate was as follows, where the geographic location of revenues corresponds to the location in which the sale occurred, or in the case of online sales, where the company earning the revenues is incorporated: Revenue distribution Year ended December 31, 2016 Year ended December 31, 2015 Year ended December 31, 2014 Canada Outside of Canada United States Europe Other 33% 32% 32% 67% 68% 68% 49% 50% 47% 9% 9% 12% 9% 9% 9% 2016 performance Revenues increased 10% in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to a strong Revenue Rate and volume increases in GAP. Included in 2016 revenues were $16.5 million of revenues from EquipmentOne, which represents a 9% increase over EquipmentOne revenues of $15.1 million in 2015. Our Revenue Rate increased 93 bps to an annual record 13.07% in 2016 compared to 12.14% in 2015. This increase is primarily due to our underwritten contract performance combined with an increase in fee revenue, which is not directly linked to GAP. Our overall average commission rate was 9.78% in 2016, compared to 9.54% in 2015. This increase is primarily due to the performance of our underwritten business. While our underwritten contract volume decreased during 2016 compared to 2015, our underwritten contract commission rates increased over the same comparative period. Our fee revenue earned in 2016 represented 3.28% of GAP compared to 2.60% of GAP in 2015. The increase was primarily due to an increase in financing and other fees resulting from the improved performance of our value-added service offerings, combined with the mix of equipment sold at our auctions. Financing fees from RBFS increased 30% to $12.8 million in 2016 from $9.8 million in 2015. Mascus contributed $7.5 million of subscription, license, and other fee revenues in 2016. Xcira contributed $4.6 million of technology service fees in 2016, compared to $0.9 million on 2015. Revenue grew in Canada, the United States, Europe, and the rest of the world in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily as a result of increases in GAP, Revenue Rates, and the acquisition of new businesses. Ritchie Bros. 55 Foreign exchange rates had a negative impact on revenues in 2016 as a significant portion of revenues are in Canada and the Netherlands. Refer to the table under “Translational impact of foreign exchange rates” below for details of the foreign exchange rate impact. 2015 performance Revenues increased 7% in 2015 over 2014 primarily due to an improved commission rate, increased fees, and volume increases in GAP. Included in 2015 revenues is $15.1 million of revenues from our online marketplaces, which represents a 15% increase over revenues from online marketplaces of $13.2 million in 2014. Our Revenue Rate increased 72 bps to 12.14% in 2015 compared to 11.42% in 2014, and our overall average commission rate was 9.54% in 2015 compared to 9.00% in 2014. These increases are primarily due to the disciplined execution of our underwritten contracts. Our underwritten contract commission rates and volume increased in 2015 compared to 2014. Our fee income earned in 2015 was 2.60% of GAP compared to 2.42% of GAP in 2014. The increase was primarily due to the mix of equipment sold at our auctions combined with an increase in financing fees resulting from the improved performance of our value-added services. Financing fees from RBFS increased 33% to $9.8 million in 2015 from $7.4 million in 2014. Xcira contributed $0.9 million of technology service fees to 2015 fee income. Revenue grew in the United States in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily as a result of increases in GAP and Revenue Rate in that region. Foreign exchange rates had a negative impact on revenues in 2015. Refer to the table under “Translational impact of foreign exchange rates” below for details of the foreign exchange rate impact. Costs of services Costs of services are comprised of expenses incurred in direct relation to conducting auctions, earning online marketplace revenues, and earning other fee revenues. Costs incurred in direct relation to conducting our auctions include labour, buildings, facilities and technology expenses, and travel, advertising and promotion expenses. Typically, agricultural auctions and auctions located in frontier regions are costlier than auctions held at our permanent and regional auction sites as they do not benefit from economies of scale and frequency. Costs of services incurred to earn online marketplace revenues include inventory management, referral, inspection, sampling, and appraisal fees. Costs of services incurred in earning other fee revenues include labour, commissions on sales, software maintenance fees, and materials. 2016 performance Costs of services increased $10.0 million or 18% in 2016 compared to 2015. Costs of services related to our Core Auction reportable segment were $63.6 million, or 1.47% of GAP, in 2016 compared to $56.0 million, or 1.32% of GAP, in 2015. This $7.5 million increase is primarily due to the increase in number of lots at our auctions, the increase in the number of agricultural auctions and auctions located in frontier regions, the recognition of costs of services from Xcira of $2.8 million, and a strategic increase in advertising and promotional expenditure targeted at our larger auctions, including our five-day, premier global auction in Orlando, United States. We believe the targeted increase in advertising and promotional expenditure contributed to the increase in GAP. During 2016, 87% of our GAP was attributable to auctions held at our permanent and regional auction sites, including those located in frontier regions, compared to 85% in 2015. We held 356 auctions in 2016, compared to 345 in 2015. The proportion of GAP earned at those sites decreased over the same comparative period. EquipmentOne and Mascus contributed $1.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, to our total costs of services in 2016. Prior to fiscal 2016, costs of services generated by EquipmentOne were insignificant and recorded within SG&A expenses. Ritchie Bros. 56 2015 performance Costs of services decreased $1.9 million or 3% in 2015 compared to 2014. Costs of services related to our Core Auction reportable segment were $56.0 million, or 1.32% of GAP, in 2015 compared to $57.9 million, or 1.37% of GAP, in 2014. This $1.9 million decrease is primarily due to the increase in number auctions held at our permanent and regional auction sites year-over-year. During 2015, 85% of our GAP was attributable to auctions held at our permanent and regional auction sites, including those located in frontier regions, compared to 86% in 2014. We held 345 auctions in 2015, compared to 349 in 2014. The proportion of GAP earned at those sites increased over the same comparative period. Selling, general and administrative expenses SG&A expenses by nature are presented below: (in U.S. $000's) Employee compensation Buildings, facilities and technology Travel, advertising and promotion Professional fees Other SG&A expenses $ $ 2016 180,929 49,219 24,384 13,344 15,653 283,529 $ $ 2015 166,227 41,404 22,307 12,500 11,951 254,389 $ $ 2014 159,398 41,725 22,454 11,480 13,163 248,220 % Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 9% 19% 9% 7% 31% 11% 4% (1)% (1)% 9% (9)% 2% Year ended December 31, Prior period acquisition-related costs have been reclassified and presented separately from SG&A expenses to conform with current period presentation. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the definition of acquisition-related costs was expanded to include continuing employment costs incurred to retain key employees for a specified period of time following a business acquisition. This change was applied retrospectively and resulted in a further reclassification of SG&A expenses to acquisition-related costs. The following table summarizes the amounts reclassified between SG&A expenses and acquisition-related expenses on a retrospective basis: (in U.S.$000's) Year ended December 31, 2015: SG&A expenses Acquisition-related costs Three months ended March 31, 2016: SG&A expenses Acquisition-related costs Three months ended June 30, 2016: SG&A expenses Acquisition-related costs Three months ended September 30, 2016: SG&A expenses Acquisition-related costs Previously reported 254,990 - 68,307 - 74,595 - 69,000 4,691 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Reclassified Current presentation (601) $ 601 254,389 601 (1,197) $ 1,197 (603) $ 603 (707) $ 707 67,110 1,197 73,992 603 68,293 5,398 2016 performance Our SG&A expenses increased $29.1 million, or 11%, in 2016 compared to 2015. Foreign exchange rates had a positive impact on SG&A expenses in 2016 as a significant portion of administration expenses are in Canada and the Netherlands. Refer to the table under “Translational impact of foreign exchange rates” below for details of the foreign exchange rate impact. Ritchie Bros. 57 Employee compensation expenses increased $14.7 million 2016 compared to 2015. This increase included a positive effect from foreign exchange rates of $2.6 million. Removing foreign exchange impacts, the primary drivers of the increase in employee compensation were the 8% net growth of our headcount (excluding Mascus and Xcira), $6.3 million mark-to-market fair value changes in our liability-classified share units, $3.1 million from Mascus, and $2.1 million from Xcira, and $0.7 million from Petrowsky. The overall increase in the fair value of our liability-classified share units in 2016 compared to 2015 is related to the performance of our common share price. Our share price closed at $34.00 per common share on December 31, 2016 compared to $24.11 per common share on December 31, 2015. Employee compensation expenses in 2016 included $0.7 million in termination benefits resulting from the Separation Agreement with our former President, US & LATAM, which compares to $2.1 million in termination benefits in 2015 resulting from the Separation Agreement with our former Chief Sales Officer. Buildings, facilities and technology costs increased $7.8 million in 2016 compared to 2015. This increase is primarily attributable to our value-added service offerings, and in particular, the costs required to support the growing fee revenues generated by that business. Mascus, Petrowsky, and Xcira contributed $0.7 million, $0.2 million, and $0.2 million, respectively, in 2016. Travel, advertising and promotion increased $2.1 million in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to an increase in rental fees as a result of a replacement of our aged and retired company vehicles with new vehicles under operating leases. Mascus contributed $0.6 million of the increase, and we also participated in more tradeshows in 2016 compared to 2015. Other SG&A increased $3.7 million in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily attributable to our value-added service offerings, and in particular, the costs required to support the growing fee revenues generated by that business. During 2016, we also incurred higher value-added tax and surtaxes in Beijing, China, as well as greater bank charges associated with the New Facilities and the Notes. Included in SG&A expenses for 2016 are $12.9 million of SG&A expenses from EquipmentOne, which decreased 6% over EquipmentOne SG&A expenses of $13.7 million in 2015. 2015 performance Our SG&A expenses increased $6.2 million, or 2%, in 2015 compared to 2014, less than half the rate of our revenue growth. Foreign exchange rates had a positive impact on SG&A expenses in 2015 as a significant portion of administration expenses are in Canada and the Netherlands. Refer to the table under “Translational impact of foreign exchange rates” below for details of the foreign exchange rate impact. Employee compensation expenses increased $6.8 million 2015 compared to 2014. This increase included a positive effect from foreign exchange rates of $14.5 million. Removing foreign exchange impacts, the primary drivers of the increase in employee compensation were $12.0 million higher incentive compensation, 4% net growth of our headcount (excluding Xcira), annual merit increases, $2.1 million in termination benefits resulting from the Separation Agreement with our former Chief Sales Officer, $0.7 million higher stock option compensation and share unit expenses, and $0.6 million from Xcira. These increases were partially offset by $5.5 million of management reorganization costs in 2014. The increase in incentive compensation in 2015 over 2014 is a direct result of the improved performance of the business and achievement of key performance metrics targets. The majority of this impact was realized in the fourth quarter of 2015 due to the fact that as a result of the seasonality of our business, we accrue for incentive compensation at target levels during the first three quarters of the year, adjusting for actual performance in the fourth quarter. This adjustment accounted for an increase in the quarterly incentive compensation accrual during the fourth quarter of 2015 of approximately $3.2 million compared to the first, second, and third quarters of 2015. Ritchie Bros. 58 Comparatively, the adjustment in the fourth quarter of 2014 accounted for a decrease in the quarterly incentive compensation accrual of approximately $0.7 million compared to the preceding three quarters of 2014. The increase in share-based payment expenses over the same period is primarily due to increased grants related to certain new executives and the accelerated vesting of stock options and share units related to executive departures in 2015. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in the fair value of our share units related to the performance of our share price, which closed at $24.11 per common share on December 31, 2015 compared to $26.89 per common share on December 31, 2014. Included in 2015 SG&A expense is $13.7 million of SG&A expenses from EquipmentOne, which decreased 7% over EquipmentOne SG&A expenses of $14.8 million in 2014. Acquisition-related costs Acquisition-related costs consist of operating expenses directly incurred as part of a business combination, due diligence and integration planning related to the Acquisition, and continuing employment costs that are recognized separately from our business combinations. Business combination, due diligence, and integration operating expenses include advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other professional or consulting fees, as well as travel and securities filing fees. 2016 performance Acquisition-related costs for 2016 consisted of $8.2 million, $1.7 million, $1.1 million, $0.6 million, and $0.2 million associated with IronPlanet, Mascus, Xcira, Petrowsky, and Kramer, respectively. 2015 performance Acquisition-related costs for the 2015 consisted of $0.6 million associated with Xcira. Depreciation and amortization expenses 2016 performance Our depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $1.2 million, or 3%, in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to the positive impact of foreign exchange rate changes. Included in 2016 depreciation and amortization expenses are $2.6 million of depreciation and amortization expenses from EquipmentOne, which represents a 12% decrease over depreciation and amortization expenses from online marketplaces of $3.0 million in 2015. 2015 performance Our depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $2.5 million, or 6%, in 2015 compared to 2014, primarily due to the positive impact of foreign exchange rate changes combined with assets related to our website development becoming fully depreciated in 2015. The positive impact from foreign exchange is primarily due to the declining value of the Canadian dollar and the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar. Included in 2015 depreciation and amortization expenses are $3.0 million of depreciation and amortization expenses from EquipmentOne, which represents an 18% decrease over depreciation and amortization expenses from online marketplaces of $3.7 million in 2014. Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment 2016 performance Gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment primarily consist of $0.7 million in gains on the disposal of Company vehicles and yard equipment throughout 2016, as well as a $0.5 million gain on the sale of excess land in Denver, United States, that was realized the third quarter of 2016. Ritchie Bros. 59 2015 performance Gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment primarily consist of an $8.4 million gain on sale of excess land in Edmonton, Canada in the fourth quarter of 2015, a $3.4 million gain on the sale of our former auction site in Grande Prairie, Canada in the third quarter of 2014, and a $9.2 million gain on the sale of excess land in Prince Rupert, Canada in the fourth quarter of 2013. Due to their significance and the fact that they are non-recurring, these gains have been presented as adjusting items and excluded from our adjusted results, where applicable. Impairment loss 2016 performance During the third quarter of 2016, we identified an indicator of impairment on our EquipmentOne reporting unit. The indicator consisted of a decline in actual and forecasted revenue and operating income compared with previously projected results, which was primarily due to the recent performance of the EquipmentOne reporting unit. Accordingly, we performed an impairment test that resulted in the recognition of an impairment loss of $28.2 million on our EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships as at September 30, 2016. Refer to “Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions” below for details of the EquipmentOne reporting unit impairment testing. This impairment loss has been presented as an adjusting item and excluded from our adjusted results, where applicable. 2015 performance There was no impairment loss in 2015. In 2014, we recognized an $8.1 million impairment loss on our property in Japan. This impairment loss has been presented as an adjusting item and excluded from our adjusted results, where applicable. Operating income 2016 performance Operating income decreased $39.1 million, or 22% to $135.7 million in 2016 compared to $174.8 million in 2015. This decrease is primarily due to the impairment loss recognized on the EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships during the third quarter of 2016, combined with increases in SG&A expenses, acquisition-related costs, and costs of services, as well as a decrease in gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment. This decrease is partially offset by the increase in revenues year-over-year. Adjusted operating income3 (non-GAAP measure) decreased $2.5 million, or 1%, to $164.0 million in 2016 compared to $166.5 million in 2015. Operating income margin, which is our operating income divided by revenues, decreased 990 bps to 24.0% in 2016 compared to 33.9% in 2015. This decrease is primarily due to the impairment loss recognized on the EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships during the third quarter of 2016, combined with increases in SG&A expenses, acquisition-related costs, and costs of services, as well as a decrease in gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment. This decrease is partially offset by the increase in revenues year-over-year. Adjusted operating income margin4 (non-GAAP measure) decreased 340 bps to 28.9% in 2016 from 32.3% in 2015. 3 Adjusted operating income is a non-GAAP measure. We use income statement and balance sheet performance scorecards to align our operations with our strategic priorities. We concentrate on a limited number of metrics to ensure focus and to facilitate quarterly performance discussions. Our income statement scorecard includes the performance metric, adjusted operating income. We believe that comparing adjusted operating income for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of operating income for the relevant financial period. We calculate adjusted operating income by eliminating from operating income the pre-tax effects of significant non-recurring items that we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results, such as management reorganization costs, severance, gains/losses on sale of certain property, plant and equipment, impairment losses, and certain other items, which we refer to as ‘adjusting items’. Adjusted operating income is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. 4 Our income statement scorecard includes the performance metric, adjusted operating income margin, which is a non-GAAP measure. We believe that comparing adjusted operating income margin for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of our operating income for the relevant financial period. We calculate adjusted operating income margin by dividing adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) by revenues. Adjusted operating income margin is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non- GAAP Measures” below. Ritchie Bros. 60 Foreign exchange rates had a negative impact on operating income in 2016. Refer to the table under “Translational impact of foreign exchange rates” below for details of the foreign exchange rate impact. 2015 performance Operating income increased 37% to $174.8 million in 2015 compared to $127.9 million in 2014. This increase is primarily due to the GAP and revenue increases year-over-year, the pre-tax gain on disposal of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, of $8.4 million in 2015, and the $8.1 million impairment loss on our property in Japan in 2014. The increase is partially offset by increases in SG&A expenses in 2015 compared to 2014. Adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) increased $28.3 million, or 20%, to $166.5 million in 2015 compared to $138.2 million in 2014. Operating income margin, which is our operating income divided by revenues, increased to 33.9% in 2015 compared to 26.6% in 2014. This increase is primarily due to the GAP and revenue increases year-over-year, the pre-tax gain on disposal of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, of $8.4 million in 2015, and the $8.1 million impairment loss on our property in Japan in 2014. The increase is partially offset by increases in SG&A expenses in 2015 compared to 2014. Adjusted operating income margin (non-GAAP measure) increased 360 bps to 32.3% in 2015 from 28.7% in 2014. Foreign exchange rates had a negative impact on operating income in 2015. Refer to the table under “Translational impact of foreign exchange rates” below for details of the foreign exchange rate impact. Other income (expense) Other income (expense) is comprised of the following: (in U.S. $000's) Interest income Interest expense Equity income Debt extinguishment costs Other, net Other income (expense) Year ended December 31, $ $ $ 2016 1,863 (5,564) 1,028 (6,787) 4,232 (5,228) $ 2015 2,660 (4,962) 916 - 2,982 1,596 $ $ 2014 2,222 (5,277) 458 - 3,708 1,111 % Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 (30)% (12)% 12% (100)% 42% (428)% 20% 6% 100% - (20)% 44% Debt extinguishment costs were incurred in the fourth quarter of 2016 in association with the early termination of pre-existing long-term debt due in May 2022. 2016 interest expense includes $0.8 million of interest on the Notes from December 21, 2016 through December 31, 2016. The Notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 5.375% per annum on a principal balance of $500.0 million, which compares to the fixed rates of 4.225% and 3.59% per annum that were associated with the early-terminated Canadian dollar 34 million term loan and $30 million term loan, respectively. Income tax expense and effective tax rate At the end of each interim period, we make our best estimate of the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year. The estimate reflects, among other items, our best estimate of operating results. It does not include the estimated impact of foreign exchange rates or unusual and/or infrequent items, which may cause significant variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense and income before income taxes. 2016 performance Income tax expense was $37.0 million in 2016, compared to an income tax expense of $37.9 million in 2015. Our effective tax rate was 28.3% in 2016, compared to 21.5% in 2015. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to the higher estimate of non-deductible goodwill impairment loss and acquisition- related costs, partially offset by a greater estimated proportion of annual earnings taxed in jurisdictions with lower tax rates for fiscal 2016 compared to fiscal 2015. Ritchie Bros. 61 2015 performance For the year ended December 31, 2015, income tax expense was $37.9 million, compared to an income tax expense of $36.5 million in 2014 and $40.3 million in 2013. The 4% increase in income tax expense from 2014 to 2015 is partly a result of the 37% increase in income before income taxes over the same period. Our effective tax rate was 21.5% in 2015 compared to 28.3% in 2014. The decrease in effective tax rate in 2015 over 2014 was primarily due to a decrease in the valuation allowance on our tax assets, which resulted from a change in our assessment of our ability to realize deferred tax assets in light of new information that arose during our tax planning initiatives in the fourth quarter of 2015. This new information allowed us to recognize tax losses that had been carried forward from certain historical tax years. The utilization of these tax losses has been presented as an adjusting item and excluded from our adjusted results, where applicable. Net income 2016 performance Net income attributable to stockholders decreased $44.4 million, or 33%, to $91.8 million in 2016 compared to $136.2 million in 2015. This decrease is primarily due to the impairment loss recognized on the EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships during the third quarter of 2016, combined with increases in SG&A expenses, acquisition-related costs, and costs of services, as well as a decrease in gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment and the incurrence of debt extinguishment costs in the fourth quarter of 2016. This decrease is partially offset by the increase in revenues year-over-year. Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders5 (non-GAAP measure) increased $2.2 million, or 2%, to $123.3 million in 2016 from $121.1 million in 2015. Primarily for the same reasons noted above, net income decreased $45.1 million, or 33%, to $93.5 million in 2016 from $138.6 million in 2015. Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”)6 (non-GAAP measure) decreased $2.3 million, or 1%, to $210.1 million in 2016 from $212.4 million in 2015. Net income margin decreased 1040 bps to 16.5% in 2016 from 26.9% in 2015. This decrease is primarily due to the impairment loss recognized on the EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships during the third quarter of 2016, combined with increases in SG&A expenses, acquisition- related costs, and costs of services, as well as a decrease in gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment and the incurrence of debt extinguishment costs in the fourth quarter of 2016. This decrease is partially offset by the increase in revenues year-over-year. Adjusted EBITDA margin7 (non-GAAP measure) decreased 410 bps to 37.1% in 2016 from 41.2% in 2015. 5 Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that comparing adjusted net income attributable to stockholders for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income attributable to stockholders for the relevant financial period, and eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results. Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders represents net income attributable to stockholders excluding the effects of adjusting items and is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. 6 Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income when compared between different financial periods. Adjusted EBITDA is also an element of the performance criteria for certain performance share units we granted to our employees and officers in 2013 and 2014. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adding back depreciation and amortization expenses, interest expense, and current income tax expense, and subtracting interest income and deferred income tax recovery from net income excluding the pre-tax effects of adjusting items. Adjusted EBITDA is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non- GAAP Measures” below. 7 Adjusted EBITDA margin is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe provides useful information about the growth or decline of our net income when compared between different financial periods. Adjusted EBITDA margin presents adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) as a multiple of revenues. Adjusted EBITDA margin is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. Ritchie Bros. 62 Debt at December 31, 2016 represented 6.6 times net income as at and for the year ended December 31, 2016. This compares to debt at December 31, 2015, which represented 0.8 times net income as at and for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase in this debt/net income multiplier is primarily due to a net increase in long-term debt from December 31, 2015 to December 31, 2016, combined with the decrease in net income for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, as discussed above. The increase in debt is primarily due to the issuance of the Notes for a principal amount of $500.0 million in December 2016. Adjusted debt/adjusted EBITDA8 (non-GAAP measure) was 0.6 as at and for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 0.5 as at and for the year ended December 31, 2015. 2015 performance Net income attributable to stockholders increased $45.2 million, or 50%, to $136.2 million in 2015 compared to $91.0 million in 2014. This increase is primarily due to the GAP and revenue increases year-over-year, the pre-tax gain on disposal of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, of $8.4 million in 2015, and the $8.1 million impairment loss on our property in Japan in 2014. The increase is partially offset by increases in SG&A expenses in 2015 compared to 2014. Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) increased $20.7 million, or 21%, to $121.1 million in 2015 from $100.3 million in 2014. Primarily for the same reasons noted above, net income increased $46.0 million, or 50%, to $138.6 million in 2015 from $92.6 million in 2014. Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) decreased $25.5 million, or 14%, to $212.4 million in 2015 from $186.9 million in 2014. Net income margin increased 770 bps to 26.9% in 2015 from 19.2% in 2014. This increase is primarily due to the GAP and revenue increases year-over-year, the pre-tax gain on disposal of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, of $8.4 million in 2015, and the $8.1 million impairment loss on our property in Japan in 2014. The increase is partially offset by increases in SG&A expenses in 2015 compared to 2014. Adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP measure) increased 240 bps to 41.2% in 2015 from 38.8% in 2014. Debt at December 31, 2015 represented 0.8 times net income as at and for the year ended December 31, 2015. This compares to debt at December 31, 2014, which represented 1.3 times net income as at and for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in this debt/net income multiplier is primarily due to the increase net income for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, as discussed above, combined with a net decrease in long-term debt at December 31, 2015 compared to December 31, 2014. Debt/adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) was 0.5 as at and for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 0.6 as at and for the year ended December 31, 2014. 8 Our balance sheet scorecard includes the performance metric, adjusted debt/adjusted EBITDA, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that comparing adjusted debt/adjusted EBIDTA on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information about the performance of our operations, and in particular, it is an indicator of the amount of time it would take for us to settle both our short and long-term debt. We do not consider this to be a measure of our liquidity, which is our ability to settle only short-term obligations, but rather a measure of how well we fund liquidity. Measures of liquidity are discussed further below under “liquidity and capital resources”. We calculate adjusted debt/adjusted EBITDA by dividing adjusted debt (non- GAAP measure) by adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure). Adjusted debt (non-GAAP measure) is calculated as debt as reported in our consolidated financial statements reduced by long-term debt held in escrow. Adjusted debt/adjusted EBITDA is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. In prior periods, we calculated this metric as debt divided by adjusted EBITDA and called it ‘debt/adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure)’. In the current period, we changed the title, definition, and calculation of this non-GAAP measure as a result of the issue of the Notes, which are currently held in escrow and not currently accessible by us and, therefore, not contributing to the generation of net income. There was no impact on previously reported results of this metric since we have not historically been subject to our debt being held in escrow. We believe that by adjusting debt to remove funds we do not have access to, we are more accurately measuring our ability to fund liquidity. We anticipate reverting back to the original title, definition, and calculation of this metric when we no longer have debt in escrow. Ritchie Bros. 63 Diluted EPS 2016 performance Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders decreased 33% to $0.85 per share in 2016 from $1.27 per share in 2015. This decrease is primarily due to the decrease in net income attributable to stockholders, combined with a 25,320 increase in the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding over the same comparative period. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders9 (non-GAAP measure) increased 2% to $1.15 per share in 2016 from $1.13 per share in 2015. 2015 performance Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders increased 49% to $1.27 per share in 2015 from $0.85 per share in 2014. This increase is primarily due to the increase in net income attributable to stockholders, combined with a 222,354 decrease in the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding over the same comparative period. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) increased 22% to $1.13 per share in 2015 from $0.93 per share in 2014. Foreign exchange loss and effect of exchange rate movement on income statement components We conduct operations around the world in a number of different currencies, but our presentation currency is the U.S. dollar. In 2016, approximately 48% of our revenues and 58% of our operating expenses were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, compared to 45% and 58%, respectively in 2015. Transactional impact of foreign exchange rates We recognized $1.4 million of transactional foreign exchange losses in 2016, compared to $2.3 million of transactional foreign exchange gains during 2015. Foreign exchange losses and gains are primarily the result of settlement of foreign-denominated monetary assets and liabilities. Translational impact of foreign exchange rates Since late 2014, there has been significant weakening of the Canadian dollar and the Euro relative to the U.S. dollar. This weakening of the Canadian dollar and Euro has affected our reported operating income when non-U.S. dollar amounts were translated into U.S. dollars for financial statement reporting purposes. Constant Currency amounts and Translational FX Impact are non-GAAP financial measures. We calculate our Constant Currency amounts by applying prior period foreign exchange rates to current period transactional currency amounts. We define Translational FX Impact as the amounts we report under GAAP, less Constant Currency amounts. We believe that presenting Constant Currency amounts and Translational FX Impact, and comparing Constant Currency amounts to prior period results, provides useful information regarding the potential effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on our performance and the growth or decline in our operating income by eliminating the financial impact of items we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results. 9 Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders is a non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that comparing diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders for different financial periods provides useful information about the growth or decline of our diluted EPS attributable to stockholders for the relevant financial period, and eliminates the financial impact of adjusting items we do not consider to be part of our normal operating results. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders is calculated by dividing adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) by the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding. Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. Ritchie Bros. 64 The following tables present our Constant Currency results and Translational FX Impact for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, as well as reconcile those metrics to revenues, costs of services, SG&A expenses, acquisition-related costs, depreciation and amortization expenses, gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment, impairment loss, foreign exchange loss/gain, and operating income, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements: (in U.S. $000's) GAP Revenues Costs of services, excluding depreciation and amortization SG&A expenses Acquisition-related costs Depreciation and amortization expenses Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Impairment loss Foreign exchange loss (gain) Operating income (in U.S. $000's) GAP Revenues Costs of services, excluding depreciation and amortization SG&A expenses Acquisition-related costs Depreciation and amortization expenses Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Impairment loss Foreign exchange gain Operating income Ritchie Bros. As reported $ 4,334,815 566,395 66,062 283,529 11,829 40,861 (1,282) 28,243 1,431 135,722 $ $ 579 4,256 - 658 - - 414 868 Year ended December 31, 2016 Translational FX Impact 58,421 6,775 $ Constant Currency $ 4,393,236 573,170 2015 as reported $ 4,247,635 515,875 $ $ 2016 over 2015 reported change $ 87,180 50,520 Constant Currency change $ 145,601 57,295 % 2% $ 10% 66,641 287,785 11,829 56,026 254,389 601 10,036 29,140 11,228 18% 11% 1868% 10,615 33,396 11,228 41,519 42,032 (1,171) (3)% (513) (1,282) 28,243 1,845 136,590 $ (9,691) - (2,322) 174,840 $ Year ended December 31, 2015 Translational FX Impact 319,420 40,455 $ As reported $ 4,247,635 515,875 Constant Currency $ 4,567,055 556,330 2014 as reported $ 4,212,641 481,097 $ 56,026 254,389 601 4,537 22,362 - 60,563 276,751 601 -57,884 248,220 - 42,032 3,788 45,820 -44,536 (9,691) - (2,322) 174,840 $ $ (2,191) - (143) 12,102 $ (11,882) - (2,465) 186,942 $ (3,512) 8,084 (2,042) 127,927 $ $ $ 8,409 28,243 3,753 (39,118) (87)% 100% (162)% (22)% $ 8,409 28,243 4,167 (38,250) 2015 over 2014 reported change Constant Currency change $ 34,994 34,778 (1,858) 6,169 601 (2,504) (6,179) (8,084) (280) 46,913 % 1% $ 7% (3)% 2% 100% $ 354,414 75,233 2,679 28,531 601 (6)% 1,284 176% (100)% 14% 37% $ (8,370) (8,084) (423) 59,015 % 3% 11% 19% 13% 1868% (1)% (87)% 100% (179)% (22)% 8% 16% 5% 11% 100% 3% 238% (100)% 21% 46% 65 % (in U.S. $000's) GAP Revenues Costs of services, excluding depreciation and amortization SG&A expenses Depreciation and amortization expenses Gain on disposition of property, As reported $ 4,212,641 481,097 57,884 248,220 44,536 plant and equipment Impairment loss Foreign exchange gain Operating income (3,512) 8,084 (2,042) 127,927 $ $ U.S. dollar exchange rate comparison Value of one U.S. dollar3 Period-end exchange rate Canadian dollar Euro Average exchange rate Canadian dollar Euro Year ended December 31, 2014 Translational FX Impact 106,861 12,695 Constant Currency $ 4,319,502 493,792 $ 2014 over 2013 reported change $ % Constant Currency change $ % $ 394,872 13,694 10% $ 3% 501,733 26,389 59,375 255,564 45,853 1,491 7,344 1,317 (173) 683 183 1,850 -(3,685) 8,767 (1,859) 129,777 $ (10,552) - (28) 136,959 $ $ 3,876 4,484 1,256 7,040 8,084 (2,014) (9,032) 7% 2% 3% (67)% 100% 7193% (7)% $ 5,367 11,828 2,573 6,867 8,767 (1,831) (7,182) 2013 as reported $ 3,817,769 467,403 $ 54,008 243,736 43,280 13% 6% 10% 5% 6% (65)% 100% 6539% (5)% Year ended December 31, $ $ 2016 1.3442 0.9506 1.3256 0.9042 $ $ 2015 1.3839 0.9208 1.2788 0.9017 $ $ 2014 1.1621 0.8265 1.1048 0.7538 % Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 (3)% 3% 4% - 19% 11% 16% 20% The majority of the change in the value of the U.S. dollar to the Canadian dollar and the Euro occurred during the first quarter of 2015. Since that time, the U.S. dollar continued a more moderate appreciation against those currencies. The weakening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the Euro between December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016 substantially occurred during the third quarter of 2016. Operations Update The majority of our business continues to be generated by our core auction operations. During 2016, we conducted 233 unreserved industrial auctions at locations in North America, Central America, Europe, the Middle East, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia, compared to 229 during 2015. We also held 123 unreserved agricultural auctions in 2016, compared to 116 in 2015. Ritchie Bros. 66 Our key industrial auction metrics10 are shown below: Bidder registrations Consignments Buyers Lots Year ended December 31, 2016 549,000 53,450 138,400 398,500 2015 507,500 47,600 123,700 354,500 2014 463,500 45,250 112,850 319,500 % Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 8% 12% 12% 12% 9% 5% 10% 11% We saw increases in all key industrial auction metrics in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily as a result of our focused efforts on growing the business combined with the performance of the used equipment market, which remained stable during most of 2016 and improved marginally late in the third quarter and into the fourth quarter of 2016. Although our auctions vary in size, our average industrial auction results for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, are described in the following table: GAP Bidder registrations Consignors Lots Year ended December 31, $ $ 2016 16.8 million 2,356 229 1,711 $ 2015 16.8 million 2,219 209 1,551 $ 2014 16.5 million 1,988 195 1,370 Change 2016 over 2015 - 6% 10% 10% $ 2015 over 2014 0.3 million 12% 7% 13% For the same reasons discussed above, we saw improvements in all of our average industrial auction metrics for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, except for GAP per industrial auction between 2016 and 2015. Average GAP per industrial auction did not change year-over-year primarily as a result of the decrease in core auction GAP on a per-lot basis. GAP per lot decreased in 2016 compared to 2015 primarily in response to changes in the mix and age of equipment that came to market. We also believe the macro economic environment uncertainties, particularly in North America, negatively impacted equipment demand and pricing and contributed to the decrease in core auction GAP per lot year-over-year. Website metrics11 The Ritchie Bros. website (www.rbauction.com) is a gateway to our online bidding system that allows bidders to participate in our auctions over the internet and showcases upcoming auctions and equipment to be sold. This online bidding service gives our auction customers the choice of how they want to do business with us and access to both live and online auction participation. Internet bidders comprised 66% of the total bidder registrations at our industrial auctions in 2016, compared to 63% in 2015. This increase in the level of internet bidders continues to demonstrate our ability to drive multichannel participation at our auctions. Our EquipmentOne website (www.equipmentone.com) provides access to our online equipment marketplace. 10 For a breakdown of these key industrial auction metrics by month, please refer to our website at www.rbauction.com. None of the information in our website is incorporated by reference into this document by this or any other reference. 11 None of the information in our websites is incorporated by reference into this document by this or any other reference. Ritchie Bros. 67 The following table provides information about the average monthly users of our websites: www.rbauction.com www.equipmentone.com As at December 31, 2016 917,391 106,657 2015 934,290 108,579 2014 822,718 98,187 % Change 2016 over 2015 (2)% (2)% 2015 over 2014 14% 11% 2016 performance We saw a decrease in the number of average monthly users of www.rbauction.com between 2015 and 2016. We believe this decrease is primarily due to the decrease in core auction GAP on a per lot basis. Lower valued lots are not advertised as heavily as higher value lots, and as such, attract less web traffic. We also saw a decrease in the number of average monthly users of www.equipmentone.com in 2016 compared to 2015. We believe the decrease is primarily due to a more targeted marketing effort in 2016, which reached a smaller audience, but an audience that was more likely to transact on the online marketplace. As such, we believe this targeted marketing, which focuses on the quality of web traffic rather than the quantity, contributed to the increase in EquipmentOne revenues in 2016 compared to 2015. During 2016, the average number of monthly visits to Mascus’ global websites was 3,256,071. 2015 performance We saw a significant increase in the number of average monthly users of www.rbauction.com between 2014 and 2015. This increase was primarily due to greater search traffic, which we believe is a direct result of our search engine optimization efforts. Those efforts took effect in the latter half of 2014 and were focused on adapting our website to mobile devices. We also saw an increase in the number of average monthly users of www.equipmentone.com in 2015 compared to 2014. We believe this increase was primarily due to cross-promotional efforts that took place in 2015, and in particular, the addition of a link to www.equipmentone.com that we built onto our www.rbauction.com website in April 2015 that allows users to search both websites simultaneously for equipment listings. We also believe our search engine optimization efforts in 2015, as well as a series of advertising and promotional efforts directed towards EquipmentOne, modifications made to improve user experience, and a greater number of equipment listings on the website contributed to the increase in average monthly users of www.equipmentone.com. Online bidding and equipment marketplace purchase metrics We continue to see an increase in the use and popularity of both our online bidding system and our online equipment marketplace. During 2016, we attracted record online bidder registrations and sold approximately $2.1 billion of equipment, trucks and other assets to online auction bidders and EquipmentOne customers. This represents an 8% increase over the $1.9 billion of assets sold online in 2015, and an annual sales record. Productivity We measure Sales Force Productivity as trailing 12-month core auction GAP per Revenue Producer12. It is an operational statistic that we believe provides a gauge of the effectiveness of Revenue Producers in increasing our GAP, and ultimately our net income. Sales Force Productivity decreased to $11.9 million per Revenue Producer at December 31, 2016 from $12.1 million per Revenue Producer at December 31, 2015. 12 Revenue Producers is a term used to describe our revenue-producing sales personnel. This definition is comprised of Regional Sales Managers and Territory Managers. Ritchie Bros. 68 The decrease was primarily attributable to the addition of three Revenue Producers from Kramer and one from Petrowsky, that were only contributing to our GAP for the portion of 2016 that was post-acquisition. Our headcount statistics, which exclude Xcira and Mascus employees, as at the end of each period are presented below: Total full-time employees Regional Sales Managers Territory Managers Revenue Producers Trainee Territory Managers Other sales personnel Sales personnel Q4 2016 1,649 51 301 352 23 109 484 Q3 2016 1,641 50 304 354 22 110 486 Q2 2016 1,600 45 304 349 28 103 480 Q1 2016 1,559 49 296 345 26 99 470 Q4 2015 1,522 46 296 342 31 95 468 Q3 2015 1,513 48 307 355 26 88 469 Q2 2015 1,515 46 307 353 24 87 464 Q1 2015 1,479 45 308 353 30 79 462 Total headcount (excluding Xcira and Mascus employees) increased by net 127 between December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016, which consisted of increases of net 16 sales personnel and net 111 administrative and operational personnel. Included in the administrative and operational personnel increase was an increase of net 23 equipment inspectors, yard staff, and other personnel at our Edmonton, Canada, auction site to support growth in that region. While some of this increase came from the addition of new employees, a portion of the headcount increase in Edmonton was also the result of the conversion of part time employees to full time employees. The increase in administrative and operational personnel also included net 18 from RBFS13 and net five from EquipmentOne to support growth of those businesses, as well as net nine and net eight as a result of our acquisition of Petrowsky and Kramer, respectively. In addition, between December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016, our finance team increased by net 13 as a result of a restructure of the finance department for the strategic purpose of partnering finance personnel with the leaders responsible for driving growth in the business. Between December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016, the number of Revenue Producers increased by net 10 and the number of Trainee Territory Managers and other sales personnel increased by net six, resulting in the overall net 16 increase in total sales personnel. The increase in Revenue Producers during that period includes an increase in the number of Territory Managers by net five. Xcira had a total headcount of 52 full time employees at December 31, 2016, which has increased by net two since December 31, 2015. Mascus had a total headcount of 49 at December 31, 2016. Outstanding Share Data We are a public company and our common shares are listed under the symbol “RBA” on the NYSE and the TSX. On February 17, 2017, we had 106,822,475 common shares issued and outstanding, 555,028 share units awarded under our senior executive and employee performance share unit (“PSU”) plans, and stock options outstanding to purchase a total of 3,364,903 common shares. No preferred shares have been issued or are outstanding. The outstanding stock options had a weighted average exercise price of $24.02 per share and a weighted average remaining term of 7.4 years. 13 RBFS account managers generate financing fee revenue but do not produce GAP. As such, they are excluded from our definition of Revenue Producers and the measurement of Sales Force Productivity, which is based on core auction GAP. Ritchie Bros. 69 In respect of PSUs awarded under the senior executive and employee PSU plans, performance and market conditions, depending on their outcome at the end of the contingency period, can reduce the number of vested awards to nil or to a maximum of 200% of the number of outstanding PSUs. Certain of our PSUs are only cash-settled, whereas others may be settled, at our discretion, in cash or through the issuance of shares, by open market purchases of shares. Share repurchase program In March 2016, we executed the following share repurchases at a total cost of $36.7 million: Issuer purchases of equity securities March 2016 (3) (a) Total number of shares purchased (2) 1,460,000 $ (b) Average price paid per share (2) 25.15 (c) Total number of shares purchased as part of publically announced program (2) 1,460,000 $ (d) Maximum approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the program (1) 15.8 million (1) On January 12, 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up $100 million worth of our common shares (subject to TSX approval) over the next three years. The initial normal course issuer bid approved by the TSX (the “initial NCIB”) was for a one-year period from March 3, 2015 through March 2, 2016. No purchases were made under the initial NCIB during the first quarter of 2016, and the initial NCIB expired in accordance with its terms on March 2, 2016. (2) On February 25, 2016, we announced our intention to renew our normal course issuer bid on the expiry of the initial NCIB. On March 1, 2016, the TSX approved a new normal course issuer bid (the “new NCIB”) for a one-year period from March 3, 2016 to March 2, 2017. The information in the above table relates to purchases made, and eligible to be made in the future, pursuant to the new NCIB. (3) Repurchases under the new NCIB during the month of March 2016 began on March 8, 2016 and ended on March 15, 2016. All repurchased shares were cancelled on March 15, 2016. No further share repurchases were made pursuant to the new NCIB, or by any other means, during 2016. Liquidity and Capital Resources Working capital (in U.S. $000's) Cash and cash equivalents Current restricted cash Current assets Current liabilities Working capital December 31, 2016 207,867 50,222 377,998 252,834 125,164 $ $ $ $ December 31, 2015 210,148 83,098 430,099 289,966 140,133 $ $ $ $ % Change (1)% (40)% (12)% (13)% (11)% We believe that working capital is a more meaningful measure of our liquidity than cash alone. Our working capital decreased during the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to the payment of dividends of $73.9 million, the acquisition of the 49% non-controlling interest in RBFS for cash consideration of $41.1 million during the third quarter of 2016, and the repurchase of 1.46 million common shares for $36.7 million in the first quarter of 2016. Net income generated during the period partially offset this decrease, as did the refinancing of our long-term loan that fell due in May 2016, which resulted in the replacement of the current portion of long-term debt with non-current long-term debt. Ritchie Bros. 70 Cash flows Year ended December 31, (in U.S. $000's) Cash provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Effect of changes in foreign currency rates Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash 2016 2015 2014 $ $ $ 177,558 (116,862) 404,143 4 $ 196,459 (29,348) (80,689) (26,265) 149,019 (30,124) (101,633) (18,534) 464,843 $ 60,157 $ (1,272) % Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 (10)% 298% 601% 100% 673% 32% (3)% (21)% 42% (4829)% Operating activities Cash provided by operating activities can fluctuate significantly from period to period due to factors such as differences in the timing, size, and number of auctions during the period, the volume of our underwritten contracts, the timing of the receipt of auction proceeds from buyers and of the payment of net amounts due to consignors, as well as the location of the auction with respect to restrictions on the use of cash generated therein. Cash provided by operating activities decreased $18.9 million, or 10%, during 2016 compared to 2015. This decrease is primarily due to the decrease in net income over the same comparative period after removing the impact of the $28.2 million non-cash impairment loss recognized on EquipmentOne goodwill and customer relationships, combined with changes in certain of our operating assets and liabilities, including auction proceeds payable, income taxes payable, and income taxes receivable. This decrease was partially offset by net changes in inventory that resulted in greater cash inflows. Operating free cash flow (“OFCF”)14 (non-GAAP measure) decreased $34.5 million, or 19%, to $147.8 million in 2016 from $182.3 million in 2015. Investing activities Net cash used in investing activities increased $87.5 million, or 298%, during 2016 compared to 2015. This increase is primarily due to the acquisition of the 49% non-controlling interest in RBFS for cash consideration of $41.1 million, the acquisition of Mascus for cash consideration of $28.1 million (net of cash and cash equivalents acquired), the acquisition of Kramer for $11.1 million, a $10.0 million decrease in proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment, an increase in intangible asset additions of $8.8 million, and the acquisition of Petrowsky for cash consideration of $6.3 million. The increase was partially offset by the acquisition of Xcira for $12.1 million (net of cash and cash equivalents acquired), a decrease in property, plant and equipment additions of $3.1 million, and the acquisition of equity investments for $3.0 million in 2015. The increase in intangible asset additions is primarily due to the capitalization of costs to assets under development. Significant software development projects include those related to computer system transformation, customer experience and process improvements, website enhancement, adaptation of our website to mobile devices including creation of a mobile bidding app, Xcira’s next-generation auction bidding platforms, enhanced wifi access at many of our auction sites, and disaster recovery preparedness. 14 OFCF is non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, when compared on a trailing 12-month basis to different financial periods provides an effective measure of the cash generated by our business and provides useful information regarding cash flows remaining for discretionary return to stockholders, mergers and acquisitions, or debt reduction. Our balance sheet scorecard includes the performance metric, OFCF. OFCF is also an element of the performance criteria for certain annual short-term incentive awards we grant to our employees and officers. We calculate OFCF by subtracting net capital spending from cash provided by operating activities. OFCF is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. Ritchie Bros. 71 CAPEX Intensity presents net capital spending as a percentage of revenue. We believe that comparing CAPEX Intensity on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information as to the amount of capital expenditure that we require to generate revenues. Year ended December 31, (in U.S. $ millions) Property, plant and equipment additions Intangible asset additions Proceeds on disposition of property plant and equipment Net capital spending Revenues CAPEX intensity $ $ $ 2016 18.9 17.6 (6.7) 29.8 566.4 5.3% $ $ $ 2015 22.1 8.8 (16.7) 14.2 515.9 2.8% $ $ $ 2014 25.0 13.9 (9.3) 29.6 481.1 6.2% Change 2016 over 2015 (14)% 100% (60)% 110% 10% 2015 over 2014 (12)% (37)% 80% (52)% 7% 250 bps -340 bps CAPEX Intensity increased in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to the fact that the net capital spending increase of 110% exceeded the revenue increase of 10% year-over-year. The net capital spending increase was primarily the result of a $10.0 million, or 60%, decrease in proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment, combined with an $8.8 million increase in intangible asset additions, as discussed above. The decrease in proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment year-over-year is primarily due to the $8.4 million gain on sale of excess land in Edmonton, Canada in the fourth quarter of 2015. Financing activities Net cash provided by financing activities increased $484.8 million, or 601%, in 2016 compared to 2015, primarily due to gross proceeds of $500.0 million received in exchange for the issue of the Notes in December 2016. This increase was partially offset by the payment of $10.6 million in debt issue costs also in 2016. The net increase in cash provided by financing activities was also the result of $147.1 million in proceeds from our drawings on the Multicurrency Facilities to refinance pre-existing long-term debt. The increase was offset by the use of the proceeds to repay existing indebtedness in the fourth quarter of 2016, which included $55.9 million of pre-existing long-term debt due in May 2022 and $45.7 million of debt that was being refinanced on a long-term basis under the pre- existing credit facilities. The increase was also offset by the repayment of long-term debt of $46.6 million in the second quarter of 2016 related to the Canadian dollar 60 million term loan that fell due in May 2016, as well as payment of $6.8 million in debt extinguishment costs in the fourth quarter of 2016 associated with the early termination of the $55.9 million of long-term debt. We declared and paid regular cash dividends of $0.16 per common share for the quarters ended December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016, and we declared and paid regular cash dividends of $0.17 per common share for the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and September 30, 2016. We have declared, but not yet paid, a dividend of $0.17 per common share for the quarter ended December 31, 2016. Total dividend payments during 2016 were $70.5 million to stockholders and $3.4 million to non-controlling interests. This compares to total dividend payments of $64.3 million to stockholders and $1.3 million to non-controlling interests during 2015. All dividends we pay are “eligible dividends” for Canadian income tax purposes unless indicated otherwise. Our dividend payout ratio, which we calculate as dividends paid to stockholders divided by net income attributable to stockholders, increased 2960 bps to 76.8% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 47.2% for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase is primarily the result of the decrease in net income attributable to stockholders combined with the increase in our dividends paid to stockholders over the same comparative period. Ritchie Bros. 72 Our adjusted dividend payout ratio15 (non-GAAP measure) increased 410 bps to 57.2% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 53.1% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our return on average invested capital is calculated as net income attributable to stockholders divided by our average invested capital. We calculate average invested capital over a trailing 12-month period by adding the average long-term debt over that period to the average stockholders’ equity over that period. Return on average invested capital decreased 820 bps to 8.8% during 2016 from 17.0% in 2015. This decrease is primarily due to a $239.8 million, or a 30%, increase in average invested capital year-over-year, which was primarily the result of the issuance of the Notes in the fourth quarter of 2016. Also contributing to the decrease in return on average invested capital in 2016 compared to 2015 was a $44.4 million, or 33%, decrease in net income attributable to stockholders. Return on invested capital (“ROIC”)16 (non-GAAP measure) decreased 330 bps to 11.8% during 2016 from 15.1% in 2015. ROIC excluding escrowed debt17 (non- GAAP measure) increased 40 bps to 15.5% during 2016 from 15.1% in 2015. Debt and credit facilities At December 31, 2016, our short-term debt of $23.9 million consisted of borrowings under our committed, revolving credit facilities, and had a weighted average annual interest rate of 2.2%. This compares to short-term debt of $12.4 million as at December 31, 2015, with a weighted average annual interest rate of 1.8%. The $43.3 million current portion of long-term debt as at December 31, 2015 consisted entirely of our Canadian dollar 60 million term loan under our uncommitted, revolving credit facility. We refinanced this term loan on a long-term basis when it fell due on May 4, 2016 by drawing on our committed, revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2016, we had a total of $595.7 million long-term debt, with a weighted average annual interest rate of 4.9%. This compares to long-term debt of $97.9 million as at December 31, 2015, with a weighted average annual interest rate of 5.0%. 15 Adjusted dividend payout ratio is non-GAAP financial measure. We believe that comparing the adjusted dividend payout ratio for different financial periods provides useful information about how well our net income supports our dividend payments. Adjusted dividend payout ratio is calculated by dividing dividends paid to stockholders by adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure). Adjusted dividend payout ratio is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. 16 ROIC is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, by comparing on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information about the after-tax return generated by our investments. Our balance sheet scorecard includes the performance metric, ROIC. ROIC is also an element of the performance criteria for certain PSUs we granted to our employees and officers in 2013 and 2014. We calculate ROIC as net income attributable to stockholders excluding the effects of adjusting items divided by average invested capital. Average invested capital is a GAAP measure calculated as the average long-term debt (including current and non-current portions) and stockholders’ equity over a trailing 12-month period. ROIC is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. 17 ROIC excluding escrowed debt is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, by comparing on a trailing 12-month basis for different financial periods provides useful information about the after-tax return generated by our investments by removing the impact of the issue of the Notes, which are currently held in escrow. While the Notes are in escrow and not accessible by us, they are not contributing to the generation of net income. We believe that by adjusting debt to remove funds we do not have access to, we are providing more accurate information about the after-tax return generated by our investments. We calculate ROIC excluding escrowed debt as adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) divided by adjusted average invested capital (non- GAAP measure). We calculate adjusted average invested capital (non-GAAP measure) as the adjusted average long-term debt (non-GAAP measure) and average stockholders’ equity over a trailing 12-month period. We calculate adjusted average long-term debt (non-GAAP measure) as the average of adjusted opening long-term debt (non-GAAP measure) and adjusted ending long-term debt (non-GAAP measure). Adjusted opening long-term debt (non-GAAP measure) and adjusted ending long-term debt (non-GAAP measure) are calculated as opening or ending long-term debt, as applicable, as reported in our consolidated financial statements reduced by long-term debt held in escrow. ROIC excluding escrowed debt is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated financial statements under “Non-GAAP Measures” below. Ritchie Bros. 73 Our long-term debt and available credit facilities at December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows: (in U.S. $000's) Long-term debt Committed Revolving credit facilities Revolving credit facilities available Delayed draw facility Delayed draw facility available Uncommitted Revolving credit facilities Revolving credit facilities available Non-revolving credit facilities Non-revolving credit facilities available Total credit facilities Total credit facilities available Year ended December 31, $ $ 2016 595,706 $ 687,000 548,649 325,000 325,000 - - - - 1,012,000 873,649 $ 2015 97,915 312,693 300,358 - - 64,533 42,973 225,000 127,076 602,226 470,407 % Change 508% 120% 83% 100% 100% (100)% (100)% (100)% (100)% 68% 86% Syndicated credit facility As noted under “Strategy” above, on October 27, 2016, we closed the new five-year Credit Agreement with a syndicate of lenders, including BofA and Royal Bank of Canada, which provides us with: 1) The $675.0 million Multicurrency Facilities; 2) The $325.0 million Delayed-Draw Facility; and 3) At our election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental term loan facilities and/or increases to the Multicurrency Facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50 million. We may use the proceeds from the Multicurrency Facilities to refinance certain existing indebtedness and for other general corporate purposes. Proceeds from the Delayed-Draw Facility can only be used to finance transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. The Multicurrency Facilities remain in place and outstanding even if the Merger Agreement is terminated and the Merger is not consummated. The New Facilities will remain unsecured until the closing of the Merger, after which the New Facilities will be secured by various of our assets. The New Facilities may become unsecured again after the Merger is consummated, subject to Ritchie Bros. meeting specified credit rating or leverage ratio conditions. The New Facilities will mature five years after the closing date of the Credit Agreement. The Delayed-Draw Facility will amortize in equal quarterly installments in an annual amount of 5% for the first two years after the closing of the Merger, and 10% in the third through fifth years after the closing of the Merger, with the balance payable at maturity. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement will bear floating rates of interest, which, at our option, will be based on either a base rate (or Canadian prime rate for certain Canadian dollar borrowings) or LIBOR (or such customary floating rate customarily used by BofA for currencies other than U.S. dollars). In either case, an applicable margin is added to the rate. The applicable margin ranges from 0.25% to 1.50% for base rate loans, and 1.25% to 2.50% for LIBOR (or the equivalent of such currency) loans, depending on our leverage ratio at the time of borrowing. We must also pay quarterly in arrears a commitment fee equal to the daily amount of the unused commitments under the New Facilities multiplied by an applicable percentage per annum (which ranges from 0.25% to 0.50% depending on our leverage ratio). We incurred debt issuance costs of $6.4 million in connection with the Credit Agreement. At December 31, 2016, we had unamortized deferred debt issuance costs relating to the Credit Agreement of $6.2 million. Ritchie Bros. 74 On October 27, 2016, we terminated our pre-existing revolving bi-lateral credit facilities, which consisted of $313.0 million of committed revolving credit facilities and $292.2 million of uncommitted credit facilities, as well as the $50.0 million bulge credit facility (the “Old Credit Facilities”). On the same day, we also prepaid all outstanding debt issued under the Old Credit Facilities using funds from the New Facilities, which resulted in the fixed rate long-term debt being replaced by floating rate long-term debt and $6.8 million in early termination fees, which were recognized in net income as debt extinguishment costs on the transaction date. Senior unsecured notes On December 21, 2016, we completed the offering of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% Notes due January 15, 2025. The Notes were offered only to qualified institutional buyers in reliance on Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and outside the United States, only to non-U.S. investors pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. The Notes have not been registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent an effective registration statement or an applicable exemption from registration requirements or a transaction not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act or any state securities laws. We will use the proceeds of the offering to finance the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. Upon the closing of the offering, the gross proceeds from the offering together with certain additional amounts including prepaid interest were deposited in to an escrow account. The funds will be held in escrow until the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement. If the acquisition is not consummated on or before October 31, 2017, or the Merger Agreement is terminated prior to such date, we will redeem all of the outstanding Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the original offering price of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Until the release of the proceeds in the escrow account, the Notes will be secured by a first priority security interest in the escrow account. Upon the completion of the Acquisition, the Notes will be senior unsecured obligations. The Notes will be jointly and severally guaranteed on an unsecured, unsubordinated basis, subject to certain exceptions, by each of our subsidiaries, which guarantees the obligations under the Credit Agreement. We incurred debt issuance costs of $4.2 million in connection with the offering of the Notes. At December 31, 2016, we had unamortized deferred debt issuance costs relating to the Notes of $4.2 million. GS Bank Facilities As noted under “Strategy” above, on August 29 ,2016, we obtained the Commitment Letter from GS Bank pursuant to which GS Bank was committed to provide the $150.0 million Revolving Facility and the $850.0 million Bridge Facility. No draws were made against these Facilities in 2016. In conjunction with the closing of the Credit Agreement in October 2016, we terminated the $150.0 million Revolving Facility and $350.0 million of the $850.0 million Bridge Facility with GS Bank. In conjunction with the issuance of the Notes in December 2016, we terminated the remaining $500.0 million of the $850.0 million Bridge Facility with GS Bank. Other credit facilities As at December 31, 2016, we also have $12.0 million in committed, revolving credit facilities, in certain foreign jurisdictions, which expire on May 31, 2018. Debt covenants The Credit Agreement contains certain covenants that could limit the ability of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions: (i) incur, assume or guarantee additional indebtedness; (ii) declare or pay dividends or make other distributions with respect to, or purchase or otherwise acquire or retire for value, equity interests; (iii) make loans, advances or other investments; (iv) incur liens; (v) sell or otherwise dispose of assets; and (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates. The Credit Agreement also provides for certain events of default, which, if any of them occurs, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, interest and any other monetary obligations on all the then outstanding under the Credit Agreement to be declared immediately due and payable. Ritchie Bros. 75 The Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture, dated December 21, 2016, with U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the “Indenture”). The Indenture contains covenants that limit our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to, among other things and subject to certain significant exceptions: (i) incur, assume or guarantee additional indebtedness; (ii) declare or pay dividends or make other distributions with respect to, or purchase or otherwise acquire or retire for value, equity interests; (iii) make any principal payment on, or redeem or repurchase, subordinated debt; (iv) make loans, advances or other investments; (v) incur liens; (vi) sell or otherwise dispose of assets; and (vii) enter into transactions with affiliates. The Indenture also provides for certain events of default, which, if any of them occurs, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, interest and any other monetary obligations on all the then outstanding Notes under the applicable indenture to be declared immediately due and payable. We were in compliance with all financial and other covenants applicable to our credit facilities at December 31, 2016. Contractual obligations at December 31, 2016 (in U.S. $000's) Long-term debt obligations: Principal Interest Capital lease obligations Operating lease obligations Purchase obligations Share unit liabilities Other non-current liabilities Total contractual obligations Total Less than 1 year Payments due by period 1 to 3 years 3 to 5 years More than 5 years $ $ 623,838 220,812 4,241 105,436 3,197 14,665 7,344 979,533 $ $ 23,912 10,205 1,484 12,664 3,197 10,422 - 61,884 $ $ - 58,482 2,366 21,433 - 4,243 5,485 92,009 $ $ 99,926 58,062 391 14,623 - - - 173,002 $ $ 500,000 94,063 - 56,716 - - 1,859 652,638 Our long-term debt obligations included in the table above consist of draws under the New Facilities and our Notes. Our finance leases relate primarily to computer, automotive, and yard equipment. Our operating leases relate primarily to land on which we operate regional auction sites and administrative buildings, located in North America, Central America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Other operating leases include leases of automotive, yard, and office equipment. Purchase obligations relate to capital expenditure commitments we have made with respect to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets. Share unit liabilities reflect the amounts of the future cash-settlement obligations of share units earned that are expected to vest as at December 31, 2016. In the normal course of our business, we may guarantee a minimum level of proceeds in connection with the sale at auction of a consignor’s equipment. Our total exposure as at December 31, 2016 from these guarantee contracts was $15.2 million, compared to $55.8 million at December 31, 2015, which we anticipate will be fully covered by the proceeds that we will receive from the sale at auction of the related equipment, plus our commission. We do not record any liability in our financial statements in respect of these guarantee contracts, and they are not reflected in the contractual obligations table above. Going concern assessment We believe our existing working capital and availability under our credit facilities, including the New Facilities, the Notes, and our other credit facilities, are sufficient to satisfy our present operating requirements and contractual obligations (detailed above), as well as to fund future growth including, but not limited to, mergers and acquisitions, development of EquipmentOne and Mascus, and other growth opportunities. Ritchie Bros. 76 Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, financial performance, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Critical Accounting Policies, Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP, we must make decisions that impact the reported amounts and related disclosures. Such decisions include the selection of the appropriate accounting principles to be applied and the assumptions on which to base accounting estimates. In reaching such decisions, we apply judgments based on our understanding and analysis of the relevant circumstances and historical experience. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these judgments and estimates, including: (cid:120) recognition of revenue from inventory sales net of cost of inventory sold; (cid:120) valuation of consignors’ equipment and other assets subject to guarantee contracts; (cid:120) consolidation of variable interest entities; (cid:120) the grant date fair value of stock option and share unit awards; (cid:120) the identification of reporting units and recoverability of goodwill; (cid:120) recoverability of long-lived assets; and (cid:120) recoverability of deferred income tax assets. Actual amounts could differ materially from those estimated by us at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. The following discussion of critical accounting policies and estimates is intended to supplement the significant accounting policies presented in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in “Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which summarize the accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of those consolidated financial statements. The policies and the estimates discussed below are included here because they require more significant judgments and estimates in the preparation and presentation of our consolidated financial statements than other policies and estimates. Recognition of revenue from inventory sales net of cost of inventory sold We record revenues from inventory sales net of costs of inventory sold within commission revenue on the consolidated income statement. This commission revenue, as well as commission revenues earned on straight commission and guarantee contracts, is classified as revenues from the rendering of services as opposed to revenues from the sale of goods. All of the equipment sold at our auctions is sold to the highest bidder on an unreserved basis. Although we take title to the equipment we sell under inventory contracts, the period of direct ownership is relatively short, and the equipment is processed in the same manner as other consigned equipment such that the risks and rewards of ownership are not substantially different from those in our guarantee contracts. As such, we have determined that we are acting as an agent when we sell inventory, not as a principal. And in that capacity, we record revenue from inventory sales on a net basis, as opposed to a gross basis. We value each inventory contract at the lower of cost and net realizable value. In addition, we monitor the results from the sale of this inventory at auction after the balance sheet date up to the release of our financial statements and record any losses realized on inventory contracts. Ritchie Bros. 77 Consolidation of variable interest entities When we acquire a variable interest entity (“VIE”), we must determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. If we determine that we are the primary beneficiary, we are required to consolidate the VIE. The primary beneficiary determination requires us to make assumptions as to which activities most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, identify the existence of any de facto related parties, and make an assessment as to whether we have the power to direct the activities determined to most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance. Valuation of performance share units subject to market conditions We initially measure the cost of share units that are subject to market vesting conditions using a binomial model to determine the fair value of the liability incurred. Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determination of the most appropriate valuation model, which is dependent on the terms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determination of the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model, including the expected life of the share unit, volatility and dividend yield, as well as making assumptions about them. For cash-settled share-based payment transactions, the liability needs to be re-measured at the end of each reporting period up to the date of settlement. This requires a reassessment of the estimates used at the end of each reporting period. Identification of reporting units and recoverability of goodwill We perform impairment tests on goodwill on an annual basis in accordance with US GAAP, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that those assets might be impaired. As permitted by US GAAP, we performed a Step 0 qualitative assessment during our annual impairment test on December 31, 2016. We determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit was less than its carrying amount, and, therefore, the two- step impairment test (described below) was not required. Impairment testing involves determination of reporting units, which we determined to be at the same level as our reportable operating segment for core auction, and one below for EquipmentOne and Mascus, which are included in our other reportable operating segment. One of the key judgments made in arriving at this determination was that the business components of the core auction operating segment could be aggregated into a single reporting unit on the basis of similarity in the nature of their services, the type of class of customer for their services, and the methods used to provide their services. Goodwill related to the acquisition of auction businesses and Xcira, the provider of our online auction bidding technology, have been assigned to the core auction reporting unit. Goodwill arising from the acquisition of AssetNation, the provider of our online marketplaces, has been assigned to the EquipmentOne reporting unit. Where Step 0 indicates that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount, a two-step impairment test is performed. The first step of the two-step impairment test prescribed by US GAAP is to identify potential impairment by comparing the reporting unit fair value with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the impairment test is performed, wherein the carrying amount of the goodwill in the reporting unit is compared to its implied fair value. The implied fair value is calculated by performing a hypothetical purchase price allocation in the same manner as if the reporting unit was being acquired in a business combination. An impairment loss is recognized for the excess of the goodwill’s carrying amount over its implied fair value. We measure the fair value of our reporting units using a blended analysis of the earnings approach, which employs a discounted cash flow methodology, and the market approach, which employs a multiple of earnings methodology. We believe that using a blended approach compensates for the inherent risks associated with each model if used on a stand-alone basis. In applying these approaches, management is required to make significant estimates and assumptions about the timing and amount of future cash flows, revenue growth rates, and discount rates, which requires a significant amount of judgment. As a result, actual results may differ from those used in the two-step goodwill impairment test. Ritchie Bros. 78 Core Auction reporting unit Significant estimates used in the earnings approach valuation of our Core Auction reporting unit are our discount rate of 10%, which reflects the risk premium on this reporting unit based on assessments of risks related to projected cash flows, and our long-term growth rate of 2%, which is used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the five-year forecast. EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill Goodwill arising from the acquisition of AssetNation, the provider of our online marketplaces, forms part of the EquipmentOne reporting unit. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, an indicator of impairment was identified with respect to the EquipmentOne reporting unit. The indicator consisted of a decline in actual and forecasted revenue and operating income compared with previously projected results, which was primarily due to the recent performance of the EquipmentOne reporting unit. As a result of the identification of an indicator of impairment of the EquipmentOne reporting unit, we performed the US GAAP two-step goodwill impairment test at September 30, 2016. Consistent with our policy noted above, we measured the fair value of the EquipmentOne reporting unit using a blended analysis of the earnings approach and the market approach, giving equal weighting to both. Using the cash flow methodology of the earnings approach, the fair value of the EquipmentOne reporting unit was measured based on the present value of the cash flows that we expect the reporting unit to generate in the future. The earnings approach valuation was most sensitive to the following assumptions: (i) Revenue growth rate Cash flow forecasts estimate a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% in fiscal 2017, 10% in each of fiscal 2018 through 2021, 8.3% in fiscal 2022, 6.5% in fiscal 2023, and 4.8% in fiscal 2023. The estimated growth rate used in determining the EquipmentOne reporting unit’s future cash flows is based on our expectation of future growth rates resulting from application of our business strategy. (ii) Discount rate We applied a discount rate of 12% based on the revenue growth rate for the EquipmentOne reporting unit, with this discount rate reflecting the risk premium based on an assessment of risk related to projected cash flows. We have exercised significant judgment in determining that the discount rate reflects investors’ expectations and takes into consideration market rates of return, capital structure, company size, and industry risk. Cash flows beyond the five-year period were extrapolated using a long-term growth rate estimated to be 3.0%. The most significant estimates used in the market approach were (i) the determination of the most comparable publicly-traded firms in terms of the nature, size, growth, and profitability of the business, (ii) the risk and return on the investment, and (iii) an assessment of comparable revenue and operating income multiples. As step one of the goodwill impairment test indicated that the carrying amount (including goodwill) of the EquipmentOne reporting unit exceeded its fair value, we proceeded to step two, wherein the step one fair value of the EquipmentOne reporting unit was used to estimate the implied fair value of the goodwill. Ritchie Bros. 79 The second step of the goodwill impairment test involved allocating the EquipmentOne reporting unit fair value to all the assets and liabilities of that reporting unit, including identifiable intangible assets, deferred tax assets, and deferred tax liabilities, based on their estimated fair values. Based on the results of the goodwill impairment test, we recorded an impairment loss on the EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill of $23.6 million during the quarter ended September 30, 2016. Management performed a qualitative assessment of impairment on the EquipmentOne reporting unit as part of the annual goodwill test on December 31, 2016, and concluded that there were no indicators of impairment that would require completion of the two-step quantitative impairment test at that date. Mascus reporting unit Significant estimates used in the earnings approach valuation of our Mascus reporting unit are our discount rate of 12%, which reflects the risk premium on this reporting unit based on assessments of risks related to projected cash flows, and our long-term growth rate of 3.5%, which is used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the five-year forecast. Recoverability of long-lived assets Long-lived assets, which are comprised of property, plant and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable, or earlier when the asset is classified as held for sale. For the purpose of impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped and tested for recoverability at the lowest level that generates independent cash flows from another asset group. The carrying amount of the long-lived asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the long-lived asset group’s use and eventual disposition. In order to determine the future undiscounted cash flows, we are required to estimate the useful lives of the long-lived asset groups, as well as form expectations of future revenues and expenses, including costs to maintain the long-lived asset groups over their respective useful lives. Forming such expectations involves the use of significant judgments and estimates, which can vary depending on our intention with respect to the future use of the long-lived asset group, the past performance of the asset group, and availability of approved budgets and forecasts. Where the carrying amount of the long-lived asset group is not recoverable because it exceeds the sum of the future undiscounted cash flows, the fair value of the long-lived asset group is determined in order to calculate any impairment loss. An impairment loss is measured as the excess of the long-lived asset group’s carrying amount over its fair value. Fair value is based on valuation techniques or third party appraisals. Significant judgments and estimates used in determining fair value vary depending on the valuation approach adopted, but can include an assessment of who the comparable market participants are, which recent events impact the market the long-lived asset group operates in, planned future use of the long-lived asset group, our experience with similar long-lived asset group sales and related selling fees, as well as costs to prepare the long-lived asset group for sale. At September 30, 2016, for the same reason noted above under the goodwill impairment test, management determined that there was an indicator that the carrying amount of the long-lived assets arising from our acquisition of AssetNation (the “EquipmentOne long-lived assets”) might not have been recoverable. As such, we performed the recoverability test, for which purpose management determined that the asset group to which the EquipmentOne long-lived assets belonged was the EquipmentOne reporting unit. The results of the recoverability test indicated that the EquipmentOne reporting unit carrying amount (including goodwill but excluding deferred tax assets, deferred tax liabilities, and income taxes payable) exceeded the sum of its future undiscounted cash flows. As such, management then used an earnings approach to estimate the fair values of the EquipmentOne long-lived assets and compared those fair values to their carrying amounts. Ritchie Bros. 80 Based on the results of the long-lived asset impairment test, we recorded a pre-tax impairment loss on the EquipmentOne reporting unit customer relationships of $4.7 million on September 30, 2016. In connection with this impairment loss, we recorded a deferred tax benefit of $1.8 million to the income tax provision. The result of this impairment test was reflected in the carrying value of the EquipmentOne reporting unit prior to the completion of the goodwill impairment test described above. Recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets We perform impairment tests on indefinite-lived intangible assets on an annual basis in accordance with US GAAP, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that those assets are impaired. Generally, a qualitative assessment is performed first and where there is an indication that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, then a quantitative impairment test is performed. The quantitative impairment test compares the fair value of the asset to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, then an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Management performed a qualitative assessment at September 30, 2016 on the trade names and trademarks arising from our acquisition of AssetNation (the “EquipmentOne trade names and trademarks”). Referencing the same indicator of impairment identified as part of the goodwill impairment test described above, management determined that it was more likely than not that the EquipmentOne trade names and trademarks were impaired at September 30, 2016 and proceeded to the quantitative impairment test. Management used an income approach to determine the fair value of the EquipmentOne trade names and trademarks for purposes of conducting the quantitative impairment test. Based on the results of this test, the fair value was determined to exceed the carrying amount at September 30, 2016, and accordingly, no impairment loss was recognized. Subsequent to performing this impairment test, management concluded that an indefinite life for these assets could no longer be supported. Commencing September 30, 2016, we began amortizing the EquipmentOne trade names and trademarks over their useful lives, which management has estimated to be 15 years. Management performed the annual impairment test on indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2016, and concluded that there were no indicators of impairment at that date. Accounting for income taxes Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are based on temporary differences (differences between the accounting basis and the tax basis of the assets and liabilities) and non-capital loss, capital loss, and tax credits carryforwards are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws expected to apply when these differences reverse. Deferred tax benefits, including non-capital loss, capital loss, and tax credits carry- forwards, are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is considered more likely than not. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that enactment occurs. When realization of deferred income tax assets does not meet the more-likely- than-not criterion for recognition, a valuation allowance is provided. Liabilities for uncertain tax positions are recorded based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. We regularly assess the potential outcomes of examinations by tax authorities in determining the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. We also continually assess the likelihood and amount of potential adjustments and adjust the income tax provision, income taxes payable and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known. Ritchie Bros. 81 Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recent accounting pronouncements that significantly impact our accounting policies or the presentation of our consolidated financial position or performance have been disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in “Part II, Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” presented elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Non-GAAP Measures We make reference to various non-GAAP measures throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These measures do not have a standardized meaning and are, therefore, unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. The presentation of this financial information, which is not prepared under any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles, is not intended to be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The following tables present our adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) and adjusted operating income margin (non-GAAP measure) results for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, as well as reconcile those metrics to operating income, revenues, and operating income margin, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated income statements: (in U.S. $ thousands) Operating income Pre-tax adjusting items: Management reorganization Gain on sale of excess property Impairment loss Adjusted operating income (non-GAAP measure) Revenues Operating income margin Adjusted operating income margin (non-GAAP measure) Year ended December 31, $ $ 2016 135,722 - - 28,243 163,965 566,395 $ $ 24.0% 28.9% 2015 174,840 - (8,384) - 166,456 515,875 $ $ 33.9% 32.3% 2014 127,927 5,533 (3,386) 8,084 138,158 481,097 Change 2016 over 2015 (22)% - 100% 100% (1)% 10% 26.6% 28.7% -990 bps -340 bps 2015 over 2014 37% (100)% (148)% (100)% 20% 7% 730 bps 360 bps The 2016 adjusting item was a $28.2 million ($26.4 million after tax, or $0.25 per diluted share) impairment loss on the Company’s EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships recognized in the third quarter. The 2015 adjusting item was an $8.4 million ($7.3 million after tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) gain on the sale of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, recognized in the fourth quarter. The 2014 adjusting items were a $5.5 million ($4.2 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) charge recorded in the fourth quarter to recognize termination benefits relating to the Company's management reorganization, a $3.4 million ($2.9 million after tax, or $0.03 per diluted share) gain on the sale of the Company's former permanent auction site in Grande Prairie, Canada, recognized in the third quarter, and an $8.1 million ($8.1 million after tax, or $0.08 per diluted share) impairment loss recorded in the third quarter against the Company's land and improvements and auction building in Narita, Japan. Ritchie Bros. 82 The following tables present our adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) and diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) results for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, as well as reconcile those metrics to net income (loss) attributable to stockholders, the weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding, and diluted EPS (loss per share) attributable to stockholders, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated income statements: (in U.S. $ thousands, except share and per share data) Net income attributable to stockholders Pre-tax adjusting items: Management reorganization Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of excess property Impairment loss Current income tax effect of adjusting items: Management reorganization Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of excess property Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items: Impairment loss Deferred tax adjusting item: Tax loss utilization Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) Weighted average number of dilutive shares outstanding Diluted EPS attributable to stockholders Diluted adjusted EPS attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) Year ended December 31, 2016 91,832 $ 2015 136,214 $ - 6,787 - 28,243 - (1,787) - (1,798) - - (8,384) - - - 1,090 - - (7,862) 2014 90,981 5,533 - (3,386) 8,084 (1,321) - 440 - - 123,277 $ 121,058 $ 100,331 107,457,794 107,432,474 107,654,828 0.85 1.15 $ $ 1.27 1.13 $ $ 0.85 0.93 $ $ $ $ Change 2016 over 2015 (33)% - 100% (100)% 100% - (100)% (100)% (100)% 100% 2% - (33)% 2% 2015 over 2014 50% (100)% - 148% (100)% (100)% - 148% - (100)% 21% - 49% 22% The 2016 adjusting items were a $5.0 million ($6.8 million before tax, or $0.05 per diluted share) charge related to the early termination of pre-existing debt recognized in the fourth quarter, and a $26.4 million ($28.2 million before tax, or $0.25 per diluted share) impairment loss on the Company’s EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships recognized in the third quarter. The 2015 adjusting items were a $7.3 million ($8.4 million before tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) gain on the sale of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, recognized in the fourth quarter, and $7.9 million ($7.9 million before tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) of tax savings generated by tax loss utilization recognized in the fourth quarter. The 2014 adjusting items were a $4.2 million ($5.5 million before tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) charge recorded in the fourth quarter to recognize termination benefits relating to the Company's management reorganization, a $2.9 million ($3.4 million before tax, or $0.03 per diluted share) gain on the sale of the Company's former permanent auction site in Grande Prairie, Canada, recognized in the third quarter, and an $8.1 million ($8.1 million before tax, or $0.08 per diluted share) impairment loss recorded in the third quarter against the Company's land and improvements and auction building in Narita, Japan. Ritchie Bros. 83 The following tables present our adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) and adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP measure) results for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, as well as reconcile those metrics to net income (loss), revenues, and net income margin, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated income statements: (in U.S. $ thousands) Net income Add: depreciation and amortization expenses Less: interest income Add: interest expense Add: current income tax expense Add: deferred income tax expense (recovery) Pre-tax adjusting items: Management reorganization Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of excess property Impairment loss Adjusted EBITDA Revenues Net income margin Adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP measure) Year ended December 31, $ $ 2016 93,512 $ 2015 138,575 $ 40,861 (1,863) 5,564 40,341 (3,359) - 6,787 - 28,243 210,086 566,395 16.5% 37.1% $ 42,032 (2,660) 4,962 42,420 (4,559) - - (8,384) - 212,386 515,875 26.9% 41.2% $ 2014 92,563 44,536 (2,222) 5,277 33,321 3,154 5,533 - (3,386) 8,084 186,860 481,097 Change 2016 over 2015 (33)% (3)% (30)% 12% (5)% (26)% - 100% (100)% 100% (1)% 10% 2015 over 2014 50% (6)% 20% (6)% 27% (245)% (100)% - 148% (100)% 14% 7% 19.2% 38.8% -1040 bps -410 bps 770 bps 240 bps The 2016 adjusting items were a $6.8 million ($5.0 million after tax, or $0.05 per diluted share) charge related to the early termination of pre-existing debt recognized in the fourth quarter, and a $28.2 million ($26.4 million after tax, or $0.25 per diluted share) impairment loss on the Company’s EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships recognized in the third quarter. The 2015 adjusting item was an $8.4 million ($7.3 million after tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) gain on the sale of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, recognized in the fourth quarter. The 2014 adjusting items were a $5.5 million ($4.2 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) charge recorded in the fourth quarter to recognize termination benefits relating to the Company's management reorganization, a $3.4 million ($2.9 million after tax, or $0.03 per diluted share) gain on the sale of the Company's former permanent auction site in Grande Prairie, Canada, recognized in the third quarter, and an $8.1 million ($8.1 million after tax, or $0.08 per diluted share) impairment loss recorded in the third quarter against the Company's land and improvements and auction building in Narita, Japan. Ritchie Bros. 84 The following table presents our adjusted debt/adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measures) results as at and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, as well as reconciles that metric to debt, net income, and debt as a multiple of net income, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements: As at and for the year ended December 31, (in U.S. $ millions) Short-term debt Long-term debt Debt Less: long-term debt in escrow Adjusted debt (non-GAAP measure) Net income Add: depreciation and amortization expenses Less: interest income Add: interest expense Add: current income tax expense Less: deferred income tax recovery Pre-tax adjusting items: Management reorganization Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of excess property Impairment loss Adjusted EBITDA Debt/net income Adjusted debt/adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP measure) $ $ $ $ 2016 23.9 595.7 619.6 (495.8) 123.8 $ 2015 12.4 97.9 110.3 - 110.3 93.5 $ 138.6 $ 40.9 (1.9) 5.6 40.3 (3.4) - 6.8 - 28.2 210.0 6.6x 0.6x $ 42.1 (2.7) 5.0 42.4 (4.6) - - (8.4) - 212.4 0.8x 0.5x $ 2014 7.8 110.8 118.6 - 118.6 92.6 44.6 (2.2) 5.3 33.3 3.2 5.5 - (3.4) 8.1 187.0 1.3x 0.6x Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 93% 508% 462% (100)% 12% (33)% (3)% (30)% 12% (5)% (26)% - 100% (100)% 100% (1)% 725% 20% 59% (12)% (7)% - (7)% 50% (6)% 23% (6)% 27% (244)% (100)% - 147% (100)% 14% (38)% (17)% The deduction from long-term debt at December 31, 2016 of long-term debt held in escrow consists entirely of the Notes that have a principal value of $500.0 million reduced by $4.2 million of unamortized debt issue costs. The 2016 adjusting items were a $6.8 million ($5.0 million after tax, or $0.05 per diluted share) charge related to the early termination of pre-existing debt recognized in the fourth quarter, and a $28.2 million ($26.4 million after tax, or $0.25 per diluted share) impairment loss on the Company’s EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships recognized in the third quarter. The 2015 adjusting item was an $8.4 million ($7.3 million after tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) gain on the sale of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, recognized in the fourth quarter. The 2014 adjusting items were a $5.5 million ($4.2 million after tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) charge recorded in the fourth quarter to recognize termination benefits relating to the Company's management reorganization, a $3.4 million ($2.9 million after tax, or $0.03 per diluted share) gain on the sale of the Company's former permanent auction site in Grande Prairie, Canada, recognized in the third quarter, and an $8.1 million ($8.1 million after tax, or $0.08 per diluted share) impairment loss recorded in the third quarter against the Company's land and improvements and auction building in Narita, Japan. Ritchie Bros. 85 The following table presents our OFCF (non-GAAP measure) results on a trailing 12-month basis, and reconciles that metric to cash provided by operating activities and net capital spending, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in our consolidated statements of cash flows: (in U.S. $ millions) Cash provided by operating activities Property, plant and equipment additions Intangible asset additions Proceeds on disposition of property plant and equipment Net capital spending OFCF (non-GAAP measure) Ritchie Bros. Year ended December 31, $ $ $ 2016 177.6 18.9 17.6 (6.7) 29.8 147.8 $ $ $ 2015 196.5 22.1 8.8 (16.7) 14.2 182.3 $ $ $ 2014 149.0 25.0 13.9 (9.3) 29.6 119.4 Change 2016 over 2015 (10)% (14)% 100% (60)% 110% (19)% 2015 over 2014 32% (12)% (37)% 80% (52)% 53% 86 The following table presents our adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) and adjusted dividend payout ratio (non-GAAP measure) results on a trailing 12-month basis, and reconciles those metrics to dividends paid to stockholders, net income attributable to stockholders, and dividend payout ratio, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements: (in U.S. $ millions) Dividends paid to stockholders Net income attributable to stockholders Pre-tax adjusting items: Management reorganization Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of excess property Impairment loss Current income tax effect of adjusting items: Management reorganization Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of excess property Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items: Impairment loss Deferred tax adjusting item: Tax loss utilization Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) Dividend payout ratio Adjusted dividend payout ratio (non-GAAP measure) Year ended December 31, $ $ 2016 70.5 91.8 - 6.8 - 28.2 - (1.8) - (1.8) - $ $ 2015 64.3 136.2 $ $ - - (8.4) - - - 1.1 - (7.9) 2014 57.9 91.0 5.5 - (3.4) 8.1 (1.3) - 0.4 - - $ 123.3 $ 121.1 $ 100.3 Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 10% (33)% - 100% 100% 100% - (100)% (100)% (100)% 100% 2% 11% 50% (100)% - (147)% (100)% (100)% - 175% - (100)% 21% 76.8% 57.2% 47.2% 53.1% 63.6% 57.7% 2960 bps -1640 bps 410 bps -460 bps The 2016 adjusting items were a $5.0 million ($6.8 million before tax, or $0.05 per diluted share) charge related to the early termination of pre-existing debt recognized in the fourth quarter, and a $26.4 million ($28.2 million before tax, or $0.25 per diluted share) impairment loss on the Company’s EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships recognized in the third quarter. The 2015 adjusting items were a $7.3 million ($8.4 million before tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) gain on the sale of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, recognized in the fourth quarter, and $7.9 million ($7.9 million before tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) of tax savings generated by tax loss utilization recognized in the fourth quarter. The 2014 adjusting items were a $4.2 million ($5.5 million before tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) charge recorded in the fourth quarter to recognize termination benefits relating to the Company's management reorganization, a $2.9 million ($3.4 million before tax, or $0.03 per diluted share) gain on the sale of the Company's former permanent auction site in Grande Prairie, Canada, recognized in the third quarter, and an $8.1 million ($8.1 million before tax, or $0.08 per diluted share) impairment loss recorded in the third quarter against the Company's land and improvements and auction building in Narita, Japan. Ritchie Bros. 87 The following table presents our ROIC (non-GAAP measure) and ROIC excluding escrowed debt (non-GAAP measure) results on a trailing 12-month basis, and reconciles those metrics to net income attributable to stockholders, long-term debt, stockholders’ equity, and return on average invested capital, which are the most directly comparable GAAP measures in, or calculated from, our consolidated financial statements. Adjusted opening long-term debt (non-GAAP measure) is not presented due to the lack of adjusting items during the relevant periods: Year ended December 31, Change 2016 over 2015 2015 over 2014 (in U.S. $ millions) Net income attributable to stockholders Pre-tax adjusting items: Management reorganization Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of excess property Impairment loss Current income tax effect of adjusting items: Management reorganization Debt extinguishment costs Gain on sale of excess property Deferred income tax effect of adjusting items: Impairment loss Deferred tax adjusting item: Tax loss utilization Adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) Opening long-term debt Ending long-term debt Less: long-term debt in escrow Adjusted ending long-term debt (non-GAAP measure) Average long-term debt Adjusted average long-term debt (non-GAAP measure) Opening stockholders' equity Ending stockholders' equity Average stockholders' equity Average invested capital Adjusted average invested capital (non-GAAP measure) Return on average invested capital(1) ROIC (non-GAAP measure)(2) ROIC excluding escrowed debt (non-GAAP measure)(3) Ritchie Bros. $ $ $ $ $ $ 2016 91.8 - 6.8 - 28.2 - (1.8) - (1.8) - 123.3 97.9 595.7 (495.8) 99.9 346.8 98.9 703.2 687.1 695.2 $ $ $ $ $ 2015 136.2 $ - - (8.4) - - - 1.1 - (7.9) 121.1 110.8 97.9 - 97.9 104.4 104.4 691.9 703.2 697.6 $ $ $ $ 1,042.0 $ 802.0 $ 794.1 802.0 2014 91.0 5.5 - (3.4) 8.1 (1.3) - 0.4 - - 100.3 177.2 110.8 - 110.8 144.0 144.0 686.1 691.9 689.0 833.0 833.0 (33%) - 100% 100% 100% - (100)% (100)% (100)% 100% 2% (12)% 508% (100)% 2% 232% (5)% 2% (2)% - 30% (1)% 8.8% 11.8% 15.5% 17.0% 15.1% 15.1% 10.9% 12.0% 12.0% -820 bps -330 bps 40 bps 50% (100)% - (147)% (100)% (100)% - 175% - (100)% 21% (37)% (12)% - (12)% (28)% (28)% 1% 2% 1% (4)% (4)% 610 bps 310 bps 310 bps 88 (1) Calculated as net income attributable to stockholders divided by average invested capital. (2) Calculated as adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) divided by average invested capital. (3) Calculated as adjusted net income attributable to stockholders (non-GAAP measure) divided by adjusted average invested capital (non-GAAP measure). The 2016 adjusting items were a $5.0 million ($6.8 million before tax, or $0.05 per diluted share) charge related to the early termination of pre-existing debt recognized in the fourth quarter, and a $26.4 million ($28.2 million before tax, or $0.25 per diluted share) impairment loss on the Company’s EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill and customer relationships recognized in the third quarter. The 2015 adjusting items were a $7.3 million ($8.4 million before tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) gain on the sale of excess property in Edmonton, Canada, recognized in the fourth quarter, and $7.9 million ($7.9 million before tax, or $0.07 per diluted share) of tax savings generated by tax loss utilization recognized in the fourth quarter. The 2014 adjusting items were a $4.2 million ($5.5 million before tax, or $0.04 per diluted share) charge recorded in the fourth quarter to recognize termination benefits relating to the Company's management reorganization, a $2.9 million ($3.4 million before tax, or $0.03 per diluted share) gain on the sale of the Company's former permanent auction site in Grande Prairie, Canada, recognized in the third quarter, and an $8.1 million ($8.1 million before tax, or $0.08 per diluted share) impairment loss recorded in the third quarter against the Company's land and improvements and auction building in Narita, Japan. The deduction from ending long-term debt at December 31, 2016 of long-term debt held in escrow consists entirely of the Notes that have a principal value of $500.0 million reduced by $4.2 million of unamortized debt issue costs. ITEM 7A: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We conduct operations in local currencies in countries around the world, but we use the U.S. dollar as our presentation currency. As a result, we are exposed to currency fluctuations and exchange rate risk. We cannot accurately predict the future effects of foreign currency fluctuations on our financial condition or results of operations, or quantify their effects on the macroeconomic environment. The proportion of revenues denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar in a given period will differ from the annual proportion for the year ended December 31, 2016, which was 48%, depending on the size and location of auctions held during the period. On annual basis, we expect fluctuations in revenues and operating expenses to largely offset and generally act as a natural hedge against exposure to fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar. We have not adopted a long-term hedging strategy to protect against foreign currency fluctuations associated with our operations denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, but we may consider hedging specific transactions if we deem it appropriate in the future. During 2016, we recorded a net decrease in our foreign currency translation adjustment balance of $9.8 million, compared to $40.8 million in 2015 and $35.8 million in 2014. Our foreign currency translation adjustment arises from the translation of our net assets denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar to the U.S. dollar for reporting purposes. Based on our exposures to foreign currency transactions as at December 31, 2016, and assuming that all other variables remain constant, a 100 basis point appreciation or depreciation of the Canadian dollar and Euro against the U.S. dollar would result in an increase/decrease of approximately $5.6 million in our consolidated comprehensive income. We are not exposed to significant interest rate risk due to the fact that the Notes, which represented 83% of our long-term debt at December 31, 2016, bear interest at a fixed rate of 5.375% per annum. At December 31, 2016, our short-term debt and the remainder of our long-term debt consisted of revolving loans under the Multicurrency Facilities, which usually mature one to three months from inception. Ritchie Bros. 89 Those revolving loans bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a rate equal to either a base rate (or Canadian prime rate for certain Canadian dollar borrowings) or LIBOR (or such floating rate customarily used by BofA for currencies other than U.S. dollars). In either case, an applicable margin is added to the rate. If we determine our exposure to floating interest rates is too high, we may consider fixing a larger portion of our portfolio. As at December 31, 2016, we had a total of $123.8 million in revolving loans (short-term and those refinanced on a long-term basis) bearing floating rates of interest, as compared to $12.4 million at December 31, 2015. Based on the amount owing as of December 31, 2016, and assuming that all other variables remain constant, a change in the U.S. prime rate by 100 bps would result in an increase/decrease of approximately $894,000 in the pre-tax interest we accrue per annum. Although we cannot accurately anticipate the future effect of inflation on our financial condition or results of operations, inflation historically has not had a material impact on our operations. ITEM 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The following financial statements and supplementary data should be read in conjunction with “Part II, Item 6: Selected Financial Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Ritchie Bros. 90 The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 21, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Vancouver, Canada February 21, 2017 Ritchie Bros. /s/Ernst & Young LLP Chartered Professional Accountants 91 Consolidated Income Statements (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) Year ended December 31, Revenues (note 5) Costs of services, excluding depreciation and amortization (note 6) Selling, general and administrative expenses (note 6) Acquisition-related costs (note 6) Depreciation and amortization expenses (note 6) Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Impairment loss (note 7) Foreign exchange loss (gain) Operating income Other income (expense): Interest income Interest expense Equity income (note 21) Debt extinguishment costs (note 24) Other, net Income before income taxes Income tax expense (recovery) (note 8): Current Deferred Net income Net income attributable to: Stockholders Non-controlling interests Earnings per share attributable to stockholders (note 10): Basic Diluted Weighted average number of shares outstanding (note 10): Basic Diluted See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2016 566,395 66,062 500,333 283,529 11,829 40,861 (1,282) 28,243 1,431 135,722 1,863 (5,564) 1,028 (6,787) 4,232 (5,228) $ 2015 515,875 56,026 459,849 254,389 601 42,032 (9,691) - (2,322) 174,840 2,660 (4,962) 916 - 2,982 1,596 2014 481,097 57,884 423,213 248,220 - 44,536 (3,512) 8,084 (2,042) 127,927 2,222 (5,277) 458 - 3,708 1,111 130,494 176,436 129,038 40,341 (3,359) 36,982 93,512 91,832 1,680 93,512 0.86 0.85 $ $ $ $ $ 42,420 (4,559) 37,861 138,575 136,214 2,361 138,575 1.27 1.27 $ $ $ $ $ 33,321 3,154 36,475 92,563 90,981 1,582 92,563 0.85 0.85 106,630,323 107,457,794 107,075,845 107,432,474 107,268,425 107,654,828 Ritchie Bros. 92 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars) Year ended December 31, Net income Other comprehensive loss, net of income tax: Foreign currency translation adjustment Total comprehensive income Total comprehensive income attributable to: Stockholders Non-controlling interests See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 2016 2015 93,512 $ 138,575 $ 2014 92,563 (9,847) (40,776) (35,796) 83,665 $ 97,799 $ 56,767 81,839 1,826 83,665 $ 95,831 1,968 97,799 $ 55,295 1,472 56,767 $ $ $ Ritchie Bros. 93 Consolidated Balance Sheets (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except share data) December 31, Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Trade and other receivables (note 13) Inventory (note 14) Advances against auction contracts Prepaid expenses and deposits (note 16) Assets held for sale (note 17) Income taxes receivable Property, plant and equipment (note 18) Equity-accounted investments (note 21) Restricted cash (note 24) Deferred debt issue costs (note 24) Other non-current assets Intangible assets (note 19) Goodwill (note 20) Deferred tax assets (note 8) Liabilities and Equity Current liabilities: Auction proceeds payable Trade and other payables (note 22) Income taxes payable Short-term debt (note 24) Current portion of long-term debt (note 24) Long-term debt (note 24) Share unit liabilities Other non-current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities (note 8) Commitments (note 27) Contingencies (note 28) Contingently redeemable: Non-controlling interest (note 9) Performance share units (note 26) Stockholders' equity (note 25): Share capital: Common stock; no par value, unlimited shares authorized, issued and outstanding shares: 106,822,001 (December 31, 2015: 107,200,470) Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Stockholders' equity Non-controlling interest See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 2016 2015 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 207,867 50,222 52,979 28,491 5,621 19,005 632 13,181 377,998 515,030 7,326 500,000 6,182 4,027 72,304 97,537 19,129 1,599,533 98,873 124,694 5,355 23,912 - 252,834 595,706 4,243 14,583 36,387 903,753 - 3,950 125,474 27,638 601,071 (67,126) 687,057 4,773 691,830 1,599,533 $ 210,148 83,098 59,412 58,463 4,797 11,057 629 2,495 430,099 528,591 6,487 - - 3,369 46,973 91,234 13,362 1,120,115 101,215 120,042 13,011 12,350 43,348 289,966 54,567 5,633 6,735 31,070 387,971 24,785 - 131,530 27,728 601,051 (57,133) 703,176 4,183 707,359 1,120,115 94 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) Non- controlling interest ("NCI") Contingently redeemable Non- controlling interest ("NCI") Performance share units ("PSUs") Total equity Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) Attributable to stockholders Common stock Number of shares Amount Additional paid-In capital ("APIC") 107,024,783 - $ 126,350 - $ $ 30,238 - - - - 663,152 - - - - - - 14,907 - - - - - - (2,786) 152 3,710 - 107,687,935 - $ 141,257 - $ 31,314 - $ - - - - - 1,412,535 - 37,762 - - - - - - (1,900,000) (47,489) - - - - - (7,946) 359 4,001 - - - Retained earnings 510,571 90,981 (7,512) - 83,469 - - - (57,929) 536,111 136,214 - 136,214 (6,934) - - - - - (64,340) 107,200,470 - $ 131,530 - $ 27,728 - $ 601,051 91,832 $ - - - - - 1,081,531 - 30,670 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1,460,000) (36,726) - - - - - (6,332) 443 5,507 - 283 9 - - - - - - 91,832 (21,186) - - - (70) - (62) (35) - - - (70,459) $ 18,936 - - (35,686) (35,686) - - - - $ (16,750) - $ (40,383) (40,383) - - - - - - (57,133) - $ (9,993) (9,993) - - - - - - - - - - - - Balance, December 31, 2013 Net income Change in value of contingently redeemable non-controlling interest Other comprehensive loss Stock option exercises Stock option tax adjustment Stock option compensation expense (note 26) Cash dividends paid (note 25) Balance, December 31, 2014 Net income Other comprehensive loss Change in value of contingently redeemable non-controlling interest Stock option exercises Stock option tax adjustment Stock option compensation expense (note 26) NCI acquired in a business combination (note 30) Shares repurchased (note 25) Cash dividends paid (note 25) Balance, December 31, 2015 Net income Other comprehensive income (loss) Change in value of contingently redeemable NCI Stock option exercises Stock option tax adjustment Stock option compensation expense (note 26) Modification of PSUs (note 26) Equity-classified PSU expense (note 26) Equity-classified PSU dividend equivalents Change in value of contingently redeemable equity- classified PSUs NCI acquired in a business combination (note 30) Acquisition of NCI Shares repurchased (note 25) Cash dividends paid (note 25) Balance, December 31, 2016 - - - - - - - - - - 64 - 64 - - - - 4,119 - - 686,095 90,981 $ 8,303 1,582 (7,512) (35,686) 47,783 12,121 152 3,710 (57,929) 7,512 (110) 8,984 - - - - $ 691,932 136,278 $ 17,287 2,297 $ (40,383) 95,895 (6,934) 29,816 359 4,001 4,119 (47,489) (64,340) (393) 1,904 6,934 - - - - - (1,340) $ 4,183 346 707,359 92,178 $ 24,785 1,334 $ (23) 323 - - - - - - - - 596 (226) - (103) (10,016) 82,162 (21,186) 24,338 443 5,507 (70) 283 (53) (35) 596 (226) (36,726) (70,562) 169 1,503 21,186 - - - - - - - - (44,141) - (3,333) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,175 1,698 42 35 - - - - 106,822,001 $ 125,474 $ 27,638 $ 601,071 $ (67,126) $ 4,773 $ 691,830 $ - $ 3,950 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 95 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Expressed in thousands of United States dollars) Year ended December 31, Cash provided by (used in): Operating activities: Net income Adjustments for items not affecting cash: Depreciation and amortization expenses (note 6) Inventory write down (note 14) Impairment loss (note 7) Stock option compensation expense (note 26) Equity-classified PSU expense (note 26) Deferred income tax recovery Equity income less dividends received Unrealized foreign exchange loss Change in fair value of earn-outs Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Other, net Net changes in operating assets and liabilities (note 11) Net cash provided by operating activities Investing activities: Acquisition of Mascus (note 30) Acquisition of Xcira (note 30) Acquisition of Petrowsky (note 30) Acquisition of contingently redeemable NCI (note 9) Acquisition of NCI (note 30) Acquisition of Kramer (note 30) Acquisition of equity investments Property, plant and equipment additions Intangible asset additions Proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment Other, net Net cash used in investing activities Financing activities: Issuances of share capital Share repurchase (note 25) Dividends paid to stockholders (note 25) Dividends paid to contingently redeemable NCI Proceeds from short-term debt Repayment of short-term debt Proceeds from long-term debt Repayment of long-term debt Debt issue costs (note 24) Debt extinguishment costs (note 24) Repayment of finance lease obligations Other, net Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities Effect of changes in foreign currency rates on cash and cash equivalents Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash: Increase (decrease) Beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period (note 11) $ See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 2016 2015 2014 $ 93,512 $ 138,575 $ 92,563 40,861 3,084 28,243 5,507 1,981 (3,359) (1,028) 1,947 (2,044) (1,282) (546) 10,682 177,558 (28,123) - (6,250) (41,092) (226) (11,138) - (18,918) (17,558) 6,691 (248) (116,862) 24,338 (36,726) (70,459) (3,436) 67,584 (57,516) 647,091 (148,158) (10,644) (6,787) (1,655) 511 404,143 4 464,843 293,246 758,089 42,032 480 - 4,001 - (4,559) (916) 1,403 - (9,691) - 25,134 196,459 - (12,107) - - - - (3,000) (22,055) (8,764) 16,667 (89) (29,348) 29,816 (47,489) (64,340) (1,340) 11,223 (6,558) - - - - (2,073) 72 (80,689) (26,265) 60,157 233,089 293,246 $ 44,536 2,177 8,084 3,710 - 3,154 (458) 562 - (3,512) - (1,797) 149,019 - - - - - - - (24,990) (13,935) 9,330 (529) (30,124) 12,121 - (57,929) - 45,751 (41,066) - (58,409) - - (1,953) (148) (101,633) (18,534) (1,272) 234,361 233,089 96 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 1. General information Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as the “Company”) sell industrial equipment and other assets for the construction, agricultural, transportation, energy, mining, forestry, material handling, marine and real estate industries at its unreserved auctions and online marketplaces. Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated is a company incorporated in Canada under the Canada Business Corporations Act, whose shares are publicly traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). 2. Significant accounting policies (a) Basis of preparation These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“US GAAP”) and the following accounting policies have been consistently applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Previously, the Company prepared its consolidated financial statements under International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as permitted by securities regulators in Canada, as well as in the United States under the status of a Foreign Private Issuer as defined by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). At the end of the second quarter of 2015, the Company determined that it no longer qualified as a Foreign Private Issuer under the SEC rules. As a result, beginning January 1, 2016 the Company is required to report with the SEC on domestic forms and comply with domestic company rules in the United States. The transition to US GAAP was made retrospectively for all periods from the Company’s inception. (b) Basis of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned and non-wholly owned subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest either through voting rights or means other than voting rights. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated on consolidation. Where the Company’s ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary is less than 100%, the non-controlling interests’ share of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries is reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a separate component of equity or within temporary equity. The non-controlling interests’ share of the net income of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries is reported in the Company’s consolidated income statements as a deduction from the Company’s net earnings to arrive at net earnings attributable to stockholders of the Company. The Company consolidates variable interest entities (“VIEs”) if the Company has (a) the power to direct matters that most significantly impact the VIEs economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. For VIEs where the Company has shared power with unrelated parties, the Company uses the equity method of accounting to report their results. The determination of the primary beneficiary involves judgment. (c) Revenue recognition Revenues are comprised of: (cid:120) (cid:120) commissions earned at our auctions through the Company acting as an agent for consignors of equipment and other assets, as well as commissions on online marketplace sales, and fees earned in the process of conducting auctions, fees from value-added services, as well as fees paid by buyers on online marketplace sales. Ritchie Bros. 97 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (c) Revenue recognition (continued) The Company recognizes revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. For auction or online marketplace sales, revenue is recognized when the auction or online marketplace sale is complete and the Company has determined that the sale proceeds are collectible. Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and is shown net of value-added tax and duties. Commissions from sales at our auctions represent the percentage earned by the Company on the gross auction proceeds from equipment and other assets sold at auction. The majority of commissions are earned as a pre-negotiated fixed rate of the gross selling price. Other commissions from sales at our auctions are earned from underwritten commission contracts, when the Company guarantees a certain level of proceeds to a consignor or purchases inventory to be sold at auction. Commissions also include those earned on online marketplace sales. Commissions from sales at auction The Company accepts equipment and other assets on consignment or takes title for a short period of time prior to auction, stimulates buyer interest through professional marketing techniques, and matches sellers (also known as consignors) to buyers through the auction or private sale process. In its role as auctioneer, the Company matches buyers to sellers of equipment on consignment, as well as to inventory held by the Company, through the auction process. Following the auction, the Company invoices the buyer for the purchase price of the property, collects payment from the buyer, and where applicable, remits to the consignor the net sale proceeds after deducting its commissions, expenses and applicable taxes. Commissions are calculated as a percentage of the hammer price of the property sold at auction. On the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, the highest bidder becomes legally obligated to pay the full purchase price, which is the hammer price of the property purchased and the seller is legally obligated to relinquish the property in exchange for the hammer price less any seller’s commissions. Commission revenue is recognized on the date of the auction sale upon the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer, which is the point in time when the Company has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the commission revenue. Subsequent to the date of the auction sale, the Company’s remaining obligations for its auction services relate only to the collection of the purchase price from the buyer and the remittance of the net sale proceeds to the seller. These remaining service obligations are not an essential part of the auction services provided by the Company. Under the standard terms and conditions of its auction sales, the Company is not obligated to pay a consignor for property that has not been paid for by the buyer, provided that the property has not been released to the buyer. In the rare event where a buyer refuses to take title of the property, the sale is cancelled in the period in which the determination is made, and the property is returned to the consignor. Historically, cancelled sales have not been material in relation to the aggregate hammer price of property sold at auction. Commission revenues are recorded net of commissions owed to third parties, which are principally the result of situations when the commission is shared with a consignor or with the counterparty in an auction guarantee risk and reward sharing arrangement. Additionally, in certain situations, commissions are shared with third parties who introduce the Company to consignors who sell property at auction. Ritchie Bros. 98 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (c) Revenue recognition (continued) Underwritten commission contracts can take the form of guarantee or inventory contracts. Guarantee contracts typically include a pre-negotiated percentage of the guaranteed gross proceeds plus a percentage of proceeds in excess of the guaranteed amount. If actual auction proceeds are less than the guaranteed amount, commission is reduced; if proceeds are sufficiently lower, the Company can incur a loss on the sale. Losses, if any, resulting from guarantee contracts are recorded in the period in which the relevant auction is completed. If a loss relating to a guarantee contract held at the period end to be sold after the period end is known or is probable and estimable at the financial statement reporting date, the loss is accrued in the financial statements for that period. The Company’s exposure from these guarantee contracts fluctuates over time (note 28). Revenues related to inventory contracts are recognized in the period in which the sale is completed, title to the property passes to the purchaser and the Company has fulfilled any other obligations that may be relevant to the transaction, including, but not limited to, delivery of the property. Revenue from inventory sales is presented net of costs within revenues on the income statement, as the Company takes title only for a short period of time and the risks and rewards of ownership are not substantially different than the Company’s other underwritten commission contracts. Fees Fees earned in the process of conducting our auctions include administrative, documentation, and advertising fees. Fees from value-added services include financing and technology service fees. Fees also include amounts paid by buyers (a “buyer’s premium”) on online marketplace sales. Fees are recognized in the period in which the service is provided to the customer. (d) Share-based payments The Company classifies a share-based payment award as an equity or liability payment based on the substantive terms of the award and any related arrangement. Equity-classified share-based payments The Company has a stock option compensation plan that provides for the award of stock options to selected employees, directors and officers of the Company. The cost of options granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying option at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company also has a senior executive performance share unit (“PSU”) plan that provides for the award of PSUs to selected senior executives of the Company. The Company has the option to settle executive PSU awards in cash or shares and expects to settle them in shares. The cost of PSUs granted is measured at the fair value of the underlying PSUs at the grant date using a binomial model. This fair value of awards expected to vest under these plans is expensed over the respective remaining service period of the individual awards, on a straight-line basis, with recognition of a corresponding increase to APIC in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Company revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in earnings, such that the consolidated expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. Any consideration paid on exercise of the stock options is credited to the common shares together with any related compensation recognized for the award. Dividend equivalents on the senior executive plan PSUs are recognized as a reduction to retained earnings over the service period. Ritchie Bros. 99 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (d) Share-based payments (continued) Equity-classified share-based payments (continued) PSUs awarded under the senior executive and employee PSU plans (described in note 26) are contingently redeemable in cash in the event of death of the participant. The contingently redeemable portion of the senior executive PSU awards, which represents the amount that would be redeemable based on the conditions at the date of grant, to the extent attributable to prior service, is recognized as temporary equity. The balance reported in temporary equity increases on the same basis as the related compensation expense over the service period of the award, with any excess of the temporary equity value over the amount recognized in compensation expense charged against retained earnings. In the event it becomes probable an award is going to become eligible for redemption by the holder, the award would be reclassified to a liability award. Liability-classified share-based payments The Company maintains other share unit compensation plans that vest over a period of up to five years after grant. Under those plans, the Company is either required or expects to settle vested awards on a cash basis or by providing cash to acquire shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf, where the settlement amount is determined using the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares for the twenty days prior to the vesting date or, in the case of deferred share unit (“DSU”) recipients, following cessation of service on the Board of Directors. These awards are classified as liability awards, measured at fair value at the date of grant and re-measured at fair value at each reporting date up to and including the settlement date. The determination of the fair value of the share units under these plans is described in note 26. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the respective vesting period of the individual awards with recognition of a corresponding liability. Changes in fair value after vesting are recognized through compensation expense. Compensation expense reflects estimates of the number of instruments expected to vest. The impact of fair value and forfeiture estimate revisions, if any, are recognized in earnings such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimates, with a corresponding adjustment to the settlement liability. Liability-classified share unit liabilities due within 12 months of the reporting date are presented in trade and other payables while settlements due beyond 12 months of the reporting date are presented in non-current liabilities. The awards are classified as liability awards, measured at fair value at the date of grant and re-measured at fair value at each reporting date up to and including the settlement date. The fair value of the share unit grants is calculated on the valuation date using the 20-day volume weighted average share price of the Company‘s common shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The fair value of the awards is expensed over the respective vesting period of the individual awards with recognition of a corresponding liability, with changes in fair value after vesting being recognized through compensation expense. Compensation expense reflects estimates the number of instruments expected to vest. The impacts of fair value and forfeiture estimate revisions, if any, are recognized in earnings such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimates, with a corresponding adjustment to the settlement liability. Short-term cash-settled share-based liabilities are presented in trade and other payables while long-term settlements are presented in non-current liabilities. Ritchie Bros. 100 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (d) Share-based payments (continued) Employee share purchase plan The Company matches employees’ contributions to the share purchase plan, which is described in more detail in note 26. The Company’s contributions are expensed as share-based compensation. (e) Fair value measurement Fair value is the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company measures financial instruments or discloses select non-financial assets at fair value at each balance sheet date. Also, fair values of financial instruments measured at amortized cost are disclosed in note 12. The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data is available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements at fair value are categorized within a fair value hierarchy, as disclosed in note 12, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement or disclosure. This fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization at the end of each reporting period. For the purposes of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the assets or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above. (f) Foreign currency translation The parent entity‘s presentation and functional currency is the United States dollar. The functional currency for each of the parent entity‘s subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates, which is usually the currency of the country of residency. Accordingly, the financial statements of the Company‘s subsidiaries that are not denominated in United States dollars have been translated into United States dollars using the exchange rate at the end of each reporting period for asset and liability amounts and the monthly average exchange rate for amounts included in the determination of earnings. Any gains or losses from the translation of asset and liability amounts are included in foreign currency translation adjustment in accumulated other comprehensive income. In preparing the financial statements of the individual subsidiaries, transactions in currencies other than the entity‘s functional currency are recognized at the rates of exchange prevailing at the dates of the transaction. At the end of each reporting period, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing at that date. Foreign currency differences arising on retranslation of monetary items are recognized in earnings. Foreign currency translation adjustment includes intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature of $1,967,000 for 2016 (2015: $19,636,000; 2014: $18,273,000). Ritchie Bros. 101 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (g) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents is comprised of cash on hand, deposits with financial institutions, and other short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturity of three months or less when acquired, that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash. (h) Restricted cash In certain jurisdictions, local laws require the Company to hold cash in segregated accounts, which are used to settle auction proceeds payable resulting from auctions conducted in those regions. In addition, the Company also holds cash generated from its EquipmentOne online marketplace sales in separate escrow accounts, for settlement of the respective online marketplace transactions as a part of its secured escrow service. Non-current restricted cash consists of funds held in escrow pursuant to the offering of senior unsecured notes (note 24), which are only available to the Company if and when the Company receives approval to acquire IronPlanet Holdings, Inc. (“IronPlanet”) and whose use is restricted to the funding of the IronPlanet acquisition (note 28). (i) Trade and other receivables Trade receivables principally include amounts due from customers as a result of auction and online marketplace transactions. The recorded amount reflects the purchase price of the item sold, including the Company’s commission. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on historical write-off experience and customer economic data. The Company reviews the allowance for doubtful accounts regularly and past due balances are reviewed for collectability. Account balances are charged against the allowance when the Company believes that the receivable will not be recovered. (j) Inventories Inventory is recorded at cost and is represented by goods held for auction. Each inventory contract has been valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. (k) Equity-accounted investments Investments in entities that the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over, but not control, are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, investments are stated at initial costs and are adjusted for subsequent additional investments and the Company’s share of earnings or losses and distributions. The Company evaluates its equity-accounted investments for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such investments may have experienced an other-than-temporary decline in value below their carrying value. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value and is considered an other than temporary decline, the carrying value is written down to its estimated fair value and the resulting impairment is recorded in the consolidated income statement. (l) Property, plant and equipment All property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes all expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition or development of the asset, net of any amounts received in relation to those assets, including scientific research and experimental development tax credits. Ritchie Bros. 102 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (l) Property, plant and equipment (continued) The cost of self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials and direct labour, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the assets to working condition for their intended use, the costs of dismantling and removing items and restoring the site on which they are located (if applicable) and capitalized interest on qualifying assets. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All repairs and maintenance costs are charged to earnings during the financial period in which they are incurred. Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of the item, and are recognized net within operating income on the income statement. Depreciation is provided to charge the cost of the assets to operations over their estimated useful lives based on their usage as follows: Asset Land improvements Buildings Yard equipment Automotive equipment Computer software and equipment Office equipment Leasehold improvements Basis Declining balance Straight-line Declining balance Declining balance Straight-line Declining balance Straight-line Rate / term 10% 15 - 30 years 20 - 30% 30% 3 - 5 years 20% Lesser of lease term or economic life No depreciation is provided on freehold land or on assets in the course of construction or development. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment under capital leases is recorded in depreciation expense. Legal obligations to retire and to restore property, plant and equipment and assets under operating leases are recorded at management‘s best estimate in the period in which they are incurred, if a reasonable estimate can be made, with a corresponding increase in asset carrying value. The liability is accreted to face value over the remaining estimated useful life of the asset. The Company does not have any significant asset retirement obligations. (m) Long-lived assets held for sale Long-lived assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities, that are expected to be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use, are classified as assets held for sale. Immediately before classification as held for sale, the assets, or components of a disposal group, are measured at carrying amount in accordance with the Company’s accounting policies. Thereafter the assets, or disposal group, are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less cost to sell and are not depreciated. Impairment losses on initial classification as held for sale and subsequent gains or losses on re-measurement are recognized in operating income on the income statement. (n) Intangible assets Intangible assets have finite useful lives and are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, except trade names and trademarks as they have indefinite useful lives. Cost includes all expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition or development of the asset, net of any amounts received in relation to those assets, including scientific research and experimental development tax credits. Ritchie Bros. 103 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (n) Intangible assets (continued) Costs of internally developed software are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining estimated economic life of the software product. Costs related to software incurred prior to establishing technological feasibility or the beginning of the application development stage of software are charged to operations as such costs are incurred. Once technological feasibility is established or the application development stage has begun, directly attributable costs are capitalized until the software is available for use. Amortization is recognized in net earnings on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful lives are: Asset Customer relationships Software assets Basis Straight-line Straight-line Amortization of intangible assets under capital leases has been recorded in amortization expense. (o) Impairment of long-lived assets Rate / term 10 - 20 years 3 - 5 years Long-lived assets, comprised of property, plant and equipment and intangibles subject to amortization, are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped and tested for recoverability at the lowest level that generates independent cash flows. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of the assets or asset groups is greater than the future projected undiscounted cash flows. The impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the asset or asset group. Fair value is based on valuation techniques or third party appraisals. Significant estimates and judgments are applied in determining these cash flows and fair values. (p) Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired enterprise over the fair value assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is allocated to either the Core Auction, the EquipmentOne, or the Mascus reporting unit. Goodwill is not amortized, but it is tested annually for impairment at the reporting unit level as of December 31 and between annual tests if indicators of potential impairment exist. The first step of the impairment test for goodwill is an assessment of qualitative factors to determine the existence of events or circumstances that would indicate whether it is more likely than not that the carrying amount of the reporting unit to which goodwill belongs is less than its fair value. If the qualitative test indicates it is not more likely than not that the reporting unit’s carrying amount is less than its fair value, a quantitative assessment is not required. Where a quantitative assessment is required the next step is to compare the fair value of the reporting unit to the reporting unit’s carrying value. The fair value calculated in the impairment test is determined using a discounted cash flow or another model involving assumptions that are based upon what we believe a hypothetical marketplace participant would use in estimating fair value on the measurement date. In developing these assumptions, we compare the resulting estimated enterprise value to our observable market enterprise value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is lower than the reporting unit’s carrying value an impairment loss is recognized for any amount by which the carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. Ritchie Bros. 104 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (q) Deferred financing costs Deferred financing costs represent the unamortized costs incurred on the issuance of the Company’s long-term debt. Amortization of deferred financing costs is provided on the effective interest rate method over the term of the facility. Deferred financing costs relating to the Company’s term debt are presented in the consolidated balance sheet as a direct reduction of the carrying amount of the long-term debt. Deferred financing costs relating to the Company’s revolving loans are presented on the balance sheet as a deferred charge. (r) Taxes Income tax expense represents the sum of current tax expense and deferred tax expense. Current tax The current tax expense is based on taxable profit for the period and includes any adjustments to tax payable in respect of previous years. Taxable profit differs from earnings before income taxes as reported in the consolidated income statement because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company‘s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are based on temporary differences (differences between the accounting basis and the tax basis of the assets and liabilities) and non-capital loss, capital loss, and tax credits carryforwards are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws expected to apply when these differences reverse. Deferred tax benefits, including non-capital loss, capital loss, and tax credits carryforwards, are recognized to the extent that realization of such benefits is considered more likely than not. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that enactment occurs. When realization of deferred income tax assets does not meet the more-likely- than-not criterion for recognition, a valuation allowance is provided. Interest and penalties related to income taxes, including unrecognized tax benefits, are recorded in income tax expense in the income statement. Liabilities for uncertain tax positions are recorded based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. The Company regularly assesses the potential outcomes of examinations by tax authorities in determining the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. The Company continually assesses the likelihood and amount of potential adjustments and adjust the income tax provision, income taxes payable and deferred taxes in the period in which the facts that give rise to a revision become known. Ritchie Bros. 105 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (s) Contingently redeemable non-controlling interest Contingently redeemable equity instruments are initially recorded at their fair value on the date of issue within temporary equity on the balance sheet. When the equity instruments become redeemable or redemption is probable, the Company recognizes changes in the estimated redemption value immediately as they occur, and adjusts the carrying amount of the redeemable equity instrument to equal the estimated redemption value at the end of each reporting period. Changes to the carrying value are charged or credited to retained earnings attributable to stockholders on the balance sheet. Redemption value determinations require high levels of judgment (“Level 3” on the fair value hierarchy) and are based on various valuation techniques, including market comparables and discounted cash flow projections. (t) Earnings per share Basic earnings per share has been calculated by dividing the net income for the year attributable to equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share has been calculated after giving effect to outstanding dilutive options calculated by adjusting the net earnings attributable to equity holders of the parent and the weighted average number of shares outstanding for all dilutive shares. (u) Defined contribution plans The employees of the Company are members of retirement benefit plans to which the Company matches up to a specified percentage of employee contributions or, in certain jurisdictions, contributes a specified percentage of payroll costs as mandated by the local authorities. The only obligation of the Company with respect to the retirement benefit plans is to make the specified contributions. (v) Advertising costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense is included in direct expenses and selling, general and administrative expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. (w) Early adoption of new accounting pronouncements (i) In November 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash, which requires that the change in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash during a reporting period be explained in the statement of cash flows (“SCF”). Therefore, restricted cash is included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the total beginning and end of period amounts shown on the face of the SCF. ASU 2016-18 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If adopted during an interim period, any adjustments are reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period. The amendments are applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. The treatment of restricted cash in the SCF under ASU 2016-18 is similar to the treatment under IFRS, which was the basis of preparation of the Company’s reporting basis prior to its recent transition to US GAAP. As such, management believes this presentation is more familiar to readers of the Company’s financial statements, making the financial statements easier to understand. Also, the Company’s restricted cash balance, and therefore, its SCF performance metrics, are subject to a significant level of fluctuation because the restricted cash balance varies according to both the timing and location of auctions in any given period. Management believes that ASU 2016-18 will help reduce these fluctuations, providing more useful information to financial statement users. For all these reasons, the Company early adopted ASU 2016-18 in the fourth quarter of 2016, applying the amendments on a retrospective transition method basis. The effect of this retrospective application of ASU 2016-18 has been disclosed in note 11. Ritchie Bros. 106 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (x) New and amended accounting standards (ii) Effective January 1, 2016, the Company adopted ASU 2014-12, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718), Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period, which requires that a performance target that (1) affects vesting of an award, and (2) could be achieved after the requisite service period of the employee be treated as a performance condition. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. (iii) Effective January 1, 2016, the Company adopted ASU 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810), Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, which changes the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are variable interest entities (“VIEs”), and eliminates the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership that is a voting interest entity. The new guidance also alters the analysis for determining when fees paid to a decision maker or service provider represent a variable interest in a VIE and how interests of related parties affect the primary beneficiary determination. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. (iv) Effective January 1, 2016, the Company adopted ASU 2015-05, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement, which provides clarity around a customer’s accounting for fees paid in a cloud computing arrangement. The amendments in ASU 2015-05 add guidance to assist customers in determining whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. Software license elements of cloud computing arrangements are accounted for consistent with the acquisition of other intangible asset licenses. Where there is no software license element, the cloud computing arrangement is accounted for as a service contract. The standard was applied prospectively and did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. (v) Effective January 1, 2016, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments, which requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements with respect to the acquisition of Xcira (note 30(d)) as no adjustments to provisional amounts were identified during the measurement period. During the period from February 19, 2016 to December 31, 2016, the Company recognized working capital adjustments related to the Mascus acquisition (note 30(a)), which resulted in a net $343,000 increase in goodwill. (y) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted (i) In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In particular, it moves away from the current industry and transaction specific requirements. Ritchie Bros. 107 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (y) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted (continued) ASU 2014-09 creates a five-step model that requires entities to exercise judgment when considering the terms of the contract(s) which include: 1. Identifying the contract(s) with the customer, 2. Identifying the separate performance obligations in the contract, 3. Determining the transaction price, 4. Allocating the transaction price to the separate performance obligations, and 5. Recognizing revenue as each performance obligation is satisfied. The amendments also contain extensive disclosure requirements designed to enable users of the financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. In July 2015, the FASB delayed the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year so that ASU 2014-09 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2014-09 permits the use of either the retrospective or modified retrospective (cumulative effect) transition method. In 2015, the Company established a global new revenue accounting standard adoption team, consisting of financial reporting and accounting advisory representatives from across all geographical regions and business operations. The team developed an adoption framework that continues to be used as guidance in identifying the Company’s significant contracts with customers. In 2016, the team commenced its analysis, with the initial focus being on the impact of the amendments on accounting for the Company’s straight commission contracts, underwritten (inventory and guarantee) commission contracts, and ancillary service contracts. The team is currently in the process of identifying the appropriate changes to our business processes, systems, and controls required to adopt the amendments based on preliminary findings. Since its inception, the team has regularly reported the findings and progress of the adoption project to management and the Audit Committee. The team is also working closely with management and the Audit Committee to determine the most appropriate method of adoption of ASU 2014-09, which has not yet been selected primarily due to the uncertainty over if and when the Company will receive approval to acquire IronPlanet. Due to the complexity of applying the amendments retrospectively in the event the acquisition is approved, the Company is evaluating recently issued guidance on practical expedients as part of the adoption method decision. The team has been closely monitoring FASB activity related to ASU 2014-09 in order to conclude on specific interpretative issues. In early 2016, the team’s progress was aided by the FASB issuing ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), which clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations, focusing on whether an entity controls a specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to a customer. The team continues to assess the potential effect that these amendments are expected to have on the accounting for inventory commission and ancillary service contracts, which are currently accounted for on a net as an agent basis within commission and fee revenues, respectively. Ritchie Bros. 108 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (y) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted (continued) (ii) In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10), Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, the first of three standards related to financial instrument accounting. The amendments of ASU 2016-01 require equity method investments (except for equity-method accounted investments and those resulting in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes recognized in net income. For equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values, the entity may elect to measure the investment at cost less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The amendments also: (cid:120) Simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values, by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment. The entity is only required to measure the investment at fair value if the qualitative assessment indicates that impairment exists. (cid:120) Eliminate the requirement to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost. (cid:120) Require the exit price notion to be used when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. (cid:120) Require separate presentation of financial assets and liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (i.e. securities or loans & receivables) on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements. ASU 2016-01 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is only permitted for the provisions under ASU 2016-01 related to the recognition of changes in fair value of financial liabilities. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. (iii) In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires lessees to recognize almost all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet through a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. For short-term leases, defined as those with a term of 12 months or less, the lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election not to recognize the lease assets and liabilities, and instead recognize the lease expense generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The accounting treatment under this election is consistent with current operating lease accounting. No extensive amendments were made to lessor accounting, but amendments of note include changes to the definition of initial direct costs and accounting for collectability uncertainties in a lease. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. Both lessees and lessors must apply ASU 2016-02 using a “modified retrospective transition”, which reflects the new guidance from the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements. However, lessees and lessors can elect to apply certain practical expedients on transition. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 109 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (y) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted (continued) (iv) In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-06, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Contingent Put and Call Options on Debt Instruments. The amendments in ASU 2016-06, which impacts entities that are issuers of or investors in debt instruments – or hybrid financial instruments determined to have a debt host – with embedded call (put) options. One of the criteria for bifurcating an embedded derivative is assessing whether the economic characteristics and risks of call (put) options are clearly and closely related to those of their debt hosts. The amendments of ASU 2016-06 clarify the steps required in making this assessment for contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments. Specifically, ASU 2016-06 requires the call (or put) options to be assessed solely in accordance with a four-step decision sequence. As a consequence, when a call (put) option is contingently exercisable, an entity does not have to assess whether the triggering event is related to interest rates or credit risks. ASU 2016-06 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The amendments are applied using a modified retrospective basis to existing debt instruments as of the beginning of the fiscal year for which the amendments are effective. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. (v) In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net). The amendments in ASU 2016-08 clarify the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations, focusing on whether an entity controls a specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to a customer. Where such control exists – i.e. where the entity is required to provide the specified good or service itself – the entity is a ‘principal’. Where the entity is required to arrange for another party to provide the good or service, it is an agent. The effective date and transition requirements of ASU 2016-08 are the same as for ASU 2014-09, which is for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. (vi) In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), which makes several modifications to Topic 718 related to the accounting for forfeitures, employer tax withholding on share-based compensation and the financial statement presentation of excess tax benefits or deficiencies. ASU 2016-09 also clarifies the statement of cash flows presentation for certain components of share-based awards. Specifically, ASU 2016-09 requires an entity to recognize share-based payment award income tax effects in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled, and as a result, the requirement for entities to track APIC pools is eliminated. In addition, the amendments allow entities to make a policy election to either estimate forfeiture or recognize forfeitures as they occur. ASC 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. (vii)In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, which clarifies the following two aspects of ASU 2014-09 (Topic 606): identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance. ASC 2016-10 affects the guidance in ASU 2014- 09, and so has the same effective date and transition requirements. ASU 2016-10 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 110 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 2. Significant accounting policies (continued) (y) Recent accounting standards not yet adopted (continued) (viii) In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Narrow Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, which makes narrow scope improvements and practical expedients to the following aspects of ASU 2014-09 (Topic 606): (cid:120) Assessing one specific collectability criterion and accounting for contracts that do not meet certain criteria (cid:120) Presentation for sales taxes and other similar taxes collected from customers (cid:120) Non-cash consideration (cid:120) Contract modification at transition (cid:120) Completed contracts at transition (cid:120) Technical correction ASC 2016-10 affects the guidance in ASU 2014-09, and so has the same effective date and transition requirements. ASU 2016-10 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. (ix) In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Statements, which replaces the ‘incurred loss methodology’ credit impairment model with a new forward-looking “methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates.” ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is only permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. (x) In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory, which requires the recognition of current and deferred income taxes resulting from intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory when the transfer occurs. ASU 2016- 16 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issue. The amendments are applied using a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. (xi) In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing diversity in practice. ASU 2016-15 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. The amendments are applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented, unless impracticable to do so, in which case they are applied prospectively as of the earliest date practicable. The Company is evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on its consolidated financial statements. Ritchie Bros. 111 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 3. Significant judgments, estimates and assumptions The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Future differences arising between actual results and the judgments, estimates and assumptions made by the Company at the reporting date, or future changes to estimates and assumptions, could necessitate adjustments to the underlying reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in future reporting periods. Judgments, estimates and underlying assumptions are evaluated on an ongoing basis by management, and are based on historical experience and other factors including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstance and such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur. Significant estimates include the estimated useful lives of long-lived assets, as well as valuation of goodwill, underwritten commission contracts, contingently redeemable non-controlling interest and share-based compensation. 4. Segmented information The Company’s principal business activity is the sale of industrial equipment and other assets at auctions. The Company’s operations are comprised of one reportable segment and other business activities that are not reportable as follows: (cid:120) Core Auction segment, a network of auction locations that conduct live, unreserved auctions with both on-site and online bidding; and (cid:120) Other includes the results of the Company’s EquipmentOne and Mascus online services, which are not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. On February 19, 2016, the Company acquired Mascus and updated its segment reporting such that the results of EquipmentOne and Mascus (subsequent to acquisition) are reported as “Other.” The accounting policies of the segments are similar to those described in the significant accounting policies in note 2. The Chief Operating Decision Maker evaluates each segment‘s performance based on earnings (loss) from operations, which is calculated as revenues less costs of services, selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses, depreciation and amortization expenses, and impairment loss. The significant non-cash items included in segment earnings (loss) from operations are depreciation and amortization expenses and impairment loss. Ritchie Bros. 112 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 4. Segmented information (continued) Year ended December 31, 2016 Revenues Costs of services, excluding depreciation and amortization SG&A expenses Depreciation and amortization expenses Impairment loss Acquisition-related costs Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Foreign exchange loss Operating income Equity income Other and income tax expenses Net income Year ended December 31, 2015 Revenues Costs of services, excluding depreciation and amortization SG&A expenses Depreciation and amortization expenses Acquisition-related costs Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Foreign exchange gain Operating income Equity income Other and income tax expenses Net income Ritchie Bros. Core Auction 542,423 (63,566) (265,860) (37,496) - 175,501 Core Auction 500,764 (56,026) (240,673) (39,016) 165,049 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Other 23,972 (2,496) (17,669) (3,365) (28,243) (27,801) $ $ $ $ Other 15,111 - (13,716) (3,016) (1,621) $ $ $ Consolidated 566,395 (66,062) (283,529) (40,861) (28,243) 147,700 (11,829) 1,282 (1,431) 135,722 1,028 (43,238) 93,512 Consolidated 515,875 (56,026) (254,389) (42,032) 163,428 (601) 9,691 2,322 174,840 916 (37,181) 138,575 113 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 4. Segmented information (continued) Year ended December 31, 2014 Revenues Cost of services, excluding depreciation and amortization SG&A expenses Depreciation and amortization expenses Impairment loss Gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment Foreign exchange gain Operating income Equity income Other and income tax expenses Net income Core Auction 467,919 (57,884) (233,438) (40,872) (8,084) 127,641 $ $ $ $ $ Other 13,178 - (14,782) (3,664) - (5,268) $ $ $ Consolidated 481,097 (57,884) (248,220) (44,536) (8,084) 122,373 3,512 2,042 127,927 458 (35,822) 92,563 The Chief Operating Decision Maker does not evaluate the performance of its operating segments based on segment assets and liabilities. The Company does not classify liabilities on a segmented basis. The Company‘s geographic information as determined by the revenue and location of assets is as follows: Revenues for the year ended: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 December 31, 2014 Long-lived assets: December 31, 2016 December 31, 2015 United States $ 278,198 257,824 223,770 United States Canada 187,699 166,528 154,392 $ Europe 52,809 48,419 58,782 $ Other Consolidated $ 47,689 43,104 44,153 566,395 515,875 481,097 Canada Europe Other Consolidated 282,103 289,126 $ 108,693 106,924 $ 74,491 79,578 $ 49,743 52,963 $ 515,030 528,591 $ $ Revenue information is based on the locations of the auction and the assets at the time of sale. Ritchie Bros. 114 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 5. Revenues The Company’s revenue from the rendering of services is as follows: Year ended December 31, Commissions Fees Net profits on inventory sales included in commissions are: Year ended December 31, Revenue from inventory sales Cost of inventory sold 6. Operating expenses $ $ $ $ Certain prior period operating expenses have been reclassified to conform with current presentation. Costs of services, excluding depreciation and amortization. Year ended December 31, Employee compensation expenses Buildings, facilities and technology expenses Travel, advertising and promotion expenses Other costs of services SG&A expenses Year ended December 31, Employee compensation expenses Buildings, facilities and technology expenses Travel, advertising and promotion expenses Professional fees Other SG&A expenses Transactions with management $ $ $ $ 2016 424,128 142,267 566,395 2016 571,134 (513,348) 57,786 2016 27,856 7,966 23,688 6,552 66,062 2016 180,929 49,219 24,384 13,344 15,653 283,529 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2015 405,308 110,567 515,875 2015 555,827 (511,892) 43,935 2015 22,855 7,179 22,150 3,842 56,026 2015 166,227 41,404 22,307 12,500 11,951 254,389 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2014 379,340 101,757 481,097 2014 758,437 (709,072) 49,365 2014 22,857 7,609 23,006 4,412 57,884 2014 159,398 41,725 22,454 11,480 13,163 248,220 In December 2016, the Company entered into a separation agreement with the President, US & LATAM in respect of his departure in 2017. Pursuant to that separation agreement, additional short-term benefits in the amount of $737,000 and accelerated vesting of share-based payments in the amount of $202,000 were recognized in SG&A expenses during the year ended December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recognized $2.1 million in termination benefits resulting from a separation agreement with the former Chief Sales Officer. Ritchie Bros. 115 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 6. Operating expenses (continued) SG&A expenses (continued) Transactions with management (continued) During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company initiated a management reorganization impacting various members of senior management. In total, $5,533,000 of termination benefits were recognized in SG&A expenses during the year ended December 31, 2014 in relation to the management reorganization. Acquisition-related costs Acquisition-related costs consist of operating expenses directly incurred as part of a business combination, due diligence and integration planning related to the IronPlanet acquisition (note 28), and continuing employment costs that are recognized separately from our business combinations. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the definition of acquisition-related costs was expanded to include continuing employment costs incurred to retain key employees for a specified period of time following a business acquisition. This change was applied retrospectively and resulted in a further reclassification of SG&A expenses to acquisition-related costs. Year ended December 31, IronPlanet (note 28) Mascus: (note 30) Continuing employment costs Other acquisition-related costs Xcira: (note 30) Continuing employment costs Other acquisition-related costs Petrowsky: (note 30) Continuing employment costs Other acquisition-related costs Kramer: (note 30) Continuing employment costs Other acquisition-related costs Depreciation and amortization expenses Year ended December 31, Depreciation expense Amortization expense $ $ $ $ 2016 8,202 $ 2015 - $ 2014 - 954 766 1,111 - 350 254 76 116 11,829 2016 30,983 9,878 40,861 $ $ $ - - 191 410 - - - - 601 2015 35,374 6,658 42,032 $ $ $ - - - - - - - - - 2014 39,966 4,570 44,536 During the year ended December 31, 2016, depreciation expense of $2,880,000 (2015: $4,340,000; 2014: $5,949,000) and amortization expense of $7,218,000 (2015: $4,680,000; 2014: $2,620,000) was recorded relating to software. Ritchie Bros. 116 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 7. Impairment loss Goodwill impairment The Company performs impairment tests on goodwill on an annual basis in accordance with US GAAP, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that those assets might be impaired. Goodwill is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level, which is at the same level or one level below an operating segment. A goodwill impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value. The goodwill impairment loss is calculated as the excess of the carrying amount of the goodwill over its implied fair value. Goodwill arising from the acquisition of AssetNation, the provider of our online marketplaces, forms part of the EquipmentOne reporting unit. During the year ended December 31, 2016, an indicator of impairment was identified with respect to the EquipmentOne reporting unit. The indicator consisted of a decline in actual and forecasted revenue and operating income compared with previously projected results, which was primarily due to the recent performance of the EquipmentOne reporting unit. As a result of the identification of an indicator of impairment of the EquipmentOne reporting unit, a US GAAP two-step goodwill impairment test was performed at September 30, 2016. Step one of the goodwill impairment test indicated that the carrying amount (including goodwill) of the EquipmentOne reporting unit exceeded its fair value. Accordingly, the impairment test proceeded to step two, wherein the step one fair value of the EquipmentOne reporting unit was used to estimate the implied fair value of the goodwill. The second step of the goodwill impairment test involved allocating the EquipmentOne reporting unit fair value to all the assets and liabilities of that reporting unit based on their estimated fair values. Management used a blended analysis of the earnings approach, which employs a discounted cash flow methodology, and the market approach, which employs a multiple of earnings methodology, to determine the fair values of the intangible assets and to measure the goodwill impairment loss. Based on the results of the goodwill impairment test, the Company recorded an impairment loss on the EquipmentOne reporting unit goodwill of $23,574,000 in the year ended December 31, 2016. Long-lived asset impairment Long-lived assets, which are comprised of property, plant and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, are assessed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, long-lived assets are grouped and tested for recoverability at the lowest level that generates independent cash flows from another asset group. The carrying amount of the long-lived asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the long-lived asset group’s use and eventual disposition. Where the carrying amount of the long-lived asset group is not recoverable, its fair value is determined in order to calculate any impairment loss. An impairment loss is measured as the excess of the long-lived asset group’s carrying amount over its fair value. At September 30, 2016, for the same reason noted above under the goodwill impairment test, management determined that there was an indicator that the carrying amount of the long-lived assets arising from our acquisition of AssetNation (the “EquipmentOne long-lived assets”) might not have been recoverable. As such, the Company performed the recoverability test, for which purpose management determined that the asset group to which the EquipmentOne long-lived assets belonged was the EquipmentOne reporting unit. Ritchie Bros. 117 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 7. Impairment loss (continued) Long-lived asset impairment (continued) The results of the recoverability test indicated that the EquipmentOne reporting unit carrying amount (including goodwill but excluding deferred tax assets, deferred tax liabilities, and income taxes payable) exceeded the sum of its future undiscounted cash flows. As such, management then used an earnings approach to estimate the fair values of the EquipmentOne long-lived assets and compared those fair values to their carrying amounts. Based on the results of the long-lived asset impairment test, the Company recorded a pre-tax impairment loss on the EquipmentOne reporting unit customer relationships of $4,669,000 in the year ended December 31, 2016. In connection with this impairment loss, the Company recorded a deferred tax benefit of $1,798,000 to the income tax provision. The result of this impairment test was reflected in the carrying value of the EquipmentOne reporting unit prior to the completion of the goodwill impairment test described above. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recognized a total impairment loss of $8,084,000 on its auction site property located in Narita, Japan. The impairment loss consisted of $6,094,000 on the land and improvements and $1,990,000 on the auction building (the ”Japanese assets“). Management assessed the recoverable amounts of the Japanese assets when results of an assessment of the Japan auction operations and performance of that auction site indicated impairment, and management concluded that the undiscounted cash flows resulted in recoverable amounts below the carrying value of the Japanese assets. The fair values of the Japanese assets were determined to be $16,150,000 for the land and improvements and $4,779,000 for the auction building based on the fair value less costs of disposal. The Company performed a valuation of the Japanese assets as at September 30, 2014. The fair value of the land and improvements was determined based on comparable data in similar regions and relevant information regarding recent events impacting the local real-estate market (Level 3 inputs). The fair value of the auction building was determined based on a depreciated asset cost model with adjustments for relevant market participant data based on the Company‘s experience with disposing of similar auction buildings and current real estate transactions in similar regions (Level 3 inputs). Determination of the recoverable amount of the Japanese assets involved estimating any costs that would be incurred if the assets were disposed of, including brokers‘ fees, costs to prepare the Japanese assets for sale and other selling fees. In determining these costs, management assumed that any costs required to prepare the Japanese assets for sale could be estimated based on current market rates for brokers‘ fees and management‘s experience with disposing of similar auction sites, taking into consideration the relative newness of the Japan auction site (Level 3 inputs). The impaired Narita land and improvements and auction building form part of the Company‘s Core Auction reportable segment. Ritchie Bros. 118 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 8. Income taxes The expense for the year can be reconciled to income before income taxes as follows: Year ended December 31, Income before income taxes Statutory federal and provincial tax rate in Canada Expected income tax expense Impairment of Goodwill Non-deductible expenses Non-taxable income Sale of capital property Changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets Different tax rates of subsidiaries operating in foreign jurisdictions Deductions for tax purposes in excess of accounting expenses Provincial government income tax exemption Other The income tax expense (recovery) consists of: Year ended December 31, Canadian: Current tax expense Deferred tax expense Foreign: Current tax expense before application of operating loss carryforwards Tax benefit of operating loss carryforwards Total foreign current tax expense Deferred tax expense before adjustment to opening valuation allowance Adjustment to opening valuation allowance Total foreign deferred tax expense Ritchie Bros. $ $ $ $ $ 2016 130,494 26.00% 33,928 6,129 3,891 (624) - (259) (3,786) (490) (352) (1,455) 36,982 $ $ $ 2015 176,436 26.00% 45,873 - 2,579 - (1,291) (5,828) (3,426) (266) (265) 485 37,861 $ $ $ 2016 2015 30,525 (2,068) $ 27,623 1,880 $ 12,126 (2,310) 9,816 (1,291) - (1,291) 36,982 $ 16,707 (1,910) 14,797 (273) (6,166) (6,439) 37,861 $ 2014 129,038 26.00% 33,550 - 2,392 - (407) 7,083 (4,773) (82) (92) (1,196) 36,475 2014 21,712 1,680 12,236 (627) 11,609 1,474 - 1,474 36,475 119 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 8. Income taxes (continued) The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities were as follows: As at December 31, Deferred tax assets: Working capital Property, plant and equipment Goodwill Share-based compensation Unused tax losses Other Deferred tax liabilities: Property, plant and equipment Goodwill Intangible assets Other Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) Valuation allowance $ 2016 3,991 5,475 341 3,154 17,790 18,286 49,037 (10,019) $ (12,976) (11,062) (21,827) (55,884) (6,847) $ (10,411) (17,258) $ 2015 4,082 5,236 286 3,243 17,079 14,704 44,630 (11,292) (12,587) (9,370) (17,308) (50,557) (5,927) (11,781) (17,708) $ $ $ $ At December 31, 2016, the Company had non-capital loss carryforwards that are available to reduce taxable income in the future years. These non-capital loss carryforwards expire as follows: 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 and thereafter $ $ 656 489 159 5,452 43,573 50,329 The Company has capital loss carryforwards of approximately $16,564,000 available to reduce future capital gains which carryforward indefinitely. Tax losses are denominated in the currency of the countries in which the respective subsidiaries are located and operate. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent value of these tax loss and research tax credit carryforwards in future years. In assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during periods in which temporary differences become deductible and the loss carryforwards or tax credits can be utilized. Management considers projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making our assessment. Ritchie Bros. 120 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 8. Income taxes (continued) The foreign provision for income taxes is based on foreign pre-tax earnings of $25,139,000, $64,139,000, and $42,221,000 in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company’s consolidated financial statements provide for any related tax liability on undistributed earnings. As of December 31, 2016, income taxes have not been provided on a cumulative total of $375,000,000 of such earnings. The amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these temporary differences is estimated to be approximately $4,200,000. Earnings retained by subsidiaries and equity-accounted investments amount to approximately $450,000,000 (2015: $411,000,000; 2014: $380,000,000). The Company accrues withholding and other taxes that would become payable on the distribution of earnings only to the extent that either the Company does not control the relevant entity or it is expected that these earnings will be remitted in the foreseeable future. Uncertain tax positions Tax positions are evaluated in a two-step process. The Company first determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If a tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold it is then measured to determine the amount of the benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company classifies unrecognized tax benefits that are not expected to result in the payment or receipt of cash within one year as non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2016, the Company had gross unrecognized tax benefits of $19,262,000 (2015: $15,904,000). Of this total, $9,227,000 (2015: $8,419,000) represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably impact the effective tax rate. Reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits: As at December 31, Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year Increases - tax positions taken in prior period Decreases - tax positions taken in prior period Increases - tax positions taken in current period Settlement and lapse of statute of limitations Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year $ $ 2016 15,904 846 - 2,785 (273) 19,262 $ $ 2015 16,131 800 (30) 1,770 (2,767) 15,904 Interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recorded within the provision for income tax expense on the consolidated income statement. At December 31, 2016, the Company had accrued $2,695,000 (2015: $2,102,000) for interest and penalties. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to audit by the Canadian federal and provincial taxing authorities, by the U.S. federal and various state taxing authorities and by the taxing authorities in various foreign jurisdictions. Tax years ranging from 2011 to 2016 remain subject to examination in Canada, the United States, and Luxembourg. Ritchie Bros. 121 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 9. Contingently redeemable non-controlling interest in Ritchie Bros. Financial Services Until July 12, 2016, the Company held a 51% interest in Ritchie Bros. Financial Services (”RBFS”), an entity that provides loan origination services to enable the Company’s auction customers to obtain financing from third party lenders. As a result of the Company’s involvement with RBFS, the Company is exposed to risks related to the recovery of the net assets of RBFS as well as liquidity risks associated with the put option discussed below. Management determined that RBFS was a variable interest entity because the Company provided subordinated financial support to RBFS and because the Company’s voting interest was disproportionately low in relation to its economic interest in RBFS while substantially all the activities of RBFS involved or were conducted on behalf of the Company. Management also determined that the Company was the primary beneficiary of RBFS as the Company was part of a related party group that had the power to direct the activities that most significantly impacted RBFS’s economic performance, and although no individual member of that group had such power, the Company represented the member of the related party group that was most closely associated with RBFS. Until July 12, 2016, the Company and the non-controlling interest (“NCI”) holders each held options pursuant to which the Company could acquire, or be required to acquire, the NCI holders’ 49% interest in RBFS. These call and put options became exercisable on April 6, 2016, and the Company had the option to elect to pay the purchase price in either cash or shares of the Company, subject to the Company obtaining all relevant security exchange and regulatory consents and approvals. As a result of the existence of the put option, the NCI was accounted for as a contingently redeemable equity instrument (the “contingently redeemable NCI”). The NCI could be redeemed at a purchase price to be determined through an independent appraisal process conducted in accordance with the terms of the agreement, or at a negotiated price (the “redemption value”). For the comparative reporting period presented, management determined that redemption was probable and measured the carrying amount of the contingently redeemable NCI at its estimated December 31, 2015 redemption value of $24,785,000. The estimation of redemption value at that date required management to make significant judgments, estimates, and assumptions. On July 12, 2016 the Company completed its acquisition of the NCI. On that date, the Company acquired the NCI holders’ 49% interest in RBFS for total consideration of 57,900,000 Canadian dollars ($44,141,000). That purchase price consisted of cash consideration of 53,900,000 Canadian dollars ($41,092,000) and 4,000,000 Canadian dollars ($3,049,000) representing the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration payable to the former shareholders of RBFS. The contingent payment is payable if RBFS achieves a specified annual revenue growth rate over a three-year post-acquisition period, and is calculated as a specified percentage of the accumulated earnings of RBFS after the three-year post-acquisition period. The maximum amount payable under the contingent payment arrangement is 10,000,000 Canadian dollars. The Company may pay an additional amount not exceeding 1,500,000 Canadian dollars over a three-year period based on the former NCI holders providing continued management services to RBFS. Ritchie Bros. 122 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 10. Earnings per share attributable to stockholders Year ended December 31, 2016 Basic Effect of dilutive securities: PSUs Stock options Diluted Year ended December 31, 2015 Basic Effect of dilutive securities: Stock options Diluted Year ended December 31, 2014 Basic Effect of dilutive securities: Stock options Diluted Net income attributable to stockholders 91,832 - - 91,832 Net income attributable to stockholders 136,214 - 136,214 Net income attributable to stockholders 90,981 - 90,981 $ $ $ $ $ $ WA number of shares 106,630,323 91,997 735,474 107,457,794 WA number of shares 107,075,845 356,629 107,432,474 Shares 107,268,425 386,403 107,654,828 $ $ $ $ $ $ Per share amount 0.86 - (0.01) 0.85 Per share amount 1.27 - 1.27 Per share amount 0.85 - 0.85 In respect of PSUs awarded under the senior executive and employee PSU plans (described in note 26), performance and market conditions, depending on their outcome at the end of the contingency period, can reduce the number of vested awards to nil or to a maximum of 200% of the number of outstanding PSUs. For the year ended December 31, 2016, PSUs to purchase 173,754 common shares were outstanding but excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS attributable to stockholders as they were anti-dilutive (2015 and 2014: nil). For the year ended December 31, 2016, stock options to purchase 752,197 common shares were outstanding but were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as they were anti-dilutive (2015: 253,839; 2014: 962,121). Ritchie Bros. 123 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 11. Supplemental cash flow information Year ended December 31, Trade and other receivables Inventory Advances against auction contracts Prepaid expenses and deposits Income taxes receivable Auction proceeds payable Trade and other payables Income taxes payable Share unit liabilities Other Net changes in operating assets and liabilities 2016 6,419 26,557 (1,012) (7,443) (10,686) 550 5,627 (8,657) 4,503 (5,176) 10,682 $ 2015 12,757 (17,635) 20,804 (307) 742 5,151 (7,654) 3,481 5,397 2,398 25,134 $ 2014 (113) 4,109 (14,230) (3,873) (958) (3,855) 13,826 2,408 5,699 (4,810) (1,797) $ Net capital spending, which consists of property, plant and equipment and intangible asset additions, net of proceeds on disposition of property, plant and equipment, was $29,785,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 (2015: $14,152,000; 2014: $29,595,000). Year ended December 31, Interest paid, net of interest capitalized Interest received Net income taxes paid Non-cash transactions: Non-cash purchase of property, plant and equipment under capital lease As at December 31, Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash: Current Non-current Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash Ritchie Bros. $ $ $ 2016 5,792 1,861 54,037 3,376 2016 207,867 50,222 500,000 758,089 $ $ $ 2015 4,989 2,657 34,661 943 2015 210,148 83,098 - 293,246 $ $ $ 2014 4,823 2,218 29,089 2,143 2014 139,815 93,274 - 233,089 124 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 11. Supplemental cash flow information (continued) As described in note 2, the Company early adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash, which requires that the change in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash during a reporting period be explained in the SCF. Therefore, the Company has included its restricted cash balances when reconciling the total beginning and end of period amounts shown on the face of the SCF. The effect of these changes is detailed below. Q3 2016 Q2 Year ended December 31, Q1 2015 Net changes in operating assets and liabilities: As reported Current presentation Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: As reported Current presentation Effect of changes in foreign currency rates on cash: As reported Current presentation Increase (decrease) in cash: As reported Current presentation Cash and cash equivalents Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 12. Fair value measurement $ 91,913 (20,646) $ (147,664) $ (68,768) 94,733 126,394 $ 25,032 25,134 $ 125,868 13,309 (1,738) (1,937) 64,483 (48,275) 230,984 314,397 (96,459) (17,563) (2,861) (3,530) (127,573) (49,346) 166,501 362,672 134,014 165,675 8,938 12,123 83,926 118,772 294,074 412,018 196,357 196,459 (15,987) (26,265) 70,333 60,157 210,148 293,246 2014 20,550 (1,797) 171,366 149,019 (14,390) (18,534) 25,219 (1,272) 139,815 233,089 All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement or disclosure: ● Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at measurement date; ● Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and ● Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Ritchie Bros. 125 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 12. Fair value measurement (continued) Fair values disclosed, recurring: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Short-term debt (note 24) Current portion of long- term debt (note 24) Long-term debt (note 24) Senior unsecured notes Revolving loans Term loans December 31, 2016 Carrying amount Fair value December 31, 2015 Carrying amount Fair value $ $ 207,867 550,222 23,912 $ 207,867 550,222 23,912 $ 210,148 83,098 12,350 - 495,780 99,926 - - 509,500 99,926 - 43,348 - - 54,567 210,148 83,098 12,350 43,348 - - 56,126 Category Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 The carrying value of the Company‘s cash and cash equivalents, trade and other current receivables, advances against auction contracts, auction proceeds payable, trade and other payables, and current borrowings approximate their fair values due to their short terms to maturity. The fair values of the revolving loans approximate their fair values due to their short terms to maturity. The fair values of the term loans are determined through the calculation of each liability‘s present value using market rates of interest at period close. The fair value of the senior unsecured notes is determined by reference to a quoted market price. 13. Trade and other receivables As at December 31, Trade receivables Consumption taxes receivable Other receivables $ $ 2016 45,317 5,575 2,087 52,979 $ $ 2015 50,388 8,178 846 59,412 Trade receivables are generally secured by the equipment that they relate to as it is Company policy that equipment is not released until payment has been collected. Trade receivables are due for settlement within seven days of the date of sale, after which they are interest bearing. Other receivables are unsecured and non-interest bearing. As at December 31, 2016, trade receivables of $45,317,000 were more than seven days past due but not considered impaired (December 31, 2015: $50,388,000). As at December 31, 2016, there were $6,581,000 of impaired receivables that have been provided for in the balance sheet because they are over six months old, or specific situations where recovering the debt is considered unlikely (December 31, 2015: $4,639,000). Consumption taxes receivable are deemed fully recoverable unless disputed by the relevant tax authority. The other classes within trade and other receivables do not contain impaired assets. Ritchie Bros. 126 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 14. Inventory At each period end, inventory is reviewed to ensure that it is recorded at the lower of cost and net realizable value. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded inventory write downs of $3,084,000 (2015: $480,000; 2014: $2,177,000). Of inventory held at December 31, 2016, 93% is expected to be sold prior to the end of March 2017, with the remainder to be sold by the end of June 2017 (December 31, 2015: 91% sold by the end of March 2015). During the year ended December 31, 2016, inventory was held for an average of approximately 31 days (2015: 31 days; 2014: 30 days). 15. Advances against auction contracts Advances against auction contracts arise when the Company pays owners, in advance, a portion of the expected gross auction proceeds from the sale of the related assets at future auctions. The Company‘s policy is to limit the amount of advances to a percentage of the estimated gross auction proceeds from the sale of the related assets, and before advancing funds, require proof of owner‘s title to and equity in the assets, as well as receive delivery of the assets and title documents at a specified auction site, by a specified date and in a specified condition of repair. Advances against auction contracts are generally secured by the assets to which they relate, as the Company requires owners to provide promissory notes and security instruments registering the Company as a charge against the asset. Advances against auction contracts are usually settled within two weeks of the date of sale, as they are netted against the associated auction proceeds payable to the owner. 16. Prepaid expenses and deposits As at December 31, Prepaid expenses Refundable deposits 17. Assets held for sale Balance, December 31, 2014 Reclassified from property, plant and equipment Site preparation costs Disposal Foreign exchange movement Balance, December 31, 2015 Reclassified from property, plant and equipment Disposal Site preparation costs Balance, December 31, 2016 $ $ 2016 17,926 1,079 19,005 $ $ $ $ $ 2015 10,347 710 11,057 1,668 2,719 1,079 (4,624) (213) 629 237 (242) 8 632 As at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company’s assets held for sale consisted of land located in Denver, United States, and Orlando, United States, representing excess auction site acreage. Ritchie Bros. 127 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 17. Assets held for sale (continued) During the year ended December 31, 2016 the Company sold excess auction site acreage in Denver and reclassified an additional parcel relating to the Denver auction site to assets held for sale. Management made the strategic decision to sell this excess acreage to maximize the Company’s return on invested capital. As at December 31, 2016, the properties are being actively marketed for sale through an independent real estate broker, and management expects the sales to be completed within 12 months of that date. These land assets belong to the Core Auction reportable segment. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company sold property located in Denver, United States, recognizing a net gain on disposition of property, plant and equipment of $493,000 (2015: $8,485,000 gain related to the sale, of property in Edmonton, Canada and London, Canada; 2014: $3,386,000 gain related to the sale of property in Grande Prairie, Canada). 18. Property, plant and equipment As at December 31, 2016 Land and improvements Buildings Yard and automotive equipment Computer software and equipment Office equipment Leasehold improvements Assets under development As at December 31, 2015 Land and improvements Buildings Yard and automotive equipment Computer software and equipment Office equipment Leasehold improvements Assets under development Cost 362,283 256,168 55,352 66,265 22,963 20,199 9,130 792,360 Cost 356,905 254,760 59,957 60,586 22,432 20,893 7,131 782,664 $ $ $ $ Accumulated depreciation (60,576) $ (91,323) (38,560) (57,624) (16,706) (12,541) - (277,330) $ Accumulated depreciation (54,551) $ (82,100) (38,848) (50,754) (15,660) (12,160) - (254,073) $ Net book value 301,707 164,845 16,792 8,641 6,257 7,658 9,130 515,030 Net book value 302,354 172,660 21,109 9,832 6,772 8,733 7,131 528,591 $ $ $ $ During the year ended December 31, 2016, interest of $95,000 (2015: $86,000; 2014: $904,000) was capitalized to the cost of assets under development. These interest costs relating to qualifying assets are capitalized at a weighted average rate of 3.99% (2015: 6.27% %; 2014: 4.71%). Additions during the year include $3,376,000 (2015: $943,000; 2014: $2,143,000) of property, plant and equipment under capital leases. Ritchie Bros. 128 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 18. Property, plant and equipment (continued) During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recognized impairment loss consisted of $6,094,000 on land and improvements and $1,990,000 on the auction building which was recorded as a reduction of asset costs (note 7). 19. Intangible assets As at December 31, 2016 Trade names and trademarks Customer relationships Software Software under development As at December 31, 2015 Trade names and trademarks Customer relationships Software Software under development Cost 5,585 25,618 36,566 18,773 86,542 Cost 800 22,800 23,269 13,049 59,918 $ $ $ $ Accumulated amortization (50) $ (1,072) (13,116) - (14,238) $ $ Accumulated amortization - (7,097) (5,848) - (12,945) $ Net book value 5,535 24,546 23,450 18,773 72,304 Net book value 800 15,703 17,421 13,049 46,973 $ $ $ $ At December 31, 2016, a net carrying amount of $22,665,000 (December 31, 2015: $13,849,000) included in intangible assets was not subject to amortization. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the cost of additions was reduced by $1,094,000 for recognition of tax credits (2015: $1,678,000; 2014: $297,000) During the year ended December 31, 2016, interest of $356,000 (2015: $772,000; 2014: $1,258,000) was capitalized to the cost of software under development. These interest costs relating to qualifying assets are capitalized at a weighted average rate of 4.91% (2015: 6.39%; 2014: 6.39%). During the year ended December 31, 2016, the weighted average amortization period for all classes of intangible assets was 8.2 years (2015: 7.9 years; 2014: 7.9 years). As at December 31, 2016, estimated annual amortization expense for the next five years ended December 31 are as follows: 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Ritchie Bros. $ $ 10,878 9,609 7,954 5,030 3,422 36,893 129 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 20. Goodwill Balance, December 31, 2014 Additions Foreign exchange movement Balance, December 31, 2015 Additions (note 30) Impairment loss (note 7) Foreign exchange movement Balance, December 31, 2016 The carrying value of goodwill has been allocated to reporting units for impairment testing purposes as follows: As at December 31, Core Auction EquipmentOne Mascus 21. Equity-accounted investments $ $ $ $ $ 82,354 10,659 (1,779) 91,234 30,794 (23,574) (917) 97,537 2015 53,303 37,931 - 91,234 $ $ 2016 64,577 14,357 18,603 97,537 The Company holds a 48% share interest in a group of companies detailed below (together, the Cura Classis entities), which have common ownership. The Cura Classis entities provide dedicated fleet management services in three jurisdictions to a common customer unrelated to the Company. The Company has determined the Cura Classis entities are variable interest entities and the Company is not the primary beneficiary, as it does not have the power to make any decisions that significantly affect the economic results of the Cura Classis entities. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its investments in the Cura Classis entities following the equity method. A condensed summary of the Company's investments in and advances to equity-accounted investees are as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars, except percentages): Cura Classis entities Other equity investments Ownership percentage 48% $ 32% December 31, 2016 4,594 2,732 7,326 $ December 31, 2015 3,487 3,000 6,487 As a result of the Company’s investments, the Company is exposed to risks associated with the results of operations of the Cura Classis entities. The Company has no other business relationships with the Cura Classis entities. The Company’s maximum risk of loss associated with these entities is the investment carrying amount. Ritchie Bros. 130 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 22. Trade and other payables As at December 31, Trade payables Accrued liabilities Social security and sales taxes payable Net consumption taxes payable Share unit liabilities Other payables 23. Deferred compensation arrangement $ $ 2016 38,686 44,775 14,759 12,631 10,422 3,421 124,694 $ $ 2015 38,239 47,193 15,208 9,759 6,204 3,439 120,042 The Company established a non-qualified deferred compensation arrangement (the “Deferred Compensation Arrangement”) which is available to certain US employees. The Deferred Compensation Arrangement permits the deferral of up to 10% of base salary with the Company matching 100% of such contributions. Employees will receive the benefit, including a return on investment, on termination, retirement or other specified departures. The Company funds the deferred compensation obligations by investing in a non-qualified corporate owned life insurance policy (“COLI”), whereby funds are invested and the account balance fluctuates with the investment returns on those funds. The expected benefit to be paid on termination of $1,838,000 (2015: $1,030,000) is presented in other non-current liabilities. The cash surrender value of the COLI asset of $1,777,000 (2015: $1,138,000) is classified within other non-current assets, with changes in the deferred compensation liability and COLI asset charged to selling, general and administrative expenses (note 6). Ritchie Bros. 131 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 24. Debt As at December 31, Short-term debt Long-term debt: Term loan, denominated in Canadian dollars, unsecured, bearing interest at 4.225%, due in quarterly installments of interest only, with the full amount of the principal due in May 2022. Term loan, denominated in United States dollars, unsecured, bearing interest at 3.59%, due in quarterly installments of interest only, with the full amount of the principal due in May 2022. Term loan, denominated in Canadian dollars, unsecured, bearing interest at 6.385%, due in quarterly installments of interest only, with the full amount of the principal due in May 2016. Revolving loan, denominated in Canadian dollars, unsecured, bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 2.380%, due in monthly installments of interest only, with the committed, revolving credit facility available until October 2021 Revolving loan, denominated in United States dollars, unsecured, bearing interest at a weighted average rate of 2.075%, due in monthly installments of interest only, with the committed, revolving credit facility available until October 2021 Senior unsecured notes, bearing interest at 5.375% due in semi-annual installments, with the full amount of principal due in January 2025 Less: unamortized debt issue costs Total debt Long-term debt: Current portion Non-current portion Carrying amount 2016 2015 $ 23,912 $ 12,350 - - - 69,926 30,000 500,000 (4,220) 595,706 619,618 - 595,706 595,706 $ $ $ 24,567 30,000 43,348 - - - - 97,915 110,265 43,348 54,567 97,915 $ $ $ On August 29, 2016, the Company obtained a financing commitment (the “Commitment Letter”) from Goldman Sachs Bank USA (“GS Bank”) pursuant to which GS Bank is committing to provide (i) a senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $150,000,000 (the “Revolving Facility”) and (ii) a senior unsecured bridge loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $850,000,000 (the “Bridge Loan Facility”, and together with the Revolving Facility, the “Facilities”). Under the terms of the Commitment Letter, the Company may replace all or a portion of the Bridge Loan Facility with senior unsecured debt securities or certain other bank loan facilities. Debt issue costs related to these Facilities are discussed in note 28. Ritchie Bros. 132 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 24. Debt (continued) On October 27, 2016, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of lenders, including Bank of America, N.A. (“BofA”) and Royal Bank of Canada, which provides the Company with: (cid:120) Multicurrency revolving facilities of up to $675,000,000 (the “Multicurrency Facilities”); (cid:120) A delayed-draw term loan facility of up to $325,000,000 (the “Delayed-Draw Facility” and together, the “New Facilities”); and (cid:120) At the Company’s election and subject to certain conditions, including receipt of related commitments, incremental term loan facilities and/or increases to the Multicurrency Facilities in an aggregate amount of up to $50,000,000. The Company may use the proceeds from the Multicurrency Facilities to refinance certain existing indebtedness and for other general corporate purposes. Proceeds from the Delayed-Draw Facility can only be used to finance transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (note 28). The Multicurrency Facilities remain in place and outstanding even if the Merger Agreement is terminated and the Merger is not consummated. The New Facilities will remain unsecured until the closing of the Merger, after which the New Facilities will be secured by certain Company assets. The New Facilities may become unsecured again after the Merger is consummated, subject to the Company meeting specified credit rating or leverage ratio conditions. The New Facilities will mature five years after the closing date of the Credit Agreement. The Delayed-Draw Facility will amortize in equal quarterly installments in an annual amount of 5% for the first two years after the closing of the Merger, and 10% in the third through fifth years after the closing of the Merger, with the balance payable at maturity. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement will bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a rate equal to either a base rate (or Canadian prime rate for certain Canadian dollar borrowings) or LIBOR (or such floating rate customarily used by BofA for currencies other than U.S. dollars). In either case, an applicable margin is added to the rate. The applicable margin ranges from 0.25% to 1.50% for base rate loans, and 1.25% to 2.50% for LIBOR (or the equivalent of such currency) loans, depending on the Company’s leverage ratio at the time of borrowing. The Company must also pay quarterly in arrears a commitment fee equal to the daily amount of the unused commitments under the New Facilities multiplied by an applicable percentage per annum (which ranges from 0.25% to 0.50% depending on the Company’s leverage ratio). The Company incurred debt issue costs of $6,410,000 in connection with the Credit Agreement. At December 31, 2016, the Company had unamortized deferred debt issue costs relating to the Credit Agreement of $6,182,000. On October 27, 2016, the Company terminated its pre-existing revolving bi-lateral credit facilities, which consisted of $312,961,000 of committed revolving credit facilities and $292,159,000 of uncommitted credit facilities, as well as the $50,000,000 bulge credit facility. On the same day, the Company also prepaid all outstanding debt issued under the terminated facilities using funds from the New Facilities, which resulted in the fixed rate long-term debt being replaced by floating rate long-term debt and $6,787,000 in early termination fees, which were recognized in net income as a debt extinguishment cost on the transaction date. In conjunction with the closing of the Credit Agreement, the Company terminated the entire $150,000,000 Revolving Facility and $350,000,000 of the $850,000,000 Bridge Loan Facility with GS Bank (note 28). On December 21, 2016, the Company completed the offering of $500,000,000 aggregate principal amount of 5.375% senior unsecured notes due January 15, 2025 (the “Notes”). The Notes were offered only to qualified institutional buyers in reliance on Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and outside the United States, only to non-U.S. investors pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act. The Notes have not been registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent an effective registration statement or an applicable exemption from registration requirements or a transaction not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act or any state securities laws. Ritchie Bros. 133 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 24. Debt (continued) The Company will use the proceeds of the offering to finance in part the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement (note 28). Upon the closing of the offering, the gross proceeds from the offering together with certain additional amounts including prepaid interest were deposited in to an Escrow account. The funds will be held in escrow until the completion of the transactions contemplated by the Merger agreement. If the acquisition is not consummated on or before October 31, 2017 or the related agreement and plan of merger is terminated prior to such date, the Company will redeem all of the outstanding Notes at a redemption price equal to 100% of the original offering price of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. Until the release of the proceeds in the escrow account, the Notes will be secured by a first priority security interest in the escrow account. Upon the completion of the acquisition of IronPlanet, the Notes will be senior unsecured obligations. The Notes will be jointly and severally guaranteed on an unsecured, subordinated basis, subject to certain exceptions, by each of the Company’s subsidiaries which guarantees the obligations under the Company’s Credit Agreement. Upon consummation of the acquisition, IronPlanet and its subsidiaries are expected to become guarantors. The Company incurred debt issue costs of $4,234,000 in connection with the offering of the Notes. At December 31, 2016, the Company had unamortized deferred debt issue costs relating to the Notes of $4,220,000. On December 21, 2016, in conjunction with the closing of the offering of the Notes, the Company terminated the remaining $500,000,000 of the $850,000,000 Bridge Loan Facility with GS Bank. The Company also has $12,000,000 million in committed revolving credit facilities in certain foreign jurisdictions which expire on May 31, 2018. At December 31, 2015, the current portion of long-term debt consisted of a Canadian dollar 60,000,000 term loan under the Company’s uncommitted, non- revolving credit facility. Short-term debt at December 31, 2016 is comprised of drawings in different currencies on the Company’s committed revolving credit facilities of $687,000,000 (2015: $312,693,000), and have a weighted average interest rate of 2.2% (December 31, 2015: 1.8%). As at December 31, 2016, principal repayments for the remaining period to the contractual maturity dates are as follows: 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Face value 23,912 - - - 99,926 500,000 623,838 $ $ As at December 31, 2016, the Company had available committed revolving credit facilities aggregating $548,649,000, of which $538,574,000 is available until October 27, 2021. The Company also had available $325,000,000 under the delayed draw term loan facility. Ritchie Bros. 134 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 24. Debt (continued) The Company is required to meet financial covenants established by its lenders. These include fixed charge coverage ratio and leverage ratio measurements. As at December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company is in compliance with these covenants. The Company is not subject to any statutory capital requirements, and has not made any changes with respect to its overall capital management strategy during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. 25. Equity and dividends Share capital Preferred stock Unlimited number of senior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series. Unlimited number of junior preferred shares, without par value, issuable in series. All issued shares are fully paid. No preferred shares have been issued. Share repurchase During March 2016, 1,460,000 common shares (March 2015: 1,900,000) were repurchased at a weighted average (“WA”) share price of $25.16 (2015: $24.98) per common share. The repurchased shares were cancelled on March 15, 2016 (2015: March 26, 2015). Dividends Declared and paid The Company declared and paid the following dividends during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014: Declaration date January 15, 2016 $ May 9, 2016 August 5, 2016 November 8, 2016 January 12, 2015 $ May 7, 2015 August 6, 2015 November 5, 2015 January 20, 2014 $ May 2, 2014 August 5, 2014 November 4, 2014 Dividend per share 0.1600 0.1600 0.1700 0.1700 0.1400 0.1400 0.1600 0.1600 0.1300 0.1300 0.1400 0.1400 Record date February 12, 2016 $ May 24, 2016 September 2, 2016 November 28, 2016 February 13, 2015 $ May 29, 2015 September 4, 2015 November 27, 2015 February 14, 2014 $ May 23, 2014 August 22, 2014 November 21, 2014 Year ended December 31, 2016: Fourth quarter 2015 First quarter 2016 Second quarter 2016 Third quarter 2016 Fourth quarter 2014 First quarter 2015 Second quarter 2015 Third quarter 2015 Year ended December 31, 2014: Fourth quarter 2013 First quarter 2014 Second quarter 2014 Third quarter 2014 Ritchie Bros. Total dividends 17,154 17,022 18,127 18,156 15,089 14,955 17,147 17,149 13,915 13,942 15,028 15,044 Payment date March 4, 2016 June 14, 2016 September 23, 2016 December 19, 2016 March 6, 2015 June 19, 2015 September 25, 2015 December 18, 2015 March 7, 2014 June 13, 2014 September 12, 2014 December 12, 2014 135 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 25. Equity and dividends (continued) Declared and undistributed In addition to the above dividends, since the end of the year the Directors have recommended the payment of a final dividend of $0.17 cents per common share, accumulating to a total dividend of $18,160,000. The aggregate amount of the proposed final dividend is expected to be paid out of retained earnings on March 3, 2017 to stockholders of record on February 10, 2017. This dividend payable has not been recognized as a liability in the financial statements. The payment of this dividend will not have any tax consequence for the Company. 26. Share-based payments Share-based payments consisted of the following compensation costs recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses: Year ended December 31, Stock option compensation expense Share unit expense: Equity-classified PSUs Liability-classified share units Employee share purchase plan - employer contributions Stock option plan $ $ 2016 5,507 1,981 10,512 1,597 19,597 $ $ 2015 4,001 - 5,673 1,332 11,006 $ $ 2014 3,710 - 5,864 1,272 10,846 The Company has a stock option plan that provides for the award of stock options to selected employees, directors and officers of the Company. Stock options are granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company‘s common shares at the grant date, with vesting periods ranging from immediate to five years and terms not exceeding 10 years. At December 31, 2016, there were 4,202,631 (December 31, 2015: 1,874,798) shares authorized and available for grants of options under the stock option plan. Ritchie Bros. 136 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 26. Share-based payments (continued) Stock option plan (continued) Stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 is presented below: Outstanding, December 31, 2013 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2014 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2015 Granted Exercised Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2016 Exercisable, December 31, 2016 Common shares under option 3,749,574 837,364 (663,152) (25,995) $ 3,897,791 880,706 (1,412,535) (89,884) 3,276,078 1,268,101 (1,081,531) (95,934) 3,366,714 1,319,750 $ $ WA exercise price 21.09 23.60 18.28 23.26 22.09 25.50 21.11 23.10 23.40 24.34 22.50 24.32 24.02 23.20 WA remaining contractual life (in years) Aggregate intrinsic value $ $ $ $ $ 7.5 5.8 4,304 9,426 9,380 33,601 14,258 The options outstanding at December 31, 2016 expire on dates ranging to August 11, 2026. The WA share price of options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2016 was $31.18 (2015: $27.78; 2014: $24.77). The WA grant date fair value of options granted during the year ended December 31, 2016 was $4.72 per option (2015: $5.39; 2014: $5.35). The fair value of the stock option grants was estimated on the date of the grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis: Year ended December 31, Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected lives of the stock options Expected volatility 2016 1.2% 2.66% 5 years 26.5% 2015 1.8% 2.18% 5 years 26.4% 2014 1.8% 2.31% 5 years 29.3% Risk free interest rate is the US Treasury Department five-year treasury yield curve rate on the date of the grant. Expected dividend yield assumes a continuation of the most recent quarterly dividend payments. Expected life of options is based on the age of the options on the exercise date over the past five years. Expected volatility is based on the historical common share price volatility over the past five years. Ritchie Bros. 137 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 26. Share-based payments (continued) Stock option plan (continued) The compensation expense arising from option grants is amortized over the relevant vesting periods of the underlying options. As at December 31, 2016, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the non-vested stock options was $3,976,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. Cash received from stock-based award exercises for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $24,338,000 (2015: $29,816,000; 2014: $12,121,000). The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from option exercise of the share based payment arrangements totaled $1,464,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 (2015: $1,150,000; 2014: $476,000). Share unit plans Share unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 is presented below: Equity-classified awards PSUs WA grant date fair value Number $ $ $ - - - - - - - - - 7,714 257,934 - (21,680) - - - - - - - - - 31.40 27.34 - 27.43 PSUs (1) Liability-classified awards Restricted share units DSUs WA grant date fair value 21.99 23.82 22.22 22.38 23.38 24.57 22.22 23.23 24.03 23.32 23.86 23.08 22.75 $ $ $ Number 76,227 186,554 (3,702) (20,506) 238,573 218,699 (6,870) (28,817) 421,585 257,117 (257,934) (68,683) (40,756) WA grant date fair value 21.78 22.86 22.01 22.32 22.32 26.38 22.53 21.56 22.70 29.33 - 22.23 22.68 $ $ $ Number 271,924 237,645 (65,293) (40,689) 403,587 20,528 (28,887) (62,274) 332,954 4,543 - (162,306) (15,182) WA grant date fair value 21.99 22.66 - - 22.33 26.07 22.34 - 24.21 29.41 - 25.28 - $ $ $ Number 19,624 22,665 - - 42,289 29,072 (13,365) - 57,996 17,371 - (1,847) - 243,968 $ 27.48 311,329 $ 23.96 160,009 $ 23.37 73,520 $ 25.41 Outstanding, December 31, 2013 Granted Vested and settled Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2014 Granted Vested and settled Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2015 Granted Transferred to (from) equity awards on modification Vested and settled Forfeited Outstanding, December 31, 2016 (1) Liability-classified PSUs include PSUs awarded under the employee PSU plan, the sign-on grant PSU plan, and other PSUs plans in place prior to 2015 that are cash-settled and not subject to market vesting conditions. The total market value of share units vested and released during the year ended December 31, 2016 was $4,463,000 (2015: $1,253,000; 2014: $1,578,000). As at December 31, 2016, the Company had a total share unit liability of $14,665,000 (December 31, 2015: $11,836,000) in respect of share units under the PSU, Restricted Share Unit (“RSU”), and DSU plans described herein. The compensation expense arising from share unit grants is amortized over the relevant vesting periods of the underlying units. Ritchie Bros. 138 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 26. Share-based payments (continued) Share unit plans (continued) Senior executive and employee PSU plans In 2015 and 2016, the Company granted share units under two new PSU plans, a senior executive PSU plan and an employee PSU plan (the “new plans”). Under the new plans, the number of PSUs that vest is conditional upon specified market, service, and performance vesting conditions being met. The market vesting condition is based on the relative performance of the Company’s share price in comparison to the performance of a pre-determined portfolio of other companies’ share prices. The non-market vesting conditions are based on the achievement of specific performance measures and can result in participants earning between 0% and 200% of the target number of PSUs granted. Prior to May 2, 2016, the Company was only able to settle the PSU awards under the new plans in cash, and as such, both new plans were classified as liability awards. On May 2, 2016 (the “modification date”), the shareholders approved amendments to the new plans, allowing the Company to choose whether to settle the awards in cash or in shares. With respect to settling in shares, the new settlement options allow the Company to either (i) arrange for the purchase shares on the open market on the employee’s behalf based on the cash value that otherwise would be delivered, or (ii) to issue a number of shares equal to the number of units that vest. Under the first option, the shareholders authorized an unlimited number of open-market purchases of common shares for settlement of the PSUs. Under the second option, the shareholders authorized 1,000,000 shares to be issued for settlement of the PSUs. On the modification date, the employee PSU plan remained classified as a liability and the senior executive PSU plan awards were reclassified to equity awards, based on the Company’s settlement intentions for each plan. The fair value of the senior executive awards outstanding on the modification date was $27.34. The share unit liability, representing the portion of the fair value attributable to past service, was $2,105,000, which was reclassified to equity on that date. No incremental compensation was recognized as a result of the modification. Unrecognized compensation expense based on the fair value of the senior executive PSU awards on the modification date will be amortized over the remaining service period. Because the PSUs awarded under the new plans are contingently redeemable in cash in the event of death of the participant, on the modification date, the Company reclassified $2,175,000 to temporary equity, representing the portion of the contingent redemption amount of the senior executive PSU awards as if redeemable on May 2, 2016, to the extent attributable to prior service. PSUs awarded under the new plans are subject to market vesting conditions. The fair value of the liability-classified PSUs awarded under the employee PSU plan is estimated on the date of grant and at each reporting date using a binomial model. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the liability- classified PSUs awarded under the employee PSU plan during 2016 and 2015 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis: Year ended December 31, Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected lives of the PSUs Expected volatility Average expected volatility of comparable companies Ritchie Bros. 2016 1.2% 2.40% 3 years 29.7% 37.0% 2015 1.3% 2.17% 3 years 29.4% 32.8% 139 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 26. Share-based payments (continued) Share unit plans (continued) Senior executive and employee PSU plans (continued) Risk free interest rate is estimated using Bloomberg’s U.S. dollar Swap Rate as of the valuation date. Expected dividend yield assumes a continuation of the most recent quarterly dividend payments. Given the limited historical information available for the PSUs, the Company estimated the expected life of PSUs with reference to the expected life of stock options. Stock options have five-year expected lives, whereas PSUs vest after three years. As such, the Company estimates the expected life of the PSUs to equal the three-year vesting period. Expected volatility is estimated from Bloomberg’s volatility surface of the common shares as of the valuation date. The fair value of the equity-classified PSUs awarded under the senior executive PSU plan is estimated on modification date and on the date of grant using a binomial model. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the equity-classified PSUs awarded under the senior executive PSU plan during 2016 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis: Year ended December 31, Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected lives of the PSUs Expected volatility Average expected volatility of comparable companies 2016 1.2% 2.50% 3 years 29.9% 37.0% As at December 31, 2016, the unrecognized share unit expense related to equity-classified PSUs was $4,694,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. The unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified PSUs was $5,351,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. Sign-on grant PSUs On August 11, 2014, the Company awarded 102,375 one-time sign-on grant PSUs (the “SOG PSUs”). The SOG PSUs are cash-settled and subject to market vesting conditions related to the Company’s share performance over rolling two, three, four, and five-year periods. The fair value of the liability-classified SOG PSUs is estimated on the date of grant and at each reporting date using a binomial model. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the SOG PSUs during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 are presented in the following table on a weighted average basis: Year ended December 31, Risk free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected volatility 2016 1.1% 2.23% 28.2% 2015 1.4% 2.19% 32.6% 2014 1.8% 2.09% 27.8% Risk free interest rate is estimated using Bloomberg’s U.S. dollar Swap Rate as of the valuation date. Expected dividend yield assumes a continuation of the most recent quarterly dividend payments. Given the limited historical information available for the SOG PSUs, the Company estimated the expected life of PSUs with reference to the expected life of stock options. Stock options have five-year expected lives. Comparatively, the SOG PSUs vest in four tranches with the last tranche vesting five years after the grant date. As such, the Company estimates the expected lives of each tranche of SOG PSUs to equal the respective vesting period for the tranche, which is two, three, four, or five years. Expected volatility is estimated from Bloomberg’s volatility surface of the common shares as of the valuation date. Ritchie Bros. 140 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 26. Share-based payments (continued) Share unit plans (continued) Other PSUs The Company also has other liability-classified PSUs granted under plans in place prior to 2015 that are cash-settled and not subject to market vesting conditions. The fair values of these liability-classified PSUs is estimated on grant date and at each reporting date using the 20-day volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange. RSUs and DSUs The Company has Restricted Share Unit (“RSU”) and DSU plans that are cash-settled and not subject to market vesting conditions. Fair values of share units under these plans are estimated on grant date and at each reporting date using the 20-day volume weighted average price of the Company’s common shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange. DSUs are granted under the DSU plan to members of the Board of Directors. As at December 31, 2016, the unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified restricted share units (“RSUs”) was $549,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.6 years. There is no unrecognized share unit expense related to liability-classified DSUs as they vest immediately upon grant. Employee share purchase plan The Company has an employee share purchase plan that allows all employees that have completed one year of service to contribute funds to purchase common shares at the current market value at the time of share purchase. Employees may contribute up to 4% of their salary. The Company will match between 50% and 100% of the employee‘s contributions, depending on the employee‘s length of service with the Company. 27. Commitments Commitments for expenditures As at December 31, 2016, the Company had committed to, but not yet incurred, $3,197,000 in capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets (December 31, 2015: $1,820,000). Operating lease commitments – the Company as lessee The Company has entered into commercial leases for various auction sites and offices located in North America, Central America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. The majority of these leases are non-cancellable. The Company also has further operating leases for certain motor vehicles and small office equipment where it is not in the best interest of the Company to purchase these assets. The majority of the Company‘s operating leases have a fixed term with a remaining life between one month and 20 years with renewal options included in the contracts. The leases have varying contract terms, escalation clauses and renewal rights. There are no restrictions placed upon the lessee by entering into these leases, other than restrictions on use of property, sub-letting and alterations. In certain leases there are options to purchase; if the intention to take this option changes subsequent to the commencement of the lease, the Company re-assesses the classification of the lease as operating. Ritchie Bros. 141 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 27. Commitments (continued) Operating lease commitments – the Company as lessee (continued) The future aggregate minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases, excluding reimbursed costs to the lessor, are as follows: 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter $ $ 12,664 11,531 9,902 8,180 6,443 56,716 105,436 As at December 31, 2016, the total future minimum sublease payments expected to be received under non-cancellable subleases is $577,000 (December 31, 2015: $1,077,000). The lease expenditure charged to earnings during the year ended December 31, 2016 was $20,075,000 (2015: $17,367,000; 2014: $18,139,000). Capital lease commitments – the Company as lessee The Company has entered into capital lease arrangements for computer and yard equipment. The majority of the leases have a fixed term with a remaining life of one month to four years with renewal options included in the contracts. In certain of these leases, the Company has the option to purchase the leased asset at fair market value or a stated residual value at the end of the lease term. As at December 31, 2016, the net carrying amount of computer and yard equipment under capital leases is $3,968,000 (December 31, 2015: $2,192,000), and is included in the total property, plant and equipment as disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets. The future aggregate minimum lease payments under non-cancellable finance leases are as follows: 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Thereafter Assets recorded under capital leases are as follows: As at December 31, 2016 Computer equipment Yard and auto equipment Ritchie Bros. $ $ Cost 8,511 589 9,100 $ $ Accumulated depreciation (4,990) $ (142) (5,132) $ $ $ 1,484 1,228 1,138 391 - - 4,241 Net book value 3,521 447 3,968 142 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 27. Commitments (continued) As at December 31, 2015 Computer equipment Yard and auto equipment 28. Contingencies Cost 6,080 315 6,395 $ $ Accumulated depreciation (4,132) $ (71) (4,203) $ Net book value 1,948 244 2,192 $ $ Costs contingent on consummation of IronPlanet acquisition On August 29, 2016, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) pursuant to which it agreed to acquire IronPlanet (the “Merger”). Under the terms of Merger Agreement, the Company will acquire 100% of the equity of IronPlanet for approximately $740,000,000 in cash plus the assumption of unvested equity interests in IronPlanet, subject to adjustment, which brings the total transaction value to approximately $758,500,000. The Merger is subject to customary conditions, including (i) the expiration or termination of the applicable waiting period under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, as amended, as well as the obtaining of certain foreign antitrust clearances, and (ii) the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States having provided written notice to the effect that review of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement has been concluded and has terminated all action under the Section 721 of the Defence Production Act of 1950, as amended. Debt issue costs In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, the Company obtained the Commitment Letter, dated August 29, 2016, from GS Bank pursuant to which GS Bank committed to providing the Facilities (discussed in note 24). Consideration for GS Bank’s services in this regard include one-time fees totalling $13,750,000 that are contingent upon consummation of the Merger. These debt issue costs have not been recognized at December 31, 2016. Advisory costs The Company has entered into various contractual arrangements with Goldman, Sachs & Co. and GS Bank (together, “Goldman Sachs”) whereby Goldman Sachs has provided financial structuring and acquisition advisory services in relation to the Company’s agreement to acquire IronPlanet. Consideration for Goldman Sach’s services in this regard, for which the maximum amount payable by the Company at December 31, 2016 is $8,625,000, is contingent upon consummation of the Merger. These advisory costs have not been recognized at December 31, 2016. They will be expensed as acquisition-related costs when they are recognized. Legal and other claims The Company is subject to legal and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of its business. The Company does not believe that the results of these claims will have a material effect on the Company’s balance sheet or income statement. Guarantee contracts In the normal course of business, the Company will in certain situations guarantee to a consignor a minimum level of proceeds in connection with the sale at auction of that consignor’s equipment. Ritchie Bros. 143 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 28. Contingencies (continued) Guarantee contracts (continued) At December 31, 2016 there was $3,813,000 of industrial assets guaranteed under contract, of which 100% is expected to be sold prior to the end of March 2017 (December 31, 2015: $25,267,000 of which 100% sold prior to the end of May 2016). At December 31, 2016 there was $11,415,000 of agricultural assets guaranteed under contract, of which 100% is expected to be sold prior to the end of July 2017 (December 31, 2015: $30,509,000 of which 100% sold prior to the end of August 2016). The outstanding guarantee amounts are undiscounted and before estimated proceeds from sale at auction. 29. Selected quarterly financial data (unaudited) The following is a summary of selected quarterly financial information (unaudited): Attributable to stockholders $ $ $ $ $ $ Revenues 131,945 158,805 128,876 146,769 Revenues 115,618 155,477 109,318 135,462 Revenues 98,588 141,835 102,217 138,457 Operating income 39,174 53,635 2,285 40,628 Operating income 33,019 62,795 28,602 50,424 Operating income 19,081 51,773 15,903 41,170 $ $ $ Net income (loss) 29,994 40,591 (5,000) 27,927 Net income 24,110 45,846 21,247 47,372 Net income 13,435 37,536 9,643 31,949 $ $ $ 2016 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 2015 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 2014 First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Ritchie Bros. Net income (loss) 29,406 39,710 (5,137) 27,853 $ Earnings (loss) per share Diluted 0.27 0.37 (0.05) 0.26 Basic 0.28 0.37 (0.05) 0.26 $ Attributable to stockholders Net income 23,777 45,083 20,825 46,529 $ Earnings per share $ Basic 0.22 0.42 0.19 0.43 Attributable to stockholders Net income 13,174 37,008 9,382 31,417 $ Earnings per share $ Basic 0.12 0.35 0.09 0.29 Diluted 0.22 0.42 0.19 0.43 Diluted 0.12 0.34 0.09 0.29 144 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 30. Business combinations (a) Mascus acquisition On February 19, 2016 (the “Mascus Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding shares of Mascus for cash consideration of €26,553,000 ($29,580,000). In addition to cash consideration, consideration of up to €3,198,000 ($3,563,000) is contingent on Mascus achieving certain operating performance targets over the three-year period following acquisition. Mascus is based in Amsterdam and provides an online equipment listing service for used heavy machines and trucks. The acquisition expands the breadth and depth of equipment disposition and management solutions the Company can offer its customers. The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at their estimated fair values at the Mascus Acquisition Date. Goodwill of $19,664,000 was calculated as the fair value of consideration over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. Mascus provisional purchase price allocation Purchase price Fair value of contingent consideration Non-controlling interests (1) Total fair value at Mascus Acquisition Date Fair value of assets acquired: Cash and cash equivalents Trade and other receivables Prepaid expenses Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets (2) Fair value of liabilities assumed: Trade and other payables Other non-current liabilities Deferred tax liabilities Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired Goodwill acquired on acquisition February 19, 2016 29,580 $ 3,431 596 33,607 $ $ 1,457 1,290 528 104 14,817 1,533 37 2,683 13,943 19,664 (1) The Company acquired 100% of Mascus and within the Mascus group of entities there were two subsidiaries that were not wholly-owned, one domiciled in the United States and one domiciled in Denmark. As such, the Company acquired non-controlling interests. The fair value of each non-controlling interest was determined using an income approach based on cash flows of the respective entities that were attributable to the non-controlling interest. On May 27, 2016, Ritchie Bros. Holdings (America) Inc. acquired the remaining issued and outstanding shares of the Mascus subsidiary domiciled in the United States for cash consideration of $226,000. (2) Intangible assets consist of customer relationships with estimated useful lives of 17 years, indefinite-lived trade names, and software assets with estimated useful lives of five years. Ritchie Bros. 145 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 30. Business combinations (continued) (a) Mascus acquisition (continued) The amounts included in the Mascus provisional purchase price allocation are preliminary in nature and are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained about the facts and circumstances that existed as of the Mascus Acquisition Date. The final determination of the fair values of certain assets and liabilities will be completed within the measurement period of up to one year from the Mascus Acquisition Date. Adjustments to the preliminary values during the measurement period will be recorded in the operating results of the period in which the adjustments are determined. Changes to the amounts recorded as assets and liabilities will result in a corresponding adjustment to goodwill. Goodwill Goodwill has been allocated entirely to the Mascus reporting unit and included in “Other” for segmented information purposes and is based on an analysis of the fair value of net assets acquired. The main drivers generating goodwill are the anticipated synergies from (1) the Company's core auction expertise and transactional capabilities to Mascus' existing customer base, and (2) Mascus' providing existing technology to the Company's current customer base. Other factors generating goodwill include the acquisition of Mascus' assembled work force and their associated technical expertise. Contributed revenue and net income The results of Mascus’ operations are included in these consolidated financial statements from Mascus’ Acquisition Date. Mascus’ contribution to the Company’s revenues and net income for the period from February 19, 2016 to December 31, 2016 was $7,473,000 and $808,000, respectively. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented as such pro forma financial information would not be materially different from historical results. Contingent consideration The Company may pay an additional amount not exceeding €3,198,000 ($3,563,000) contingent upon the achievement of certain operating performance targets over the next three-year period. The Company has recognized a liability equal to the estimated fair value of the contingent payments the Company expects to make as of the acquisition date, which was €3,080,000 ($3,431,000) on February 19, 2016. The Company will re-measure this liability each reporting period and record changes in the fair value in the consolidated income statement. For the period ending December 31, 2016, the Company recognized $14,000 in other expense associated with the change in fair value. Transactions recognized separately from the acquisition of assets and assumptions of liabilities Acquisition-related costs Expenses totalling $1,720,000 for legal fees, continuing employment costs, and other acquisition-related costs are included in the consolidated income statement for the period ended December 31, 2016. Employee compensation in exchange for continued services The Company may pay additional amounts not exceeding €1,625,000 ($1,849,000) over three-year periods based on key employees’ continuing employment with Mascus. Ritchie Bros. 146 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 30. Business combinations (continued) (b) Petrowsky acquisition On August 1, 2016 (the “Petrowsky Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired the assets of Petrowsky for cash consideration of $6,250,000. An additional $750,000 was paid for the retention of certain key employees. In addition to cash consideration, consideration of up to $3,000,000 is contingent on Petrowsky achieving certain revenue growth targets over the three-year period following acquisition. Based in North Franklin, Connecticut, Petrowsky caters largely to equipment sellers in the construction and transportation industries. Petrowsky also serves customers selling assets in the underground utility, waste recycling, marine, and commercial real estate industries. The business operates one permanent auction site, in North Franklin, which will continue to hold auctions, and also specializes in off-site auctions held on the land of the consignor. The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805. The assets acquired were recorded at their estimated fair values at the Petrowsky Acquisition Date. Goodwill of $4,308,000 was calculated as the fair value of consideration over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. Petrowsky provisional purchase price allocation Purchase price Fair value of contingent consideration Total fair value at Petrowsky Acquisition Date Assets acquired: Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets ~ Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired Goodwill acquired on acquisition August 1, 2016 6,250 1,433 7,683 441 2,934 3,375 4,308 $ $ $ ~ Consists of customer relationships with estimated useful lives of 10 years. The amounts included in the Petrowsky provisional purchase price allocation are preliminary in nature and are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained about the facts and circumstances that existed as of the Petrowsky Acquisition Date. The final determination of the fair values of certain assets and liabilities will be completed within the measurement period of up to one year from the Petrowsky Acquisition Date. Adjustments to the preliminary values during the measurement period will be recorded in the operating results of the period in which the adjustments are determined. Changes to the amounts recorded as assets and liabilities will result in a corresponding adjustment to goodwill. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed At the date of the acquisition, the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities acquired approximated their fair values, except customer relationships, whose fair value was determined using appropriate valuation techniques. Goodwill Goodwill has been allocated entirely to the Company’s Core Auction segment and is based on an analysis of the fair value of net assets acquired. Petrowsky is a highly complementary business that will broaden the Company’s base of equipment sellers, one of the main drivers generating goodwill. Petrowsky’s sellers are primarily in the construction and transportation industries, which are also well aligned with the Company’s sector focus. Ritchie Bros. 147 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 30. Business combinations (continued) (b) Petrowsky acquisition (continued) Contributed revenue and net loss The results of Petrowsky’s operations are included in these consolidated financial statements from Petrowsky Acquisition Date. Petrowksy’s contribution to the Company’s revenues and net income for the period from August 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 was $882,000 of revenues and a $218,000 net loss, excluding continuing employment costs. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented as such pro forma financial information would not be materially different from historical results. Contingent consideration As part of the acquisition, contingent consideration of up to $3,000,000 is payable to Petrowsky if certain revenue growth targets are achieved. The contingent consideration is based on the cumulative revenue growth during a three-year period ending July 31, 2019. Based on the Company’s current three-year forecast for this new business, it is determined that the fair value of the contingent consideration is $1,433,000. Transactions recognized separately from the acquisition of assets and assumptions of liabilities Acquisition-related costs Expenses totalling $604,000 for legal fees, continuing employment costs, and other acquisition-related costs are included in the consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2016. Employee compensation in exchange for continued services As noted above, $750,000 was paid on the Petrowsky Acquisition Date in exchange for the continuing services of certain key employees. In addition, the Company may pay an amount not exceeding $1,000,000 over a three-year period based on the founder of Petrowsky’s continuing employment with the Company. (c) Kramer acquisition On November 15, 2016 (the “Kramer Acquisition Date”), the Company purchased the assets of Kramer Auctions Ltd. for cash consideration of Canadian dollar 15,300,000 ($11,361,000) comprised of Canadian dollar 15,000,000 ($11,138,000) paid at acquisition date and Canadian dollar 300,000 ($223,000) deferred payments over three years. In addition to cash consideration, consideration of up to Canadian dollar 2,500,000 ($1,856,000) is contingent on Kramer achieving certain operating performance targets over the three-year period following acquisition. Kramer is a leading Canadian agricultural auction company with exceptionally strong customer relationships in central Canada. This acquisition is expected to significantly strengthen Ritchie Bros.’ penetration of Canada’s agricultural sector and add key talent to our Canadian Agricultural sales and operations team. The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805 Business Combinations. The assets acquired were recorded at their estimated fair values at the Kramer Acquisition Date. Goodwill of $6,822,000 was calculated as the fair value of consideration over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. Ritchie Bros. 148 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 30. Business combinations (continued) (c) Kramer acquisition (continued) Kramer provisional purchase price allocation Purchase price Deferred purchase note consideration Fair value of contingent consideration Total fair value at Petrowsky Acquisition Date Assets acquired: Property, plant and equipment Intangible assets ~ Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired Goodwill acquired on acquisition November 15, 2016 11,138 $ 223 538 11,899 $ $ 399 4,678 5,077 6,822 ~ Consists of customer relationships and trade names with estimated useful lives of 10 and three years, respectively. The amounts included in the Kramer provisional purchase price allocation are preliminary in nature and are subject to adjustment as additional information is obtained about the facts and circumstances that existed as of the Kramer Acquisition Date. The final determination of the fair values of certain assets and liabilities will be completed within the measurement period of up to one year from the Kramer Acquisition Date. Adjustments to the preliminary values during the measurement period will be recorded in the operating results of the period in which the adjustments are determined. Changes to the amounts recorded as assets and liabilities will result in a corresponding adjustment to goodwill. Assets acquired At the date of acquisition, the Company determined the fair value of the assets acquired using appropriate valuation techniques. Goodwill Goodwill has been allocated entirely to the Company’s Core Auction segment and is based on an analysis of the fair value of net assets acquired. Kramer is a highly complementary business that will broaden the Company’s base in the agriculture sector in Canada, one of the main drivers generating goodwill. Contributed revenue and net loss The results of Kramer’s operations are included in these consolidated financial statements from the Kramer Acquisition Date. Kramer’s contribution to the Company’s revenues and net income for the period from November 15, 2016 to December 31, 2016 was $58,000 of revenues and a $199,000 net loss, excluding continuing employment costs. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented as such pro forma financial information would not be materially different from historical results. Contingent consideration As part of the acquisition, contingent consideration of up to Canadian dollar 2,500,000 ($1,856,000) is payable to Kramer Auctioneers if certain revenue growth targets are achieved. The contingent consideration is based on the cumulative revenue growth during a three-year period ending November 15, 2019. Based on the Company’s current three-year forecast of this new business, it is determined the fair value of the contingent consideration is Canadian dollar 725,000 ($538,000). Ritchie Bros. 149 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 30. Business combinations (continued) (c) Kramer acquisition (continued) Transactions recognized separately from the acquisition of assets and assumptions of liabilities Acquisition-related costs Expenses totalling $192,000 for legal fees, continuing employment costs, and other acquisition-related costs are included in the consolidated income statements for the year ended December 31, 2016. Employee compensation in exchange for continued services The Company may pay an additional amount not exceeding Canadian dollar 1,000,000 ($743,000) over a three-year period based on the continuing employment of four key leaders of Kramer Auctions with the Company. (d) Xcira acquisition On November 4, 2015 (the “Xcira Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired 75% of the issued and outstanding shares of Xcira for cash consideration of $12,359,000. The remaining 25% interests remain with the two founders of Xcira. Xcira is a Florida-based company, incorporated in the United States and its principal activity is the provision of software and technology solutions to auction companies. By acquiring Xcira, the Company acquired information technology capability and platform to build on its strong online bidding customer experience, and further differentiate itself from other industrial auction companies. The Company has the option to buy out the remaining interest of the Xcira sellers subject to the terms of the Xcira Purchase Agreement. The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with ASC 805. The assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and the non-controlling interest were recorded at their estimated fair values at the Xcira Acquisition Date. Goodwill of $10,659,000 was calculated as the fair value of consideration over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. Xcira purchase price allocation Purchase price Non-controlling interest Total fair value at Xcira Acquisition Date Assets acquired: Cash and cash equivalents Trade and other receivables Prepaid expenses Property, plant and equipment Other non-current assets Intangible assets ~ Liabilities assumed: Trade and other payables Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired Goodwill acquired on acquisition ~ Consists of existing technology and customer relationships with estimated useful lives of five and 20 years, respectively Ritchie Bros. November 4, 2015 12,359 $ 4,119 16,478 $ $ 252 1,382 62 314 11 4,300 502 5,819 10,659 150 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Tabular amounts expressed in thousands of United States dollars, except where noted) 30. Business combination (continued) (d) Xcira acquisition (continued) There was no contingent consideration under the terms of the acquisition, and as such no acquisition provisions were created. Assets acquired and liabilities assumed At the date of acquisition, the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities acquired approximated their fair values, except intangible assets, whose fair values were determined using appropriate valuation techniques. Goodwill Goodwill has been allocated entirely to the Company’s Core Auction segment and is based on an analysis of the fair value of net assets acquired. The main drivers generating goodwill are the Company’s ability to utilize Xcira’s experience to differentiate the Company’s online bidding service from other industrial auction companies, as well as to secure Xcira’s bidding technology. Online bidding represents a significant and growing portion of all bidding conducted at the Company’s auctions. Non-controlling interests The fair value of the 25% non-controlling interest in Xcira is estimated to be $4,119,000. Contributed revenue and net income The results of Xcira’s operations are included in these consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. For the year ended December 31, 2016, Xcira recorded revenues of $8,261,000 and net income of $1,225,000, respectively. On consolidation, $3,634,000 of inter entity revenues recorded by Xcira during the year ended December 31, 2016, respectively, were eliminated against the same amounts of inter-entity expenses recorded by another subsidiary within the wholly-owned group. Pro forma results of operations have not been presented as such pro forma financial information would not be materially different from historical results. Transactions recognized separately from the acquisition of assets and assumptions of liabilities Acquisition-related costs Expenses totalling $1,111,000 for continuing employment costs are included in the consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2016 (2015: $191,000). There were no other acquisition-related costs for Xcira in 2016 (2015: $410,000). Employee compensation in exchange for continued services The Company may pay an additional amount not exceeding $2,000,000 over a three-year period based on the Founder’s continuing employment with Xcira. For the year ending December 31, 2016, the Company paid $667,000 relating to this compensation. Future development of internally-generated software The Company may pay an additional amount not exceeding $2,700,000 over a two-year period upon achievement of certain conditions related to the delivery of an upgrade to its existing technology. The Company did not make any payments related to this software development in 2016. Ritchie Bros. 151 ITEM 9: CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Not applicable. ITEM 9A: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Disclosure Controls and Procedures Management of the Company, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. The term “disclosure controls and procedures” means controls and other procedures established by the Company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon their evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that such information is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. The Company, including its CEO and CFO, does not expect that its internal controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting In accordance with Item 308 of SEC Regulation S-K, management is required to provide an annual report regarding internal controls over our financial reporting. This report, which includes management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, is found below. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting for the Company as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company’s CEO and CFO, overseen by the Company’s Board of Directors and implemented by the Company’s management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and the requirements of the SEC. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate. Ritchie Bros. 152 Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. In making this assessment, management used the criteria described in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (“COSO”). Based on its assessment under the framework in COSO, management has concluded that internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016. Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm The attestation report required under this Item 9A is set forth below under the caption “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.” Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management, with the participation of the CEO and CFO, concluded that there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Ritchie Bros. 153 The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We have audited Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria. Ritchie Bros. 154 We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 of Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and our report dated February 21, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Vancouver, Canada February 21, 2017 Ritchie Bros. /s/Ernst & Young LLP Chartered Professional Accountants 155 ITEM 9B: OTHER INFORMATION Not applicable. ITEM 10: DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PART III The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2017 Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2016, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “2017 Proxy Statement”). ITEM 11: EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2017 Proxy Statement. ITEM 12: SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2017 Proxy Statement. ITEM 13: CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2017 Proxy Statement. ITEM 14: PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES The information responsive to this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2017 Proxy Statement. 156 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES PART IV (a) Documents Filed with this Report: 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Income Statements Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES None. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 EXHIBITS The exhibits listed in (b) below are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference. Document Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 29, 2016, by and among the Company, Topaz Mergersub, Inc., IronPlanet, and Fortis Advisors LLC (as representative of the indemnifying securityholders thereunder) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 31, 2016) Articles of Amalgamation and Amendments (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amended and Restated By-law No. 1 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 6-K furnished on February 27, 2015) Shareholder Rights Plan Agreement dated as of February 22, 2007, between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Computershare Investor Services, Inc., as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amending Agreement dated April 5, 2007 between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Computershare Investor Services, Inc., as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Indenture, dated as of December 21, 2016, among the Company, the guarantors party thereto and US Bank National Association, as trustee, relating to the Company’s 5.375% Senior Notes due 2025 (includes form of note) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 21, 2016) Amended and Restated Stock Option Plan, dated May 2, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2016) Form of Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Stock Option Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Ravichandra Saligram, dated August 11, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) 157 2. 3. (b) Exhibits: Exhibit Number 2.1* 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 10.1# 10.2# 10.3# 10.4# 10.5# 10.6# 10.7# 10.8# 10.9# 10.10# 10.11# 10.12# 10.13# 10.14# 10.15# 10.16# 10.17# 10.18# 10.19# 10.20# 10.21# 10.22# 10.23# 10.24# 10.25# Amended and Restated Executive Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Non-Executive Director Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10- K filed on February 25, 2016) Senior Executive Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Restricted Share Unit Grant Agreement for Senior Executive Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employee Restricted Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Employee Restricted Share Unit Plan Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Non-Executive Director Deferred Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10- K filed on February 25, 2016) Performance Share Unit Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10- K filed on February 25, 2016) Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Ravichandra Saligram, dated August 11, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Executive Nonqualified Excess Plan (United States 10/10 Program) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Canada and All Non-United States Locations: 10/10 Compensation Arrangement (Canada 10/10 Program) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Senior Executive Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement for Senior Executive Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employee Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Performance Share Unit Grant Agreement for Employee Performance Share Unit Plan (March 2015) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (as amended February 17, 2017) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Ravichandra Saligram, dated June 16, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. and Jim Barr, dated November 3, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Rob McLeod, dated August 11, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Transfer Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Rob McLeod, dated July 6, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. and Karl Werner, dated 158 10.26# 10.27# 10.28# 10.29# 10.30# 10.31# 10.32# 10.33# 10.34# 10.35# 10.36# 10.37# 10.38# 10.39 10.40 10.41 10.42 January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Todd Wohler, dated January 6, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amendment to Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Todd Wohler, dated January 20, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (America) Inc. and Terrence Dolan, dated May 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Randy Wall, dated December 19, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Shared Services B.V. and Jeroen Rijk, dated May 6, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers Incorporated and Kieran Holm, dated January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Darren Watt, dated May 25, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Sharon Driscoll, dated May 20, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Doug Olive, dated April 20, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Ramon Millan, dated November 19, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Becky Alseth, dated November 28, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Change of Control Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.37 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Form of Indemnity Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Lease Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated August 12, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Development Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated August 12, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Pre-Handover Occupancy Rental Agreement and Amendment to Development Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated November 25, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Lease Modification Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated February 12, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to the Company’s 159 10.43 10.44# 10.45# 10.46# 10.47** 10.48 10.49 10.50 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 99.1*** 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Lease Confirmation and Amendment to Development Agreement with Great-West Life Assurance Company and London Life Insurance Company dated May 6, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Summary of Short-term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 25, 2016) Amendment to Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Sharon Driscoll, dated February 26, 2016 Employment Agreement between Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers (Canada) Ltd. and Marianne Marck, dated February 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 9, 2016) Strategic Alliance and Remarketing Agreement, entered into as of August 29, 2016, by and between the Company, IronPlanet, Inc. and Caterpillar, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2016) Amended and Restated Commitment Letter, dated September 16, 2016, from Goldman Sachs Bank USA and Royal Bank of Canada (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 9, 2016) Credit Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2016, by and among the Company, the other borrowers and guarantors party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, U.S. swing line lender and L/C issuer, Royal Bank of Canada, as Canadian swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed on November 4, 2016) First Amendment, dated as of January 17, 2017, to Credit Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2016, by and among the Company, the other borrowers and guarantors party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, U.S. swing line lender and L/C issuer, Royal Bank of Canada, as Canadian swing line lender and L/C issuer, and the other lenders party thereto List of Company Subsidiaries Consent of Ernst & Young LLP Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Financial Statements and Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm with respect to the 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan XBRL Instance Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document # * ** *** Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The registrant will furnish copies of any such schedules to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and have been filed separately with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Furnished pursuant to Rule 15d-21 under the Exchange Act. 160 ITEM 16: FORM 10-K SUMMARY Not applicable. 161 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. Date: February 21, 2017 By: /s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram Ravichandra K. Saligram Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. RITCHIE BROS. AUCTIONEERS INCORPORATED By: By: By: By: By: By: By: By: By: /s/ Ravichandra K. Saligram Ravichandra K. Saligram /s/ Sharon R. Driscoll Sharon R. Driscoll /s/ Beverley A. Briscoe Beverley A. Briscoe /s/ Robert G. Elton Robert G. Elton /s/ Erik Olsson Erik Olsson /s/ Eric Patel Eric Patel /s/ Edward B. Pitoniak Edward B. Pitoniak /s/ Sarah Raiss Sarah E. Raiss /s/ Christopher Zimmerman Christopher Zimmerman Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) February 21, 2017 February 21, 2017 Chair of the Board February 21, 2017 Director Director Director Director Director Director February 21, 2017 February 21, 2017 February 21, 2017 February 21, 2017 February 21, 2017 February 21, 2017 162 

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