Royal Bank of Canada
Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

Royal Bank of Canada Annual Report 2017 Who we are Royal Bank of Canada is a global financial institution with a purpose- driven, principles-led approach to delivering leading performance. Our success comes from the 80,000+ employees who bring our vision, values and strategy to life so we can help our clients thrive and communities prosper. As Canada’s biggest bank, and one of the largest in the world based on market capitalization, we have a diversified business model with a focus on innovation and providing exceptional experiences to our 16 million clients in Canada, the U.S. and 35 other countries. Why invest? › Market leader with a focused growth strategy › Diversified business model with leading client franchises › Financial strength underpinned by prudent risk and cost management › Innovation is in our DNA › Leading corporate citizen Connect with us: facebook.com/rbc instagram.com/rbc twitter.com/@RBC www.youtube.com/user/RBC linkedin.com/company/rbc Strategy p.1 Chair message ) e H y r a G / S R E T U E R ( p.4 Exceptional client experience p.7 Simplify. Agile. Innovate. p.9 CEO message p.2 Sustainable growth p.5 Best talent p.8 Community & social impact p.10 CONTENTS Management’s Discussion and Analysis 11 Ten-Year Statistical Review Enhanced Disclosure Task Force Recommendations Index Reports and Consolidated Financial Statements 116 117 Glossary Principal Subsidiaries Shareholder Information 205 206 208 209 e r a e w o h W Our purpose Guided by our vision to be among the world’s most trusted and successful financial institutions, and driven by our purpose of helping clients thrive and communities prosper, we aim to be: The undisputed financial services leader in Canada The preferred partner to corporate, institutional and high net worth clients in the U.S. A leading financial services partner valued for our expertise in select global financial centres Our strategy Our purpose, vision and values are aligned to strategic initiatives that drive our competitive advantage in a changing marketplace. Sustainable growth Exceptional client experience Best talent Simplify. Agile. Innovate. Community & social impact Our values › Client First › Collaboration › Accountability › Diversity & Inclusion › Integrity Our business segments Personal & Commercial Banking Capital Markets › Financial services leader in Canada with a presence in the Caribbean and the U.S. › Number 1 or 2 market share in all key Canadian Banking product categories › Premier North American investment bank with select global reach in Europe, Asia and other international locations › 9th largest global investment bank by fees(1) Investor & Treasury Services Insurance › Leading global asset services › Canada’s largest bank- provider and Canadian transaction bank with an integrated client offering › Provides short-term funding and liquidity management services for RBC owned insurer and among the fastest growing insurance organizations in the country › Offers reinsurance solutions for clients globally Wealth Management › Largest mutual fund company and wealth advisory business in Canada › Growing presence in U.S. private and commercial banking and wealth management › Top-five wealth manager globally(2) (1) (2) Dealogic, based on global investment bank fees, Fiscal 2017. Scorpio Partnership Global Private Banking Benchmark, 2017. Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 1 Message from Dave McKay M e s s a g e f r o m D a v e M c K a y On behalf of my 80,000+ colleagues, I am honoured to share the story of our record 2017 and our ongoing journey to position RBC for the future. We reported record earnings of $11.5 billion, up 10% from the prior year. This demonstrated the strength of our diversified business model, our disciplined approach to risk and cost management, and above all, our purpose of helping clients thrive and communities prosper. We delivered a return on equity of 17% and strengthened our Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio to 10.9%. In November 2017, we were designated as a Global Systemically Important Bank by the Financial Stability Board, reflecting the size and scale of our global operations. As we already meet the requirement of a 1% buffer, we do not expect any significant impact to our capital position. We also returned a record $8.2 billion of capital in dividends and share buybacks, reflecting our commitment to shareholders while executing on our growth strategies. We delivered compound annual Total Shareholder Returns of 12% and 17% over three and five years, outperforming our global peer group. The favourable macroeconomic environment contributed to our success, with strong GDP growth, high employment and interest rate increases leading to low credit losses, strong demand for credit and stronger margins. Beyond our performance, we believe how we achieve success is as important as what we achieve; this is critical in creating a path for sustained growth over the long term. It is heartening as CEO to see how our principles-led approach and our values, including the importance of diversity and inclusion, drive our daily decision-making from the Board to the branch and everywhere in between. 2 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Sustainable growth We have a focused strategy that targets high-growth client segments within our priority markets of Canada, the U.S., and in select global financial centres. Across geographies, we are deepening relationships with our clients and bringing the strength, breadth and depth of RBC to meet their goals. In Canada, where we are number one or two in all key banking segments, we are not being complacent but looking to transform our physical network and digitize our operations to meet changing customer needs. We’ve expanded our insurance offering and we see opportunities for further growth within Personal & Commercial Banking, specifically in commercial banking, investments, deposits and credit cards. We are also exploring ways to add new sources of value for our clients. We are increasingly collaborating with strategic partners to create the ecosystems in which our customers live and work. For example, we have recently started offering employee health care expense management for commercial clients, and we have integrated invoicing, accounting and financial insights into our business banking platform so that entrepreneurs can spend more time growing their businesses. In our leading Canadian wealth management franchise, we are adding more value to clients through our unmatched wealth planning expertise, including business succession and intergenerational wealth transfers. We are also building out our top-performing asset management capabilities. In the U.S., the successful integration of City National is allowing us to serve more commercial and high net worth clients. In 2017, City National deepened its presence in its core markets of California and New York City while also expanding in Washington, D.C. and Minneapolis and building on synergies with other parts of the firm, including Capital Markets. Our U.S. capital markets business continues to grow. It accounts for more than half of overall Capital Markets earnings. Globally, RBC Capital Markets has been ranked as one of the top 10 investment banks by fees for the last five years. Together, our U.S. capital markets and wealth management businesses (including City National) position us well to be the preferred partner to corporate, institutional and high net worth clients and their businesses in the U.S. We also continue to improve our competitive position in select markets in the U.K., Europe and Asia, by focusing on key client segments served by our wealth and asset management, capital markets and investor and treasury services businesses. Exceptional client experiences More than ever before, we are building from the customer in, creating a Digitally Enabled Relationship Bank that is simple to deal with and that adds more value to clients. We believe how we achieve success is as important as what we achieve; this is critical in creating a path for sustained growth over the long term. Group Executive Officers David McKay President & Chief Executive Officer Rod Bolger Chief Financial Officer Michael Dobbins Chief Strategy & Corporate Development Officer Helena Gottschling Chief Human Resources Officer Douglas Guzman Group Head, Wealth Management & Insurance Mark Hughes Group Chief Risk Officer Douglas McGregor Group Head, Capital Markets and Investor & Treasury Services Neil McLaughlin Group Head, Personal & Commercial Banking Bruce Ross Group Head, Technology and Operations Jennifer Tory Chief Administrative Officer We are learning from and working with our clients to develop the next generation of products. Our size and scale gives us an advantage in using data to better understand our clients, anticipate their future needs and offer them increasingly personalized solutions, while investing in keeping their information secure. Our digital and innovation strategies are fundamental to creating exceptional client experiences, driving customer loyalty and acquiring new clients. In Personal & Commercial Banking, we have grown our sales force in advice roles, we have significantly grown our mobile users, and today 84% of our financial transactions are performed in self-serve channels. The work we’ve done to serve clients as we move to a digital future helped us win Highest in Customer Satisfaction Among the Big Five Retail Banks in J.D. Power’s 2017 Canadian Retail Banking Satisfaction survey for the second year in a row. Simplify. Agile. Innovate As we integrate into our customers’ digital lives, we are collaborating with an ever broader range of global partners, bringing exciting new opportunities to our clients across all of our business lines. We are working in new ways to design and build products, processes, technology and services in a faster, simpler, more adaptable and cost effective way. In an unprecedented time of change in our industry, customer expectations and preferences are shifting almost daily. I believe one of my greatest responsibilities as CEO is to ensure that the cadence and speed of change inside RBC matches that of the wider world. So, as we reimagine our future and the role that we play in our customers’ lives, we are changing the way that we work. We’re proud to be a champion for Canadian innovation, particularly the transformational technologies of blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI). As one of the leading voices on AI in Canada, we have established the research institute Borealis AI to pursue curiosity-driven research in machine learning. This will help to not only drive our own innovation, but also secure Canada’s position as a global destination for AI research and ventures. Best talent We know that our best ideas come when we unlock the potential of our people, allowing the full diversity of our organization to thrive. To accelerate this journey we are simplifying our structure, redefining our leadership model and tapping into the strengths and talent of our employees. By creating an environment where employees are encouraged to be bolder and use their full expertise, capabilities and experiences, we will be able to succeed in hiring and retaining top talent and provide them with meaningful work. Community and social impact As a purpose-driven company, we believe we are accountable for creating a positive social impact in the communities where we operate. Among countless examples across our businesses and regions in 2017, none articulated this focus more clearly than RBC Future Launch, our $500-million commitment to empower Canadian youth for the jobs of tomorrow. Over the next 10 years, we are dedicating our knowledge, skills and resources to help young people access meaningful employment. Investing in the next generation is both a business imperative and the right thing to do. Thank you I offer a sincere thank you to the 16 million clients who continue to put their trust in RBC. I also want to thank my colleagues for their ideas and their commitment to seeing those clients succeed. As always, I appreciate the guidance and insight from our diverse board of directors. And finally, to you our shareholders, I reiterate our commitment to executing on our strategy and delivering sustainable earnings growth in line with our purpose. David McKay President and Chief Executive Officer y a K c M e v a D m o r f e g a s s e M Key metrics in 2017 Sustainable growth Diluted EPS $7.56 ROE 17.0% CET1 ratio 10.9% Dividend payout ratio 46% Three-year TSR 12% See page 5 for more information Exceptional client experience #1 Client Satisfaction among Big Five Canadian retail banks in 2017 J.D. Power survey Best talent 94% employees who are proud to be a part of RBC(1) Community and social impact 150,000+ employee volunteer hours(2) $98+ million in cash donations and community investments(3) (1) (2) (3) 2017 Employee Opinion Survey. Includes non-work time hours reported by employees globally and retirees in Canada through RBC’s formal volunteering programs. Includes employee volunteer grants and gifts in-kind, as well as non-profit contributions to non-registered charities. Figure does not include sponsorships. Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 3 Message from Katie Taylor M e s s a g e f r o m K a t i e T a y l o r Dear fellow shareholders, RBC has a clear purpose: to help clients thrive and communities prosper. This simple statement unites your board of directors, the management team and dedicated employees as we focus on delivering long-term shareholder value by ensuring positive outcomes for all stakeholders. Change has become a hallmark of our times and in 2017 RBC successfully executed on its key strategies, moved forward on its transformation priorities and welcomed new talent to its senior management team. Overseeing our strategy One of the board’s most critical roles is to provide oversight and stewardship of RBC’s strategic direction. We provide guidance to management as it builds a Digitally Enabled Relationship Bank and focuses on markets and segments where RBC is positioned to succeed. In order to anticipate and respond to a dynamic, global marketplace, we advise management on its strategic plans, challenge assumptions, and assist in identifying and building pathways to sustainable growth within the bank’s risk appetite. Focusing on talent Talent management, including senior management succession planning, is a key board responsibility, essential to supporting RBC’s strategic objectives. We take a comprehensive approach to pipeline development that includes early identification of key candidates and in-depth evaluations of the skills and expertise required for both the near and medium term. As the banking industry continues to evolve, a diversity of experiences, perspectives and backgrounds represented at all levels of management becomes a critical advantage and key to successfully executing on the bank’s strategy. Robust risk management The board assesses management’s plans to ensure business opportunities are balanced against sound risk management priorities and an effective enterprise-wide framework. We actively engage with management to assure that a strong risk culture is supported at all levels of RBC and that the bank’s risk management function is independent from the businesses. We also provide guidance on, and approve the bank’s risk appetite, and maintain open communications with regulators. Good governance Your board champions RBC’s culture of ‘doing what’s right’ and our core values of integrity and accountability. We help establish and promote ethical standards and behaviour across all levels of the organization, working to foster an approach to business that considers impacts to society, the economy and the environment. Diversity of gender, thought and experience is critical to successful board oversight, and our board culture encourages transparency, active engagement and productive debate. Once again in 2017, we were recognized for our approach, winning Best Overall Governance at the Excellence in Governance Awards in Toronto and Best Overall Corporate Governance – International at the Corporate Governance Awards in New York. We also continue to refine the skills and experience needed to provide orderly board succession and strengthen our ranks to support RBC’s future strategic goals. To this end, we were pleased to welcome Jeffery Yabuki to the RBC board. As the president and CEO of Fiserv Inc. - a leading provider of financial services - Jeff brings us deep experience in financial services, technology solutions and strategic advice. We were also saddened this year by the passing of our esteemed colleague Richard (Rick) George. Rick was a true leader in Canadian business and a trusted advisor on the RBC board. He is greatly missed by all. Shareholder engagement Working with our stakeholders is an important component of our governance process, notable this year for the collaborative efforts that produced the RBC Proxy Access Policy. Committed to the creation of long-term value, we will continue to look for new and effective ways to meaningfully engage with investors, clients and the communities we serve. On behalf of the board, I would like to thank Dave McKay and his leadership team for their commitment and dedication to helping realize RBC’s vision of being recognized as one of the world’s most trusted and successful financial institutions. We would also like to express the board’s deep appreciation to RBC employees around the world who deliver the very best to our clients and communities every day. Kathleen Taylor Chair of the Board RBC Board of Directors Andrew Chisholm Jacynthe Coˆte´ Toos Daruvala David Denison Alice Laberge Michael McCain David McKay Heather Munroe-Blum Thomas Renyi Kathleen Taylor Bridget van Kralingen Thierry Vandal Jeffery Yabuki FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE VISIT: rbc.com/governance 4 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Sustainable growth RBC continued to achieve high-quality earnings growth by focusing on our clients, deploying capital effectively and investing for the future, while carefully managing risks and costs. Strong Earnings Net Income (C$ billion) Profitable Growth Return on Equity (ROE) Solid Returns to Shareholders Dividends Declared per share (C$) 2017 $11.5 2016: $10.5 2017 17.0% 2016: 16.3% 2017 $3.48 2016: $3.24 h t w o r g e l b a n i a t s u S 2017 $7.56 2016: $6.78 2017 10.9% 2016: 10.8% Diluted Earnings per Share (C$) Financial Strength Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) Ratio Annualized dividend increase of: 7% — one year 7% — ten year(1) Earnings by business segment(2) Financial Performance Metrics(3) 50% Personal & Commercial Banking 22% Capital Markets 16% Wealth Management 6% Insurance 6% Investor & Treasury Services Diluted EPS Growth Return on Equity Capital Ratio (CET 1) Dividend Payout Ratio Total Shareholder Return(4) Three-year Five-year Medium-Term Objectives 2017 Results 7%+ 16%+ Strong 40% – 50% 11.5% 17.0% 10.9% 46% RBC 12% 17% Global Peer Average 10% 15% (1) (2) (3) (4) Compound Annual Growth Rate. Excludes Corporate Support. Our focus is to maximize total shareholder returns (TSR) through the achievement of top half performance compared to our global peer group over the medium term (3-5 years), which we believe reflects a longer term view of strong and consistent financial performance. Reflects annualized TSR and is calculated based on the TSX common share price appreciation plus reinvested dividend income. Source: Bloomberg, as at October 31, 2017. RBC is compared to our global peer group. The peer group average excludes RBC; for the list of peers, please refer to our financial performance objectives section of our 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis. FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE VISIT: www.rbc.com/investorrelations Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 5 Sustainable growth We are committed to distributing economic value to create a better future for our clients and communities. We do this with a simple equation. We earn money through the products and services that we provide, and distribute a portion of that revenue to those we rely on for our success. The remainder, our profit, is then paid out to shareholders through dividends and repurchases or reinvested for future growth. S u s t a i n a b l e g r o w t h In 2017, we earned revenue of $40.7 billion $29.2 billion was spent on: $13.3 billion SALARIES & BENEFITS • We employ more than 80,000 employees in 37 countries • 1 in 5 people in the Canadian financial services sector works at RBC 33% The remainder of our profit of $11.5 billion goes to shareholders or is reinvested: 21% $8.5 billion DIVIDENDS(1) AND REPURCHASES • Returned over 75% of profits to our one million shareholders, of whom 70% are based in Canada • Returned a record amount of capital to shareholders, the most in our history $8.5 billion EXPENSES • We are allocating more resources into digital initiatives to continue building a more convenient, simple and secure client experience • Investing to meet increasing requirements for cybersecurity and regulations • 1,235 branches in Canada, 73 in the U.S. and 68 globally $3.2 billion INCOME TAXES • We support communities as one of the largest taxpayers in Canada, and as a taxpayer in other countries where we operate(2) $3.0 billion INSURANCE POLICYHOLDER BENEFITS, CLAIMS AND ACQUISITION EXPENSE • The funds we provide to support our clients in their time of need so they can focus on what matters most $1.2 billion PROVISIONS FOR CREDIT LOSSES • Funds we set aside to cover loans that are unlikely to be repaid • The cost of lending to support our clients’ economic growth 21% 7% $3.0 billion AVAILABLE TO REINVEST IN ORGANIC GROWTH • Remaining funds available to reinvest in our business for future growth 8% 7% 3% (1) (2) Includes dividends paid on both common and preferred shares. Dividends were $5.1 billion on common shares and $0.3 billion on preferred shares. See page 90 for RBC’s total tax contribution. 6 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Exceptional client experience Our business is about people and always earning the right to be our clients’ first choice. We aim to deliver excellent service, including meaningful, personalized interactions that build life-long client relationships. Whether it’s day-to-day personal, business or corporate banking, we want to be the best bank to help our clients achieve their goals. Reshaping how we engage Digital experience We are reshaping our physical and advisor networks and adding new ways to serve our clients. This includes rethinking how we support the specific needs of surrounding communities and important client demographics such as retirees, newcomers and students. We are building a Digitally Enabled Relationship Bank. Life moves quickly so we’re making sure that we focus on speed of service and simplifying everyday client needs. Providing personalized advice We’re providing personalized advice and solutions to help our clients manage their day-to-day finances and products but also anticipate their future banking needs. This is backed by local expertise in the markets where we operate and an understanding of each client’s needs to offer the right advice and solutions to help them succeed. This means re-imagining how we serve our clients no matter how they choose to interact with us. We are also developing innovative partnerships and investing in online and mobile channels, new branch formats and more expert advisors. e c n e i r e p x e t n e i l c l a n o i t p e c x E The client is at the centre of everything we do P&CB CAPITAL MARKETS INVESTOR & TREASURY SERVICES INSURANCE Alternative branch formats › We’re taking a different approach to banking by creating tailored spaces on campuses across Canada to support students’ financial wellness. We aim to provide today’s youth with the tools, resources and knowledge to prepare for their financial future while building life-long relationships. We opened the first branch of this kind at McMaster University, followed by the University of British Columbia and University of Calgary, with more locations to come in 2018. “ I came in asking for advice on banking. I left with a connection. You don’t get that everywhere.” Pawel, a student at McMaster University Developing a cleaner economy › Acting as sole financial advisor to ENGIE North America and Axium Infrastructure, RBC led an innovative 50-year public private partnership to position Ohio State University as a leader in sustainability. As the largest university energy privatization deal in the U.S., the deal is funding the development of an energy research centre and will improve energy efficiency on the Columbus campus by 25% within the next 10 years. WEALTH MANAGEMENT Clients are part of the solution › Through the Advanced Client Experience program – one of our largest technology investments – we are involving clients directly in our innovation labs to build digital solutions to evolve with their needs. By simplifying processes and providing data analytics, we are able to produce timely and relevant insights to help our clients grow their businesses. Things don’t always go as planned › Ahmed and Sara had to cancel a vacation and instead book emergency flights to deal with a family situation. RBC helped with logistics and ensured they paid no penalties. “ The staff at RBC Insurance showed me why they are the best. All I can say is thank you so very much to my advisor - for your kind words, how you handled everything and what you have done to help us.” Ahmed & Sara, RBC clients Supporting life transitions › Richard and Stuart were overwhelmed by the responsibility of settling and ultimately managing their parents’ estate and family legacy. They relied on the knowledge and judgment of their RBC PH&N Investment Counsellor to support them and their families through this challenging financial and life transition, ensuring they had a plan to provide for future generations. “ Our role beyond investment management is to educate and guide – to translate complex issues and connect families to the right people for advice, that helps to manage their burden.” Susan, RBC PH&N Investment Counsellor Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 7 Best talent We are attracting, inspiring and empowering our people to deliver their best. RBC has a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that promotes sharing different perspectives and experiences to enable innovation and creative thinking. B e s t t a l e n t Our talent strategy Our success begins and ends with engaged employees. Our 80,000+ colleagues bring our vision, values and strategy to life so we can help our clients thrive and communities prosper. We recognize the value a diverse workforce brings. That’s why we continually strive to create an inclusive environment where everyone feels valued, engaged and empowered to pursue a meaningful career. We encourage employees to have an always- learning mindset, speak up for the good of RBC and set ambitious goals. In the past year, we’ve stepped up our focus on changing the way we work to ensure our people are equipped with the skills to be successful today and in the future. An organization of our size offers a world of opportunities, including: mentorship, coaching, employee resources groups, and making a difference in our communities. We develop our talent through: › Engaging careers with opportunities for growth › Investments in learning and development to enhance knowledge, skills and capabilities › Competitive compensation and benefits › Diversity and inclusion 94% Employees who are proud to be part of RBC(1) (1) 2017 Employee Opinion Survey. FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE VISIT: rbc.com/careers 8 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Investing in youth RBC believes that all young people should have work integrated learning experiences prior to graduation. Career Launch – our one- year, paid internship program – provides just that to 100 recent graduates annually. In 2016, we introduced RBC Amplify, an intensive four-month internship in Toronto where students were assigned to some of our toughest business challenges. The program is now global, expanding to Minneapolis, Jersey City and Luxembourg in 2017. This is a window into the future of RBC. Workplace recognition awards Ranked #1 “Best Places to Work in Canada” (Indeed) One of Canada’s Best Diversity Employers – Employment Equity Achievement Award (EEAA) – for outstanding achievement in initiatives for women; visible minorities; Indigenous peoples; and persons with disabilities. (Government of Canada) Named one of the Best Workplaces in Canada (The Great Place to Work® Institute Canada) Simplify. Agile. Innovate. Innovation is more than a buzzword at RBC. We’re not just digitizing our existing products, but building new business models across our platforms. We’re investing in smarter, simpler ways to interact and add value for our clients, communities and people. This means changing the way we work and using data to create new insights and services, but also thinking bigger and partnering with startups and universities to drive Canada’s role in global innovation. Leading in Artificial Intelligence Delivering Value for our Clients We’re using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to better understand our clients and offer relevant and timely offerings and services: › Launched NOMI Insights™ and NOMI Find & Save™, two AI-enabled services that provide personalized advice to our clients, helping to manage their day-to- day finances and make saving simpler › Established Borealis AI, an RBC Institute for Research, to pursue curiosity-driven research in machine learning and increase collaboration with world-class research centres › Supporting initiatives like NextAI and the Vector Institute to ensure Canada remains a global destination for the study of AI and becomes home for AI-focused ventures, entrepreneurs and scientists › Piloted NORA, an AI bot that helps the Wealth Management team to better serve potential clients › First bank in Canada to enable bill payments and Interac e-Transfer using Siri voice commands › Connecting clients to a mutual fund advisor using live video through MyAdvisor, our online advice platform › Teamed up with Petro-Canada to deliver exclusive savings and loyalty benefits, adding more value for clients using our award-winning RBC Rewards® program › Working with Wave, our small business clients have access to an integrated financial management platform within online banking, a first among North American banks › Providing travellers with peace of mind through RBC Insurance PATH, a travel app that provides up-to-date advisories, emergency and medical assistance and the ability to send automated emails to family and friends › Using machine learning to identify sales and trading opportunities for our Capital Markets clients . e t a v o n n I . e l i g A . y f i l p m S i Driving Innovation and Research › Committed to shaping the Canadian innovation ecosystem through partnerships like OneEleven and C100, which support the growth of start-ups › Working with the best, brightest and boldest minds in universities to launch programs like ONRamp that help students and graduate entrepreneurs develop and commercialize their ideas › Exploring how to use emerging technologies like blockchain with industry leaders, the Fintech community and the Canadian government across all of our businesses › Created an in-house RBC GAM innovation lab to incubate digital capabilities and drive innovation › Using robotics, Investor & Treasury Services has dedicated teams in Malaysia, Luxembourg and Canada using software applications to handle repetitive tasks and to deliver operational excellence 2017: By the numbers 6+ million active digital users(1) $3 billion spent on technology 84% financial transactions performed through self-serve channels 80+ patents pending or issued 20+ new mobile app capabilities (1) Represents the 90-Day Active customers in Canadian Banking only. Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 9 Community & social impact As a purpose-driven company, creating a positive social impact – not just an economic one – is integral to how we do business. It is fundamental to our philosophy and is at the very heart of our corporate citizenship approach. Breakthrough investment in youth s o c i a l i m p a c t C o m m u n i t y & We announced RBC Future Launch, a 10-year, $500-million commitment to helping young people access meaningful employment through work experience, skills development and networking. In 2017, we partnered with organizations across Canada, donating over $24 million, volunteering our time and bringing together youth, community organizations and stakeholders to better understand the issues facing young Canadians and the opportunities available to them. Additionally, RBC supported approximately 150 charitable partners with nearly $8 million in donations to help youth and their families access the right mental health care at the right time. We support clean growth and the transition to low carbon We recognize that accelerating low carbon growth and enabling resilience in the face of a changing climate will reduce risk and safeguard economic growth. We also support efforts to standardize and enhance the disclosure of climate-related financial risks and we are participating in a United Nations led working group to test drive the recommendations of the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force for Climate-Related Disclosures. $5.1 billion in green bond underwriting in 2017 $4 billion in renewable energy financing(1) The only major Canadian financial institution with a dedicated Cleantech advisory team Our employees care What gets measured, gets managed We have developed a new framework to better measure the impact of our $98+ million in cash donations and community investments(2) and drive better decision-making and resource allocation to address relevant societal issues. We’re also committed to helping the charitable sector better manage the impacts of its work through our capacity- building activities on measurement and evaluation. 86% $4 million 150,000+ $20+ million Employees who feel inspired to volunteer and donate based on RBC’s commitment and support Raised in support of children’s charities around the world from the 15,000+ employees who participated in our annual Race for the Kids across 12 cities globally Non-work time hours volunteered by employees globally and retirees in Canada as part of RBC's formal volunteering programs Raised by 24,000 employees and retirees in Canada for 4,000+ charities in our annual employee giving campaign We are recognized by the following for our leadership in Corporate Citizenship (1) (2) As at October 31, 2017. Calculated based on “Authorized” amount. Includes employee volunteer grants and gifts in-kind, as well as non-profit contributions to non-registered charities. Figure does not include sponsorships. FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE VISIT: rbc.com/community-sustainability 10 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) is provided to enable a reader to assess our results of operations and financial condition for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017, compared to the preceding fiscal year. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes and is dated November 28, 2017. All amounts are in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise specified, and are based on financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), unless otherwise noted. Additional information about us, including our 2017 Annual Information Form, is available free of charge on our website at rbc.com/investorrelations, on the Canadian Securities Administrators’ website at sedar.com and on the EDGAR section of the United States (U.S.) Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) website at sec.gov. Information contained in or otherwise accessible through the websites mentioned does not form part of this report. All references in this report to websites are inactive textual references and are for your information only. Table of contents Caution regarding forward-looking statements 11 Overview and outlook Selected financial and other highlights About Royal Bank of Canada Vision and strategic goals Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook Defining and measuring success through total shareholder returns Key corporate events of 2017 Financial performance Overview Impact of foreign currency translation Total revenue Provision for credit losses Insurance policyholder benefits, claims and acquisition expense Non-interest expense Income and other taxes Client assets Business segment results Results by business segment 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 How we measure and report our business segments Key performance and non-GAAP measures Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management Insurance Investor & Treasury Services Capital Markets Corporate Support Quarterly financial information Fourth quarter performance Quarterly results and trend analysis Financial condition Condensed balance sheets Off-balance sheet arrangements Risk management Overview Top and emerging risks Enterprise risk management Transactional/positional risk drivers Credit risk Market risk 21 22 25 31 36 39 41 45 45 45 46 47 47 48 51 51 53 54 58 58 68 Liquidity and funding risk Insurance risk Execution risk drivers Operational risk Regulatory compliance risk Strategic risk drivers Strategic risk Reputation risk Legal and regulatory environment risk Competitive risk Macroeconomic risk drivers Systemic risk Overview of other risks Capital management 74 84 84 84 87 87 87 87 87 89 89 89 90 91 Accounting and control matters 101 Critical accounting policies and estimates 101 107 Regulatory developments 107 Controls and procedures Related party transactions Supplementary information Enhanced Disclosure Task Force recommendation index 108 108 116 Caution regarding forward-looking statements From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including the “safe harbour” provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and any applicable Canadian securities legislation. We may make forward-looking statements in this 2017 Annual Report, in other filings with Canadian regulators or the SEC, in other reports to shareholders and in other communications. Forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our financial performance objectives, vision and strategic goals, the Economic, market, and regulatory review and outlook for Canadian, U.S., European and global economies, the regulatory environment in which we operate, the Strategic priorities and Outlook sections for each of our business segments, and the risk environment including our liquidity and funding risk, and includes our President and Chief Executive Officer’s statements. The forward-looking information contained in this document is presented for the purpose of assisting the holders of our securities and financial analysts in understanding our financial position and results of operations as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented, as well as our financial performance objectives, vision and strategic goals, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “believe”, “expect”, “foresee”, “forecast”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “goal”, “plan” and “project” and similar expressions of future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “may”, “should”, “could” or “would”. By their very nature, forward-looking statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, which give rise to the possibility that our predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions will not prove to be accurate, that our assumptions may not be correct and that our financial performance objectives, vision and strategic goals will not be achieved. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on these statements as a number of risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements. These factors – many of which are beyond our control and the effects of which can be difficult to predict – include: credit, market, liquidity and funding, insurance, operational, regulatory compliance, strategic, reputation, legal and regulatory environment, competitive and systemic risks and other risks discussed in the risks sections of our 2017 Annual Report; including global uncertainty and volatility, elevated Canadian housing prices and household indebtedness, information technology and cyber risk, regulatory change, technological innovation and new entrants, global environmental policy and climate change, changes in consumer behaviour, the end of quantitative easing, the business and economic conditions in the geographic regions in which we operate, the effects of changes in government fiscal, monetary and other policies, tax risk and transparency and environmental and social risk. We caution that the foregoing list of risk factors is not exhaustive and other factors could also adversely affect our results. When relying on our forward-looking statements to make decisions with respect to us, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events. Material economic assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained in this 2017 Annual Report are set out in the Economic, market, and regulatory review and outlook section and for each business segment under the Strategic priorities and Outlook headings. Except as required by law, we do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by us or on our behalf. Additional information about these and other factors can be found in the risks sections of our 2017 Annual Report. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 11 Overview and outlook Selected financial and other highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share, number of and percentage amounts) Total revenue (1) Provision for credit losses (PCL) Insurance policyholder benefits, claims and acquisition expense (PBCAE) Non-interest expense (1) Income before income taxes Net income Segments – net income Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management Insurance Investor & Treasury Services Capital Markets Corporate Support Net income Selected information Earnings per share (EPS) – basic – diluted Return on common equity (ROE) (2), (3) Average common equity (2) Net interest margin (NIM) – on average earning assets (2) Total PCL as a % of average net loans and acceptances (2) PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances (2) Gross impaired loans (GIL) as a % of loans and acceptances (4) Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) (5) Capital ratios and Leverage ratio (6) Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio Tier 1 capital ratio Total capital ratio Leverage ratio Selected balance sheet and other information (7) Total assets Securities Loans (net of allowance for loan losses) Derivative related assets Deposits Common equity Total capital risk-weighted assets Assets under management (AUM) Assets under administration (AUA) (8) Common share information Shares outstanding (000s) – average basic – average diluted – end of period Dividends declared per common share Dividend yield (9) Common share price (RY on TSX) (10) Market capitalization (TSX) (10) Business information (number of) Employees (full-time equivalent) (FTE) (11) Bank branches Automated teller machines (ATMs) Period average US$ equivalent of C$1.00 (12) Period-end US$ equivalent of C$1.00 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2017 40,669 1,150 3,053 21,794 14,672 11,469 5,755 1,838 726 741 2,525 (116) 11,469 7.59 7.56 17.0% 65,300 1.72% 0.21% 0.21% 0.46% 122% 10.9% 12.3% 14.2% 4.4% 2016 38,795 1,546 3,424 20,526 13,299 10,458 5,184 1,473 900 613 2,270 18 10,458 6.80 6.78 16.3% 62,200 1.70% 0.29% 0.28% 0.73% 127% 10.8% 12.3% 14.4% 4.4% $ 1,212,853 218,379 542,617 95,023 789,635 67,416 474,478 639,900 5,473,300 1,466,988 1,474,421 1,452,898 3.48 3.8% 100.87 146,554 78,210 1,376 4,630 0.765 0.775 $ $ $ $ $ 1,180,258 236,093 521,604 118,944 757,589 64,304 449,712 586,300 5,058,900 1,485,876 1,494,137 1,485,394 3.24 4.3% 83.80 124,476 77,825 1,419 4,905 0.755 0.746 $ $ $ $ Table 1 2017 vs. 2016 Increase (decrease) $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,874 (396) (371) 1,268 1,373 1,011 571 365 (174) 128 255 (134) 1,011 0.79 0.78 n.m. 3,100 n.m. n.m. n.m. n.m. n.m. n.m. n.m. n.m. n.m. $ 32,595 (17,714) 21,013 (23,921) 32,046 3,112 24,766 53,600 414,400 (18,888) (19,716) (32,496) 0.24 n.m. 17.07 22,078 385 (43) (275) 0.010 0.029 $ $ $ $ 4.8% (25.6)% (10.8)% 6.2% 10.3% 9.7% 11.0% 24.8% (19.3)% 20.9% 11.2% (744.4)% 9.7% 11.6% 11.5% 70 bps 5.0% 2 bps (8) bps (7) bps (27) bps (500) bps 10 bps – bps (20) bps – bps 2.8% (7.5)% 4.0% (20.1)% 4.2% 4.8% 5.5% 9.1% 8.2% (1.3)% (1.3)% (2.2)% 7.4% (50) bps 20.4% 17.7% 0.5% (3.0)% (5.6)% 1.3% 3.9% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Average amounts are calculated using methods intended to approximate the average of the daily balances for the period. This includes Average common equity used in the calculation of ROE. For further details, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. These measures may not have a standardized meaning under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions. For further details, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. GIL includes $256 million (2016 – $418 million) related to the acquired credit-impaired (ACI) loans portfolio from our acquisition of City National Corporation (City National). ACI loans added 5 bps to our 2017 GIL ratio (2016 – 8 bps). For further details, refer to Note 2 and 5 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. LCR is calculated using the Basel III Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) guideline. Effective the first quarter of 2017, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) requires the LCR to be disclosed based on the average of the daily positions during the quarter. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section. Capital and Leverage ratios presented above are on an “all-in” basis. The Leverage ratio is a regulatory measure under the Basel III framework. For further details, refer to the Capital management section. Represents period-end spot balances. AUA includes $18.4 billion and $8.4 billion (2016 – $18.6 billion and $9.6 billion) of securitized residential mortgages and credit card loans, respectively. Defined as dividends per common share divided by the average of the high and low share price in the relevant period. (7) (8) (9) (10) Based on TSX closing market price at period-end. (11) Amounts have been revised from those previously reported. (12) Average amounts are calculated using month-end spot rates for the period. n.m. not meaningful 12 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis About Royal Bank of Canada Royal Bank of Canada is a global financial institution with a purpose-driven, principles-led approach to delivering leading performance. Our success comes from the 80,000+ employees who bring our vision, values and strategy to life so we can help our clients thrive and communities prosper. As Canada’s biggest bank, and one of the largest in the world based on market capitalization, we have a diversified business model with a focus on innovation and providing exceptional experiences to our 16 million clients in Canada, the U.S. and 35 other countries. Learn more at rbc.com. Our business segments are described below. Personal & Commercial Banking operates in Canada, the Caribbean and the U.S., and comprises our personal and business banking operations, as well as our auto financing and retail investment businesses. Wealth Management serves high net worth (HNW) and ultra-high net worth clients (UHNW) from our offices in key financial centres mainly in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., the Channel Islands and Asia with a comprehensive suite of investment, trust, banking, credit and other wealth management solutions. We also provide asset management products and services directly to institutional and individual clients through our distribution channels and third-party distributors. Insurance provides a wide range of life, health, home, auto, travel, wealth, group and reinsurance products and solutions. In Canada, we offer insurance products and services through our proprietary distribution channels, comprised of the field sales force which includes retail insurance branches, our field sales representatives, advice centres and online, as well as through independent insurance advisors and affinity relationships. Outside Canada, we operate in reinsurance markets globally offering life, accident and annuity reinsurance products. Investor & Treasury Services serves the needs of institutional investing clients by providing asset services, custodial, advisory, financing and other services to safeguard assets, maximize liquidity and manage risk in multiple jurisdictions around the world. We also provide short- term funding and liquidity management for RBC. Capital Markets provides public and private companies, institutional investors, governments and central banks with a wide range of products and services. In North America, we offer a full suite of products and services which include corporate and investment banking, equity and debt origination and distribution, and structuring and trading. Outside North America, we offer a diversified set of capabilities in our key sectors of expertise such as energy, mining and infrastructure, and we have expanded into industrial, consumer and healthcare in Europe. Our business segments are supported by Corporate Support, which consists of Technology & Operations and Functions. Technology & Operations provides the technological and operational foundation required to effectively deliver products and services to our clients, while Functions includes our finance, human resources, risk management, internal audit and other functional groups. The following chart presents our business segments and respective lines of business: ROYAL BANK OF CANADA Insurance O Canadian Insurance O International Insurance Investor & Treasury Services Capital Markets O Corporate and Investment Banking O Global Markets O Other Personal & Commercial Banking O Canadian Banking O Caribbean & U.S. Banking Wealth Management O Canadian Wealth Management O U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) O Global Asset Management O International Wealth Management O Technology & Operations O Functions Corporate Support Vision and strategic goals Our business strategies and actions are guided by our vision, “To be among the world’s most trusted and successful financial institutions.” Our three strategic goals are: • • • In Canada, to be the undisputed leader in financial services; In the U.S., to be the preferred partner to corporate, institutional and high net worth clients and their businesses; and In select global financial centres, to be a leading financial services partner valued for our expertise. For our progress in 2017 against our business strategies and strategic goals, refer to the Business segment results section. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 13 Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook – data as at November 28, 2017 The predictions and forecasts in this section are based on information and assumptions from sources we consider reliable. If this information or these assumptions are not accurate, actual economic outcomes may differ materially from the outlook presented in this section. For details on risk factors from general business and economic conditions that may affect our business and financial results, refer to the Macroeconomic risk drivers and Overview of other risks sections. Canada The Canadian economy is expected to grow by 3.0% during calendar 2017, which is above both our estimates of 1.8% as at November 29, 2016 and 2.9% as at August 22, 2017. Growth has been broad-based across regions and sectors. In particular, strong growth earlier this year reflected a robust increase in consumer spending amid strong employment growth, low interest rates, and wealth accumulation from rising home prices. Business investment has also improved alongside growing corporate profits and improving business sentiment. The unemployment rate of 6.3% in October is down from 7.0% a year ago and indicates the labour market is close to full employment. Growth is expected to slow to a more moderate rate towards the end of 2017 as the economy nears capacity limits and consumer spending returns to a more sustainable trend. The housing sector is expected to slow as rising interest rates and recent policy changes weigh on activity. Business investment is expected to continue rising although uncertainty surrounding U.S. trade policy could impact business sentiment. With strong growth over the first half of the year pushing the Canadian economy close to full capacity, the Bank of Canada (BoC) raised rates, once in July and again in September. The overnight rate was then left unchanged at 1.00% in October 2017. In calendar 2018, we expect the Canadian economy will grow at a rate of 2.1% as stronger business investment, exports and government spending offset slower consumer spending growth and further moderation in the housing sector. Uncertainty relating to NAFTA negotiations remains a downside risk to the outlook for exports and business investment. That risk, along with uncertainty about how highly-indebted households will respond to higher interest rates, is keeping the BoC cautious in raising interest rates. We expect a pause in the current tightening cycle until the second calendar quarter of 2018. U.S. The U.S. economy is expected to grow by 2.2% in calendar 2017, which is consistent with our estimate as at November 29, 2016 and slightly above our estimate of 2.1% as at August 22, 2017. Growth this year has been supported by consumer spending, reflecting a strong labour market and elevated consumer confidence, as well as rising business investment. Economic activity remained strong in the third calendar quarter of 2017 despite a negative impact from severe weather conditions. The labour market is close to full capacity with October’s unemployment rate of 4.1% well below the Federal Reserve’s (Fed) longer run estimate of 4.6%. Inflation remains below the Fed’s 2% target but is expected to increase over the medium term amid tight economic conditions. We expect the Fed will raise the federal funds target range by 25 basis points to 1.25% to 1.50% in December 2017. In calendar 2018, we expect the U.S. economy will grow at a rate of 2.5%, largely reflecting continued strength in consumer spending amid a solid job market and elevated consumer confidence. Business investment is also expected to continue rising as a result of strong business confidence, accommodative fiscal policies and stronger global growth support investment. The release of the Tax Reform Framework by the U.S. administration in the fourth quarter of 2017, including corporate tax reform, if or when enacted, could have significant implications for both corporations and individuals. As inflation reaches its target, we expect the Fed will continue with steady, gradual rate hikes next year. Europe The Eurozone economy is expected to grow by 2.3% in calendar 2017, which is well above our estimate of 1.3% as at November 29, 2016 and above our estimate of 2.0% as at August 22, 2017. Despite a politically unstable environment, including the Catalonian referendum, Brexit negotiations, and the success of populist parties seen in recent elections, the Eurozone has experienced positive growth. Improving labour market conditions, stronger business and consumer confidence, and accommodative financial conditions have supported a broad-based recovery. The unemployment rate of 8.9% in September was the lowest since January 2009. In October, the European Central Bank (ECB) announced its asset purchase program would be extended at least through September 2018, although with net monthly purchases being reduced beginning in January 2018. In calendar 2018, we expect the Eurozone economy will grow at a rate of 1.9%. Growth will continue to be driven by improving labour market conditions, accommodative monetary policy and a stronger global backdrop. However, with inflationary pressure and wage growth remaining muted, we expect the ECB will hold its deposit rate at -0.4% throughout 2018 and maintain asset purchases as planned. Financial markets A strengthening global economic outlook has contributed to equity markets rising to record highs. Some central banks have begun scaling back accommodation but monetary policy remains stimulative. Government bond yields have increased modestly as markets anticipate further monetary policy tightening will be gradual. Geopolitical and trade risks remain a source of uncertainty and have the potential to weigh on global markets. The macroeconomic headwinds discussed above, such as the potential for greater uncertainty or financial market volatility related to proposed policies by the U.S. administration, including the Tax Reform Framework and NAFTA negotiations, Brexit, high household indebtedness, and possible further cuts by the BoC and the Fed to their respective stimulus measures may alter our outlook and results for fiscal 2018 and future periods as these continuing pressures may lead to higher PCL in our wholesale and retail loan portfolios, slower volume growth, and impact the general business and economic conditions in the regions we operate. Regulatory environment We continue to monitor and prepare for regulatory developments in a manner that seeks to ensure compliance with new requirements while mitigating any adverse business or economic impacts. Such impacts could result from new or amended regulations and the expectations of those who enforce them. Significant developments include continuing changes to global and domestic standards for capital and liquidity, changes to federal mortgage rules, over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives reform, and initiatives to enhance requirements for institutions deemed systemically important to the financial sector. We also continue to monitor changes to resolution regimes addressing government bail-in and total loss-absorbing capacity. For a discussion on risk factors resulting from these and other regulatory developments which may affect our business and financial results, refer to the Risk management section. For further details on our framework and activities to manage risks, refer to the Risk management and Capital management sections. 14 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Defining and measuring success through total shareholder returns Our focus is to maximize total shareholder returns (TSR) through the achievement of top half performance compared to our global peer group over the medium-term (3-5 years), which we believe reflects a longer-term view of strong and consistent financial performance. Maximizing TSR is aligned with our three strategic goals discussed earlier and we believe represents the most appropriate measure of shareholder value creation. TSR is a concept used to compare the performance of our common shares over a period of time, reflecting share price appreciation and dividends paid to common shareholders. The absolute size of TSR will vary depending on market conditions, and the relative position reflects the market’s perception over a period of time of our overall performance relative to our peers. Financial performance objectives are used to measure progress against our medium-term TSR objectives. We review and revise these financial performance objectives as economic, market and regulatory environments change. By focusing on our medium-term objectives in our decision-making, we believe we will be well-positioned to provide sustainable earnings growth and solid returns to our common shareholders. The following table provides a summary of our 2017 performance against our medium-term financial performance objectives: 2017 Financial performance compared to our medium-term objectives Table 2 Diluted EPS growth of 7% + ROE of 16% + Strong capital ratios (CET1) (1) Dividend payout ratio 40% – 50% (1) For further details on the CET1 ratio, refer to the Capital management section. For 2018, our medium-term financial performance objectives will remain unchanged. 2017 results 11.5% 17.0% 10.9% 46% We compare our TSR to that of a global peer group approved by our Board of Directors. The global peer group remains unchanged from last year and consists of the following 10 financial institutions: • Canadian financial institutions: Bank of Montreal, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Manulife Financial Corporation, National Bank of Canada, Power Financial Corporation, The Bank of Nova Scotia, and Toronto-Dominion Bank. U.S. banks: JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Wells Fargo & Company. International banks: Westpac Banking Corporation. • • Medium-term objectives – three and five year TSR vs. peer group average Table 3 Royal Bank of Canada Peer group average (excluding RBC) Three year TSR (1) Five year TSR (1) 12% Top half 10% 17% Top half 15% (1) The three and the five year annualized TSR are calculated based on our common share price appreciation as per the TSX closing market price plus reinvested dividends for the period October 31, 2014 to October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2012 to October 31, 2017, respectively. Common share and dividend information For the year ended October 31 Common share price (RY on TSX) – close, end of period Dividends paid per share Increase (decrease) in share price Total shareholder return $ $ 2017 100.87 3.40 20.4% 25.0% $ 2016 83.80 3.20 12.1% 16.8% $ 2015 74.77 3.04 (6.5)% (3.0)% $ 2014 80.01 2.76 14.3% 19.0% Table 4 2013 70.02 2.46 23.0% 28.0% Key corporate events of 2017 Sale of certain Caribbean Wealth Management businesses On May 12, 2017, we completed the previously announced sale of our trust, custody and fund administration businesses in the Caribbean to SMP Partners Group. The transaction did not have a significant impact on our financial statements. For further details, refer to Note 11 of our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Sale of U.S. operations of Moneris Solutions Corporation On November 10, 2016, our payment processing joint venture with Bank of Montreal, Moneris Solutions Corporation (Moneris), signed a Purchase and Sale agreement to sell its U.S. operations to Vantiv, Inc. The transaction closed on December 21, 2016. As a result, we recorded our share of the gain which was $212 million (before- and after-tax) in Non-interest income – Share of profit in joint ventures and associates. For further details, refer to Note 12 of our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 15 Financial performance Overview 2017 vs. 2016 Net income of $11,469 million was up $1,011 million or 10% from a year ago. Diluted earnings per share (EPS) of $7.56 was up $0.78 or 12% and return on common equity (ROE) of 17.0% was up 70 bps from 16.3% last year. Our Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio was 10.9%, up 10 bps from a year ago. Our results reflected strong earnings in Personal & Commercial Banking, Capital Markets, Wealth Management and Investor & Treasury Services, partially offset by lower earnings in Insurance. Our results include our share of the gain related to the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris in 2017. Our results in 2016 included the gain on sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business. Personal & Commercial Banking results were higher mainly reflecting volume growth of 6%, and our share of the gain related to the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris in the current year. Higher fee-based revenue in Canada and lower PCL also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher costs in support of business growth reflecting ongoing investments in technology, including digital initiatives and higher marketing costs. Capital Markets results were up largely driven by higher results in Corporate and Investment Banking and Global Markets reflecting increased fee-based revenue, lower PCL and a lower effective tax rate due to changes in earnings mix. These factors were partially offset by higher costs related to changes in the timing of deferred compensation, increased variable compensation on improved results and the impact of foreign exchange translation. Wealth Management earnings increased mainly due to growth in average fee-based client assets, higher net interest income and increased transaction revenue. These factors were partially offset by higher variable compensation on improved results and increased costs in support of business growth, mainly reflecting higher staff-related costs in the U.S. and ongoing investments in technology, including digital initiatives. Investor & Treasury Services results increased primarily due to higher earnings across all major businesses driven by funding and liquidity and increased results from our asset services business. These factors were partially offset by higher investment in technology initiatives. Insurance results decreased primarily due to the gain on sale as noted above, which was a specified item in the prior year and is described further below. Excluding the gain on sale, Insurance earnings were up mainly due to higher favourable annual actuarial assumption updates largely reflecting changes in credit and discount rates and favourable mortality experience, mainly in the U.K. These factors were partially offset by lower earnings from new U.K. annuity contracts and reduced earnings associated with the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business, which was sold on July 1, 2016. Corporate Support net loss was $116 million in the current year, largely reflecting severance and related charges, net unfavourable tax adjustments and legal costs, partially offset by asset/liability management activities. Corporate Support net income was $18 million in the prior year, largely reflecting asset/liability management activities, partially offset by net unfavourable tax adjustments and a $50 million ($37 million after-tax) increase in the provision for loans not yet identified as impaired. For further details on our business segment results and CET1 ratio, refer to the Business segment results and Capital management sections, respectively. Results excluding specified items are non-GAAP measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. Impact of foreign currency translation The following table reflects the estimated impact of foreign currency translation on key income statement items: (Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts) Increase (decrease): Total revenue PCL PBCAE Non-interest expense Income taxes Net income Impact on EPS Basic Diluted The relevant average exchange rates that impact our business are shown in the following table: (Average foreign currency equivalent of C$1.00) (1) U.S. dollar British pound Euro (1) Average amounts are calculated using month-end spot rates for the period. 16 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Table 5 2017 vs. 2016 $ $ (360) (3) – (270) (15) (72) (0.05) (0.05) Table 6 2016 0.755 0.544 0.683 2017 0.765 0.596 0.686 Total revenue (Millions of Canadian dollars) Interest income Interest expense Net interest income NIM Investments (1), (2) Insurance (3) Trading Banking (4) Underwriting and other advisory Other (5) Non-interest income (1) Total revenue (1) $ $ $ 2017 26,904 9,764 17,140 1.72% 9,558 4,566 806 5,110 2,093 1,396 Table 7 2016 $ 24,452 7,921 $ 16,531 1.70% $ 8,946 4,868 701 4,848 1,876 1,025 $ $ 23,529 40,669 $ 22,264 $ 38,795 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Includes securities brokerage commissions, investment management and custodial fees, and mutual fund revenue. Includes premiums and investment and fee income. Investment income includes the change in fair value of investments backing policyholder liabilities, which is largely offset in PBCAE. Includes service charges, foreign exchange revenue other than trading, card service revenue and credit fees. Includes other non-interest income, net gain (loss) on available-for-sale (AFS) securities and share of profit in joint ventures and associates. 2017 vs. 2016 Total revenue increased $1,874 million or 5% from last year, mainly due to higher investment revenue and higher net interest income. Higher banking and underwriting revenue, as well as our share of the gain related to the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris in the current year also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by lower insurance revenue and the gain from the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the prior year. The impact of foreign exchange translation also decreased our total revenue by $360 million. Net interest income increased $609 million or 4%, mainly due to volume growth in both Canadian Banking and Wealth Management, and the impact of higher U.S. interest rates. These factors were partially offset by lower spreads in Canadian Banking. NIM was up 2 bps compared to last year largely due to the impact of higher U.S. interest rates. Investments revenue increased $612 million or 7%, mainly due to growth in average fee-based client assets, which benefitted from capital appreciation and net sales in Wealth Management, and higher balances driving higher mutual fund distribution fees in Canadian Banking. Insurance revenue decreased $302 million or 6%, mainly reflecting the change in fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, which was largely offset in PBCAE, as well as lower premiums reflecting the impact of the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the prior year. These factors were partially offset by higher revenues from group annuity sales in Canadian Insurance, and the impact of restructured international life contracts, both of which are largely offset in PBCAE. Banking revenue increased $262 million or 5%, primarily due to increased loan syndication activity mainly in the U.S. and Canada, and higher card service revenue. Underwriting and other advisory revenue increased $217 million or 12%, primarily reflecting increased debt origination activity mainly in the U.S. and Canada. Higher mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity, largely in the U.S. and Europe also contributed to the increase. Other revenue increased $371 million from last year largely reflecting the change in fair value of our U.S. share-based compensation plan, which is largely offset in non-interest expense, and a gain from the disposition of certain securities. Our results also include our share of the gain from the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris in the current year which was more than offset by the gain from the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the prior year. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 17 Additional trading information (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total trading revenue (1) Net interest income Non-interest income Total trading revenue Total trading revenue by product Interest rate and credit (2) Equities Foreign exchange and commodities (2) Total trading revenue Trading revenue (teb) by product Interest rate and credit (2) Equities Foreign exchange and commodities (2) Total trading revenue (teb) Trading revenue (teb) by product – Capital Markets Interest rate and credit Equities Foreign exchange and commodities Total Capital Markets trading revenue (teb) Table 8 2017 2016 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,370 806 3,176 1,796 895 485 3,176 1,796 1,221 485 3,502 1,466 1,251 331 3,048 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2,376 701 3,077 1,830 684 563 3,077 1,830 1,166 564 3,560 1,473 1,205 402 3,080 (1) (2) Includes a gain of $170 million (2016 – $49 million gain) related to a funding valuation adjustment on uncollateralized OTC derivatives. Amounts have been revised from previously reported. 2017 vs. 2016 Total trading revenue of $3,176 million, which comprises trading-related revenue recorded in Net interest income and Non-interest income, was up $99 million, or 3%, mainly due to higher equity trading revenue in Europe and Asia & other international, partially offset by lower fixed income trading revenue mainly in the U.S., and lower foreign exchange trading revenue across all regions. Provision for credit losses (PCL) 2017 vs. 2016 Total PCL of $1,150 million decreased $396 million or 26% from a year ago, mainly due to lower PCL in Capital Markets, Personal & Commercial Banking, and Wealth Management. The total PCL ratio of 21 bps improved 8 bps. For further details on PCL, refer to Credit quality performance in the Credit Risk section. Insurance policyholder benefits, claims and acquisition expense (PBCAE) 2017 vs. 2016 PBCAE of $3,053 million decreased $371 million or 11% from the prior year, mainly due to a change in the fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, largely offset in revenue. Lower claims reflecting the impact from the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the prior year and higher favourable annual actuarial assumption updates largely reflecting changes in credit and discount rates and favourable mortality experience, mainly in the U.K., also contributed to the decrease. These factors were partially offset by the impact from group annuity sales and restructured international life contracts, both of which are largely offset in revenue. 18 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Non-interest expense (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) (1) Salaries Variable compensation Benefits and retention compensation Share-based compensation Human resources Equipment Occupancy Communications Professional fees Amortization of other intangibles Other Non-interest expense Efficiency ratio (2) Efficiency ratio adjusted (3) Table 9 2016 5,865 4,583 1,674 255 12,377 1,438 1,568 945 1,078 970 2,150 20,526 52.9% 53.8% $ $ $ $ $ $ 2017 5,936 5,203 1,792 399 13,330 1,434 1,588 1,011 1,214 1,015 2,202 21,794 53.6% 53.5% (1) (2) (3) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Efficiency ratio is calculated as non-interest expense divided by total revenue. Measures have been adjusted by excluding the change in fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities. These are non-GAAP measures. For further details, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. 2017 vs. 2016 Non-interest expense increased $1,268 million or 6%, largely due to increased staff-related costs including severance, and higher costs in support of business growth reflecting ongoing investments in technology, including digital initiatives, and increased marketing costs. The change in fair value of our U.S. share-based compensation plan, which is largely offset in revenue, also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation and continued benefits from our efficiency management activities. Our efficiency ratio of 53.6% increased 70 bps from 52.9% last year. Excluding the change in fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, our efficiency ratio of 53.5% decreased 30 bps from last year mainly driven by the impact of foreign exchange translation and continued benefits from our efficiency management activities. These factors were partially offset by increased staff-related costs including severance and higher costs in support of business growth as noted above. Efficiency ratio excluding the change in fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities is a non-GAAP measure. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. Income and other taxes (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Income taxes Other taxes Goods and services sales taxes Payroll taxes Capital taxes Property taxes Insurance premium taxes Business taxes Total income and other taxes Income before income taxes Canadian statutory income tax rate (1) Lower average tax rate applicable to subsidiaries Tax-exempt income from securities Tax rate change Effect of previously unrecognized tax loss, tax credit or temporary differences Other Effective income tax rate Effective total tax rate (2) (1) (2) Blended Federal and Provincial statutory income tax rate. Total income and other taxes as a percentage of income before income taxes and other taxes. $ $ $ $ $ Table 10 2017 3,203 $ 2016 2,841 446 $ 643 88 140 30 46 1,393 $ 4,596 $ 14,672 $ 26.5% (3.5)% (2.0)% (0.1)% –% 0.9% 21.8% 28.6% 442 627 106 134 45 69 1,423 4,264 13,299 26.5% (2.6)% (3.1)% –% (0.4)% 1.0% 21.4% 29.0% Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 19 2017 vs. 2016 Income tax expense increased $362 million or 13% from last year, mainly due to higher Income before income taxes. The effective tax rate of 21.8% increased 40 bps, mainly due to lower tax-exempt income and the impact from the gain on sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business of $287 million ($235 million after-tax) in 2016. These factors were partially offset by our share of a gain related to the sale of our U.S. operations of Moneris of $212 million (before- and after-tax) in the current year. Other taxes decreased $30 million or 2% from 2016, mainly due to lower business taxes, capital taxes and insurance premiums, partially offset by an increase in payroll taxes. In addition to the income and other taxes reported in our Consolidated Statement of Income, we recorded income taxes of $469 million (2016: recovery of $438 million) in our Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, primarily reflecting the remeasurement of employee benefit plans, net gains on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, and net foreign currency translation gains from hedging activities. Client assets Assets under administration Assets under administration (AUA) are assets administered by us which are beneficially owned by our clients. We provide services that are administrative in nature, including safekeeping, collecting investment income, settling purchase and sale transactions, and record keeping. Underlying investment strategies within AUA are determined by our clients and generally do not impact the administrative fees that we receive. Administrative fees can be impacted by factors such as asset valuation level changes from market movements, types of services administered, transaction volumes, geography and client relationship pricing based on volumes or multiple services. Our Investor & Treasury Services business is the primary business segment that has AUA with approximately 78% of total AUA, as at October 31, 2017, followed by our Wealth Management and Personal & Commercial Banking businesses with approximately 17% and 5% of total AUA, respectively. 2017 vs. 2016 AUA increased $414 billion or 8% compared to last year, mainly reflecting capital appreciation. The following table summarizes AUA by geography and asset class: AUA by geographic mix and asset class (Millions of Canadian dollars) Canada (1) Money market Fixed income Equity Multi-asset and other Total Canada U.S. (1) Money market Fixed income Equity Multi-asset and other Total U.S. Other International (1) Money market Fixed income Equity (2) Multi-asset and other (2) Total International Total AUA Table 11 2017 2016 $ 33,100 730,100 765,800 774,900 33,000 731,200 705,900 733,800 2,303,900 $ 2,203,900 35,400 124,500 238,100 57,500 455,500 43,300 387,500 867,600 1,415,500 $ $ $ 36,400 126,800 200,800 44,800 408,800 50,300 426,200 836,300 1,133,400 2,713,900 $ 2,446,200 5,473,300 $ 5,058,900 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) (2) Geographic information is based on the location from where our clients are serviced. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Assets under management Assets under management (AUM) are assets managed by us which are beneficially owned by our clients. Management fees are paid by the investment funds for the investment capabilities of an investment manager and can also cover administrative services. Management fees may be calculated daily, monthly or quarterly as a percentage of the AUM, depending on the distribution channel, product and investment strategies. In general, equity strategies carry a higher fee rate than fixed income or money market strategies. Fees are also impacted by asset mix and relationship pricing for clients using multiple services. Higher risk assets generally produce higher fees, while clients using multiple services can take advantage of synergies which reduce the fees they are charged. Certain funds may have performance fee arrangements. Performance fees are recorded when certain benchmarks or performance targets are achieved. These factors could lead to differences on fees earned by products and therefore net return by asset class may vary despite similar average AUM. Our Wealth Management segment is the primary business segment with approximately 99% of total AUM. 2017 vs. 2016 AUM increased $54 billion or 9% compared to last year, primarily due to capital appreciation and net sales, partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. 20 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis The following table presents the change in AUM for the year ended October 31, 2017: Client assets – AUM (Millions of Canadian dollars) AUM, beginning balance Institutional inflows Institutional outflows Personal flows, net Total net flows Market impact Acquisitions/dispositions Foreign exchange Total market, acquisitions/dispositions and foreign exchange impact AUM, balance at end of year Business segment results Results by business segments 2017 Table 12 2016 Money market Fixed income Equity Multi-asset and other Total Total $ 47,900 $ 27,200 (37,900) 800 (9,900) – – (1,100) 198,700 $ 100,800 $ 31,500 (32,800) 2,100 800 3,600 – (2,200) 6,600 (4,800) 10,300 12,100 18,200 – (2,400) 238,900 $ 586,300 69,300 (77,800) 31,600 4,000 (2,300) 18,400 $ 498,400 55,200 (72,100) 21,600 20,100 20,600 (4,000) (2,200) 23,100 42,400 (4,000) (7,900) 4,700 21,500 58,100 3,600 (1,100) 1,400 15,800 14,400 30,500 83,200 $ 36,900 $ 200,900 $ 128,700 $ 273,400 $ 639,900 $ 586,300 Table 13 2016 $ $ $ $ Total 16,531 22,264 38,795 1,546 3,424 20,526 13,299 2,841 10,458 16.3% (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management Insurance 2017 Investor & Treasury Services Capital Markets (1) Corporate Support (1) Net interest income Non-interest income (2) Total revenue (2) PCL PBCAE Non-interest expense (2) Net income before income taxes Income tax Net income ROE (3) Average assets 2,248 7,827 $ – 4,566 10,075 34 – 7,611 2,430 592 1,838 $ 4,566 – 3,053 584 $ $ 929 203 726 $ $ $ $ 679 1,756 2,435 – – 1,466 969 228 741 $ $ $ $ 3,565 4,617 8,182 62 – 4,719 3,401 876 2,525 $ $ $ $ Total 17,140 23,529 40,669 1,150 3,053 21,794 14,672 3,203 (139) $ (313) (452) $ – – 238 (690) $ (574) (116) $ 11,469 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 10,787 5,076 15,863 1,054 – 7,176 7,633 1,878 5,755 28.3% 13.2% 41.8% 22.7% 12.9% n.m. 17.0% $ 421,100 $ 88,100 $ 14,300 $ 138,100 $ 494,400 $ 30,600 $1,186,600 $ 1,176,400 (1) (2) (3) Net interest income, total revenue and net income before income taxes are presented in Capital Markets on a taxable equivalent basis (teb). The teb adjustment is eliminated in the Corporate Support segment. For a further discussion, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section. Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. This measure may not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions. For further details, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. n.m. not meaningful How we measure and report our business segments Our management reporting framework is intended to measure the performance of each business segment as if it were a stand-alone business and reflects the way that the business segment is managed. This approach is intended to ensure that our business segments’ results include all applicable revenue and expenses associated with the conduct of their business and depicts how management views those results. Key methodologies The following outlines the key methodologies and assumptions used in our management reporting framework. These are periodically reviewed by management to ensure they remain valid. Expense allocation To ensure that our business segments’ results include expenses associated with the conduct of their business, we allocate costs incurred or services provided by Technology & Operations and Functions, which are directly undertaken or provided on the business segments’ behalf. For other costs not directly attributable to our business segments, including overhead costs and other indirect expenses, we use our management reporting framework for allocating these costs to each business segment in a manner that is intended to reflect the underlying benefits. In 2017, we maintained some of our severance and related costs in Corporate Support. Capital attribution Our management reporting framework also determines the attribution of capital to our business segments in a manner that is intended to consistently measure and align economic costs with the underlying benefits and risks associated with the activities of each business segment. The amount of capital assigned to each business segment is referred to as attributed capital. Unattributed capital and associated net charges are reported in Corporate Support. For further information, refer to the Capital management section. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 21 Funds transfer pricing Funds transfer pricing refers to the pricing of intra-company borrowing or lending for management reporting purposes. We employ a funds transfer pricing process to enable risk-adjusted management reporting of segment results. This process determines the costs and revenue for intra-company borrowing and lending of funds after taking into consideration our interest rate risk and liquidity risk management objectives, as well as applicable regulatory requirements. Provisions for credit losses PCL are recorded to recognize estimated losses on impaired loans and losses that have been incurred but not yet identified in our total loans portfolio. This credit portfolio includes on-balance sheet exposures, such as loans and acceptances, and off-balance sheet items such as letters of credit, guarantees and unfunded commitments. PCL on impaired loans are included in the results of each business segment to fully reflect the appropriate expenses related to the conduct of each business segment. PCL on loans not yet identified as impaired are included in Corporate Support, as Group Risk Management (GRM) effectively controls this through its monitoring and oversight of various lending portfolios throughout the enterprise. For details on our accounting policy on Allowance for credit losses, refer to Note 2 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition to the key methodologies described above, the following highlights the key aspects of how some of our business segments are managed and reported: • Wealth Management reported results also include disclosure in U.S. dollars, primarily for U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) • • as we review and manage the results of this business largely in this currency. Capital Markets results are reported on a taxable equivalent basis (teb), which grosses up total revenue from certain tax-advantaged sources (Canadian taxable corporate dividends and the U.S. tax credit investment business) to their effective taxable equivalent value with a corresponding offset recorded in the provision for income taxes. We record the elimination of the teb adjustments in Corporate Support. We believe these adjustments are useful and reflect how Capital Markets manages its business, since it enhances the comparability of revenue and related ratios across taxable revenue and our principal tax-advantaged source of revenue. The use of teb adjustments and measures may not be comparable to similar generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) measures or similarly adjusted amounts disclosed by other financial institutions. Corporate Support results include all enterprise level activities that are undertaken for the benefit of the organization that are not allocated to our five business segments, such as enterprise funding, securitizations, net charges associated with unattributed capital, and consolidation adjustments, including the elimination of the teb gross-up amounts. Key performance and non-GAAP measures Performance measures Return on common equity (ROE) We measure and evaluate the performance of our consolidated operations and each business segment using a number of financial metrics, such as net income and ROE. We use ROE, at both the consolidated and business segment levels, as a measure of return on total capital invested in our business. Management views the business segment ROE measure as a useful measure for supporting investment and resource allocation decisions because it adjusts for certain items that may affect comparability between business segments and certain competitors. Our consolidated ROE calculation is based on net income available to common shareholders divided by total average common equity for the period. Business segment ROE calculations are based on net income available to common shareholders divided by average attributed capital for the period. For each segment, average attributed capital includes the capital required to underpin various risks as described in the Capital management section and amounts invested in goodwill and intangibles. The attribution of capital involves the use of assumptions, judgments and methodologies that are regularly reviewed and revised by management as deemed necessary. Changes to such assumptions, judgments and methodologies can have a material effect on the business segment ROE information that we report. Other companies that disclose information on similar attributions and related return measures may use different assumptions, judgments and methodologies. The following table provides a summary of our ROE calculations: Calculation of ROE (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management Net income available to common shareholders Total average common equity (1), (2) $ ROE (3) $ 5,659 20,000 28.3% 1,775 13,450 13.2% Insurance $ 718 1,700 41.8% 2017 Investor & Treasury Services $ 725 3,200 Capital Markets $ 2,438 18,850 Corporate Support Total $ (187) 8,100 $ 11,128 65,300 $ 22.7% 12.9% n.m. 17.0% Table 14 2016 Total 10,111 62,200 16.3% (1) (2) Total average common equity represents rounded figures. The amounts for the segments are referred to as attributed capital. Effective the first quarter of 2017, we increased our capital attribution rate to better align with higher regulatory capital requirements. ROE is based on actual balances of average common equity before rounding. (3) n.m. not meaningful Embedded value for Insurance operations Embedded value is a measure of shareholder value embedded in the balance sheet of our Insurance segment, excluding any value from future new sales. We use the change in embedded value between reporting periods as a measure of the value created by the insurance operations during the period. We define embedded value as the value of equity held in our Insurance segment and the value of in-force business (existing policies). The value of in-force business is calculated as the present value of future expected earnings on in-force business less the cost of capital required to support in-force business. We use discount rates equal to long-term risk free rates plus a spread. Required capital uses the capital frameworks in the jurisdictions in which we operate. 22 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Key drivers affecting the change in embedded value from period to period are new sales, investment performance, claims and policyholder experience, change in actuarial assumptions, changes in foreign exchange rates and changes in shareholder equity arising from transfers in capital. Embedded value does not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be directly comparable to similar measures disclosed by other companies. Given that this measure is specifically used for our Insurance segment and involves the use of discount rates to determine the present value of the future expected earnings and capital required for the in-force business, reconciliation to financial statements information is not applicable. Non-GAAP measures We believe that certain non-GAAP measures described below are more reflective of our ongoing operating results and provide readers with a better understanding of management’s perspective on our performance. These measures enhance the comparability of our financial performance for the year ended October 31, 2017 with results from last year as well as, in the case of economic profit, measure relative contribution to shareholder value. Non-GAAP measures do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions. The following discussion describes the non-GAAP measures we use in evaluating our operating results. Economic profit Economic profit is net income excluding the after-tax effect of amortization of other intangibles less a capital charge for use of attributed capital. It measures the return generated by our businesses in excess of our cost of shareholders’ equity, thus enabling users to identify relative contributions to shareholder value. The capital charge includes a charge for common equity and preferred shares. Effective the first quarter of 2017, we revised our cost of equity to 8.5% from 9.0% for 2016, largely as a result of lower long-term interest rates. The following table provides a summary of our Economic profit: Economic Profit Table 15 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net income add: Non-controlling interests After-tax effect of amortization of other intangibles Adjusted net income (loss) less: Capital charge Economic profit (loss) Personal & Commercial Banking $ $ $ 5,755 (5) 11 5,761 1,791 3,970 Wealth Management Insurance $ $ $ 1,838 – 179 2,017 1,206 811 $ $ $ 726 – – 726 154 572 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net income add: Non-controlling interests After-tax effect of amortization of other intangibles Adjusted net income (loss) less: Capital charge Economic profit (loss) Personal & Commercial Banking $ $ $ 5,184 (8) 12 5,188 1,756 3,432 Wealth Management Insurance $ $ $ 1,473 – 183 1,656 1,229 427 $ $ $ 900 – – 900 160 740 2017 Investor & Treasury Services $ $ $ 741 (1) 15 755 286 469 2016 Investor & Treasury Services $ $ $ 613 (1) 16 628 316 312 Capital Markets $ 2,525 – – $ 2,525 1,690 $ 835 Corporate Support Total $ $ $ (116) (35) $ 11,469 (41) 1 (150) 722 (872) 206 $ 11,634 5,849 $ 5,785 Capital Markets $ 2,270 – – $ 2,270 1,694 $ 576 Corporate Support Total $ $ $ 18 (44) $ 10,458 (53) 1 (25) 738 212 $ 10,617 5,893 (763) $ 4,724 Results excluding specified items Our results were impacted by the following specified items: • For the year ended October 31, 2017, our share of a gain related to the sale by our payment processing joint venture Moneris of its U.S. operations to Vantiv, Inc., which was $212 million (before- and after-tax) and recorded in Personal & Commercial Banking. For the year ended October 31, 2016, a gain from the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business, RBC General Insurance Company, to Aviva Canada Inc. (Aviva), which was $287 million ($235 million after-tax) and recorded in Insurance. • Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 23 The following tables provide calculations of our business segment results and measures excluding these specified items: Personal & Commercial Banking (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) (1) Total revenue PCL Non-interest expense Net income before income taxes Net income Other information Non-interest expense Total revenue Efficiency ratio Revenue growth rate Non-interest expense growth rate Operating leverage 2017 Item excluded Gain related to the sale by Moneris (2) $ $ $ $ (212) – – (212) (212) – (212) Table 16 Adjusted $ 15,651 1,054 7,176 $ 7,421 $ 5,543 $ 7,176 15,651 45.9% 4.3% 3.5% 0.8% As reported $ 15,863 1,054 7,176 $ $ $ 7,633 5,755 7,176 15,863 45.2% 5.7% 3.5% 2.2% (1) (2) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Includes foreign currency translation. Canadian Banking (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) (1) Total revenue PCL Non-interest expense Net income before income taxes Net income Other information Non-interest expense Total revenue Efficiency ratio Revenue growth rate Non-interest expense growth rate Operating leverage 2017 Item excluded Gain related to the sale by Moneris (2) $ $ $ $ (212) – – (212) (212) – (212) Table 17 Adjusted $ 14,665 1,016 6,423 $ 7,226 $ 5,359 $ 6,423 14,665 43.8% 4.7% 3.8% 0.9% As reported $ 14,877 1,016 6,423 $ $ $ 7,438 5,571 6,423 14,877 43.2% 6.2% 3.8% 2.4% (1) (2) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Includes foreign currency translation. 24 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Insurance (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Total revenue PBCAE Non-interest expense (1) Net income before income taxes Net income Other information ROE (1) Includes Provision for credit losses of $1 million. 2016 Item excluded Gain related to the sale of RBC General Insurance Company $ $ $ (287) – – (287) (235) Table 18 Adjusted $ 4,864 3,424 623 $ $ 817 665 41.0% As reported $ 5,151 3,424 623 $ 1,104 900 $ 52.8% Efficiency ratio excluding the change in fair value of investments in Insurance Our efficiency ratio is impacted by the change in fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, which is reported in revenue and largely offset in PBCAE. The following table provides calculations of our consolidated efficiency ratio excluding the change in fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities: Consolidated non-GAAP efficiency ratio (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) (1) Total revenue Non-interest expense Efficiency ratio As reported $40,669 21,794 53.6% 2017 Items excluded Change in fair value of investments backing policyholder liabilities Adjusted As reported 2016 Items excluded Change in fair value of investments backing policyholder liabilities Table 19 Adjusted $ 58 – $40,727 21,794 53.5% $ $38,795 20,526 52.9% (633) – $ 38,162 20,526 53.8% (1) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Personal & Commercial Banking Personal & Commercial Banking provides a broad suite of financial products and services, and aims to provide an exceptional client experience to individuals and businesses for their day-to-day banking, purchase of a home and investment needs. We have meaningful relationships with many of our clients underscored by the breadth of our products and depth of expertise across our businesses. > 13 million Number of clients Revenue by business lines $15.9 billion Total revenue 53% Personal Financial Services 21% Business Financial Services 20% Cards and Payment Solutions 6% Caribbean and U.S. Banking > 6 million Active digital users 34,773 Employees We operate through two businesses – Canadian Banking and Caribbean & U.S. Banking. Canadian Banking serves our home market in Canada, where we maintain top (#1 or #2) rankings in market share in this competitive environment for all key retail and business financial product categories. We have the largest branch network, the most ATMs and one of the largest mobile sales networks across Canada. In Caribbean & U.S. Banking, we offer a broad range of financial products and services in targeted markets. In Canada, we compete with other Schedule 1 banks, independent trust companies, foreign banks, credit unions, caisses populaires and auto financing companies. In the Caribbean, our competition includes banks, trust companies and investment management companies serving retail and corporate customers, as well as public institutions. In the U.S., we compete primarily with other Canadian banking institutions with U.S. operations. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 25 2017 Operating environment › Strong employment growth in Canada boosted consumer confidence which resulted in strong volume growth across most of our Canadian Banking lending and deposit products. › Continued strong demand for housing in Canada resulted in solid growth in client mortgage balances. › Growth in our investment product balances, driven by solid equity market returns and increased client confidence. › A low interest rate environment coupled with competitive pressures persisted for most of 2017. This was partially offset by the Bank of Canada rate increases in July and September. › › Improved credit conditions due to lower national unemployment and improved economic conditions, especially in oil exposed provinces. In the Caribbean, the region continued to experience underlying economic challenges which has negatively impacted growth in our loan and deposit balances. › Technology is transforming the way we operate and interact with our clients. Therefore, we continued to invest in digital solutions to improve the client experience and deliver personalized advice. Strategic priorities OUR STRATEGY PROGRESS IN 2017 PRIORITIES IN 2018 Transform how we serve our clients Accelerate our growth in key segments Rapidly deliver digital solutions to our clients Innovate to become a more agile and efficient bank In the Caribbean In the U.S. Outlook Continued to provide exceptional and secure client experiences via mobile platforms, releasing more mobile functionality than our competitors Deliver anytime, anywhere solutions to our clients across distribution channels, integrating mobile and digital devices and capabilities into our clients’ lives Focused on innovating our branch network, including the opening of new alternative branch formats Continue to reimagine our branch network to meet the evolving needs of our clients Targeted high-growth client segments to increase our presence in and deliver customized advice to underserviced groups, including retirees, youth, newcomers and business owners Leveraged artificial intelligence to create NOMI InsightsTM and NOMI Find & SaveTM, becoming the first bank in Canada to offer clients personalized digital financial insights and a fully automated savings service Introduced Interac E-transfers with iMessage and Siripay Launched MyAdvisor, an online advice platform to remotely connect a client to an advisor Introduced CreditView Dashboard to provide clients with online access to their credit score Focus on engaging key segments to build new and deeper relationships and achieve industry leading volume growth Introduce more personalized insights to improve the customer experience while continuing to simplify and digitize everyday banking Enhance the digital experience for our small business and commercial clients and make it easier to do business with us Accelerated our investments to simplify, digitize and automate activities and processes for both clients and employees Continue to invest in new tools and capabilities and proactively seek ways to simplify internal processes and the client experience Continued to streamline our branch network and invest in our mobile banking platform Rolled out voice enabled ATMs in the Trinidad market – a first of its kind Continue to transform our business by investing in our distribution network supported by digital innovations, self-serve channels, redesigned branches and a proactive mobile sales force to grow and retain our target retail, business and corporate client base Continued strong growth in our U.S. cross-border client base supported by significant enhancements to our online banking capabilities, driving increased client engagement Strive to fully digitize our account opening processes, deliver on targeted marketing, content and service partnerships and further enhancements to the digital banking experience to drive client acquisition and volume growth The Canadian economy is expected to grow by 2.1% in calendar 2018, driven by stronger business investment, exports and government spending, offset by slower consumer spending growth. Given recent regulatory measures implemented by the Federal government in 2017, we expect the housing market to moderate, which could impact demand for mortgage products. Although the BoC raised its overnight rate twice in 2017, we expect a pause until the second calendar quarter of 2018 as the BoC remains cautious regarding future rate increases. The rate increases in 2017, as well as any future increases, will continue to have an impact on our net interest margins, partially offset by ongoing competitive pressures. We continue to maintain our focus on strengthening business performance by pursuing industry leading volume growth, operational efficiency efforts and channel transformation to achieve our vision of being a Digitally Enabled Relationship Bank. In the Caribbean, we are focused on transforming our business in order to be the best bank for our target retail, business and corporate clients, by building an organization with a multi-channel distribution network supported by digital innovations. For further details on our general economic review and outlook, refer to the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section. 26 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Personal & Commercial Banking (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) (1) Net interest income Non-interest income Total revenue PCL Non-interest expense Income before income taxes Net income Revenue by business Canadian Banking Caribbean & U.S. Banking Key ratios ROE NIM Efficiency ratio Efficiency ratio adjusted (2) Operating leverage Operating leverage adjusted (2) Selected average balance sheet information Total assets Total earning assets Loans and acceptances Deposits Other information AUA (3) AUM Number of employees (FTE) (4) Effective income tax rate Credit information Gross impaired loans as a % of related loans and acceptances PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances $ $ $ $ $ 2017 10,787 $ 5,076 15,863 1,054 7,176 7,633 5,755 $ 14,877 $ 986 28.3% 2.68% 45.2% 45.9% 2.2% 0.8% 421,100 $ 403,100 402,500 344,400 264,800 $ 4,600 34,773 24.6% 0.36% 0.26% Table 20 2016 10,337 4,675 15,012 1,122 6,933 6,957 5,184 14,009 1,003 27.5% 2.68% 46.2% n.a. 1.3% n.a. 403,800 385,400 383,900 320,100 239,600 4,600 35,362 25.5% 0.43% 0.29% (1) (2) (3) (4) n.a. Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Measures have been adjusted by excluding our share of the Q1 2017 gain related to the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris of $212 million (before- and after-tax). These are non-GAAP measures. For further details, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. AUA includes $18.4 billion and $8.4 billion (2016 – $18.6 billion and $9.6 billion) of securitized residential mortgages and credit card loans, respectively. Amounts have been revised from previously reported. not applicable Financial performance 2017 vs. 2016 Net income increased $571 million or 11% from the prior year. Excluding our share of the gain related to the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris of $212 million (before- and after-tax), net income increased $359 million or 7%, mainly due to volume growth of 6%. Higher fee-based revenue in Canada and lower PCL also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher costs, including costs in support of business growth. Total revenue increased $851 million or 6% from the prior year. Excluding our share of the gain noted previously, revenue increased $639 million or 4% mainly due to volume growth of 6%, and higher fee-based revenue in Canada primarily attributable to higher balances driving higher mutual fund distribution fees. Higher card service revenue due to higher purchase volumes also contributed to the increase. NIM was flat. PCL decreased $68 million or 6%, with the PCL ratio improving 3 bps, largely due to lower provisions in our Canadian lending portfolios. For further details, refer to Credit quality performance in the Credit Risk section. Non-interest expense increased $243 million or 4%, primarily attributable to higher costs in support of business growth reflecting ongoing investments in technology, including digital initiatives, and higher marketing costs. Higher staff-related costs, including severance, and an impairment related to properties held for sale in the Caribbean also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by the continued benefits from our efficiency management activities. Average loans and acceptances increased $19 billion or 5%, largely due to growth in Canadian residential mortgages and business loans. Average deposits increased $24 billion or 8%, reflecting growth in business and personal deposits. Results excluding the specified item noted previously are non-GAAP measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 27 In Canada, we operate through three business lines: Personal Financial Services, Business Financial Services, and Cards and Payment Solutions. The following provides a discussion of our consolidated Canadian Banking results. Canadian Banking financial highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) (1) Net interest income Non-interest income Total revenue PCL Non-interest expense Net income before income taxes Net income Revenue by business Personal Financial Services Business Financial Services Cards and Payment Solutions Key Ratios ROE NIM Efficiency ratio Efficiency ratio adjusted (2) Operating leverage Operating leverage adjusted (2) Selected average balance sheet information Total assets Total earning assets Loans and acceptances Deposits Other information AUA (3) Number of employees (FTE) (4) Effective income tax rate Credit information Table 21 2017 2016 $ $ $ 10,128 4,749 14,877 1,016 6,423 7,438 5,571 8,331 3,357 3,189 32.9% 2.62% 43.2% 43.8% 2.4% 0.9% $ $ $ 9,683 4,326 14,009 1,080 6,186 6,743 5,002 7,986 3,190 2,833 32.6% 2.63% 44.2% n.a. 1.2% n.a. $ 398,500 386,000 393,400 326,100 $ 381,000 368,100 374,600 301,400 $ 256,400 31,902 25.1% $ 231,400 32,297 25.8% Gross impaired loans as a % of related loans and acceptances PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances 0.24% 0.26% 0.27% 0.29% (1) (2) (3) (4) n.a. Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Measures have been adjusted by excluding our share of the Q1 2017 gain related to sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris of $212 million (before- and after-tax). These are non-GAAP measures. For further details, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. AUA includes $18.4 billion and $8.4 billion (2016 – $18.6 billion and $9.6 billion) of securitized residential mortgages and credit card loans, respectively. Amounts have been revised from previously reported. not applicable Financial performance 2017 vs. 2016 Net income increased $569 million or 11% compared to last year. Excluding our share of the gain related to the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris of $212 million (before- and after-tax), net income increased $357 million or 7%, largely due to volume growth of 6%, partially offset by lower spreads. Higher fee-based revenue and lower PCL also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher costs, including costs in support of business growth. Total revenue increased $868 million or 6% compared to last year. Excluding our share of the gain noted previously, revenue increased $656 million or 5%, mainly due to volume growth of 6%, partially offset by lower spreads, and higher fee-based revenue primarily attributable to higher balances driving higher mutual fund distribution fees. Increased card service revenue due to higher purchase volumes and higher foreign exchange revenue also contributed to the increase. Net interest margin decreased 1 bp compared to last year. PCL decreased $64 million or 6%, with the PCL ratio improving 3 bps, largely due to lower provisions in our personal lending portfolios. For further details, refer to Credit quality performance in the Credit Risk section. Non-interest expense increased $237 million or 4%, primarily attributable to higher costs in support of business growth reflecting ongoing investments in technology, including digital initiatives, and higher marketing costs. Higher staff-related costs, including severance, also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by continued benefits from our efficiency management activities. Average loans and acceptances increased $19 billion or 5%, largely due to growth in residential mortgages and business loans. Average deposits increased $25 billion or 8%, reflecting growth in business and personal deposits. Results excluding the specified item noted previously are non-GAAP measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. 28 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Business line review Personal Financial Services Personal Financial Services offers a full range of products focused on meeting the needs of our individual Canadian clients at every stage of their lives through a wide range of financing and investment products and services, including home equity financing, personal lending, deposit accounts, Canadian private banking, indirect lending (including auto financing), mutual funds distribution and self-directed brokerage accounts, and Guaranteed Investment Certificates (GICs). We rank #1 or #2 in market share for all key personal banking products in Canada and our retail banking network is the largest in Canada with 1,235 branches and 4,290 ATMs. Financial performance Total revenue increased $345 million or 4% compared to last year, primarily reflecting volume growth of 5% largely in residential mortgages and deposits, partially offset by lower spreads. Increased fee-based revenue primarily attributable to higher balances driving higher mutual fund distribution fees also contributed to the increase. Average residential mortgages increased 6% compared to last year mainly due to solid housing market activity. Average deposits increased 5% from last year largely reflecting the acquisition of new clients and deepening of our existing relationships. Strong market appreciation and net sales resulted in continued growth in client mutual fund balances. Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of) Total revenue (1) Other information (average) Residential mortgages Other loans and acceptances Deposits (2) Branch mutual fund balances (3) AUA – Self-directed brokerage (3) Number of: New deposit accounts opened (thousands) Branches ATM Table 22 Average residential mortgages, personal loans and deposits (Millions of Canadian dollars) 2017 2016 $ 8,331 $ 7,986 222,500 81,400 195,700 148,400 79,600 1,306 1,235 4,290 210,400 81,800 185,600 132,100 69,700 1,346 1,268 4,555 228,000 190,000 152,000 114,000 76,000 38,000 0 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 Residential mortgages Other loans and acceptances Deposits (1) (2) (3) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Includes GIC balances. Represents year-end spot balances. Business Financial Services Business Financial Services offers a wide range of lending, leasing, deposit, investment, foreign exchange, cash management, auto dealer financing (floor plan), trade products and services to small and medium-sized commercial businesses, as well as agriculture and agribusiness clients across Canada. Our business banking network has the largest team of relationship managers and specialists in the industry. Our strong commitment to our clients has resulted in our leading market share in business loans and deposits. Financial performance Total revenue increased $167 million or 5% compared to last year, largely reflecting volume growth of 11%, partially offset by lower spreads. Average loans and acceptances increased 9% and average deposits were up 13%, mainly due to our strategy of new client acquisition in select business segments and markets, as well as increased activity from existing clients. Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue Other information (average) Loans and acceptances Deposits (1) (1) Includes GIC balances. Table 23 Average business loans and acceptances and business deposits (Millions of Canadian dollars) 2017 $ 3,357 $ 2016 3,190 72,500 130,400 66,400 115,800 75,000 60,000 45,000 30,000 15,000 0 150,000 120,000 90,000 60,000 30,000 0 2017 2016 2017 2016 Business loans and acceptances Business deposits Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 29 Cards and Payment Solutions Cards and Payment Solutions provides a wide array of credit cards with loyalty and reward benefits, and payment products and solutions within Canada. We have over 7 million credit card accounts and have approximately 23% market share of Canada’s credit card purchase volume. In addition, this business line includes our 50% interest in Moneris, our payment processing joint venture which sold its U.S. operations to Vantiv, Inc. during the year. Financial performance Total revenue increased $356 million or 13% compared to last year. Excluding our share of the gain noted previously, revenue increased $144 million or 5% mainly driven by higher loan balances and increased purchase volumes. Average credit card balances increased 6% and net purchase volumes increased 9% reflecting higher client activity, underscored by the strength of our proprietary rewards program and our co-brand relationships. Results excluding the specified item noted previously are non-GAAP measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. Table 24 Average credit card balances and net purchase volumes (Millions of Canadian dollars) Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue Other information 2017 3,189 $ 2016 2,833 $ Average credit card balances Net purchase volumes 17,000 106,600 16,000 97,400 18,000 15,000 12,000 9,000 6,000 3,000 0 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2017 2016 2017 2016 Average credit card balances Net purchase volumes Caribbean & U.S. Banking Our Caribbean Banking business offers a comprehensive suite of banking products and services, as well as international financing and trade promotion services through extensive branch, ATM, online and mobile banking networks. Our U.S. cross-border banking business serves the needs of our Canadian clients within the U.S., and offers a broad range of financial products and services to individual and business clients across all 50 states. Financial performance Total revenue was down $17 million or 2% from last year, primarily due to lower volumes and the impact of foreign exchange translation. Average loans and acceptances decreased 2%, and average deposits decreased 2%, mostly due to lower client activity and the impact of foreign exchange translation. Selected highlights Table 25 Average loans and deposits (Millions of Canadian dollars) (Millions of Canadian dollars, number of and percentage amounts) Total revenue Other information Net interest margin Average loans and acceptances Average deposits AUA AUM Number of: Branches ATM $ $ 2017 986 $ 2016 1,003 3.85% 9,100 $ 18,300 8,400 4,600 67 266 3.78% 9,300 18,700 8,200 4,600 77 276 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 20,000 16,000 12,000 8,000 4,000 0 2017 2016 2017 2016 Loans and acceptances Deposits 30 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Wealth Management Wealth Management is a global business serving clients in key financial centres. We serve high net worth (HNW) and ultra-high net worth (UHNW) individual and institutional clients with a comprehensive suite of advice-based solutions and strategies to help them achieve their financial goals. $10.1 billion Total revenue > 4,800 Client-facing advisors > $19 billion AUA net flows Asset under Administration Asset under Management $929 billion Total AUA $634 billion Total AUM 88% Personal 11% Institutional 1% Mutual Funds 32% Mutual Funds 34% Personal 34% Institutional Our lines of businesses are comprised of Canadian Wealth Management, U.S. Wealth Management (including City National), Global Asset Management (GAM) and International Wealth Management. • Canadian Wealth Management is the largest full-service wealth advisory business in Canada as measured by AUA • U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) is among the top 10 full-service brokerage firms in terms of AUA and number of advisors • GAM is the largest retail fund company in Canada as well as a leading institutional asset manager • International Wealth Management serves HNW and UHNW clients primarily through key financial centres in Europe and Asia. 2017 Operating environment › In 2017, the Canadian and U.S. economies continued to expand and respective central banks increased core interest rates. The strong economic performance resulted in improved investor confidence and stronger equity markets driving higher assets under management and assets under administration. › Net sales and net new assets also benefitted from strong equity markets, offsetting the negative returns of the bond market as interest rates increased and are anticipated to continue rising in 2018. › Strong loan growth and increased spreads due to the rising interest rate environment, mainly in the U.S., contributed to net interest income growth. › Technology is transforming the way we operate and interact with our clients. Therefore, we continue to invest in digital solutions to anticipate and meet changing client preferences and increase efficiencies. Strategic priorities OUR STRATEGY PROGRESS IN 2017 PRIORITIES IN 2018 In select global financial centres, become the most trusted regional private bank Continued to deliver comprehensive value to key HNW and UHNW client segments by providing a more integrated and tailored proposition across multiple solutions, including investments, deposits, credit and trust services Continue to leverage our global strengths and capabilities to drive growth in HNW and UHNW client segments Continue to enhance our product offering and distribution capabilities In Canada, be the premier service provider for HNW and UHNW clients Maintained our position as industry leader in our full- service private wealth business Continue to differentiate client experience that is digitally-enabled and supported by data-driven insights Improved client experience and advisor productivity through enhanced digital engagement (e.g., launch of the Advisor’s Virtual Assistant application) Deepen client relationships jointly with our partners (e.g., Private Banking and Commercial Banking in Personal & Commercial Banking) Launched the Money in Motion initiative to further solidify our expertise around business owners, succession and wealth planning In the U.S., become the leading private and commercial bank and wealth manager in our key markets Invested in capabilities, technology and talent to grow our full-service brokerage business Expanded City National business model to select high growth markets with strong RBC Wealth Management and Capital Markets presence, including Washington, D.C. and Minneapolis Continue to strive to deliver an exceptional client experience for targeted HNW, UHNW, middle market and business banking segments Leverage the combined strengths within U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) and Capital Markets with a view to accelerating growth in the U.S. In asset management, be a leading, diversified asset manager focused on global institutional and North American retail clients Maintained #1 market share in Canadian mutual fund assets under management Continued to drive growth in U.S. and international institutional clients in select investment capabilities Strengthen our partnerships with Personal & Commercial Banking, other Wealth Management businesses and third-party distributors to defend and grow our distribution reach Grow our global institutional asset management business, particularly in relevant markets Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 31 Outlook Our diversified businesses are positioned to benefit from our focus on our clients, continued investments in people and technology, volume growth, and rising interest rates. Despite continued geopolitical and regulatory uncertainty in the major global economies, we expect global private wealth accumulation to continue to drive growth in the HNW and UHNW client segments. We will continue to leverage our brand, reputation and financial strength to increase our market share of the HNW and UHNW client segments globally. In addition, changing demographics and rapid advancements in digitization are expected to drive change in client preferences, needs and service models, requiring a continued focus on delivering a digitally-integrated, multi-channel experience for our clients and client-facing professionals. For further details on our general economic review and outlook, refer to the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section. Wealth Management (Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of and percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) (1) Net interest income Non-interest income Fee-based revenue Transaction and other revenue Total revenue PCL Non-interest expense Income before income taxes Net income Revenue by business Canadian Wealth Management U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) (US$ millions) Global Asset Management International Wealth Management Key Ratios ROE NIM Pre-tax margin (2) Selected average balance sheet information Total assets Loans and acceptances Deposits Attributed capital Other information Revenue per advisor (000s) (3) AUA (4), (5) AUM (4) Average AUA Average AUM Number of employees (FTE) Number of advisors (6) $ $ $ $ $ 2017 2,248 $ 5,799 2,028 10,075 34 7,611 2,430 1,838 $ 2,815 $ 4,891 3,744 1,994 375 13.2% 3.02% 24.1% 88,100 $ 51,500 93,100 13,450 1,353 $ 929,200 634,100 898,500 600,400 16,962 4,884 Table 26 2016 1,955 5,323 1,725 9,003 48 7,015 1,940 1,473 2,506 4,173 3,155 1,894 430 10.9% 2.84% 21.5% 83,200 49,200 85,400 12,950 1,184 875,300 580,700 845,800 560,800 16,385 4,780 Estimated impact of U.S. dollar, British pound and Euro translation on key income statement items (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) 2017 vs. 2016 Increase (decrease): Total revenue (1) PCL Non-interest expense (1) Net income Percentage change in average US$ equivalent of C$1.00 Percentage change in average British pound equivalent of C$1.00 Percentage change in average Euro equivalent of C$1.00 $ (124) 1 (102) (17) 1% 10% –% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Pre-tax margin is defined as Income before income taxes divided by Total revenue. Represents investment advisors and financial consultants of our Canadian and U.S. full-service wealth businesses. Represents year-end spot balances. In addition to Canadian Wealth Management, U.S. Wealth Managements (including City National), and International Wealth Management, amounts also include AUA of $6,600 million (2016: $6,200 million) related to Global Asset Management (GAM). Represents client-facing advisors across all our wealth management businesses. 32 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Client assets – AUA (Millions of Canadian dollars) AUA, beginning balance Asset inflows Asset outflows Total net flows Market impact Acquisitions/dispositions Foreign exchange Total market, acquisition/dispositions and foreign exchange impact AUA, balance at end of year Client assets – AUM (Millions of Canadian dollars) AUM, beginning balance Institutional inflows Institutional outflows Personal flows, net Total net flows Market impact Acquisition/dispositions Foreign exchange Total market, acquisition/dispositions and foreign exchange impact AUM, balance at end of year AUA by geographic mix and asset class (Millions of Canadian dollars) Canada (1) Money market Fixed income Equity Multi-asset and other Total Canada U.S. (1) Money market Fixed income Equity Multi-asset and other Total U.S. Other International (1) Money market Fixed income Equity (2) Multi-asset and other (2) 2017 Money market 48,000 $ 27,200 (37,800) 700 (9,900) – – (1,100) Fixed income 196,800 $ 31,100 (32,400) 2,100 800 3,500 – (2,200) Equity $ 100,800 6,600 (4,800) 10,300 12,100 18,200 – (2,400) Multi-asset and other $ 235,100 4,000 (2,300) 18,300 20,000 20,400 (4,000) (2,000) Total $ 580,700 $ 68,900 (77,300) 31,400 23,000 42,100 (4,000) (7,700) (1,100) 37,000 $ 1,300 198,900 15,800 $ 128,700 14,400 $ 269,500 30,400 $ 634,100 $ 83,300 580,700 $ 2017 875,300 $ 274,300 (254,800) 19,500 82,700 (28,200) (20,100) 34,400 929,200 $ $ $ Table 27 2016 823,700 251,000 (257,500) (6,500) 31,100 17,800 9,200 58,100 875,300 Table 28 2016 Total 492,800 54,700 (71,600) 21,500 4,600 21,600 58,100 3,600 Table 29 2017 2016 $ 21,600 $ 35,700 94,300 208,700 $ 360,300 $ $ 35,100 $ 124,500 238,100 45,000 $ 442,700 $ $ 17,000 $ 11,400 50,100 47,700 $ 126,200 $ $ 929,200 $ 21,600 36,300 89,100 180,700 327,700 36,100 126,800 200,800 30,500 394,200 23,300 21,400 69,500 39,200 153,400 875,300 Total International Total AUA (1) (2) Geographic information is based on the location from where our clients are served. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Financial performance 2017 vs. 2016 Net income increased $365 million or 25% from a year ago, mainly due to growth in average fee-based client assets and higher net interest income and transaction revenue. These factors were partially offset by higher variable compensation on improved results and increased costs in support of business growth. Total revenue increased $1,072 million or 12%, reflecting growth in average fee-based client assets which benefitted from capital appreciation and net sales, higher net interest income, mainly in the U.S. resulting from the impact of higher interest rates and volume growth, and higher transaction revenue. PCL decreased $14 million largely reflecting a recovery in one account in International Wealth Management. Non-interest expense increased $596 million or 8%, largely due to higher variable compensation on improved results and higher costs in support of business growth, mainly reflecting higher staff-related costs in the U.S. and ongoing investments in technology, including digital initiatives. Assets under administration increased $54 billion or 6%, largely due to capital appreciation and net sales, partially offset by the impacts from the exit of certain international businesses and foreign exchange translation. Assets under management increased $53 billion or 9%, primarily reflecting capital appreciation and net sales, partially offset by the impact from foreign exchange translation. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 33 Business line review Canadian Wealth Management Canadian Wealth Management includes our full service Canadian wealth advisory business, which is the largest in Canada as measured by AUA, with over 1,700 investment advisors providing comprehensive advice-based financial solutions to HNW and UHNW clients. Additionally, we provide discretionary investment management and estate and trust services to our clients through approximately 78 investment counsellors and 103 trust professionals across Canada. We compete with domestic banks and trust companies, investment counselling firms, bank-owned full service brokerages and boutique brokerages, mutual fund companies and global private banks. In Canada, bank-owned wealth managers continue to be the major players. Financial performance Revenue increased $309 million or 12% from a year ago, primarily due to higher average fee-based client assets reflecting capital appreciation and net sales. Table 30 Average AUA and AUM (Millions of Canadian dollars) Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue (1) Other information Average loans and acceptances Average deposits AUA AUM Average AUA Average AUM 2017 2016 $ 2,815 $ 2,506 3,300 17,400 359,600 90,400 344,900 83,700 3,200 16,300 326,600 76,000 309,100 69,400 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 (1) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) 100,000 75,000 50,000 25,000 0 2017 2016 2017 2016 AUA AUM U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) includes our private client group and City National. Our private client group is the 7th largest full-service wealth advisory firm in the U.S., as measured by number of advisors, with over 1,800 financial advisors. Additionally, our correspondent and advisor services businesses deliver clearing and execution services for small to mid-sized independent broker-dealers and registered investment advisor firms. City National provides comprehensive financial solutions to affluent individuals, entrepreneurs, professionals, their businesses and their families and provides a premier banking and financial experience through a high-touch service model, proactive advice and financial solutions. City National offers a broad range of lending, deposit, cash management, international banking, equipment financing, and other products and services. In the U.S., we operate in a fragmented and highly competitive industry and our competition includes other broker-dealers, commercial banks and other financial institutions that service HNW individuals, entrepreneurs and their businesses. Financial performance Revenue increased $718 million or 17% from a year ago, mainly due to increased net interest income from higher U.S. interest rates and volume growth of 13% in loans and deposits, higher average fee-based client assets reflecting capital appreciation and net sales, and higher transaction revenue. Selected highlights Table 31 Average AUA and AUM (Millions of U.S. dollars) (Millions of Canadian dollars, except as otherwise noted) Total revenue (1) Other information (Millions of U.S. dollars) Total revenue (1) Average loans, guarantees and letters of credit Average deposits AUA AUM Average AUA Average AUM 2017 2016 $ 4,891 $ 4,173 3,744 3,155 33,500 47,500 343,200 92,200 319,100 83,500 29,900 41,200 293,900 76,700 289,200 74,200 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 (1) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. 100,000 75,000 50,000 25,000 0 2017 2016 2017 2016 AUA AUM 34 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Global Asset Management Global Asset Management provides global investment management services and solutions for individual and institutional investors in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., Europe and Asia. We provide a broad range of investment management services through mutual, pooled and private funds, fee-based accounts and separately managed portfolios. We distribute our investment solutions through a broad network of bank branches, our self-directed and full-service wealth advisory businesses, independent third-party advisors and private banks, and directly to individual clients. We also provide investment solutions directly to institutional clients, including pension plans, insurance companies, corporations, and endowments and foundations. We are the largest retail fund company in Canada as well as a leading institutional asset manager. We face competition in Canada from banks, insurance companies, and asset management organizations. The Canadian fund management industry is large and mature, but remains a relatively fragmented industry. In the U.S., our asset management business offers investment management solutions and services primarily to institutional investors and competes with independent asset management firms, as well as those that are part of national and international banks, and insurance companies. Internationally, through our global capabilities of BlueBay and RBC Global Asset Management®, we offer investment management solutions for institutions and, through private banks including RBC Wealth Management®, to HNW and UHNW investors. We face competition from asset managers that are part of international banks as well as national and regional asset managers in the geographies where we serve clients. Financial performance Revenue increased $100 million or 5% from a year ago, reflecting higher average fee-based client assets due to capital appreciation and net sales. Table 32 Average AUM (Millions of Canadian dollars) Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue (1) Other information Canadian net long-term mutual fund sales (2) Canadian net money market mutual fund sales (redemptions) (2) AUM Average AUM 2017 2016 $ 1,994 $ 1,894 10,689 7,868 240 415,200 398,300 (439) 392,600 383,400 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 (1) (2) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. As reported to the Investment Funds Institute of Canada. Includes all prospectus-based mutual funds across our Canadian Global Asset Management businesses. International Wealth Management 2017 2016 AUM International Wealth Management includes operations in Europe and Asia. We provide customized and integrated trust, banking, credit and investment solutions to HNW and UHNW clients and corporate clients in key financial centres in Europe and Asia. Competitors to our International Wealth Management business comprise global wealth managers, traditional offshore private banks, domestic wealth managers and U.S. investment-led private client operations. Financial performance Revenue decreased $55 million or 13% from a year ago, mainly reflecting the impact of foreign exchange translation, the exit of certain international businesses, and lower transaction revenue. Table 33 Average AUA and AUM (Millions of Canadian dollars) Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue Other information Average loans, guarantees and letters of credit Average deposits AUA (1) AUM Average AUA (1) Average AUM (1) Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. 2017 2016 $ 375 $ 430 5,300 13,700 120,300 9,400 130,500 9,300 7,200 14,600 148,300 9,100 147,700 9,700 200,000 160,000 120,000 80,000 40,000 0 20,000 16,000 12,000 8,000 4,000 0 2017 2016 2017 2016 AUA AUM Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 35 Insurance RBC Insurance® offers a wide range of life, health, home, auto, travel, wealth and reinsurance advice and solutions, as well as creditor and business insurance services to individual, business and group clients. $4.6 billion Total revenue > 4 million Number of clients 2,691 Employees Premiums and Deposits $4.5 billion Total premiums and deposits 72% Life and Health 25% Annuity 3% P&C Insurance has operations in Canada and globally, operating under two business lines: Canadian Insurance and International Insurance. In Canada, we offer our products and services through our proprietary distribution channels, comprised of the field sales force, which includes retail insurance stores, our field sales representatives, advice centres and online, as well as through independent insurance advisors and affinity relationships. Outside Canada, we operate in reinsurance markets globally offering life, accident and annuity reinsurance products. The competitive environment for each business is discussed below. 2017 Operating environment › The insurance industry continues to face a number of challenges and opportunities, including regulatory changes, changing customer preferences and expectations, and increasing technological, digital and mobile transformation in every aspect of the business. Insurers are also refining product and distribution capacities in order to enhance operational efficiencies and manage expenses. To overcome these challenges and take advantage of these opportunities, we have and continue to invest in digitization to enhance access and convenience, reduce costs, and deliver value to clients beyond traditional insurance products. › Our International Insurance business continues to be impacted by market conditions in a post-Brexit environment and industry adjustments on new mortality data. › Businesses have been revisiting their pension de-risking strategies and have looked to insurance companies to transfer their longevity risk. Strategic priorities OUR STRATEGY Improve distribution efficiency Deepen client relationships Simplify.Agile.Innovate Pursue select international opportunities to grow our reinsurance business PROGRESS IN 2017 PRIORITIES IN 2018 We experienced solid sales growth in our Canadian Insurance business, maintaining our #1 ranking in individual disability sales and outpacing industry growth in our individual term life insurance product Continue to improve our distribution efficiency by expanding our proprietary distribution channels and focusing on the delivery of technology and operational solutions Our Pension De-risking business achieved record growth and is among the leaders in Canada Our RBC Guaranteed Investment Fund recently reached $1 billion in AUM and we continue to be one of the fastest growing segregated fund providers in Canada July 1, 2017 marked the one year anniversary of our Aviva relationship. With this relationship, our advisors have benefitted from access to a new set of solutions for automobiles and expanded home coverage as well as access to new technology and tools to offer insurance solutions to our clients We continued our focus on investments to enhance our client experience and our cost effectiveness through ongoing transformation of our legacy business and improving our digital capabilities We launched two apps: RBC Insurance My Benefits, which gives our clients fast and easy access to their group benefits plan; and PATH, a travel mobile app that provides clients with access to emergency medical assistance and up-to-date travel information There has been a general slowdown in UK longevity transactions as the market adjusted its pricing to reflect emerging mortality trends in the UK. As such, growth in the UK annuity market slowed in 2017 Deepen client relationships by continuing to be an innovative, client-focused provider of a full suite of insurance products Simplify and innovate by accelerating our digital initiatives’ time-to-market, improving quality and cost effectiveness Pursue select international opportunities, within our risk appetite, with the aim of continuing to grow our core reinsurance business 36 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Outlook The insurance industry is expected to continue experiencing tremendous change and disruption in the coming year. Traditional market incumbents will see their market share erode if they do not adapt to forces of change that include: evolving customer preferences and expectations, changing demographics and customer profiles, technological transformation in every area of the business, new distribution models, and the emergence of non-traditional competitors. We believe that execution of our business strategy will allow us to continue to thrive in this changing environment. There was a general slowdown in U.K. longevity transactions during 2017 as the market adjusted its pricing to reflect emerging mortality trends. We believe that the U.K. pension risk transfer (annuity) business offers opportunities for growth in 2018 as the market rebounds. We will continue to build on our capabilities, expand our portfolio of solutions in the annuity business and diversify our sources of longevity risk. For further details on our general economic review and outlook, refer to the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section. Insurance (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) Non-interest income Net earned premiums Investment income (1) Fee income Total revenue Insurance policyholder benefits and claims (1) Insurance policyholder acquisition expense Non-interest expense (2) Income before income taxes Net income Revenue by business Canadian Insurance International Insurance Key ratios ROE Selected balances and other information Total assets Attributed capital Other information Premiums and deposits (3) Canadian Insurance International Insurance Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities Fair value changes on investments backing policyholder liabilities (1) Embedded value (4) Number of employees (FTE) $ $ $ $ $ Table 34 2016 3,175 1,422 554 5,151 3,208 216 623 1,104 900 3,373 1,778 52.8% 14,400 1,700 4,594 2,424 2,170 9,164 633 6,886 2,657 2017 3,875 $ 453 238 4,566 2,787 266 584 929 726 $ 2,569 $ 1,997 41.8% 14,300 $ 1,700 4,546 $ 2,496 2,050 9,676 (58) 7,320 2,691 (1) (2) (3) (4) Investment income can experience volatility arising from fluctuation of fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) assets. The investments which support actuarial liabilities are predominantly fixed income assets designated as at FVTPL. Consequently, changes in the fair values of these assets, are recorded in investment income in the Consolidated Statement of Income and are largely offset by changes in the fair value of the actuarial liabilities, the impact of which is reflected in insurance policyholder benefits and claims. Amount includes PCL of $nil (2016 – $1 million). Premiums and deposits include premiums on risk-based insurance and annuity products, and individual and group segregated fund deposits, consistent with insurance industry practices. Embedded value is defined as the sum of value of equity held in our Insurance segment and the value of in-force business (existing policies). For further details, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. Financial performance 2017 vs. 2016 Net income decreased $174 million or 19% from a year ago, primarily due to the gain on sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business, which was sold on July 1, 2016. Excluding the after-tax gain of $235 million on the sale of RBC General Insurance Company to Aviva Canada Inc., net income increased $61 million or 9%, mainly due to higher favourable annual actuarial assumption updates, and business growth mainly in Canadian Insurance. These factors were partially offset by lower earnings from new U.K. annuity contracts and reduced earnings associated with the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business, as noted previously. Total revenue decreased $585 million or 11%, mainly due to a change of $691 million related to the fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities resulting from changes in long-term interest rates, largely offset in PBCAE. The prior year also included the associated premiums and a gain of $287 million relating to our home and auto insurance manufacturing business, as noted previously. These factors were partially offset by higher revenues from group annuity sales in Canadian Insurance and the impact of restructured international life contracts, both of which are largely offset in PBCAE. PBCAE decreased $371 million or 11%, mainly due to a change in the fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, largely offset in revenue. Lower claims reflecting the impact from the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the prior year and higher favourable annual actuarial assumption updates largely reflecting changes in credit and discount rates and favourable mortality experience, mainly in the U.K., also contributed to the decrease. These factors were partially offset by the impact from group annuity sales and restructured international life contracts, both of which are largely offset in revenue. Non-interest expense decreased $39 million or 6%, largely reflecting the impact of the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the prior year. Premiums and deposits were down $48 million or 1%, reflecting the impact of the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the prior year, the impact of foreign exchange translation, and lower premiums from new U.K. annuity contracts, largely offset by business growth, including group annuity sales. Embedded value increased $434 million, reflecting the impact of favourable actuarial assumption updates, improved experience and product updates. Results excluding the specified item noted previously are non-GAAP measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 37 Business line review Canadian Insurance We offer life, health, property and casualty insurance products, as well as wealth accumulation solutions, to individual and group clients across Canada. Our life and health portfolio includes universal life, term life, critical illness, disability, long-term care insurance and group benefits. We offer a wide range of property and casualty products including home, auto and travel insurance. Our travel products include out-of-province/ country medical coverage, and trip cancellation and interruption insurance. In Canada, the majority of our competitors specialize in life and health or property and casualty products. We hold a leading market position in disability insurance products, have a significant presence in life and travel products, and have a growing presence in wealth solutions as well as in home and auto through our distribution agreement with Aviva. Financial performance Total revenue decreased $804 million or 24% from last year, mainly due to a change in the fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities resulting from changes in long-term interest rates, largely offset in PBCAE. The prior year also included the associated premiums and the gain on sale relating to our home and auto insurance manufacturing business, as noted previously. These factors were partially offset by business growth, primarily reflecting higher revenue from group annuity sales, largely offset in PBCAE. Premiums and deposits increased $72 million or 3%, as sales growth, primarily related to our group annuity business, more than offset the impact of the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the prior year. Selected highlights Table 35 Premiums and deposits (Millions of Canadian dollars) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue Other information Premiums and deposits Life and health Property and casualty Annuity and segregated fund deposits Fair value changes on investments backing policyholder liabilities International Insurance 2017 $ 2,569 $ 2016 3,373 2,016 119 1,438 674 361 312 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 (63) 575 Annuity and segregated fund deposits Property and casualty Life and health 2017 2016 International Insurance is primarily comprised of our reinsurance businesses which insure risks of other insurance and reinsurance companies. We offer life and health, accident and annuity reinsurance products. The global reinsurance market is dominated by a few large players, with significant presence in the U.S., the U.K. and Europe. The reinsurance industry is competitive but barriers to entry remain high. Financial performance Total revenue increased $219 million or 12%, mainly due to the impact of restructured international life contracts, partially offset by a change in the fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities resulting from changes in long-term interest rates, both of which are largely offset in PBCAE. Premiums and deposits decreased $120 million or 6%, due to the impact of foreign exchange translation and lower premiums from new U.K. annuity contracts, partially offset by volume growth in international life. Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue Other information Premiums and deposits Life and health Property and casualty Annuity Fair value changes on investments backing policyholder liabilities Table 36 2017 $ 1,997 $ 2016 1,778 1,276 (1) 775 1,335 – 835 5 58 38 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Investor & Treasury Services RBC Investor & Treasury Services is a specialist provider of asset services, custody, payments and treasury services for financial and other institutional investors worldwide. $4.3 trillion Assets under administration 23% Return on equity 4,771 Employees Revenue by Geography $2.4 billion Total revenue 46% North America 30% Europe (Ex. UK) 15% UK 9% Asia-Pacific We deliver custodial, advisory, financing and other services to safeguard client assets, maximize liquidity, and manage risk across multiple jurisdictions. We rank among the world’s leading global custodians with a network of offices across North America, Europe, U.K., and the Asia-Pacific region. Our team of approximately 5,000 employees serves almost 10 million investors and administers over 6,700 funds. We have one of the widest transfer agency networks in the market, we are a top-ranked international securities lending service, and we provide short-term funding and liquidity management for RBC. Our transaction banking business is a leading provider of Canadian dollar cash management, correspondent banking, and trade finance for financial institutions globally. 2017 Operating environment › The highly competitive environment in the global asset services industry continued to pressure margins. › Continued increases in financial services regulations have driven up compliance and technology costs; however, tightening credit spreads, increased FX volumes and interest rate volatility benefitted our funding and liquidity business. Strategic priorities OUR STRATEGY PROGRESS IN 2017 PRIORITIES IN 2018 In Canada, maintain position as the #1 provider of domestic custody, asset services and cash management Custody revenue relatively flat compared to prior year due to fee pressure and competitive environment Continue to win new business and deepen relationships with existing clients and onboarding clients without delay Compete as a leading provider of asset services in the major offshore fund domicile markets of Luxembourg and Ireland Increased revenue, AUA and profit while continuing to invest in technology to better serve our clients and reduce costs Capitalize on trading opportunities through strategic positioning of our portfolio and drive client deposit growth Continue to deliver a high-level of investment in client-centered technology solutions Enhance our client centric service offering and improve efficiency Continued investment in client-focused technology solutions to develop client-centered digital applications and launched robotics processing automation (RPA) labs in Canada, Luxembourg and Malaysia Continued to invest in technology solutions via ACE and RPA while improving efficiency ratio compared to prior year Continue to execute on Advanced Client Experience (ACE) program, our multi-year strategic technology program, and our RPA initiatives Prudently manage expenses and execute cost management initiatives Outlook In 2018, our aim is to continue to be the leading provider of asset services and cash management in Canada and a leading provider of fund services to asset managers in the key offshore markets of Luxembourg and Ireland. Our focus is to drive top-line growth by continuing to leverage our leadership position in Canada and recognized capabilities in offshore fund services markets to win new business and deepen existing client relationships. We will continue to execute on our strategic and transformational technology initiatives to enhance the client experience. While we expect the global asset services industry to remain challenging in the near-term, we are well-positioned to compete and grow in the continuously changing operating environment. For further details on our general economic review and outlook, refer to the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 39 Investor & Treasury Services (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) Net interest income Non-interest income Total revenue Non-interest expense Net income before income taxes Net income Key Ratios ROE Selected average balance sheet information Total assets Deposits Client deposits Wholesale funding deposits Attributed capital Other Information AUA (1) Average AUA Number of employees (FTE) Estimated impact of U.S. dollar, British pound and Euro translation on key income statement items (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Increase (decrease): Total revenue Non-interest expense Net income Percentage change in average US$ equivalent of C$1.00 Percentage change in average British pound equivalent of C$1.00 Percentage change in average Euro equivalent of C$1.00 (1) Represents period-end spot balances. $ $ $ Table 37 2016 825 1,446 2,271 1,457 814 613 2017 679 $ 1,756 2,435 1,466 969 741 $ 22.7% 17.9% 138,100 $ 132,800 54,400 78,400 3,200 142,500 134,300 52,800 81,500 3,350 4,266,600 4,044,800 4,771 3,929,400 3,770,200 4,776 2017 vs. 2016 $ (43) (24) (15) 1% 10% –% Financial performance 2017 vs. 2016 Net income increased $128 million or 21%, primarily due to higher results across all major businesses driven by funding and liquidity earnings and increased results from our asset services business. These factors were partially offset by higher investment in technology initiatives. Total revenue increased $164 million or 7%, mainly due to higher funding and liquidity revenue reflecting tightening credit spreads, and increased revenue from our asset services business driven by higher client activity and growth in client deposits. These factors were partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. Non-interest expense increased $9 million reflecting higher investment in technology initiatives, largely offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. 40 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Capital Markets RBC Capital Markets® is a premier global investment bank providing expertise in banking, finance and capital markets to corporations, institutional investors, asset managers, governments and central banks around the world. Over 2,800 professionals serve clients from 70 offices in 15 countries across North America, the U.K., Europe and Asia & other international regions. > 14,000 Number of clients Revenue by Geography $8.2 billion Total revenue 54% U.S. 26% Canada 14% U.K. & Europe 6% Asia & other international #9 Global league rankings(1) 3,970 Employees We operate two main business lines, Corporate and Investment Banking and Global Markets. Our legacy portfolio is grouped under Other. In North America, we offer a full suite of products and services which include corporate and investment banking, equity and debt origination and distribution, and structuring and trading. In Canada, we compete mainly with Canadian banks where we are a premier global investment bank and market leader with a strategic presence in all lines of capital markets businesses. In the U.S., we have full industry sector coverage and investment banking product range and compete with large U.S. and global investment banks as well as smaller regional firms. Outside North America, we have a select presence in the U.K. and Europe, and Asia & other international markets, where we offer a diversified set of capabilities in our key sectors of expertise such as energy, mining and infrastructure and we have a growing presence in industrial, consumer, healthcare and technology in Europe. In the U.K. and Europe, we have continued to make experienced hires, and compete in our key sectors of expertise with global and regional investment banks. In our Asia & other international markets, we compete with global and regional investment banks in select products, consisting of fixed income distribution and currencies trading and corporate and investment banking in Australia, Asia and the Caribbean. 2017 Operating environment › Financial markets started fiscal 2017 very strong with elevated client trading activity following the U.S. election as well as strong investment banking activity, particularly in North America, amidst improving credit and energy markets. › Global investment banking fee pool increased by 7%(1) in the fiscal year from the same period a year ago. › The second half of the year was characterized by lower volatility across a range of asset classes and correspondingly lower levels of client activity, market uncertainty (namely around fiscal policy and proposed tax and regulatory reform in the U.S.), as well as a continued rise in geopolitical tensions. Despite these challenges, our business lines have continued to perform well. Our Fixed Income, Currencies and Commodities business performed particularly well despite these headwinds, with our credit trading performance across numerous products in the U.S. driving higher results. › Improved credit and energy markets led to lower PCL. (1) Source: Dealogic, based on global investment bank fees, fiscal 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 41 Strategic priorities OUR STRATEGY Maintain our leadership position in Canada PROGRESS IN 2017 PRIORITIES IN 2018 We deepened our existing client relationships and gained new clients by leveraging our strong global capabilities and improving collaboration with enterprise partners to drive operational efficiencies We will continue to focus on long-term client relationships, leveraging our global capabilities and continuing to improve collaboration with Wealth Management Expand and strengthen client relationships in the U.S. Build on core strengths and capabilities in U.K./Europe and optimize performance in Asia & other international regions We continued to win significant mandates including acting as financial advisor to Cenovus Energy Inc. on its $17.7 billion acquisition of assets from ConocoPhillips Co. and leading the deal financing, the largest ever oil & gas asset transaction in North America We also acted as financial advisor to D+H Corporation on its sale to Vista Equity Partners for $4.8 billion We deepened key client relationships from our corporate and investment banking businesses to generate additional revenue We continued to win significant mandates including acting as financial advisor to CSC on its US$8.5 billion merger with the Enterprise Services Segment of Hewlett Packard Enterprise In our largest left lead high yield transaction in technology, we acted as financial advisor to Novitex, lead left arranger and joint bookrunner on US$1.45 billion of senior secured credit facilities and joint lead bookrunner on US$275 million of PIPE (Private Investment in Public Equity) Investment in the US$2.6 billion combination In the U.K. and Europe, we maintained momentum throughout the year and improved profitability through repositioning our fixed income business, as well as growing our corporate and investment banking presence in key markets We acted as joint financial advisor to Quad Gas Group on its acquisition of a 61% stake in the UK gas distribution business of National Grid plc for an enterprise value of £13.8 billion In Asia and other international regions, we continued to focus on our corporate and investment banking, fixed income trading distribution and foreign exchange trading capabilities We will continue to deepen client relationships in the U.S. by building on our momentum through expanded origination, advisory and distribution activity, and driving cross-selling through our diversified loan book We expect the U.S. to continue to be the world’s most attractive market and it will remain Capital Markets’ priority growth market In Europe, we will continue to grow and deepen client relationships in Corporate and Investment Banking and Global Markets In Asia, we will aim to optimize the performance of our existing footprint Optimize capital use to earn high risk-adjusted returns on assets and equity We continued to focus on the efficient deployment of our capital and growth throughout our businesses by reducing unproductive assets and re-allocating capital to businesses that provide higher returns and increased profitability Optimize capital use to earn high risk-adjusted returns by maintaining both a balanced approach between investment banking and trading revenue and a disciplined approach to managing the risks and costs of our business Outlook Despite geopolitical tensions, market uncertainty surrounding U.S. fiscal policy and tax reform and a historically low volatility environment persisting into fiscal 2018, we remain confident in our franchises’ ability to continue to produce strong revenue and earnings growth driven by our diversified geographic and product mix. We remain focused on carrying forward the momentum in our Investment Banking business, with a potential improvement in the underwriting environment particularly for equity origination. Corporate lending continues to be challenged by a lower spread environment. We expect to continue to grow the loan book at a modest pace and with an increased focus on alignment with fee-based business. We remain cautious in our outlook for trading businesses amidst a general market slowdown and uncertainty from lack of volatility. Regulatory headwinds are expected to continue to impact earnings growth in 2018, particularly in our trading businesses, although we will remain diligent in monitoring and managing the impacts of ongoing global trends as a key strategic priority. Capital Markets will strive to maintain its focus on full-service activities in Canada, the U.S. and Europe in 2018, while navigating through significant changes in the regulatory environment. For further details on our general economic review and outlook, refer to the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section. 42 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Capital Markets financial highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) Net interest income (1) Non-interest income (1) Total revenue (1) PCL Non-interest expense Net income before income taxes Net income Revenue by business Corporate and Investment Banking Global Markets Other Key ratios ROE Selected average balance sheet information Total assets Trading securities Loans and acceptances Deposits Attributed capital Other information Number of employees (FTE) Credit information Gross impaired loans as a % of related loans and acceptances PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances $ $ $ $ Table 38 2016 3,804 4,146 7,950 327 4,466 3,157 2,270 3,694 4,361 (105) 2017 3,565 $ 4,617 8,182 62 4,719 3,401 2,525 $ 4,000 $ 4,466 (284) 12.9% 12.2% 494,400 $ 91,800 83,400 60,200 18,850 3,970 0.63% 0.07% 508,200 104,900 88,100 61,500 17,900 3,883 1.73% 0.37% Estimated impact of U.S. dollar, British pound and Euro translation on key income statement items (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) 2017 vs. 2016 Increase (decrease): Total revenue Non-interest expense Net income Percentage change in average US$ equivalent of C$1.00 Percentage change in average British pound equivalent of C$1.00 Percentage change in average Euro equivalent of C$1.00 $ (179) (111) (51) 1% 10% –% (1) The taxable equivalent basis (teb) adjustment for 2017 was $548 million (2016 – $736 million). For further discussion, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section. Revenue by region (Millions of Canadian dollars) 10,000 7,500 5,000 2,500 0 2017 2016 Asia and other Europe U.S. Canada Financial performance 2017 vs. 2016 Net income increased $255 million or 11%, driven by higher results in Corporate and Investment Banking and Global Markets reflecting increased fee-based revenue, lower PCL and a lower effective tax rate due to changes in earnings mix. These factors were partially offset by higher staff-related costs and the impact of foreign exchange translation. Total revenue increased $232 million or 3%, largely reflecting increased loan syndication and debt origination activity mainly in the U.S. and Canada. Higher M&A activity primarily in the U.S. and Europe, higher equity trading revenue in Europe and Asia & other international, and higher investment gains also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher residual funding costs and the impact of foreign exchange translation. PCL decreased $265 million or 81%, due to lower provisions including higher recoveries primarily in the oil & gas sector, partially offset by higher provisions in the real estate & related sector. For further details, refer to the Credit quality performance section. Non-interest expense increased $253 million or 6%, largely reflecting higher costs related to changes in the timing of deferred compensation, increased variable compensation on improved results, and higher compliance costs. These factors were partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 43 Business line review Corporate and Investment Banking Corporate and Investment Banking comprises our corporate lending, loan syndications, debt and equity origination, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) advisory services, client securitization and the global credit businesses. For debt and equity origination, revenue is allocated between Corporate and Investment Banking and Global Markets based on the contribution of each group in accordance with an established agreement. Financial performance Corporate and Investment Banking revenue of $4,000 million increased $306 million as compared to last year, despite the unfavourable impact of foreign exchange translation. Investment banking revenue increased $248 million or 13%, primarily due to increased loan syndication activity driven by increased market share in the U.S., and higher M&A activity mainly in the U.S. and Europe. Higher investment gains and higher debt origination activity largely in North America also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by lower results from Municipal Banking in the U.S. Lending and other revenue increased $58 million or 3%, reflecting improving credit conditions. Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue (1) Breakdown of revenue (1) Investment banking Lending and other (2) Other information Average assets Average loans and acceptances Table 39 Breakdown of total revenue (Millions of Canadian dollars) 2017 2016 $ 4,000 $ 3,694 2,140 1,860 1,892 1,802 67,900 60,500 73,200 65,300 4,000 3,200 2,400 1,600 800 0 (1) (2) The teb adjustment for 2017 was $229 million (2016 – $279 million). For further discussion, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section. Comprises our corporate lending, client securitization, and global credit businesses. 2017 2016 Investment banking Lending and other Global Markets Global Markets comprises our fixed income, foreign exchange, equity sales and trading, repos and secured financing and commodities businesses. Financial performance Total revenue of $4,466 million increased $105 million or 2% as compared to last year, despite the unfavourable impact of foreign exchange translation. Revenue in our Fixed income, currencies and commodities business increased $140 million or 7%, mainly due to higher fixed income trading revenue in the U.S. and Asia & other international, higher debt origination activity in North America, and a gain from the disposition of certain securities. These factors were partially offset by lower commodities and foreign exchange trading revenue across all regions. Revenue in our Equities business decreased $63 million or 5%, primarily due to decreased equity origination activity largely in Canada, and lower volume in our cash equities businesses in the U.S. Revenue in our Repo and secured financing business increased $28 million or 3%, mainly due to higher equity trading revenue, partially offset by lower fixed income trading revenue. Table 40 Breakdown of total revenue (Millions of Canadian dollars) Selected highlights (Millions of Canadian dollars) Total revenue (1) Breakdown of revenue (1) 2017 2016 $ 4,466 $ 4,361 Fixed income, currencies and commodities Equities Repo and secured financing (2) 2,253 1,084 1,129 2,113 1,147 1,101 Other information Average assets 435,500 472,100 (1) (2) The teb adjustment for 2017 was $319 million (2016 – $457 million). For further discussion, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section. Comprises our secured funding businesses for internal businesses and external clients. Other 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2017 2016 Repo and secured financing Global equities Fixed income, currencies and commodities Other includes our legacy portfolio, which mainly consists of our U.S. commercial mortgage-backed securities and structured rates in Asia. In recent years, in order to optimize our capital employed to improve our risk-adjusted returns and reduce our liquidity risk on various products, we have significantly reduced several of our legacy portfolios. Our legacy portfolio assets decreased by 28% as compared to last year. Financial performance Revenue decreased $179 million as compared to last year largely due to higher residual funding costs. 44 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Corporate Support Corporate Support comprises Technology & Operations, which provide the technological and operational foundation required to effectively deliver products and services to our clients, and Functions, which includes our finance, human resources, risk management, internal audit and other functional groups. Reported results for Corporate Support mainly reflect certain activities related to monitoring and oversight of enterprise activities which are not allocated to business segments. Corporate Support also includes our Corporate Treasury function. For further details, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section. Corporate Support (Millions of Canadian dollars, except as otherwise noted) Net interest income (loss) (1) Non-interest income (loss) (1) Total revenue (1) PCL Non-interest expense Net income (loss) before income taxes (1) Income taxes (recoveries) (1) $ Table 41 2017 2016 (139) (313) (452) – 238 (690) (574) (116) $ (390) (202) (592) 51 30 (673) (691) 18 $ Net income (loss) (2) Teb adjusted. (1) Net income reflects income attributable to both shareholders and Non-Controlling Interests (NCI). Net income attributable to NCI for the year ended October 31, 2017 was $35 million (2) (October 31, 2016 – $44 million). $ Due to the nature of activities and consolidation adjustments reported in this segment, we believe that a comparative period analysis is not relevant. The following identifies material items affecting the reported results in each period. Total revenue and income taxes (recoveries) in each period in Corporate Support include the deduction of the teb adjustments related to the gross-up of income from Canadian taxable corporate dividends and the U.S. tax credit investment business recorded in Capital Markets. The amount deducted from revenue was offset by an equivalent increase in income taxes (recoveries). The teb amount for the year ended October 31, 2017 was $548 million and $736 million last year. The following identifies the material items, other than the teb impacts noted previously, affecting the reported results in each period. 2017 Net loss was $116 million, largely reflecting severance and related charges, net unfavourable tax adjustments, and legal costs. These factors were partially offset by asset/liability management activities. 2016 Net income was $18 million largely reflecting asset/liability management activities, partially offset by net unfavourable tax adjustments and a $50 million ($37 million after-tax) increase in the provision for loans not yet identified as impaired. Quarterly financial information Fourth quarter performance Q4 2017 vs. Q4 2016 Fourth quarter net income of $2,837 million was up $294 million or 12% from last year. Diluted EPS of $1.88 was up $0.23 and ROE of 16.6% was up 110 bps. Our fourth quarter earnings increased as higher results in Personal & Commercial Banking, Capital Markets, Wealth Management, and Insurance were partially offset by lower earnings in Investment & Treasury Services. Total revenue increased $1,159 million or 12%, largely due to the change in the fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, group annuity sales growth and the impact of restructured international life contracts, all of which were largely offset in PBCAE. Volume growth of 6% in Personal & Commercial Banking, growth in average fee-based client assets and higher net interest income reflecting the impact from higher interest rates and volume growth in Wealth Management, and higher equity trading revenue in Capital Markets also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. Total PCL decreased $124 million and the PCL ratio of 17 bps improved 10 bps from last year, mainly reflecting lower provisions and higher recoveries mainly in the oil & gas and real estate & related sectors in Capital Markets. The prior period also included provisions in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National). PBCAE increased $740 million, largely reflecting the change in fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, growth in the group annuity business and the impact of restructured international life contracts, all of which are largely offset in revenue. These factors were partially offset by higher favourable annual actuarial assumption updates largely reflecting changes in credit and discount rates and favourable mortality experience, mainly in the U.K. Non-interest expense increased $314 million or 6%, primarily reflecting higher variable compensation on improved results in Wealth Management and ongoing investments in technology, including digital initiatives, in Personal & Commercial Banking, Investor & Treasury Services, and Wealth Management. Higher costs related to changes in the timing of deferred compensation in Capital Markets, higher staff- related costs, including severance and other related charges, in Corporate Support, Wealth Management and Personal & Commercial Banking, and charges associated with our real estate portfolio also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. Income tax expense decreased $65 million from last year, and the effective income tax rate decreased from 23.2% last year to 19.9%, due to more favourable tax adjustments and changes in the earnings mix. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 45 Q4 2017 vs. Q3 2017 Net income of $2,837 million was up $41 million or 1% compared to the prior quarter, due to lower staff-related costs, including severance, favourable annual actuarial assumption updates largely reflecting changes in credit and discount rates and favourable mortality experience, mainly in the U.K., in Insurance, higher earnings in Personal & Commercial Banking due to higher spreads and volume growth of 2%, and lower PCL due to recoveries in the oil & gas and real estate & related sectors. These factors were partially offset by lower earnings in Capital Markets primarily due to lower fixed income and equity trading revenue across most regions, and lower M&A activity largely in Canada. There were also lower fee-based revenue, higher marketing costs in support of business growth in Personal & Commercial Banking, the impact of foreign exchange translation, and unfavourable tax adjustments in the current quarter. Quarterly results and trend analysis Our quarterly results are impacted by a number of trends and recurring factors, which include seasonality of certain businesses, general economic and market conditions, and fluctuations in the Canadian dollar relative to other currencies. The following table summarizes our results for the last eight quarters (the period): Quarterly results (1) Table 42 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share and percentage amounts) Net interest income Non-interest income (2) Total revenue (2) PCL PBCAE Non-interest expense (2) Net income before income taxes Income taxes Net income EPS – basic – diluted Segments – net income (loss) Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management Insurance Investor & Treasury Services Capital Markets Corporate Support Net income 2017 2016 Q4 $ 4,361 6,162 $10,523 234 1,137 5,611 $ 3,541 704 $ 2,837 $ 1.89 1.88 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1 $ 4,257 5,831 $10,088 320 643 5,537 $ 3,588 792 $ 4,198 6,214 $10,412 302 1,090 5,331 $ 3,689 880 $ 4,324 5,322 $ 9,646 294 183 5,315 $ 3,854 827 $ 4,187 5,177 $ 9,364 358 397 5,297 $ 3,312 769 $ 4,123 6,229 $10,352 318 1,210 5,188 $ 3,636 741 $ 4,025 5,597 $ 9,622 460 988 4,983 $ 3,191 618 $ 4,196 5,261 $ 9,457 410 829 5,058 $ 3,160 713 $ 2,796 $ 2,809 $ 3,027 $ 2,543 $ 2,895 $ 2,573 $ 2,447 $ 1.86 1.85 $ 1.86 1.85 $ 1.98 1.97 $ 1.66 1.65 $ 1.88 1.88 $ 1.67 1.66 $ 1.59 1.58 $ 1,404 491 265 156 584 (63) $ 1,399 486 161 178 611 (39) $ 1,360 431 166 193 668 (9) $ 1,592 430 134 214 662 (5) $ 1,275 396 228 174 482 (12) $ 1,322 388 364 157 635 29 $ 1,297 386 177 139 583 (9) $ 1,290 303 131 143 570 10 $ 2,837 $ 2,796 $ 2,809 $ 3,027 $ 2,543 $ 2,895 $ 2,573 $ 2,447 Effective income tax rate Period average US$ equivalent of C$1.00 19.9% $ 0.792 22.1% $ 0.770 23.9% $ 0.746 21.5% $ 0.752 23.2% $ 0.757 20.4% $ 0.768 19.4% $ 0.768 22.6% $ 0.728 (1) (2) Fluctuations in the Canadian dollar relative to other foreign currencies have affected our consolidated results over the period. Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Seasonality Seasonal factors may impact our results in certain quarters. The first quarter has historically been stronger for our Capital Markets businesses. The second quarter has fewer days than the other quarters, which generally results in a decrease in net interest income and certain expense items. The third and fourth quarters include the summer months which results in lower client activity and may negatively impact the results of our Capital Markets’ brokerage business and our Wealth Management’s investment management business. Specified items affecting our consolidated results • In the first quarter of 2017, our results included our share of a gain related to the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris of $212 million (before- and after-tax). In the third quarter of 2016, our results included a gain of $287 million ($235 million after-tax) related to the sale of RBC General Insurance Company to Aviva. • Trend analysis The Canadian economy has generally improved over the period, expanding since the second calendar quarter of 2016 as the manufacturing and mining sectors have been boosted by improving oil prices and positive results from the energy sector, after the impact of the Alberta wildfires in May 2016. In particular, strong growth earlier this year reflected robust gains in consumer spending amid strong employment growth, low interest rates, and wealth effects from rising home prices. With strong growth over the first half of 2017, the BoC raised its overnight rate, once in July and again in September. The U.S. economy also experienced growth over the period due to higher household wages, strong job growth, and continued consumer confidence as well as rising business investment. As a result of improving economic conditions, in June 2017 the Fed raised its funds target range for the third time over the period. Global markets were given a boost since the beginning of 2017 as equity markets continued to rebound from the setbacks seen in 2016, particularly in the energy sector. For further details, refer to the Economic and market review and outlook section. Earnings have generally trended upwards over the period, driven by our Canadian Banking results reflecting solid volume growth, partially offset by lower spreads over a majority of the period, higher fee-based revenue and our share of the gain from the sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris in the first quarter of 2017. Our Wealth Management results reflect growth in average fee-based client assets, mainly due to strong capital appreciation and net sales, volume growth, and the impact from higher U.S. interest rates since the first quarter of 2017. Results from our 46 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis acquisition of City National have been reflected in our Wealth Management segment since the first quarter of 2016 and have trended higher since the acquisition. Capital Markets results have trended upwards over the period, driven by higher results in Corporate and Investment Banking and Global Markets driven by increased client activity and generally improved market conditions. The decline in the fourth quarter of 2016 was primarily due to lower trading revenue largely in the U.S. and Europe, and lower equity origination activity in Canada. Results in our Insurance segment were impacted by the gain on the sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the third quarter of 2016 as noted previously. Investor & Treasury Services results have generally trended higher over the period due to higher funding and liquidity earnings since the first quarter of 2016, reflecting tightening credit spreads and favourable interest and foreign exchange rates movements. Revenue has generally increased over the period, reflecting solid volume and fee-based revenue growth in our Canadian Banking businesses. The first quarter of 2017 benefitted from the gain on sale of the U.S. operations of Moneris as noted previously. Wealth Management revenue has generally trended upwards primarily due to growth in average fee-based client assets and the inclusion of City National which has resulted in higher net interest income reflecting volume growth and the impact from higher U.S. interest rates since the first quarter of 2017. Capital Markets benefitted from stabilizing credit spreads since the first quarter of 2016, resulting in higher fixed income trading over the period except in the latter half of 2017 which was impacted by reduced market volatility. The favourable impact of foreign exchange translation due to a generally weaker Canadian dollar over the period was partially offset by the strengthening Canadian dollar during the past two quarters. Insurance revenue was primarily impacted by changes in the fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, which is largely offset in PBCAE and benefitted from the gain on sale of our home and auto insurance manufacturing business in the third quarter of 2016, as noted previously, and the annual favourable actuarial adjustments in the fourth quarter. The credit quality of our portfolios has generally improved over the period. Higher PCL related to our Capital Markets and Canadian Banking businesses was recorded in the first two quarters of 2016, mainly reflecting the impact of the sustained low oil price environment and general economic uncertainty. PCL trended lower in 2017 due to lower provisions and recoveries in our Capital Markets and Canadian Banking portfolios. PBCAE has fluctuated quarterly as it includes the changes to the fair value of investments backing our policyholder liabilities, which is largely offset in revenue. PBCAE has also increased due to business growth, and has been impacted by actuarial liability adjustments and claims costs over the period. While we continue to focus on efficiency management activities, non-interest expense has generally trended upwards over the period, mostly to support business growth and due to the inclusion of City National since the first quarter of 2016. Growth in non-interest expense in 2017 mainly reflects higher variable compensation in Wealth Management and Capital Markets on improved results, and was impacted by higher severance in the third quarter of 2017. Higher costs in support of business growth reflecting ongoing investments in technology, including digital initiatives, and an impairment related to properties held for sale in the first quarter of 2017 also contributed to the increase. The unfavourable impact of foreign exchange translation due to a generally weaker Canadian dollar over the period was partially offset by the strengthening Canadian dollar during the past two quarters. Our effective income tax rate has fluctuated over the period, mostly due to varying levels of income reported in jurisdictions with different tax rates, as well as fluctuating levels of income from tax-advantaged sources. Our effective income tax rate has generally been impacted over the period by higher earnings before income taxes and lower tax-exempt income in 2017. Results excluding the specified item noted previously are non-GAAP measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section. Financial condition Condensed balance sheets The following table shows our condensed balance sheets: (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets (1) Cash and due from banks Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans Retail Wholesale Allowance for loan losses Other – Derivatives – Other (2) Total assets Liabilities (1) Deposits Other – Derivatives – Other (2) Subordinated debentures Total liabilities Equity attributable to shareholders Non-controlling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ Table 43 2017 2016 28,407 32,662 218,379 220,977 385,170 159,606 (2,159) 95,023 74,788 $ 14,929 27,851 236,093 186,302 369,470 154,369 (2,235) 118,944 74,535 $ 1,212,853 $ 1,180,258 $ 789,635 92,127 247,398 9,265 $ 757,589 116,550 224,745 9,762 1,138,425 1,108,646 73,829 599 74,428 71,017 595 71,612 $ 1,212,853 $ 1,180,258 (1) (2) Foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities are translated to Canadian dollars. Other – Other assets and liabilities include Segregated fund net assets and liabilities, respectively. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 47 2017 vs. 2016 Total assets were up $33 billion or 3% from last year. Foreign exchange translation decreased total assets by $33 billion. Cash and due from banks was up $13 billion, mainly due to higher deposits with central banks reflecting our management of liquidity and funding risk. Interest-bearing deposits with banks increased $5 billion or 17%, largely reflecting higher deposits with central banks. Securities were down $18 billion or 8%, largely driven by lower equity trading positions, a decrease in government debt securities reflecting our management of liquidity and funding risk, and the impact of foreign exchange translation. These factors were partially offset by an increase in corporate debt securities in support of business activities. Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements (reverse repos) and securities borrowed increased $35 billion or 19%, mainly attributable to higher client and business activities, partially offset by higher financial netting and the impact of foreign exchange translation. Loans were up $21 billion or 4%, largely due to continued volume growth in residential mortgages in Canada reflecting increased client activities, and higher wholesale loans driven by business growth, partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. Derivative assets were down $24 billion or 20%, mainly attributable to lower fair values on interest rate swaps and the impact of foreign exchange translation, partially offset by lower financial netting on our interest rate swaps. Other assets remained relatively flat. Total liabilities were up $30 billion or 3%. Foreign exchange translation decreased total liabilities by $33 billion. Deposits increased $32 billion or 4%, mainly as a result of increased business and retail deposits driven by higher client activity, growth in issuances of fixed-term notes driven by funding requirements, and higher bank deposits due to increased client activity. These factors were partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. Derivative liabilities were down $24 billion or 21%, mainly attributable to lower fair values on interest rate swaps and the impact of foreign exchange translation, partially offset by lower financial netting on our interest rate swaps. Other liabilities increased $23 billion or 10%, mainly attributable to higher repurchase agreements reflecting business and client activities, partially offset by lower obligations related to securities sold short. Total equity increased $3 billion or 4%, largely reflecting earnings, net of dividends. Off-balance sheet arrangements In the normal course of business, we engage in a variety of financial transactions that, for accounting purposes, are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Off-balance sheet transactions are generally undertaken for risk, capital and funding management purposes which benefit us and our clients. These include transactions with structured entities and may also include the issuance of guarantees. These transactions give rise to, among other risks, varying degrees of market, credit, liquidity and funding risk, which are discussed in the Risk management section. We use structured entities to securitize our financial assets as well as assist our clients in securitizing their financial assets. These entities are not operating entities, typically have no employees, and may or may not be recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. In the normal course of business, we engage in a variety of financial transactions that may qualify for derecognition. We apply the derecognition rules to determine whether we have transferred substantially all the risks and rewards or control associated with the financial assets to a third party. If the transaction meets specific criteria, it may qualify for full or partial derecognition from our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Securitizations of our financial assets We periodically securitize our credit card receivables, residential and commercial mortgage loans and bond participation certificates primarily to diversify our funding sources, enhance our liquidity position and for capital purposes. We also securitize residential and commercial mortgage loans as part of our sales and trading activities. We securitize our credit card receivables, on a revolving basis, through a consolidated structured entity. We securitize single and multiple- family residential mortgages through the National Housing Act Mortgage-Backed Securities (NHA MBS) program. The majority of our securitization activities are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as we do not meet the derecognition criteria. As at October 31, 2017, we derecognized $1.2 billion (October 31, 2016 – $nil) of mortgages where both the NHA and the residual interests in the mortgages were sold to third parties resulting in the transfer of substantially all of the risks and rewards. For further details, refer to Note 6 and Note 7 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. We periodically securitize residential mortgage loans for the Canadian social housing program through the NHA MBS program, which are derecognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheets when sold to third party investors. During 2017, we securitized $13 million of residential mortgage loans for the Canadian social housing program (October 31, 2016 – $nil). We also periodically securitize commercial mortgage loans by selling them in collateral pools, which meet certain diversification, leverage and debt coverage criteria, to structured entities, one of which is sponsored by us. Securitized commercial mortgage loans are derecognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheets as we have transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the securitized assets. During the year ended October 31, 2017, we securitized $407 million of commercial mortgages (October 31, 2016 – $700 million). Our continuing involvement with the transferred assets is limited to servicing certain of the underlying commercial mortgages sold. As at October 31, 2017, there was $1.4 billion of commercial mortgages outstanding that we continue to service related to these securitization activities (October 31, 2016 – $1.3 billion). In prior years, we participated in bond securitization activities where we purchased government, government-related and corporate bonds and repackaged those bonds in trusts that issue participation certificates, which were sold to third party investors. Securitized bonds are derecognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheets as we have transferred substantially all of the risk and rewards of ownership of the securitized assets. Our continuing involvement with the transferred assets is limited to servicing the underlying bonds. As at October 31, 2017, there were $49 million of bond participation certificates outstanding related to these prior period securitization activities (October 31, 2016 – $81 million). Involvement with unconsolidated structured entities In the normal course of business, we engage in a variety of financial transactions with structured entities to support our customers’ financing and investing needs, including securitization of our clients’ financial assets, creation of investment products, and other types of structured financing. We have the ability to use credit mitigation tools such as third party guarantees, credit default swaps, and collateral to mitigate risks assumed through securitization and re-securitization exposures. The process in place to monitor the credit quality of our securitization and re-securitization exposures involves, among other things, reviewing the performance data of the underlying assets. We affirm our ratings each quarter and formally confirm or assign a new rating at least annually. For further details on our activities to manage risks, refer to the Risk management section. 48 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Below is a description of our activities with respect to certain significant unconsolidated structured entities. For a complete discussion of our interests in consolidated and unconsolidated structured entities, refer to Note 7 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. RBC-administered multi-seller conduits We administer multi-seller conduits which are used primarily for the securitization of our clients’ financial assets. Our clients primarily use our multi-seller conduits to diversify their financing sources and to reduce funding costs by leveraging the value of high-quality collateral. The conduits offer us a favourable revenue stream and risk-adjusted return. We provide services such as transaction structuring, administration, backstop liquidity facilities and partial credit enhancements to the multi-seller conduits. Revenue for all such services amounted to $287 million during the year (October 31, 2016 – $252 million). Our total commitment to the conduits in the form of backstop liquidity and credit enhancement facilities is shown below. The total committed amount of these facilities exceeds the total amount of the maximum assets that may have to be purchased by the conduits under the purchase agreements. As a result, the maximum exposure to loss attributable to our backstop liquidity and credit enhancement facilities is less than the total committed amounts of these facilities. Liquidity and credit enhancement facilities Table 44 As at October 31 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Backstop liquidity facilities Credit enhancement facilities Total 2017 2016 Notional of committed amounts (1) Allocable notional amounts Outstanding loans (2) Maximum exposure to loss (3) Notional of committed amounts (1) Allocable notional amounts Outstanding loans (2) Maximum exposure to loss (3) $ $ 38,622 $ 35,981 $ 371 $ 36,352 $ 39,462 $ 36,494 $ 2,270 2,270 – 2,270 2,235 2,235 733 $ 37,227 2,235 – 40,892 $ 38,251 $ 371 $ 38,622 $ 41,697 $ 38,729 $ 733 $ 39,462 (1) (2) (3) Based on total committed financing limit. Net of allowance for loan losses and write-offs. Not presented in the table above are derivative assets with a fair value of $17 million (October 31, 2016 – $11 million) which are a component of our total maximum exposure to loss from our interests in the multi-seller conduits. Refer to Note 7 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for more details. As at October 31, 2017, the notional amount of backstop liquidity facilities we provide decreased by $840 million or 2% from last year. The decrease in the amount of backstop liquidity facilities provided to the multi-seller conduits as compared to last year primarily reflects the impact of foreign exchange translation. The notional amount of partial credit enhancement facilities we provide increased by $35 million from last year. The increase in the credit enhancement facilities reflects increased client usage. Total loans extended to the multi-seller conduits under the backstop liquidity facilities decreased by $362 million from last year primarily due to principal repayments and the impact of foreign exchange translation. Maximum exposure to loss by client type Table 45 As at October 31 (Millions of dollars) Outstanding securitized assets Credit cards Auto loans and leases Student loans Trade receivables Asset-backed securities Equipment receivables Consumer loans Dealer floor plan receivables Fleet finance receivables Insurance premiums Residential mortgages Transportation finance Total Canadian equivalent 2017 2016 (US$) (C$) Total (C$) (US$) (C$) Total (C$) $ $ 4,058 10,597 1,747 2,358 287 1,402 1,267 939 766 134 – 1,346 $ 24,901 $ 32,122 $ $ 510 3,113 – – – – – 852 306 163 1,377 179 6,500 $ 5,745 16,783 2,253 3,042 371 1,809 1,634 2,064 1,294 336 1,377 1,914 $ 5,057 9,489 2,352 2,002 547 1,428 1,470 760 914 – – 1,041 $ 38,622 $ 25,060 6,500 $ 38,622 $ 33,608 $ $ $ 510 2,646 – 51 – – – 903 306 163 1,122 153 5,854 $ 7,292 15,372 3,154 2,736 734 1,915 1,971 1,922 1,532 163 1,122 1,549 $ 39,462 5,854 $ 39,462 Our overall exposure decreased by 2.1% compared to last year, primarily reflecting the impact of foreign exchange translation. Correspondingly, total assets of the multi-seller conduits decreased by $831 million or 2.1% over last year, primarily due to decreases in the Credit Card and Student Loans asset classes, which were partially offset by increases in the Auto loans and leases and Transportation finance asset classes. 100% of multi-seller conduits assets were internally rated A or above, consistent with last year. All transactions funded by the unconsolidated multi-seller conduits are internally rated using a rating system which is largely consistent with that of the external rating agencies. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 49 Multiple independent debt rating agencies review all of the transactions in the multi-seller conduits. Transactions financed in two U.S. multi-seller conduits are reviewed by Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s), Standard & Poor’s (S&P) and Fitch Ratings (Fitch). Transactions in one U.S. multi-seller conduit is reviewed by S&P. Transactions in the Canadian multi-seller conduits are reviewed by DBRS and Moody’s. Each applicable rating agency also reviews ongoing transaction performance on a monthly basis and may publish reports detailing portfolio and program information related to the conduits. As at October 31, 2017, the total asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) issued by the conduits amounted to $24.8 billion, an increase of $44 million or 0.2% from last year. The increase in the amount of ABCP issued by the multi-seller conduits compared to last year is primarily due to an increase in client usage partially offset by foreign exchange translation. The rating agencies that rate the ABCP rated 70% (October 31, 2016 – 67%) of the total amount issued within the top ratings category and the remaining amount in the second highest ratings category. In October 2014, the U.S. federal regulators adopted regulations related to the credit risk retention requirements of Section 15G of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (as added by Section 941 of the Dodd-Frank Act) for asset-backed securities (the Risk Retention Rules). To comply with the Risk Retention Rules, we hold ABCP from RBC administered U.S. multi-seller conduits in an amount equal to at least 5% of the aggregate principal amount of the then outstanding ABCP and any advances under the liquidity loan agreement. As at October 31, 2017, the fair value of the ABCP purchased to comply with the Risk Retention Rules was $1 billion (October 31, 2016 – $670 million). This inventory is classified as Securities – Available-for-sale on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. We also purchase ABCP issued by the multi-seller conduits in our capacity as a placement agent in order to facilitate overall program liquidity. As at October 31, 2017, the fair value of our inventory was $2 million, a decrease of $3 million from last year. The fluctuations in inventory held reflect normal trading activity. This inventory is classified as Securities – Trading on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Structured finance We invest in auction rate securities (ARS) of certain trusts which fund their long-term investments in student loans by issuing short-term senior and subordinated notes. Our maximum exposure to loss in these ARS trusts as at October 31, 2017 was $443 million (October 31, 2016 – $549 million). The decrease in our maximum exposure to loss is primarily related to the impact of foreign exchange translation. Interest income from the ARS investments, which is reported in Net-interest income, was $9.8 million during the year (October 31, 2016 – $6.3 million). We also provide liquidity facilities to certain municipal bond Tender Option Bond (TOB) trusts in which we have an interest but do not consolidate because the residual certificates issued by the TOB trusts are held by third parties. As at October 31, 2017, our maximum exposure to loss from these unconsolidated municipal bond TOB trusts was $1,727 million (October 31, 2016 – $1,640 million). The increase in our maximum exposure to loss relative to last year is primarily due to additional TOB trusts. Fee revenue from the provision of liquidity facilities to these entities, reported in Non-interest income, was $5.1 million during the year (October 31, 2016 – $4.7 million). We provide senior warehouse financing to discrete unaffiliated structured entities that are established by third parties to acquire loans and issue term collateralized loan obligations. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of the term collateralized loan obligations is used to fully repay the senior warehouse financing that we provide. As at October 31, 2017, our maximum exposure to loss associated with the outstanding senior warehouse financing facilities was $263 million (October 31, 2016 – $141 million). The increase in our maximum exposure to loss relative to last year is related to the addition of new financing facilities. We provide senior financing to an unaffiliated structured entity to acquire loans. As at October 31, 2017, our maximum exposure to loss associated with the outstanding senior financing facilities was $1.2 billion (October 31, 2016 – $1.3 billion). Investment funds We invest in hedge funds primarily to provide clients with desired exposures to reference funds. As we make investments in the reference funds, exposures to the funds are simultaneously transferred to clients through derivative transactions. Our maximum exposure to loss in the reference funds is limited to our investments in the funds. As at October 31, 2017, our maximum exposure to loss was $2.9 billion (October 31, 2016 – $2.6 billion). We also provide liquidity facilities to certain third party investment funds. The funds issue unsecured variable-rate preferred shares and invest in portfolios of tax exempt bonds. As at October 31, 2017, our maximum exposure to these funds was $268 million (October 31, 2016 – $764 million). The decrease in our maximum exposure compared to last year is primarily due to unwinds of several third party investment funds. Third-party securitization vehicles We hold interests in certain unconsolidated third-party securitization vehicles, which are structured entities. We, as well as other financial institutions, are obligated to provide funding to these entities up to our maximum commitment level and are exposed to credit losses on the underlying assets after various credit enhancements. As at October 31, 2017, our maximum exposure to loss in these entities was $6.1 billion (October 31, 2016 – $9 billion). The decrease in our maximum exposure to loss compared to last year reflects a reduction in the securitized assets in these entities and the impact of foreign currency translation. Interest and non-interest income earned in respect of these investments was $87 million (October 31, 2016 – $95 million). Guarantees, retail and commercial commitments We provide our clients with guarantees and commitments that expose us to liquidity and funding risks. Our maximum potential amount of future payments in relation to our commitments and guarantee products as at October 31, 2017 amounted to $355.8 billion compared to $339.8 billion last year. The increase compared to last year relates primarily to the business growth in both securities lending indemnifications and other credit-related commitments, partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. Refer to Liquidity and funding risk and Note 25 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for details regarding our guarantees and commitments. 50 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Risk management Overview The ability to manage risk is a core competency at RBC, and is supported by our strong risk conduct and culture, and an effective risk management approach. We define risk as the potential for loss or an undesirable outcome with respect to volatility of actual earnings in relation to expected earnings, capital adequacy or liquidity. Organizational design and governance processes ensure that our Group Risk Management (GRM) function is independent from the businesses it supports. We manage our risks by ensuring that business activities and transactions provide an appropriate balance of return for the risks assumed and remain within our risk appetite, which is collectively managed across RBC, through adherence to our Enterprise Risk Appetite Framework. Our major risk categories include credit, market, liquidity, insurance, operational, regulatory compliance, strategic, reputation, legal and regulatory environment, competitive, and systemic risks. Build shareholder value through leadership in strategic management risk Mission Statement Objectives Identify, assess and measure our exposure to material individual, aggregate and emerging risks Ensure all risk taking activities and risk exposures are within the board-approved Risk Appetite, risk limits and corresponding capital and liquidity needs Maintain and ensure continued enhancement of the Enterprise Risk Management Framework Provide independent and objective oversight of the management of risks arising from our businesses and operations and, when necessary, challenging decisions that give rise to material risks Maintain an effective enterprise-wide risk management process Ensure the continuous improvement in risk management processes, tools and practices Risk Priorities Enable growth while ensuring top and emerging risks remain within risk appetite Increase GRM’s efficiency and effectiveness as well as enhance controls Maintain focus on talent management, diversity and employee engagement Manage regulatory risks and environment and associated compliance risks Enhance the operational risk function within GRM Risk Management Principles Effectively balancing risk and reward is essential for our success Responsibility for risk management is shared Business decisions must be based on an understanding of risk Avoid activities that are not consistent with our Purpose, Vision, Values, Code of Conduct or policies Proper focus on the client reduces our risks Use judgment and common sense Be operationally prepared for a potential crisis 2017 Accomplishments Throughout 2017, we have: • • • • • • • Enabled growth while ensuring top and emerging risks remained within our risk appetite; Maintained strong credit quality with total PCL ratio of 21 bps and GIL ratio of 46 bps, down 8 bps and 27 bps from last year, respectively; Maintained strong capital and liquidity ratios, well above regulatory requirements; Avoided major operational risk events; Enhanced stress testing capabilities and risk analysis frameworks; Continued to strengthen our risk conduct and culture practices; and Expanded our risk organization for the U.S. region. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 51 Risk pyramid Our risk pyramid identifies and categorizes our principal risks and provides a common language and discipline for the identification and assessment of risk in existing businesses, new businesses, products or initiatives, and acquisitions and alliances. It is maintained by GRM and reviewed regularly to ensure all key risks are reflected and ranked appropriately. The placement of the principal risks within the risk pyramid is a function of two primary criteria: risk drivers and level of control and influence. 1 MACROECONOMIC 2 STRATEGIC L E S S SYSTEMIC LEGAL & REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT COMPETITIVE C o n t r o l & I n f l u e n c e STRATEGIC REPUTATION 3 EXECUTION OPERATIONAL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE M O R E 4 TRANSACTIONAL / POSITIONAL CREDIT MARKET LIQUIDITY INSURANCE Risk Drivers Risk drivers are key factors that would have a strong influence on whether or not one or more of our risks will materialize, which include the following: 2. 1. Macroeconomic: Adverse changes in the macroeconomic environment can lead to a partial or total collapse of the real economy or the financial system in any of the regions in which we operate. Examples include deterioration in the Canadian housing market, abrupt changes in the geopolitical environment, or a severe economic slowdown in China. Resultant impacts can materialize as loss of revenue, as well as realization of credit, market or operational risk losses. Strategic: Business strategy is a major driver of our risk appetite and the strategic choices and capital allocations we make determine how our risk profile changes. Examples include acquisitions, responding to the threats posed by non-traditional competitors and responding to proposed changes in the regulatory framework. These choices also impact our revenue mix, affecting our exposure to earnings volatility and loss absorption capacity. Execution: The complexity and scope of our operations across the globe exposes us to operational and regulatory compliance risks, including fraud, anti-money laundering, cybersecurity and conduct/fiduciary risk. Transactional/Positional: This driver of risk presents a more traditional risk perspective. This involves the risk of credit or market losses arising from the lending transactions and balance sheet positions we undertake every day. 4. 3. Control and Influence The risk categories are organized vertically from the top of the pyramid to its base according to the relative degree of control and influence we are considered to have over each risk. The risk categories along the base level of our risk pyramid are those over which we have the greatest level of control and influence. We understand these risks and earn revenue by taking them. These are credit, market, liquidity and insurance risks. Operational risk and regulatory compliance risk, while still viewed as risks over which we have a greater level of control and influence, are ranked higher on the pyramid than the other more controllable risks. This ranking acknowledges the level of controllability associated with people, systems and external events. Systemic risk is placed at the top of our risk pyramid, and is generally considered the least controllable type of risk arising from the business environment in which we operate. However, we have in place measures for mitigating the impacts of systemic risk such as our diversified business model and funding sources, financial crisis management strategies and protocols, stress testing programs, and product and geographic diversification. Legal and regulatory environment and competitive risks, which can be viewed as somewhat controllable, can be influenced through our role as a corporate entity, and as an active participant in the Canadian and global financial services industry. 52 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Top and emerging risks Our view of risks is not static. An important component of our enterprise risk management approach is to ensure that continuously evolving top risks and emerging risks are appropriately identified, managed, and incorporated into existing risk management assessment, measurement, monitoring and escalation processes. These practices ensure management is forward-looking in its assessment of risks to the organization. Identification of top and emerging risks occurs in the course of business development and as part of the execution of risk oversight responsibilities by GRM, Finance, Corporate Treasury, Global Compliance and other control functions. A top risk is an identified risk that could have a material adverse effect on our financial results, reputation, business model, or strategy in the short to medium term. Top Risks Description Global Uncertainty Canadian Housing and Household Indebtedness Information Technology and Cyber Risks Global uncertainty remained a key risk during 2017. The U.S. administration continues to advocate policy changes related to trade, financial regulation and taxation, which add to overall global uncertainty and volatility. The Canadian economy faces additional risks from the uncertain outcome of negotiations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and from the U.S. government’s posture on financial regulation and tax reform. Concerns remain around the social, political and economic impacts of the changing political landscape in Europe, especially the impact of mass immigration, Brexit negotiations, and the Catalan referendum. Concerns over a possible economic slowdown in China have increased in light of mixed economic data. Global tensions have also increased due to North Korea’s military activities. The housing market is a top concern for the Canadian financial system. Housing prices remain elevated in the Greater Toronto Area and Greater Vancouver Area and affordability remains stretched. We are actively monitoring the impact of recent Government of Ontario measures implemented in an attempt to help cool the housing market. As the BoC embarks on a path of gradual rate tightening, the rising interest rate environment adds an additional level of uncertainty since elevated household indebtedness is a key risk. Increasing indebtedness could have material negative credit quality implications for our consumer lending portfolios, including residential mortgages, credit lines, indirect lending, credit cards, automotive lending and other personal loans. Information technology and cyber risks continue to be key risks, not only for the financial services sector, but for other industries in Canada and around the globe. The volume and sophistication of cyber-attacks continue to increase and could result in business interruptions, service disruptions, theft of intellectual property and confidential information, litigation and reputational damage. We continue to develop advancements in cyber defence capabilities in an effort to support our business model, protect our systems and enhance the experience of our clients on a global basis by employing industry best practices and collaborating with peers and experts to provide our customers with confidence in their financial transactions. The adoption of emerging technologies, such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence and robotics, call for continued focus and investment to manage our risks effectively. Regulatory Changes We operate in multiple jurisdictions, and the continued expansion of the breadth and depth of regulations may lead to declining profitability and slower response to market needs. Financial reforms coming on stream in multiple jurisdictions may have material impacts on our businesses and could affect their strategies. An emerging risk is one that could materially impact our financial results, reputation, business model, or strategy, but is not well understood and has not yet materialized. We are actively monitoring our emerging risks, which include the following: • • • • Technological innovation and non-traditional competitors; Global environmental policy and climate change; Changes in consumer behavior; End of quantitative easing and the implication for global liquidity. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 53 Enterprise risk management Under the oversight of the Board of Directors and senior management, the Enterprise Risk Management Framework provides an overview of our enterprise-wide programs for managing risk, including identifying, assessing, measuring, controlling, monitoring and reporting on the significant risks that face the organization. While our risk appetite encompasses “what” risks we are able and willing to take, our risk conduct and culture articulates “how” we expect to take those risks. Risk governance The risk governance model is well-established. The Board of Directors oversees the implementation of our risk management framework, while employees at all levels of the organization are responsible for managing the day-to-day risks that arise in the context of their mandate. As shown below, we use the three lines of defence governance model to manage risks across the enterprise. BOARD OF DIRECTORS RISK COMMITTEE AUDIT COMMITTEE GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE HUMAN RESOURCES COMMITTEE • • • • • The Board of Directors (the Board) establishes the tone from above, approves our risk appetite, provides oversight and carries out its risk management mandate primarily through its committees which include the Risk Committee, the Audit Committee, the Governance Committee and the Human Resources Committee. The purpose of the Risk Committee is to oversee our risk management program by ensuring that the policies, procedures and controls used by management are sufficient to keep risks within our risk appetite. The Risk Committee’s oversight role is designed to ensure that the risk management function is adequately independent from the businesses whose activities it reviews. Its oversight activities include evaluating GRM’s success against its key priorities, reviewing the mandate of the GCRO, the GRM organizational structure, and the function’s budget and resources. The Audit Committee assists the Board in its oversight of (i) the integrity of our financial statements; (ii) the qualifications, performance and independence of our external auditors; (iii) the performance of our internal audit function and internal controls; and (iv) compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The Governance Committee recommends individuals for Board member election or re-election, oversees the process for evaluating Board members, and serves as our conduct review committee. Additional responsibilities include (i) developing and recommending governance frameworks, principles and policies to the Board; (ii) overseeing corporate citizenship matters; (iii) monitoring developments in corporate governance and adapting best practices; and (iv) reviewing shareholder proposals and recommending responses to the Board. The Human Resources Committee assists the Board in its oversight of compensation policies and programs, compensation for the CEO and Group Executives, as well as compensation risk management. It also oversees our pension plans, key talent management strategies and practices, and management succession plans. GROUP EXECUTIVES AND GROUP RISK COMMITTEE • Actively shape enterprise risk appetite and recommend it for Board of Directors approval • Establish the tone from above and visibly support and communicate enterprise risk appetite, ensuring that sufficient resources and expertise are in place to help provide effective oversight of adherence to the enterprise risk appetite Ensure alignment of strategic planning, financial planning, capital planning and risk appetite • • Via the Compensation Risk Management Oversight Committee, oversees the design of major compensation programs to ensure alignment with sound risk management principles and that risks that may not be fully captured in our current financial performance are appropriately considered in variable compensation payouts, including enterprise risk profile relative to risk appetite FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE RISK OWNERS RISK OVERSIGHT INDEPENDENT ASSURANCE • • Business and Support Functions embedded in the business Accountable for: – Identification – Assessment – Mitigation – Monitoring and – Reporting of risk against approved policies and appetite • • Establishes risk management practices and provides risk guidance Provides oversight of the effectiveness of First Line risk management practices • Monitors and independently reports on the level of risk against established appetite RISK MANAGEMENT GLOBAL COMPLIANCE • • Internal and External Audit Independent assurance to management and the Board of Directors on the effectiveness of risk management practices Risk appetite Our risk appetite is the amount and type of risk that we are able and willing to accept in the pursuit of our business objectives. The goal in managing risk is to protect us from an unacceptable loss or an undesirable outcome with respect to earnings volatility, capital adequacy or liquidity, while supporting and enabling our overall business strategy. Our approach to articulating our risk appetite is focused around three key concepts: 1. The amount of “earnings at risk” that is determined to be acceptable over an economic cycle and including periods of moderate stress, using an expected future loss lens and considering potential revenue and expense contributions to earnings volatility; The amount of “capital at risk” that is determined to be acceptable under severe and very severe stress, using an unexpected future loss lens; and Ensuring adequate liquidity in times of stress. 2. 3. 54 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis • • Our Enterprise Risk Appetite Framework has several major components as follows: Define our risk capacity by identifying regulatory constraints that restrict our ability to accept risk. Establish and regularly confirm our risk appetite, comprised of strategic drivers and self-imposed constraints that define the maximum amount of risk we are willing to accept given our financial strength, corporate objectives and business strategies. Set risk limits and tolerances for management to ensure that risk-taking activities are within our risk appetite. Regularly measure and evaluate our risk profile, representing the risks we are exposed to, relative to our risk appetite, and ensure appropriate action is taken to prevent our risk profile from surpassing our risk appetite. Assess our risk posture to confirm whether our strategic priorities entail taking on more risk over a one-year time frame, using a scale of contracting, stable or expanding. • • • Risk Capacity Risk Appetite Risk Limits and Tolerances Risk Profile Risk Posture We are in the business of taking risk; however, we balance the risk-reward trade-off to ensure the long-term viability of the organization by remaining within our risk appetite. Our risk appetite is articulated in several complementary qualitative and quantitative risk appetite statements. Qualitative Statements Quantitative Statements Risk Appetite Statements • • • • • • Undertake only risks we understand. Make thoughtful and future-focused risk decisions. Make decisions that balance risk with sustainable and stable business growth. Maintain a healthy control environment to protect our stakeholders and meet regulatory and legal requirements. Avoid activities that compromise our Purpose, Vision, Values, Goals and Code of Conduct. Never compromise our reputation and the trust of our clients for profits. Maintain financial resilience and operational readiness for extreme events, to protect our stakeholders, financial markets and the broader economy. • • • • • • • Manage exposure to future losses and volatility of earnings. Avoid excessive concentrations of risk. Maintain low exposure to future losses under periods of stress. Ensure sound management of liquidity and funding risk. Ensure sound management of regulatory compliance risk and operational risk. Ensure capital adequacy by maintaining capital ratios in excess of rating agency and regulatory expectations. Maintain strong credit ratings and risk profile in the top half of our peer group. Our risk appetite statements are structured in such a way that they can be applied at the enterprise, business segment, business unit and legal entity levels. Risk appetite is aligned with our business strategies, capital, financial and funding plans. We also ensure that the business strategy aligns with the enterprise and business segment level risk appetite. Risk measurement Our ability to measure risks is a key component of our enterprise-wide risk and capital management processes. Certain measurement methodologies are common to a number of risk types, while others only apply to a single risk type. While quantitative risk measurement is important, we also place reliance on qualitative factors. For those risk types that are difficult to quantify, we place greater emphasis on qualitative risk factors and assessment of activities to gauge the overall level of risk to ensure that they are within our risk appetite. In addition, judgmental risk measures are developed, and techniques such as stress testing, and scenario and sensitivity analyses can also be used to assess and measure risks. Our primary methods for measuring risk include: • Quantifying expected loss which is used to assess earnings at risk and is a representation of losses that are statistically expected to occur in the normal course of business in a given time period; Quantifying unexpected loss which is used to assess capital at risk under stressed conditions and is a statistical estimate of the amount by which actual earnings depart from the expected, over a specified time horizon; Stress testing which examines potential impacts arising from exceptional but plausible events; and Backtesting which is performed on a quarterly basis by comparing the realized values to the parameter estimates that are currently used to ensure the parameters remain appropriate for regulatory and economic capital calculations. • • • Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 55 Risk control Our enterprise-wide risk management approach is supported by a comprehensive set of risk controls. These risk controls are defined in our Enterprise Risk Management and Risk-Specific Frameworks, which lay the foundation for the development and communication of policies, establishment of formal risk review and approval processes, and the establishment of delegated authorities and limits. The implementation of robust risk controls enables the optimization of risk and return on both a portfolio and a transactional basis. Enterprise Risk Policy Architecture Enterprise Risk Management Framework RBC Code of Conduct Enterprise Risk Conduct and Culture Framework Enterprise Risk Appetite Framework Credit Risk Management Framework Market Risk Management Framework Operational Risk Management Framework Information Technology Risk Management Framework Reputation Risk Management Framework Regulatory Compliance Management Framework Insurance Risk Management Framework Capital Management Framework Liquidity Risk Management Framework Risk Data Aggregation and Risk Reporting Framework Supporting Risk-Specific Enterprise-Wide Policies (examples) Credit Risk Mitigation Policy Management of Market Risk Standing Order Fraud Risk Framework Information Security Policy Fiduciary Risk Policy Privacy Policy Insurance Risk Mitigation Policy Dividend Policy Liquidity Risk Policy Risk Data Roles and Responsibilities Policy Enterprise-Wide Policies for Multiple Risk Types (e.g., Product Risk Review and Approval Policy; Risk Limits Policy; Stress-Testing Policy) Segment or Region Specific Risk Policy and Procedures The approval hierarchy for risk frameworks and policy documents: Board of Directors or Board Committees Senior Management Committees (e.g., Policy Review Committee, Asset Liability Committee) for most policies. Board or Board Committee approval is required in some instances (e.g., RBC Code of Conduct, Dividend Policy) Generally within businesses or Corporate support Committees. Group Risk Management approval required if there are significant risk implications Risk review and approval processes Risk review and approval processes are established by GRM based on the nature, size and complexity of the risk involved. In general, the risk review and approval process involves a formal review and approval by an individual, group or committee that is independent from the originator. The approval responsibilities are governed by delegated authorities based on the following categories: transactions, structured credit, projects and initiatives, and new products and services. Authorities and limits The Risk Committee of the Board of Directors delegates credit, market and insurance risk authorities to the President & Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Group Credit Risk Officer (GCRO). The delegated authorities allow these officers to approve single name, geographic (country and region) and industry sector exposures within defined parameters to manage concentration risk, establish underwriting and inventory limits for trading and investment banking activities and set market risk tolerances. The Board of Directors also delegates liquidity risk authorities to the President & CEO, Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and GCRO. These limits act as a key risk control designed to ensure that reliable and cost-effective sources of cash or its equivalent are available to satisfy our current and prospective commitments. Reporting Enterprise and business segment level risk monitoring and reporting are critical components of our enterprise risk management program and support the ability of senior management and the Board of Directors to effectively perform their risk management and oversight responsibilities. In addition, we publish a number of external reports on risk matters to comply with regulatory requirements. On a quarterly basis, we provide to senior management and the Board of Directors the Enterprise Risk Report which includes a comprehensive review of our risk profile relative to our risk appetite, concentrations and limit usage, stress testing results, portfolio quality and focuses on the range of risks we face along with an analysis of the related issues and trends. On an annual basis, we provide a benchmarking review which compares our performance to peers across a variety of risk metrics and includes a composite risk scorecard providing an objective measure of our ranking relative to the peer group. In addition to our regular risk monitoring, other risk specific presentations are provided to and discussed with senior management and the Board of Directors on top and emerging risks or changes in our risk profile. Stress testing Stress testing examines potential impacts arising from exceptional but plausible adverse events, and is an important component of our risk management framework. Stress testing results are used in: • • Monitoring our risk profile relative to our risk appetite in terms of earnings and capital at risk; Setting limits; 56 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis • • • Identifying key risks to and potential shifts in our capital and liquidity levels, and our financial position; Enhancing our understanding of available mitigating actions in response to adverse events; and Assessing the adequacy of our target capital and liquidity levels. Our enterprise-wide stress tests evaluate key balance sheet, income statement, leverage, capital, and liquidity impacts arising from risk exposures and changes in earnings. The results are used by the Group Risk Committee (GRC), the Board of Directors and senior management risk committees to understand our performance drivers under stress, and review stressed capital, leverage, and liquidity ratios against regulatory thresholds and internal targets. The results are also incorporated into our Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP) and capital plan analyses. We annually evaluate a number of enterprise-wide stress scenarios over a multi-year horizon, featuring a range of severities. Our Board of Directors reviews the recommended scenarios, and GRM leads the scenario assessment process. Results from across the organization are integrated to develop an enterprise-wide view of the impacts, with input from subject matter experts in GRM, Corporate Treasury, Finance, and Economics. Recent scenarios evaluated include global recessions, protectionism, isolationism, and real estate price corrections, as well as credit spread and commodity shocks. Ongoing stress testing and scenario analyses within specific risk types such as market risk, liquidity risk, structural interest rate risk, retail and wholesale credit risk, operational risk, and insurance risk supplement and support our enterprise-wide analyses. Results from these risk- specific programs are used in a variety of decision-making processes including risk limit setting, portfolio composition evaluation, risk appetite articulation, and business strategy implementation. In addition to ongoing enterprise-wide and risk specific stress testing programs, we also use ad hoc and reverse stress testing to deepen our knowledge of the risks we face. Ad hoc stress tests are one-off analyses used to investigate developing conditions or stress a particular portfolio in more depth. Reverse stress tests, starting with a severe outcome and aiming to reverse-engineer scenarios that might lead to it, are used in risk identification and understanding of risk/return boundaries. In addition to internal stress tests, we participate in a number of regulator-required stress test exercises, on a periodic basis, across several jurisdictions. Risk conduct and culture We define our risk conduct and culture as a shared set of behavioural norms that sustain our core values and enables us to proactively identify, understand and act upon our risks, thereby protecting our clients, safeguarding our shareholders’ value, and supporting the integrity, soundness and resilience of financial markets. Risk behaviour expectations are in place and articulated through: • • • • • • • Our Values; Code of Conduct; Risk management principles; Risk appetite statements; Regulatory conduct rules, practices and policies; Performance management processes; and The Risk Conduct and Culture Framework. We align with the Financial Stability Board’s four fundamental Risk Culture practices. Our Risk Culture practices include: • • • • Tone from above; Accountability; Effective challenge; and Incentives and performance management. These practices are largely grounded in our existing risk management and human resource disciplines and protocols, and, when combined with the elements of effective leadership and values, provide a base from which the resulting risk conduct and culture can be assessed, monitored, sustained and subject to ongoing enhancement. We hold ourselves to the highest standards of conduct to build the trust of our clients, investors, colleagues and community. The desired outcomes from effective risk conduct and culture practices align with our values and support our risk appetite statements: Practices Tone from above Accountability Effective challenge Incentives and performance management Support desired outcomes Our products and services are suitable for our clients to protect their interests Our reputation aligns with our Values Our Standard of Market Practice safeguards the effectiveness and fairness of the market We avoid misconduct The shaded text along with the tables specifically marked with an asterisk (*) in the following sections of the MD&A represent our disclosures on credit, market and liquidity and funding risks in accordance with IFRS 7, Financial Instruments: Disclosures, and include discussion on how we measure our risks and the objectives, policies and methodologies for managing these risks. Therefore, these shaded text and marked tables represent an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 57 Transactional/positional risk drivers Credit risk Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with an obligor’s potential inability or unwillingness to fulfill its contractual obligations on a timely basis. Credit risk may arise directly from the risk of default of a primary obligor (e.g., issuer, debtor, counterparty, borrower or policyholder), or indirectly from a secondary obligor (e.g., guarantor or reinsurer). Credit risk includes counterparty credit risk from both trading and non-trading activities. The responsibility for managing credit risk is shared broadly following the three lines of defence governance model. The Board of Directors, through its Risk Committee, delegates credit risk approval authorities to the President & CEO and GCRO. Credit transactions in excess of these authorities must be approved by the Risk Committee. To facilitate day-to-day business operations, the GCRO has been empowered to further delegate credit risk approval authorities to individuals within GRM, the business segments, and Corporate Support as necessary. We balance our risk and return by setting the following objectives for the management of credit risk: • • • • • • • • Ensuring credit quality is not compromised for growth; Mitigating credit risks in transactions, relationships and portfolios; Using RBC’s credit risk rating and scoring systems or other approved credit risk assessment or rating methodologies, policies and tools; Pricing appropriately for the credit risk taken; Detecting and preventing inappropriate credit risk through effective systems and controls; Applying consistent credit risk exposure measurements; Ongoing credit risk monitoring and administration; Transferring credit risk to third parties where appropriate through approved credit risk mitigation techniques (e.g., sale, hedging, insurance, securitization); and Avoiding activities that are inconsistent with RBC’s Values, Code of Conduct or policies. • We maintain a Credit Risk Framework and supporting policies that are designed to clearly define roles and responsibilities, acceptable practices, limits and key controls. The Credit Risk Framework describes the principles, methodologies, systems, roles and responsibilities, reports and controls that exist for managing credit risk within RBC. Credit risk measurement We quantify credit risk, at both the individual obligor and portfolio levels, to manage expected credit losses in order to limit earnings volatility and minimize unexpected losses. We employ a variety of risk measurement methodologies to measure and quantify credit risk for our wholesale and retail credit portfolios. The wholesale portfolio is comprised of businesses, sovereigns, public sector entities, banks and other financial institutions, as well as certain individuals and small businesses. The retail portfolio is comprised of residential mortgages, personal loans, credit cards, and small business loans. Our credit risk rating systems are designed to assess and quantify the risk inherent in credit activities in an accurate and consistent manner. The resulting ratings and scores are then used for both client- and transaction-level risk decision making and as key inputs for our risk measurement and capital calculations. Measurement of regulatory and economic capital In measuring credit risk to determine regulatory capital, two principal approaches are available: Internal Ratings Based Approach (IRB) and Standardized Approach. Most of our credit risk exposure is measured under the IRB. Under the Standardized Approach, used primarily for our Caribbean banking operations and City National, risk weights prescribed by the OSFI are used to calculate risk-weighted assets (RWA) for credit risk exposure. Economic capital, which is our internal quantification of risks, is used for performance measurement, limit setting and internal capital adequacy. The key parameters that form the basis of our credit risk measures for both regulatory and economic capital are: • Probability of default (PD): An estimated percentage that represents the likelihood of default within a given time period of an obligor for a specific rating grade or for a particular pool of exposure. Exposure at default (EAD): An amount expected to be owed by an obligor at the time of default. Loss given default (LGD): An estimated percentage of EAD that is not expected to be recovered during the collections and recovery process. • • These parameters are determined based primarily on historical experience from internal credit risk rating systems in accordance with supervisory standards, and are independently validated and updated on a regular basis. Each credit facility is assigned an LGD rate that is largely driven by factors that impact the extent of losses anticipated in the event the obligor defaults. These factors mainly include seniority of debt, collateral security, and the industry sector in which the obligor operates. Estimated LGD rates draw primarily on internal loss experience. Where we have limited internal loss data, we also refer to appropriate external data to supplement the estimation process. LGD rates are estimated to reflect conditions that might be expected to prevail in a period of an economic downturn, with additional conservatism added to reflect data limitations and statistical uncertainties identified in the estimation process. EAD is estimated based on the current exposure to the obligor and the possible future changes in that exposure driven by factors such as the nature of the credit commitment. As with LGD, rates are estimated to reflect an economic downturn, with added conservatism to reflect data and statistical uncertainties identified in the modelling process. Estimates of PD, LGD and EAD are updated, and then validated and back-tested by an independent validation team within the bank, on an annual basis. In addition, quarterly monitoring and back-testing is performed by the estimation team. These ratings and risk measurements are used to determine our expected losses as well as economic and regulatory capital, setting of risk limits, portfolio management and product pricing. 58 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Gross credit risk exposure Gross credit risk exposure is calculated based on the definitions provided under the Basel III framework. Under this method, EAD is calculated before taking into account any collateral and is inclusive of an estimate of potential future changes to that credit exposure. Gross credit risk is categorized into either lending-related and other, or trading-related. Lending-related and other includes: • Loans and acceptances outstanding, undrawn commitments, and other exposures, including contingent liabilities such as letters of credit and guarantees, available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities and deposits with financial institutions. Undrawn commitments represent an estimate of the contractual amount that may be drawn upon at the time of default of an obligor. Trading-related credit includes: • Repo-style transactions, which include repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements and securities lending and borrowing transactions. For repo-style transactions, gross exposure represents the amount at which securities were initially financed, before taking into account collateral. Derivative amounts which represent the credit equivalent amount, defined by OSFI as the replacement cost plus an add-on amount for potential future credit exposure. • Credit risk assessment Wholesale credit risk The wholesale credit risk rating system is designed to measure the credit risk inherent in our wholesale credit activities. Each obligor is assigned a borrower risk rating (BRR), reflecting an assessment of the credit quality of the obligor. Each BRR has a PD calibrated against it. The BRR differentiates the riskiness of obligors and represents our evaluation of the obligor’s ability and willingness to meet its contractual obligations on time over a three year time horizon. The assignment of BRRs is based on the evaluation of the obligor’s business risk and financial risk and is based on fundamental credit analysis. The determination of the PD associated with each BRR relies primarily on internal default history since the early 2000s. PD estimates are designed to be a conservative reflection of our experience across the economic cycle including periods of economic downturn. Our rating system is designed to stratify obligors into 22 grades. The following table aligns the relative rankings of our 22-grade internal risk ratings with the ratings used by S&P and Moody’s. Internal ratings map* Ratings PD Bands 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0.009% 0.013% 0.025% 0.028% 0.045% 0.066% 0.086% 0.168% 0.205% 0.268% 0.434% 0.702% 1.135% 2.288% 3.701% 5.985% 9.680% 12.556% 20.306% 32.840% 100% 100% BRR 1+ 1H 1M 1L 2+H 2+M 2+L 2H 2M 2L 2-H 2-M 2-L 3+H 3+M 3+L 3H 3M 3L 4 5 6 S&P AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- BB+ BB BB- B+ B B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC Table 46 Moody’s Description Aaa Aa1 Aa2 Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa2 Caa3 Ca Investment Grade Non-investment Grade C Bankruptcy C Bankruptcy Impaired * This table represents an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Counterparty credit risk Counterparty credit risk is the risk that a party with whom the bank has entered into a financial or non-financial contract will fail to fulfill its contractual agreement and default on the obligation. It is measured not only by its current value, but also by how this value can move as market conditions change. Counterparty credit risk usually occurs in trading-related derivative and repo-style transactions. Derivative transactions include financial (e.g., forwards, futures, swaps and options) and non-financial (e.g., precious metal and commodities) derivatives. For further details on our derivative instruments and credit risk mitigation, refer to Note 8 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Wrong-way risk Wrong-way risk is the risk that exposure to a counterparty or obligor is adversely correlated with the credit quality of that counterparty. There are two types of wrong-way risk: • Specific Wrong-Way Risk, which exists when our exposure to a particular counterparty is positively and highly correlated with the probability of default of the counterparty due to the nature of our transactions with them (e.g., loan collateralized by shares or debt issued by the counterparty or a related party); and Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 59 • General Wrong-Way Risk, which exists when there is a positive correlation between the probability of default of counterparties and general macroeconomic or market factors. This typically occurs with derivatives (e.g., the size of the exposure increases) or with collateralized transactions (e.g., the value of the collateral declines). Retail credit risk Credit scoring is the primary risk rating system for assessing obligor and transaction risk for retail exposures. Scoring models use internal and external data to assess and “score” borrowers, predict future performance and manage limits for existing loans and collection activities. Credit scores are one of the factors employed in the acquisition of new clients and management of existing clients. The credit score of the borrower is used to assess the predicted risk and revenue for each independent acquisition or account management action, leading to an automated decision or guidance for an adjudicator. Credit scoring improves credit decision quality, adjudication timeframes, consistency in the credit decision process and facilitates risk-based pricing. Our retail risk rating system is two-dimensional, whereby assessment of internal ratings is based both on PD, which is a borrower risk dimension, and on LGD, which is a facility-specific risk dimension. The following table maps PD bands to various risk levels: Internal ratings map* Table 47 PD bands 0.000% – 1.718% 1.719% – 6.430% 6.431% – 99.99% 100% Description Low risk Medium risk High risk Impaired/Default * This table represents an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Credit risk mitigation Credit risk mitigation policies are an integral component of our Credit Risk Framework and set out the minimum requirements for the mitigation of credit risk. Structuring of transactions Specific credit policies and procedures set out the requirements for structuring transactions. Risk mitigants include the use of guarantees, collateral, seniority, loan-to-value requirements and covenants. Product-specific guidelines set out appropriate product structuring as well as client and guarantor criteria. Collateral We often require obligors to pledge collateral as security when we advance credit. The extent of risk mitigation provided by collateral depends on the amount, type and quality of the collateral taken. Specific requirements relating to collateral valuation and management are set out in our credit risk management policies. The types of collateral used to secure credit or trading facilities within the bank are varied. For example, the majority of our securities financing and over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives activities are secured by cash and liquid government securities such as Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) securities. Wholesale lending is often secured by pledges of the assets of a business, such as accounts receivable, inventory, operating assets and commercial real estate. In our Canadian Banking business and Wealth Management segment, collateral typically consists of a pledge over a real estate property, or a portfolio of debt securities and equities trading on a recognized exchange. • We employ a risk-based approach to property valuation. Property valuation methods include automated valuation models (AVM) and appraisals. An AVM is a tool that estimates the value of a property by reference to market data including sales of comparable properties and price trends specific to the Metropolitan Statistical Area in which the property being valued is located. Using a risk-based approach, we also employ appraisals which can include drive-by or full on-site appraisals. • We continue to actively manage our entire mortgage portfolio and perform stress testing, based on a combination of increasing unemployment, rising interest rates and a downturn in real estate markets. • We are compliant with regulatory requirements that govern residential mortgage underwriting practices, including loan-to-value parameters and property valuation requirements. Credit risk approval The Board of Directors and its committees, the Group Executive (GE), the GRC and other senior management risk committees work together to ensure a Credit Risk Framework and supporting policies, processes and procedures exist to manage credit risk and approve related credit risk limits. Reports are distributed to the Board of Directors, the GRC, and senior executives to keep them informed of our risk profile, including trending information and significant credit risk issues and shifts in exposures to ensure appropriate actions can be taken where necessary. Our enterprise-wide credit risk policies set out the minimum requirements for the management of credit risk in a variety of borrower, transactional and portfolio management contexts. Product approval • Proposals for credit products and services are comprehensively reviewed and approved under a risk assessment framework. New, amended and existing products must be reviewed relative to all risks in our risk pyramid, including credit risk. All products must be reviewed on a periodic basis, with high risk products being reviewed more frequently. Credit limits • Concentration risk is defined as the risk arising from large exposures to borrowers aggregated under one or more single names, industry sectors, countries or credit products within a portfolio that are highly correlated such that their ability to meet contractual obligations could be similarly affected by changes in economic, political or other risk drivers. 60 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis • We manage credit exposures and limits to ensure alignment with our risk appetite, to maintain our target business mix and to ensure • that there is no undue risk concentration. Credit concentration limits are reviewed on a regular basis after taking into account business, economic, financial and regulatory environments. Credit limits are established at the following levels: single name limits (notional and economic capital), underwriting risk limits, leveraged lending limits, geographic (country and region) limits (notional and economic capital), industry sector limits (notional and economic capital), and product and portfolio limits, where deemed necessary. Credit risk administration Credit provisioning and allowances We maintain an Allowance for Credit Losses at an appropriate level to cover identified credit losses in the portfolio as well as losses for loans not yet identified as impaired. In determining the appropriate level of Allowance for Credit Losses, we utilize both quantitative and qualitative assessments using current and historical credit information in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39). Loan forbearance In our overall management of borrower relationships, economic or legal reasons may necessitate forbearance to certain clients with respect to the original terms and conditions of their loans. We have specialized groups and formalized policies that direct the management of delinquent or defaulted borrowers. We strive to identify borrowers in financial difficulty early and modify their loan terms in order to maximize collection and to avoid foreclosure, repossession, or other legal remedies. In these circumstances, a borrower may be granted concessions that would not otherwise be considered. Examples of such concessions to retail borrowers may include rate reduction, principal forgiveness, and term extensions. Concessions to wholesale borrowers may include restructuring the agreements, modifying the original terms of the agreement and/ or relaxation of covenants. For both retail and wholesale loans, the appropriate remediation techniques are based on the individual borrower’s situation, RBC’s policy and the customer’s willingness and capacity to meet the new arrangement. Gross credit risk exposure by portfolio, sector and geography* Table 48 October 31 2017 October 31 2016 As at Lending-related and other Trading-related Lending-related and other Trading-related Loans and acceptances Loans and acceptances (Millions of Canadian dollars) Outstanding Undrawn commitments (1) Repo-style Total Other (2) transactions Derivatives (3) exposure (4) Outstanding Undrawn commitments (1) Repo-style Other (2) transactions Derivatives (3) Total exposure (4) By portfolio Residential mortgages $ 270,348 Personal 92,294 Credit cards 18,035 Small business (5) 4,493 $ 818 $ 88,120 21,826 6,888 Retail $ 385,170 $ 117,652 $ $ 7,380 8,248 11,387 $ 1,338 $ 6,026 8,872 269 $ 176 – 6 451 $ 78 $ 376 605 10,322 14,867 2,062 635 4,602 929 7,533 3,816 1,810 3,689 425 85 1,800 566 447 1,027 6,743 5,614 6,556 911 6,998 8,803 5,581 1,113 10,744 14,757 46,197 Business (5) Agriculture Automotive Consumer goods Energy Oil & Gas Utilities Financing products Forest products Health services Holding and investments Industrial products Mining & metals Non-bank financial services Other services Real estate & related Technology & media Transportation & environment Other sectors Sovereign (5) Bank (5) $ $ $ – – – – – – – – – 37 730 – 1 – – – 214 $ 145 – 5 364 $ 74 $ 567 756 – $ – – – 271,435 $ 254,998 93,466 180,590 17,128 39,861 3,878 11,387 $ 1,063 $ 82,527 24,571 6,188 – $ 503,273 $ 369,470 $ 114,349 $ 63 $ 8,859 $ 417 525 960 1,347 628 16 522 203 692 101 15,067 21,389 19,835 25,554 10,401 1,647 13,923 10,501 14,253 6,057 6,515 7,279 10,052 $ 1,310 $ 5,785 9,562 6,259 7,680 8,840 1,099 7,763 7,195 5,508 1,455 10,747 13,694 2,649 561 4,085 2,270 7,757 3,640 1,656 3,496 421 85 1,684 637 546 1,135 – – – – – – – – – – 494 – – – – – $ $ $ – $ – – – – $ 256,275 176,138 41,699 10,071 484,183 109 $ 497 551 1,198 1,748 611 27 469 279 632 144 8,008 14,128 20,921 19,860 26,618 13,015 1,772 14,001 10,381 14,443 6,374 14,263 7,529 15,597 4,024 329,214 950 38,477 654 408,295 27,914 8,408 11,582 13,149 9,848 15,830 10,049 249,732 1,410 41,381 1,525 328,500 34,414 11,267 1,603 8,890 14,129 633 5,950 4,570 11,362 4,261 5,712 17 11,406 1,423 3,300 4,694 110,581 132,644 3 305 – 3,018 35,228 106,346 443 59,513 40,419 11,215 1,847 2,456 26,413 11,019 14,758 873 841 563 14,356 23,735 15,803 12,862 182,933 268,409 6,060 7,568 10,581 1,930 4,393 755 6,972 1,815 3,603 5,856 84,017 119,324 4 470 – 882 38,707 104,314 499 53,984 1,832 28,952 1,637 507 17,319 25,600 15,693 15,568 157,596 252,983 Wholesale $ 176,065 $ 126,748 $ 283,984 $ 475,832 $ 86,999 $ 1,149,628 $ 167,212 $ 124,965 $ 252,456 $ 396,013 $ 96,565 $ 1,037,211 Total exposure $ 561,235 $ 244,400 $ 284,435 $ 475,832 $ 86,999 $ 1,652,901 $ 536,682 $ 239,314 $ 252,820 $ 396,013 $ 96,565 $ 1,521,394 By geography (6) Canada U.S. Europe Other International $ 458,963 73,137 13,979 15,156 $ 156,249 $ 100,740 $ 64,439 17,934 5,778 79,782 80,319 23,594 68,279 258,883 87,158 61,512 $ 24,018 $ 14,333 43,312 5,336 808,249 $ 430,616 76,481 490,574 14,886 242,702 14,699 111,376 $ 151,481 $ 81,800 $ 69,006 15,367 3,460 81,168 74,547 15,305 76,094 208,759 71,722 39,438 $ 27,647 $ 14,315 48,318 6,285 767,638 449,729 224,840 79,187 Total Exposure $ 561,235 $ 244,400 $ 284,435 $ 475,832 $ 86,999 $ 1,652,901 $ 536,682 $ 239,314 $ 252,820 $ 396,013 $ 96,565 $ 1,521,394 * (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) This table represents an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Undrawn commitments represent an estimate of the contractual amount that may be drawn upon at the time of default of an obligor. Includes credit equivalent amounts for contingent liabilities such as letters of credit and guarantees, outstanding amounts for AFS debt securities, deposits with financial institutions and other assets. Credit equivalent amount after factoring in master netting agreements. Gross credit risk exposure is before allowance for loan losses. Exposures under Basel III asset classes of qualifying revolving retail and other retail are largely included within Personal and Credit cards, while home equity lines of credit are included in Personal. For further information, refer to Note 5 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Geographic profile is based on country of residence of the borrower. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 61 2017 vs. 2016 Total gross credit risk exposure increased $132 billion or 9% from last year, primarily due to growth in repo-style transactions, cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks, as well as loans & acceptances. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in derivative exposures and the impact of foreign exchange translation. Retail exposure increased $19 billion or 4%, largely driven by volume growth in residential mortgages and personal loans, partially offset by a decrease in credit cards related to undrawn commitments. Wholesale exposure increased $112 billion or 11%, primarily attributable to growth in repo-style transactions, cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks largely reflecting higher deposits with central banks, as well as loans and acceptances. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in derivative exposures and the impact of foreign exchange translation. Wholesale loan utilization remained stable compared to the prior year at 39%. The geographic mix of our gross credit risk exposure remained relatively unchanged from the prior year. Our exposure in Canada, the U.S., Europe and Other International was 49%, 30%, 15% and 6%, respectively (October 31, 2016 – 50%, 30%, 15% and 5%, respectively). Our exposure in Canada increased $41 billion or 5% compared to the prior year, primarily due to growth in business loans and acceptances, and residential mortgages. Our exposure in the U.S. increased $41 billion or 9% compared to the prior year, mainly due to repo-style transactions largely attributable to higher client and business activities, partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. Our exposure in Europe increased $18 billion or 8% compared to the prior year, primarily due to growth in repo-style transactions and increased deposits with central banks. Our exposure in Other International increased $32 billion or 41% compared to the prior year, primarily due to growth in repo style transactions and increased deposits with central banks. Loans and acceptances outstanding and undrawn commitments* (1) Table 49 October 31 2017 October 31 2016 (2) As at Low risk Medium risk High risk Impaired Standardized and Non-Rated Total Low risk (3) Medium risk High risk Impaired (3) Standardized and Non-Rated (3), (4) Total $ 221,911 $ 161,484 31,883 7,770 12,388 $ 2,383 $ 12,238 5,320 1,908 2,736 1,396 433 284 $ 193 – 31 34,200 $ 271,166 $ 209,532 $ 3,763 1,262 1,239 180,414 39,861 11,381 158,498 34,116 5,822 12,750 $ 2,090 $ 10,624 5,342 1,201 2,768 1,437 1,671 $ 423,048 $ 31,854 $ 6,948 $ 508 $ 40,464 $ 502,822 $ 407,968 $ 29,917 $ 7,966 $ 337 $ 222 – 36 595 $ 22,197 $ 246,906 173,533 41,537 10,066 1,421 642 1,336 25,596 $ 472,042 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Retail (5) Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business October 31 2017 October 31 2016 (2) As at (Millions of Canadian dollars) Wholesale (6) Business Sovereign Bank Total Investment grade Non-investment grade Impaired Total Investment grade Non-investment grade Impaired Total $ 108,733 21,457 3,519 $ 133,709 $ $ 164,256 1,311 2,165 167,732 $ 1,372 – – $ 1,372 $ 274,361 22,768 5,684 $ 302,813 $ 107,510 15,939 1,881 $ 125,330 $ $ 132,967 786 943 134,696 $ 2,339 – 2 $ 2,341 $ 242,816 16,725 2,826 $ 262,367 * (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) This table represents an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. This table represents our retail and wholesale loans and acceptances outstanding and undrawn commitments by portfolio and risk category. The amounts in the table are before allowance for impaired loans. City National exposures of $41.6 billion are excluded as at October 31, 2016. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Under the standardized approach, credit risk exposure is based on risk weights prescribed by OSFI. Includes undrawn commitments of $1.0 billion, $88.1 billion, $21.8 billion, and $6.9 billion for Residential mortgages, Personal, Credit cards and Small business, respectively (October 31, 2016 – $1.0 billion, $82.4 billion, $24.6 billion and $6.2 billion, respectively). Includes undrawn commitments of $113.9 billion, $11.4 billion, and $1.4 billion for Business, Sovereign and Bank, respectively (October 31, 2016 – $111.3 billion, $7.0 billion, and $1.2 billion, respectively). 2017 vs. 2016 Growth in retail exposures was largely attributable to volume growth in residential mortgages and personal loans. Growth in wholesale exposures mainly reflects increased volumes in non-investment grade categories across various industry sectors, slightly offset by the impact of foreign exchange. 62 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Net European exposure by country and client type (1), (2) October 31 2017 Asset type Client type Loans Repo-style Table 50 October 31 2016 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Outstanding Securities (3) transactions Derivatives Financials Sovereign Corporate Total Total U.K. Germany France $ 7,925 $ 1,626 615 10,428 $ 12,308 9,650 Total U.K., Germany, France $ 10,166 $ 32,386 $ Ireland Italy Portugal Spain Total Peripheral (4) Luxembourg (5) Netherlands (5) Norway Sweden Switzerland Other $ $ $ 412 $ 105 – 359 876 $ 939 $ 895 239 109 413 1,262 30 $ 116 16 404 566 $ 5,541 $ 2,304 4,169 4,599 2,813 2,160 909 $ 1 2 912 $ 100 $ – – – 100 $ 2 $ 26 – 5 168 7 1,241 $ 260 453 8,050 $ 6,686 1,909 4,871 $ 7,582 $ 20,503 $ 17,956 11,273 5,001 8,398 8,249 14,195 10,720 2,508 562 44 $ 1,954 $ 16,645 $ 18,121 $ 10,652 $ 45,418 $ 37,627 880 120 16 446 142 $ 143 1 408 12 $ 9 – – 5 1 14 21 $ 586 $ 226 17 777 432 $ 74 16 369 891 $ 1,606 $ 5,029 $ 1,031 $ 6,567 $ 978 277 124 107 1,174 3,471 4,413 4,726 3,533 3,510 – 247 1,585 2,579 1,601 1,462 6,054 3,904 3,945 4,168 2,271 2,982 64 $ 85 $ 694 $ 507 $ 246 5 13 139 81 2,493 3,889 3,017 847 735 Total Other Europe $ 3,857 $ 21,586 $ 208 $ Net exposure to Europe (6), (7) $ 14,899 $ 54,538 $ 1,220 $ 569 $ 11,488 $ 11,041 $ 3,691 $ 26,220 $ 23,324 2,587 $ 28,827 $ 29,183 $ 15,234 $ 73,244 $ 62,413 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Geographic profile is based on country of risk, which reflects our assessment of the geographic risk associated with a given exposure. Typically, this is the residence of the borrower. Exposures are calculated on a fair value basis and net of collateral, which includes $77.7 billion against repo-style transactions (October 31, 2016 – $64.0 billion) and $12.6 billion against derivatives (October 31, 2016 – $15.7 billion). Securities include $20.0 billion of trading securities (October 31, 2016 – $11.1 billion), $19.7 billion of deposits (October 31, 2016 – $12.3 billion), and $14.8 billion of AFS securities (October 31, 2016 – $15.9 billion). Gross credit risk exposure to peripheral Europe is comprised of Ireland $19.3 billion (October 31, 2016 – $18.9 billion), Italy $0.4 billion (October 31, 2016 – $0.3 billion), Portugal $nil (October 31, 2016 – $0.1 billion), and Spain $1.0 billion (October 31, 2016 – $1.1 billion). Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Excludes $2.7 billion (October 31, 2016 – $1.9 billion) of exposures to supranational agencies. Reflects $1.4 billion of mitigation through credit default swaps, which are largely used to hedge single name exposures and market risk (October 31, 2016 – $1.5 billion). 2017 vs. 2016 Net credit risk exposure to Europe increased $10.8 billion from last year, largely driven by increased exposure to Germany, U.K., France, and Switzerland. Our net exposure to peripheral Europe, which includes Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Spain remained minimal, with total outstanding exposure increasing $0.1 billion during the year to $1.6 billion. Our European corporate loan book is managed on a global basis with underwriting standards reflecting the same approach to the use of our balance sheet as we have applied in both Canada and the U.S. PCL taken on this portfolio during the year was not material. The gross impaired loans ratio of this loan book was 100 bps, slightly down from 110 bps in the prior year. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 63 Residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit (insured vs. uninsured) Residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit are secured by residential properties. The following table presents a breakdown by geographic region: Residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit As at October 31, 2017 Residential mortgages (1) Table 51 Home equity lines of credit (2) (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Region (4) Canada Atlantic provinces Quebec Ontario Alberta Saskatchewan and Manitoba B.C. and territories Total Canada (5) U.S. Other International Total International Total (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Region (4) Canada Insured (3) Uninsured Total Total $ 7,670 15,089 42,610 21,820 9,305 17,169 57% $ 48 39 58 54 37 5,848 16,557 66,549 15,702 7,932 29,521 43% $ 52 61 42 46 63 13,518 31,646 109,159 37,522 17,237 46,690 $ 113,663 1 9 44% $ 142,109 11,448 3,091 – – 56% $ 255,772 11,449 3,100 100 100 $ 10 –% $ 14,539 100% $ 14,549 $ 113,673 42% $ 156,648 58% $ 270,321 $ 1,986 3,964 16,823 6,950 2,627 8,620 $ 40,970 1,557 1,992 $ 3,549 $ 44,519 As at October 31, 2016 Residential mortgages (1) Home equity lines of credit (2) Insured (3) Uninsured Total Total Atlantic provinces Quebec Ontario Alberta Saskatchewan and Manitoba B.C. and territories $ 7,633 14,432 43,314 21,746 8,897 17,657 59% $ 50 43 58 54 40 5,409 14,429 58,016 15,429 7,730 27,024 41% $ 50 57 42 46 60 13,042 28,861 101,330 37,175 16,627 44,681 Total Canada (5) U.S. Other International Total International Total $ 113,679 2 13 47% $ 128,037 10,012 3,171 – – 53% $ 241,716 10,014 3,184 100 100 $ 15 –% $ 13,183 100% $ 13,198 $ 113,694 45% $ 141,220 55% $ 254,914 $ 2,034 4,060 16,512 7,066 2,682 8,739 $ 41,093 1,464 2,442 $ 3,906 $ 44,999 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) The residential mortgages amounts exclude our third-party mortgage-backed securities (MBS) of $27 million (2016 – $84 million). Home equity lines of credit include revolving and non-revolving loans. Insured residential mortgages are mortgages whereby our exposure to default is mitigated by insurance through the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) or other private mortgage default insurers. Region is based upon address of the property mortgaged. The Atlantic provinces are comprised of Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and B.C. and territories are comprised of British Columbia, Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon. Total consolidated residential mortgages in Canada of $256 billion (2016 – $242 billion) is largely comprised of $231 billion (2016 – $217 billion) of residential mortgages and $6 billion (2016 – $6 billion) of mortgages with commercial clients, of which $4 billion (2016 – $3 billion) are insured mortgages, both in Canadian Banking, and $19 billion (2016 – $19 billion) of residential mortgages in Capital Markets held for securitization purposes. Home equity lines of credit are uninsured and reported within the personal loan category. As at October 31, 2017, home equity lines of credit in Canadian Banking were $41 billion (2016 – $41 billion). Approximately 98% of these home equity lines of credit (2016 – 98%) are secured by a first lien on real estate, and only 7% (2016 – 7%) of the total homeline clients pay the scheduled interest payment only. 64 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Residential mortgages portfolio by amortization period The following table provides a summary of the percentage of residential mortgages that fall within the remaining amortization periods based upon current customer payment amounts, which incorporate payments larger than the minimum contractual amount and/or higher frequency of payments: Residential mortgages portfolio by amortization period Table 52 As at October 31 2017 Canada U.S. and Other International Total Canada October 31 2016 U.S. and Other International 73% 24 3 100% 43% 57 – 100% 71% 26 3 74% 25 1 100% 100% 40% 58 2 100% Total 72% 27 1 100% Amortization period ≤ 25 years > 25 years ≤ 30 years > 30 years ≤ 35 years Total Average loan-to-value (LTV) ratio for newly originated and acquired uninsured residential mortgages and homeline products The following table provides a summary of our average LTV ratio for newly originated and acquired uninsured residential mortgages and homeline products by geographic region: Average LTV ratio Region (3) Atlantic provinces Quebec Ontario Alberta Saskatchewan and Manitoba B.C. and territories U.S. Other International Average of newly originated and acquired for the year (4), (5) Total Canadian Banking residential mortgages portfolio (6) October 31 2017 Uninsured Table 53 October 31 2016 Uninsured Residential mortgages (1) Homeline products (2) Residential mortgages (1) Homeline products (2) 74% 72 70 73 74 69 73 62 70% 53% 74% 73 67 72 74 65 n.m. n.m. 68% 49% 73% 71 70 73 74 68 72 63 71% 54% 74% 74 69 72 74 65 n.m. n.m. 69% 51% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Residential mortgages exclude residential mortgages within the homeline products. Homeline products are comprised of both residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit. Region is based upon address of the property mortgaged. The Atlantic provinces are comprised of Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and B.C. and territories are comprised of British Columbia, Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon. The average LTV ratio for newly originated and acquired uninsured residential mortgages and homeline products is calculated on a weighted basis by mortgage amounts at origination. For newly originated mortgages and homeline products, LTV is calculated based on the total facility amount for the residential mortgage and homeline product divided by the value of the related residential property. Weighted by mortgage balances and adjusted for property values based on the Teranet – National Bank National Composite House Price Index. (6) n.m. not meaningful Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 65 Credit quality performance Provision for (recovery of) credit loss Table 54 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management Capital Markets Corporate Support and Other (1) Total PCL Canada (2) Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Retail Wholesale PCL on impaired loans U.S. (2), (3) Retail Wholesale PCL on impaired loans Other International (2), (3) Retail Wholesale PCL on impaired loans PCL on loans not yet identified as impaired Total PCL PCL ratio Total PCL ratio PCL on impaired loans ratio Personal & Commercial Banking Canadian Banking Caribbean Banking Wealth Management PCL ratio – loans PCL ratio – acquired credit-impaired loans Capital Markets $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2017 1,054 34 62 – 1,150 33 413 426 32 904 95 999 3 117 120 25 6 31 – 2016 1,122 48 327 49 1,546 42 459 435 34 970 213 1,183 1 227 228 41 44 85 50 $ 1,150 $ 1,546 0.21% 0.21% 0.26% 0.26% 0.44% 0.07% 0.07% 0% 0.07% 0.29% 0.28% 0.29% 0.29% 0.53% 0.10% 0.08% 0.02% 0.37% (1) (2) (3) PCL in Corporate Support and Other primarily comprised of PCL for loans not yet identified as impaired. For further information, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section. Geographic information is based on residence of borrower. Includes acquired credit-impaired loans. 2017 vs. 2016 Total PCL decreased $396 million, or 26% from the prior year. The PCL ratio of 21 bps improved 8 bps. PCL in Personal & Commercial Banking decreased $68 million or 6% mainly due to lower provisions in our Canadian personal lending portfolios. The PCL ratio of 26 bps improved 3 bps. PCL in Wealth Management decreased $14 million or 29%, mainly due to a recovery in International Wealth Management. This factor was partially offset by higher provisions in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National). PCL in Capital Markets decreased $265 million or 81%, primarily due to lower provisions, including higher recoveries, primarily in the oil & gas sector, partially offset by higher provisions in the real estate and related sector. PCL in Corporate Support and Other decreased $49 million, as the prior year included PCL for loans not yet identified as impaired. 66 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Gross impaired loans (GIL) (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management (1) Capital Markets Investor & Treasury Services Corporate Support and Other Total GIL Canada (2) Retail Wholesale GIL U.S. (1), (2) Retail Wholesale GIL Other International (2) Retail Wholesale GIL Total GIL Impaired loans, beginning balance Classified as impaired during the period (new impaired) (3) Net repayments (3) Amounts written off Other (3), (4) Impaired loans, balance at end of period GIL ratio (5) Total GIL ratio Personal & Commercial Banking Canadian Banking Caribbean Banking Wealth Management GIL ratio – loans GIL ratio – acquired credit-impaired loans Capital Markets $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2017 1,500 549 527 – – 2,576 559 426 985 59 736 795 345 451 796 2,576 3,903 2,269 (1,192) (1,425) (979) 2,576 $ 0.46% 0.36% 0.24% 6.33% 1.04% 0.56% 0.48% 0.63% Table 55 2016 1,651 710 1,524 2 16 3,903 642 522 1,164 56 1,736 1,792 380 567 947 3,903 2,285 3,673 (946) (1,523) 414 3,903 0.73% 0.43% 0.27% 7.56% 1.44% 0.59% 0.85% 1.73% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Includes $256 million (2016 – $418 million) related to acquired credit-impaired loans. For further details refer to Notes 2 and 5 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Geographic information is based on residence of borrower. Certain GIL movements for Canadian Banking retail and wholesale portfolios are generally allocated to New impaired, as Return to performing status, Net repayments, Sold, and Exchange and other movements amounts are not reasonably determinable. Certain GIL movements for Caribbean Banking retail and wholesale portfolios are generally allocated to Net repayments and New impaired, as Return to performing status, Sold, and Exchange and other movements amounts are not reasonably determinable. Includes Return to performing status during the year, Recoveries of loans and advances previously written off, Sold, and Exchange and other movements. GIL as a % of related loans and acceptances. 2017 vs. 2016 Total GIL decreased $1,327 million or 34% from the prior year, and the total GIL ratio of 46 bps improved 27 bps, largely reflecting lower impaired loans in our Capital Markets, Wealth Management and Personal & Commercial Banking portfolios. Total GIL also includes acquired credit-impaired loans (ACI) of $256 million related to City National, which contributed 5 bps to the GIL ratio. For further details on ACI loans, refer to Notes 2 and 5 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. GIL in Personal & Commercial Banking decreased $151 million or 9%, and the GIL ratio of 36 bps improved 7 bps, mainly due to lower impaired loans in our Caribbean portfolios, partially offset by higher impaired loans in our Canadian commercial lending portfolios. GIL in Wealth Management decreased $161 million or 23%, mainly reflecting repayments in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National). GIL in Capital Markets decreased $997 million or 65%, primarily due to lower impaired loans reflecting loans returning to performing status, and repayments in the oil & gas sector, partially offset by higher impaired loans in the real estate and related sector. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 67 Allowance for credit losses (ACL) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Allowance for impaired loans Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management (1) Capital Markets Investor & Treasury Services Corporate Support and Other Total allowance for impaired loans Canada (2) Retail Wholesale Allowance for impaired loans U.S. (1), (2) Retail Wholesale Allowance for impaired loans Other International (2) Retail Wholesale Allowance for impaired loans Total allowance for impaired loans Allowance for loans not yet identified as impaired Total ACL Table 56 2017 2016 497 80 160 – – 737 141 124 265 1 150 151 168 153 321 737 1,513 2,250 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 520 73 216 – – 809 160 119 279 2 177 179 180 171 351 809 1,517 2,326 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) (2) Effective Q1 2016, includes ACL related to acquired credit-impaired loans from our acquisition of City National. Geographic information is based on residence of borrower. 2017 vs. 2016 Total ACL decreased $76 million or 3% from a year ago, largely due to lower ACL in Capital Markets and Personal & Commercial Banking. For further details, refer to Notes 2 and 5 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Market risk Market risk is defined to be the impact of market prices upon our financial condition. This includes potential gains or losses due to changes in market determined variables such as interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices, commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and implied volatilities. The measures of financial condition impacted by market risk are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. Positions whose revaluation gains and losses are reported in Revenue, which includes: a) Changes in the fair value of instruments classified or designated as fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL), including impaired securities, and b) Hedge ineffectiveness. CET1 capital, which includes: All of the above, plus a) Changes in the fair value of AFS securities where revaluation gains and losses are reported as other comprehensive income, b) Changes in the Canadian dollar value of investments in foreign subsidiaries, net of hedges, due to foreign exchange translation, c) and Remeasurements of employee benefit plans; this includes pension fund assets underperforming in the market resulting in a deficit and volatility between the pension liabilities and the fund assets, and/or estimated actuarial parameters not being realized such that pension liabilities exceed pension fund assets. d) CET1 ratio, which includes: All of the above, plus a) Changes in risk-weighted assets (RWA) resulting from changes in traded market risk factors, and b) Changes in the Canadian dollar value of RWA due to foreign exchange translation. c) The economic value of the Bank, which includes: a) b) Points 1 and 2 above, plus Changes in the value of other non-trading positions whose value is a function of market risk factors. 68 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Market risk controls – FVTPL positions As an element of the Enterprise Risk Appetite Framework, the Board of Directors approves our overall market risk constraints. GRM creates and manages the control structure for FVTPL positions which ensures that business is conducted consistent with Board requirements. The Market and Trading Credit Risk function within GRM is responsible for creating and managing the controls and governance procedures that ensure that risk taken is consistent with risk appetite constraints set by the Board. These controls include limits on probabilistic measures of potential loss such as Value-at-Risk and Stressed Value-at-Risk as defined below: Value-at-Risk (VaR) is a statistical measure of potential loss for a financial portfolio computed at a given level of confidence and over a defined holding period. We measure VaR at the 99th percentile confidence level for price movements over a one-day holding period using historic simulation of the last two years of equally weighted historic market data. These calculations are updated daily with current risk positions, with the exception of certain less material positions that are not actively traded and are updated on at least a monthly basis. Stressed Value-at-Risk (SVaR) is calculated in an identical manner as VaR with the exception that it is computed using a fixed historical one-year period of extreme volatility and its inverse rather than the most recent two-year history. The stress period used is the interval from September 2008 through August 2009. SVaR is calculated daily for all portfolios, with the exception of certain less material positions that are not actively traded and are updated on at least a monthly basis. VaR and SVaR are statistical estimates based on historical market data and should be interpreted with knowledge of their limitations – which include the following: • • • VaR and SVaR will not be predictive of future losses if the realized market movements differ significantly from the historical periods used to compute them. VaR and SVaR project potential losses over a one-day holding period and do not project potential losses for risk positions held over longer time periods. VaR and SVaR are measured using positions at close of business and do not include the impact of trading activity over the course of a day. We validate our VaR and SVaR measures through a variety of means – including subjecting the models to vetting and validation by a group independent of the model developers and by back-testing the VaR against daily marked-to-market revenue to identify and examine events in which actual outcomes in trading revenue exceed the VaR projections. Stress Tests – Our market risk stress testing program is used to identify and control risk due to large changes in market prices and rates. We conduct stress testing daily on positions that are marked-to-market. The stress tests simulate both historical and hypothetical events which are severe and long term in duration. Historical scenarios are taken from actual market events over the last 30 years and range in duration up to 90 days. Examples include the equity market crash of 1987 and the global financial crisis of 2008. Hypothetical scenarios are designed to be forward looking at potential future market stresses, and are designed to be severe but plausible. We are constantly evaluating and refining these scenarios as market conditions change. Stress results are calculated assuming an instantaneous revaluation of our positions with no management action. These measures are computed on all positions that are FVTPL for financial reporting purposes, with the exception of those in a designated hedging relationship and those in our insurance businesses. Market risk measures – FVTPL positions VaR and SVaR The following table presents our Market risk VaR and Market risk SVaR figures for 2017 and 2016. Market risk VaR* (Millions of Canadian dollars) Equity Foreign exchange Commodities Interest rate (1) Credit specific (2) Diversification (3) Market risk VaR Market risk Stressed VaR Table 57 2016 For the year ended October 31 2017 For the year ended October 31 As at Oct. 31 Average $ $ $ 10 3 3 16 4 (18) 18 43 $ $ $ 12 4 3 17 4 (18) 22 53 $ $ $ High 26 6 6 25 5 n.m. 35 95 $ $ $ Low 6 3 2 13 4 n.m. 15 34 $ $ $ As at Oct. 31 Average 13 5 5 18 4 (21) 24 46 $ $ $ 16 5 3 21 5 (17) 33 82 $ $ $ High 32 8 5 32 7 n.m. 53 150 $ $ $ Low 7 3 2 14 4 n.m. 20 41 This table represents an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. General credit spread risk and funding spread risk associated with uncollateralized derivatives are included under interest rate VaR. Credit specific risk captures issuer-specific credit spread volatility. Market risk VaR is less than the sum of the individual risk factor VaR results due to portfolio diversification. * (1) (2) (3) n.m. not meaningful 2017 vs. 2016 Average market risk VaR of $22 million decreased $11 million from the prior year. Reduced average equity exposures were observed in 2017 due to lower than expected client-driven activity in rising equity markets, with volatility reaching historical lows. Furthermore, exposures in fixed income and securitized product portfolios have been maintained at lower levels on average. This follows portfolio reductions in 2016 as reflected in the interest rate and credit specific risk metrics. The impact of foreign exchange translation also contributed to the decrease. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 69 Average SVaR of $53 million decreased $29 million from the prior year, largely driven by reduced equity exposures and the impact of foreign exchange translation as noted above, and the winding down of certain legacy trading portfolios in 2016. The following chart displays a bar graph of our daily trading profit and loss and a line graph of our daily market risk VaR. We incurred 1 day of losses totalling $2 million in 2017 compared to 7 days of losses totalling $63 million in 2016, with none of the losses exceeding VaR. Trading revenue and VaR (Millions of Canadian dollars) 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 6 1 0 v . 1 , 2 o N 7 1 0 1 , 2 n . 3 J a 7 1 0 0 , 2 p r. 3 A 7 1 0 1 , 2 J u l. 3 7 1 0 1 , 2 c t. 3 O Daily Trading Revenue Market Risk VaR The following chart displays the distribution of daily trading profit and loss in 2017. The only daily reported loss during the year was $2 million on November 14, 2016. The largest reported profit was $41 million with an average daily profit of $14 million. Trading Revenue for the year ended October 31, 2017 (teb) s y a D f o r e b m u N n i y c n e u q e r F 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 5 6 - 5 5 - 5 4 - 5 3 - 5 2 - 5 1 - 5 - 5 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 Daily net trading revenue (C$ millions), excluding structured entities 2017 2016 Market risk measures for other FVTPL positions – Assets and liabilities of RBC Insurance We offer a range of insurance products to clients and hold investments to meet the future obligations to policyholders. The investments which support actuarial liabilities are predominantly fixed income assets designated as FVTPL. Consequently, changes in the fair values of these assets are recorded in investment income in the consolidated statements of income and are largely offset by changes in the fair value of the actuarial liabilities, the impact of which is reflected in insurance policyholder benefits and claims. As at October 31, 2017, we had liabilities with respect to insurance obligations of $9.7 billion, up from $9.2 billion in the prior year, and trading securities of $7.7 billion in support of the liabilities, up from $7.2 billion last year. Market risk controls – Structural Interest Rate Risk (SIRR) positions(1) The interest rate risk arising from traditional banking products, such as deposits and loans, is referred to as SIRR and is subject to limits and controls. SIRR measures also include related hedges as well as the interest rate risk from securities held for liquidity management. Factors contributing to SIRR include the mismatch between asset and liability repricing dates, relative changes in asset and liability rates, and other product features that could affect the expected timing of cash flows, such as options to pre-pay loans or redeem term deposits prior to contractual maturity. The Board of Directors approves the risk appetite for SIRR, and the Asset-Liability Committee (ALCO), along with GRM, provides ongoing governance of SIRR measurement and management through risk policies, limits, operating standards and other controls. SIRR reports are reviewed regularly by GRM, ALCO, the Group Risk Committee, the Risk Committee of the Board and the Board of Directors. Details on the non-trading risks included in SIRR are outlined in Table 59. (1) 70 SIRR positions include impact of derivatives in hedge accounting relationships and AFS securities used for interest rate risk management. Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis SIRR measurement To monitor and control SIRR, we assess two primary metrics, 12-month Net Interest Income (NII) risk and Economic Value of Equity (EVE) risk, under a range of market shocks and scenarios. Market scenarios include currency-specific parallel and non-parallel yield curve changes and interest rate volatility shocks. In measuring NII risk, detailed structural balance sheets and income statements are dynamically simulated to determine the impact of market stress scenarios on projected NII. Assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet positions are simulated using monthly time steps over a one-year horizon. The simulations incorporate product maturities, renewals and growth along with prepayment and redemption behaviour. Product pricing and volumes are forecast based on past experience and expectations for a given market stress scenario. EVE risk captures the market value sensitivity of structural positions to changes in longer-term rates. In measuring EVE risk, deterministic (single-scenario) and stochastic (multiple-scenario) valuation techniques are applied to detailed spot position data. NII and EVE risks are measured for a range of market risk stress scenarios which include extreme but plausible changes in market rates and volatilities. These SIRR measures do not include the benefit of management actions. Management of NII and EVE risk is complementary and supports our efforts to generate a sustainable high-quality NII stream. NII and EVE risks for specific units are measured daily, weekly or monthly depending on its materiality, complexity and hedge strategy. A number of assumptions affecting cash flows, product re-pricing and the administration of rates underlie the models used to measure NII and EVE risk. The key assumptions pertain to the expected funding profile for mortgage rate commitments, fixed rate loan prepayment behaviour, term deposit redemption behaviour, and the treatment of non-maturity deposits. All assumptions are derived empirically based on historical client behaviour and product pricing with consideration of future behavioural changes. All models and assumptions used to measure SIRR are subject to independent oversight by GRM. Market risk measures – Structural Interest Rate Sensitivities The following table shows the potential before-tax impact of an immediate and sustained 100 bps and 200 bps increase or decrease in interest rates on projected 12-month NII and EVE for our structural balance sheet, assuming no subsequent hedging. Rate floors are applied within the declining rates scenarios, with floor levels set based on rate changes experienced globally. Interest rate risk measures are based upon interest rate exposures at a specific time and continuously change as a result of business activities and management actions. Market risk – SIRR measures* 2017 EVE risk NII risk (1) Table 58 2016 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Before-tax impact of: 100bps increase in rates 100bps decrease in rates Before-tax impact of: 200bps increase in rates 200bps decrease in rates Canadian dollar impact U.S. dollar impact (2) Total Canadian dollar impact U.S. dollar impact (2) Total EVE risk NII risk (1) $ (1,105) $ (110) $ 962 (324) (1,215) $ 638 269 $ (385) 182 $ (219) 451 (604) $ (1,377) $ 644 (2,199) 1,943 (308) (940) (2,507) 1,003 472 (647) 353 (360) 825 (1,007) (2,883) 664 420 (465) 711 (467) * (1) (2) This table represents an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Represents the 12-month NII exposure to an instantaneous and sustained shift in interest rates. Represents the impact on the SIRR portfolios held in our City National and U.S. banking operations. As at October 31, 2017, an immediate and sustained -100 bps shock would have had a negative impact to our NII of $604 million, up from $465 million last year. An immediate and sustained +100 bps shock at the end of October 31, 2017 would have had a negative impact to the Bank’s EVE of $1,215 million, down from $1,377 million reported last year. The year-over-year NII sensitivity to rate increases was positioned marginally higher. Under the declining rate scenarios, NII risk has increased primarily as a result of higher rates, which allows rates to decline further under the down shock scenario. During 2017, NII and EVE risks remained well within approved limits. Market risk measures for other material non-trading portfolios AFS securities We held $75.9 billion of securities classified as AFS as at October 31, 2017, compared to $69.9 billion as at October 31, 2016. We hold debt securities designated as AFS primarily as investments, as well as to manage liquidity risk and hedge interest rate risk in our non-trading banking balance sheet. Certain legacy debt portfolios are also classified as AFS. Changes in the value of these securities are reported in other comprehensive income. As at October 31, 2017, our portfolio of AFS securities exposes us to interest rate risk of a pre-tax change in value of $9.8 million as measured by the change in the value of the securities for a one basis point parallel increase in yields. The portfolio also exposes us to credit spread risk of a pre-tax change in value of $25.0 million, as measured by the change in value for a one basis point widening of credit spreads. The value of the AFS securities included in our SIRR measure as at October 31, 2017 was $36.4 billion. Our AFS securities also include equity exposures of $1.2 billion as at October 31, 2017, down from $1.6 billion in the prior year. Derivatives related to non-trading activity Derivatives are also used to hedge market risk exposures unrelated to our trading activity. In aggregate, derivative assets not related to trading activity of $3.2 billion as at October 31, 2017 were down from $5.1 billion last year, and derivative liabilities of $3.2 billion as at October 31, 2017 were down from $4.1 billion last year. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 71 Non-trading derivatives in hedge accounting relationships The derivative assets and liabilities described above include derivative assets in a designated hedge accounting relationship of $1.3 billion as at October 31, 2017, down from $2.4 billion as at October 31, 2016, and derivative liabilities of $1.5 billion as at October 31, 2017, down from $1.8 billion last year. These derivative assets and liabilities are included in our SIRR measure and other internal non-trading market risk measures. We use interest rate swaps to manage our AFS securities and structural interest rate risk. To the extent these swaps are considered effective, changes in their fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income. The interest rate risk for the swaps designated as cash flow hedges, measured as the change in the fair value of the derivatives for a one basis point parallel increase in yields, was $7.7 million as of October 31, 2017 compared to $5.2 million as of October 31, 2016. Interest rate swaps are also used to hedge changes in the fair value of certain fixed-rate instruments. Changes in fair value of the hedged instruments that are related to interest rate movements and the corresponding interest rate swaps are reflected in the consolidated statement of income. We also use foreign exchange derivatives to manage our exposure to equity investments in subsidiaries that are denominated in foreign currencies, particularly the U.S. dollar, British pound, and Euro. Changes in the fair value of these hedges and the cumulative translation adjustment related to our structural foreign exchange risk are reported in other comprehensive income. Other non-trading derivatives Derivatives, including interest rate swaps and foreign exchange derivatives, that are not in designated hedge accounting relationships are used to manage other non-trading exposures. Changes in the fair value of these derivatives are reflected in the consolidated statement of income. Derivative assets of $1.9 billion as at October 31, 2017 were down from $2.7 billion as at October 31, 2016, and derivative liabilities of $1.7 billion as at October 31, 2017 were down from $2.3 billion last year. Non-trading foreign exchange rate risk Foreign exchange rate risk is the potential adverse impact on earnings and economic value due to changes in foreign currency rates. Our revenue, expenses and income denominated in currencies other than the Canadian dollar are subject to fluctuations as a result of changes in the value of the average Canadian dollar relative to the average value of those currencies. Our most significant exposure is to the U.S. dollar, due to our operations in the U.S. and other activities conducted in U.S. dollars. Other significant exposures are to the British pound and the Euro, due to our activities conducted internationally in these currencies. A strengthening or weakening of the Canadian dollar compared to the U.S. dollar, British pound and the Euro could reduce or increase, as applicable, the translated value of our foreign currency denominated revenue, expenses and earnings and could have a significant effect on the results of our operations. We are also exposed to foreign exchange rate risk arising from our investments in foreign operations. For unhedged equity investments, when the Canadian dollar appreciates against other currencies, the unrealized translation losses on net foreign investments decreases our shareholders’ equity through the other components of equity and decreases the translated value of the Risk-weighted Assets (RWA) of the foreign currency-denominated asset. The reverse is true when the Canadian dollar depreciates against other currencies. Consequently, we consider these impacts in selecting an appropriate level of our investments in foreign operations to be hedged. Our overall trading and non-trading market risk objectives, policies and methodologies have not changed significantly from 2016. 72 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Linkage of market risk to selected balance sheet items The following table provides the linkages between selected balance sheet items with positions included in our trading market risk and non-trading market risk disclosures, which illustrates how we manage market risk for our assets and liabilities through different risk measures: Linkage of market risk to selected balance sheet items Table 59 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets subject to market risk Cash and due from banks (3) Interest-bearing deposits with banks (4) Securities Trading (5) Available-for-sale (6) Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed (7) Loans Retail (8) Wholesale (9) Allowance for loan losses Segregated fund net assets (10) Derivatives Other assets (11) Assets not subject to market risk (12) Total assets Liabilities subject to market risk Deposits (13) Segregated fund liabilities (14) Other Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned (15) Derivatives Other liabilities (16) Subordinated debentures Liabilities not subject to market risk (17) As at October 31, 2017 Market risk measure Balance sheet amount Traded risk (1) Non-traded risk (2) Non-traded risk primary risk sensitivity $ 28,407 32,662 $ – 20,792 $ 28,407 11,870 Interest rate Interest rate 127,657 90,722 119,815 – 7,842 90,722 Interest rate, credit spread Interest rate, credit spread, equity 220,977 141,532 79,445 Interest rate 385,170 159,606 (2,159) 1,216 95,023 68,545 5,027 7,638 4,217 – – 91,791 2,006 377,532 155,389 (2,159) 1,216 3,232 66,539 Interest rate Interest rate Interest rate Interest rate Interest rate, foreign exchange Interest rate $ 1,212,853 $ 789,635 1,216 $ $ 387,791 $ 820,035 78,194 – $ 711,441 1,216 30,008 30,008 – Interest rate Interest rate 143,084 92,127 65,565 9,265 7,525 136,371 88,919 4,275 – 6,713 3,208 61,290 9,265 Interest rate Interest rate, foreign exchange Interest rate Interest rate Total liabilities Total equity Total liabilities and equity $ 1,138,425 $ 337,767 $ 793,133 $ 74,428 $ 1,212,853 (1) (2) Traded risk includes positions that are classified or designated as FVTPL and positions whose revaluation gains and losses are reported in revenue. Market risk measures of VaR and SVaR and stress testing are used as risk controls for traded risk. Non-traded risk includes positions used in the management of the SIRR and other non-trading portfolios. Other material non-trading portfolios include positions from RBC Insurance and AFS securities not included in SIRR. The following footnotes provide additional information on the Non-traded risk amounts: (3) (4) (5) (6) Cash and due from banks includes $15,895 million included in SIRR. An additional $12,512 million is included in other risk controls. Interest-bearing deposits with banks of $11,870 million are included in SIRR. Trading securities include $7,706 million in securities for asset/liability management of RBC Insurance. An additional $136 million is included in other risk controls. Includes AFS securities of $75,877 million and held-to-maturity securities of $14,845 million. $51,269 million of the total securities are included in SIRR. An additional $1,946 million are held by RBC Insurance. The remaining $37,507 million are captured in other internal non-trading market risk reporting. Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements include $32,541 million reflected in SIRR. An additional $46,904 million is included in other risk controls. Retail loans include $366,928 million reflected in SIRR and $241 million is used for asset/liability management of RBC Insurance. An additional $10,363 million is included in other risk controls. Wholesale loans include $153,829 million reflected in SIRR. An additional $1,560 million is used for asset/liability management of RBC Insurance. Investments for the account of segregated fund holders are included in RBC Insurance risk measures. (9) (10) (11) Other assets include $37,999 million reflected in SIRR and $2,428 million is used for asset/liability management of RBC Insurance. An additional $26,112 million is included in other (7) (8) risk controls. Insurance and investment contracts for the account of segregated fund holders are included in RBC Insurance risk measures. (12) Assets not subject to market risk include $5,027 million of physical and other assets. (13) Deposits include $650,841 million reflected in SIRR. The remaining $60,600 million are captured in other internal non-trading market risk reporting. (14) (15) Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned include $6,713 million included in other risk controls. (16) Other liabilities include $36,019 million reflected in SIRR and $10,318 million of RBC Insurance liabilities. An additional $14,953 million is included in other risk controls. (17) Liabilities not subject to market risk include $7,525 million of payroll related and other liabilities. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 73 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets subject to market risk Cash and due from banks (4) Interest-bearing deposits with banks (5) Securities Trading (6) Available-for-sale (7) Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed (8) Loans Retail (9) Wholesale (10) Allowance for loan losses Segregated fund net assets (11) Derivatives Other assets (12) Assets not subject to market risk (13) Total assets Liabilities subject to market risk Deposits (14) Segregated fund liabilities (15) Other Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned (16) Derivatives Other liabilities (17) Subordinated debentures Liabilities not subject to market risk (18) Total liabilities Total equity Total liabilities and equity As at October 31, 2016 (1) Market risk measure Balance sheet amount Traded risk (2) Non-traded risk (3) Non-traded risk primary risk sensitivity $ 14,929 27,851 $ – 16,058 $ 14,929 11,793 Interest rate Interest rate 151,292 84,801 144,001 – 7,291 84,801 Interest rate, credit spread Interest rate, credit spread, equity 186,302 121,692 64,610 Interest rate 369,470 154,369 (2,235) 981 118,944 68,363 5,191 $ 1,180,258 $ 757,589 981 9,081 2,341 – – 113,862 1,440 360,389 152,028 (2,235) 981 5,082 66,923 Interest rate Interest rate Interest rate Interest rate Interest rate, foreign exchange Interest rate $ $ 408,475 $ 766,592 81,986 – $ 675,603 981 Interest rate Interest rate 50,369 50,369 – 88,863 112,500 5,439 – 14,578 4,050 57,186 9,762 Interest rate Interest rate, foreign exchange Interest rate Interest rate $ 339,157 $ 762,160 103,441 116,550 62,625 9,762 7,329 $ 1,108,646 $ 71,612 $ 1,180,258 (1) (2) (3) Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Traded risk includes positions that are classified or designated as FVTPL and positions whose revaluation gains and losses are reported in revenue. Market risk measures of VaR and SVaR and stress testing are used as risk controls for traded risk. Non-traded risk includes positions used in the management of the SIRR and other non-trading portfolios. Other material non-trading portfolios include positions from RBC Insurance and AFS securities not included in SIRR. The following footnotes provide additional information on the Non-traded risk amounts: (4) (5) (6) (7) Cash and due from banks includes $12,644 million included in SIRR. An additional $2,285 million is included in other risk controls. Interest-bearing deposits with banks of $11,793 million are included in SIRR. Trading securities include $7,171 million in securities for asset/liability management of RBC Insurance. An additional $120 million is included in other risk controls. Includes AFS securities of $69,922 million and held-to-maturity securities of $14,879 million. $51,239 million of the total securities are included in SIRR. An additional $1,901 million are held by RBC Insurance. The remaining $31,661 million are captured in other internal non-trading market risk reporting. Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements include $24,838 million reflected in SIRR. An additional $39,772 million is included in other risk controls. Retail loans include $350,019 million reflected in SIRR and $251 million is used for asset/liability management of RBC Insurance. An additional $10,119 million is included in other risk controls. (8) (9) (10) Wholesale loans include $150,619 million reflected in SIRR. An additional $1,409 million is used for asset/liability management of RBC Insurance. (11) (12) Other assets include $39,272 million reflected in SIRR and $2,463 million is used for asset/liability management of RBC Insurance. An additional $25,188 million is included in other risk Investments for the account of segregated fund holders are included in RBC Insurance risk measures. controls. Insurance and investment contracts for the account of segregated fund holders are included in RBC Insurance risk measures. (13) Assets not subject to market risk include $5,191 million of physical and other assets. (14) Deposits include $644,812 million reflected in SIRR. The remaining $30,791 million are captured in other internal non-trading market risk reporting. (15) (16) Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned include $14,578 million included in other risk controls. (17) Other liabilities include $35,526 million reflected in SIRR and $9,900 million of RBC Insurance liabilities. An additional $11,760 million is included in other risk controls. (18) Liabilities not subject to market risk include $7,329 million of payroll related and other liabilities. Liquidity and funding risk Liquidity and funding risk (liquidity risk) is the risk that we may be unable to generate sufficient cash or its equivalents in a timely and cost- effective manner to meet our commitments as they come due. Liquidity risk arises from mismatches in the timing and value of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet cash flows. Our liquidity profile is structured to ensure that we have sufficient liquidity to satisfy current and prospective commitments in both normal and stressed business and liquidity environments. To achieve these goals, we operate under a comprehensive Liquidity Risk Management Framework (LRMF) and Pledging Policy. We also employ several liquidity risk mitigation strategies that include: • • An appropriate balance between the level of exposure allowed under our risk appetite and the cost of risk mitigation; Broad funding access, including preserving and promoting a reliable base of core client deposits and ongoing access to diversified sources of wholesale funding; A comprehensive liquidity stress testing program, contingency, recovery and resolution planning and status monitoring to ensure sufficiency of unencumbered marketable securities and demonstrated capacities to monetize specific asset classes; Governance of pledging activity through limits and liquid asset buffers for potential pledging activity; Timely and granular risk measurement information; Transparent liquidity transfer pricing and cost allocation; and A rigorous first and second line of defense governance model. • • • • • 74 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Risk control Our liquidity risk objectives, policies and methodologies are reviewed regularly, and updated to reflect changing market conditions and business mix, to align with local regulatory developments and to position ourselves for the phase-in of Basel III regulatory liquidity standards. We continue to maintain liquidity and funding that is appropriate for the execution of our strategy. Liquidity risk remains well within our risk appetite. The Board of Directors annually approves the delegation of liquidity risk authorities to senior management. The Risk Committee of the Board annually approves the LRMF and the Pledging Policy and is responsible for their oversight. The Board of Directors, the Risk Committee of the Board, the GRC and the ALCO regularly review reporting on our enterprise-wide liquidity position and status. The GRC, the Policy Review Committee (PRC) and/or the ALCO also review liquidity documents prepared for the Board of Directors or its committees. • The PRC annually approves the Liquidity Risk Policy (LRP), which establishes minimum risk control elements in accordance with the Board-approved risk appetite and the LRMF. The ALCO annually approves the Liquidity Contingency Plan (LCP) and provides strategic direction and oversight to Corporate Treasury, other functions, and business segments on the management of liquidity. • These policies are supported by operational, desk and product-level policies that implement risk control elements, such as parameters, methodologies, management limits and authorities that govern the measurement and management of liquidity. Stress testing is also employed to assess the robustness of the control framework and inform liquidity contingency plans. Risk measurement Liquidity risk is measured by applying scenario-based assumptions against our assets and liabilities and off-balance sheet commitments to derive expected cash flow profiles over varying time horizons. For instance, government bonds can be quickly and reliably monetized without significant loss of value to generate cash inflow prior to their contractual maturity, and similarly, relationship demand deposits can be deemed as having little risk of short-term cash outflow, although depositors have the contractual right to redeem on demand. Risk methodologies and underlying assumptions are periodically reviewed and validated to ensure alignment with our operating environment, expected economic and market conditions, rating agency preferences, regulatory requirements and accepted practices. To manage liquidity risk within our liquidity risk appetite, we set limits on various metrics reflecting a range of time horizons and severity of stress conditions and develop contingency, recovery and resolution plans. Our liquidity risk measurement and control activities are divided into three categories as follows: Structural (longer-term) liquidity risk To guide our secured and unsecured wholesale term funding activities, we employ an internal metric to focus on the structural alignment between long-term illiquid assets and longer-term funding sourced from wholesale investors and core relationship deposits. Tactical (shorter-term) liquidity risk To address more immediate cash flow risks we may experience in times of stress, we use short-term net cash flow limits, in conjunction with stress testing, to contain risk within the risk appetite at branch, subsidiary and currency levels. Net cash flow positions are derived from the application of internally generated risk assumptions and parameters to known and anticipated cash flows for all material unencumbered assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet activities. Encumbered assets are not considered a source of available liquidity. We also control tactical liquidity by adhering to enterprise-wide and unit-specific prescribed regulatory standards, such as LCR. Contingency liquidity risk Contingency liquidity risk planning assesses the impact of and our intended responses to sudden stressful events. Our LCP, maintained and administered by Corporate Treasury, guides our actions and responses to liquidity crises. This plan establishes a Liquidity Crisis Team, led by Corporate Treasury, and consisting of senior representatives with relevant subject matter expertise from key business segments, Group Risk Management, Finance, and Operations. This team contributes to the development of stress tests and funding plans and meets regularly to assess our liquidity status, conduct stress tests and review liquidity contingency preparedness. Our stress tests, which include elements of scenario and sensitivity analyses, measure our prospective exposure to global, country-specific and RBC-specific events over a period of several weeks. Different levels of severity are considered for each type of crisis with some scenarios reflecting multiple notch downgrades to our credit ratings. The contingency liquidity risk planning process identifies contingent funding needs (e.g., draws on committed credit and liquidity lines, demands for more collateral and deposit run-off) and sources (e.g., contingent liquid asset sales and incremental wholesale funding capacity) under various stress scenarios, and as a result, informs requirements for our earmarked contingent unencumbered liquid asset pools. Our contingent liquid asset pools consist of diversified, highly rated and liquid marketable securities, overnight government reverse repos, and deposits with central banks. These portfolios are subject to minimum asset quality levels and, as appropriate, other strict eligibility guidelines (e.g., maturity, diversification and eligibility for central bank advances) to maximize ready access to cash in emergencies. These securities, when added to other unencumbered liquid assets that we hold as a result of capital markets or other activities, combine to populate our liquidity reserve and asset encumbrance disclosures provided below. Liquidity reserve and asset encumbrance The following tables provide summaries of our liquidity reserve and asset encumbrance. In both tables, unencumbered assets represent, for the most part, a ready source of funding that can be accessed quickly. For the purpose of constructing the following tables, encumbered assets include: (i) bank-owned liquid assets that are either pledged as collateral (e.g., repo financing and derivative pledging) or not freely available due to regulatory or internal policy requirements (e.g., earmarked to satisfy mandatory reserve or local capital adequacy requirements and to maintain continuous access to payment and settlement systems); (ii) securities received as collateral from securities financing and derivative transactions which have either been re-hypothecated where permissible (e.g., to obtain financing through repos or to cover securities sold short) or have no liquidity value since re-hypothecation is prohibited; and (iii) illiquid assets that have been securitized and sold into the market or that have been pledged as collateral in support of structured term funding vehicles. As per our liquidity management framework and practice, we do not include encumbered assets as a source of available liquidity in measuring liquidity risk. Unencumbered assets are the difference between total and encumbered assets from both on- and off-balance sheet sources. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 75 Liquidity reserve In the liquidity reserve table, available liquid assets consist of on-balance sheet cash and securities holdings, as well as securities received as collateral from securities financing (reverse repos and off-balance sheet collateral swaps) and derivative transactions, and constitute the preferred source for quickly accessing liquidity. The other component of our liquidity reserve consists primarily of uncommitted and undrawn central bank credit facilities that could be accessed under exceptional circumstances, provided certain pre-conditions could be met and where advances could be supported by eligible assets (e.g., certain unencumbered loans) not included in the liquid assets category. The liquidity reserve is mainly affected by routine flows of client banking activity where liquid asset portfolios adjust to the change in cash balances, and additionally from capital markets activities where business strategies and client flows may also affect the addition or subtraction of liquid assets in the overall calculation of the liquidity reserve. Corporate Treasury also affects liquidity reserves through the management of funding issuances where reserves absorb timing mismatches between debt issuances and deployment into business activities. Liquidity reserve Table 60 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash and holding at central banks Deposits in other banks available overnight Securities issued or guaranteed by sovereigns, central banks or multilateral development banks (2) Other securities Liquidity assets eligible at central banks (not included above) (3) Undrawn credit lines granted by central banks (4) Other assets eligible as collateral for discount (5) Other liquid assets (6) As at October 31, 2017 Securities received as collateral from securities financing and derivative transactions Bank-owned liquid assets (1) Total liquid assets Encumbered liquid assets Unencumbered liquid assets $ 46,581 $ 4,004 303,003 142,272 436 12,007 94,207 19,520 – $ – 46,581 $ 4,004 2,045 $ 203 27,534 44,487 330,537 186,759 187,465 77,696 – – – – 436 12,007 94,207 19,520 – – – 19,520 44,536 3,801 143,072 109,063 436 12,007 94,207 – Total liquid assets $ 622,030 $ 72,021 $ 694,051 $ 286,929 $ 407,122 As at October 31, 2016 Securities received as collateral from securities financing and derivative transactions Bank-owned liquid assets (1) Total liquid assets Encumbered liquid assets Unencumbered liquid assets (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash and holding at central banks Deposits in other banks available overnight Securities issued or guaranteed by sovereigns, central banks or multilateral development banks (2), (3) Other securities Liquidity assets eligible at central banks (not included above) (4) Undrawn credit lines granted by central banks (5) Other assets eligible as collateral for discount (6) Other liquid assets (7) $ 31,771 $ 1,679 281,313 146,269 600 13,558 141,888 23,307 – $ – 31,771 $ 1,679 1,781 $ 262 28,564 34,386 – – – – 309,877 180,655 600 13,558 141,888 23,307 154,105 72,765 – – – 23,307 Total liquid assets 640,385 $ 62,950 $ 703,335 $ 252,220 $ 29,990 1,417 155,772 107,890 600 13,558 141,888 – 451,115 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Royal Bank of Canada Foreign branches Subsidiaries Total unencumbered liquid assets As at October 31 2017 204,999 $ 63,283 138,840 407,122 $ $ $ October 31 2016 264,522 53,006 133,587 451,115 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 76 The Bank-owned liquid assets amount includes securities owned outright by the Bank as well as collateral received through reverse repurchase transactions. Includes liquid securities issued by provincial governments and U.S. government-sponsored entities working under U.S. Federal government’s conservatorship (e.g., Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation). Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Includes Auction Rate Securities. Includes loans that qualify as eligible collateral for the discount window facility available to us at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Federal Reserve Bank). Amounts are face value and would be subject to collateral margin requirements applied by the Federal Reserve Bank to determine collateral value/borrowing capacity. Access to the discount window borrowing program is conditional on meeting requirements set by the Federal Reserve Bank and borrowings are typically expected to be infrequent and due to uncommon occurrences requiring temporary accommodation. Represents our unencumbered Canadian dollar non-mortgage loan book (at face value) that could, subject to satisfying conditions precedent to borrowing and application of prescribed collateral margin requirements, be pledged to the Bank of Canada for advances under its Emergency Lending Assistance (ELA) program. ELA and other central bank facilities are not considered sources of available liquidity in our normal liquidity risk profile but could in extraordinary circumstances, where normal market liquidity is seriously impaired, allow us and other banks to monetize assets eligible as central bank collateral to meet requirements and mitigate further market liquidity disruption. Represents pledges related to OTC and exchange-traded derivative transactions. Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis 2017 vs. 2016 Total liquid assets decreased $23.6 billion or 3%, primarily due to a reduction in non-mortgage loans that qualify to be pledged under the ELA program due to the change of the eligibility criteria by the BoC. This decline was partially offset by higher balances of cash and holdings at central banks. Asset encumbrance The table below provides a summary of cash, securities and other assets, distinguishing between those that are encumbered assets and those available for sale or use as collateral in secured funding transactions. Other assets, such as mortgages and credit card receivables can also be monetized, although over a longer timeframe than that required for marketable securities. As at October 31, 2017, our Unencumbered assets available as collateral comprised 33% of our total assets (October 31, 2016 – 38%). Asset encumbrance Table 61 October 31 2017 October 31 2016 As at (Millions of Canadian dollars) collateral Other (1) Pledged as Available as collateral (2) Other (3) Total Pledged as collateral Other (1) Available as collateral (2) Other (3) Total Encumbered Unencumbered Encumbered Unencumbered Cash and due from banks Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Trading Available-for-sale Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed (4), (5) Loans Retail Mortgage securities Mortgage loans Non-mortgage loans Wholesale Allowance for loan losses Segregated fund net assets Other – Derivatives – Others (6) $ 6 $ 2,039 $ 26,362 $ – $ 28,407 $ – $ 1,781 $ 13,148 $ – $ 14,929 – 204 32,458 – 32,662 – 262 27,589 – 27,851 51,344 3,184 – – 74,922 86,442 1,391 1,096 127,657 90,722 66,734 2,858 – – 83,219 78,966 1,339 2,977 151,292 84,801 222,128 23,131 74,950 – 320,209 166,449 20,450 82,749 – 269,648 35,861 38,504 8,776 3,713 – – – 19,520 – – – – – – – – 32,589 14,737 65,449 27,637 – – – – – 148,657 40,597 128,256 (2,159) 1,216 95,023 54,052 68,450 201,898 114,822 159,606 (2,159) 1,216 95,023 73,572 34,624 40,293 10,422 3,477 – – – 23,307 – – – – – – – – 35,591 12,796 100,612 41,445 – – – – – 131,694 3,438 109,447 (2,235) 981 118,944 50,247 70,215 184,783 114,472 154,369 (2,235) 981 118,944 73,554 Total assets $ 383,036 $ 25,374 $ 435,546 $ 468,129 $ 1,312,085 $ 348,164 $ 22,493 $ 476,115 $ 416,832 $ 1,263,604 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Includes assets restricted from use to generate secured funding due to legal or other constraints. Includes loans that could be used to collateralize central bank advances. Our unencumbered Canadian dollar non-mortgage loan book (at face value) could, subject to satisfying conditions for borrowing and application of prescribed collateral margin requirements, be pledged to the Bank of Canada for advances under its ELA program. We also lodge loans that qualify as eligible collateral for the discount window facility available to us at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. ELA and other central bank facilities are not considered sources of available liquidity in our normal liquidity risk profile. However, banks could monetize assets meeting central bank collateral criteria during periods of extraordinary and severe disruption to market-wide liquidity. Other unencumbered assets are not subject to any restrictions on their use to secure funding or as collateral but would not be considered readily available since they may not be acceptable at central banks or for other lending programs. Includes bank-owned liquid assets and securities received as collateral from off-balance sheet securities financing, margin lending, and derivative transactions. Includes $21.7 billion (2016: $19.5 billion) of collateral received through reverse repurchase transactions that cannot be rehypothecated in its current legal form. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. The Pledged as collateral amounts relate to OTC and exchange-traded derivative transactions. Funding Funding strategy Core funding, comprising capital, longer-term wholesale liabilities and a diversified pool of personal and, to a lesser extent, commercial and institutional deposits, is the foundation of our structural liquidity position. Deposit and funding profile As at October 31, 2017, relationship-based deposits, which are the primary source of funding for retail loans and mortgages, were $525 billion or 54% of our total funding (October 31, 2016 – $506 billion or 55%). The remaining portion is comprised of short- and long-term wholesale funding. Funding for highly liquid assets consists primarily of short-term wholesale funding that reflects the monetization period of those assets. Long-term wholesale funding is used mostly to fund less liquid wholesale assets and to support liquidity asset buffers. For further details on our wholesale funding, refer to the Composition of wholesale funding tables below. Long-term debt issuance During 2017, we continued to experience more favourable unsecured wholesale funding access and pricing compared to many of our global peers. We also continued to expand our unsecured long-term funding base by selectively issuing, either directly or through our subsidiaries, $22.3 billion of term funding in various currencies and markets. Total unsecured long-term funding outstanding decreased $2.7 billion from the prior year due to maturities. We primarily use residential mortgage and credit card securitization programs as alternative sources of funding and for liquidity and asset/ liability management purposes. Our total secured long-term funding includes outstanding mortgage-backed securities (MBS) sold, covered bonds that are collateralized with residential mortgages, and securities backed by credit card receivables. Compared to 2016, our outstanding MBS sold decreased $271 million. Our covered bonds and securitized credit card receivables decreased $2.7 billion and $2.3 billion, respectively. For further details, refer to the Off-balance sheet arrangements section. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 77 Long-term funding sources* (Millions of Canadian dollars) Unsecured long-term funding Secured long-term funding Commercial mortgage-backed securities sold Subordinated debentures Table 62 As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ 96,112 64,758 1,366 9,362 98,827 69,971 1,297 9,597 $ 171,598 $ 179,692 * This table represents an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Our wholesale funding activities are well-diversified by geography, investor segment, instrument, currency, structure and maturity. We maintain an ongoing presence in different funding markets, which allows us to continuously monitor market developments and trends, identify opportunities and risks, and take appropriate and timely actions. We operate longer-term debt issuance registered programs. The following table summarizes these programs with their authorized limits by geography. Programs by geography Table 63 Canada U.S. Europe/Asia • Canadian Shelf Program – $25 billion • SEC Shelf Program – • European Debt Issuance Program – US$40 billion US$40 billion • SEC Registered Covered Bond Program – • Global Covered Bond Program – US$15 billion (1) €32 billion • Japanese Issuance Programs – ¥1 trillion (1) Subject to the €32 billion Global Covered Bond Program limit. Upon the enactment of U.S. SEC Regulation AB II on November 23, 2016, we are not currently able to issue new series of SEC-registered covered bonds under the existing program. We also raise long-term funding using Canadian Deposit Notes, Canadian NHA MBS, Canada Mortgage Bonds, credit card receivable-backed securities, Kangaroo Bonds (issued in the Australian domestic market by foreign firms) and Yankee Certificates of Deposit (issued in the U.S. domestic market by foreign firms). We continuously evaluate opportunities to expand into new markets and untapped investor segments since diversification expands our wholesale funding flexibility, minimizes funding concentration and dependency, and generally reduces financing costs. As presented in the following charts, our current long-term debt profile is well-diversified by both currency and product. Maintaining competitive credit ratings is also critical to cost-effective funding. Long-term debt (1) – funding mix by currency of issuance ($139 billion as at October 31, 2017) Long-term debt (1) – funding mix by product ($139 billion as at October 31, 2017) Other 9% Euro 15% Canadian dollar 37% October 31, 2017 $139 B U.S. dollar 39% Cards securitization 5% Unsecured funding 54% October 31, 2017 $139 B Covered Bonds 27% MBS/CMB (2) 14% (1) Based on original term to maturity greater than 1 year (1) (2) Based on original term to maturity greater than 1 year Mortgage-backed securities and Canada Mortgage Bonds 78 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis The following table provides our composition of wholesale funding based on remaining term to maturity: Composition of wholesale funding (1) Table 64 As at October 31, 2017 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Deposits from banks (2) Certificates of deposit and commercial paper Asset-backed commercial paper (3) Senior unsecured medium-term notes (4) Senior unsecured structured notes (5) Mortgage securitization Covered bonds/asset-backed securities (6) Subordinated liabilities Other (7) Total Of which: – Secured – Unsecured (Millions of Canadian dollars) Deposits from banks (2) Certificates of deposit and commercial paper Asset-backed commercial paper (3) Senior unsecured medium-term notes (4) Senior unsecured structured notes (5) Mortgage securitization Covered bonds/asset-backed securities (6) Subordinated liabilities Other (7) Total Of which: – Secured – Unsecured $ $ $ $ $ $ Less than 1 month 1 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 5,054 $ 1,092 997 – 188 – – – 4,669 39 $ 47 $ 8,801 1,385 2,625 192 571 2,685 – 2,005 14,194 4,300 3,402 980 1,310 1,777 – 173 6 to 12 months 13 13,501 5,555 16,691 1,545 1,549 6,179 – 1,488 Less than 1 year sub-total 1 year to 2 years 2 years and greater $ 5,153 $ – $ – $ 37,588 12,237 22,718 2,905 3,430 10,641 – 8,335 1,549 – 17,311 1,332 4,094 10,017 1,106 5 39 – 38,695 6,270 12,650 23,925 8,256 5,344 Total 5,153 39,176 12,237 78,724 10,507 20,174 44,583 9,362 13,684 12,000 $ 18,303 $ 26,183 $ 46,521 $ 103,007 $ 35,414 $ 95,179 $ 233,600 5,265 $ 5,541 $ 7,388 $ 13,283 33,238 6,735 12,762 18,795 $ 31,477 $ 14,111 $ 36,575 $ 21,303 58,604 71,530 82,163 151,437 As at October 31, 2016 Less than 1 month 1 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 to 12 months 1,375 $ 3,072 1,503 1,135 141 – – – 1,173 80 $ 30 $ 8,950 1,600 9,140 305 686 1,674 – 2,053 10,692 3,551 7,582 213 514 626 – 43 38 5,199 2,923 7,282 554 1,435 5,834 128 738 Less than 1 year sub-total 1 year to 2 years 2 years and greater $ 1,523 $ – $ – $ 27,913 9,577 25,139 1,213 2,635 8,134 128 4,007 1,220 – 18,156 1,871 3,432 10,700 – 13 54 – 43,073 6,493 14,378 30,692 9,469 5,073 Total 1,523 29,187 9,577 86,368 9,577 20,445 49,526 9,597 9,093 8,399 $ 24,488 $ 23,251 $ 24,131 $ 80,269 $ 35,392 $ 109,232 $ 224,893 2,502 $ 5,528 $ 4,691 $ 10,192 13,939 5,897 18,560 18,960 $ 22,913 $ 14,132 $ 45,071 $ 21,260 64,161 57,356 82,116 142,777 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Excludes bankers’ acceptances and repos. Only includes deposits raised by treasury. Excludes deposits associated with services we provide to these banks (e.g., custody, cash management). Only includes consolidated liabilities, including our collateralized commercial paper program. Includes deposit notes. Includes notes where the payout is tied to movements in foreign exchange, commodities and equities. Includes credit card, auto and mortgage loans. Includes tender option bonds (secured) of $5,168 million (October 31, 2016 – $2,567 million), bearer deposit notes (unsecured) of $3,342 million (October 31, 2016 – $1,652 million) and other long-term structured deposits (unsecured) of $5,176 million (October 31, 2016 – $4,874 million). Credit ratings Our ability to access unsecured funding markets and to engage in certain collateralized business activities on a cost-effective basis are primarily dependent upon maintaining competitive credit ratings. Credit ratings and outlooks provided by rating agencies reflect their views and methodologies. Ratings are subject to change, based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, our financial strength, competitive position, liquidity and other factors not completely within our control. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 79 The following table presents our major credit ratings(1): Credit ratings Table 65 Moody’s (2) Standard & Poor’s (3) Fitch Ratings (4) DBRS (5) As at November 28, 2017 Short-term debt Senior long-term debt Outlook P-1 A-1+ F1+ R-1(high) A1 AA- AA AA negative negative stable stable (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Credit ratings are not recommendations to purchase, sell or hold a financial obligation inasmuch as they do not comment on market price or suitability for a particular investor. Ratings are determined by the rating agencies based on criteria established from time to time by them, and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization. On May 10, 2017, Moody’s lowered our senior long-term debt rating one notch, along with our large Canadian peers, due to Moody’s change to Canada’s macroeconomic profile. Moody’s also affirmed our negative outlook. On June 6, 2016, S&P revised our outlook to negative from stable. On October 27, 2017, Fitch Ratings revised our outlook to stable from negative. On July 31, 2017, DBRS revised our outlook to stable from negative. Additional contractual obligations for rating downgrades We are required to deliver collateral to certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade to our current credit rating. The following table presents the additional collateral obligations required at the reporting date in the event of a one-, two- or three-notch downgrade to our credit ratings. These additional collateral obligations are incremental requirements for each successive downgrade and do not represent the cumulative impact of multiple downgrades. The amounts reported change periodically as a result of several factors, including the transfer of trading activity to centrally cleared financial market infrastructures and exchanges, the expiration of transactions with downgrade triggers, the imposition of internal limitations on new agreements to exclude downgrade triggers, as well as normal course mark-to-market of positions with collateralized counterparties moving from a negative to a positive position. There is no outstanding senior debt issued in the market that contains rating triggers that would lead to early prepayment of principal. Additional contractual obligations for rating downgrades Table 66 As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Contractual derivatives funding or margin requirements Other contractual funding or margin requirements (1) One-notch downgrade Two-notch downgrade Three-notch downgrade One-notch downgrade Two-notch downgrade Three-notch downgrade $ $ 61 231 $ 102 100 $ 307 – $ 487 293 $ 117 473 501 – (1) Includes GICs issued by our municipal markets business out of New York. 80 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) The LCR is a Basel III metric that measures the sufficiency of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) available to meet liquidity needs over a 30-day period in an acute stress scenario. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and OSFI regulatory minimum coverage level for LCR is currently 100%. OSFI requires Canadian banks to disclose the LCR using the standard Basel disclosure template and calculated using the average of daily LCR positions during the quarter. Liquidity coverage ratio (1) (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) High-quality liquid assets Total high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) Cash outflows Retail deposits and deposits from small business customers, of which: Stable deposits (3) Less stable deposits Unsecured wholesale funding, of which: Operational deposits (all counterparties) and deposits in networks of cooperative banks (4) Non-operational deposits Unsecured debt Secured wholesale funding Additional requirements, of which: Outflows related to derivative exposures and other collateral requirements Outflows related to loss of funding on debt products Credit and liquidity facilities Other contractual funding obligations (5) Other contingent funding obligations (6) Total cash outflows Cash inflows Secured lending (e.g., reverse repos) Inflows from fully performing exposures Other cash inflows Total cash inflows Total HQLA Total net cash outflows Liquidity coverage ratio For the three-months ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 Table 67 Total unweighted value (average) (2) Total weighted value (average) Total unweighted value (average) (2) Total weighted value (average) 243,794 75,160 168,634 260,993 106,980 137,475 16,538 229,048 61,901 7,108 160,039 26,252 429,706 138,867 11,626 51,878 211,735 19,118 2,255 16,863 117,451 25,775 75,138 16,538 18,735 74,047 41,364 7,108 25,575 26,252 6,902 262,505 28,062 8,310 51,878 88,250 224,518 72,570 151,948 234,455 106,040 113,719 14,696 226,706 59,910 5,364 161,432 30,951 448,854 126,615 10,559 45,207 207,541 17,372 2,177 15,195 99,877 25,491 59,690 14,696 26,069 67,106 34,299 5,364 27,443 30,951 6,814 248,189 31,978 7,042 45,207 84,227 Total adjusted value 211,735 174,255 122% Total adjusted value 207,541 163,962 127% (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) The LCR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline, which, in turn, reflects liquidity-related requirements issued by the BCBS. Effective in the first quarter of 2017, OSFI requires Canadian banks to disclose the LCR based on the average of daily positions during the quarter. Previously, the disclosed LCR was based on the average month-end positions during the quarter. The LCR for the quarter ended October 31, 2017 is calculated as an average of 63 daily positions. With the exception of other contingent funding obligations, unweighted inflow and outflow amounts are items maturing or callable in 30 days or less. Other contingent funding obligations also include debt securities with remaining maturity greater than 30 days. As defined by the BCBS, stable deposits from retail and small business customers are deposits that are insured and are either held in transactional accounts or the bank has an established relationship with the client making the withdrawal unlikely. Operational deposits from non-retail and non-small and medium-sized enterprise customers are deposits which clients need to keep with the bank in order to facilitate their access and ability to use payment and settlement systems primarily for clearing, custody and cash management activities. Other contractual funding obligations primarily include outflows from unsettled securities trades and outflows from obligations related to securities sold short. Other contingent funding obligations include outflows related to other off-balance sheet facilities that carry low LCR runoff factors (0% – 5%). We manage our LCR position within a target range that reflects our liquidity risk tolerance and takes into account business mix, asset composition and funding capabilities. The range is subject to periodic review in light of changes to internal requirements and external developments. We maintain HQLAs in major currencies with dependable market depth and breadth. Our treasury management practices ensure that the levels of HQLA are actively managed to meet target LCR objectives. Our Level 1 assets, as calculated according to OSFI LAR and the BCBS LCR requirements, represent 82% of total HQLA. These assets consist of cash, placements with central banks and highly rated securities issued or guaranteed by governments, central banks and supranational entities. LCR captures cash flows from on- and off-balance sheet activities that are either expected or could potentially occur within 30 days in an acute stress scenario. Cash outflows result from the application of withdrawal and non-renewal factors to demand and term deposits, differentiated by client type (wholesale, retail and small- and medium-sized enterprises). Cash outflows also arise from business activities that create contingent funding and collateral requirements, such as repo funding, derivatives, short sales of securities and the extension of credit and liquidity commitments to clients. Cash inflows arise primarily from maturing secured loans, interbank loans and non-HQLA securities. LCR does not reflect any market funding capacity that we believe would be available in a stress situation. All maturing wholesale debt is assigned 100% outflow in the LCR calculation. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 81 Q4 2017 vs. Q4 2016 The average LCR for the quarter ended October 31, 2017 of 122% was generally consistent with prior quarters and translates into a surplus of approximately $37 billion. Compared to the prior year, the average LCR decreased 5%, mainly due to expected balance sheet growth and optimization of surplus liquidity. Contractual maturities of financial assets, financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items The following tables provide remaining contractual maturity profiles of all our assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet items at their carrying value (e.g., amortized cost or fair value) at the balance sheet date. Off-balance sheet items are allocated based on the expiry date of the contract. Details of contractual maturities and commitments to extend funds are a source of information for the management of liquidity risk. Among other purposes, these details form a basis for modelling a behavioural balance sheet with effective maturities to calculate liquidity risk measures. For further details, refer to the Risk measurement section. Contractual maturities of financial assets, financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items Table 68 Less than 1 month 1 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 to 9 months 9 to 12 months 1 year to 2 years 2 years to 5 years 5 years and greater With no specific maturity Total As at October 31, 2017 $ 58,675 $ 27 $ 22 $ 4 $ – $ – $ – $ – $ 2,341 $ 61,069 88,083 1,748 9 4,690 72 4,145 3 2,552 12 1,545 91 9,608 61 24,445 6,374 40,772 32,952 1,217 127,657 90,722 106,342 47,726 26,207 13,696 14,327 6,624 – – 6,055 220,977 15,228 16,024 23,572 27,220 24,086 104,059 206,201 40,028 86,199 542,617 10,825 5,619 24,577 5,541 10,004 767 77 4,530 523 – 3,290 90 – 2,849 88 11 9,351 183 5 19,459 184 – 39,919 1,697 – 2 1,243 16,459 95,023 29,352 $ 311,097 $ 84,788 $ 59,148 $ 46,855 $ 42,907 $ 129,927 $ 250,355 $ 128,790 $ 130,009 $ 1,183,876 28,977 21,750 1,814 1,820 1,204 986 337 229 745 92 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Cash and deposits with banks Securities Trading (1) Available-for-sale Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans (net of allowance for loan losses) Other Customers’ liability under acceptances Derivatives Other financial assets Total financial assets Other non-financial assets Total assets $ 312,917 $ 85,992 $ 59,240 $ 47,192 $ 43,136 $ 130,672 $ 252,169 $ 129,776 $ 151,759 $ 1,212,853 Liabilities and equity Deposits (2) Unsecured borrowing Secured borrowing Covered bonds Other Acceptances Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Derivatives Other financial liabilities Subordinated debentures Total financial liabilities Other non-financial liabilities Equity $ 40,373 $ 24,425 $ 33,825 $ 35,891 $ 30,641 $ 34,737 $ 1,156 – 3,989 1,898 6,289 1,107 5,799 1,331 10,825 5,541 30,008 – 77 – – – 98,409 5,765 25,137 – 32,026 9,436 1,118 – 4,374 4,787 466 – – 3,388 222 – 4,064 4,862 – – – 93 3,038 296 – 10,178 7,118 11 – 48,980 $ 20,495 19,732 5 – 14,709 $ 429,152 $ 7,659 1,225 – – – – – – 692,733 59,629 37,273 16,459 30,008 – 9,410 138 106 12 16,924 366 207 – 39,378 3,532 8,952 8,170 1 574 – 143,084 92,127 31,849 9,265 $ 211,673 $ 78,433 $ 50,925 $ 46,631 $ 42,994 $ 61,698 $ 106,721 $ 75,455 $ 437,897 $ 1,112,427 835 – 3,910 – 312 – 135 – 180 – 2,747 – 920 – 9,170 – 7,789 74,428 25,998 74,428 Total liabilities and equity $ 212,508 $ 82,343 $ 51,237 $ 46,766 $ 43,174 $ 64,445 $ 107,641 $ 84,625 $ 520,114 $ 1,212,853 Off-balance sheet items Financial guarantees Lease commitments Commitments to extend credit Other credit-related commitments Other commitments Total off-balance sheet items $ 511 $ 63 2,986 $ 125 1,428 $ 182 2,768 $ 181 1,279 $ 181 1,792 $ 720 6,450 $ 1,471 1,486 $ 2,859 46 $ – 18,746 5,782 4,532 4,000 7,735 12,105 9,198 26,719 141,732 15,260 7,176 228,457 526 38 801 – 1,185 – 1,521 – 1,274 – 412 – 749 – 246 – 101,863 442 108,577 480 $ 5,670 $ 7,912 $ 10,530 $ 16,575 $ 11,932 $ 29,643 $ 150,402 $ 19,851 $ 109,527 $ 362,042 (1) (2) Trading debt securities classified as fair value through profit or loss have been included in the less than 1 month category as there is no expectation to hold these assets to their contractual maturity. A major portion of relationship-based deposits are repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis while, in practice, these customer balances form a core base for our operations and liquidity needs, as explained in the preceding Deposit and funding profile. 82 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Less than 1 month 1 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 to 9 months 9 to 12 months 1 year to 2 years 2 years to 5 years 5 years and greater With no specific maturity Total As at October 31, 2016 $ 38,931 $ 342 $ 2 $ – $ 192 $ – $ – $ – $ 3,313 $ 42,780 98,843 1,648 5 4,854 18 2,011 – 1,810 24 1,687 40 8,869 117 25,709 81,801 15,526 42,092 13,154 24,771 16,863 14,988 21,512 11,090 23,120 3,380 109,075 303 198,054 8,362 8,443 28,659 4,403 10,367 741 73 4,800 484 3 3,355 222 – 3,511 62 – 12,794 43 2 26,563 38 6,183 36,587 – 38,887 – 49,099 414 46,062 1,626 7,877 85,413 – 12 1,372 151,292 84,801 186,302 521,604 12,843 118,944 32,035 $ 282,213 $ 75,958 $ 49,022 $ 41,890 $ 39,686 $ 134,201 $ 250,786 $ 131,170 $ 145,675 $ 1,150,601 29,657 19,455 1,824 1,259 2,579 2,991 130 295 237 887 $ 283,472 $ 76,845 $ 49,152 $ 42,185 $ 39,923 $ 136,780 $ 252,610 $ 134,161 $ 165,130 $ 1,180,258 $ 30,680 $ 35,333 $ 35,540 $ 16,684 $ 23,586 $ 34,044 $ 4,947 – 5,700 – 2,290 3,348 7,256 9,376 55,239 $ 20,660 24,936 15,123 $ 415,130 $ 661,359 55,755 40,475 8,569 2,815 – – 1,545 – 8,362 50,369 61,170 7,334 22,700 – 4,788 – 4,403 – 31,499 10,904 2,212 – 73 – 1,568 5,809 375 – 3 – – – – – 2 – – – – – 12,843 50,369 – 3,939 125 – 756 2,976 218 – 8 13,562 154 – 21 25,945 290 115 – 46,081 4,762 9,647 8,419 – 482 – 103,441 116,550 31,318 9,762 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Cash and deposits with banks Securities Trading (1) Available-for-sale Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans (net of allowance for loan losses) Other Customers’ liability under acceptances Derivatives Other financial assets Total financial assets Other non-financial assets Total assets Liabilities and equity Deposits (2) Unsecured borrowing Secured borrowing Covered bonds Other Acceptances Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned (3) Derivatives Other financial liabilities Subordinated debentures Total financial liabilities Other non-financial liabilities Equity $ 182,160 $ 89,139 $ 48,312 $ 26,451 $ 33,174 $ 64,400 $ 127,208 $ 155 – 2,466 – 1,199 – 3,692 – 154 – 276 – 863 – 86,997 $ 424,031 $ 1,081,872 26,774 8,561 71,612 71,612 9,408 – Total liabilities and equity $ 183,023 $ 92,831 $ 48,588 $ 26,606 $ 33,328 $ 65,599 $ 129,674 $ 96,405 $ 504,204 $ 1,180,258 Off-balance sheet items Financial guarantees Lease commitments Commitments to extend credit Other credit-related commitments Other commitments $ 736 $ 2,255 $ 62 3,723 433 477 123 5,481 791 63 1,897 $ 184 9,783 1,420 – 3,199 $ 181 7,190 1,339 – 1,251 $ 177 12,074 1,158 – 3,010 $ 661 31,384 678 – 6,403 $ 1,528 132,092 758 – 79 $ 2,131 18,284 306 – 56 $ – 3,220 90,241 – 18,886 5,047 223,231 97,124 540 Total off-balance sheet items $ 5,431 $ 8,713 $ 13,284 $ 11,909 $ 14,660 $ 35,733 $ 140,781 $ 20,800 $ 93,517 $ 344,828 (1) (2) (3) Trading debt securities classified as fair value through profit or loss have been included in the less than 1 month category as there is no expectation to hold these assets to their contractual maturity. A major portion of relationship-based deposits are repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis while, in practice, these customer balances form a core base for our operations and liquidity needs, as explained in the preceding Deposit and funding profile. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Contractual maturities of financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items – undiscounted basis The following tables provide remaining contractual maturity analysis of our financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items. The amounts disclosed in the following table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows of all financial liabilities (e.g., par value or amount payable upon maturity). The amounts do not reconcile directly with those in our consolidated balance sheets as the table incorporates only cash flows relating to payments on maturity and do not recognize premiums, discounts or mark-to-market adjustments recognized in the instruments’ carrying values as at the balance sheet date. Financial liabilities are based upon the earliest period in which they are required to be paid. For off-balance sheet items, the undiscounted cash flows potentially payable under financial guarantees and commitments to extend credit are classified on the basis of the earliest date they can be called. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 83 Contractual maturities of financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items – undiscounted basis* Table 69 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Financial liabilities Deposits (1) Other Acceptances Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Other liabilities Subordinated debentures Off-balance sheet items Financial guarantees (2) Lease commitments Commitments to extend credit (2) As at October 31, 2017 On demand Within 1 year 1 year to 2 years 2 years to 5 years 5 years and greater Total $ 372,108 $ 253,825 $ 52,026 $ 89,456 $ 22,280 $ 789,695 – – 8,171 1,124 – 381,403 16,443 30,009 134,904 26,730 – 461,911 10 – – 78 106 52,220 6 – 12 261 207 89,942 – – – 3,553 8,952 34,785 16,459 30,009 143,087 31,746 9,265 1,020,261 $ 18,569 $ – 187,078 205,647 177 $ 732 41,369 42,278 – $ – $ 720 9 729 1,471 1 1,472 – $ 2,859 – 2,859 18,746 5,782 228,457 252,985 37,644 $ 1,273,246 Total financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items $ 587,050 $ 504,189 $ 52,949 $ 91,414 $ (Millions of Canadian dollars) (3) Financial liabilities Deposits (1) Other Acceptances Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Other liabilities Subordinated debentures Off-balance sheet items Financial guarantees (2) Lease commitments Commitments to extend credit (2) As at October 31, 2016 On demand Within 1 year 1 year to 2 years 2 years to 5 years 5 years and greater Total $ 358,254 $ 221,852 $ 50,293 $ 100,295 $ 25,422 $ 756,116 – – 8,420 445 – 12,842 50,366 95,005 24,198 – – – 8 112 – 1 – 21 289 115 – – – 4,761 9,646 367,119 404,263 50,413 100,721 39,829 $ 18,689 – 181,496 200,185 $ 197 727 41,671 42,595 $ – 661 5 666 $ – 1,528 59 1,587 $ – 2,131 – 2,131 $ 12,843 50,366 103,454 29,805 9,761 962,345 18,886 5,047 223,231 247,164 Total financial liabilities and off-balance sheet items $ 567,304 $ 446,858 $ 51,079 $ 102,308 $ 41,960 $ 1,209,509 * (1) (2) (3) This table represents an integral part of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. A major portion of relationship-based deposits are repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis while, in practice, these customer balances form a core base for our operations and liquidity needs, as explained in the preceding Deposit and funding profile. We believe that it is highly unlikely that all or substantially all of these guarantees and commitments will be drawn or settled within one year, and contracts may expire without being drawn or settled. The management of the liquidity risk associated with potential extensions of funds is outlined in the preceding Risk measurement section. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Insurance risk Insurance risk refers to the potential financial loss that may arise where the amount, timing and/or frequency of benefit payments under insurance and reinsurance contracts are different than expected. Insurance risk is distinct from those risks covered by other parts of our risk management framework (e.g., credit, market and operational risk) where those risks are ancillary to, or accompany the risk transfer. The four insurance sub-risks are: morbidity, mortality, longevity and travel risk. Our Insurance Risk Framework provides an overview of our processes and tools for identifying, assessing, managing, mitigating and reporting on the insurance risks that face the organization. These are also supported by our robust three lines of defence governance structure. Execution risk drivers Operational risk Operational risk is the risk of loss or harm resulting from people, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems or from external events. Operational risk is inherent in all our activities, including the practices and controls used to manage other risks. Failure to manage operational risk can result in direct or indirect financial loss, reputational impact, regulatory censure, or failure in the management of other risks such as credit or market risk. Our management of operational risk follows our established three lines of defence governance model. This model encompasses the organizational roles and responsibilities for a co-ordinated enterprise-wide approach for the management of operational risk. For further details, refer to the Risk management – Enterprise risk management section. 84 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Operational Risk Framework We have put in place an Enterprise Operational Risk Framework, which is founded on the principles of our Enterprise Risk Management Framework and sets out the processes to identify, assess, manage, monitor and report operational risk. The processes are established through the following core programs: • Internal events – Internal events are specific instances where operational risk leads to or could have led to an unintended, identifiable impact. The internal events program provides a structured and consistent approach for collecting and analyzing internal event data to facilitate the analysis of the operational risk events affecting us. External events – External events are operational risk events that affect institutions other than RBC. External event monitoring and analysis is critical to gain awareness of operational risk experience within the industry and to identify emerging industry trends. Business Environment and Internal Control Factors (BEICF) Assessments – BEICF Assessments are conducted to improve business decision- making by gaining awareness of the key risks and the strengths and vulnerabilities of internal controls. Key BEICF Assessment processes include: risk and control self-assessments conducted at both enterprise and business levels; change initiatives and new/amended product assessments conducted to ensure understanding of the risk and reward trade-off for initiatives (e.g., new products, acquisitions, changes in business processes, implementation of new technology, etc.) and that we do not assume risks not aligned with our risk appetite. Scenario analysis – Scenario analysis is a structured and disciplined process for making reasonable assessments of infrequent, yet plausible, severe operational risk events. Understanding how vulnerable we are to such “tail risks” identifies mitigating actions and informs the determination of related operational risk thresholds as part of the articulation of operational risk appetite. BEICF monitoring – BEICF monitoring is conducted on an ongoing basis through key risk indicators (KRIs) and other assurance/monitoring programs (e.g., business unit monitoring, second line of defence monitoring, audit results, etc.). • • • • Conclusions from the operational risk programs enable learning based on “what has happened to us, could it happen again elsewhere in RBC and what controls do we need to amend or implement,” support the articulation of operational risk appetite and are used to inform the overall level of exposure to operational risk, which defines our operational risk profile. The profile includes significant operational risk exposures, potential new and emerging exposures and trends, and overall conclusions on the control environment and risk outlook. We proactively identify and investigate corporate insurance opportunities to mitigate and reduce potential future impacts of operational risk. We consider risk/reward decisions in striking the balance between accepting potential losses versus incurring costs of mitigation, the expression of which is in the form of our operational risk appetite. Our operational risk appetite is established at the board level and cascaded throughout each of our business segments. Management reports have been implemented at various levels in order to support proactive management of operational risk and transparency of risk exposures. Reports are provided on a regular basis and provide detail on the main drivers of the risk status and trend for each of our business segments and RBC overall. In addition, changes to the operational risk profile that are not aligned to our business strategy or operational risk appetite are identified and discussed. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 85 Our operations expose us to many different operational risks, which may adversely affect our businesses and financial results. The following list is not exhaustive, as other factors could also adversely affect our results. Risk Description Information Technology and Cyber Risks We use information technology for business operations and the enablement of strategic Third Party Risk Processing and Execution Risk Fraud Risk Model Risk business goals and objectives. Information technology risk is the risk to our business associated with the use, ownership, operation, involvement, influence and adoption of information technology within the enterprise. It consists of information technology related events (e.g., cybersecurity incidents, including data breaches) that could have a material adverse impact on our business. Such events could result in business interruption, service disruptions, theft of intellectual property and confidential information, litigation and reputational damage. To manage our information technology risk, we have established an enterprise-wide Information Technology Risk Management Framework and we continue to develop advancements in cyber defence capabilities to support our business model and protect our clients. Failing to effectively manage our service providers may expose us to service disruptions, regulatory action, financial loss, litigation or reputational damage. Third-party and outsourcing risk has received increased oversight from regulators and attention from the media. We formalized and standardized our expectations of our suppliers with a principles-based supplier code of conduct to ensure their behaviour aligns with our standards in the following key areas: business integrity, responsible business practices, responsible treatment of individuals, and the environment. Processing and execution risk is the risk of failure to effectively design, implement and execute a process. Exposure to this risk is global, existing in all of our locations and operations, and in our employee’s actions. Examples of processing and execution events range from selecting the wrong interest rates, duplicating wire payment instructions, processing a foreign exchange transaction incorrectly, underinsuring a property and incorrectly investing funds. The potential impacts of such events include financial loss, legal and regulatory consequences and reputational damage. When identified, these situations are assessed, analyzed and mitigating actions are undertaken. Fraud risk is defined as the risk of intentional unauthorized activities designed to obtain benefits either from us or assets under our care, or using our products. Fraud can be initiated by one or more parties who can include employees, potential or existing clients, agents, suppliers or outsourcers, or other external parties. We have extensive professional resources allocated for the recovery of lost assets and the improvement of loss avoidance through both enhanced intelligence and aggressive pursuit of those who attack enterprise assets. The use of models plays an important role in many of our business activities. We use a variety of models for many purposes, including the valuation of financial products, risk measurement and management of different types of risk. Model risk is the risk of error in the design, development, implementation or subsequent use of models. We have established an enterprise-wide Model Risk Management Policy, including principles, policies and procedures, roles and responsibilities to manage model risk. One of the key factors in the policy to mitigate model risk is independent validation. Operational risk capital We received approval from OSFI on May 10, 2016 for the use of the Advance Measurement Approach (AMA) for operational risk capital measurement subject to the application of a Standardized Approach (TSA) floor. We commenced reflecting operational risk capital under the AMA in the third quarter of 2016. As such, we currently perform parallel runs of the TSA and the AMA of determining operational risk capital. Under TSA, operational risk capital is determined based on an OSFI-established percentage of 3 years’ average gross income for pre-determined industry standardized business activities. Under AMA, operational risk capital is determined by using our internal Operational Risk Measurement System, which includes internal loss experience, external loss experience, scenario analysis, and Business Environment Internal Control Factors. RBC Bank (Georgia), RBC Caribbean, and City National will continue using TSA. RBC Insurance (including insurance recoveries) is not in the scope of operational risk capital calculations. We do not account for mitigation through insurance or any other risk transfer mechanism in our AMA model. Operational risk loss events During 2017, we did not experience any material operational risk loss event. For further details on our contingencies, including litigation, refer to Notes 25 and 26 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. 86 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Regulatory compliance risk Regulatory compliance risk is the risk of potential non-conformance with laws, rules, regulations and prescribed practices in any jurisdiction in which we operate. Issues regarding compliance with laws and regulations can arise in a number of areas in a large complex financial institution such as RBC, and are often the result of inadequate or failed internal processes, people or systems. Laws and regulations are in place to protect the financial and other interests of our clients, investors and the public. As a large-scale global financial institution, we are subject to numerous laws and to extensive and evolving regulation by governmental agencies, supervisory authorities and self-regulatory organizations in Canada, the U.S., Europe and other jurisdictions in which we operate. In recent years, such regulation has become increasingly extensive and complex. In addition, the enforcement of regulatory matters has intensified. Recent resolution of such matters involving other global financial institutions have involved the payment of substantial penalties, agreements with respect to future operation of their business, actions with respect to relevant personnel and guilty pleas with respect to criminal charges. Operating in this increasingly complex regulatory environment and intense regulatory enforcement environment, we are and have been subject to a variety of legal proceedings, including civil claims and lawsuits, criminal charges, regulatory examinations, investigations, audits and requests for information by various governmental regulatory agencies and law enforcement authorities in various jurisdictions, and we anticipate that our ongoing business activities will give rise to such matters in the future. Changes to laws, including tax laws, regulations or regulatory policies, as well as the changes in how they are interpreted, implemented or enforced, could adversely affect us, for example, by lowering barriers to entry in the businesses in which we operate, increasing our costs of compliance or limiting our activities and ability to execute our strategic plans. Further, there is no assurance that we always will be or will be deemed to be in compliance with laws, regulations or regulatory policies. Accordingly, it is possible that we could receive a judicial or regulatory judgment or decision that results in fines, damages, penalties, and other costs or injunctions, criminal convictions or loss of licences or registrations that would damage our reputation and negatively impact our ability to conduct some of our businesses and our earnings. In addition, we are subject to litigation arising in the ordinary course of our business and the adverse resolution of any litigation could have a significant adverse effect on our results or could give rise to significant reputational damage, which in turn could impact our future business prospects. Global compliance has developed a Regulatory Compliance Management Framework designed to manage and mitigate the regulatory compliance risks associated with failing to comply with, or adapt to, current and changing laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Regulatory compliance risk includes the regulatory risks associated with financial crime (which includes, but is not limited to, money laundering, bribery and sanctions), privacy, market conduct, consumer protection, business conduct and prudential requirements. Specific compliance policies, procedures and supporting frameworks have been developed to manage regulatory compliance risk. Strategic risk drivers Strategic risk Strategic risk is the risk that the enterprise or particular business areas will make inappropriate strategic choices, or will be unable to successfully implement selected strategies or related plans and decisions. Business strategy is the major driver of our risk profile and consequently the strategic choices we make in terms of business mix determine how our risk profile changes. Responsibility for selecting and successfully implementing business strategies is mandated to the individual heads of the businesses. Oversight of strategic risk is the responsibility of the heads of the business segments and their operating committees, the Enterprise Strategy Office, Group Executive, and the Board of Directors. The Enterprise Strategy group supports the management of strategic risk through the strategic planning process (articulated within our Enterprise Strategic Planning Policy) ensuring alignment across our business, financial, capital and risk planning. Our annual business portfolio review and project approval request processes help identify and mitigate strategic risk by ensuring strategies for new initiatives, lines of business, and the enterprise as a whole align with our risk appetite and risk posture. GRM provides oversight of strategic risk by providing independent review of these processes, establishing enterprise risk frameworks, and independently monitoring and reporting on the level of risk established against our risk appetite metrics in accordance with the three lines of defence governance model. For details on the key strategic priorities for our business segments, refer to the Business segment results section. Reputation risk Reputation risk is the risk that an activity undertaken by an organization or its representatives will impair its image in the community or lower public confidence in it, resulting in the loss of business, legal action or increased regulatory oversight. Reputation risk can arise from a number of events and primarily occurs in connection with credit risk, regulatory, legal and operational risks and failure to maintain strong risk conduct. Operational failures and non-compliance with laws and regulations can have a significant reputational impact on us. Our Reputation Risk Framework provides an overview of our approach to the management of this risk. It focuses on our organizational responsibilities, and controls in place to mitigate reputation risks. The following principles guide our management of reputation risk: • We must operate with integrity at all times in order to sustain a strong and positive reputation. • Protecting our reputation is the responsibility of all our employees, including senior management, and this responsibility extends to the Board of Directors. Legal and regulatory environment risk Legal and regulatory environment risk is the risk that new or modified laws and regulations, and the interpretation or application of those laws and regulations, will negatively impact the way in which we operate, both in Canada and abroad. The full impact of some of these changes on our business will not be known until final rules are implemented and market practices have developed in response. We continue to respond to these and other developments and are working to minimize any potential adverse business or economic impact. The following provides a high-level summary of some of the key regulatory changes that have potential to increase our operational, compliance, and technology costs and to impact our profitability, as well as to potentially increase the cost and complexity of our operations. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 87 Canadian Housing Market and Consumer Debt The Government of Canada (GoC) continues to express concerns with the level and sustainability of Canadian household debt. A number of measures to address these concerns have been introduced by both the federal government and a number of provinces, including changes to federal mortgage rules (e.g. changes to OSFI B-20 Guideline). Going forward, other initiatives continue to be explored, such as an assessment by the Department of Finance on a lender risk-sharing model. Payments Issues The federal government is engaged in several initiatives that could have an impact on the payment system in Canada. This includes the following: an ongoing review of the interchange framework; a consultation process on the regulatory framework for the retail payments system in Canada; and initiatives under consideration by Payments Canada to modernize the payments system in Canada. Other Regulatory Initiatives Impacting Financial Services in Canada The federal government continues to assess a number of issues relating to consumer protection. Previously withdrawn legislative proposals to update the consumer protection framework and to clarify federal jurisdiction in this area continue to be reviewed by the government. In addition, federal regulatory agencies are also undertaking a review of sales practices at Canadian banks and will be providing reports to the government on these issues. Provincial consumer protection initiatives are also being monitored to assess their possible implications from a financial services perspective. Other regulatory initiatives include a review of the deposit insurance framework by the Department of Finance and the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, consultations by the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada on indirect auto lending, and initiatives by the Canadian Securities Administrators to regulate market conduct activities relating to OTC derivatives products. Negotiations on North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Canada, Mexico and the United States are currently engaged in negotiations on potential changes to NAFTA. The existing chapters in NAFTA such as those relating to financial services, cross-border trade, and temporary entry rules, could be changed as a result of these discussions. In addition, there may be efforts made to update the agreement to address new areas like electronic commerce. While the outcome of the negotiations remain unclear, changes to NAFTA may adversely affect certain of our businesses, either directly or indirectly through adverse effects on portions of the Canadian and U.S. economies. United States Regulatory Initiatives Policymakers are beginning to consider financial regulatory reforms that could result in reduced cost and complexity of U.S. regulations. These include possible reforms to the Volcker rule that could simplify compliance requirements regarding proprietary trading activity and investments in private equity and hedge funds; revisions to the new fiduciary rule that could have implications for financial services firms, investors and markets; potential changes to the framework for the regulation of OTC derivatives; and ongoing adjustments to key aspects of the capital, leverage, liquidity, and oversight framework in the U.S. (e.g. foreign bank organization rules; comprehensive capital analysis and review requirements; single counterparty credit limits; total loss absorbing capacity rules). In addition, U.S. policymakers are considering reforms to the tax code that could be beneficial in terms of lowering corporate tax rates; however, they are also considering measures to raise revenues to pay for those lower rates, including measures that could target the financial sector and many of its employees, such as: reductions in the deductibility of interest on corporate debt, of mortgage interest, and of state and local taxes; revisions to the tax exemption for interest on municipal debt; changes to tax credits for low-income housing and renewable fuels; changes to the tax treatment of derivatives; and a large- bank tax and/or financial transactions tax. The impact of the Tax Reform Framework, if enacted, could include a reduction in our deferred tax asset and tax reductions on future earnings. Congress may opt for a more modest, and less costly, package of reforms. Regulatory Capital and Related Requirements We continue to monitor and prepare for developments related to regulatory capital. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) has issued a number of proposed revisions and new measures that would reform the manner in which banks calculate, measure and report regulatory capital and related risks, including with respect to the use of banks’ own internal risk models. The impact of these proposals on us will depend on the final standards adopted by the BCBS and how these standards are implemented by our regulators. For further details on regulatory capital and related requirements, refer to the Capital Management section. Canadian Bail-in Regime Bail-in regimes are being implemented in a number of jurisdictions in an effort to limit taxpayer exposure to losses of a failing institution and ensure the institution’s shareholders and creditors remain responsible for bearing such losses. On June 22, 2016, legislation came into force, amending certain federal statutes pertaining to banks to create a bank recapitalization or “bail-in” regime for the six domestic systemically important banks (D-SIBs) in Canada. On June 16, 2017, the Department of Finance announced the publication of draft regulations under the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) Act and the Bank Act, which provide key details of the conversion, issuance and compensation regimes for bail-in instruments issued by D-SIBs. The proposed regulations provide that, pursuant to the CDIC Act, in circumstances when the Superintendent of Financial Institutions has determined that a bank may no longer be viable, the Governor in Council may, upon a recommendation of the Minister of Finance that he or she is of the opinion that it is in the public interest to do so, grant an order directing the CDIC to convert all or a portion of certain shares and liabilities of that bank into common shares. These changes are not expected to have a material impact on our cost of long-term unsecured funding. Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC) On June 16, 2017, OSFI released a draft guideline on TLAC, which will apply to Canada’s D-SIBs as part of the Federal Government’s bail-in regime. The draft guideline is consistent with the TLAC standard released on November 9, 2015 by the FSB for institutions designated as global systemically important banks (G-SIBs), but tailored to the Canadian context. The standards are intended to address the sufficiency of a systemically important bank’s loss absorbing capacity in supporting its recapitalization in the event of its failure. TLAC is defined as the aggregate of Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital, and other TLAC instruments, which allow conversion in whole or in part into common shares under the CDIC Act and meet all of the eligibility criteria under the guideline. We are expected to comply with the disclosure requirements beginning the first quarter of 2019 and the remaining TLAC standard requirements by November 1, 2021. The final guidance is expected to be issued in 2018. We do not anticipate any challenges in meeting these TLAC requirements. Step-In Risk On October 25, 2017, the BCBS finalized its guidelines on the identification and management of step-in risk. Step-in risk is the risk that a bank may provide financial support to an unconsolidated entity beyond their contractual obligations, should the entity experience financial distress, 88 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis in order to minimize any potential reputational risk to the bank. The guidelines aim to strengthen the oversight and regulation surrounding systemic risks arising from a bank’s interaction with shadow banking entities. The guidelines provide that banks will be required to at a minimum annually self-assess their step-in risk based on a number of indicators, including the impact on liquidity and capital positions of stepping in to provide support to an unconsolidated entity. These new guidelines do not impose an automatic liquidity or capital charge for step-in risk but do require banks and supervisors to take appropriate actions to respond to and mitigate material step-in risk as outlined in the guideline. We are reviewing these new guidelines along with future OSFI guidance and incorporating them into our risk management activities as recommended by BCBS. The BCBS expects banks and supervisors to implement the guidelines no later than 2020. U.K. and European Regulatory Reform The revised directive and regulation on Markets in Financial Instruments (MiFID II/MiFIR) become effective January 2018 and will have a significant technological and procedural impact for certain businesses operating in the European Union. The reforms will introduce changes to pre- and post-trade transparency, market structure, trade and transaction reporting, algorithmic trading, and conduct of business. The U.K. is in negotiations to exit the European Union. Until those negotiations are concluded, and the resulting changes are implemented, the U.K. will remain a European Union Member State, subject to all European Union legislation. Other regulatory initiatives include: the General Data Protection Regulation, effective May 2018, introducing significant obligations on data handling globally; the extension of the Senior Managers Regime to all U.K. regulated firms from 2018; the Benchmarks Regulation impacting users of, contributors to, and administrators of benchmarks; and the publication of the Foreign Exchange Global Code, setting out global principles of good practice in foreign exchange markets. Competitive risk The competition for clients among financial services companies in the markets in which we operate is intense. Client loyalty and retention can be influenced by a number of factors, including new technology used or services offered by our competitors, relative service levels and prices, product and service attributes, our reputation, actions taken by our competitors, and adherence with competition and anti-trust laws. Other companies, such as insurance companies and non-financial companies, are increasingly offering services traditionally provided by banks. This competition could also reduce net interest income and fee revenue and adversely affect our results. We identify and assess competitive risks as part of our overall risk management process. Our products and services are regularly benchmarked against existing and potential competitors. In addition, we regularly conduct risk reviews of our products, services, alliances and acquisitions as well as ensure adherence to competition and anti-trust laws. Our annual strategy-setting process also plays an integral role in managing competitive risk. Macroeconomic risk drivers Systemic risk Systemic risk is the risk that the financial system as a whole, or a major part of it – either in an individual country, a region, or globally – is put in real and immediate danger of collapse or serious damage with the likelihood of material damage to the economy, and that this will result in financial, reputation or other risks for us. Our earnings are significantly affected by the general business and economic conditions in the geographic regions in which we operate. These conditions include consumer saving and spending habits as well as consumer borrowing and repayment patterns, business investment, government spending, exchange rates, sovereign debt risks, the level of activity and volatility of the capital markets, strength of the economy and inflation. For example, an extended economic downturn may result in high unemployment and lower family income, corporate earnings, business investment and consumer spending, and could adversely affect the demand for our loan and other products and result in higher provisions for credit losses. Given the importance of our Canadian operations, an economic downturn in Canada or in the U.S. impacting Canada would largely affect our personal and business lending activities in our Canadian banking businesses, including mortgages and credit cards, and could significantly impact our results of operations. Our earnings are also sensitive to changes in interest rates, which have increased in Canada and the U.S. over the last year but remain historically low. A continuing low interest rate environment in Canada, the U.S. and globally would result in net interest income being unfavourably impacted by spread compression largely in Personal & Commercial Banking and Wealth Management. While a further increase in interest rates would benefit our businesses that are currently impacted by spread compression, a significant increase in interest rates could also adversely impact household balance sheets. This could result in credit deterioration which might negatively impact our financial results, particularly in some of our Personal & Commercial Banking and Wealth Management businesses. Deterioration in global capital markets could result in volatility that would impact results in Capital Markets while in Wealth Management, weaker market conditions would lead to lower average fee-based client assets and transaction volumes. In addition, worsening financial and credit market conditions may adversely affect our ability to access capital markets on favourable terms and could negatively affect our liquidity, resulting in increased funding costs and lower transaction volumes in Capital Markets and Investor & Treasury Services. Systemic risk is considered to be the least controllable risk facing us. Our ability to mitigate this risk when undertaking business activities is limited, other than through collaborative mechanisms between key industry participants, and, as appropriate, the public sector, to reduce the frequency and impact of these risks. The two most significant measures in mitigating the impact of systemic risk are diversification and stress testing. Our diversified business portfolios, products, activities and funding sources help mitigate the potential impacts from systemic risk. We also mitigate systemic risk by establishing risk limits to ensure our portfolio is well-diversified, and concentration risk is reduced and remains within our risk appetite. Stress testing involves consideration of the simultaneous movements in a number of risk factors. It is used to ensure our business strategies and capital planning are robust by measuring the potential impacts of credit, market, liquidity and funding and operational risks on us, under adverse economic conditions. Our enterprise-wide stress testing program uses stress scenarios featuring a range of severities based on plausible adverse economic and financial market events. These stress scenarios are evaluated across the organization, and results are integrated to develop an enterprise-wide view of the impacts on our financial results and capital requirements. For further details on our stress testing, refer to the Risk management – Enterprise risk management section. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 89 Overview of other risks In addition to the risks described in the Risk management section, there are other risk factors, described below, which may adversely affect our businesses and financial results. The following discussion is not exhaustive as other factors could also adversely affect our results. Government fiscal, monetary and other policies Our businesses and earnings are affected by monetary policies that are adopted by the Bank of Canada, the Fed in the U.S., the ECB in the European Union and monetary authorities in other jurisdictions in which we operate; as well as the fiscal policies of the governments of Canada, the U.S., Europe and such other jurisdictions. Such policies can also adversely affect our clients and counterparties in Canada, the U.S. and internationally, which may increase the risk of default by such clients and counterparties. Tax risk and transparency Tax risk refers to the risk of loss related to unexpected tax liabilities. The tax laws and systems that are applicable to RBC are complex and wide ranging. As a result, we ensure that any decisions or actions related to tax always reflect our assessment of the long-term costs and risks involved, including their impact on our relationship with clients, shareholders, and regulators, and our reputation. Our approach to tax is governed by our Taxation Policy and Risk Management Framework, and reflects the fundamentals of our Risk Pyramid. Oversight of our tax policy and the management of tax risk is the responsibility of Group Executive, the CFO and the Senior Vice President, Taxation. We discuss our tax position with the Audit Committee on a regular basis and discuss our tax strategy with the Audit and Risk Committees. Our tax strategy is designed to ensure transparency and support our business strategy, and is aligned with our corporate vision and values. We seek to maximize shareholder value by ensuring that our businesses are structured in a tax-efficient manner while considering reputational risk by being in compliance with all laws and regulations. Our framework seeks to ensure that we: • • • • • Act with integrity and in a straightforward, open and honest manner in all tax matters; Ensure tax strategy is aligned with our business strategy supporting only bona fide transactions with a business purpose and economic substance; Ensure all intercompany transactions are conducted on arm’s length terms; Ensure our full compliance and full disclosure to tax authorities of our statutory obligations; and Endeavour to work with the tax authorities to build positive long-term relationships and where disputes occur, address them constructively. With respect to assessing the needs of our clients, we consider a number of factors including the purposes of the transaction. We seek to ensure that we only support bona fide client transactions with a business purpose and economic substance. Should we become aware of client transactions that are aimed at evading their tax obligations, we will not proceed with the transactions. We operate in 37 countries worldwide. Our activities in these countries are subject to both Canadian and international tax legislation and other regulations, and are fully disclosed to the relevant tax authorities. The Taxation group and GRM both regularly review the activities of all entities to ensure compliance with tax requirements and other regulations. Given that we operate globally, complex tax legislation and accounting principles have resulted in differing legal interpretations between the respective tax authorities we deal with and ourselves, and we are at risk of tax authorities disagreeing with prior positions we have taken for tax purposes. When this occurs, we are committed to an open and transparent dialogue with the tax authorities to ensure a quick assessment and prompt resolution of the issues where possible. Failure to adequately manage tax risk and resolve issues with tax authorities in a satisfactory manner could adversely impact our results, potentially to a material extent in a particular period, and/or significantly impact our reputation. Tax contribution In 2017, total income and other tax expense, including income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Changes in Equity, to various levels of governments globally totalled $5.1 billion (2016 – $3.8 billion). In Canada, total income and other tax expense for the year ended October 31, 2017 to various levels of government totalled $3.9 billion (2016 – $2.8 billion). Income and other tax expense – by category (Millions of Canadian dollars) Income and other tax expense – by geography (Millions of Canadian dollars) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2017 2016 2017 2016 Business taxes Insurance premium taxes Property taxes Other International U.S. Canada Capital taxes Payroll taxes Income taxes Goods and services sales taxes For further details on income and other tax expense, refer to the Financial performance section. Environmental and social risk Environmental and social (E&S) risk is the risk that an environmental or social issue associated with a client, transaction, product, supplier or activity will create a risk of loss of financial, operational, legal and/or reputational value to RBC. E&S issues include, but are not limited to: site contamination, waste management, land and resource use, biodiversity, water quality and availability, climate change, environmental regulation, human rights, Indigenous Peoples’ rights and consultation, and community engagement. GRM is responsible for developing policies to identify, assess, monitor and report on E&S risk, and for their regular review and update. E&S risk policies seek to identify sectors, clients and business activities exposed to E&S risk; apply enhanced due diligence and escalation procedures; and establish requirements to manage, 90 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis mitigate and monitor E&S risk. Business segments and corporate functions are responsible for incorporating E&S risk management requirements within their operations. RBC recognizes the importance of E&S risk management practices and processes and is committed to the regular and transparent disclosure of these. As a signatory to the Equator Principles (EP), we report annually on projects assessed for E&S risk according to the EP framework. As a signatory to the Carbon Disclosure Project, we annually disclose information on climate change risks as well as our energy and emissions performance. In 2017, we published our first Modern Slavery Act Statement, which sets out the steps that RBC has taken to ensure that slavery and human trafficking are not taking place in the supply chains or our businesses. A number of companies in our RBC Global Asset Management business and BlueBay Asset Management LLP are signatories to the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment and they report annually on their responsible investment activities. Their approach integrates environmental, social and governance issues into the investment process when doing so may have a material impact on investment risk or return. RBC Europe Limited is a signatory to the Green Bond Principles and they report annually on green bond underwriting activities. RBC Corporate Citizenship sets corporate environmental strategy and reports annually on our performance in the Corporate Citizenship Report and Public Accountability Statement. RBC believes we have a role to play in the transition to a clean, low-carbon economy. We are encouraged by the recent efforts of the Financial Stability Board’s (FSB) Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) and are participants in a pilot-test of the TCFD recommendations, which will be coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme – Finance Initiative (UNEP–FI). We continue to investigate and assess climate-related risks and seek to develop and continually improve our climate-related financial disclosures. Other factors Other factors that may affect our results include changes in government trade policy, changes in accounting standards, including their effect on our accounting policies, estimates and judgments, currency and interest rate movements in Canada, the U.S., and other jurisdictions in which we operate, changes to our credit ratings, the timely and successful development of new products and services, technological changes, effective design, implementation and execution of processes and their associated controls, fraud by internal and external parties, the possible impact on our business from disease or illness that affects local, national or global economies, disruptions to public infrastructure, including transportation, communication, power and water, international conflicts and other political developments including those relating to the war on terrorism, and our success in anticipating and managing the associated risks. We caution that the foregoing discussion of risk factors, many of which are beyond our control, is not exhaustive and other factors could also affect our results. Capital management We actively manage our capital to maintain strong capital ratios and high ratings while providing strong returns to our shareholders. In addition to the regulatory requirements, we consider the expectations of credit rating agencies, depositors and shareholders, as well as our business plans, stress tests, peer comparisons and our internal capital ratio targets. Our goal is to optimize our capital usage and structure, and provide support for our business segments and clients and generate better returns for our shareholders, while protecting depositors and senior creditors. Capital management framework Our capital management framework establishes policies and processes for defining, measuring, raising and investing all forms of capital in a co-ordinated and consistent manner. It sets our overall approach to capital management, including guiding principles and roles and responsibilities relating to capital adequacy and transactions, dividends, solo capital and management of risk-weighted assets (RWA) and leverage ratio exposures. We manage and monitor capital from several perspectives, including regulatory capital, economic capital and solo capital. Our capital planning process is dynamic and involves various teams including Finance, Corporate Treasury, GRM, Economics and our businesses, and covers internal capital ratio targets, potential capital transactions as well as projected dividend payouts and share repurchases. This process considers our business operating plans, enterprise-wide stress test and Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP), regulatory capital and accounting changes, internal capital requirements, rating agency metrics and solo capital. Our capital plan is established on an annual basis and is aligned with the management actions included in the annual business operating plan, which includes forecast growth in assets and earnings taking into account our business strategies, the projected market and economic environment, and peer positioning. This includes incorporating potential capital transactions based on our projected internal capital generation, business forecasts, market conditions and other developments, such as accounting and regulatory changes that may impact capital requirements. All of the components in the capital plan are monitored throughout the year and are revised as deemed appropriate. Enterprise-wide Stress Testing Capital impacts of stress scenarios ICAAP Capital impacts of stress scenarios Total capital requirements Capital available and target capital ratios Capital Plan and Business Operating Plan Our Enterprise-wide stress test and annual ICAAP provide key inputs for capital planning, including setting internal capital ratio targets. The stress scenarios are evaluated across the organization, and results are integrated to develop an enterprise-wide view of financial impacts and capital requirements, which in turn facilitate the planning of mitigating actions to absorb adverse events. ICAAP assesses capital adequacy and requirements covering all material risks, with a cushion for plausible contingencies. In accordance with OSFI guideline, major components of our ICAAP process include comprehensive risk assessment, stress testing, capital assessment and planning (both economic and regulatory), Board and senior management oversight, monitoring and reporting and internal control review. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 91 Our internal capital targets are established to maintain robust capital positions in excess of OSFI’s Basel III “all-in” regulatory targets. The stress test results of our Enterprise-wide stress testing and ICAAP are incorporated into the OSFI capital conservation buffer and D-SIBs surcharge, with a view to ensuring the bank has adequate capital to underpin risks and absorb losses under all plausible stress scenarios given our risk profile and appetite. In addition, we include a discretionary cushion on top of OSFI regulatory targets to maintain capital strength for forthcoming regulatory and accounting changes, peer comparatives, rating agencies sensitivities and solo capital level. The Board of Directors is responsible for the ultimate oversight of capital management, including the annual review and approval of the capital plan. ALCO and GE share responsibility for capital management and receive regular reports detailing our compliance with approved limits and guidelines. The Risk Committee annually approves the Capital Management Framework. The Audit and Risk Committees jointly approve the ICAAP process. The Audit Committee is also responsible for the ongoing review of internal controls over capital management. Basel III Our consolidated regulatory capital requirements are determined by guidelines issued by OSFI, which are based on the minimum Basel III capital ratios adopted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). The BCBS sets out the Basel III transitional requirements for Common Equity Tier 1 capital (CET1), Tier 1 capital and Total capital ratios at 5.75%, 7.25% and 9.25%, respectively for 2017, which would be required to be fully phased-in (“all-in”) to 7.0%, 8.5% and 10.5%, respectively, by January 1, 2019 (including minimums plus capital conservation buffer of 2.5%). However, other than providing phase-out rules for non-qualifying capital instruments, OSFI required Canadian banks to meet the BCBS Basel III “all-in” targets for CET1, Tier 1 capital and Total capital ratios in 2013. Effective January 1, 2016, we were required to include an additional 1% risk-weighted capital surcharge to each tier of capital for the above all-in requirements given our designation as a D-SIB by OSFI in 2013 (similar to five other Canadian banks designated as D-SIBs). In 2014, OSFI also advised Canadian banks that it would begin phasing in the Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA) risk capital charge required under the Basel III framework. In accordance with OSFI’s guidance, there are two possible options to phase in the CVA capital charge. Under the option selected by RBC, the 2017 CVA capital charge for CET1, Tier 1 capital and Total capital was 72%, 77%, and 81%, respectively. In 2018, the CVA capital charge will be 80%, 83% and 86%, respectively, and will reach 100% for each tier of capital by 2019. Under Basel III, banks select from two main approaches, the Standardized Approach or the Internal Ratings Based (IRB) Approach, to calculate their minimum regulatory capital required to support credit, market and operational risks. We adopted the Basel III IRB approach to calculate credit risk capital for consolidated regulatory reporting purposes. While the majority of our credit risk exposures are reported under the Basel III IRB Approach for regulatory capital purposes, certain portfolios continue to use the Basel III Standardized Approach for credit risk (for example, our Caribbean banking operations and City National). For consolidated regulatory reporting of market risk capital, we use both Internal Models-based and Standardized Approaches. For consolidated regulatory reporting of operational risk, we use the higher of the Standardized Approach and the Advanced Measurement Approach. We determine our regulatory leverage ratio based on OSFI’s Leverage Requirements (LR) Guideline, which reflects the BCBS Basel III leverage ratio requirements. We are required to maintain a minimum leverage ratio that meets or exceeds 3%. All federally regulated banks with a Basel III leverage ratio total exposure exceeding €200 billion at their financial year-end are required, at a minimum, to publicly disclose in the first quarter following their year-end, the twelve indicators used in the G-SIB assessment methodology, with the goal of enhancing the transparency of the relative scale of banks’ potential global systemic importance and data quality. The FSB publishes an updated list of G-SIBs annually. On November 21, 2017, we were designated a G-SIB in the 2017 FSB list. For further details refer to the Regulatory developments section. In April 2017, OSFI issued final guidelines for the first phase of the Pillar 3 disclosure requirements, indicating that all D-SIBs are expected to implement the “Revised Pillar 3 Disclosure Requirements”, issued by the BCBS in January 2015 for the reporting period ending October 31, 2018 (and referenced by BCBS as phase one). These guidelines replace existing disclosure requirements in the areas of credit risk, counterparty credit risk and securitization activities. We are making progress and expect to meet OSFI’s stated timeline. In March 2017, the BCBS issued its second phase of the Pillar 3 disclosure requirements entitled, “Pillar 3 disclosure requirements – consolidated and enhanced framework”. The enhancements include the addition of a dashboard of key metrics and incorporates disclosure requirements related to ongoing reforms to the regulatory environment, such as the TLAC regime for G-SIBs, the proposed operational risk requirements, and the final standard for market risk. The disclosure standard also consolidates all existing Pillar 3 disclosure requirements of the Basel III framework, including the leverage and liquidity ratios disclosure templates. This phase two requirement, together with the phase one Revised Pillar 3 disclosure requirements, issued in January 2015, comprise the single Pillar 3 framework. OSFI has not yet released the implementation date for the BCBS phase two disclosure requirements. The BCBS has commenced its work on the final phase of the Pillar 3 disclosure requirements, which includes the standardized approach RWA to benchmark internally modelled capital requirements, asset encumbrance, operational risk, and ongoing policy reform. On August 21, 2017, OSFI announced its intention to delay the domestic implementation of the BCBS frameworks related to the Standardized Approach to Counterparty Credit Risk (SA-CCR) and the revisions to the capital requirements for bank exposures to Central counterparties until Q1 2019. In addition, in its communication, OSFI also announced its intention to delay the implementation of the BCBS Revised Securitization Framework until Q1 2019. We continue to monitor the finalization of Basel III post-crisis regulatory reforms and assess their expected impact to our capital and leverage ratios. BCBS issued consultation papers on revisions relating to how regulatory capital is calculated under the Basel III Standardized and IRB approaches along with changes to operational risk methodology and the leverage framework. In addition, the BCBS expects to finalize a capital floor based on its revised Standardized Approach. Once these frameworks are finalized, OSFI’s guidance will provide implementation timelines. Our aim is to ensure we maintain robust capital ratios in expectation of these pending regulatory changes. 92 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis The following table provides a summary of OSFI regulatory target ratios under Basel III: Basel III – OSFI regulatory target Basel III Capital ratios and leverage OSFI regulatory target requirements for large banks under Basel III Minimum Capital Buffers (1) Minimum including Capital Buffers D-SIB Surcharge (2) Minimum including Capital Buffers and D-SIB surcharge (2) Table 70 Meet or exceed OSFI regulatory target ratios RBC capital and leverage ratios as at October 31, 2017 Common Equity Tier 1 Tier 1 capital Total capital Leverage ratio > 4.5% > 6.0% > 8.0% > 3.0% > 7.0% 2.5% 2.5% > 8.5% 2.5% > 10.5% > 3.0% n.a. 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% n.a. > 8.0% > 9.5% > 11.5% > 3.0% 10.9% 12.3% 14.2% 4.4% ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ (1) (2) n.a. The capital buffers include the capital conservation buffer and the countercyclical capital buffer as prescribed by OSFI. Effective January 1, 2016, the D-SIBs surcharge is applicable to risk-weighted capital. not applicable Regulatory capital, RWA and capital ratios Under Basel III, regulatory capital consists of CET1, Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 capital comprises the highest quality of capital. Regulatory adjustments under Basel III include full deductions of certain items and additional capital components that are subject to threshold deductions. Tier 1 capital comprises predominantly CET1 and Additional Tier 1 items including non-cumulative preferred shares that meet certain criteria. Tier 2 capital includes subordinated debentures that meet certain criteria, certain loan loss allowances and non-controlling interests in subsidiaries Tier 2 instruments. Total capital is defined as the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. Preferred shares and subordinated debentures issued after January 1, 2013 require Non-viability contingent capital requirement (NVCC) features to be included into regulatory capital. NVCC requirements ensure that non-common regulatory capital instruments bear losses before banks seek government funding. Regulatory capital ratios are calculated by dividing CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital by their respective RWA. The following chart provides a summary of the major components of CET1, Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. Total Capital Tier 1 Capital Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) + Additional Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital Common shares Retained earnings Other components of equity Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries CET1 instruments Goodwill and other intangibles Deferred tax assets on loss carryforwards Defined benefit pension funds assets Non-significant investments in CET1 instruments of Financial Institutions(2) Shortfall of provisions to expected losses Significant investments in insurance subsidiaries and CET1 instruments in other Financial Institutions Mortgage servicing rights Deferred tax assets relating to temporary differences Higher quality capital s n o i t c u d e D d l o h s e r h T ) 1 ( s n o i t c u d e D Preferred shares Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries Tier 1 instruments Subordinated debentures Certain loan loss allowances Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries Tier 2 instruments Non-significant investments in Tier 1 instruments of Financial Institutions(2) Significant investments in other Financial Institutions and insurance subsidiaries Tier 1 instruments Non-significant investments in Tier 2 instruments of Financial Institutions(2) Significant investments in other Financial Institutions and insurance subsidiaries Tier 2 instruments Lower quality capital (1) (2) First level: The amount by which each of the items exceeds a 10% threshold of CET1 capital (after all deductions but before threshold deductions) will be deducted from CET1 capital. Second level: The aggregate amount of the three items not deducted from the first level above and in excess of 15% of CET1 capital after regulatory adjustments will be deducted from capital, and the remaining balance not deducted will be risk-weighted at 250%. Non-significant investments are subject to certain Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) criteria that drive the amount eligible for deduction. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 93 The following tables provide details on our regulatory capital, RWA and capital and leverage ratios. Our capital position remains strong and our capital and leverage ratios remain well above OSFI regulatory targets: Regulatory capital, risk-weighted assets (RWA) and capital and leverage ratios Table 71 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted) Capital (1) CET1 capital Tier 1 capital Total capital Risk-weighted Assets (RWA) used in calculation of capital ratios (1), (2) CET1 capital RWA Tier 1 capital RWA Total capital RWA Total capital RWA consisting of: (1) Credit risk Market risk Operational risk Regulatory floor adjustment (3) Total capital RWA Capital ratios and Leverage ratio (1), (4) CET1 ratio Tier 1 capital ratio Total capital ratio Leverage ratio Leverage ratio exposure (billions) As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ 51,572 58,361 67,556 48,181 55,270 64,950 $ 474,478 474,478 474,478 $ 447,436 448,662 449,712 $ 376,519 27,618 59,203 11,138 $ 369,751 23,964 55,997 – $ 474,478 $ 449,712 10.9% 12.3% 14.2% 4.4% 1,315.5 $ 10.8% 12.3% 14.4% 4.4% 1,265.1 $ (1) (2) (3) (4) Capital, RWA, and capital ratios are calculated using OSFI Capital Adequacy Requirements based on the Basel III framework (“all-in” basis). The leverage ratio is calculated using OSFI Leverage Requirements Guideline based on the Basel III framework. In 2016, the CVA scalars of 64%, 71% and 77% were applied to CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital, respectively. In fiscal 2017, the scalars were 72%, 77% and 81%, respectively. In 2018, the scalars will be 80%, 83% and 86%, respectively. Before any capital floor requirement as applicable, there are three different levels of RWAs for the calculation of the CET1, Tier 1, and Total capital ratios arising from the option we have chosen for the phase-in of the CVA capital charge. Since the introduction of Basel II in 2008, OSFI has prescribed a capital floor requirement for institutions that use the advanced internal ratings-based (AIRB) approach for credit risk. The capital floor is determined by comparing a capital requirement under Basel I and Basel III, as specified by OSFI. If the capital requirement under the Basel III standards is less than 90% of the capital requirements as calculated under the Basel I standards, the difference is added to the RWAs. To enhance comparability among other global financial institutions, our transitional CET1, Tier 1, Total capital and leverage ratios as at October 31, 2017 were 11.3%, 12.3%, 14.1%, and 4.5%, respectively. Transitional is defined as capital calculated according to the current year’s phase-in of regulatory adjustments and phase-out of non-qualifying capital instruments. 94 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Regulatory Capital (Millions of Canadian dollars) CET1 capital: instruments and reserves and regulatory adjustments Directly issued qualifying common share capital (and equivalent for non-joint stock companies) plus related stock surplus Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income (and other reserves) Directly issued capital subject to phase out from CET1 (only applicable to non-joint stock companies) Common share capital issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in group CET1) Regulatory adjustments applied to CET1 under Basel III Common Equity Tier 1 capital (CET1) Additional Tier 1 capital: instruments and regulatory adjustments Directly issued qualifying Additional Tier 1 instruments plus related stock surplus Directly issued capital instruments to phase out from Additional Tier 1 Additional Tier 1 instruments issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in group AT1) Regulatory adjustments applied to Additional Tier 1 under Basel III Additional Tier 1 capital (AT1) Tier 1 capital (T1 = CET1 + AT1) Tier 2 capital: instruments and provisions and regulatory adjustments Directly issued qualifying Tier 2 instruments plus related stock surplus Directly issued capital instruments subject to phase out from Tier 2 Tier 2 instruments issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in group Tier 2) Collective allowance Regulatory adjustments applied to Tier 2 under Basel III Tier 2 capital (T2) Total capital (T1 + T2) 2017 vs. 2016 Continuity of CET1 ratio (Basel III) Table 72 All-in basis 2017 2016 $ 18,019 45,043 4,354 $ 18,161 41,217 4,926 – – 13 (15,857) 13 (16,136) $ 51,572 $ 48,181 $ 3,825 2,961 $ 3,825 3,261 3 – 3 – $ 6,789 $ 7,089 $ 58,361 $ 55,270 $ 6,346 2,550 $ 6,630 2,738 12 287 – 18 294 – $ 9,195 $ 9,680 $ 67,556 $ 64,950 135 bps 19 bps (70) bps 10.8% (35) bps (30) bps (9) bps 10.9% October 31, 2016 (1) Internal capital generation (2) Pension and post-employment benefit obligations Share repurchases Regulatory floor adjustment Risk parameters update and Other October 31, 2017 (1) Higher RWA (excluding regulatory floor adjustment, risk parameters update and FX) (1) (2) Represents rounded figures. Internal capital generation of $6.0 billion which represents Net income available to shareholders, less common and preferred shares dividends. Our CET1 ratio was 10.9%, up 10 bps from last year. Changes reflect internal capital generation and returns on our pension assets, partially offset by share repurchases, higher RWA due to business growth and a regulatory floor adjustment, and an update to our corporate and business lending risk parameters. Our Tier 1 capital ratio of 12.3% was flat, mainly due to the factors noted above under the CET1 ratio, along with the redemption of preferred shares. Our Total capital ratio of 14.2% was down 20 bps, mainly due to the factors noted above under the Tier 1 capital ratio. Our Leverage ratio of 4.4% was flat, mainly due to internal capital generation and returns on our pension assets, fully offset by share repurchases and growth in leverage exposures, primarily in loans, repos-style transactions, and cash and deposits. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 95 Basel III RWA OSFI requires banks to meet minimum risk-based capital requirements for exposures to credit risk, operational risk, and, where they have significant trading activity, market risk. RWA is calculated for each of these risk types and added together to determine total RWA. In addition, OSFI requires the minimum risk-based capital to be no less than 90% of the capital requirements as calculated under the Basel I standards. If the capital requirement is less than 90%, a floor adjustment to RWA must be applied as prescribed by OSFI CAR guidelines. Total capital risk-weighted assets As at October 31 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Exposure (1) Average of risk weights (2) 2017 Risk-weighted assets Table 73 2016 Standardized approach Advanced approach Other Total Total Credit risk Lending-related and other Residential mortgages Other retail Business Sovereign Bank $ 243,462 239,041 313,550 135,450 135,527 7% $ 22% 60% 9% 8% 5,823 $ 12,374 $ 7,638 41,187 2,930 2,802 46,111 145,976 8,805 8,465 – $ 18,197 53,749 – 187,163 – 11,735 – 11,267 – $ 17,364 52,164 186,285 9,776 11,801 Total lending-related and other $ 1,067,030 26% $ 60,380 $ 221,731 $ – $ 282,111 $ 277,390 Trading-related Repo-style transactions Derivatives – including CVA – CET1 phase-in adjustment $ 475,832 2% $ 66 $ 8,379 $ 75 $ 8,520 $ 7,924 86,999 33% 603 15,977 11,808 28,388 29,796 Total trading-related $ 562,831 7% $ 669 $ 24,356 $ 11,883 $ 36,908 $ 37,720 Total lending-related and other and $ 1,629,861 3,096 58,418 n.a. 51,139 $ 1,742,514 trading-related Bank book equities Securitization exposures Regulatory scaling factor Other assets Total credit risk Market risk Interest rate Equity Foreign exchange Commodities Specific risk Incremental risk charge Total market risk Operational risk Regulatory floor adjustment (3) CET1 capital risk-weighted assets (4) $ 1,742,514 Additional CVA adjustment, prescribed by OSFI, for Tier 1 capital Regulatory floor adjustment (3) 20% $ 113% 14% n.a. 56% 61,049 $ 246,087 $ 11,883 $ 319,019 3,485 8,462 15,306 28,836 3,485 6,076 15,306 n.a. – – – 28,836 – 2,386 n.a. n.a. $ 315,110 2,362 9,591 15,028 25,384 22% $ 63,435 $ 270,954 $ 40,719 $ 375,108 $ 367,475 $ $ $ $ 2,562 $ 1,461 671 232 5,117 – 4,348 $ 1,371 64 13 2,076 9,703 – $ – – – – – 6,910 2,832 735 245 7,193 9,703 $ 4,484 3,005 931 326 5,730 9,488 10,043 $ 17,575 $ – $ 27,618 $ 23,964 4,470 $ 54,733 n.a. $ 59,203 $ 55,997 12,549 12,549 – 77,948 $ 343,262 $ 53,268 $ 474,478 $ 447,436 784 (784) 784 (784) 1,226 – Tier 1 capital risk-weighted assets (4) $ 1,742,514 $ 77,948 $ 343,262 $ 53,268 $ 474,478 $ 448,662 Additional CVA adjustment, prescribed by OSFI, for Total capital Regulatory floor adjustment (3) 627 (627) 627 (627) 1,050 – Total capital risk-weighted assets (4) $ 1,742,514 $ 77,948 $ 343,262 $ 53,268 $ 474,478 $ 449,712 (1) (2) (3) (4) n.a. Total exposure represents exposure at default which is the expected gross exposure upon the default of an obligor. This amount is before any allowance against impaired loans or partial write-offs and does not reflect the impact of credit risk mitigation and collateral held. Represents the average of counterparty risk weights within a particular category. Before any capital floor requirement as applicable, there are three different levels of RWAs for the calculation of the CET1, Tier 1, and Total capital ratios arising from the option we have chosen for the phase-in of the CVA capital charge. Since the introduction of Basel II in 2008, OSFI has prescribed a capital floor requirement for institutions that use the advanced internal ratings-based (AIRB) approach for credit risk. The capital floor is determined by comparing a capital requirement under Basel I and Basel III, as specified by OSFI. If the capital requirement under the Basel III standards is less than 90% of the capital requirements as calculated under the Basel I standards, the difference is added to the RWAs. In 2017, the CVA scalars of 72%, 77% and 81% were applied to CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital, respectively. In 2016, the CVA scalars were 64%, 71% and 77%, respectively. not applicable. 2017 vs. 2016 During the year, CET1 RWA was up $27 billion, primarily reflecting business growth, mainly in loans, securities lending and securitizations, and trading portfolios, the regulatory floor adjustment, and an update to our corporate and business lending risk parameters, partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation. 96 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Selected capital management activity The following table provides our selected capital management activity: Selected capital management activity (Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares) Tier 1 capital Common shares activity Issued in connection with share-based compensation plans (1) Purchased for cancellation (2) Table 74 2017 Issuance or redemption date Number of shares (000s) Amount Redemption of preferred shares, Series AB Tier 2 capital Redemption of June 26, 2037 subordinated debentures September 27, 2017 June 26, 2017 3,477 $ (35,973) (12,000) 227 (436) (300) 119 (1) (2) Amounts include cash received for stock options exercised during the period and includes fair value adjustments to stock options. During the year ended October 31, 2017, we purchased common shares for cancellation at an average cost of $86.47 per share with a book value of $12.15 per share. On March 9, 2017, we announced a normal course issuer bid (NCIB) to purchase up to 30 million of our common shares, commencing on March 14, 2017 and continuing until March 10, 2018, or such earlier date as we complete the repurchase of all shares permitted under the bid. We determine the amount and timing of the purchases under the NCIB, subject to prior consultation with OSFI. Purchases may be made through the TSX, the NYSE and other designated exchanges and alternative Canadian trading systems. The price paid for such repurchased shares has been and will be the prevailing market price at the time of acquisition. Purchases may also be made through other means permitted by the TSX and applicable securities laws, including under specific share repurchase programs pursuant to issuer bid exemption orders issued by applicable securities regulatory authorities. Any purchases made under an exemption order will generally be at a discount to the prevailing market price. In 2016, we announced a normal course issuer bid for the purchase of 20 million shares, which commenced on June 1, 2016 and was completed on March 7, 2017. In 2017, the total number of common shares repurchased under our NCIB programs was approximately 36 million. The total cost of the shares repurchased was $3,110 million, comprised of a book value of $436 million and an additional premium paid on repurchase of $2,674 million. On June 26, 2017, we redeemed all ¥10,000 million outstanding 2.86% subordinated debentures due June 26, 2037 for 100% of their principal amount plus accrued interest to the redemption date. The redemption was completed on June 26, 2017. On September 27, 2017, we redeemed all 12 million issued and outstanding Non-cumulative First Preferred Shares, Series AB, for cash at a redemption price of $25 per share. On November 13, 2017, we redeemed all 82,050 issued and outstanding Non-cumulative Perpetual First Preferred Shares, Series C-1, for cash at a redemption price of US$1,000 per share. Dividends Our common share dividend policy reflects our earnings outlook, payout ratio objective and the need to maintain adequate levels of capital to support business plans. In 2017, our dividend payout ratio was 46%, which met our dividend payout ratio target of 40% to 50%. Common share dividends paid during the year were $5.1 billion. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 97 Selected share data (1) As at October 31 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares and as otherwise noted) Number of shares (000s) Amount Dividends declared per share Number of shares (000s) Amount 2017 2016 Table 75 Dividends declared per share Common shares outstanding (1) First preferred shares outstanding Non-cumulative Series W (2) Non-cumulative Series AA Non-cumulative Series AB (3) Non-cumulative Series AC Non-cumulative Series AD Non-cumulative Series AE Non-cumulative Series AF Non-cumulative Series AG Non-cumulative Series AJ (4) Non-cumulative Series AK (4) Non-cumulative Series AL (4) Non-cumulative Series AZ (4), (5) Non-cumulative Series BB (4), (5) Non-cumulative Series BD (4), (5) Non-cumulative Series BF (4), (5) Non-cumulative Series BH (5) Non-cumulative Series BI (5) Non-cumulative Series BJ (5) Non-cumulative Series BK (4), (5) Non-cumulative Series BM (4), (5) Non-cumulative Series C-1 (6) Non-cumulative Series C-2 (6) Treasury shares held – preferred Treasury shares held – common Stock options Outstanding Exercisable Available for grant (7) Dividends Common Preferred 1,452,898 $ 17,730 $ 3.48 1,485,394 $ 17,939 $ 3.24 1.23 1.11 0.99 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.13 0.88 0.62 1.07 1.00 0.98 0.90 0.90 1.23 1.23 1.31 1.38 1.38 US$ 55.00 US$ 67.50 300 300 – 200 250 250 200 250 339 61 300 500 500 600 300 150 150 150 725 750 107 31 – (27) 12,000 12,000 – 8,000 10,000 10,000 8,000 10,000 13,579 2,421 12,000 20,000 20,000 24,000 12,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 29,000 30,000 82 20 6 (363) 9,315 4,337 9,933 1.23 1.11 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.13 0.88 0.60 1.07 1.00 0.98 0.90 0.90 1.23 1.23 1.51 1.29 0.98 US$55.00 US$67.50 300 300 300 200 250 250 200 250 339 61 300 500 500 600 300 150 150 150 725 750 107 31 – (80) 12,000 12,000 12,000 8,000 10,000 10,000 8,000 10,000 13,579 2,421 12,000 20,000 20,000 24,000 12,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 29,000 30,000 82 20 31 (1,159) 11,388 6,909 9,267 5,096 300 4,817 294 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) For further details about our capital management activity, refer to Note 21 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Effective February 24, 2010, we have the right to convert these shares into common shares at our option, subject to certain restrictions. On September 27, 2017, we redeemed all 12 million issued and outstanding Non-cumulative First Preferred Shares, Series AB, for cash at a redemption price of $25 per share. Dividend rate will reset every five years. Non-viable contingent capital (NVCC) instruments. Represents 3,282,000 and 815,400 depositary shares relating to preferred shares Series C-1 and Series C-2, respectively. Each depositary share represents one-fortieth interest in a share of Series C-1 and Series C-2, respectively. 2016 amount excludes 2.1 million stock options available for grant, which became available upon the exercise of tandem stock appreciation rights prior to November 1, 2015. As at November 24, 2017, the number of outstanding common shares and stock options and awards was 1,453,039,318 and 9,124,811, respectively, and the number of Treasury shares – preferred and Treasury shares – common was (99,367) and (202,634), respectively. NVCC provisions require the conversion of the capital instrument into a variable number of common shares in the event that OSFI deems a bank to be non-viable or a federal or provincial government in Canada publicly announces that a bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection. If a NVCC trigger event were to occur, our NVCC capital instruments, which are the preferred shares Series AZ, preferred shares Series BB, preferred shares Series BD, preferred shares Series BF, preferred shares Series BH, preferred shares Series BI, preferred shares Series BJ, preferred shares Series BK, preferred shares Series BM, subordinated debentures due on July 17, 2024, subordinated debentures due on September 29, 2026, subordinated debentures due on June 4, 2025, subordinated debentures due on January 20, 2026 and subordinated debentures due on January 27, 2026, would be converted into RBC common shares pursuant to an automatic conversion formula with a conversion price based on the greater of: (i) a contractual floor price of $5.00, and (ii) the current market price of our common shares at the time of the trigger event (10-day weighted average). Based on a floor price of $5.00 and including an estimate for accrued dividends and interest, these NVCC capital instruments would convert into a maximum of 2,739 million RBC common shares, in aggregate, which would represent a dilution impact of 65.34% based on the number of RBC common shares outstanding as at October 31, 2017. Attributed capital Our methodology for allocating capital to our business segments is based on the higher of fully diversified economic capital and the Basel III regulatory capital requirements. Risk-based capital attribution provides a uniform base for performance measurement among business segments, which compares to our overall corporate return objective and facilitates management decisions in resource allocation in conjunction with other factors. Attributed capital is calculated and attributed on a wider array of risks compared to Basel III regulatory capital requirements, which are calibrated predominantly to target credit, market (trading) and operational risk measures. Economic capital is our internal quantification of risks associated with business activities which is the capital required to remain solvent under extreme market conditions, reflecting our objective to maintain strong credit ratings. Economic capital is calculated based on credit, market (trading and non-trading), operational, business and fixed asset, and insurance risks, along with capital attribution for goodwill and other intangibles. The common risks between the two frameworks are aligned to reflect increased regulatory requirements. • Business risk is the risk of loss or harm due to variances in volumes, prices and costs caused by competitive forces, regulatory changes, reputation and strategic risks. Fixed asset risk is defined as the risk that the value of fixed assets will be less than their book value at a future date. • 98 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis For further discussion on Credit, Market, Operational and Insurance risks, refer to the Risk management section. Attributed capital is also used to assess the adequacy of our capital base. Our policy is to maintain a level of available capital, defined as common equity and other capital instruments with equity-like loss absorption features such as preferred shares that exceed Economic capital with a comfortable cushion. The calculation and attribution of capital involves a number of assumptions and judgments by management which are monitored to ensure that the economic capital framework remains comprehensive and consistent. The models are benchmarked to leading industry practices via participation in surveys, reviews of methodologies and ongoing interaction with external risk management industry professionals. The following outlines our attributed capital: Attributed capital (Millions of Canadian dollars) Credit risk Market risk (trading and non-trading) Operational risk Business and fixed asset risk Insurance risk Goodwill and other intangibles Regulatory capital allocation Attributed capital Unattributed capital Average common equity Table 76 2017 2016 $ 21,450 3,250 5,200 3,200 650 15,550 10,950 $ 60,250 5,050 $ 20,550 3,200 4,900 3,100 650 16,100 8,900 $ 57,400 4,800 $ 65,300 $ 62,200 2017 vs. 2016 Attributed capital increased $3 billion, mainly reflecting business growth, higher capital attribution rate, and the update to our corporate and business lending risk parameters. We remain well capitalized with current levels of available capital exceeding the attributed capital required to underpin all of our material risks. Attributed capital in the context of our business activities In carrying out our business activities, we are exposed to a range of risks. The following chart provides a high level view of risks within our business segments, which includes credit, market and operational risks. We have used attributed capital to illustrate the relative size of the risks in each of our businesses. The attributed capital distribution reflects the diversified nature of our business activities. RWA represents our exposure to credit, market and operational risk for regulatory capital requirements. Within Personal & Commercial Banking, credit risk is the most significant risk, largely related to our personal financial services, business financial services and cards businesses. The primary risks within Wealth Management, which provides services to institutional and individual clients, are operational risk and credit risk. Risks within our Insurance operations are primarily related to insurance risk in our life and health businesses followed by market risk and operational risk. The largest risk within Investor & Treasury Services is market risk, followed by credit risk and operational risk. The most significant risk within Capital Markets is credit risk, followed by market risk. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 99 For additional information on the risks highlighted below, refer to the Risk management section. Attributed capital (1) Credit Market (2) Operational Goodwill and other intangibles Other (3) 24 30 33% 5 8 $375,108 27,618 59,203 RWA (C$ millions) (4) Credit Market Operational Regulatory floor adjustment (5) 12,549 Royal Bank of Canada Personal & Commercial Banking Wealth Management Insurance Investor & Treasury Services Capital Markets Attributed capital (1) Credit Market (2) Operational Goodwill and other intangibles Other (6) 23 20 44% 3 10 Attributed capital (1) Credit Market (2) Operational Goodwill and other intangibles Other (6) 56 13 20% 2 9 Attributed capital (1) Credit Market (2) Operational Goodwill and other intangibles Other (6) 9 51 12% 15 13 Attributed capital (1) Credit Market (2) Operational Goodwill and other intangibles Other (6) 16 44 11% 18 11 Attributed capital (1) Credit Market (2) Operational Goodwill and other intangibles Other (6) 7 33 45% 8 7 RWA (C$ millions) (4) Credit Market Operational $143,825 186 23,543 RWA (C$ millions) (4) Credit Market Operational $53,593 454 14,358 RWA (C$ millions) (7) Credit Market Operational $8,584 – – RWA (C$ millions) (4) Credit Market Operational $16,569 7,869 4,339 RWA (C$ millions) (4) Credit Market Operational $145,562 18,755 16,366 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Attributed capital: An estimate of the amount of equity capital required to underpin risks. It is calculated by estimating the level of capital that is necessary to support our various businesses, given their risks, consistent with our desired solvency standard and credit ratings. Market risk attributed capital: An estimate of the amount of equity capital required to underpin trading market risk and interest rate risk. Other – RBC: Includes (a) an estimate of the amount of equity capital required to underpin risks associated with business, fixed assets and insurance risks; (b) a regulatory capital adjustment since attributed capital is determined at the higher of regulatory or economic capital; and (c) unattributed capital reported representing common equity in excess of common equity attributed to our business segments which is reported in the Corporate Support segment only. RWA amount represents RWA for CET1. RWA regulatory floor adjustment is not attributed to business segments. Other – Business segments: Includes (a) an estimate of the amount of equity capital required to underpin risks associated with business, fixed assets and insurance risks; and (b) a regulatory capital adjustment since attributed capital is determined at the business segment level as the greater of regulatory or economic capital. Insurance RWA amount above represents our investments in the insurance subsidiaries capitalized at the regulatory prescribed rate as required under Basel CAR filing. Subsidiary capital Our capital management framework includes the management of subsidiaries’ capital. We invest capital across the enterprise to meet local regulators’ capital adequacy requirements and maximize returns to our shareholders. We set guidelines for defining capital investments in our subsidiaries and manage the relationship between capital invested in subsidiaries and our consolidated capital base to ensure that we can access capital recognized in our consolidated regulatory capital measurements. Each of our subsidiaries has responsibility for maintaining compliance with local regulatory capital adequacy requirements, which may include restrictions on the transfer of assets in the form of cash, dividends, loans or advances. Concurrently, Corporate Treasury provides centralized oversight of capital adequacy across all subsidiary entities. Other considerations affecting capital Capital treatment for equity investments in other entities is determined by a combination of accounting and regulatory guidelines based on the size or nature of the investment. Three broad approaches apply as follows: • • Consolidation: entities which we control are consolidated on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deduction: certain holdings are deducted from our regulatory capital. These include all unconsolidated “substantial investments,” as defined by the Bank Act (Canada) in the capital of financial institutions, as well as all investments in insurance subsidiaries. Risk weighting: equity investments that are not deducted from capital are risk weighted at a prescribed rate for determination of capital charges. • Regulatory capital approach for securitization exposures For our securitization exposures, we use an internal assessment approach (IAA) for exposures related to our ABCP business, and for other securitization exposures we use a combination of approaches including a ratings-based approach and the standardized approach. While our IAA rating methodologies are based in large part on criteria that are published by External Credit Assessment Institutions (ECAIs) such as S&P and therefore are similar to the methodologies used by these institutions, they are not identical. Our ratings process includes a comparison of the available credit enhancement in a securitization structure to a stressed level of projected losses. The stress level used is determined by the desired risk profile of the transaction. As a result, we stress the cash flows of a given transaction at a higher level in order to achieve a higher rating. Conversely, transactions that only pass lower stress levels achieve lower ratings. 100 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Most of the other securitization exposures (non-ABCP) carry external ratings and we use the lower of our own rating or the lowest external rating for determining the proper capital allocation for these positions. We periodically compare our own ratings to ECAIs ratings to ensure that the ratings provided by ECAIs are reasonable. GRM is responsible for providing risk assessments for capital purposes in respect of all our banking book exposures. GRM is independent of the business originating the securitization exposures and performs its own analysis, sometimes in conjunction with but always independent of the applicable business. GRM has developed asset class specific criteria guidelines which provide the rating methodologies for each asset class. The guidelines are reviewed periodically and are subject to the ratings replication process mandated by Pillar I of the Basel rules. Accounting and control matters Critical accounting policies and estimates Application of critical accounting policies, judgments, estimates and assumptions Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Certain of these policies and related estimates are recognized as critical because they require us to make particularly subjective or complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and significantly different amounts could be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. Our critical accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions relate to the fair value of financial instrument and securities impairment, allowance for credit losses, goodwill and other intangible assets, employee benefits, consolidation, derecognition of financial assets, application of the effective interest method, provisions, insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities, income taxes, and deferred revenue on our customer loyalty program. Our critical accounting policies and estimates have been reviewed and approved by our Audit Committee, in consultation with management, as part of their review and approval of our significant accounting policies, judgments, estimates and assumptions. Fair value of financial instruments and securities impairment The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We determine fair value by incorporating factors that market participants would consider in setting a price, including commonly accepted valuation approaches. We give priority to third-party pricing services and valuation techniques with the highest and most consistent accuracy. The level of accuracy is determined over time by comparing third-party price values to traders’ or system values, other pricing service values and, when available, actual trade data. Other valuation techniques are used when a price or quote is not available. Some valuation processes use models to determine fair value. We have a systematic and consistent approach to control model use. In determining fair value, a hierarchy is used which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. Fair values established based on this hierarchy require the use of observable market data whenever available. Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and model inputs that are either observable, or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 inputs are one or more inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value of the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available at the measurement date. The availability of inputs for valuation may affect the selection of valuation techniques. The classification of a financial instrument in the fair value hierarchy for disclosure purposes is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement of fair value. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair values by assessing other relevant sources of information such as historical data, proxy information from similar transactions, and through extrapolation and interpolation techniques. For more complex or illiquid instruments, significant judgment is required to determine the model used, select the model inputs, and in some cases, apply valuation adjustments to the model value or quoted price for inactively traded financial instruments. The selection of model inputs may be subjective and the inputs may be unobservable. Unobservable inputs are inherently uncertain as there is little or no market data available from which to determine the level at which the transaction would occur under normal business circumstances. Appropriate parameter uncertainty and market risk valuation adjustments for such inputs and other model risk valuation adjustments are assessed in all such instances. Valuation adjustments may be subjective as they require significant judgment in the input selection, such as the probability of default and recovery rate, and are intended to arrive at a fair value that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument. The realized price for a transaction may be different from its recorded value that was previously estimated using management judgment, and may therefore impact unrealized gains and losses recognized in Non-interest income – Trading revenue or Other. At each reporting date or more frequently when conditions warrant, we evaluate our AFS securities to determine whether there is any objective evidence of impairment, such as a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the security below its cost or when an adverse effect on future cash flows from the security can be reliably estimated. Evidence of impairment includes, but is not limited to, delinquency or default, bankruptcy, restructuring or other events that may question the issuer’s creditworthiness. When assessing impairment for debt instruments we primarily consider counterparty ratings and security-specific factors, including collateral, external ratings, subordination and other market factors. For complex debt instruments including U.S. non-agency MBS, ABS and other structured products, we also use cash flow projection models which incorporate actual and projected cash flows for each security using a number of assumptions and inputs that are based on security specific factors. The inputs and assumptions used, such as default, prepayment and recovery rates, are based on updated market data. In addition, we consider the transaction structure and credit enhancement for structured securities. If results indicate that we will not be able to recover the entire principal and interest amount, we do a further review of the security in order to assess whether a loss would ultimately be realized. As equity securities do not have contractual cash flows, they are assessed differently than debt securities. When assessing equity securities for impairment, we consider factors that include the length of time and extent the fair value has been below cost and the financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer. We also consider the estimated recoverable value and the period of recovery. Refer to Note 4 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for more information. Allowance for credit losses We maintain an allowance for credit losses relating to on-balance sheet exposures, such as loans and acceptances, and off-balance sheet items such as letters of credit, guarantees and unfunded commitments, at levels that we consider appropriate to cover credit-related losses incurred as at the balance sheet date. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 101 Loans which are individually significant are assessed individually for objective indicators of impairment. A loan is considered impaired when we determine that we will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms. Credit exposures of individually significant loans are evaluated based on factors including the borrower’s overall financial condition, resources and payment record, and where applicable, the realizable value of any collateral. If there is evidence of impairment leading to an impairment loss, then the amount of the loss is determined as the difference between the carrying value of the loan, including accrued interest, and the estimated recoverable amount. The estimated recoverable amount is measured as the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, including cash flows that may result from the realization of collateral less costs to sell. Loans which are not individually significant, or which are individually assessed and not determined to be impaired, are collectively assessed for impairment. For the purposes of a collective evaluation of impairment, loans are grouped on the basis of similar credit risk characteristics, taking into account loan type, industry, geographic location, collateral type, past due status and other relevant factors. The collective impairment allowance is determined by reviewing factors including: (i) historical loss experience, which takes into consideration historical probabilities of default, loss given default and exposure at default, and (ii) management’s judgment on the level of impairment losses based on historical experience relative to the actual level as reported at the balance sheet date, taking into consideration the current portfolio credit quality trends; business, economic and credit conditions; the impact of policy and process changes; and other supporting factors. Future cash flows for a group of loans are collectively evaluated for impairment on the basis of contractual cash flows and historical loss experience for loans with credit risk characteristics similar to those in the group. We use historical loss experience and normalize observable inputs for current and past conditions that are not relevant to the assessment performed for the current reporting period. The methodology and assumptions used for estimating future cash flows are reviewed regularly to reduce any differences between loss estimates and actual loss experience. Loans and the related impairment allowance for credit losses are written off, either partially or in full, when there is no realistic prospect of recovery. Where loans are secured, they are generally written off after receipt of any proceeds from the realization of the collateral. In circumstances where the net realizable value of any collateral has been determined and there is no reasonable expectation of further recovery, write off may be earlier. For further information on allowance for credit losses, refer to Note 5 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Goodwill and other intangible assets We allocate goodwill to groups of cash-generating units (CGU). Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if there are objective indications of impairment. We test for impairment by comparing the recoverable amount of a CGU with its carrying amount. We estimate the value in use and fair value less costs of disposal of our CGUs primarily using a discounted cash flow method which incorporates each CGU’s internal forecasts of revenues and expenses. Significant management judgment is applied in the determination of expected future cash flows (uncertainty in timing and amount), discount rates (based on CGU-specific risks) and terminal growth rates. CGU-specific risks include country risk, business/operational risk, geographic risk (including political risk, devaluation risk and government regulation), currency risk and price risk (including product pricing risk and inflation). If the forecast earnings and other assumptions in future periods deviate significantly from the current amounts used in our impairment testing, the value of our goodwill could become impaired. We assess for indicators of impairment of our other intangible assets at each reporting period. If there is an indication that an asset may be impaired, an impairment test is performed by comparing the carrying amount of the intangible asset to its recoverable amount. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, we estimate the recoverable amount of the CGU to which the asset belongs. Significant judgment is applied in estimating the useful lives and recoverable amounts of our intangible assets and assessing whether certain events or circumstances constitute objective evidence of impairment. We do not have any other intangible assets with indefinite lives. For further details, refer to Notes 2 and 10 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Employee benefits We sponsor a number of benefit programs for eligible employees, including registered pension plans, supplemental pension plans, health, dental, disability and life insurance plans. The calculation of defined benefit expenses and obligations depends on various assumptions such as discount rates, healthcare cost trend rates, projected salary increases, retirement age, and mortality and termination rates. Discount rates are determined using a yield curve based on spot rates from high quality corporate bonds. All other assumptions are determined by us and are reviewed by the actuaries. Actual experience that differs from the actuarial assumptions will affect the amounts of benefit obligations and remeasurements that we recognize. The weighted average assumptions used and the sensitivity of key assumptions are presented in Note 17 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Consolidation of structured entities Subsidiaries are those entities, including structured entities, over which we have control. We control an entity when we are exposed, or have rights, to variable returns from our involvement with the entity and have the ability to affect those returns through our power over the investee. We have power over an entity when we have existing rights that give us the current ability to direct the activities that most significantly affect the entity’s returns (relevant activities). Power may be determined on the basis of voting rights or, in the case of structured entities, other contractual arrangements. We are not deemed to control an entity when we exercise power over an entity as the agent of a third party or parties. In determining whether we are acting as an agent, we consider the overall relationship between us, the investee and other parties to the arrangement with respect to the following factors: (i) the scope of our decision making power; (ii) the rights held by other parties; (iii) the remuneration to which we are entitled; and (iv) our exposure to variability of returns. The determination of control is based on the current facts and circumstances and is continuously assessed. In some circumstances, different factors and conditions may indicate that various parties control an entity depending on whether those factors and conditions are assessed in isolation or in totality. Significant judgment is applied in determining whether we control an entity, specifically, assessing whether we have substantive decision making rights over the relevant activities and whether we are exercising our power as a principal or an agent. We consolidate all subsidiaries from the date control is transferred to us, and cease consolidation when an entity is no longer controlled by us. Our consolidation conclusions affect the classification and amount of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements. For further details, refer to the Note 7 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. 102 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Derecognition of financial assets We periodically enter into transactions in which we transfer financial assets such as loans or mortgage-backed securities to structured entities or trusts that issue securities to investors. We derecognize the assets when our contractual rights to the cash flows from the assets have expired; when we retain the rights to receive the cash flows but assume an obligation to pay those cash flows to a third party subject to certain pass- through requirements; or when we transfer our contractual rights to receive the cash flows and substantially all of the risks and rewards of the assets have been transferred. When we retain substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are accounted for as secured financing transactions. When we neither retain nor transfer substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the assets, we derecognize the assets if control over the assets is relinquished. If we retain control over the transferred assets, we continue to recognize the transferred assets to the extent of our continuing involvement. Management’s judgment is applied in determining whether we have transferred or retained substantially all risk and rewards of ownership of the transferred financial asset. The majority of assets transferred under repurchase agreements, securities lending agreements, and in our Canadian residential mortgage securitization transactions do not qualify for derecognition. As a result, we continue to record the associated transferred assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and no gains or losses are recognized for those securitization activities. Otherwise, a gain or loss is recognized on securitization by comparing the carrying amount of the transferred asset with its fair value at the date of the transfer. For further information on derecognition of financial assets, refer to Note 6 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Application of the effective interest method Interest is recognized in Interest income and Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income for all interest bearing financial instruments using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that discounts estimated future cash flows over the expected life of the financial asset or liability to the net carrying amount upon initial recognition. Significant judgment is applied in determining the effective interest rate due to uncertainty in the timing and amounts of future cash flows. Provisions Provisions are liabilities of uncertain timing or amount and are recognized when we have a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. We record provisions related to litigation, asset retirement obligations, and the allowance for off-balance sheet and other items. Provisions are recorded under Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Provisions are measured as the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the reporting date. Significant judgment is required in determining whether a present obligation exists and in estimating the probability, timing and amount of any outflows. The forward-looking nature of these estimates requires us to use a significant amount of judgment in projecting the timing and amount of future cash flows. We record our provisions on the basis of all available information at the end of the reporting period and make adjustments on a quarterly basis to reflect current expectations. Should actual results differ from our expectations, we may incur expenses in excess of the provisions recognized. When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, such as an insurer, a separate asset is recognized if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received. Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities represent current claims and estimates for future insurance policy benefits. Liabilities for life insurance contracts are determined using the Canadian Asset Liability Method, which incorporates assumptions for mortality, morbidity, policy lapses and surrenders, investment yields, policy dividends, operating and policy maintenance expenses, and provisions for adverse deviation. These assumptions are reviewed at least annually and updated in response to actual experience and market conditions. Liabilities for property and casualty insurance represent estimated provisions for reported and unreported claims. Liabilities for life and property and casualty insurance are included in Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities. Changes in Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities are included in the Insurance policyholder benefits, claims and acquisition expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which the estimates change. Refer to Note 15 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Income taxes We are subject to income tax laws in various jurisdictions where we operate, and the complex tax laws are potentially subject to different interpretations by us and the relevant taxation authority. Management’s judgment is applied in interpreting the relevant tax laws and estimating the expected timing and amount of the provision for current and deferred income taxes. A deferred tax asset or liability is determined for each temporary difference based on the tax rates that are expected to be in effect in the period that the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Where the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future, no deferred tax amount is recognized. On a quarterly basis, we review whether it is probable that the benefits associated with our deferred tax assets will be realized, using both positive and negative evidence. Refer to Note 23 to our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. Future changes in accounting policy and disclosure IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (IFRS 9) In July 2014, the IASB issued the complete version of IFRS 9, which brings together the classification and measurement, impairment and hedge accounting phases of the IASB’s project to replace IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39). In January 2015, OSFI issued an advisory with respect to the early adoption of IFRS 9 for D-SIBs, requiring D-SIBs to adopt IFRS 9 for the annual period beginning on November 1, 2017. As a result, we are required to adopt IFRS 9 on November 1, 2017, with the exception of the own credit provisions of IFRS 9, which we adopted in the second quarter of 2014. In June 2016, OSFI issued its final guideline on IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and Disclosures. The guideline provides guidance to Federally Regulated Entities on the application of IFRS 9, including the implementation of the expected credit loss framework under IFRS 9. The OSFI guideline is effective for us on November 1, 2017, consistent with the adoption of IFRS 9. The new classification and measurement and impairment requirements will be applied by adjusting our Consolidated Balance Sheet on November 1, 2017, the date of initial application, with no restatement of comparative period financial information. Based on current estimates, the adoption of IFRS 9 is expected to result in a reduction to retained earnings as at November 1, 2017 of approximately $600 million, net of taxes. The impact is primarily attributable to increases in the allowance for credit losses under the new impairment requirements. We do not expect the adoption of IFRS 9 to have a significant impact on our CET1 capital. We continue to monitor and refine certain elements of our impairment process in advance of Q1 2018 reporting. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 103 Classification and measurement IFRS 9 introduces a principles-based approach to the classification of financial assets. Debt instruments, including hybrid contracts, are measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), FVOCI or amortized cost based on the nature of the cash flows of the assets and an entity’s business model. These categories replace the existing IAS 39 classifications of FVTPL, AFS, loans and receivables, and held-to-maturity. Equity instruments are measured at FVTPL, unless they are not held for trading purposes, in which case an irrevocable election can be made on initial recognition to measure them at FVOCI with no subsequent reclassification to profit or loss. For financial liabilities, most of the pre-existing requirements for classification and measurement previously included in IAS 39 were carried forward unchanged into IFRS 9. The requirements related to the fair value option for financial liabilities, which were adopted in 2014, were changed to address the treatment of own credit risk. The combined application of the contractual cash flow characteristics and business model tests as at November 1, 2017 is expected to result in certain differences in the classification of financial assets when compared to our classification under IAS 39. The most significant changes include the following: • • Approximately $25 billion of debt securities previously classified as AFS are expected to be classified as amortized cost based on a held-to-collect business model. Approximately $2.5 billion of securities previously classified as AFS are expected to be classified as FVTPL, primarily representing equities and debt securities whose cash flows do not represent solely payments of principal and interest. Impairment IFRS 9 introduces an expected credit loss impairment model that differs significantly from the incurred loss model under IAS 39 and is expected to result in earlier recognition of credit losses. Additional details on the key elements of the new expected credit loss model are described below. Scope Under IFRS 9, the same impairment model is applied to all financial assets, except for financial assets classified or designated as at FVTPL and equity securities designated as at FVOCI, which are not subject to impairment assessment. The scope of the IFRS 9 expected credit loss impairment model includes amortized cost financial assets, debt securities classified as at FVOCI, and off balance sheet loan commitments and financial guarantees which were previously provided for under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (IAS 37). The above-mentioned reclassifications into or out of these categories under IFRS 9 and items that previously fell under the IAS 37 framework were considered in determining the scope of our application of the new expected credit loss impairment model. Expected credit loss impairment model Under IFRS 9, credit loss allowances will be measured on each reporting date according to a three-stage expected credit loss impairment model: • • • Stage 1 – From initial recognition of a financial asset to the date on which the asset has experienced a significant increase in credit risk relative to its initial recognition, a loss allowance is recognized equal to the credit losses expected to result from defaults occurring over the next 12 months. Stage 2 – Following a significant increase in credit risk relative to the initial recognition of the financial asset, a loss allowance is recognized equal to the credit losses expected over the remaining lifetime of the asset. Stage 3 – When a financial asset is considered to be credit-impaired, a loss allowance equal to full lifetime expected credit losses will be recognized. Interest revenue is calculated based on the carrying amount of the asset, net of the loss allowance, rather than on its gross carrying amount. Stage 1 and Stage 2 credit loss allowances effectively replace the collectively-assessed allowance for loans not yet identified as impaired recorded under IAS 39, while Stage 3 credit loss allowances effectively replace the individually and collectively assessed allowances for impaired loans. Under IFRS 9, the population of financial assets and corresponding allowances disclosed as Stage 3 will not necessarily correspond to the amounts of financial assets currently disclosed as impaired in accordance with IAS 39. Consistent with IAS 39, loans are written off when there is no realistic probability of recovery. Accordingly, our policy on when financial assets are written-off will not significantly change on adoption of IFRS 9. Because all financial assets within the scope of the IFRS 9 impairment model will be assessed for at least 12-months of expected credit losses, and the population of financial assets to which full lifetime expected credit losses applies is larger than the population of impaired loans for which there is objective evidence of impairment in accordance with IAS 39, loss allowances are generally expected to be higher under IFRS 9 relative to IAS 39. Changes in the required credit loss allowance, including the impact of movements between Stage 1 (12 month expected credit losses) and Stage 2 (lifetime expected credit losses), will be recorded in profit or loss. Because of the impact of moving between 12 month and lifetime expected credit losses and the application of forward looking information, provisions are expected to be more volatile under IFRS 9 than IAS 39. Measurement The measurement of expected credit losses will primarily be based on the product of the instrument’s probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), and exposure at default (EAD), discounted to the reporting date. The main difference between Stage 1 and Stage 2 expected credit losses is the respective PD horizon. Stage 1 estimates will use a maximum of a 12-month PD while Stage 2 estimates will use a lifetime PD. Stage 3 estimates will continue to leverage existing processes for estimating losses on impaired loans, however, these processes will be updated to reflect the requirements of IFRS 9, including the requirement to consider multiple forward-looking scenarios. An expected credit loss estimate will be produced for each individual exposure, including amounts which are subject to a more simplified model for estimating expected credit losses; however the relevant parameters will be modeled on a collective basis using largely the same underlying data pool supporting our stress testing and regulatory capital expected loss processes. Models have been developed, primarily leveraging our existing models for enterprise-wide stress testing. For the small percentage of our portfolios that lack detailed historical information and/or loss experience, we will apply simplified measurement approaches that may differ from what is described above. These approaches have been designed to maximize the available information that is reliable and supportable for each portfolio and may be collective in nature. Expected credit losses must be discounted to the reporting period using the effective interest rate, or an approximation thereof. Movement between stages Movements between Stage 1 and Stage 2 are based on whether an instrument’s credit risk as at the reporting date has increased significantly relative to the date it was initially recognized. For the purposes of this assessment, credit risk is based on an instrument’s lifetime PD, not the 104 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis losses we expect to incur. The assessment of significant increases in credit risk is a new concept under IFRS 9 and will require significant judgment. Our assessment of significant increases in credit risk will be performed at least quarterly for each individual exposure based on three factors. If any of the following factors indicates that a significant increase in credit risk has occurred, the instrument will be moved from Stage 1 to Stage 2: (1) We have established thresholds for significant increases in credit risk based on both a percentage and absolute change in lifetime PD relative to initial recognition. The exact thresholds applied will differ by product and/or business. (2) Additional qualitative reviews will be performed to assess the staging results and make adjustments, as necessary, to better reflect the (3) positions which have significantly increased in risk. IFRS 9 contains a rebuttable presumption that instruments which are 30 days past due have experienced a significant increase in credit risk. We do not intend to rebut this presumption. Movements between Stage 2 and Stage 3 are based on whether financial assets are credit-impaired as at the reporting date. The determination of credit-impairment under IFRS 9 will be similar to the individual assessment of financial assets for objective evidence of impairment under IAS 39. The assessments for significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition and credit-impairment are performed independently as at each reporting period. Assets can move in both directions through the stages of the impairment model. After a financial asset has migrated to Stage 2, if it is no longer considered that credit risk has significantly increased relative to initial recognition in a subsequent reporting period, it will move back to Stage 1. Similarly, an asset that is in Stage 3 will move back to Stage 2 if it is no longer considered to be credit-impaired. Forward-looking information The measurement of expected credit losses for each stage and the assessment of significant increases in credit risk must consider information about past events and current conditions as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts of future events and economic conditions. The estimation and application of forward-looking information will require significant judgment. PD, LGD and EAD inputs used to estimate Stage 1 and Stage 2 credit loss allowances are modelled based on the macroeconomic variables (or changes in macroeconomic variables) that are most closely correlated with credit losses in the relevant portfolio. Each macroeconomic scenario used in our expected credit loss calculation will have forecasts of the relevant macroeconomic variables – including, but not limited to, unemployment rates, gross domestic product, bond yields, credit spreads, equity indices, stock market volatility, residential and commercial real estate prices, and commodity prices – for a five year period, subsequently reverting to long-run averages. Our estimation of expected credit losses in Stage 1 and Stage 2 will be a discounted probability-weighted estimate that considers a minimum of three future macroeconomic scenarios. Our base case scenario will be based on macroeconomic forecasts published by our internal economics group. Upside and downside scenarios will be set relative to our base case scenario based on reasonably possible alternative macroeconomic conditions. Scenario design, including the identification of additional downside scenarios will occur on at least an annual basis and more frequently if conditions warrant. Scenarios will be probability-weighted according to our best estimate of their relative likelihood based on historical frequency and current trends and conditions. Probability weights will be updated on a quarterly basis. All scenarios considered will be applied to all portfolios subject to expected credit losses with the same probabilities. Loss rates used in collectively-assessed Stage 3 allowances will be adjusted based on the forward-looking macroeconomic scenarios used in the Stage 1 and Stage 2 estimates. Individually-assessed allowances will be established on consideration of a range of possible outcomes, which may include macroeconomic or non-macroeconomic scenarios, as appropriate. Our assessment of significant increases in credit risk will be based on changes in probability-weighted forward-looking lifetime PD, using the same macroeconomic scenarios as the calculation of expected credit losses. Expected life For instruments in Stage 2 or Stage 3, loss allowances will cover expected credit losses over the expected remaining lifetime of the instrument. For most instruments, the expected life is limited to the remaining contractual life, adjusted as applicable for expected prepayments. However, an exemption from this limit is granted for instruments that include both a loan and undrawn commitment component and where our contractual ability to demand repayment and cancel the undrawn commitment does not limit our exposure to credit losses to the contractual notice period. For products in scope of this exemption, the expected life is the period over which our exposure to credit losses is not mitigated by our normal credit risk management actions. Determining the instruments in scope for this exemption and estimating the appropriate remaining life will require significant judgment. Products identified as in scope of the lifetime exemption include credit cards, overdraft balances and certain revolving lines of credit. The expected life for these products will be determined using a behavioral life simulation, based on our historical experience. Definition of default The definition of default used in the measurement of expected credit losses and the assessment to determine movement between stages will be consistent with the definition of default used for internal credit risk management purposes. IFRS 9 does not define default, but contains a rebuttable presumption that default has occurred when an exposure is greater than 90 days past due. We will rebut this presumption for our Canadian and U.S. credit card assets, which use a definition of default of 180 days for both accounting and regulatory capital purposes, based on an analysis of write-off and cure rates which indicates that a more lagging criterion is appropriate. Governance As part of the implementation of IFRS 9, we have designed and implemented new controls and governance procedures in several areas that contribute to the calculation of expected credit losses. These include controls over credit risk data and systems, expected credit loss models and calculation engine, forecasts of future macroeconomic variables, design and probability-weighting of future macroeconomic scenarios, and the determination of significant increases in credit risk. In addition to the existing risk management framework, we have established an Allowance Committee to provide oversight to the IFRS 9 impairment process. The Allowance Committee is comprised of senior representatives from Finance, Risk Management and Economics and will be responsible for reviewing and approving key inputs and assumptions used in our expected credit loss estimates. It also assesses the appropriateness of the overall allowance results to be included in our financial statements. We have also established the Business Advisory Working Group, comprised of senior representatives from the Business and Risk Management, which provides advice to the Allowance Committee on certain measurement methodology and assumptions. The new committee structure, with underlying key controls, went into operation in 2017. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 105 Regulatory capital Under the Basel III regulatory capital framework, any shortfall of accounting allowances to expected losses calculated according to the Basel rules for IRB portfolios is a deduction from CET1 capital. If accounting allowances exceed Basel expected losses, the excess is included as Tier 2 capital. After the adoption of IFRS 9, expected loss models will be used for both regulatory capital and accounting purposes. Under both models, expected losses are calculated as the product of PD, LGD and EAD. However, there are several key differences under current Basel rules which could lead to significantly different expected loss estimates: • • • Basel PDs are based on long-run averages over an entire economic cycle. IFRS 9 PDs are based on current conditions, adjusted for estimates of future conditions that will impact PD under several probability-weighted macroeconomic scenarios. Basel PDs consider the probability of default over the next 12 months. IFRS 9 PDs consider the probability of default over the next 12 months only for instruments in Stage 1. Expected credit losses for instruments in Stage 2 are calculated using lifetime PDs. Basel LGDs are based on severe but plausible downturn economic conditions. IFRS 9 LGDs are based on current conditions, adjusted for estimates of future conditions that will impact LGD under several probability-weighted macroeconomic scenarios. As at October 31, 2017, our shortfall of accounting allowances under IAS 39 to Basel expected losses was $1.2 billion. We expect the impact of the impairment requirements of IFRS 9 to reduce but not eliminate the shortfall of accounting allowances to Basel expected losses as at November 1, 2017. Going forward, the regulatory capital impact of further increases in our accounting allowances under IFRS 9 will be mitigated to the extent of the remaining deduction from CET1 capital. Hedge accounting The new hedge accounting model under IFRS 9 aims to simplify hedge accounting, align the accounting for hedge relationships more closely with an entity’s risk management activities and permit hedge accounting to be applied more broadly to a greater variety of hedging instruments and risks eligible for hedge accounting. The new standard does not explicitly address the accounting for macro hedging activities, which is being addressed by the IASB through a separate project. As a result, IFRS 9 includes an accounting policy choice to retain IAS 39 for hedge accounting requirements until the amended standard resulting from the IASB’s project on macro hedge accounting is effective. We will elect the accounting policy choice to continue applying hedge accounting under the IAS 39 framework. The new hedge accounting disclosures required by the related amendments to IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures, however, are required for the annual period beginning November 1, 2017. Transition To manage our transition to IFRS 9, we implemented a comprehensive enterprise-wide program led jointly by Finance and Risk Management that focuses on key areas of impact, including financial reporting, data, systems and processes, as well as communications and training. Throughout the project, we have provided regular updates to the Audit Committee, Risk Committee and senior management to ensure escalation of key issues and risks. During fiscal 2015 and 2016, we completed initial assessments of the scope of IFRS 9, differences from IAS 39, classification of financial assets, financial and economic impacts, system and resource requirements, and key accounting interpretations. We also designed and began building the systems, models, controls and processes required to implement IFRS 9. During fiscal 2017, we completed the following steps: • • • • • • • Completed a parallel run of the full end to end process during the fourth quarter of 2017, the results of which were used to test our models and methodologies against our key performance indicators; Validated significant new impairment models; Completed documentation of updated bank-wide accounting and risk policies; Finalized governance and control frameworks over new processes and testing of internal controls; Documented the roll-out and implementation of the IFRS 9 project and governance structure including key controls; Continued to provide training and educational seminars to impacted internal stakeholders; and Prepared external disclosures to be provided on transition to IFRS 9 and going forward on a quarterly or annual basis. IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (IFRS 15) In May 2014, the IASB issued IFRS 15, which establishes the principles for reporting about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity’s contracts with customers. The standard provides a single, principles based five-step model for revenue recognition to be applied to contracts with customers except for revenue arising from items such as financial instruments, insurance contracts and leases. The majority of our revenue, including net interest income, is not expected to be impacted. In April 2016, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 15, which clarify the underlying principles of IFRS 15 and provide additional transitional relief on initial application. IFRS 15 and its amendments will be effective for us on November 1, 2018. We plan to adopt IFRS 15 by adjusting our Consolidated Balance Sheet at November 1, 2018, the date of initial application, with no restatement of comparative periods. To manage our transition to IFRS 15, we implemented a comprehensive enterprise-wide program and governance structure led by Finance that focuses on key areas of impact, including financial reporting, systems and processes, training, as well as communications. During fiscal 2017, we have continued to manage the IFRS 15 program through detailed assessment of our higher-risk revenue contracts and accounting policies. In the upcoming year, we will continue our assessment of the remaining revenue contracts and finalize the changes required to our applicable transition, interim and annual disclosures. While our implementation efforts are not complete, aside from the limited changes necessary to comply with the enhanced presentation and disclosure requirements, we do not expect any material impacts of IFRS 15 on our Consolidated Financial Statements. As we prepare for our transition to IFRS 15, we will continue to monitor industry interpretations of the new standard and expect to adjust our implementation accordingly. IFRS 16 Leases (IFRS 16) In January 2016, the IASB issued IFRS 16, which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases. The standard removes the current requirement for lessees to classify leases as finance leases or operating leases by introducing a single lessee accounting model that requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for most leases. Lessees will also recognize depreciation expense on the lease asset and interest expense on the lease liability in the statement of income. There are no significant changes to lessor accounting aside from enhanced disclosure requirements. IFRS 16 will be effective for us on November 1, 2019. 106 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows (IAS 7) In January 2016, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 7, which will require specific disclosures for movements in certain liabilities on the statement of cash flows. These amendments will be effective for us on November 1, 2017 and will adopt these disclosures in our 2018 Consolidated Financial Statements. The adoption of these amendments is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (IFRS 17) In May 2017, the IASB issued IFRS 17 to establish a comprehensive global insurance standard which provides guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosures of insurance contracts. This new standard will be effective for us on November 1, 2021. We are currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on our Consolidated Financial Statements. Regulatory developments Global systemically important bank (G-SIB) designation On November 21, 2017, Royal Bank of Canada was designated as a G-SIB by the FSB. We remain in consultation with OSFI and other relevant regulatory bodies to discuss and understand the impacts resulting from the G-SIB designation; however we do not expect any significant impacts resulting from the designation. In accordance with BCBS requirements, we will begin disclosing the detailed template used in the calculation of each of the 12 G-SIB indicators beginning in Q1 2018. The proposed 2018 CAR Guideline also clarifies that if, and when, a Canadian bank is designated a G-SIB, the higher of the D-SIB and G-SIB surcharges will apply. BCBS Pillar 3 disclosure requirements In April 2017, OSFI issued final guidelines for the first phase of the Pillar 3 disclosure requirements, indicating that all D-SIBs are expected to implement the “Revised Pillar 3 Disclosure Requirements”, issued by the BCBS in January 2015 for the reporting period ending October 31, 2018 (and referenced by BCBS as phase one). These guidelines replace existing disclosure requirements in the areas of credit risk, counterparty credit risk and securitization activities. We are making progress and expect to meet OSFI’s stated timeline. In March 2017, the BCBS issued its second phase of the Pillar 3 disclosure requirements entitled, “Pillar 3 disclosure requirements – consolidated and enhanced framework”. The enhancements include the addition of a dashboard of key metrics and incorporates disclosure requirements related to ongoing reforms to the regulatory environment, such as the TLAC regime for G-SIBs, the proposed operational risk requirements, and the final standard for market risk. The disclosure standard also consolidates all existing Pillar 3 disclosure requirements of the Basel III framework, including the leverage and liquidity ratios disclosure templates. This phase two requirement, together with the phase one Revised Pillar 3 disclosure requirements, issued in January 2015, comprise the single Pillar 3 framework. OSFI has not yet released the implementation date for the BCBS phase two disclosure requirements. The BCBS has commenced its work on the final phase of the Pillar 3 disclosure requirements, which includes the standardized approach RWA to benchmark internally modelled capital requirements, asset encumbrance, operational risk, and ongoing policy reform. Capital treatment proposed or issued in connection with accounting changes On March 29, 2017, the BCBS issued a standard with details on the interim regulatory treatment of accounting provisions under the Basel III regulatory capital framework. The standard addresses the impact of new expected credit loss accounting requirements under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (IFRS 9) that will replace the current incurred loss models used for accounting purposes. IFRS 9 will be effective for us on November 1, 2017. For further details on the adoption of IFRS 9, including applicable regulatory guidance, refer to the Critical accounting policies and estimates section. The standard retains the current regulatory treatment of accounting provisions under the standardized and the internal ratings-based approaches until a longer-term solution is developed. It also sets out transitional arrangements which allow for a phase-in of the impact of the new expected credit loss accounting standard on regulatory capital for up to five years, should individual jurisdictions choose to provide capital relief. OSFI has not adopted any of these transitional arrangements. On August 21, 2017, OSFI announced its intention to delay the domestic implementation of the BCBS frameworks related to the Standardized Approach to Counterparty Credit Risk (SA-CCR) and the revisions to the capital requirements for bank exposures to Central counterparties until Q1 2019. In addition, in its communication, OSFI announced its intention to delay the implementation of the BCBS Revised Securitization Framework until Q1 2019. Controls and procedures Disclosure controls and procedures Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under Canadian and U.S. securities laws is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified under those laws and include controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer, and the Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As of October 31, 2017, management evaluated, under the supervision of and with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined under rules adopted by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (U.S. SEC). Based on that evaluation, the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of October 31, 2017. Internal control over financial reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS. However, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis. See Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. No changes were made in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended October 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 107 Related party transactions In the ordinary course of business, we provide normal banking services and operational services, and enter into other transactions with associated and other related corporations, including our joint venture entities, on terms similar to those offered to non-related parties. We grant loans to directors, officers and other employees at rates normally accorded to preferred clients. In addition, we offer deferred share and other plans to non-employee directors, executives and certain other key employees. For further information, refer to Notes 12 and 28 of our audited 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Supplementary information Selected annual information (Millions of Canadian dollars, except as otherwise noted) Total revenue (1) Net income attributable to: Shareholders Non-controlling interest Basic earnings per share (in dollars) Diluted earnings per share (in dollars) Dividends declared per common shares (in dollars) Total assets Deposits Table 77 2017 2016 2015 $ 40,669 $ 38,795 $ 35,703 11,428 41 10,405 53 9,925 101 $ 11,469 $ 10,458 $ 10,026 7.59 7.56 3.48 1,212,853 789,635 6.80 6.78 3.24 1,180,258 757,589 6.75 6.73 3.08 1,074,208 697,227 (1) Effective Q4 2017, certain commissions and fees paid and related revenue are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense and non-interest income, respectively. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. 108 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Net interest income on average assets and liabilities Table 78 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentage amounts) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 Average balances Interest Average rate Assets Deposits with other banks Canada U.S. Other International Securities Trading Available-for-sale $ 11,380 $ 21,508 17,215 50,103 130,816 83,787 214,603 11,679 16,842 15,415 43,936 153,114 72,440 225,554 $ $ 146 192 (31) 307 114 71 (18) 167 1.28% 0.89 (0.18) 0.61% 0.98% 0.42 (0.12) 0.38% 3,520 1,379 4,899 3,366 1,227 4,593 Asset purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed 205,993 191,243 3,021 1,816 Loans (1) Canada Retail Wholesale U.S. Other International Total interest-earning assets Non-interest-bearing deposits with other banks Customers’ liability under acceptances Other assets Total assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Deposits (2) Canada U.S. Other International Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Subordinated debentures Other interest-bearing liabilities Total interest-bearing liabilities Non-interest-bearing deposits Acceptances Other liabilities Total liabilities Equity 350,155 74,955 425,110 75,967 27,201 528,278 998,977 23,953 14,550 149,114 338,270 69,028 407,298 75,734 29,409 512,441 973,174 17,586 13,247 172,393 $ 1,186,600 $ 1,176,400 $ 498,134 $ 79,354 70,028 647,516 37,205 487,194 83,001 67,365 637,560 50,262 128,831 9,460 14,839 837,851 122,800 14,549 138,797 110,231 8,931 15,437 822,421 112,071 13,248 159,215 $ 1,113,997 $ 1,106,955 11,672 3,534 15,206 2,391 1,080 18,677 26,904 – – – $ 26,904 $ 5,560 640 364 6,564 1,515 1,396 270 19 9,764 – – – $ 9,764 11,141 3,249 14,390 2,038 1,448 17,876 24,452 – – – $ 24,452 $ 4,714 413 340 5,467 1,579 629 227 19 7,921 – – – $ 7,921 72,607 69,445 n.a. n.a. Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 1,186,600 $ 1,176,400 $ 9,764 $ 7,921 Net interest income and margin $ 1,186,600 $ 1,176,400 $ 17,140 $ 16,531 Net interest income and margin (average earning assets) Canada U.S. Other International Total $ $ 595,790 $ 243,276 159,912 998,978 $ 572,671 246,065 154,438 973,174 $ 12,104 3,469 1,567 $ 17,140 $ 11,694 3,241 1,596 $ 16,531 2.69 1.65 2.28 1.47 3.33 4.71 3.58 3.15 3.97 3.54 2.69 – – – 2.27% 1.12% 0.81 0.52 1.01 4.07 1.08 2.85 0.13 1.17 – – – 0.88% n.a. 0.82% 1.44% 2.03% 1.43 0.98 1.72% 2.20 1.69 2.04 0.95 3.29 4.71 3.53 2.69 4.92 3.49 2.51 – – – 2.08% 0.97% 0.50 0.50 0.86 3.14 0.57 2.54 0.12 0.96 – – – 0.72% n.a. 0.67% 1.41% 2.04% 1.32 1.03 1.70% (1) (2) Interest income includes loan fees of $561 million (2016 – $573 million). Deposits include personal savings deposits with average balances of $178 billion (2016 – $166 billion), interest expense of $.5 billion (2016 – $.4 billion) and average rates of .3% (2016 – .3%). Deposits also include term deposits with average balances of $353 billion (2016 – $362 billion), interest expense of $5.0 billion (2016 – $4.3 billion) and average rates of 1.42% (2016 – 1.20%). Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 109 Change in net interest income (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Deposits with other banks Canada (3) U.S. (3) Other international (3) Securities Trading Available-for-sale Asset purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans Canada Retail Wholesale U.S. Other international Total interest income Liabilities Deposits Canada U.S. Other international Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Subordinated debentures Other interest-bearing liabilities Total interest expense Net interest income Table 79 2017 (1) vs. 2016 Increase (decrease) due to changes in Average volume (2) Average rate (2) Net change $ $ $ $ (3) $ 20 (2) $ 35 101 (11) (490) 192 140 391 279 6 (109) 424 $ 106 (18) 13 (410) 106 13 (1) (191) $ $ 615 644 (40) 1,065 140 6 347 (259) 2,028 $ 740 245 11 346 661 30 1 2,034 $ (6) $ 32 121 (13) 154 152 1,205 531 285 353 (368) 2,452 846 227 24 (64) 767 43 – 1,843 609 (1) (2) (3) Insurance segment assets and liabilities are included in Other assets and Other liabilities, respectively. Volume/rate variance is allocated on the percentage relationships of changes in balances and changes in rates to the total net change in net interest income. Geographic classification for selected assets and liabilities is based on the domicile of the booking point of the subject assets and liabilities. Loans and acceptances by geography Table 80 As at October 31 (Millions of Canadian dollars) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 Canada Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Retail Business Sovereign (1) Bank Wholesale U.S. Retail Wholesale Other International Retail Wholesale Total loans and acceptances Total allowance for loan losses Total loans and acceptances, net of allowance for loan losses (1) In 2015, we reclassified $4 billion from AFS securities to Loans. 110 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis $ 255,799 82,022 17,491 4,493 359,805 88,453 9,379 1,326 $ 99,158 $ 458,963 $ 241,800 82,205 16,601 3,878 344,484 76,266 8,586 1,278 86,130 $ $ 430,614 $ 229,987 84,637 15,516 4,003 334,143 71,246 8,508 530 80,284 $ $ 414,427 $ 215,624 86,984 14,650 4,067 321,325 64,643 3,840 413 68,896 $ $ 390,221 $ 206,134 86,102 13,902 4,026 310,164 58,920 3,807 823 63,550 $ $ 373,714 18,100 55,037 73,137 17,134 59,349 76,483 5,484 34,702 40,186 4,686 23,639 28,325 3,734 19,443 23,177 7,265 21,870 29,135 $ 561,235 (2,159) $ 559,076 7,852 21,733 29,585 $ 536,682 (2,235) $ 534,447 8,556 24,536 33,092 $ 487,705 (2,029) $ 485,676 8,258 21,881 30,139 $ 448,685 (1,994) $ 446,691 6,768 17,103 23,871 $ 420,762 (1,959) $ 418,803 Loans and acceptances by portfolio and sector As at October 31 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Retail Business Agriculture Automotive Consumer goods Energy Oil & gas Utilities Financing products Forest products Health services Holding and investments Industrial products Mining & metals Non-bank financial services Other services Real estate & related Technology & media Transportation & environment Other Sovereign Bank Wholesale Total loans and acceptances Total allowance for loan losses Table 81 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 $ 270,348 92,294 18,035 4,493 $ 254,998 93,466 17,128 3,878 $ 233,975 94,346 15,859 4,003 $ 219,257 96,021 14,924 4,067 $ 209,238 93,260 14,142 4,026 $ 385,170 $ 369,470 $ 348,183 $ 334,269 $ 320,666 7,380 8,248 11,387 6,743 5,614 6,556 911 6,998 8,803 5,581 1,113 10,744 14,757 46,197 8,890 5,950 4,570 11,362 4,261 6,515 7,279 10,052 6,259 7,680 8,840 1,099 7,763 7,195 5,508 1,455 8,408 11,582 40,419 11,019 6,060 7,568 10,581 1,930 6,057 6,614 7,146 7,691 5,162 10,093 1,169 6,023 6,935 4,725 1,402 6,428 8,834 33,802 6,599 5,907 3,248 9,887 1,800 5,694 6,209 7,172 5,849 3,766 3,670 979 4,052 6,865 4,665 1,320 5,688 8,322 30,387 4,822 5,432 3,695 4,628 1,201 5,441 6,167 6,230 5,046 3,860 3,162 893 3,786 4,973 4,038 1,074 4,903 8,090 24,413 4,006 5,593 2,705 4,396 1,320 $ 176,065 $ 167,212 $ 139,522 $ 114,416 $ 100,096 $ 561,235 $ 536,682 $ 487,705 $ 448,685 $ 420,762 (2,159) (2,235) (2,029) (1,994) (1,959) Total loans and acceptances, net of allowance for loan losses $ 559,076 $ 534,447 $ 485,676 $ 446,691 $ 418,803 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 111 Impaired loans by portfolio and geography As at October 31 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentage amounts) Residential mortgages Personal Small business Retail Business Agriculture Automotive Consumer goods Energy Oil and gas Utilities Financing products Forest products Health services Holding and investments Industrial products Mining & metals Non-bank financial services Other services Real estate & related Technology & media Transportation & environment Other Sovereign Bank Wholesale Acquired credit-impaired loans Total impaired loans (1) Canada Residential mortgages Personal Small business Retail Business Agriculture Automotive Consumer goods Energy Oil & gas Utilities Financing products Forest products Health services Holding and investments Industrial products Mining & metals Non-bank financial services Other services Real estate & related Technology & media Transportation & environment Other Sovereign Bank Wholesale Total U.S. Retail Wholesale Total Other International Retail Wholesale Total Total impaired loans Allowance for impaired loans Net impaired loans Gross impaired loans as a % of loans and acceptances Residential mortgages Personal Small business Retail Wholesale Total Allowance for impaired loans as a % of gross impaired loans $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2017 634 276 38 948 28 29 105 315 10 107 7 21 27 34 3 32 157 345 82 23 47 – – 1,372 256 2,576 323 198 38 559 22 4 45 13 – – 7 5 3 25 3 29 48 187 12 23 – – – 426 985 59 736 795 345 451 796 2,576 (737) 1,839 0.23% 0.30% 0.85% 0.25% 0.92% 0.46% 28.61% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2016 709 304 46 1,059 43 43 165 1,264 78 111 21 21 72 43 15 3 109 241 93 45 57 – 2 2,426 418 3,903 368 228 46 642 34 9 91 57 15 – 21 18 5 39 12 – 49 121 27 24 – – – 522 1,164 56 1,736 1,792 380 567 947 3,903 (809) 3,094 0.28% 0.33% 1.19% 0.29% 1.69% 0.73% 20.72% 2015 646 299 45 990 41 11 130 156 57 109 28 17 185 45 17 1 69 297 34 53 43 – 2 1,295 – 2,285 356 223 45 624 39 8 65 39 20 – 5 17 3 39 7 – 51 161 34 29 (5) – – 512 1,136 10 204 214 356 579 935 2,285 (654) 1,631 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0.28% 0.32% 1.13% 0.28% 0.93% 0.47% 28.64% Table 82 2013 691 363 37 1,091 43 12 101 14 – 39 26 25 40 54 2 1 101 367 117 98 67 – 3 1,110 – 2,201 464 229 36 729 38 9 58 14 – – 8 15 3 40 2 1 59 169 86 21 3 – – 526 1,255 14 98 112 348 486 834 2,201 (599) 1,602 0.33% 0.39% 0.83% 0.34% 1.11% 0.52% 27.22% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2014 678 300 47 1,025 40 12 108 6 – – 25 18 132 48 9 3 99 314 38 32 66 – 2 952 – 1,977 388 224 47 659 36 11 70 4 – – 6 19 3 41 9 1 67 171 37 11 1 – – 487 1,146 13 18 31 353 447 800 1,977 (632) 1,345 0.31% 0.31% 1.16% 0.31% 0.84% 0.44% 31.98% (1) Past due loans greater than 90 days not included in impaired loans were $307 million in 2017 (2016 – $337 million; 2015 – $314 million; 2014 – $316 million; 2013 – $346 million). For further details, refer to Note 5 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. 112 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Provision for credit losses by portfolio and geography Table 83 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentage amounts) Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Retail Business Agriculture Automotive Consumer goods Energy Oil and gas Utilities Financing products Forest products Health services Holding and investments Industrial products Mining & metals Non-bank financial services Other services Real estate & related Technology & media Transportation & environment Other Sovereign Bank Wholesale Acquired credit-impaired loans Total provision for credit losses on impaired loans Canada Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Retail Business Agriculture Automotive Consumer goods Energy Oil & gas Utilities Financial products Forest products Health services Holding and investments Industrial products Mining & metals Non-bank financial services Other services Real estate & related Technology & media Transportation & environment Other Sovereign Bank Wholesale Total U.S. Retail Wholesale Other International Retail Wholesale Total provision for credit losses on impaired loans Total provision for credit losses on non-impaired loans Total provision for credit losses Total PCL as a % of average net loans and acceptances PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances $ $ $ 2017 56 409 435 32 932 2 14 11 (27) 5 (19) 4 10 1 16 (4) 2 20 115 13 – 53 – – 216 2 $ 1,150 $ $ $ $ $ $ 33 413 426 32 904 – 1 11 (15) 1 – 4 7 – 13 1 2 21 38 10 2 (1) – – 95 999 3 117 120 25 6 $ 31 $ 1,150 – $ 1,150 0.21% 0.21% $ 2016 77 458 442 34 $ 1,011 $ 10 13 20 320 16 1 4 4 – 12 7 – (5) 36 8 (4) 36 – (3) 475 10 $ 1,496 $ $ $ 42 459 435 34 970 10 3 19 99 – – 5 4 – 10 7 – 14 26 2 8 6 – – $ 213 $ 1,183 1 227 228 $ 41 44 $ 85 $ 1,496 50 $ 1,546 0.29% 0.28% $ $ $ 2015 47 388 378 32 845 9 3 33 47 9 39 6 – 18 4 8 7 4 29 5 8 24 – (1) 252 – $ 1,097 $ $ $ $ $ $ 27 393 371 32 823 9 3 21 22 1 – 1 – – 7 3 – – 13 6 7 23 – – 116 939 1 40 41 $ $ $ 2014 94 441 353 44 932 3 2 27 (5) 32 3 7 – 29 14 2 – 18 58 14 2 26 – – 232 – $ 1,164 $ $ $ $ $ $ 27 393 345 44 809 4 3 25 (5) – – 1 – – 14 2 – 6 34 14 3 22 – – 123 932 2 40 42 21 96 $ 117 $ 1,097 – $ 1,097 0.24% 0.24% 121 69 $ 190 $ 1,164 – $ 1,164 0.27% 0.27% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2013 41 458 354 32 885 4 3 17 (6) – 1 4 – (6) 21 1 10 14 62 157 35 35 – – 352 – 1,237 27 391 346 32 796 4 3 16 (6) – – 3 – (8) 14 1 – 3 37 50 2 30 – – 149 945 3 32 35 86 171 257 1,237 – 1,237 0.31% 0.31% Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 113 Allowance for credit losses by portfolio and geography Table 84 2017 2,326 1,150 $ 2016 2,120 1,546 $ 2015 2,085 1,097 $ 2014 2,050 $ 1,164 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) Allowance at beginning of year Provision for credit losses Write-offs by portfolio Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Retail Business Sovereign Bank Wholesale Total write-offs by portfolio Recoveries by portfolio Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Retail Business Sovereign Bank Wholesale Total recoveries by portfolio Net write-offs Adjustments (1) Total allowance for credit losses at end of year Allowance against impaired loans Canada Residential mortgages Personal Small business Retail Business Agriculture Automotive Consumer goods Energy Oil & gas Utilities Financing products Forest products Health services Holding and investments Industrial products Mining and metals Non-bank financial services Other services Real estate & related Technology & media Transportation & environment Other Sovereign Bank Wholesale U.S. Retail Wholesale Other International Retail Wholesale Total allowance against impaired loans Allowance against non-impaired loans Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Retail Wholesale Off-balance sheet and other items Total allowance against non-impaired loans Total allowance for credit losses Key ratios Allowance for credit losses as a % of loans and acceptances Net write-offs as a % of average net loans and acceptances $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (53) (543) (565) (38) (1,199) $ (226) $ – – (226) $ (1,425) $ (42) (556) (564) (40) (64) (494) (497) (40) (1,202) $ (321) $ – – (321) $ (1,523) $ (1,095) $ (243) $ – – (243) $ (1,338) $ $ $ $ 8 116 131 9 264 66 – – $ 66 $ 330 (1,095) $ (131) 2,250 $ $ $ $ 5 111 122 10 248 38 – – $ 38 286 $ (1,237) $ (103) 2,326 $ $ $ $ 7 105 119 10 241 33 – 1 $ 34 275 $ (1,063) $ 1 2,120 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 31 91 19 141 3 4 11 3 – – 3 6 1 13 4 1 19 36 11 8 1 – – 124 265 1 150 151 168 153 321 737 128 391 379 37 935 487 91 1,513 2,250 0.40% 0.20% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 35 105 20 160 6 4 14 6 – – 5 6 1 11 4 – 18 23 10 11 – – – 119 279 2 177 179 180 171 351 809 96 385 386 45 912 514 91 1,517 2,326 0.43% 0.23% $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 27 96 19 142 5 4 12 – 1 – 3 6 1 13 1 – 19 28 12 7 (1) – – 111 253 1 47 48 169 184 353 654 83 396 386 45 910 465 91 1,466 2,120 0.43% 0.23% 2013 2,087 1,237 (24) (498) (466) (35) (1,023) (448) – – (448) (1,471) 2 96 112 9 219 51 – – 51 270 (1,201) (73) 2,050 36 97 16 149 6 4 15 1 – – 4 6 2 15 1 – 23 42 46 6 (1) – – 170 319 2 19 21 146 113 259 599 (30) (565) (466) (47) (1,108) $ (221) $ – – (221) $ (1,329) $ 2 $ 106 114 9 231 $ 32 $ – – 32 $ 263 $ (1,066) $ (63) 2,085 $ 31 $ 93 19 143 $ 6 $ 4 22 – – – 3 6 1 18 1 – 28 48 17 5 1 – – 160 $ 303 $ 1 $ 16 17 $ 172 $ 140 312 $ 632 $ 78 $ 400 385 45 908 $ 454 $ 91 $ 1,453 $ 2,085 $ 48 405 385 45 883 477 91 1,451 2,050 0.46% 0.25% 0.49% 0.30% (1) Under IFRS, other adjustments include $104 million of unwind of discount and $27 million of changes in exchange rate (2016 – $100 million and $3 million; 2015 – $80 million and $(81) million; 2014 – $87 million and $(24) million). For further details, refer to Note 5 of our 2017 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. 114 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Credit quality information by Canadian province Table 85 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Loans and acceptances Atlantic provinces (1) Quebec Ontario Alberta Other Prairie provinces (2) B.C. and territories (3) Total loans and acceptances in Canada Gross impaired loans Atlantic provinces (1) Quebec Ontario Alberta Other Prairie provinces (2) B.C. and territories (3) Total gross impaired loans in Canada Provision for credit losses on impaired loans Atlantic provinces (1) Quebec Ontario Alberta Other Prairie provinces (2) B.C. and territories (3) Total provision for credit losses on impaired loans in Canada (1) (2) (3) Comprises Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Comprises Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Comprises British Columbia, Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon. 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 $ 24,471 56,749 202,272 68,051 31,318 76,102 $ 23,947 53,518 185,434 66,277 30,143 71,295 $ 23,040 51,197 175,315 64,902 29,490 70,483 $ 22,130 50,748 159,817 61,197 27,341 68,988 $ 21,263 48,060 152,258 58,318 25,697 68,118 $ 458,963 $ 430,614 $ 414,427 $ 390,221 $ 373,714 $ $ $ $ 77 176 213 284 125 110 985 66 85 617 112 64 55 999 $ $ $ $ $ $ 101 207 336 313 93 114 1,164 67 92 654 226 64 80 $ 1,183 $ 93 213 341 224 115 150 1,136 57 96 590 77 52 67 939 $ $ $ $ 81 205 391 185 73 211 1,146 51 92 588 71 40 90 932 $ $ $ $ 83 177 424 233 97 241 1,255 50 78 605 74 39 99 945 Management’s Discussion and Analysis Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 115 EDTF recommendations index We aim to present transparent, high-quality risk disclosures by providing disclosures in our 2017 Annual Report and Supplementary Financial Information package (SFI), in accordance with recommendations from the Financial Stability Board’s (FSB) Enhanced Disclosure Task Force (EDTF). The following index summarizes our disclosure by EDTF recommendation: Type of Risk General Risk governance, risk management and business model Capital adequacy and risk-weighted assets (RWA) Liquidity Funding Market risk Credit risk Other Recommendation 1 2 Disclosure Table of contents for EDTF risk disclosure Define risk terminology and measures 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Top and emerging risks New regulatory ratios Risk management organization Risk culture Risk in the context of our business activities Stress testing Minimum Basel III capital ratios and Domestic systemically important bank surcharge Composition of capital and reconciliation of the accounting balance sheet to the regulatory balance sheet Flow statement of the movements in regulatory capital Capital strategic planning RWA by business segments Analysis of capital requirement, and related measurement model information RWA credit risk and related risk measurements Movement of risk-weighted assets by risk type Basel back-testing Quantitative and qualitative analysis of our liquidity reserve Encumbered and unencumbered assets by balance sheet category, and contractual obligations for rating downgrades Maturity analysis of consolidated total assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet commitments analyzed by remaining contractual maturity at the balance sheet date Sources of funding and funding strategy Relationship between the market risk measures for trading and non-trading portfolios and the balance sheet Decomposition of market risk factors Market risk validation and back-testing Primary risk management techniques beyond reported risk measures and parameters Bank’s credit risk profile Quantitative summary of aggregate credit risk exposures that reconciles to the balance sheet Policies for identifying impaired loans Reconciliation of the opening and closing balances of impaired loans and impairment allowances during the year Quantification of gross notional exposure for OTC derivatives or exchange-traded derivatives Credit risk mitigation, including collateral held for all sources of credit risk Other risk types Publicly known risk events Location of disclosure Annual Report page 116 52, 54-57 206-207 53 92-95 52, 54-57 54-57 100 56-57, 69 92-95 SFI page 1 – – – – – – – – – 21-24 – 92-95 – 58-60 – – 55, 58 75-77, 81-82 77, 80 82-83 77-79 73-74 68-72 69 68-72 58-68, 154-156 111-115 59-60, 101-102, 130 – 61-62 60 84-91 87-89, 193-194 25 – 28 26-27 42-44 28 42 – – – – – – – – 31-44 40 – 33,37 46 41 – – 116 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Management’s Discussion and Analysis REPORTS AND CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 117 Reports 125 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 118 Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting 118 Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting 119 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 120 Consolidated Financial Statements 120 Consolidated Balance Sheets 121 Consolidated Statements of Income 122 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 123 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity 124 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 125 125 136 151 154 156 157 161 167 168 170 171 171 172 173 175 176 180 181 182 183 185 187 189 190 193 195 195 196 199 199 200 202 203 204 Note 1 General information Note 2 Summary of significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments Note 4 Securities Note 5 Loans Note 6 Derecognition of financial assets Note 7 Structured entities Note 8 Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities Note 9 Premises and equipment Note 10 Goodwill and other intangible assets Note 11 Significant acquisition and dispositions Note 12 Joint ventures and associated companies Note 13 Other assets Note 14 Deposits Note 15 Insurance Note 16 Segregated funds Note 17 Employee benefits – Pension and other post-employment benefits Note 18 Other liabilities Note 19 Subordinated debentures Note 20 Trust capital securities Note 21 Equity Note 22 Share-based compensation Note 23 Income taxes Note 24 Earnings per share Note 25 Guarantees, commitments, pledged assets and contingencies Note 26 Legal and regulatory matters Note 27 Contractual repricing and maturity schedule Note 28 Related party transactions Note 29 Results by business segment Note 30 Nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments Note 31 Capital management Note 32 Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities Note 33 Recovery and settlement of on-balance sheet assets and liabilities Note 34 Parent company information Note 35 Subsequent events Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 117 Management’s Responsibility for Financial Reporting The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Royal Bank of Canada were prepared by management, which is responsible for the integrity and fairness of the information presented, including the many amounts that must of necessity be based on estimates and judgments. These consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with the Bank Act (Canada) and International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Financial information appearing throughout our Management’s Discussion and Analysis is consistent with these consolidated financial statements. Our internal controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are authorized, assets are safeguarded and proper records are maintained. These controls include quality standards in hiring and training of employees, policies and procedures manuals, a corporate code of conduct and accountability for performance within appropriate and well-defined areas of responsibility. The system of internal controls is further supported by a compliance function, which is designed to ensure that we and our employees comply with securities legislation and conflict of interest rules, and by an internal audit staff, which conducts periodic audits of all aspects of our operations. The Board of Directors oversees management’s responsibilities for financial reporting through an Audit Committee, which is composed entirely of independent directors. This Committee reviews our consolidated financial statements and recommends them to the Board for approval. Other key responsibilities of the Audit Committee include reviewing our existing internal control procedures and planned revisions to those procedures, and advising the directors on auditing matters and financial reporting issues. Our Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Internal Auditor have full and unrestricted access to the Audit Committee. The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (OSFI) examines and inquires into our business and affairs as deemed necessary to determine whether the provisions of the Bank Act are being complied with, and that we are in sound financial condition. In carrying out its mandate, OSFI strives to protect the rights and interests of our depositors and creditors. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm appointed by our shareholders upon the recommendation of the Audit Committee and Board, has performed an independent audit of the consolidated financial statements and their report follows. The auditors have full and unrestricted access to the Audit Committee to discuss their audit and related findings. David I. McKay President and Chief Executive Officer Rod Bolger Chief Financial Officer Toronto, November 28, 2017 Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Management of Royal Bank of Canada is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and effected by the Board of Directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. It includes those policies and procedures that: • Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions related to and dispositions of our assets; • Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and our receipts and expenditures are made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and • Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management evaluated, under the supervision of and with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2017, based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, management concluded that, as of October 31, 2017, internal control over financial reporting was effective based on the criteria established in the Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Also, based on the results of our evaluation, management concluded that there were no material weaknesses that have been identified in internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2017. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2017, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, as stated in their report, which expressed an unqualified opinion on our internal control over financial reporting and appears herein. David I. McKay President and Chief Executive Officer Rod Bolger Chief Financial Officer Toronto, November 28, 2017 118 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Independent Auditor’s Report To the Shareholders of Royal Bank of Canada We have completed integrated audits of Royal Bank of Canada’s (the Bank) 2017 and 2016 consolidated financial statements and its internal control over financial reporting as at October 31, 2017. Our opinions, based on our audits are presented below. Report on the consolidated financial statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Royal Bank of Canada, which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as at October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2016 and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes, which comprise a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. Management’s responsibility for the consolidated financial statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditor’s responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards and the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement. Canadian generally accepted auditing standards also require that we comply with ethical requirements. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence, on a test basis, about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the Bank’s preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting principles and policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained in our audits is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion on the consolidated financial statements. Opinion In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Royal Bank of Canada as at October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2016 and its financial performance and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Report on internal control over financial reporting We have also audited Royal Bank of Canada’s internal control over financial reporting as at October 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Management’s responsibility for internal control over financial reporting Management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Auditor’s responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. An audit of internal control over financial reporting includes obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we consider necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our audit opinion on the Bank’s internal control over financial reporting. Definition of internal control over financial reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Inherent limitations Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Opinion In our opinion, Royal Bank of Canada maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as at October 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Chartered Professional Accountants Licensed Public Accountants Toronto, Canada November 28, 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 119 Consolidated Balance Sheets (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Cash and due from banks Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities (Note 4) Trading Available-for-sale Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans (Note 5) Retail Wholesale Allowance for loan losses (Note 5) Segregated fund net assets (Note 16) Other Customers’ liability under acceptances Derivatives (Note 8) Premises and equipment, net (Note 9) Goodwill (Note 10) Other intangibles (Note 10) Other assets (Note 13) Total assets Liabilities and equity Deposits (Note 14) Personal Business and government Bank Segregated fund net liabilities (Note 16) Other Acceptances Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Derivatives (Note 8) Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities (Note 15) Other liabilities (Note 18) Subordinated debentures (Note 19) Total liabilities Equity attributable to shareholders (Note 21) Preferred shares Common shares (shares issued – 1,452,534,303 and 1,484,234,375) Retained earnings Other components of equity Non-controlling interests (Note 21) Total equity Total liabilities and equity The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. David I. McKay President and Chief Executive Officer David F. Denison Director 120 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 28,407 $ 14,929 32,662 27,851 127,657 90,722 218,379 151,292 84,801 236,093 220,977 186,302 385,170 159,606 544,776 (2,159) 542,617 369,470 154,369 523,839 (2,235) 521,604 1,216 981 16,459 95,023 2,670 10,977 4,507 38,959 12,843 118,944 2,836 11,156 4,648 42,071 168,595 192,498 $ 1,212,853 $ 1,180,258 $ 260,213 $ 505,665 23,757 789,635 250,550 488,007 19,032 757,589 1,216 981 16,459 30,008 143,084 92,127 9,676 46,955 338,309 12,843 50,369 103,441 116,550 9,164 47,947 340,314 9,265 9,762 1,138,425 1,108,646 6,413 17,703 45,359 4,354 73,829 599 6,713 17,859 41,519 4,926 71,017 595 74,428 71,612 $ 1,212,853 $ 1,180,258 Consolidated Statements of Income (Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts) Interest income Loans Securities Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Deposits and other Interest expense Deposits and other Other liabilities Subordinated debentures Net interest income Non-interest income Insurance premiums, investment and fee income (Note 15) Trading revenue Investment management and custodial fees Mutual fund revenue Securities brokerage commissions Service charges Underwriting and other advisory fees Foreign exchange revenue, other than trading Card service revenue Credit fees Net gains on available-for-sale securities (Note 4) Share of profit in joint ventures and associates (Note 12) Other Total revenue Provision for credit losses (Note 5) Insurance policyholder benefits, claims and acquisition expense (Note 15) Non-interest expense Human resources (Note 17 and 22) Equipment Occupancy Communications Professional fees Amortization of other intangibles (Note 10) Other Income before income taxes Income taxes (Note 23) Net income Net income attributable to: Shareholders Non-controlling interests Basic earnings per share (in dollars) (Note 24) Diluted earnings per share (in dollars) (Note 24) Dividends per common share (in dollars) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 18,677 $ 4,899 3,021 307 26,904 17,876 4,593 1,816 167 24,452 6,564 2,930 270 9,764 5,467 2,227 227 7,921 17,140 16,531 4,566 806 4,803 3,339 1,416 1,770 2,093 974 933 1,433 172 335 889 23,529 40,669 1,150 3,053 13,330 1,434 1,588 1,011 1,214 1,015 2,202 21,794 $ $ $ $ 14,672 3,203 11,469 $ 11,428 $ 41 11,469 $ 7.59 $ 7.56 3.48 4,868 701 4,358 3,159 1,429 1,756 1,876 964 889 1,239 76 176 773 22,264 38,795 1,546 3,424 12,377 1,438 1,568 945 1,078 970 2,150 20,526 13,299 2,841 10,458 10,405 53 10,458 6.80 6.78 3.24 Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 121 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net income Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes (Note 23) Items that will be reclassified subsequently to income: Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Reclassification of net losses (gains) on available-for-sale securities to income Foreign currency translation adjustments Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) Net foreign currency translation gains (losses) from hedging activities Reclassification of losses (gains) on foreign currency translation to income Net change in cash flow hedges Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges Reclassification of losses (gains) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges to income Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to income: Remeasurements of employee benefit plans (Note 17) Net fair value change due to credit risk on financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes Total comprehensive income (loss) Total comprehensive income attributable to: Shareholders Non-controlling interests The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 11,469 $ 10,458 134 (96) 38 (1,570) 438 (10) (1,142) 622 (92) 530 790 (323) 467 (107) $ $ $ 11,362 $ 11,323 $ 39 11,362 $ 73 (48) 25 147 113 – 260 (35) 52 17 (1,077) (322) (1,399) (1,097) 9,361 9,306 55 9,361 122 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Millions of Canadian dollars) Balance at November 1, 2015 Changes in equity Issues of share capital Common shares purchased for cancellation Preferred shares purchased for cancellation Redemption of trust capital securities Preferred shares redeemed Sales of treasury shares Purchases of treasury shares Share-based compensation awards Dividends on common shares Dividends on preferred shares and other Other Net income Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes Balance at October 31, 2016 Changes in equity Issues of share capital Common shares purchased for cancellation Preferred shares purchased for cancellation Redemption of trust capital securities Preferred shares redeemed Sales of treasury shares Purchases of treasury shares Share-based compensation awards Dividends on common shares Dividends on preferred shares and other Other Net income Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes Other components of equity Preferred shares Common shares Treasury shares – preferred Treasury shares – common Retained earnings Available- for-sale securities Foreign currency translation Cash flow hedges Total other components of equity Equity attributable to shareholders Non-controlling interests Total equity $ 5,100 $ 14,573 $ (2) $ 38 $ 37,811 $ 315 $ 4,427 $ (116) $ 4,626 $ 62,146 $ 1,798 $ 63,944 1,855 – (242) – – – – – – – – – – 3,422 (56) – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 172 (170) – – – – – – – – – – – 4,973 (5,091) – – – – – – (16) (306) (22) – – – – (54) (4,817) (294) 211 10,405 (1,399) – – – – – – – – – – – – 25 – – – – – – – – – – – – 258 – – – – – – – – – – – – 17 – – – – – – – – – – – – 300 5,261 (362) (264) – – 5,145 (5,261) (54) (4,817) (294) 211 10,405 (1,099) – – – (1,200) – – – – – (63) 5 53 2 5,261 (362) (264) (1,200) – 5,145 (5,261) (54) (4,817) (357) 216 10,458 (1,097) $ 6,713 $ 17,939 $ – $ (80) $ 41,519 $ 340 $ 4,685 $ (99) $ 4,926 $ 71,017 $ 595 $ 71,612 – – – – (300) – – – – – – – – 227 (436) – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 130 (130) – – – – – – – – – – – 4,414 (4,361) – – – – – – (1) (2,674) – – – – – (40) (5,096) (300) 56 11,428 467 – – – – – – – – – – – – 38 – – – – – – – – – – – – (1,140) – – – – – – – – – – – – 530 – – – – – – – – – – – – (572) 226 (3,110) – – (300) 4,544 (4,491) (40) (5,096) (300) 56 11,428 (105) – – – – – – – – – (34) (1) 41 (2) 226 (3,110) – – (300) 4,544 (4,491) (40) (5,096) (334) 55 11,469 (107) Balance at October 31, 2017 $ 6,413 $ 17,730 $ – $ (27) $ 45,359 $ 378 $ 3,545 $ 431 $ 4,354 $ 73,829 $ 599 $ 74,428 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. C o n s o l i d a t e d F i n a n c i a l S t a t e m e n t s R o y a l B a n k o f C a n a d a : A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 1 7 1 2 3 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash flows from operating activities Net income Adjustments for non-cash items and others Provision for credit losses Depreciation Deferred income taxes Amortization and impairment of other intangibles Net changes in investments in joint ventures and associates Losses (Gains) on sale of premises and equipment Losses (Gains) on available-for-sale securities Losses (Gains) on disposition of business Impairment of available-for-sale securities Adjustments for net changes in operating assets and liabilities Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities Net change in accrued interest receivable and payable Current income taxes Derivative assets Derivative liabilities Trading securities Loans, net of securitizations Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Deposits, net of securitizations Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Obligations related to securities sold short Brokers and dealers receivable and payable Other Net cash from (used in) operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Change in interest-bearing deposits with banks Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities Proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale securities Purchases of available-for-sale securities Proceeds from maturity of held-to-maturity securities Purchases of held-to-maturity securities Net acquisitions of premises and equipment and other intangibles Proceeds from dispositions Cash used in acquisitions Net cash from (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Redemption of trust capital securities Issue of subordinated debentures Repayment of subordinated debentures Issue of common shares Common shares purchased for cancellation Issue of preferred shares Redemption of preferred shares Preferred shares purchased for cancellation Sales of treasury shares Purchases of treasury shares Dividends paid Issuance costs Dividends/distributions paid to non-controlling interests Change in short-term borrowings of subsidiaries Net cash from (used in) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and due from banks Net change in cash and due from banks Cash and due from banks at beginning of period (1) Cash and due from banks at end of period (1) Cash flows from operating activities include: Amount of interest paid Amount of interest received Amount of dividend received Amount of income taxes paid For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 11,469 $ 10,458 1,150 600 203 1,017 (331) (1) (246) 2 52 512 (90) (1,183) 23,921 (24,423) 23,624 (22,608) (34,675) 33,296 39,643 (20,361) 601 5,553 37,725 (4,811) 11,432 39,944 (60,364) 900 (1,195) (1,364) – – (15,458) – – (119) 199 (3,110) – (300) – 4,544 (4,491) (5,309) (1) (34) (30) (8,651) (138) 13,478 14,929 28,407 $ 8,803 $ 25,602 1,729 4,708 1,546 573 (479) 973 (184) 19 (176) (268) 90 1,040 (67) 1,189 (13,224) 8,593 6,827 (19,297) (11,369) 18,931 20,153 2,711 47 (1,230) 26,856 (3,109) 8,056 34,005 (55,327) 1,691 (3,155) (1,257) 634 (2,964) (21,426) (1,200) 3,606 (1,500) 307 (362) 1,475 – (264) 5,145 (5,261) (4,997) (16) (63) (4) (3,134) 181 2,477 12,452 14,929 7,097 23,237 1,680 1,581 $ $ (1) We are required to maintain balances with central banks and other regulatory authorities. The total balances were $2.3 billion as at October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $3.3 billion; November 1, 2015 – $2.6 billion). The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 124 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1 General information Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries (the Bank) provide diversified financial services including personal and commercial banking, wealth management, insurance, investor services and capital markets products and services on a global basis. Refer to Note 29 for further details on our business segments. The parent bank, Royal Bank of Canada, is a Schedule I Bank under the Bank Act (Canada) incorporated and domiciled in Canada. Our corporate headquarters are located at Royal Bank Plaza, 200 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and our head office is located at 1 Place Ville- Marie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Our common shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol RY. These Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Unless otherwise stated, monetary amounts are stated in Canadian dollars. Tabular information is stated in millions of dollars, except as noted. These Consolidated Financial Statements also comply with Subsection 308 of the Bank Act (Canada), which states that, except as otherwise specified by the OSFI, our Consolidated Financial Statements are to be prepared in accordance with IFRS. The accounting policies outlined in Note 2 have been consistently applied to all periods presented. On November 28, 2017, the Board of Directors authorized the Consolidated Financial Statements for issue. Note 2 Summary of significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements, including the accounting requirements prescribed by OSFI, are summarized below. These accounting policies conform, in all material respects, to IFRS as issued by the IASB. General Use of estimates and assumptions In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, management is required to make subjective estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets, liabilities, net income and related disclosures. Estimates made by management are based on historical experience and other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. Key sources of estimation uncertainty include: securities impairment, determination of fair value of financial instruments, the allowance for credit losses, derecognition of financial assets, insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities, pensions and other post-employment benefits, income taxes, carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets, litigation provisions, and deferred revenue under the credit card customer loyalty reward program. Accordingly, actual results may differ from these and other estimates thereby impacting our future Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to the relevant accounting policies in this Note for details on our use of estimates and assumptions. Significant judgments In preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements, management is required to make significant judgments that affect the carrying amounts of certain assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses recorded during the period. Significant judgments have been made in the following areas and discussed as noted in the Consolidated Financial Statements: Consolidation of structured entities Fair value of financial instruments Allowance for credit losses Employee benefits Goodwill and other intangibles Note 2 – page 125 Note 7 – page 157 Note 2 – page 127 Note 3 – page 136 Note 2 – page 130 Note 5 – page 154 Note 2 – page 132 Note 17 – page 176 Note 2 – page 133 Note 10 – page 168 Note 11 – page 170 Securities impairment Application of the effective interest method Derecognition of financial assets Income taxes Provisions Note 2 – page 126 Note 4 – page 151 Note 2 – page 128 Note 2 – page 131 Note 6 – page 156 Note 2 – page 132 Note 23 – page 187 Note 2 – page 134 Note 25 – page 190 Note 26 – page 193 Basis of consolidation Our Consolidated Financial Statements include the assets and liabilities and results of operations of the parent company, Royal Bank of Canada, and its subsidiaries including certain structured entities, after elimination of intercompany transactions, balances, revenues and expenses. Consolidation Subsidiaries are those entities, including structured entities, over which we have control. We control an entity when we are exposed, or have rights, to variable returns from our involvement with the entity and have the ability to affect those returns through our power over the investee. We have power over an entity when we have existing rights that give us the current ability to direct the activities that most significantly affect the entity’s returns (relevant activities). Power may be determined on the basis of voting rights or, in the case of structured entities, other contractual arrangements. We are not deemed to control an entity when we exercise power over an entity in an agency capacity. In determining whether we are acting as an agent, we consider the overall relationship between us, the investee and other parties to the arrangement with respect to the following factors: (i) the scope of our decision making power; (ii) the rights held by other parties; (iii) the remuneration to which we are entitled; and (iv) our exposure to variability of returns. The determination of control is based on the current facts and circumstances and is continuously assessed. In some circumstances, different factors and conditions may indicate that different parties control an entity depending on whether those factors and conditions are assessed in isolation or in totality. Significant judgment is applied in assessing the relevant factors and conditions in totality when determining whether we control an entity. Specifically, judgment is applied in assessing whether we have substantive decision making rights over the relevant activities and whether we are exercising our power as a principal or an agent. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 125 Note 2 Summary of significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments (continued) We consolidate all subsidiaries from the date we obtain control and cease consolidation when an entity is no longer controlled by us. Our consolidation conclusions affect the classification and amount of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Non-controlling interests in subsidiaries that we consolidate are shown on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as a separate component of equity which is distinct from our shareholders’ equity. The net income attributable to non-controlling interests is separately disclosed in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Investments in joint ventures and associates Our investments in associated corporations and limited partnerships over which we have significant influence are accounted for using the equity method. The equity method is also applied to our interests in joint ventures over which we have joint control. Under the equity method of accounting, investments are initially recorded at cost, and the carrying amount is increased or decreased to recognize our share of the investee’s net profit or loss, including our proportionate share of the investee’s other comprehensive income (OCI), subsequent to the date of acquisition. Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations Non-current assets (and disposal groups) are classified as held for sale if their carrying amounts will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. This condition is satisfied when the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, management is committed to the sale, and it is highly probable to occur within one year. Non-current assets (and disposal groups) classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their previous carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell and if significant, are presented separately from other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. A disposal group is classified as a discontinued operation if it meets the following conditions: (i) it is a component that can be distinguished operationally and financially from the rest of our operations and (ii) it represents either a separate major line of business or is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations. Disposal groups classified as discontinued operations are presented separately from our continuing operations in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Financial instruments – Recognition and measurement Securities Securities are classified at inception, based on management’s intention, as at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), available-for-sale (AFS) or held-to-maturity. Certain debt securities with fixed or determinable payments and which are not quoted in an active market may be classified as loans and receivables. Trading securities include securities purchased for sale in the near term which are classified as at FVTPL by nature and securities designated as at FVTPL under the fair value option. Obligations to deliver trading securities sold but not yet purchased are recorded as liabilities and carried at fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on these securities are recorded as Trading revenue in Non-interest income. Dividends and interest income accruing on Trading securities are recorded in Interest income. Interest and dividends accrued on interest-bearing and equity securities sold short are recorded in Interest expense. AFS securities include: (i) securities which may be sold to meet liquidity needs, in response to or in anticipation of changes in interest rates and resulting prepayment risk, changes in foreign currency risk, changes in funding sources or terms, and (ii) loan substitute securities which are client financings that have been structured as after-tax investments rather than conventional loans in order to provide the clients with a borrowing rate advantage. AFS securities are measured at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are recorded in OCI. Changes in foreign exchange rates for AFS equity securities are recognized in Other components of equity, while changes in foreign exchange rates for AFS debt securities are recognized in Foreign exchange revenue, other than trading in Non-interest income. When the security is sold, the cumulative gain or loss recorded in Other components of equity is included as Net gains on AFS securities in Non-interest income. Purchase premiums or discounts on AFS debt securities are amortized over the life of the security using the effective interest method and are recognized in Net interest income. Dividends and interest income accruing on AFS securities are recorded in Interest income. At each reporting date, and more frequently when conditions warrant, we evaluate our AFS securities to determine whether there is any objective evidence of impairment. Such evidence includes: for debt instruments, when an adverse effect on future cash flows from the asset or group of assets can be reliably estimated; for equity securities, when there is a significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of the investment below its cost. When assessing debt instruments for impairment, we primarily consider counterparty ratings and security-specific factors, including subordination, external ratings, and the value of any collateral held for which there may not be a readily accessible market. Significant judgment is required in assessing impairment as management is required to consider all available evidence in determining whether objective evidence of impairment exists and whether the principal and interest on the AFS debt security can be fully recovered. For complex debt instruments we use cash flow projection models which incorporate actual and projected cash flows for each security based on security-specific factors using a number of assumptions and inputs that involve management judgment, such as default, prepayment and recovery rates. Due to the subjective nature of choosing these inputs and assumptions, the actual amount of the future cash flows and their timing may differ from the estimates used by management and consequently may cause a different conclusion as to the recognition of impairment or measurement of impairment losses. When assessing equity securities for impairment, we consider factors which include the length of time and extent the fair value has been below cost, along with management’s assessment of the financial condition, business and other risks of the issuer. Management weighs all these factors to determine the impairment but to the extent that management judgment may differ from the actual experience of the timing and amount of the recovery of the fair value, the estimate for impairment could change from period to period based upon future events that may or may not occur, and the conclusion for the impairment of the equity securities may differ. If an AFS security is impaired, the cumulative unrealized loss previously recognized in Other components of equity is removed from equity and recognized in Net gains on AFS securities under Non-interest income. This amount is determined as the difference between the cost/ amortized cost and current fair value of the security less any impairment loss previously recognized. Subsequent to impairment, further declines in fair value are recorded in Non-interest income, while increases in fair value are recognized in Other components of equity until sold. For AFS debt securities, reversal of previously recognized impairment losses is recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Income if the recovery is objectively related to a specific event occurring after recognition of the impairment loss. Held-to-maturity securities are debt securities where we have the intention and the ability to hold the investment until its maturity date. These securities are initially recorded at fair value and are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment losses which we assess using the same impairment model as loans. Interest income and amortization of premiums and discounts on debt securities are recorded in Net interest income. For held-to-maturity securities, reversal of previously recognized impairment losses is recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Income if the recovery is objectively related to a specific event occurring after the recognition of 126 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements the impairment loss. Reversals of impairment losses on held-to-maturity securities are recorded to a maximum of what the amortized cost of the investment would have been, had the impairment not been recognized at the date the impairment is reversed. Held-to-maturity securities have been included with AFS securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We account for all of our securities using settlement date accounting and changes in fair value between the trade date and settlement date are reflected in income for securities classified or designated as at FVTPL, and changes in the fair value of AFS securities between the trade and settlement dates are recorded in OCI except for changes in foreign exchange rates on debt securities, which are recorded in Non-interest income. Fair value option A financial instrument can be designated as at FVTPL (the fair value option) on its initial recognition. An instrument that is designated as at FVTPL by way of this fair value option must have a reliably measurable fair value and satisfy one of the following criteria: (i) it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities, or recognizing gains and losses on them on a different basis (an accounting mismatch); (ii) it belongs to a group of financial assets or financial liabilities or both that are managed, evaluated, and reported to key management personnel on a fair value basis in accordance with our risk management strategy, and we can demonstrate that significant financial risks are eliminated or significantly reduced; or (iii) there is an embedded derivative in the financial or non-financial host contract and the derivative is not closely related to the host contract. These instruments cannot be reclassified out of the FVTPL category while they are held or issued. Financial assets designated as at FVTPL are recorded at fair value and any unrealized gain or loss arising due to changes in fair value is included in Trading revenue or Non-interest income – Other. Financial liabilities designated as at FVTPL are recorded at fair value and fair value changes attributable to changes in our own credit risk are recorded in OCI. Amounts recognized in OCI will not be reclassified subsequently to net income. The remaining fair value changes are recorded in Trading revenue or Non-interest income – Other. Upon initial recognition, if we determine that presenting the effects of own credit risk changes in OCI would create or enlarge an accounting mismatch in net income, the full fair value change in our debt designated as at FVTPL is recognized in net income. To determine the fair value adjustments on our debt designated as at FVTPL, we calculate the present value of the instruments based on the contractual cash flows over the term of the arrangement by using our effective funding rate at the beginning and end of the period with the change in present value recorded in OCI, Trading revenue or Non-interest income – Other as appropriate. Determination of fair value The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We determine fair value by incorporating all factors that market participants would consider in setting a price, including commonly accepted valuation approaches. The Board of Directors provides oversight on valuation of financial instruments, primarily through the Audit Committee and Risk Committee. The Audit Committee reviews the presentation and disclosure of financial instruments that are measured at fair value, while the Risk Committee assesses the adequacy of governance structures and control processes for the valuation of these instruments. We have established policies, procedures and controls for valuation methodologies and techniques to ensure that fair value is reasonably estimated. Major valuation processes and controls include, but are not limited to, profit and loss decomposition, independent price verification (IPV) and model validation standards. These control processes are managed by either Finance or Group Risk Management and are independent of the relevant businesses and their trading functions. Profit and loss decomposition is a process to explain the fair value changes of certain positions and is performed daily for trading portfolios. All fair value instruments are subject to IPV, a process whereby trading function valuations are verified against external market prices and other relevant market data. Market data sources include traded prices, brokers and price vendors. We give priority to those third-party pricing services and prices having the highest and most consistent accuracy. The level of accuracy is determined over time by comparing third-party price values to traders’ or system values, to other pricing service values and, when available, to actual trade data. Quoted prices for identical instruments from pricing services or brokers are generally not adjusted unless there are issues such as stale prices. If multiple quotes for identical instruments are received, fair value is based on an average of the prices received or the quote from the most reliable vendor, after the outlier prices that fall outside of the pricing range are removed. Other valuation techniques are used when a price or quote is not available. Some valuation processes use models to determine fair value. We have a systematic and consistent approach to control model use. Valuation models are approved for use within our model risk management framework. The framework addresses, among other things, model development standards, validation processes and procedures, and approval authorities. Model validation ensures that a model is suitable for its intended use and sets parameters for its use. All models are revalidated regularly by qualified personnel who are independent of the model design and development. Annually our model risk profile is reported to the Board of Directors. IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement permits an exception, through an accounting policy choice, to measure the fair value of a portfolio of financial instruments on a net open risk position basis when certain criteria are met. We have elected to use this policy choice to determine the fair value of certain portfolios of financial instruments, primarily derivatives, based on a net exposure to market or credit risk. We record valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect counterparty credit quality of our derivative portfolio, differences between the overnight index swap (OIS) curve and London Interbank Offered Rates (LIBOR) for collateralized derivatives, funding valuation adjustments (FVA) for uncollateralized and under-collateralized over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, unrealized gains or losses at inception of the transaction, bid-offer spreads, unobservable parameters and model limitations. These adjustments may be subjective as they require significant judgment in the input selection, such as implied probability of default and recovery rate, and are intended to arrive at a fair value that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument. The realized price for a transaction may be different from its recorded value, previously estimated using management judgment. Valuation adjustments may therefore impact unrealized gains and losses recognized in Non-interest income – Trading revenue or Other. Valuation adjustments are recorded for the credit risk of our derivative portfolios in order to arrive at their fair values. Credit valuation adjustments (CVA) take into account our counterparties’ creditworthiness, the current and potential future mark-to-market of transactions, and the effects of credit mitigants such as master netting and collateral agreements. CVA amounts are derived from estimates of exposure at default, probability of default, recovery rates on a counterparty basis, and market and credit factor correlations. Exposure at default is the value of expected derivative related assets and liabilities at the time of default, estimated through modeling using underlying risk factors. Probability of default and recovery rate are implied from the market prices for credit protection and the credit ratings of the counterparty. When market data is unavailable, it is estimated by incorporating assumptions and adjustments that market participants would use for determining fair value using these inputs. Correlation is the statistical measure of how credit and market factors may move in relation to one another. Correlation is estimated using historical data. CVA is calculated daily and changes are recorded in Non-interest income – Trading revenue. In the determination of the fair value of collateralized OTC derivatives using the OIS curve, our valuation approach accounts for the difference between certain OIS rates and LIBOR as valuation adjustments. FVA are also calculated to incorporate the cost and benefit of funding in the valuation of uncollateralized and under-collateralized OTC derivatives. Future expected cash flows of these derivatives are discounted to reflect the cost and benefit of funding the derivatives by using a funding curve, implied volatilities and correlations as inputs. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 127 Note 2 Summary of significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments (continued) Where required, a valuation adjustment is made to reflect the unrealized gain or loss at inception of a financial instrument contract where the fair value of that financial instrument is not obtained from a quoted market price or cannot be evidenced by other observable market transactions based on a valuation technique incorporating observable market data. A bid-offer valuation adjustment is required when a financial instrument is valued at the mid-market price, instead of the bid or offer price for asset or liability positions, respectively. The valuation adjustment takes into account the spread from the mid to either the bid or offer price. Some valuation models require parameter calibration from such factors as market observable option prices. The calibration of parameters may be sensitive to factors such as the choice of instruments or optimization methodology. A valuation adjustment is also estimated to mitigate the uncertainties of parameter calibration and model limitations. In determining fair value, a hierarchy is used which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). Determination of fair value based on this hierarchy requires the use of observable market data whenever available. Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, and model inputs that are either observable, or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 inputs are one or more inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value of the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available at the measurement date. The availability of inputs for valuation may affect the selection of valuation techniques. The classification of a financial instrument in the hierarchy for disclosure purposes is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement of fair value. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair values by assessing other relevant sources of information such as historical data, proxy information from similar transactions, and through extrapolation and interpolation techniques. For more complex or illiquid instruments, significant judgment is required in the determination of the model used, the selection of model inputs, and in some cases the application of valuation adjustments to the model value or quoted price for inactively traded financial instruments, as the selection of model inputs may be subjective and the inputs may be unobservable. Unobservable inputs are inherently uncertain as there is little or no market data available from which to determine the level at which the transaction would occur under normal business circumstances. Appropriate parameter uncertainty and market risk valuation adjustments for such inputs and other model risk valuation adjustments are assessed in all such instances. Interest Interest is recognized in Interest income and Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income for all interest-bearing financial instruments using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that discounts estimated future cash flows over the expected life of the financial asset or liability to the net carrying amount upon initial recognition. Significant judgment is applied in determining the effective interest rate due to uncertainty in the timing and amounts of future cash flows. Transaction costs Transaction costs are expensed as incurred for financial instruments classified or designated as at FVTPL. For other financial instruments, transaction costs are capitalized on initial recognition. For financial assets and financial liabilities measured at amortized cost, capitalized transaction costs are amortized through net income over the estimated life of the instrument using the effective interest method. For AFS financial assets measured at fair value that do not have fixed or determinable payments and no fixed maturity, capitalized transaction costs are recognized in net income when the asset is derecognized or becomes impaired. Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset on the balance sheet when there exists both a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and an intention to settle on a net basis, or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and sold under repurchase agreements We purchase securities under agreements to resell (reverse repurchase agreements) and take possession of these securities. We monitor the market value of the securities purchased and additional collateral is obtained when appropriate. We have the right to liquidate the collateral held in the event of counterparty default. Reverse repurchase agreements are treated as collateralized lending transactions. We also sell securities under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements), which are treated as collateralized borrowing transactions. The securities received under reverse repurchase agreements and securities delivered under repurchase agreements are not recognized on, or derecognized from, our Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively, unless the risks and rewards of ownership are obtained or relinquished. Reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements are carried on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at the amounts at which the securities were initially acquired or sold, except when they are designated as at FVTPL and are recorded at fair value. Interest earned on reverse repurchase agreements is included in Interest income, and interest incurred on repurchase agreements is included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Changes in fair value for reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements designated as at FVTPL are included in Trading revenue or Other in Non-interest income. Derivatives Derivatives are primarily used in sales and trading activities. Derivatives are also used to manage our exposure to interest, currency, credit and other market risks. The most frequently used derivative products are interest rate swaps, interest rate futures, forward rate agreements, interest rate options, foreign exchange forward contracts, cross currency swaps, foreign currency futures, foreign currency options, equity swaps and credit derivatives. All derivative instruments are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value, including those derivatives that are embedded in financial or non-financial contracts and are not closely related to the host contracts. When derivatives are embedded in other financial instruments or host contracts, such combinations are known as hybrid instruments with the effect that some of the cash flows of a hybrid instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative. If the host contract is not carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported in our Consolidated Statements of Income, the embedded derivative is generally required to be separated from the host contract and accounted for separately as at FVTPL if the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative are not closely related to those of the host contract. All embedded derivatives are presented on a combined basis with the host contracts although they are separated for measurement purposes when conditions requiring separation are met. 128 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements When derivatives are used in sales and trading activities, the realized and unrealized gains and losses on these derivatives are recognized in Trading revenue in Non-interest income. Derivatives with positive fair values are reported as Derivative assets and derivatives with negative fair values are reported as Derivative liabilities. In accordance with our policy for offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities, the net fair value of certain derivative assets and liabilities are reported as an asset or liability, as appropriate. Valuation adjustments are included in the fair value of Derivative assets and Derivative liabilities. Premiums paid and premiums received are shown in Derivative assets and Derivative liabilities, respectively. When derivatives are used to manage our own exposures, we determine for each derivative whether hedge accounting can be applied, as discussed in the Hedge accounting section below. Hedge accounting We use derivatives and non-derivatives in our hedging strategies to manage our exposure to interest rate, currency, credit and other market risks. Where hedge accounting can be applied, a hedge relationship is designated and documented at inception to detail the particular risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. The documentation identifies the specific asset, liability or anticipated cash flows being hedged, the risk that is being hedged, the type of hedging instrument used and how effectiveness will be assessed. We assess, both at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether the hedging instruments are ‘highly effective’ in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. A hedge is regarded as highly effective only if the following criteria are met: (i) at inception of the hedge and throughout its life, the hedge is expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk, and (ii) actual results of the hedge are within a pre-determined range. In the case of hedging a forecast transaction, the transaction must have a high probability of occurring and must present an exposure to variations in cash flows that could ultimately affect the reported net profit or loss. Hedge accounting is discontinued when it is determined that the hedging instrument is no longer effective as a hedge, the hedging instrument or hedged item is terminated or sold, or the forecast transaction is no longer deemed highly probable. Refer to Note 8 for the fair value of derivatives and non-derivative instruments categorized by their hedging relationships, as well as derivatives that are not designated in hedging relationships. Fair value hedges In a fair value hedging relationship, the carrying value of the hedged item is adjusted for changes in fair value attributable to the hedged risk and recognized in Non-interest income. Changes in fair value of the hedged item, to the extent that the hedging relationship is effective, are offset by changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative, which are also recognized in Non-interest income. When hedge accounting is discontinued, the carrying value of the hedged item is no longer adjusted and the cumulative fair value adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged items are amortized to Net income over the expected remaining life of the hedged items. We predominantly use interest rate swaps to hedge our exposure to changes in a fixed interest rate instrument’s fair value caused by changes in interest rates. Cash flow hedges In a cash flow hedging relationship, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative, net of taxes, is recognized in OCI while the ineffective portion is recognized in Non-interest income. When hedge accounting is discontinued, the cumulative amounts previously recognized in Other components of equity are reclassified to Net interest income during the periods when the variability in the cash flows of the hedged item affects Net interest income. Unrealized gains and losses on derivatives are reclassified immediately to Net income when the hedged item is sold or terminated early, or when the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur. We predominantly use interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in cash flows related to a variable-rate asset or liability. Net investment hedges In hedging our foreign currency exposure to a net investment in a foreign operation, the effective portion of foreign exchange gains and losses on the hedging instruments, net of applicable taxes, is recognized in OCI and the ineffective portion is recognized in Non-interest income. The amounts, or a portion thereof, previously recognized in Other components of equity are recognized in Net income on the disposal, or partial disposal, of the foreign operation. We use foreign exchange contracts and foreign currency-denominated liabilities to manage our foreign currency exposures to net investments in foreign operations having a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar. Loans Loans are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market and which are not classified as AFS. Loans are initially recognized at fair value. When loans are issued at a market rate, fair value is represented by the cash advanced to the borrowers. Loans are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method less impairment, unless we intend to sell them in the near future upon origination or they have been designated as at FVTPL, in which case they are carried at fair value. We assess our loans (including debt securities classified as loans) for objective evidence of impairment at each balance sheet date. Evidence of impairment may include indications that the borrower is experiencing significant financial difficulty, probability of bankruptcy or other financial reorganization, as well as a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows evidenced by the adverse changes in the payments status of the borrower or economic conditions that correlate with defaults. Whenever a payment is 90 days past due, loans other than credit card balances and loans guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government (Federal or Provincial) or a Canadian government agency (collectively, Canadian government) are classified as impaired unless they are fully secured and collection efforts are reasonably expected to result in repayment of debt within 180 days of the loans becoming past due. Loans guaranteed by a Canadian government are classified as impaired when the loan is contractually 365 days in arrears. Credit card balances are generally classified as impaired when a payment is 180 days in arrears. Assets acquired to satisfy loan commitments are recorded at their fair value less costs to sell. Fair value is determined based on either current market value where available or discounted cash flows. Any excess of the carrying value of the loan over the fair value of the assets acquired is recognized by a charge to Provision for credit losses. Interest on loans is recognized in Interest income – Loans using the effective interest method. The estimated future cash flows used in this calculation include those determined by the contractual term of the asset, all fees that are considered to be integral to the effective interest rate, transaction costs and all other premiums or discounts. Fees that relate to activities such as originating, restructuring or renegotiating loans are deferred and recognized as Interest income over the expected term of such loans using the effective interest method. Where there is a reasonable expectation that a loan will be originated, commitment and standby fees are also recognized as interest income over the expected term of the resulting loans using the effective interest method. Otherwise, such fees are recorded as Other Liabilities and amortized into Non-interest income over the commitment or standby period. Prepayment fees on mortgage loans are not included as part of the effective Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 129 Note 2 Summary of significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments (continued) interest rate at origination as the amounts are not reliably measurable. If prepayment fees are received on a renewal of a mortgage loan, the fee is included as part of the effective interest rate, and if not renewed, the prepayment fee is recognized in interest income at the prepayment date. Allowance for credit losses An allowance for credit losses is established if there is objective evidence that we will be unable to collect all amounts due on our loans portfolio according to the original contractual terms or the equivalent value. This portfolio includes on-balance sheet exposures, such as loans and acceptances, and off-balance sheet items such as letters of credit, guarantees and unfunded commitments. The allowance for credit losses is increased by the impairment losses recognized and decreased by the amount of write-offs, net of recoveries. The allowance for credit losses for on-balance sheet items is included as a reduction to assets, and the allowance for credit losses relating to off-balance sheet items is included in Provisions under Other Liabilities. We assess whether objective evidence of impairment exists individually for loans that are individually significant and collectively for loans that are not individually significant. If we determine that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed loan, whether significant or not, the loan is included in a group of loans with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assessed for impairment. Loans that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is recognized are not included in a collective assessment of impairment. Allowance for credit losses represent management’s best estimates of losses incurred in our loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Management’s judgment is required in making assumptions and estimations when calculating allowances on both individually and collectively assessed loans. The underlying assumptions and estimates used for both individually and collectively assessed loans can change from period to period and may significantly affect our results of operations. Individually assessed loans Loans which are individually significant are assessed individually for objective indicators of impairment. A loan is considered impaired when we determine that we will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms or the equivalent value. Credit exposures of individually significant loans are evaluated based on factors including the borrower’s overall financial condition, resources and payment record, and where applicable, the realizable value of any collateral. If there is evidence of impairment leading to an impairment loss, then the amount of the loss is determined as the difference between the carrying amount of the loan, including accrued interest, and the estimated recoverable amount. The estimated recoverable amount is measured as the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, including cash flows that may result from the realization of collateral less costs to sell. Individually-assessed impairment losses reduce the carrying amount of the loan through the use of an allowance account and the amount of the loss is recognized in Provision for credit losses in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Following impairment, interest income is recognized on the unwinding of the discount from the initial recognition of impairment. Significant judgment is required in assessing evidence of impairment and estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows when determining the impairment loss. When assessing objective evidence of impairment we primarily consider specific factors such as the financial condition of the borrower, the borrower’s default or delinquency in interest or principal payments, local economic conditions and other observable data. In determining the estimated recoverable amount we consider discounted expected future cash flows at the effective interest rate using a number of assumptions and inputs. Management judgment is involved when choosing these inputs and assumptions used such as the expected amount of the loan that will not be recovered and the cost of time delays in collecting principal and/or interest, and when estimating the value of any collateral held for which there may not be a readily accessible market. Changes in the amount expected to be recovered would have a direct impact on the Provision for credit losses and may result in a change in the Allowance for credit losses. Collectively assessed loans Loans which are not individually significant, or which are individually assessed and not determined to be impaired, are collectively assessed for impairment. For the purposes of a collective evaluation of impairment, loans are grouped on the basis of similar risk characteristics, taking into account loan type, industry, geographic location, collateral type, past due status and other relevant factors. The collective impairment allowance is determined by reviewing factors including: (i) historical loss experience, which takes into consideration historical probabilities of default, loss given default and exposure at default, in portfolios with similar credit risk characteristics, and (ii) management’s judgment on the level of impairment losses based on historical experience relative to the actual level as reported at the balance sheet date, taking into consideration the current portfolio credit quality trends, business and economic and credit conditions, the impact of policy and process changes, and other supporting factors. Future cash flows for a group of loans are collectively evaluated for impairment on the basis of the contractual cash flows of the loans in the group and historical loss experience for loans with credit risk characteristics similar to those in the group. Historical loss experience is adjusted based on current observable data to reflect the effects of current conditions that did not affect the period on which the historical loss experience is based and to remove the effects of conditions in the historical period that do not currently exist. The methodology and assumptions used for estimating future cash flows are reviewed regularly to reduce any differences between loss estimates and actual loss experience. Collectively-assessed impairment losses reduce the carrying amount of the aggregated loan position through an allowance account and the amount of the loss is recognized in Provision for credit losses. Following impairment, interest income is recognized on the unwinding of the discount from the initial recognition of impairment. The methodology and assumptions used to calculate collective impairment allowances are subject to uncertainty, in part because it is not practicable to identify losses on an individual loan basis due to the large number of individually insignificant loans in the portfolio. Significant judgment is required in assessing historical loss experience, the loss identification period and its relationship to current portfolios including delinquency, and loan balances; and current business, economic and credit conditions including industry specific performance, unemployment and country risks. Changes in these assumptions would have a direct impact on the Provision for credit losses and may result in changes in the related Allowance for credit losses. Write-off of loans Loans and the related impairment allowance for credit losses are written off, either partially or in full, when there is no realistic prospect of recovery. Where loans are secured, they are generally written off after receipt of any proceeds from the realization of the collateral. In circumstances where the net realizable value of any collateral has been determined and there is no reasonable expectation of further recovery, write off may be earlier. For credit cards, the balances and related allowance for credit losses are generally written off when payment is 180 days in arrears. Personal loans are generally written off at 150 days past due, except for loans guaranteed or insured by a Canadian government or Canadian government agency, which are written off when the loan is contractually 365 days in arrears. 130 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Derecognition of financial assets Financial assets are derecognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheets when our contractual rights to the cash flows from the assets have expired, when we retain the rights to receive the cash flows of the assets but assume an obligation to pay those cash flows to a third party subject to certain pass-through requirements or when we transfer our contractual rights to receive the cash flows and substantially all of the risk and rewards of the assets have been transferred. When we retain substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, the transferred assets are not derecognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are accounted for as secured financing transactions. When we neither retain nor transfer substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the assets, we derecognize the assets if control over the assets is relinquished. If we retain control over the transferred assets, we continue to recognize the transferred assets to the extent of our continuing involvement. Management’s judgment is applied in determining whether the contractual rights to the cash flows from the transferred assets have expired or whether we retain the rights to receive cash flows on the assets but assume an obligation to pay for those cash flows. We derecognize transferred financial assets if we transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of the ownership in the assets. When assessing whether we have transferred substantially all of the risk and rewards of the transferred assets, management considers the Bank’s exposure before and after the transfer with the variability in the amount and timing of the net cash flows of the transferred assets. In transfers in which we retain the servicing rights, management has applied judgment in assessing the benefits of servicing against market expectations. When the benefits of servicing are greater than fair value, a servicing asset is recognized in Other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. When the benefits of servicing are less than fair value, a servicing liability is recognized in Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derecognition of financial liabilities We derecognize a financial liability from our Consolidated Balance Sheets when our obligation specified in the contract expires, or is discharged or cancelled. We recognize the difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability transferred and the consideration paid in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Guarantees Financial guarantee contracts are contracts that contingently require us to make specified payments (in cash, other assets, our own shares or provision of services) to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument. Liabilities are recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at the inception of a guarantee for the fair value of the obligation undertaken in issuing the guarantee. Financial guarantees are subsequently remeasured at the higher of (i) the amount initially recognized less accumulated amortization and (ii) our best estimate of the present value of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period. If the financial guarantee contract meets the definition of a derivative, it is measured at fair value at each balance sheet date and reported under Derivatives on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Insurance and segregated funds Premiums from long-duration contracts, primarily life insurance, are recognized when due in Non-interest income – Insurance premiums, investment and fee income. Premiums from short-duration contracts, primarily property and casualty, and fees for administrative services are recognized in Insurance premiums, investment and fee income over the related contract period. Unearned premiums of the short-duration contracts, representing the unexpired portion of premiums, are reported in Other liabilities. Investments made by our insurance operations are classified as AFS or loans and receivables, except for investments supporting the policy benefit liabilities on life and health insurance contracts and a portion of property and casualty contracts. These are designated as at FVTPL with changes in fair value reported in Insurance premiums, investment and fee income. Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities represent current claims and estimates for future insurance policy benefits. Liabilities for life insurance contracts are determined using the Canadian Asset Liability Method (CALM), which incorporates assumptions for mortality, morbidity, policy lapses and surrenders, investment yields, policy dividends, operating and policy maintenance expenses, and provisions for adverse deviation. These assumptions are reviewed at least annually and updated in response to actual experience and market conditions. Liabilities for property and casualty insurance represent estimated provisions for reported and unreported claims. Liabilities for life and property and casualty insurance are included in Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities. Changes in Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities are included in the Insurance policyholder benefits, claims and acquisition expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income in the period in which the estimates change. Premiums ceded for reinsurance and reinsurance recoveries on policyholder benefits and claims incurred are reported in income and expense as appropriate. Reinsurance recoverables, which relate to paid benefits and unpaid claims, are included in Other assets. Acquisition costs for new insurance business consist of commissions, premium taxes, certain underwriting costs and other costs that vary with the acquisition of new business. Deferred acquisition costs for life insurance products are implicitly recognized in Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities by CALM. For property and casualty insurance, these costs are classified as Other assets and amortized over the policy term. Segregated funds are lines of business in which we issue an insurance contract where the benefit amount is directly linked to the market value of the investments held in the underlying fund. The contractual arrangement is such that the underlying segregated fund assets are registered in our name but the segregated fund policyholders bear the risks and rewards of the funds’ investment performance. Liabilities for these contracts are calculated based on contractual obligations using actuarial assumptions and are at least equivalent to the surrender or transfer value calculated by reference to the value of the relevant underlying funds or indices. Segregated funds’ assets and liabilities are separately presented on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. As the segregated fund policyholders bear the risks and rewards of the funds’ performance, investment income earned by the segregated funds and expenses incurred by the segregated funds are offset and are not separately presented in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Fee income we earn from segregated funds includes management fees, mortality, policy administration and surrender charges, and these fees are recorded in Non-interest income – Insurance premiums, investment and fee income. We provide minimum death benefit and maturity value guarantees on segregated funds. The liability associated with these minimum guarantees is recorded in Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities. Liability adequacy tests are performed for all insurance contract portfolios at each balance sheet date to ensure the adequacy of insurance contract liabilities. Current best estimates of future contractual cash flows, claims handling and administration costs, and investment returns from the assets backing the liabilities are taken into account in the tests. When the test results indicate that there is a deficiency in liabilities, the deficiency is charged immediately to our Consolidated Statements of Income by writing down the deferred acquisition costs in Other assets and/or increasing Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 131 Note 2 Summary of significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments (continued) Employee benefits – Pensions and other post-employment benefits Our defined benefit pension expense, which is included in Non-interest expense – Human resources, consists of the cost of employee pension benefits for the current year’s service, net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset), past service cost and gains or losses on settlement. Remeasurements of the net defined benefit obligation, which comprise actuarial gains and losses and return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognized immediately in OCI in the period in which they occur. Actuarial gains and losses comprise experience adjustments (the effects of differences between the previous actuarial assumptions and what has actually occurred), as well as the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions. Amounts recognized in OCI will not be reclassified subsequently to net income. Past service cost is the change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from a plan amendment or curtailment and is charged immediately to income. For each defined benefit pension plan, we recognize the present value of our defined benefit obligations less the fair value of the plan assets as a defined benefit liability reported in Other liabilities – Employee benefit liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. For plans where there is a net defined benefit asset, the amount is reported as an asset in Other assets – Employee benefit assets on our Consolidated Balance sheets. The calculation of defined benefit expenses and obligations requires significant judgment as the recognition is dependent on discount rates and various actuarial assumptions such as healthcare cost trend rates, projected salary increases, retirement age, and mortality and termination rates. Due to the long-term nature of these plans, such estimates and assumptions are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties. For our pension and other post-employment benefit plans, the discount rate is determined by reference to market yields on high quality corporate bonds. Since the discount rate is based on currently available yields, and involves management’s assessment of market liquidity, it is only a proxy for future yields. Actuarial assumptions, set in accordance with current practices in the respective countries of our plans, may differ from actual experience as country specific statistics are only estimates of future employee behaviour. These assumptions are determined by management and are reviewed by actuaries at least annually. Changes to any of the above assumptions may affect the amounts of benefits obligations, expenses and remeasurements that we recognize. Our contributions to defined contribution pension plans are expensed when employees have rendered services in exchange for such contributions. Defined contribution pension expense is included in Non-interest expense – Human resources. Share-based compensation We offer share-based compensation plans to certain key employees and to our non-employee directors. To account for stock options granted to employees, compensation expense is recognized over the applicable vesting period with a corresponding increase in equity. Fair value is determined by using option valuation models, which take into account the exercise price of the option, the current share price, the risk free interest rate, the expected volatility of the share price over the life of the option and other relevant factors. When the options are exercised, the exercise price proceeds together with the amount initially recorded in equity are credited to common shares. Our other share-based compensation plans include performance deferred share plans and deferred share unit plans for key employees (the Plans). The obligations for the Plans are accrued over their vesting periods. The Plans are settled in cash. For cash-settled awards, our accrued obligations are adjusted to their fair value at each balance sheet date. For share-settled awards, our expected obligations recognized in equity are based on the fair value of our common shares at the date of grant. Changes in our obligations, net of related hedges, are recorded as Non-interest expense – Human resources in our Consolidated Statements of Income with a corresponding increase in Other liabilities for cash-settled awards and in Retained earnings for share-settled awards. Compensation expense is recognized in the year the awards are earned by plan participants based on the vesting schedule of the relevant plans, net of estimated forfeitures. The compensation cost attributable to options and awards granted to employees who are eligible to retire or will become eligible to retire during the vesting period is recognized immediately if the employee is eligible to retire on the grant date or over the period between the grant date and the date the employee becomes eligible to retire. Our contributions to the employee savings and share ownership plans are expensed as incurred. Income taxes Income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax and is recognized in our Consolidated Statements of Income except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in equity. Current income tax payable on profits is recognized as an expense based on the applicable tax laws in each jurisdiction in the period in which profits arise, calculated using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date. Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for accounting and tax purposes. A deferred income tax asset or liability is determined for each temporary difference, except for earnings related to our subsidiaries, branches, associates and interests in joint ventures where the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future and we have the ability to control the timing of reversal. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the tax rates that are expected to be in effect in the period that the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the balance sheet date. Current tax assets and liabilities are offset when they are levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities within the same tax reporting group (which intends to settle on a net basis), and when there is a legal right to offset. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when the same conditions are satisfied. Our Consolidated Statements of Income include items that are non-taxable or non-deductible for income tax purposes and, accordingly, this causes the income tax provision to be different from what it would be if based on statutory rates. Deferred income taxes accumulated as a result of temporary differences and tax loss carryforwards are included in Other assets and Other liabilities. On a quarterly basis, we review our deferred income tax assets to determine whether it is probable that the benefits associated with these assets will be realized; this review involves evaluating both positive and negative evidence. We are subject to income tax laws in various jurisdictions where we operate, and the complex tax laws are potentially subject to different interpretations by us and the relevant taxation authorities. Significant judgment is required in the interpretation of the relevant tax laws, and the determination of our tax provision which includes our best estimate of tax positions that are under audit or appeal by relevant taxation authorities. We perform a review on a quarterly basis to incorporate our best assessment based on information available, but additional liability and income tax expense could result based on decisions made by the relevant tax authorities. The determination of our deferred tax asset or liability also requires significant management judgment as the recognition is dependent on our projection of future taxable profits and tax rates that are expected to be in effect in the period the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Any changes in our projection will result in changes in deferred tax assets or liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and also deferred tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. 132 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Business combinations, goodwill and other intangibles All business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. Non-controlling interests, if any, are recognized at their proportionate share of the fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities, unless otherwise indicated. Identifiable intangible assets are recognized separately from goodwill and included in Other intangibles. Goodwill represents the excess of the price paid for the business acquired over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired on the date of acquisition. Goodwill Goodwill is allocated to cash-generating units or groups of cash-generating units for the purpose of impairment testing, which is undertaken at the lowest level at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. Impairment testing is performed annually as at August 1, or more frequently if there are objective indicators of impairment, by comparing the recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit (CGU) with its carrying amount. The recoverable amount of a CGU is the higher of its value in use and its fair value less costs of disposal. Value in use is the present value of the expected future cash flows from a CGU. Fair value less costs of disposal is the amount obtainable from the sale of a CGU in an orderly transaction between market participants, less disposal costs. The fair value of a CGU is estimated using valuation techniques such as a discounted cash flow method, adjusted to reflect the considerations of a prospective third-party buyer. External evidence such as binding sale agreements or recent transactions for similar businesses within the same industry is considered to the extent that it is available. Significant judgment is involved in estimating the model inputs used to determine the recoverable amount of our CGUs, in particular future cash flows, discount rates and terminal growth rates, due to the uncertainty in the timing and amount of cash flows and the forward-looking nature of these inputs. Future cash flows are based on financial plans agreed by management which are estimated based on forecast results, business initiatives, planned capital investments and returns to shareholders. Discount rates are based on the bank-wide cost of capital, adjusted for CGU-specific risks and currency exposure as reflected by differences in expected inflation. Bank-wide cost of capital is based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model. CGU-specific risks include country risk, business/operational risk, geographic risk (including political risk, devaluation risk, and government regulation), currency risk, and price risk (including product pricing risk and inflation). Terminal growth rates reflect the expected long-term gross domestic product growth and inflation for the countries within which the CGU operates. Changes in these assumptions may impact the amount of impairment loss recognized in Non-interest expense. The carrying amount of a CGU includes the carrying amount of assets, liabilities and goodwill allocated to the CGU. If the recoverable amount is less than the carrying value, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU and then to the other non-financial assets of the CGU proportionately based on the carrying amount of each asset. Any impairment loss is charged to income in the period in which the impairment is identified. Goodwill is stated at cost less accumulated impairment losses. Subsequent reversals of goodwill impairment are prohibited. Upon disposal of a portion of a CGU, the carrying amount of goodwill related to the portion of the CGU sold is included in the determination of gains or losses on disposal. The carrying amount is determined based on the relative fair value of the disposed portion to the total CGU. Other intangibles Intangible assets represent identifiable non-monetary assets and are acquired either separately or through a business combination, or generated internally. Intangible assets acquired through a business combination are recognized separately from goodwill when they are separable or arise from contractual or other legal rights, and their fair value can be measured reliably. The cost of a separately acquired intangible asset includes its purchase price and directly attributable costs of preparing the asset for its intended use. In respect of internally generated intangible assets, cost includes all directly attributable costs necessary to create, produce, and prepare the asset to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management. Research and development costs that are not eligible for capitalization are expensed. After initial recognition, an intangible asset is carried at its cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Intangible assets with a finite-life are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows: computer software – 3 to 10 years; and customer relationships – 10 to 20 years. We do not have any intangible assets with indefinite lives. Intangible assets are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting period. If there is an indication that an intangible asset may be impaired, an impairment test is performed by comparing the carrying amount of the intangible asset to its recoverable amount. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, we estimate the recoverable amount of the CGU to which the asset belongs. If the recoverable amount of the asset (or CGU) is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the intangible asset is written down to its recoverable amount as an impairment loss. An impairment loss recognized previously is reversed if there is a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount of the asset (or CGU) since the last impairment loss was recognized. If an impairment loss is subsequently reversed, the carrying amount of the asset (or CGU) is revised to the lower of its recoverable amount and the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of amortization) had there been no prior impairment. Due to the subjective nature of these estimates, significant judgment is required in determining the useful lives and recoverable amounts of our intangible assets, and assessing whether certain events or circumstances constitute objective evidence of impairment. Estimates of the recoverable amounts of our intangible assets rely on certain key inputs, including future cash flows and discount rates. Future cash flows are based on sales projections and allocated costs which are estimated based on forecast results and business initiatives. Discount rates are based on the bank-wide cost of capital, adjusted for asset-specific risks. Changes in these assumptions may impact the amount of impairment loss recognized in Non-interest expense. Other Translation of foreign currencies Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into Canadian dollars at rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the translation and settlement of these items are recognized in Non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Non-monetary assets and liabilities that are measured at historical cost are translated into Canadian dollars at historical rates. Non-monetary financial assets classified as AFS securities, such as equity instruments, that are measured at fair value are translated into Canadian dollars at rates prevailing at the balance sheet date, and the resulting foreign exchange gains and losses are recorded in Other components of equity until the asset is sold or becomes impaired. Assets and liabilities of our foreign operations with functional currencies other than Canadian dollars are translated into Canadian dollars at rates prevailing at the balance sheet date, and income and expenses of these foreign operations are translated at average rates of exchange for the reporting period. Unrealized gains or losses arising as a result of the translation of our foreign operations along with the effective portion of related hedges are reported in Other components of equity on an after-tax basis. Upon disposal or partial disposal of a foreign operation, an appropriate portion of the accumulated net translation gains or losses is included in Non-interest income. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 133 Note 2 Summary of significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments (continued) Premises and equipment Premises and equipment includes land, buildings, leasehold improvements, computer equipment, furniture, fixtures and other equipment, and are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, except for land which is not depreciated, and accumulated impairment losses. Cost comprises the purchase price, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for its intended use, and the initial estimate of any disposal costs. Depreciation is recorded principally on a straight–line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are 25 to 50 years for buildings, 3 to 10 years for computer equipment, and 7 to 10 years for furniture, fixtures and other equipment. The amortization period for leasehold improvements is the lesser of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the lease term plus the first renewal period, if reasonably assured of renewal, up to a maximum of 10 years. Depreciation methods, useful lives, and residual values are reassessed at each reporting period and adjusted as appropriate. Gains and losses on disposal are recorded in Non–interest income. Premises and equipment are assessed for indicators of impairment at each reporting period. If there is an indication that an asset may be impaired, an impairment test is performed by comparing the asset’s carrying amount to its recoverable amount. Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, we estimate the recoverable amount of the CGU to which the asset belongs and test for impairment at the CGU level. An impairment charge is recorded to the extent the recoverable amount of an asset (or CGU), which is the higher of value in use and fair value less costs of disposal, is less than its carrying amount. Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from the asset (or CGU). Fair value less costs of disposal is the amount obtainable from the sale of the asset (or CGU) in an orderly transaction between market participants, less costs of disposal. After the recognition of impairment, the depreciation charge is adjusted in future periods to reflect the asset’s revised carrying amount. If an impairment is later reversed, the carrying amount of the asset is revised to the lower of the asset’s recoverable amount and the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of depreciation) had there been no prior impairment loss. The depreciation charge in future periods is adjusted to reflect the revised carrying amount. Provisions Provisions are liabilities of uncertain timing or amount and are recognized when we have a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are measured as the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the reporting date. Significant judgment is required in determining whether a present obligation exists and in estimating the probability, timing and amount of any outflows. We record provisions related to litigation, asset retirement obligations, and the allowance for off-balance sheet and other items. Provisions are recorded under Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We are required to estimate the results of ongoing legal proceedings, expenses to be incurred to dispose of capital assets, and credit losses on undrawn commitments and guarantees. The forward-looking nature of these estimates requires us to use a significant amount of judgment in projecting the timing and amount of future cash flows. We record our provisions on the basis of all available information at the end of the reporting period and make adjustments on a quarterly basis to reflect current expectations. Should actual results differ from our expectations, we may incur expenses in excess of the provisions recognized. When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, such as an insurer, a separate asset is recognized if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received. Commissions and fees Portfolio management and other management advisory and service fees are recognized based on the applicable service contracts. Fees related to provision of services including asset management, wealth management, financial planning and custody services that cover a specified service period, are recognized over the period in which the service is provided. Investment management and custodial fees are generally calculated as a percentage of daily or period-end net asset values, and are received monthly, quarterly, semi-annually or annually, depending on the terms of the contracts. Management fees are generally derived from assets under management (AUM) when our clients solicit the investment capabilities of an investment manager and administrative fees are derived from assets under administration (AUA) where the investment strategy is directed by the client or a designated third party manager. Performance-based fees, which are earned upon exceeding certain benchmarks or performance targets, are recognized only when the benchmark or performance targets are achieved. Fees such as underwriting fees and brokerage fees that are related to the provision of specific transaction type services are recognized when the service has been completed. When service fees and other costs are incurred in relation to commissions and fees earned and we have significant risks and rewards associated with delivering the service, we record these costs on a gross basis in either Non-interest expense – Other or Non-interest expense – Human resources, as applicable. Dividend income Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive payment is established. This is the ex-dividend date for listed equity securities, and usually the date when shareholders have approved the dividend for unlisted equity securities. Leasing A lease is an agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee the right to use an asset for an agreed upon period of time in return for a payment or series of payments. A finance lease is a lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the leased asset to the lessee, where title may or may not eventually be transferred. An operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease. Operating leases When we are the lessee in an operating lease, we record rental payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term in Non-interest expense. Finance leases When we are the lessee in a finance lease, we initially record both the leased asset and the related lease obligation in Premises and equipment, Other intangibles and Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at an amount equal to the fair value of the leased asset or, if lower, the present value of the minimum lease payments, each determined at the date of inception of the lease. Initial direct costs directly attributed to the lease are recognized as an asset under the finance lease. Earnings per share Earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Net income available to common shareholders is determined after deducting dividend entitlements of preferred 134 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements shareholders, any gains (losses) on redemption of preferred shares net of related income taxes and the net income attributable to non-controlling interests. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if additional common shares are assumed to be issued under securities or contracts that entitle their holders to obtain common shares in the future, to the extent such entitlement is not subject to unresolved contingencies. For contracts that may be settled in cash or in common shares at our option, diluted earnings per share is calculated based on the assumption that such contracts will be settled in shares. Income and expenses associated with these types of contracts are excluded from the Net income available to common shareholders, and the additional number of shares that would be issued is included in the diluted earnings per share calculation. These contracts include our convertible Preferred Shares and Trust Capital Securities with the conversion assumed to have taken place at the beginning of the period or on the date of issue, if later. For stock options whose exercise price is less than the average market price of our common shares, they are assumed to be exercised and the proceeds are used to repurchase common shares at the average market price for the period. The incremental number of common shares issued under stock options and repurchased from proceeds is included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share. Share capital We classify a financial instrument that we issue as a financial asset, financial liability or an equity instrument in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement. Our common shares held by us are classified as treasury shares in equity and accounted for at weighted average cost. Upon the sale of treasury shares, the difference between the sale proceeds and the cost of the shares is recognized in Retained earnings. Financial instruments issued by us are classified as equity instruments when there is no contractual obligation to transfer cash or other financial assets. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of equity instruments are included in equity as a deduction from the proceeds, net of tax. Financial instruments that will be settled by a variable number of our common shares upon their conversion by the holders as well as the related accrued distributions are classified as liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Dividends and yield distributions on these instruments are classified as Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Future changes in accounting policy and disclosure The following standards have been issued, but are not yet effective for us. We are currently assessing the impact of adopting these standards on our Consolidated Financial Statements: IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (IFRS 9) In July 2014, the IASB issued the complete version of IFRS 9, first issued in November 2009, which brings together the classification and measurement, impairment and hedge accounting phases of the IASB’s project to replace IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39). IFRS 9 introduces a principles-based approach to the classification of financial assets based on an entity’s business model and the nature of the cash flows of the asset. All financial assets, including hybrid contracts, are measured as at FVTPL, fair value through OCI or amortized cost. For financial liabilities, IFRS 9 includes the requirements for classification and measurement previously included in IAS 39. IFRS 9 also introduces an expected credit loss impairment model for all financial assets not measured as at FVTPL. The model has three stages: (1) on initial recognition, a loss allowance is recognized and maintained equal to 12 months of expected credit losses; (2) if credit risk increases significantly relative to initial recognition, the loss allowance is increased to cover full lifetime expected credit losses; and (3) when a financial asset is considered credit-impaired, the loss allowance continues to reflect lifetime expected credit losses and interest revenue is calculated based on the carrying amount of the asset, net of the loss allowance, rather than its gross carrying amount. Changes in the required loss allowance, including the impact of movement between 12 months and lifetime expected credit losses, will be recorded in profit or loss. Finally, IFRS 9 introduces a new hedge accounting model that aligns the accounting for hedge relationships more closely with an entity’s risk management activities, permits hedge accounting to be applied more broadly to a greater variety of hedging instruments and risks and requires additional disclosures. IFRS 9 includes an accounting policy choice to retain the IAS 39 requirements for hedge accounting, which we will elect to apply. We adopted the own credit provisions of IFRS 9 in the second quarter of 2014. The new impairment and classification and measurement requirements will be applied by adjusting our Consolidated Balance Sheet on November 1, 2017, the date of initial application, with no restatement of comparative period financial information. The adoption of IFRS 9 is expected to result in certain differences in the classification of financial assets when compared to our classification under IAS 39. The most significant changes include approximately $25 billion of debt securities previously classified as AFS to be classified as amortized cost, and approximately $2.5 billion of equities and debt securities previously classified as AFS to be classified as at FVTPL. Based on current estimates, the adoption of IFRS 9 is expected to result in a reduction to retained earnings as at November 1, 2017 of approximately $600 million, net of taxes. The primary impact is attributable to increases in the allowance for credit losses under the new impairment requirements. We continue to monitor and refine certain elements of our impairment process in advance of Q1 2018 reporting. IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (IFRS 15) In May 2014, the IASB issued IFRS 15, which establishes the principles for reporting about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity’s contracts with customers. The standard provides a single, principles-based five-step model for revenue recognition to be applied to contracts with customers except for revenue arising from items such as financial instruments, insurance contracts and leases. The majority of our revenue, including net interest income, is not expected to be impacted. In April 2016, the IASB issued amendments to IFRS 15, which clarify the underlying principles of IFRS 15 and provide additional transitional relief on initial application. IFRS 15 and its amendments will be effective for us on November 1, 2018. IFRS 16 Leases (IFRS 16) In January 2016, the IASB issued IFRS 16, which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases. The standard removes the current requirement for lessees to classify leases as finance leases or operating leases by introducing a single lessee accounting model that requires the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for most leases. Lessees will also recognize depreciation expense on the lease asset and interest expense on the lease liability in the statement of income. There are no significant changes to lessor accounting aside from enhanced disclosure requirements. IFRS 16 will be effective for us on November 1, 2019. IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows (IAS 7) In January 2016, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 7, which will require specific disclosures for movements in certain liabilities on the statement of cash flows. These amendments will be effective for us on November 1, 2017 and we will adopt these disclosures in our 2018 Consolidated Financial Statements. The adoption of these amendments is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 135 Note 2 Summary of significant accounting policies, estimates and judgments (continued) IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (IFRS 17) In May 2017, the IASB issued IFRS 17 to establish a comprehensive global insurance standard which provides guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosures of insurance contracts. IFRS 17 requires entities to measure insurance contract liabilities at their current fulfillment values using one of three approaches. This new standard will be effective for us on November 1, 2021 and will be applied retrospectively with restatement of comparatives unless impracticable. Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments Carrying value and fair value of financial instruments The following tables provide a comparison of the carrying and fair values for each classification of financial instruments. Embedded derivatives are presented on a combined basis with the host contracts. For measurement purposes, they are carried at fair value when conditions requiring separation are met. Carrying value and fair value Financial instruments classified as at FVTPL Financial instruments designated as at FVTPL Available- for-sale instruments measured at fair value As at October 31, 2017 Carrying value Fair value Financial instruments measured at amortized cost Financial instruments measured at amortized cost Total carrying amount Total fair value $ – $ 20,752 $ – $ 11,910 $ 11,910 $ 32,662 $ 32,662 – 14,845 14,845 81,998 383,857 154,525 538,382 – 44,598 246,235 411,156 21,685 679,076 – 9,137 – 49,440 9,265 – 14,771 14,771 127,657 90,722 218,379 127,657 90,648 218,305 81,999 220,977 220,978 380,782 153,967 534,749 383,926 158,691 542,617 380,851 158,133 538,984 – 44,598 95,023 45,811 95,023 45,811 $ 246,147 $ 412,495 21,708 680,350 260,213 $ 505,665 23,757 789,635 260,125 507,004 23,780 790,909 – 30,008 30,008 9,138 – 49,426 9,559 143,084 92,127 48,308 9,265 143,085 92,127 48,294 9,559 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Financial assets Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Trading Available-for-sale (1) 116,720 – 116,720 10,937 – 10,937 – 75,877 75,877 Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed – 138,979 Loans Retail Wholesale Other Derivatives Other assets (2) Financial liabilities Deposits Personal Business and government (3) Bank (4) Other Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Derivatives Other liabilities (5) Subordinated debentures 69 1,837 1,906 95,023 – $ 184 $ (9) – 175 30,008 – 92,127 (1,132) – – 2,329 2,329 – 1,213 13,794 94,518 2,072 110,384 – 133,947 – – – – – – – – – $ 136 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Carrying value and fair value Carrying value Fair value As at October 31, 2016 Financial instruments classified as at FVTPL Financial instruments designated as at FVTPL Available- for-sale instruments measured at fair value Financial instruments measured at amortized cost Financial instruments measured at amortized cost Total carrying amount Total fair value $ – $ 15,967 $ – $ 11,884 $ 11,884 $ 27,851 $ 27,851 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Financial assets Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Trading Available-for-sale (1) 141,265 – 141,265 10,027 – 10,027 – 69,922 69,922 Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed – 121,692 Loans Retail Wholesale Other Derivatives Other assets (2) Financial liabilities Deposits Personal Business and government (3) Bank (4) Other Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Derivatives Other liabilities (5) Subordinated debentures 71 1,437 1,508 118,944 – $ 113 $ – – 113 50,369 – 116,550 282 – – 904 904 – 894 15,142 82,871 730 98,743 – 88,863 – 10 131 – – – – – – $ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) AFS securities include held-to-maturity securities that are recorded at amortized cost. Includes Customers’ liability under acceptances and financial instruments recognized in Other assets. Business and government deposits include deposits from regulated deposit-taking institutions other than banks. Bank deposits refer to deposits from regulated deposit-taking institutions. Includes Acceptances and financial instruments recognized in Other liabilities. – 14,879 14,879 64,610 368,145 151,047 519,192 – 43,981 235,295 405,136 18,302 658,733 – 14,578 – 43,865 9,631 – 15,207 15,207 151,292 84,801 236,093 151,292 85,129 236,421 64,498 186,302 186,190 369,012 150,720 519,732 – 43,979 368,216 153,388 521,604 118,944 44,875 369,083 153,061 522,144 118,944 44,873 $ 235,490 $ 406,881 18,312 660,683 250,550 $ 488,007 19,032 757,589 250,745 489,752 19,042 759,539 – 50,369 50,369 14,583 – 43,838 9,700 103,441 116,550 44,157 9,762 103,446 116,550 44,130 9,831 Loans and receivables designated as at fair value through profit or loss For our loans and receivables designated as at FVTPL, we measure the change in fair value attributable to changes in credit risk as the difference between the total change in the fair value of the instrument during the period and the change in fair value calculated using the appropriate risk- free yield curves. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Interest-bearing deposits with banks Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans – Wholesale Other assets As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Carrying amount of loans and receivables designated as at FVTPL (1) 20,752 $ 138,979 2,329 343 Carrying amount of loans and receivables designated as at FVTPL (1) 15,967 $ 121,692 904 132 $ 162,403 $ 138,695 (1) The carrying amounts of loans and receivables designated as at FVTPL represent their maximum exposure to credit risk. There were no significant changes in the fair value of the loans and receivables designated as at FVTPL attributable to changes in credit risk during the years ended October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2016, and cumulatively since initial recognition of the assets. The extent to which credit derivatives or similar instruments mitigate the maximum exposure to credit risk is nominal as at October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2016. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 137 Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss For our financial liabilities designated as at FVTPL, we take into account changes in our own credit spread and the expected duration of the instrument to measure the change in fair value attributable to changes in credit risk. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Term deposits Personal Business and government (3) Bank (4) Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Other liabilities Subordinated debentures (Millions of Canadian dollars) Term deposits Personal Business and government (3) Bank (4) Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Other liabilities Subordinated debentures As at or for the year ended October 31, 2017 (1) Contractual maturity amount Carrying value $ 13,633 $ 13,794 94,518 2,072 110,384 93,532 2,072 109,237 133,967 – – 133,947 – – $ 243,204 $ 244,331 Difference between carrying value and contractual maturity amount Changes in fair value attributable to changes in credit risk included in OCI for positions still held Cumulative change in fair value attributable to changes in credit risk for positions still held (2) $ $ 161 986 – 1,147 (20) – – 1,127 $ $ 34 398 – 432 – – – 432 $ $ 59 423 – 482 – – – 482 As at or for the year ended October 31, 2016 (1) Contractual maturity amount Carrying value $ 15,138 $ 15,142 82,871 730 98,743 81,860 730 97,728 88,863 10 128 88,863 10 131 $ 186,729 $ 187,747 Difference between carrying value and contractual maturity amount Changes in fair value attributable to changes in credit risk included in OCI for positions still held Cumulative change in fair value attributable to changes in credit risk for positions still held (2) $ $ 4 1,011 – 1,015 – – 3 1,018 $ $ 99 354 – 453 – – 1 454 $ $ 25 25 – 50 – – (2) 48 (1) (2) (3) (4) There are no changes in fair value attributable to changes in credit risk included in net income for positions still held. The cumulative change is measured from the initial recognition of the liabilities designated as at FVTPL. For the year ended October 31, 2017, $16 million of fair value gains previously included in OCI relate to financial liabilities derecognized during the year (October 31, 2016 – $14 million fair value gains). Business and government term deposits include amounts from regulated deposit-taking institutions other than regulated banks. Bank term deposits refer to amounts from regulated deposit-taking institutions. Net gains (losses) from financial instruments classified and designated as at fair value through profit or loss Financial instruments classified as at FVTPL, which includes mainly trading securities, derivatives, trading liabilities, and financial assets and liabilities designated as at FVTPL are measured at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in Non-interest income, primarily in Trading revenue. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net gains (losses) (1) Classified as at fair value through profit or loss (2) Designated as at fair value through profit or loss (3) By product line (1) Interest rate and credit Equities Foreign exchange and commodities For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ $ $ 1,112 $ (68) 1,044 $ 662 $ (54) 436 1,044 $ 371 216 587 404 (345) 528 587 (1) (2) (3) Excludes the following amounts related to our insurance operations and included in Insurance premiums, investment and fee income in the Consolidated Statements of Income: Net losses from financial instruments designated as at FVTPL of $148 million (October 31, 2016 – gains of $617 million). Excludes derivatives designated in a hedging relationship. Refer to Note 8 for net gains (losses) on these derivatives. For the year ended October 31, 2017, $645 million of net fair value losses on financial liabilities designated as at FVTPL, other than those attributable to changes in our own credit risk, were included in Non-interest income (October 31, 2016 – gains of $428 million). 138 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Net interest income from financial instruments Interest and dividend income arising from financial assets and financial liabilities and the associated costs of funding are reported in Net interest income. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Interest income (1) Financial instruments held as at fair value through profit or loss Other categories of financial instruments Interest expense (1) Financial instruments held as at fair value through profit or loss Other categories of financial instruments Net interest income For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 6,043 $ 20,861 26,904 5,181 19,271 24,452 $ 3,934 $ 5,830 9,764 2,952 4,969 7,921 $ 17,140 $ 16,531 (1) Excludes the following amounts related to our insurance operations and included in Insurance premiums, investment and fee income in the Consolidated Statements of Income: Interest income of $459 million (October 31, 2016 – $474 million), and Interest expense of $5 million (October 31, 2016 – $4 million). Net fee income For the year ended October 31, 2017, we earned $5,139 million in fees from banking services (October 31, 2016 – $4,817 million). For the year ended October 31, 2017, we also earned $11,191 million in fees from investment management, trust, custodial, underwriting, brokerage and other similar fiduciary services to retail and institutional clients (October 31, 2016 – $10,378 million1). These fees are included in Non-interest income. (1) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 139 Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified using the fair value hierarchy (Millions of Canadian dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair value measurements using Total gross fair value Netting adjustments Assets/ liabilities at fair value Fair value measurements using Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total gross fair value Netting adjustments Assets/ liabilities at fair value October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 As at Financial assets Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Trading Canadian government debt (1) Federal Provincial and municipal U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt (1) Other OECD government debt (2) Mortgage-backed securities (1) Asset-backed securities Non-CDO securities (3) Corporate debt and other debt Equities Available-for-sale (4) Canadian government debt (1) Federal Provincial and municipal U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt (1) Other OECD government debt Mortgage-backed securities (1) Asset-backed securities CDO Non-CDO securities Corporate debt and other debt Equities Loan substitute securities Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans Other Derivatives Interest rate contracts Foreign exchange contracts Credit derivatives Other contracts Valuation adjustments Total gross derivatives Netting adjustments Total derivatives Other assets Financial Liabilities Deposits Personal Business and government Bank Other Obligations related to securities $ – $ 20,752 $ – $ 20,752 $ $ 20,752 $ – $ 15,967 $ – $ 15,967 $ $ 15,967 9,374 – 1,226 934 – – 52 29,674 41,260 477 – 8 479 – – – – 339 – 1,303 7,929 11,422 29,634 10,420 1,298 732 21,655 2,853 85,943 1,124 2,503 28,999 8,673 934 3,623 2,671 23,662 38 24 72,251 – – – – – – 29 425 454 – – 508 – – – 203 797 711 4 2,223 17,303 11,422 30,860 11,354 1,298 732 21,736 32,952 127,657 1,601 2,503 29,515 9,152 934 3,623 2,874 24,459 1,088 28 75,777 – – 138,979 4,056 – 179 138,979 4,235 – – – 3,510 – 3,510 106,145 42,871 157 10,141 (722) 158,592 380 63 – 307 (3) 747 106,525 42,934 157 13,958 (725) 162,849 966 247 – 1,213 17,303 11,422 30,860 11,354 1,298 732 21,736 32,952 127,657 1,601 2,503 29,515 9,152 934 3,623 2,874 24,459 1,088 28 75,777 138,979 4,235 106,525 42,934 157 13,958 (725) 162,849 (67,826) 95,023 1,213 13,072 – 3,358 1,390 – – 25 43,155 61,000 44 – 1 3,416 – – – – 376 49 3,886 10,214 11,928 37,002 5,530 1,457 557 20,630 2,531 89,849 378 2,364 24,668 10,484 395 1,630 1,886 21,110 331 25 63,271 – – 1 – – 4 62 376 443 – – 747 – – – 217 956 756 – 2,676 23,286 11,928 40,361 6,920 1,457 561 20,717 46,062 151,292 422 2,364 25,416 13,900 395 1,630 2,103 22,066 1,463 74 69,833 – – 121,692 2,083 – 329 121,692 2,412 3 – – 2,855 – 2,858 153,216 56,752 191 3,613 (1,429) 212,343 555 26 – 307 (3) 885 153,774 56,778 191 6,775 (1,432) 216,086 762 132 – 894 23,286 11,928 40,361 6,920 1,457 561 20,717 46,062 151,292 422 2,364 25,416 13,900 395 1,630 2,103 22,066 1,463 74 69,833 121,692 2,412 153,774 56,778 191 6,775 (1,432) 216,086 (97,142) 118,944 894 (97,142) (67,826) $ 47,039 $ 480,820 $ 3,603 $531,462 $ (67,826) $ 463,636 $ 68,506 $ 505,337 $ 4,333 $ 578,176 $ (97,142) $ 481,034 $ – – – $ 13,513 94,509 2,072 $ 465 – – $ 13,978 94,509 2,072 $ $ $ 13,978 94,509 2,072 – $ 14,830 82,869 – 730 – $ 425 2 – $ 15,255 82,871 730 $ $ 15,255 82,871 730 30,008 30,008 32,672 17,696 50,369 50,369 sold short 12,407 17,601 Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Derivatives – 133,947 – – 835 42 – 488 13 133,947 101,600 40,539 258 17,366 68 100,765 40,497 258 13,461 55 – – – 3,417 – 3,417 155,036 1,378 159,831 (67,704) Interest rate contracts Foreign exchange contracts Credit derivatives Other contracts Valuation adjustments Total gross derivatives Netting adjustments Total derivatives Other liabilities Subordinated debentures 133,947 – 88,863 – – – 3,135 – 3,135 145,055 57,438 263 5,543 (133) 208,166 101,600 40,539 258 17,366 68 159,831 (67,704) 92,127 (1,132) – 1 – 1,003 41 – 429 7 1,480 88,863 146,058 57,479 263 9,107 (126) 212,781 (96,231) 88,863 146,058 57,479 263 9,107 (126) 212,781 (96,231) 116,550 292 131 130 – (1,286) – 24 – (1,132) – 124 – 80 131 88 – 292 131 $ 15,954 $ 415,392 $ 1,867 $433,213 $ (67,704) $ 365,509 $ 35,931 $ 413,365 $ 1,996 $ 451,292 $ (96,231) $ 355,061 (1) (2) (3) (4) As at October 31, 2017, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (MBS) included in all fair value levels of trading securities were $17,977 million and $nil (October 31, 2016 – $14,987 million and $10 million), respectively, and in all fair value levels of AFS securities were $13,352 million and $727 million (October 31, 2016 – $13,212 million and $346 million), respectively. OECD stands for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. CDO stands for collateralized debt obligations. Excludes $100 million of AFS securities (October 31, 2016 – $89 million) that are carried at cost. 140 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Fair values of our significant assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis are determined and classified in the fair value hierarchy table using the following valuation techniques and inputs. Interest-bearing deposits with banks A majority of our deposits with banks are designated as at FVTPL. These FVTPL deposits are composed of short-dated deposits placed with banks, and are included in Interest-bearing deposits with banks in the fair value hierarchy table. The fair values of these instruments are determined using the discounted cash flow method. The inputs to the valuation models include interest rate swap curves and credit spreads, where applicable. They are classified as Level 2 instruments in the hierarchy as the inputs are observable. Government bonds (Canadian, U.S. and other OECD governments) Government bonds are included in Canadian government debt, U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt, Other OECD government debt and Obligations related to securities sold short in the fair value hierarchy table. The fair values of government issued or guaranteed debt securities in active markets are determined by reference to recent transaction prices, broker quotes, or third-party vendor prices and are classified as Level 1 in the hierarchy. The fair values of securities that are not traded in active markets are based on either security prices, or valuation techniques using implied yields and risk spreads derived from prices of actively traded and similar government securities. Securities with observable prices or rate inputs as compared to transaction prices, dealer quotes or vendor prices are classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy. Securities where inputs are unobservable are classified as Level 3 in the hierarchy. Corporate and U.S. municipal bonds The fair values of corporate and U.S. municipal bonds, which are included in Corporate debt and other debt, U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt and Obligations related to securities sold short in the fair value hierarchy table, are determined using either recently executed transaction prices, broker quotes, pricing services, or in certain instances, the discounted cash flow method using rate inputs such as benchmark yields (Canadian Dealer Offered Rate, LIBOR and other similar reference rates) and risk spreads of comparable securities. Securities with observable prices or rate inputs are classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy. Securities where inputs are unobservable are classified as Level 3 in the hierarchy. Asset-backed securities and Mortgage-backed securities Asset-backed securities (ABS) and MBS are included in Asset-backed securities, Mortgage-backed securities, Canadian government debt, U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt, and Obligations related to securities sold short in the fair value hierarchy table. ABS include collateralized debt obligations (CDO). Inputs for valuation of MBS and CDO are, when available, traded prices, dealer or lead manager quotes, broker quotes and vendor prices of the identical securities. When prices of the identical securities are not readily available, we use industry standard models with inputs such as discount margins, yields, default, prepayment and loss severity rates that are implied from transaction prices, dealer quotes or vendor prices of comparable instruments. Where security prices and inputs are observable, ABS and MBS are classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy. Otherwise, they are classified as Level 3 in the hierarchy. Auction rate securities Auction rate securities (ARS) are included in U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt, and Asset-backed securities in the fair value hierarchy table. The valuation of ARS involves discounting forecasted cash flows from the underlying collateral and incorporating multiple inputs such as default, prepayment, deferment and redemption rates, and credit spreads. These inputs are unobservable, and therefore, ARS are classified as Level 3 in the hierarchy. All relevant data must be assessed and significant judgment is required to determine the appropriate valuation inputs. Equities Equities and Obligations related to securities sold short in the fair value hierarchy table consist of listed and unlisted common shares, private equities and hedge funds with certain redemption restrictions. The fair values of common shares are based on quoted prices in active markets, where available, and are classified as Level 1 in the hierarchy. Where quoted prices in active markets are not readily available, fair value is determined based on quoted market prices for similar securities or through valuation techniques, such as multiples of earnings and the discounted cash flow method with forecasted cash flows and discount rate as inputs. Private equities are classified as Level 3 in the hierarchy as their inputs are not observable. Hedge funds are valued using Net Asset Values (NAV). If we can redeem a hedge fund at NAV prior to the next quarter end, the fund is classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy. Otherwise, it is classified as Level 3 in the hierarchy. Derivatives The fair values of exchange-traded derivatives, such as interest rate and equity options and futures, are based on quoted market prices and are classified as Level 1 in the hierarchy. OTC derivatives primarily consist of interest rate and cross currency swaps, interest rate options, foreign exchange forward contracts and options, and commodity options and swaps. The exchange-traded or OTC interest rate, foreign exchange and equity derivatives are included in Interest rate contracts, Foreign exchange contracts and Other contracts, respectively, in the fair value hierarchy table. The fair values of OTC derivatives are determined using valuation models when quoted market prices or third-party consensus pricing information are not available. The valuation models, such as discounted cash flow method or Black-Scholes option model, incorporate observable or unobservable inputs for interest and foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices (including indices), credit spreads, corresponding market volatility levels, and other market-based pricing factors. Other adjustments to fair value include bid-offer, CVA, FVA, OIS, parameter and model uncertainties, and unrealized gain or loss at inception of a transaction. A derivative instrument is classified as Level 2 in the hierarchy if observable market inputs are available or the unobservable inputs are not significant to the fair value. Otherwise, it is classified as Level 3 in the hierarchy. Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements In the fair value hierarchy table, these instruments are included in Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed, and Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned. The fair values of these contracts are determined using valuation techniques such as the discounted cash flow method using interest rate curves as inputs. They are classified as Level 2 instruments in the hierarchy as the inputs are observable. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 141 Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Deposits A majority of our deposits are measured at amortized cost but certain deposits are designated as at FVTPL. These FVTPL deposits include deposits taken from clients, the issuance of certificates of deposits and promissory notes, and interest rate and equity linked notes, and are included in Deposits in the fair value hierarchy table. The fair values of these instruments are determined using the discounted cash flow method and derivative option valuation models. The inputs to the valuation models include benchmark yield curves, credit spreads, interest rates, equity and interest rate volatility, dividends and correlation, where applicable. They are classified as Level 2 or 3 instruments in the hierarchy, depending on the significance of the unobservable credit spreads, volatility, dividend and correlation rates. Obligations related to securities sold short Fair values of the Obligations related to securities sold short are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets, where available, and are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Where quoted prices in active markets are not readily available, they are primarily classified as Level 2. Quantitative information about fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 Instruments) The following table presents fair values of our significant Level 3 financial instruments, valuation techniques used to determine their fair values, ranges and weighted averages of unobservable inputs. As at October 31, 2017 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for prices, percentages and ratios) Fair value Range of input values (2) (3) Products Reporting line in the fair value hierarchy table Assets Liabilities Valuation techniques Non-derivative financial instruments Auction rate securities Corporate debt Government debt and municipal bonds Private equities, hedge fund investments and related equity derivatives U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Asset-backed securities Corporate debt and other debt Loans Obligations related to securities sold short U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Corporate debt and other debt Equities Derivative related assets Derivative related liabilities Loan substitute securities Derivative financial instruments Interest rate derivatives and interest-rate-linked structured notes (7) Derivative related assets Derivative related liabilities Equity derivatives and equity- linked structured notes (7) Other (8) Total Derivative related assets Deposits Derivative related liabilities Asset-backed securities Derivative related assets Deposits Derivative related liabilities Other liabilities 508 197 33 179 – 793 1,136 – 4 415 302 6 30 Discounted cash flows Price-based Discounted cash flows – 97 Price-based Discounted cash flows Market comparable Price-based Discounted cash flows Discounted cash flows Option pricing model 843 Significant unobservable inputs (1) Discount margins Default rates Prepayment rates Recovery rates Prices Yields Capitalization rates Credit spread Credit enhancement Low High 1.13% 3.00% 4.00% 40.00% $ 20.00 n.a. n.a. 1.11% 12.82% 2.95% 3.40% 10.00% 97.50% $ 119.30 n.a. n.a. 11.59% 17.10% Prices Yields $ 63.43 0.17% $ 93.29 13.04% EV/EBITDA multiples P/E multiples EV/Rev multiples Liquidity discounts (5) Discount rate Net asset values/prices (6) Interest rates CPI swap rates IR-IR correlations FX-IR correlations FX-FX correlations 9.30X 4.80X 1.50X 15.00% 11.00% n.a. 2.23% 1.72% 19.00% 29.00% 68.00% 16.60X 27.40X 9.51X 40.00% 11.00% n.a. 2.56% 1.90% 67.00% 56.00% 68.00% Weighted average / Inputs distribution (4) $ $ 1.71% 3.00% 4.29% 95.95% 113.77 n.a. n.a. 6.35% 14.16% 64.18 3.22% 13.32X 19.42X 5.75X 25.24% 11.00% n.a. Even Even Even Even Even Lower Middle Middle Lower Discounted cash flows Option pricing model Dividend yields Equity (EQ)-EQ correlations EQ-FX correlations EQ volatilities 0.02% 15.00% (70.00)% 10.49% 97.34% 39.10% 3.00% 110.00% 465 369 – 69 24 $ 3,603 $ 1,867 142 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements As at October 31, 2016 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for prices, percentages and ratios) Fair value Range of input values (2) (3) Products Reporting line in the fair value hierarchy table Assets Liabilities Valuation techniques Significant unobservable inputs (1) Low High Weighted average / Inputs distribution (4) Non-derivative financial instruments Auction rate securities Corporate debt Government debt and municipal bonds Private equities, hedge fund investments and related equity derivatives Derivative financial instruments Interest rate derivatives and interest-rate-linked structured notes (7) Equity derivatives and equity- linked structured notes (7) Other (8) U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Asset-backed securities Corporate debt and other debt Loans Obligations related to securities sold short U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Corporate debt and other debt Equities Derivative related assets Derivative related liabilities Loan substitute securities 717 193 98 329 31 920 1,132 77 – Discounted cash flows Price-based Discounted cash flows Price-based Discounted cash flows Market comparable Price-based Discounted cash flows 1 168 Derivative related assets Derivative related liabilities 566 Discounted cash flows Option pricing model 1,014 Discount margins Default rates Prepayment rates Recovery rates 1.57% 3.00% 4.00% 40.00% 3.75% 9.30% 10.00% 97.50% Prices Yields Capitalization rates Credit spread Credit enhancement $ 20.00 $ 127.54 $ 5.25% 5.99% 1.51% 12.04% 8.85% 8.35% 12.54% 16.05% Prices Yields $ 60.00 $ 1.48% 99.79 $ 20.92% EV/EBITDA multiples P/E multiples EV/Rev multiples Liquidity discounts (5) Discount rate Net asset values/prices (6) Interest rates CPI swap rates IR-IR correlations FX-IR correlations FX-FX correlations 6.94X 12.12X 0.30X 15.00% 12.00% n.a. 1.79% 1.49% 19.00% 29.00% 68.00% 15.50X 23.25X 5.90X 40.00% 17.00% n.a. 2.43% 1.97% 67.00% 56.00% 68.00% Discounted cash flows Dividend yields Option pricing model Equity (EQ)-EQ correlations EQ-FX correlations EQ volatilities 0.04% 13.90% (71.40)% 20.64% 97.40% 32.40% 3.00% 118.00% Derivative related assets Deposits Derivative related liabilities Asset-backed securities Derivative related assets Deposits Derivative related liabilities Other liabilities 217 28 25 425 242 2 56 88 $ 4,333 $ 1,996 2.43% 3.02% 4.44% 92.37% 111.93 7.39% 7.17% 7.02% 14.04% 63.30 4.16% 9.65X 14.45X 3.42X 29.21% 16.53% n.a. Even Even Even Even Even Lower Middle Middle Lower Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) n.a. The acronyms stand for the following: (i) Enterprise Value (EV); (ii) Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA); (iii) Price / Earnings (P/E); (iv) Revenue (Rev); (v) Consumer Price Index (CPI); Interest Rate (IR); Foreign Exchange (FX); and Equity (EQ). The low and high input values represent the actual highest and lowest level inputs used to value a group of financial instruments in a particular product category. These input ranges do not reflect the level of input uncertainty, but are affected by the different underlying instruments within the product category. The input ranges will therefore vary from period to period based on the characteristics of the underlying instruments held at each balance sheet date. Where provided, the weighted average of the input values is calculated based on the relative fair values of the instruments within the product category. The weighted averages for derivatives are not presented in the table as they would not provide a comparable metric; instead, distribution of significant unobservable inputs within the range for each product category is indicated in the table. Price-based inputs are significant for certain debt securities and are based on external benchmarks, comparable proxy instruments or pre-quarter-end trade data. For these instruments, the price input is expressed in dollars for each $100 par value. For example, with an input price of $105, an instrument is valued at a premium over its par value. The level of aggregation and diversity within each derivative instrument category may result in certain ranges of inputs being wide and inputs being unevenly distributed across the range. In the table, we indicated whether the majority of the inputs are concentrated toward the upper, middle, or lower end of the range, or evenly distributed throughout the range. Fair value of securities with liquidity discount inputs totalled $54 million (October 31, 2016 – $127 million). NAV of a hedge fund is total fair value of assets less liabilities divided by the number of fund units. The NAV of the funds and the corresponding equity derivatives referenced to NAV are not considered observable as we cannot redeem certain of these hedge funds at NAV prior to the next quarter end. Private equities are valued based on NAV or valuation techniques. The range for NAV per unit or price per share has not been disclosed for the hedge funds or private equities due to the dispersion of prices given the diverse nature of the investments. The structured notes contain embedded equity or interest rate derivatives with unobservable inputs that are similar to those of the equity or interest rate derivatives. Other primarily includes certain insignificant instruments such as commodity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, credit derivatives, bank-owned life insurance and Bank funding and deposits. not applicable Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 143 Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Sensitivity to unobservable inputs and interrelationships between unobservable inputs Yield, credit spreads/discount margins A financial instrument’s yield is the interest rate used to discount future cash flows in a valuation model. An increase in the yield, in isolation, would result in a decrease in a fair value measurement and vice versa. A credit spread/discount margin is the difference between a debt instrument’s yield and a benchmark instrument’s yield. Benchmark instruments have high credit quality ratings, similar maturities and are often government bonds. The credit spread/discount margin therefore represents the discount rate used to determine the present value of future cash flows of an asset to reflect the market return required for uncertainty in the estimated cash flows. The credit spread/discount margin for an instrument forms part of the yield used in a discounted cash flow method. Generally, an increase in the credit spread or discount margin will result in a decrease in fair value, and vice versa. Funding spread Funding spreads are credit spreads specific to our funding or deposit rates. A decrease in funding spreads, on its own, will increase fair value of our liabilities, and vice versa. Default rates A default rate is the rate at which borrowers fail to make scheduled loan payments. A decrease in the default rate will typically increase the fair value of the loan, and vice versa. This effect will be significantly more pronounced for a non-government guaranteed loan than a government guaranteed loan. Prepayment rates A prepayment rate is the rate at which a loan will be repaid in advance of its expected amortization schedule. Prepayments change the future cash flows of a loan. An increase in the prepayment rate in isolation will result in an increase in fair value when the loan interest rate is lower than the then current reinvestment rate, and a decrease in the prepayment rate in isolation will result in a decrease in fair value when the loan interest rate is lower than the then current reinvestment rate. Prepayment rates are generally negatively correlated with interest rates. Recovery and loss severity rates A recovery rate is an estimation of the amount that can be collected in a loan default scenario. The recovery rate is the recovered amount divided by the loan balance due, expressed as a percentage. The inverse concept of recovery is loss severity. Loss severity rate is an estimation of the loan amount not collected when a loan defaults. The loss severity rate is the loss amount divided by the loan balance due, expressed as a percentage. Generally, an increase in the recovery rate or a decrease in the loss severity rate will increase the loan fair value, and vice versa. Capitalization rates A capitalization rate is a rate of return on a real estate property investment calculated by dividing a property’s income by the property’s value. A lower capitalization rate increases the property value, and vice versa. Volatility rates Volatility measures the potential variability of future prices and is often measured as the standard deviation of price movements. Volatility is an input to option pricing models used to value derivatives and issued structured notes. Volatility is used in valuing equity, interest rate, commodity and foreign exchange options. A higher volatility rate means that the underlying price or rate movements are more likely to occur. Higher volatility rates may increase or decrease an option’s fair value depending on the option’s terms. The determination of volatility rates is dependent on various factors, including but not limited to, the underlying’s market price, the strike price and maturity. Dividend yields A dividend yield is the underlying equity’s expected dividends expressed as an annual percentage of its price. Dividend yield is used as an input for forward equity price and option models. Higher dividend yields will decrease the forward price, and vice versa. A higher dividend yield will increase or decrease an option’s value, depending on the option’s terms. Correlation rates Correlation is the linear relationship between the movements in two different variables. Correlation is an input to the valuation of derivative contracts and issued structured notes when an instrument’s payout is determined by correlated variables. When variables are positively correlated, an increase in one variable will result in an increase in the other variable. When variables are negatively correlated, an increase in one variable will result in a decrease in the other variable. The referenced variables can be within a single asset class or market (equity, interest rate, commodities, credit and foreign exchange) or between variables in different asset classes (equity to foreign exchange, or interest rate to foreign exchange). Changes in correlation will either increase or decrease a financial instrument’s fair value depending on the terms of the instrument. Interest rates An interest rate is the percentage amount charged on a principal or notional amount. Increasing interest rates will decrease the discounted cash flow value of a financial instrument, and vice versa. Consumer Price Index swap rates A CPI swap rate is expressed as a percentage of an increase in the average price of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food and medical care. An increase in the CPI swap rate will cause inflation swap payments to be larger, and vice versa. EV/EBITDA multiples, P/E multiples, EV/Rev multiples, and liquidity discounts Private equity valuation inputs include EV/EBITDA multiples, P/E multiples and EV/Rev multiples. These are used to calculate either enterprise value or share value of a company based on a multiple of earnings or revenue estimates. Higher multiples equate to higher fair values for all multiple types, and vice versa. A liquidity discount may be applied when few or no transactions exist to support the valuations. 144 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Credit Enhancement Credit enhancement is an input to the valuation of securitized transaction and is the amount of loan loss protection for a senior tranche. Credit enhancement is expressed as a percentage of the transaction size. An increase in credit enhancement will cause the credit spread to decrease and the tranche fair value to increase, and vice versa. Interrelationships between unobservable inputs Unobservable inputs, including the above discount margin, default rate, prepayment rate, and recovery and loss severity rates, may not be independent of each other. For example, the discount margin can be affected by a change in default rate, prepayment rate, or recovery and loss severity rates. Discount margins will generally decrease when default rates decline or when recovery rates increase. Changes in fair value measurement for instruments measured on a recurring basis and categorized in Level 3 The following tables present the changes in fair value measurements on a recurring basis for instruments included in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. For the year ended October 31, 2017 Total realized/ unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings Total unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI (1) Fair value at beginning of period Purchases of assets/ issuances of liabilities Sales of assets/ settlements of liabilities and other (2) Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Fair value at end of period Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for assets and liabilities for positions still held (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Securities Trading Canadian government debt Provincial and municipal U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Mortgage-backed securities Asset-backed securities CDO Non-CDO securities Corporate debt and other debt Equities Available-for-sale U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Asset-backed securities Non-CDO securities Corporate debt and other debt Equities Loan substitute securities Loans Other Net derivative balances (3) Interest rate contracts Foreign exchange contracts Credit derivatives Other contracts Valuation adjustments Other assets Liabilities Deposits Personal Business and government Other $ – $ 1 – – $ – – – $ – – – $ – – – $ (1) – – $ – – – $ – – – $ – – – 4 62 376 443 747 217 956 756 – 2,676 329 (448) (15) – (122) (10) – – – (4) (143) (147) (5) – (1) 62 – 56 (5) 49 49 – 80 – – – 1 (18) (17) (19) 7 (34) 45 – (1) (5) (20) 2 – 2 – – – 7 52 275 334 – – 119 45 4 168 405 33 (3) – (76) – – – (10) (68) (81) (160) (215) (21) (55) (197) – (488) (512) (2) (7) – 2 (6) – – – 20 17 37 – – – – – – – 4 1 – (58) – – – (1) (34) (1) (36) – – (188) – – (188) (33) (71) (6) – (9) – – – – 29 425 454 508 203 797 711 4 2,223 179 (455) 21 – (181) (16) – $ 2,853 $ 82 $ (39) $ 861 $ (1,173) $ (16) $ (343) $ 2,225 $ – – – – – (3) (119) (122) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. – 74 17 – 52 – – 21 5 – – – 5 Obligations related to securities sold short Other liabilities (1) (88) – (4) – 2 – – $ (425) $ (2) (20) $ – 14 $ – (387) $ – 85 $ (277) $ 545 $ (465) $ – 1 66 – – – 2 – – – – (24) $ (516) $ (24) $ 16 $ (387) $ 152 $ (277) $ 547 $ (489) $ Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 145 Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) For the year ended October 31, 2016 Total realized/ unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings Total unrealized gains (losses) included in OCI (1) Fair value at beginning of period Purchases of assets/ issuances of liabilities Sales of assets/ settlements of liabilities and other (2) Changes in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for assets and liabilities for positions still held Transfers into Level 3 Transfers out of Level 3 Fair value at end of period (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Securities Trading Canadian government debt Provincial and municipal U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Mortgage-backed securities Asset-backed securities CDO Non-CDO securities Corporate debt and other debt Equities Available-for-sale U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Asset-backed securities Non-CDO securities Corporate debt and other debt Equities Loan substitute securities Loans Other Net derivative balances (3) Interest rate contracts Foreign exchange contracts Credit derivatives Other contracts Valuation adjustments Other assets Liabilities Deposits Personal Business and government Other $ 5 $ 16 15 5 23 191 123 378 797 197 1,757 987 – 3,738 472 (446) 58 (1) (313) (47) – – $ (2) (1) – $ – – – (4) – (160) (167) (12) (1) (5) 50 – 32 17 (18) (66) – (121) – (2) – – 5 7 12 26 18 17 (49) – 12 (13) 1 (6) – (1) – – – $ – $ 21 8 – 23 144 492 688 (34) (22) (5) (39) (294) (89) (483) 93 (157) (23) (2,825) (308) – (3,313) – $ – – (5) $ – – – $ 1 – 1 1 159 10 171 – – 21 – – 21 (1) – (143) (7) (156) – – (446) – – (446) – 4 62 376 443 747 217 956 756 – 2,676 (641) 396 (4) 329 (18) (2) 1 213 23 – 29 23 – 51 – – (26) (3) – 88 14 – (448) (15) – (122) (10) – 26 2,437 76 – 2,632 102 30 (19) – (39) – 2 – – – – – – (163) (163) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. – (17) (64) (2) 55 – – (16) (1) – (11) (28) $ 3,839 $ (325) $ 5 $ 3,396 $ (4,220) $ 691 $ (533) $ 2,853 $ (191) Obligations related to securities sold short Other liabilities – (47) – (22) – (3) (1) (93) $ (389) $ (8) (24) $ (1) 2 $ – (207) $ – 82 $ (562) $ 673 $ (425) $ 9 – 23 (2) – – – – 54 (2) (1) (88) $ (444) $ (47) $ (1) $ (301) $ 114 $ (564) $ 727 $ (516) $ (1) (2) (3) n.a. These amounts include the foreign currency translation gains or losses arising on consolidation of foreign subsidiaries relating to the Level 3 instruments, where applicable. The unrealized gains on AFS securities recognized in OCI were $84 million for the year ended October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – losses of $27 million), excluding the translation gains or losses arising on consolidation. Other includes amortization of premiums or discounts recognized in net income. Net derivatives as at October 31, 2017 included derivative assets of $747 million (October 31, 2016 – $885 million) and derivative liabilities of $1,378 million (October 31, 2016 – $1,480 million). not applicable Transfers between fair value hierarchy levels for instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2, and transfers into and out of Level 3 are assumed to occur at the end of the period. For an asset or a liability that transfers into Level 3 during the period, the entire change in fair value for the period is excluded from the Total realized/unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings column of the above reconciliation, whereas for transfers out of Level 3 during the period, the entire change in fair value for the period is included in the same column of the above reconciliation. Transfers between Level 1 and 2 are dependent on whether fair value is obtained on the basis of quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1). During the year ended October 31, 2017, transfers out of Level 1 to Level 2 included Trading U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt and Obligations related to securities sold short of $1,143 million and $1,472 million, respectively. During the year ended October 31, 2016, transfers out of Level 1 to Level 2 included $266 million of Trading U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt and $490 million of Obligations related to securities sold short. During the year ended October 31, 2017, transfers out of Level 2 to Level 1 included $339 million of Trading U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt and $80 million of Obligations related to securities sold short. During the year ended October 31, 2016, transfers out of Level 2 to Level 1 included $424 million of Trading U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt, $65 million of AFS U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt and $11 million of Obligations related to securities sold short. Transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 are primarily due to either a change in the market observability for an input, or a change in an unobservable input’s significance to a financial instrument’s fair value. 146 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements For the year ended October 31, 2017, transfers of Other contracts were due to changes in the market observability of inputs, and transfers relating to AFS Corporate debt and other debt, and Personal deposits were due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs to their fair value. During the year ended October 31, 2017, significant transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included $188 million of AFS Corporate debt and other debt, and $545 million of Personal deposits. In addition, during the year ended October 31, 2017, significant transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included $52 million (net assets) of OTC equity options in Other contracts comprised of $321 million of derivative related assets and $269 million of derivative related liabilities. During the year ended October 31, 2016, significant transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included $143 million of Trading Corporate debt and other debt, $446 million of AFS Corporate debt and other debt and $673 million of Personal deposits. In addition, during the year ended October 31, 2016, significant transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included $28 million (net assets) of OTC equity options in Other contracts comprised of $682 million of derivative related assets and $654 million of derivative related liabilities and $24 million (net assets) of commodity swaps in Other contracts comprised of $126 million of derivative related assets and $102 million of derivative related liabilities. During the year ended October 31, 2017, significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3 included $277 million of Personal deposits. In addition, during the year ended October 31, 2017, significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3 included $11 million (net liabilities) of OTC equity options in Other contracts comprised of $94 million of derivative related assets and $105 million of derivative related liabilities. During the year ended October 31, 2016, significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3 included $159 million of Trading Corporate debt and other debt, $396 million of Loans and $562 million of Personal deposits. In addition, during the year ended October 31, 2016, significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3 included $58 million (net assets) of OTC equity options in Other contracts comprised of $407 million of derivative related assets and $349 million of derivative related liabilities. Positive and negative fair value movements of Level 3 financial instruments from using reasonably possible alternative assumptions A financial instrument is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy if one or more of its unobservable inputs may significantly affect the measurement of its fair value. In preparing the financial statements, appropriate levels for these unobservable input parameters are chosen so that they are consistent with prevailing market evidence or management judgment. Due to the unobservable nature of the prices or rates, there may be uncertainty about the valuation of these Level 3 financial instruments. The following table summarizes the impacts to fair values of Level 3 financial instruments using reasonably possible alternative assumptions. This sensitivity disclosure is intended to illustrate the potential impact of the relative uncertainty in the fair value of Level 3 financial instruments. In reporting the sensitivities below, we offset balances in instances where: (i) the move in valuation factor caused an offsetting positive and negative fair value movement, (ii) both offsetting instruments are in Level 3, and (iii) exposures are managed and reported on a net basis. With respect to overall sensitivity, it is unlikely in practice that all reasonably possible alternative assumptions would simultaneously be realized. As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Positive fair value movement from using reasonably possible alternatives Negative fair value movement from using reasonably possible alternatives Level 3 fair value Positive fair value movement from using reasonably possible alternatives Negative fair value movement from using reasonably possible alternatives Level 3 fair value (Millions of Canadian dollars) Securities Trading U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Asset-backed securities Corporate debt and other debt Equities $ – $ – 29 425 Available-for-sale U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Asset-backed securities Corporate debt and other debt Equities Loan substitute securities Loans Derivatives Deposits Derivatives Other 508 203 797 711 4 179 747 $ $ 3,603 $ (465) $ (1,378) Securities sold short and other liabilities (24) $ (1,867) $ – $ – – – 8 15 6 40 2 2 34 107 $ 11 $ 37 – 48 $ – – – – (20) (21) (6) (24) – (3) (30) $ 1 $ 4 62 376 747 217 956 756 – 329 885 (104) $ 4,333 $ (11) $ (48) (427) $ (1,480) – (89) (59) $ (1,996) $ – $ – 1 – 14 13 8 74 – 9 17 136 $ 13 $ 33 – 46 $ – – (1) – (31) (19) (8) (13) – (10) (16) (98) (13) (53) – (66) Sensitivity results As at October 31, 2017, the effects of applying other reasonably possible alternative assumptions to the Level 3 asset positions would be an increase of $107 million and a decrease of $104 million in fair value, of which $71 million and $70 million would be recorded in Other components of equity, respectively. The effects of applying these assumptions to the Level 3 liability positions would result in a decrease of $48 million and an increase of $59 million in fair value. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 147 Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Level 3 valuation inputs and approaches to developing reasonably possible alternative assumptions The following is a summary of the unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the Level 3 instruments and our approaches to developing reasonably possible alternative assumptions used to determine sensitivity. Financial assets or liabilities Asset-backed securities, corporate debt, government debt, municipal bonds and loans Sensitivity methodology Sensitivities are determined based on adjusting, plus or minus one standard deviation, the bid-offer spreads or input prices if a sufficient number of prices is received, adjusting input parameters such as credit spreads or using high and low vendor prices as reasonably possible alternative assumptions. Auction rate securities Private equities, hedge fund investments and related equity derivatives Interest rate derivatives Equity derivatives Sensitivity of ARS is determined by decreasing the discount margin between 11% and 26% and increasing the discount margin between 27% and 44%, depending on the specific reasonable range of fair value uncertainty for each particular financial instrument’s market. Changes to the discount margin reflect historical monthly movements in the student loan asset-backed securities market. Sensitivity of direct private equity investments is determined by (i) adjusting the discount rate by 2% when the discounted cash flow method is used to determine fair value, (ii) adjusting the price multiples based on the range of multiples of comparable companies when price-based models are used, or (iii) using an alternative valuation approach. Net asset values of the private equity funds, hedge funds and related equity derivatives are provided by the fund managers, and as a result, there are no other reasonably possible alternative assumptions for these investments. Sensitivities of interest rate and cross currency swaps are derived using plus or minus one standard deviation of the inputs, and an amount based on model and parameter uncertainty, where applicable. Sensitivity of the Level 3 position is determined by shifting the unobservable model inputs by plus or minus one standard deviation of the pricing service market data including volatility, dividends or correlations, as applicable. Bank funding and deposits Sensitivities of deposits are calculated by shifting the funding curve by plus or minus certain basis points. Structured notes Sensitivities for interest-rate-linked and equity-linked structured notes are derived by adjusting inputs by plus or minus one standard deviation, and for other deposits, by estimating a reasonable move in the funding curve by plus or minus certain basis points. 148 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Fair value for financial instruments that are carried at amortized cost and classified using the fair value hierarchy (Millions of Canadian dollars) Interest-bearing deposits with banks Held-to-maturity securities (2) Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans Retail Wholesale Other assets Deposits Personal Business and government Bank Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Other liabilities Subordinated debentures (Millions of Canadian dollars) Interest-bearing deposits with banks Held-to-maturity securities (2) Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans Retail Wholesale Other assets Deposits Personal Business and government Bank Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Other liabilities Subordinated debentures As at October 31, 2017 Fair value may not approximate carrying value Fair value measurements using $ Level 2 30 14,754 23,394 309,855 139,128 448,983 433 $ Level 3 – 17 – 4,936 5,909 10,845 202 $ Total 30 14,771 Total fair value 11,910 14,771 $ 23,394 81,999 314,791 145,037 459,828 635 487,594 11,064 498,658 62,981 149,618 5,079 217,678 1,364 311 9,504 726 979 14 1,719 – 5,382 55 63,707 150,597 5,093 219,397 1,364 5,693 9,559 $ 228,857 $ 7,156 $ 236,013 $ 748,473 As at October 31, 2016 Fair value may not approximate carrying value Fair value measurements using $ Level 2 64 15,194 22,812 297,602 137,216 434,818 457 $ Level 3 – 11 – 5,006 7,349 12,355 293 $ Total 64 15,207 Total fair value 11,884 15,207 $ 22,812 64,498 302,608 144,565 447,173 750 473,345 12,659 486,006 59,475 163,782 5,883 229,140 1,551 265 9,643 901 1,149 42 2,092 – 5,106 57 60,376 164,931 5,925 231,232 1,551 5,371 9,700 380,782 153,967 534,749 44,598 688,027 246,147 412,495 21,708 680,350 9,138 49,426 9,559 369,012 150,720 519,732 43,979 655,300 235,490 406,881 18,312 660,683 14,583 43,838 9,700 Fair value always approximates carrying value (1) Level 1 $ $ 11,880 – 58,605 65,991 8,930 74,921 43,963 189,369 182,440 261,898 16,615 460,953 7,774 43,733 – $ 512,460 $ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Fair value always approximates carrying value (1) Level 1 $ $ 11,820 – 41,686 66,404 6,155 72,559 43,229 169,294 175,114 241,950 12,387 429,451 13,032 38,467 – $ 480,950 $ – 2 – – – – – 2 – – – – – – – – $ 240,599 $ 7,255 $ 247,854 $ 728,804 (1) (2) Certain financial instruments have not been assigned to a level as the carrying amount always approximates their fair values due to their short-term nature (instruments that are receivable or payable on demand, or with original maturity of three months or less) and insignificant credit risk. Included in Securities – Available-for-sale on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Fair values of financial assets and liabilities carried at amortized cost and disclosed in the table above are determined using the following valuation techniques and inputs. Held-to-maturity securities Fair values of Canadian Federal and OECD government bonds, and corporate bonds are based on quoted prices. Fair values of certain Non-OECD government bonds are based on vendor prices or the discounted cash flow method with yield curves of other countries’ government bonds as inputs. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 149 Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments (continued) Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed, and Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Valuation methods used for the long-term instruments are described in the Fair value of assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis and classified using the fair value hierarchy section of this note. The carrying values of short-term instruments generally approximate their fair values. Loans – Retail Retail loans include residential mortgages, personal and small business loans and credit cards. For residential mortgages, and personal and small business loans, we segregate the portfolio based on certain attributes such as product type, contractual interest rate, term to maturity and credit scores, if applicable. Fair values of these loans are determined by the discounted cash flow method using applicable inputs such as prevailing interest rates, contractual and posted client rates, client discounts, credit spreads, prepayment rates and loan-to-value ratios. Fair values of credit card receivables are also calculated based on a discounted cash flow method with portfolio yields, charge offs and monthly payment rates as inputs. The carrying values of short-term and variable rate loans generally approximate their fair values. Loans – Wholesale Wholesale loans include Business, Bank and Sovereign loans. Where market prices are available, loans are valued based on market prices. Otherwise, fair value is determined by the discounted cash flow method using the following inputs: market interest rates and market based spreads of assets with similar credit ratings and terms to maturity, loss given default, expected default frequency implied from credit default swap prices, if available, and relevant pricing information such as contractual rate, origination and maturity dates, redemption price, coupon payment frequency and date convention. Deposits Deposits are comprised of demand, notice, and term deposits which include senior deposit notes we have issued to provide us with long-term funding. Fair values of term deposits are determined by one of several valuation techniques: (i) for term deposits and similar instruments, we segregate the portfolio based on term to maturity. Fair values of these instruments are determined by the discounted cash flow method using inputs such as client rates for new sales of the corresponding terms; and (ii) for senior deposit notes, we use actual traded prices, vendor prices or the discounted cash flow method using a market interest rate curve and our funding spreads as inputs. The carrying values of short-term term deposits, and demand and notice deposits generally approximate their fair values. Other assets and Other liabilities Other assets and Other liabilities include receivables and payables relating to certain commodities. Fair values of the commodity receivables and payables are calculated by the discounted cash flow method using applicable inputs such as market interest rates, counterparties’ credit spreads, our funding spreads, commodity forward prices and spot prices. Subordinated debentures Fair values of Subordinated debentures are based on recent transaction prices. 150 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Note 4 Securities Carrying value of securities The following table presents the contractual maturities of the carrying values of financial instruments held at the end of the period: (Millions of Canadian dollars) Trading (2) Canadian government debt U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Other OECD government debt Mortgage-backed securities Asset-backed securities Corporate debt and other debt Bankers’ acceptances Certificates of deposit Other (3) Equities Available-for-sale (2) Canadian government debt Federal Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Provincial and municipal Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Other OECD government debt Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Mortgage-backed securities Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Asset-backed securities Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Corporate debt and other debt Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Equities Cost Fair value Loan substitute securities Cost Fair value Yield (4) Amortized cost Fair value Held-to-maturity (2) Amortized cost Fair value As at October 31, 2017 Term to maturity (1) Within 3 months 3 months to 1 year 1 year to 5 years 5 years to 10 years Over 10 years With no specific maturity Total $ 1,757 3,527 834 – 85 $ 11,362 2,031 4,846 – 63 $ 8,047 4,685 4,843 67 249 $ 1,447 4,145 260 22 162 $ 6,112 16,472 571 1,209 173 $ – – – – – $ 28,725 30,860 11,354 1,298 732 246 28 2,625 – 9,102 5 5 1.7% 25 25 1.6% 1,284 1,284 1.2% 824 824 0.4% – – – 960 956 1.2% 3,332 3,336 1.3% – – – – – – 22 5,038 – – 67 6,010 – 23,362 23,968 – – – 71 71 2.0% 2,768 2,765 1.6% 2,367 2,367 1.0% – – – 67 67 1.6% 2,917 2,918 1.5% – – – – – 1,528 1,521 0.9% 1,838 1,836 2.1% 1,087 1,085 1.5% 5,894 5,901 1.5% – – – 688 690 1.6% 17,006 17,060 1.8% – – – – – 6,430 6,430 8,190 8,188 28,041 28,093 9 9 54 54 5,960 5,941 – 4 2,784 – 8,824 17 17 1.8% 41 40 2.8% 1,723 1,720 3.0% 60 60 1.1% 15 15 2.9% 3,030 3,039 2.6% 461 464 2.8% – – – – – 5,347 5,355 4,754 4,761 – 5 4,907 – 29,449 58 58 4.3% 539 531 4.1% 22,615 22,661 2.7% – – – 919 919 2.2% 1,774 1,745 2.4% 680 681 4.6% – – – – – 26,585 26,595 4,068 4,006 – – – 32,952 32,952 246 126 21,364 32,952 127,657 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 875 1,188 29 28 4.3% 904 1,216 – – 1,608 1,601 1.1% 2,514 2,503 2.5% 29,477 29,515 2.5% 9,145 9,152 1.3% 934 934 2.3% 6,519 6,497 2.2% 24,396 24,459 1.8% 875 1,188 29 28 4.3% 75,497 75,877 14,845 14,771 Total carrying value of securities (2) $ 15,541 $ 31,604 $ 58,021 $ 18,933 $ 60,112 $ 34,168 $ 218,379 Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 151 Note 4 Securities (continued) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Trading (2) Canadian government debt U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Other OECD government debt Mortgage-backed securities Asset-backed securities Corporate debt and other debt Bankers’ acceptances Certificates of deposit Other (3) Equities Available-for-sale (2) Canadian government debt Federal Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Provincial and municipal Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Other OECD government debt Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Mortgage-backed securities Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Asset-backed securities Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Corporate debt and other debt Amortized cost Fair value Yield (4) Equities Cost Fair value Loan substitute securities Cost Fair value Yield (4) Amortized cost Fair value Held-to-maturity (2) Amortized cost Fair value As at October 31, 2016 Term to maturity (1) Within 3 months 3 months to 1 year 1 year to 5 years 5 years to 10 years Over 10 years With no specific maturity Total $ 6,761 6,582 1,639 – 42 $ 10,350 6,150 1,646 34 80 $ 9,208 5,912 2,808 3 219 $ 2,742 5,988 389 1 139 $ 6,153 15,729 438 1,419 81 $ – $ 35,214 40,361 – 6,920 – 1,457 – 561 – 361 155 1,748 – – 132 4,450 – – 14 7,473 – – 2 2,472 – – 19 3,891 – 17,288 22,842 25,637 11,733 27,730 – – – 46,062 46,062 361 322 20,034 46,062 151,292 43 43 0.5% – – – 1,030 1,029 2.7% 3,109 3,108 (0.1)% – – – 671 671 – 1,520 1,521 1.7% – – – – – 6,373 6,372 130 130 1 1 0.3% 139 139 1.3% 895 896 0.9% 1,396 1,398 1.1% 16 16 2.2% 9 8 1.1% 2,933 2,934 1.8% – – – – – 291 293 1.5% 1,863 1,873 1.9% 1,735 1,734 1.9% 9,070 9,095 1.1% 27 27 2.2% 539 540 1.1% 16,457 16,495 1.6% – – – – – 5,389 5,392 29,982 30,057 116 116 4,521 4,583 27 27 1.8% 90 92 4.1% 1,161 1,159 2.7% 293 292 1.0% 19 20 2.8% 834 835 2.2% 553 558 2.8% – – – – – 2,977 2,983 5,718 5,953 56 58 4.2% 252 260 3.8% 20,668 20,598 2.4% 7 7 3.9% 330 332 2.3% 1,733 1,679 2.2% 552 558 4.7% – – – – – 23,598 23,492 4,394 4,425 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1,291 1,552 70 74 4.5% 1,361 1,626 – – 418 422 1.7% 2,344 2,364 2.2% 25,489 25,416 2.4% 13,875 13,900 0.8% 392 395 2.3% 3,786 3,733 1.6% 22,015 22,066 1.8% 1,291 1,552 70 74 4.5% 69,680 69,922 14,879 15,207 Total carrying value of securities (2) $ 23,790 $ 28,350 $ 60,215 $ 20,434 $ 55,616 $ 47,688 $ 236,093 (1) (2) (3) (4) Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities shown above since borrowers may have the right to extend or prepay obligations with or without penalties. Trading securities and AFS securities are recorded at fair value. Held-to-maturity securities, included in Available-for-sale securities on the balance sheet, are recorded at amortized cost. Primarily composed of corporate debt, supra-national debt, and commercial paper. The weighted average yield is derived using the contractual interest rate and the carrying value at the end of the year for the respective securities. 152 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities (1) (2) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Canadian government debt Federal Provincial and municipal U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt (3) Other OECD government debt Mortgage-backed securities Asset-backed securities CDO Non-CDO securities Corporate debt and other debt Equities Loan substitute securities October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 As at Cost/ Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses $ 1,608 $ 2,514 29,477 9,145 934 2 $ 7 242 18 1 3,610 2,909 24,396 875 29 13 10 106 320 – (9) $ (18) (204) (11) (1) – (45) (43) (7) (1) Fair value 1,601 2,503 29,515 9,152 934 3,623 2,874 24,459 1,188 28 Cost/ Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Fair value $ 418 $ 4 $ 2,344 25,489 13,875 392 1,628 2,158 22,015 1,291 70 22 57 35 5 2 5 89 273 4 – $ (2) (130) (10) (2) 422 2,364 25,416 13,900 395 – (60) (38) (12) – 1,630 2,103 22,066 1,552 74 $ 75,497 $ 719 $ (339) $ 75,877 $ 69,680 $ 496 $ (254) $ 69,922 (1) (2) (3) Excludes $14,845 million of held-to-maturity securities as at October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $14,879 million) that are carried at amortized cost. The majority of the MBS are residential. Cost/Amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value related to commercial MBS are $727 million, $1 million, $1 million and $727 million, respectively as at October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $346 million, $1 million, $1 million and $346 million). Includes securities issued by U.S. non-agencies backed by government insured assets, MBS and asset-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies. AFS securities are assessed for objective evidence of impairment at each reporting date and more frequently when conditions warrant. Depending on the nature of the securities under review, we apply specific methodologies to assess whether the cost/amortized cost of the security would be recovered. As at October 31, 2017, our gross unrealized losses on AFS securities were $339 million (October 31, 2016 – $254 million). We believe that there is no objective evidence of impairment on our AFS securities that are in an unrealized loss position as at October 31, 2017. Net gains and losses on available-for-sale securities (1) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Realized gains Realized losses Impairment losses For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ 246 $ (22) (52) 172 $ 179 (17) (86) 76 (1) The following related to our insurance operations are excluded from Net gains and losses on AFS securities and are included in Insurance premiums, investment and fee income in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended October 31, 2017: Realized gains of $23 million (October 31, 2016 - $14 million), realized losses of $1 million (October 31, 2016 – $nil) and $nil in impairment losses (October 31, 2016 – $4 million). During the year ended October 31, 2017, $172 million of net gains were recognized in Non-interest income as compared to $76 million in the prior year. The current year reflects net realized gains of $224 million mainly comprised of distributions from, and gains on sales of certain Equities, Other OECD government debt, and Loan substitute securities. Also included in the net gains are $52 million of impairment losses primarily on certain Equities and U.S. state, municipal and agencies debt. This compares to net realized gains for the year ended October 31, 2016 of $162 million which was partially offset by $86 million of impairment losses. Held-to-maturity securities Held-to-maturity securities measured at amortized cost are subject to periodic impairment review and are classified as impaired when, in management’s opinion, there is no longer reasonable assurance of the timely collection of the full amount of principal and interest. The impairment review of held-to-maturity securities is primarily based on the impairment model for loans. We believe that there is no objective evidence of impairment on our held-to-maturity securities as at October 31, 2017. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 153 Note 4 Securities (continued) Reclassification of financial instruments The following table provides information regarding certain securities that we reclassified in prior reporting periods: Financial instruments reclassified in prior periods (Millions of Canadian dollars) Financial assets – FVTPL reclassified to available-for-sale (1) CDO Financial assets – Available-for-sale reclassified to loans and receivables (2) (3) Canadian government debt – Federal Financial assets – Available-for-sale reclassified to held-to-maturity (2) Canadian government debt – Federal As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Carrying value Fair value Carrying value Fair value $ $ – $ – $ – $ – 2,747 3,674 6,421 2,737 3,645 6,382 $ $ 3,692 3,923 7,615 3,697 3,970 7,667 $ (1) (2) (3) On October 1, 2011, we reclassified $1,872 million of certain CDO from classified as FVTPL to AFS. On October 1, 2015, we reclassified $4,132 million and $5,240 million, respectively, of certain debt securities from classified as AFS to loans and receivables, and from classified as AFS to held-to-maturity. During the year ended October 31, 2016, we reclassified $897 million of certain debt securities from classified as AFS to loans and receivables. The following table provides the amounts recorded in net income and OCI from the debt securities after the reclassification. (Millions of Canadian dollars) FVTPL reclassified to available-for-sale CDO Available-for-sale reclassified to loans and receivables (2) Canadian government debt – Federal Available-for-sale reclassified to held-to-maturity (2) Canadian government debt – Federal For the year ended October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Unrealized gains (losses) during the period (1) Interest income/ gains (losses) recognized in net income during the period Unrealized gains (losses) during the period (1) Interest income/ gains (losses) recognized in net income during the period $ – $ (15) (77) (92) $ $ – 56 128 184 $ $ (4) (7) (38) (49) $ $ 11 91 135 237 (1) (2) This represents the unrealized gains or losses that would have been recognized in profit or loss (for reclassifications from FVTPL) or OCI (for reclassifications from AFS) had the assets not been reclassified. Interest income/gains (losses) recognized in net income during the period includes amortization of net unrealized gains associated with reclassified assets that were included in Other components of equity on the date of reclassification. Note 5 Loans (Millions of Canadian dollars) Retail (1) Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards (2) Small business (3) Wholesale (1) Business (4) Bank (5) Sovereign (6) Total loans Allowance for loan losses October 31, 2017 United States Other International Canada As at Total Canada October 31, 2016 United States Other International Total $ 255,799 82,022 17,491 4,493 $ 11,449 6,357 294 – $ 3,100 $ 270,348 $ 241,800 82,205 92,294 16,601 18,035 3,878 4,493 3,915 250 – $ 10,014 6,853 267 – $ 3,184 $ 254,998 93,466 17,128 3,878 4,408 260 – 359,805 18,100 7,265 385,170 344,484 17,134 7,852 369,470 74,425 1,027 7,370 82,822 442,627 (1,406) 51,556 2,498 934 54,988 73,088 (234) 20,310 437 1,049 21,796 29,061 (519) 146,291 3,962 9,353 159,606 544,776 (2,159) 65,756 1,027 6,625 73,408 417,892 (1,491) 58,010 445 827 59,282 76,416 (262) 20,304 207 1,168 21,679 29,531 (482) 144,070 1,679 8,620 154,369 523,839 (2,235) Total loans net of allowance for loan losses $ 441,221 $ 72,854 $ 28,542 $ 542,617 $ 416,401 $ 76,154 $ 29,049 $ 521,604 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Geographic information is based on residence of borrower. The credit cards business is managed as a single portfolio and includes both consumer and business cards. Includes small business exposure managed on a pooled basis. Includes small business exposure managed on an individual client basis. Bank refers primarily to regulated deposit-taking institutions and securities firms. Sovereign refers to all central governments and agencies, central banks, as well as other qualifying public sector entities and multilateral development banks. 154 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Loans maturity and rate sensitivity Maturity term (1) Rate sensitivity As at October 31, 2017 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Retail Wholesale Total loans Allowance for loan losses Total loans net of allowance for loan losses Under 1 year (2) 1 to 5 years Over 5 years Total Floating Fixed Rate Non-rate- sensitive Total $ 202,221 $ 165,337 $ 123,570 27,907 17,612 $ 385,170 159,606 8,129 $ 112,299 $ 267,124 $ 21,202 136,111 5,747 $ 385,170 159,606 2,293 $ 325,791 $ 193,244 $ 25,741 $ 544,776 (2,159) $ 542,617 $ 133,501 $ 403,235 $ 8,040 $ 544,776 (2,159) $ 542,617 Maturity term (1) Rate sensitivity As at October 31, 2016 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Retail Wholesale (3) Total loans Allowance for loan losses Total loans net of allowance for loan losses Under 1 year (2) 1 to 5 years Over 5 years Total Floating Fixed Rate Non-rate- sensitive Total $ 190,834 $ 161,953 $ 121,625 23,721 16,683 $ 369,470 154,369 9,023 $ 116,355 $ 247,021 $ 24,223 126,790 6,094 $ 369,470 154,369 3,356 $ 312,459 $ 185,674 $ 25,706 $ 523,839 (2,235) $ 521,604 $ 140,578 $ 373,811 $ 9,450 $ 523,839 (2,235) $ 521,604 (1) (2) (3) Generally, based on the earlier of contractual repricing or maturity date. Includes variable rate loans that can be repriced at the clients’ discretion without penalty. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Allowance for credit losses (Millions of Canadian dollars) Retail Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Wholesale Business Bank Acquired credit-impaired loans Total allowance for loan losses Allowance for off-balance sheet and other items (1) Total allowance for credit losses Individually assessed Collectively assessed Total allowance for credit losses (Millions of Canadian dollars) Retail Residential mortgages Personal Credit cards Small business Wholesale Business Bank Acquired credit-impaired loans Total allowance for loan losses Allowance for off-balance sheet and other items (1) Total allowance for credit losses Individually assessed Collectively assessed Total allowance for credit losses For the year ended October 31, 2017 Balance at beginning of period Provision for credit losses Write-offs Recoveries Unwind of discount Exchange rate changes/ other Balance at end of period 90 $ (53) $ 8 $ 273 $ 529 386 65 1,253 422 427 29 968 (543) (565) (38) (1,199) 979 – 979 3 2,235 91 180 – 180 2 1,150 – 2,326 $ 1,150 $ (1,425) $ (226) – (226) – (1,425) – 365 $ 86 $ (139) $ 1,961 2,326 $ 1,150 $ (1,425) $ (1,286) 1,064 (21) $ (11) – (3) (35) (69) – (69) – (104) – (104) $ (52) $ (52) (104) $ – $ (1) – (6) (7) 297 512 379 56 1,244 (18) – (18) (2) (27) – 912 – 912 3 2,159 91 (27) $ 2,250 (3) $ 304 (24) 1,946 (27) $ 2,250 For the year ended October 31, 2016 Balance at beginning of period Provision for credit losses Write-offs Recoveries Unwind of discount Exchange rate changes/ other Balance at end of period 77 $ (42) $ 5 $ 242 $ 530 386 64 1,222 458 442 34 1,011 (556) (564) (40) (1,202) 805 2 807 – 2,029 91 528 (3) 525 10 1,546 – 2,120 $ 1,546 $ (1,523) $ (321) – (321) – (1,523) – 252 $ 351 $ (224) $ 1,868 2,120 $ 1,546 $ (1,523) $ (1,299) 1,195 (24) $ (14) – (3) (41) (59) – (59) – (100) – (100) $ (50) $ (50) (100) $ 15 $ – – – 15 273 529 386 65 1,253 (12) 979 1 – (11) 979 (7) 3 (3) 2,235 91 – (3) $ 2,326 11 $ (14) 365 1,961 (3) $ 2,326 116 131 9 264 66 – 66 – 330 – 330 $ 47 $ 283 330 $ 111 122 10 248 38 – 38 – 286 – 286 $ 25 $ 261 286 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ (1) The allowance for off-balance sheet and other items is reported separately in Other liabilities – Provisions. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 155 Note 5 Loans (continued) Net interest income after provision for credit losses (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net interest income Provision for credit losses Net interest income after provision for credit losses Loans past due but not impaired For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 17,140 $ 16,531 1,546 1,150 $ 15,990 $ 14,985 October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 As at (Millions of Canadian dollars) 1 to 29 days (1) 30 to 89 days 90 days and greater Total 1 to 29 days (1) 30 to 89 days 90 days and greater Retail Wholesale $ $ 3,097 1,251 4,348 $ $ 1,337 424 1,761 $ $ 307 – 307 $ 4,741 1,675 $ 6,416 $ $ 3,450 848 4,298 $ $ 1,296 372 1,668 $ $ 337 – 337 Total $ 5,083 1,220 $ 6,303 (1) Amounts presented may include loans past due as a result of administrative processes, such as mortgage loans on which payments are restrained pending payout due to sale or refinancing. Past due loans arising from administrative processes are not representative of the borrowers’ ability to meet their payment obligations. Gross carrying value of loans individually determined to be impaired (1) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Retail (2) Wholesale (2) Business Bank Acquired credit-impaired loans Total As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ – $ 16 1,126 – 256 1,382 $ 2,130 2 418 2,566 (1) (2) Average balance of gross individually assessed impaired loans for the year ended October 31, 2017 was $2,065 million (October 31, 2016 – $2,037 million). Excludes acquired credit-impaired (ACI) loans. Acquired credit-impaired loans ACI loans resulting from the acquisition of City National include Retail, Wholesale and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) covered loans. The following table provides further details of our ACI loans. (Millions of Canadian dollars) City National Unpaid principal balance (1) Credit-related fair value adjustments Interest rate and other related premium/(discount) Carrying value Individually assessed allowance Carrying value net of related allowance (1) Represents contractual amount owed net of write-offs since the acquisition of the loan. As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ 245 $ (5) 16 256 (3) 253 $ 409 (12) 21 418 (3) 415 FDIC covered loans FDIC covered loans are loans that, as at the reporting date, are subject to loss-share agreements with the FDIC under which the FDIC reimburses us for 80% of the net losses incurred on the underlying loan portfolio. As at October 31, 2017, the balance of FDIC covered loans recorded in Loans on the Consolidated Balance Sheet was $6 million (October 31, 2016 – $374 million). The decrease in FDIC covered loans during the period was primarily due to the expiry of certain loss-share agreements and loan repayments. As at October 31, 2017, the balances for indemnification assets and clawback liabilities were $nil and $26 million (October 31, 2016 – $2 million and $26 million), respectively. Note 6 Derecognition of financial assets We enter into transactions in which we transfer financial assets such as loans or securities to structured entities or other third parties. The majority of assets transferred under repurchase agreements, securities lending agreements, and in our Canadian residential mortgage securitization transactions do not qualify for derecognition as we continue to be exposed to substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, such as prepayment, credit, price, interest rate and foreign exchange risks. 156 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Transferred financial assets not derecognized Securitization of Canadian residential mortgage loans We securitize insured Canadian residential mortgage loans through the creation of MBS pools under the National Housing Act MBS (NHA MBS) program. All loans securitized under the NHA MBS program are required to be insured by the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) or a third-party insurer. We require the borrower to pay the insurance for mortgages in which the loan amount is greater than 80% of the original appraised value of the property (loan-to-value (LTV) ratio). For residential mortgage loans securitized under this program with an LTV ratio less than 80%, we are required to insure the mortgages at our own expense. Under the NHA MBS program, we are responsible for making all payments due on our issued MBS, regardless of whether we collect the necessary funds from the mortgagor or the insurer. When a borrower defaults on a mortgage payment, we submit a claim to the insurer if the amount recovered from the collection or foreclosure process is lower than the sum of the principal balance, accrued interest and collection costs on the outstanding loan. The insurance claim process is managed by the insurance provider in accordance with the insurer’s policies and covers the entire unpaid loan balance plus generally up to 12 months of interest, selling costs and other eligible expenses. If an insurance claim is denied, a loss is recognized in Provision for credit losses in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The amount recorded as a loss is not significant to our Consolidated Financial Statements and no significant losses were incurred due to legal action arising from mortgage default during 2017 and 2016. We sell the NHA MBS pools primarily to a government-sponsored structured entity under the Canada Mortgage Bond (CMB) program. The entity periodically issues CMBs, which are guaranteed by the government, and sells them to third-party investors. Proceeds of the CMB issuances are used by the entity to purchase the NHA MBS pools from eligible NHA MBS issuers who participate in the issuance of a particular CMB series. Our continuing involvement includes servicing the underlying residential mortgage loans we have securitized, either ourselves or through a third- party servicer. We also act as counterparty in interest rate swap agreements where we pay the entity the interest due to CMB investors and receive the interest on the underlying MBS and reinvested assets. As part of the swaps, we are also required to maintain a principal reinvestment account for principal payments received on the underlying mortgage loans to meet the repayment obligation upon maturity of the CMB. We reinvest the collected principal payments in permitted investments as outlined in the swap agreements. We have determined that certain of the NHA MBS program loans transferred to the entity do not qualify for derecognition as we have not transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership. As a result, these transferred MBS continue to be classified as residential mortgage loans and recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The cash received for these transferred MBS is treated as a secured borrowing and a corresponding liability is recorded in Deposits – Business and government on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned We also enter into transactions such as repurchase agreements and securities lending agreements where we transfer assets under agreements to repurchase them at a future date and retain substantially all of the risks and rewards associated with the assets. These transferred assets remain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are accounted for as collateralized borrowing transactions. The following table provides information on the carrying amount and fair value of the transferred assets that did not qualify for derecognition, and their associated liabilities. As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Canadian residential mortgage loans (1) (2) Securities sold under repurchase agreements (3) Securities loaned (3) Total Canadian residential mortgage loans (1) (2) Securities sold under repurchase agreements (3) Securities loaned (3) Total $ 33,948 $ 139,249 $ 3,835 $ 177,032 $ 33,648 $ 100,556 $ 2,885 $ 137,089 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Carrying amount of transferred assets that do not qualify for derecognition Carrying amount of associated liabilities 33,861 139,249 3,835 176,945 33,670 100,556 2,885 137,111 Fair value of transferred assets $ 33,529 $ 139,249 $ 3,835 $ 176,613 $ 33,574 $ 100,556 $ 2,885 $ 137,015 Fair value of associated liabilities 34,314 139,249 3,835 177,398 34,730 100,556 2,885 138,171 Fair value of net position $ (785) $ – $ – $ (785) $ (1,156) $ – $ – $ (1,156) (1) (2) (3) Includes Canadian residential mortgage loans transferred primarily to Canada Housing Trust at the initial securitization and other permitted investments used for funding requirements after the initial securitization. CMB investors have legal recourse only to the transferred assets, and do not have recourse to our general assets. Does not include over-collateralization of assets pledged. Note 7 Structured entities In the normal course of business, we engage in a variety of financial transactions with structured entities to support our financing and investing needs as well as those of our customers. A structured entity is an entity in which voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding control. Structured entities are generally created to achieve a narrow and well defined objective with restrictions around their ongoing activities. We consolidate a structured entity when we control the entity in accordance with our accounting policy as described in Note 2. In other cases, we may sponsor or have an interest in such an entity but may not consolidate it. Consolidated structured entities We consolidate the following structured entities, whose assets and liabilities are recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Third-party investors in these structured entities generally have recourse only to the assets of the related entity and do not have recourse to our general assets unless we breach our contractual obligations to those entities. In the ordinary course of business, the assets of each consolidated structured entity can generally only be used to settle the obligations of that entity. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 157 Note 7 Structured entities (continued) RBC-administered multi-seller conduit We administer multi-seller ABCP conduit programs (multi-seller conduits) which primarily purchase financial assets from clients and finance those purchases by issuing ABCP. We generally do not maintain ownership in the multi-seller conduits and generally do not have rights to, or control of, their assets. As the administrative agent, we earn a residual fee for providing services such as coordinating funding activities, transaction structuring, documentation, execution and monitoring. We serve as the placement agent for the multi-seller conduits and may purchase ABCP issued by these conduits from time to time in order to facilitate the overall program liquidity. The ABCP issued by each multi-seller conduit has recourse to the financial assets owned by each conduit, and is non-recourse to us except through our participation in liquidity and/or credit enhancement facilities. In 2017, we began issuing ABCP through a multi-seller conduit administered by us. This conduit is primarily used to purchase financial assets, in multiple currencies, from clients and finance those purchases by issuing ABCP or borrowing from us. Unlike the other multi-seller conduits that we administer, this conduit does not have a first loss investor which has substantive power to direct the significant operating activities of the conduit. This conduit is consolidated because we have exposure to variability of returns from performance in the multi-seller arrangements through providing transaction-specific and program-wide liquidity, credit and loan facilities to the conduit and have decision- making power over the relevant activities. We also earn an administration fee for providing administrative services to the conduit. As of October 31, 2017, $583 million of financial assets held by the conduit was included in Loans and $499 million of ABCP issued by the conduit was included in Deposits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. For more information on unconsolidated multi-seller conduit programs, refer to unconsolidated structured entities below. Credit card securitization vehicle We securitize a portion of our credit card receivables through a structured entity on a revolving basis. The entity purchases co-ownership interests in a pool of credit card receivables and issues senior and subordinated term notes collateralized by that co-ownership interest in the underlying pool of credit card receivables. Investors who purchase the term notes have recourse only to that co-ownership interest in the underlying pool of credit card receivables. We continue to service the credit card receivables and perform an administrative role for the entity. We also retain risk in the underlying pool of credit card receivables through our retained interest in the transferred assets, the cash reserve balance we fund from time to time, and also through certain subordinated notes which we retain. Additionally, we may own some senior notes as investments or for market-making activities; we have provided subordinated loans to the entity to pay upfront expenses; and we act as counterparty to interest rate and cross currency swap agreements which hedge the entity’s interest rate and currency risk exposure. We consolidate the structured entity because we have decision making power over the timing and size of future issuances and other relevant activities which were predetermined by us at inception. We also obtain significant funding benefits and are exposed to variability from the performance of the underlying credit cards through our retained interest. As at October 31, 2017, $7.5 billion of notes issued by our credit card securitization vehicle were included in Deposits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (October 31, 2016 – $9.8 billion). Collateralized commercial paper vehicle We established a funding vehicle that provides loans to us and finances those loans by issuing commercial paper to third-party investors. The structured entity’s commercial paper carries an equivalent credit rating to RBC because we are obligated to advance funds to the entity in the event there are insufficient funds from other sources to settle maturing commercial paper. We pledge collateral to secure the loans and are exposed to the market and credit risks of the pledged securities. We administer the entity and earn an administration fee for providing these services. We consolidate the structured entity because we have decision making power over the relevant activities, are the sole borrower from the structure, and are exposed to a majority of the residual ownership risks through the credit support provided. As at October 31, 2017, $12.2 billion of commercial paper issued by the vehicle was included in Deposits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (October 31, 2016 – $9.6 billion). Innovative capital vehicles RBC Capital Trust was created to issue innovative capital instruments, the proceeds from which were used to purchase mortgages from RBC. We consolidate the trust as, through our roles as trustee, administrative agent and equity investor, we have the decision making power over the relevant activities of the trust and are exposed to variability from the performance of the underlying mortgages. Refer to Note 20 for further details on our innovative capital instruments. Covered bonds We periodically transfer mortgages to RBC Covered Bond Guarantor Limited Partnership (the Guarantor LP) to support funding activities and asset coverage requirements under our covered bonds program. The Guarantor LP was created to guarantee interest and principal payments under the covered bond program. The covered bonds guaranteed by the Guarantor LP are direct, unsecured and unconditional obligations of RBC; therefore, investors have a claim against the Bank which will continue if the covered bonds are not paid by the Bank and the mortgage assets in the Guarantor LP are insufficient to satisfy the obligations owing on the covered bonds. We act as general partner, limited partner, swap counterparty, lender and liquidity provider to the Guarantor LP, servicer for the underlying mortgages as well as the registered issuer of the covered bonds. We consolidate the Guarantor LP as we have the decision making power over the relevant activities through our role as general partner and are exposed to variability from the performance of the underlying mortgages. As at October 31, 2017, the total amount of mortgages transferred and outstanding was $52.5 billion (October 31, 2016 – $53.8 billion) and $37.3 billion of covered bonds were recorded as Deposits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (October 31, 2016 – $40.5 billion). Municipal bond TOB structures We sell taxable and tax-exempt municipal bonds into Tender Option Bond (TOB) structures, which consist of a credit enhancement (CE) trust and a TOB trust. The CE trust purchases a bond from us, financed with a trust certificate issued to the TOB trust. The TOB trust then issues floating-rate certificates to short-term investors and a residual certificate that is held by us. We are the remarketing agent for the floating-rate certificates and provide a liquidity facility to the TOB trust which require us to purchase any certificates tendered but not successfully remarketed. We also provide 158 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements a letter of credit to the CE trust under which we are required to extend funding if there are any losses on the underlying bonds. We earn interest on the residual certificate and receive market-based fees for acting as remarketing agent and providing the liquidity facility and letter of credit. We consolidate both the CE trust and TOB trust when we are the holder of the residual certificate as we have decision making power over the relevant activities, including the selection of the underlying municipal bonds and the ability to terminate the structure, and are exposed to variability from the performance of the underlying municipal bonds. As at October 31, 2017, $5.2 billion of municipal bonds were included in AFS securities related to consolidated TOB structures (October 31, 2016 - $2.5 billion) and a corresponding $5.2 billion of floating-rate certificates were included in Deposits on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (October 31, 2016 – $2.5 billion). Non-RBC managed investment funds We enter into certain fee-based equity derivative transactions where our investments in the reference funds are held by an intermediate limited partnership entity (intermediate entity) in which we hold a substantial majority of the equity interests. We consolidate the intermediate entity because we have decision making power to direct all the activities of the entity and are exposed to a majority of the risks and rewards through our equity investments. As at October 31, 2017, $68 million of Trading securities representing our investments in the reference funds were recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (October 31, 2016 – $179 million). RBC managed investment funds We are sponsors and investment managers of mutual and pooled funds, which give us the ability to direct the investment decisions of the funds. We consolidate those mutual and pooled funds in which our interests, which include direct investment in seed capital plus management or performance fees, indicate that we are acting as a principal. As at October 31, 2017, $473 million of Trading securities held in the consolidated funds (October 31, 2016 - $498 million) and $148 million of Other liabilities representing the fund units held by third parties (October 31, 2016 – $126 million) were recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unconsolidated structured entities We have interests in certain structured entities that we do not consolidate but have recorded assets and liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to our transactions and involvement with these entities. The following table presents the assets and liabilities recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and our maximum exposure to loss related to our interests in unconsolidated structured entities. It also presents the size of each class of unconsolidated structured entity, as measured by the total assets of the entities in which we have an interest. (Millions of Canadian dollars) On-balance sheet assets Securities Loans Derivatives Other assets On-balance sheet liabilities Derivatives Other liabilities Maximum exposure to loss (4) $ Total assets of unconsolidated structured entities $ Multi-seller conduits (1) (2) Structured finance As at October 31, 2017 Non-RBC managed investment funds RBC managed investment funds Third-party securitization vehicles (3) Other Total $ $ $ $ 1,028 $ 371 17 – – $ 1,078 – 443 2,903 $ – – – 162 $ – – 177 – $ 3,246 – – 707 750 32 77 1,416 $ 1,521 $ 2,903 $ 339 $ 3,246 $ 1,566 41 $ – 41 $ – $ – – $ – $ – – $ – $ – – $ – $ – – $ – – – 38,639 $ 4,280 $ 3,153 $ 367 $ 6,767 $ 2,062 $ $ $ $ $ 4,800 5,445 49 697 10,991 41 – 41 55,268 37,871 $ 16,778 $ 533,219 $ 329,907 $ 62,411 $ 79,655 $ 1,059,841 (Millions of Canadian dollars) On-balance sheet assets Securities Loans Derivatives Other assets On-balance sheet liabilities Derivatives Other liabilities Maximum exposure to loss (4) Multi-seller conduits (1) (2) Structured finance As at October 31, 2016 Non-RBC managed investment funds RBC managed investment funds Third-party securitization vehicles Other Total $ $ $ $ $ 675 $ 733 11 – – $ 1,179 – 549 2,543 $ – – 3 213 $ – – 156 – $ 4,359 3 – 1,419 $ 1,728 $ 2,546 $ 369 $ 4,362 $ 68 $ – 68 $ – $ – – $ – $ 27 27 $ – $ – – $ – $ – – $ 777 – 21 75 873 3 1 4 39,475 $ 4,725 $ 3,378 $ 370 $ 8,998 $ 1,301 $ $ $ $ $ 4,208 6,271 35 783 11,297 71 28 99 58,247 Total assets of unconsolidated structured entities $ 38,703 $ 20,650 $ 587,125 $ 308,683 $ 113,627 $ 63,792 $ 1,132,580 (1) (2) (3) (4) Total assets of unconsolidated structured entities represent the maximum assets that may have to be purchased by the conduits under purchase commitments outstanding. Of the purchase commitments outstanding, the conduits have purchased financial assets totalling $25.2 billion as at October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $24.6 billion). Securities include $1 billion of asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) purchased pursuant to the Risk Retention Rules (October 31, 2016 – $670 million). Excludes on-balance sheet assets which are held by our consolidated structured entities. The maximum exposure to loss resulting from our interests in these entities consists mostly of investments, loans, fair value of derivatives, liquidity and credit enhancement facilities. The maximum exposure to loss of the multi-seller conduits is higher than the on-balance sheet assets primarily because of the notional amounts of the backstop liquidity and credit enhancement facilities. Refer to Note 25. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 159 Note 7 Structured entities (continued) Below is a description of our involvement with each significant class of unconsolidated structured entity. Multi-seller conduits We administer multi-seller ABCP conduit programs. Multi-seller conduits primarily purchase financial assets from clients and finance those purchases by issuing ABCP. In certain multi-seller conduit arrangements, we do not maintain any ownership of the multi-seller conduits that we administer and have no rights to, or control of, its assets. As the administrative agent, we earn a residual fee for providing services such as coordinating funding activities, transaction structuring, documentation, execution and monitoring. The ABCP issued by each multi-seller conduit is in the conduit’s own name with recourse to the financial assets owned by the multi-seller conduit, and is non-recourse to us except through our participation in liquidity and/or credit enhancement facilities. In October 2014, the U.S. federal regulators adopted regulations related to the credit risk retention requirements for asset-backed securities (Risk Retention Rules) of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Risk Retention Rules went into effect in December 2016. We purchase ABCP from the U.S. multi- seller conduits to comply with this requirement. We continue to serve as a placement agent for the multi-seller conduits and may purchase ABCP issued by these conduits from time to time in order to facilitate the overall program liquidity. We provide transaction-specific and program-wide liquidity facilities to the multi-seller conduits. In addition, we provide program-wide credit enhancement to the multi-seller conduits which obligate us to purchase assets or advance funds in the event the multi-seller conduit does not otherwise have funds from other sources, such as from the liquidity facilities, to settle maturing ABCP. In some cases, we or another third party may provide transaction-specific credit enhancement which can take various forms. We receive market-based fees for providing these liquidity and credit facilities. For certain transactions, we act as counterparty to foreign exchange forward contracts and interest rate swaps to facilitate our clients’ securitization of fixed rate and/or foreign currency denominated assets through the conduits. These derivatives expose us to foreign exchange and interest rate risks that are centrally managed by our foreign exchange trading and swap desks, respectively, and credit risk on the underlying assets that is mitigated by the credit enhancement described below. Each transaction is structured with transaction-specific first loss protection provided by the third-party seller. This enhancement can take various forms, including but not limited to overcollateralization, excess spread, subordinated classes of financial assets, guarantees or letters of credit. The amount of this enhancement varies but is generally sized to cover a multiple of loss experience. An unrelated third party (expected loss investor) absorbs losses, up to a maximum contractual amount, that may occur in the future on the assets in the multi-seller conduits before the multi-seller conduits’ debt holders and us. In return for assuming this multi-seller conduit first-loss position, each multi-seller conduit pays the expected loss investor a return commensurate with its risk position. The expected loss investor has substantive power to direct the majority of the activities which significantly impact the conduit’s economic performance, including initial selection and approval of the asset purchase commitments and liquidity facilities, approval of renewal and amendment of these transactions and facilities, sale or transfer of assets, ongoing monitoring of asset performance, mitigation of losses, and management of the ABCP liabilities. We do not consolidate these multi-seller conduits as we do not control the conduit as noted above. Structured finance We purchased U.S. ARS from certain trusts (U.S. ARS Trusts) which fund their long-term investments in student loans by issuing short-term senior and subordinated notes. We are subject to losses on these U.S. ARS Trusts if defaults are experienced on the underlying student loans; however, in the majority of these structures, the principal and accrued interest on the student loans are guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. We act as auction agent for some of these entities but have no legal obligation to purchase the notes issued by these entities in the auction process. We do not consolidate these U.S. ARS Trusts as we do not have decision making power over the investing and financing activities of the Trusts, which are the activities that most significantly affect the performance of the Trusts. Additionally, we invest in certain municipal bond TOB structures that we do not consolidate. These structures are similar to those consolidated municipal bond TOB structures described above; however, the residual certificates are held by third-parties. We provide liquidity facilities on the floating-rate certificates which may be drawn if certificates are tendered but not able to be remarketed. We do not have decision making power over the relevant activities of the structures; therefore, we do not consolidate these structures. The assets transferred into these programs are derecognized from our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We provide senior warehouse financing to structured entities that are established by third parties to acquire loans for the purposes of issuing a term collateralized loan obligation (CLO) transaction. Subordinated financing is provided during the warehouse phase by one or more third-party equity investors. We act as the arranger and placement agent for the term CLO transaction. Proceeds from the sale of the term CLO are used to repay our senior warehouse financing, at which point we have no further involvement with the transaction. We do not consolidate these CLO structures as we do not have decision making power over the relevant activities of the entity, which include the initial selection and subsequent management of the underlying debt portfolio. Non-RBC managed investment funds We enter into fee-based equity derivative transactions with third parties including mutual funds, unit investment trusts and other investment funds. These transactions provide their investors with the desired exposure to a reference fund, and we economically hedge our exposure to these derivatives by investing in those reference funds. We also act as custodian or administrator for several funds. We do not consolidate those reference funds that are managed by third parties as we do not have power to direct their investing activities. We provide liquidity facilities to certain third-party investment funds. The funds issue unsecured variable-rate preferred shares and invest in portfolios of tax-exempt municipal bonds. Undrawn liquidity commitments expose us to the liquidity risk of the preferred shares and drawn commitments expose us to the credit risk of the underlying municipal bonds. We do not consolidate these third-party managed funds as we do not have power to direct their investing activities. RBC managed investment funds We are sponsors and investment managers of mutual and pooled funds, which gives us the ability to direct the investment decisions of the funds. We do not consolidate those mutual and pooled funds if we exercise our decision making power as an agent on behalf of other unit holders. 160 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Third-party securitization vehicles We hold interests in securitization vehicles that provide funding to certain third parties on whose behalf the entities were created. The activities of these entities are limited to the purchase and sale of specified assets from the sponsor and the issuance of asset-backed notes collateralized by those assets. The underlying assets are typically receivables, including auto loans and leases. We, as well as other financial institutions, are obligated to provide funding up to our maximum commitment level and are exposed to credit losses on the underlying assets after various credit enhancements. Enhancements can take various forms, including but not limited to overcollateralization, excess spread, subordinated classes of financial assets, guarantees or letters of credit. The amount of this enhancement varies but is generally sized to cover a multiple of loss experience. We do not consolidate these entities as we do not have decision making power over the relevant activities, including the entities’ investing and financing activities. Other Other structured entities include credit investment products and tax credit funds. We use structured entities to generally transform credit derivatives into cash instruments, to distribute credit risk and to create customized credit products to meet investors’ specific requirements. We enter into derivative contracts, including credit derivatives, to purchase protection from these entities (credit protection) and convert various risk factors such as yield, currency or credit risk of underlying assets to meet the needs of the investors. We act as sole arranger and swap provider for certain entities and, in some cases, fulfill other administrative functions for the entities. We do not consolidate these credit investment product entities as we do not have decision making power over the relevant activities, which include selection of the collateral and reference portfolio, and are not exposed to a majority of the benefits or risks of the entities. We created certain funds to pass through tax credits received from underlying low-income housing, historic rehabilitation real estate projects to third parties, or new market tax credits (tax credit funds). We are sponsors of the tax credit funds as a result of our responsibility to manage the funds, arrange the financing, and perform the administrative duties of these tax credit funds. We do not consolidate the tax credit funds as the third-party investors in these funds have the decision making power to select the underlying investments and are exposed to the majority of the residual ownership and tax risks of the funds. We also purchase passive interests in renewable energy tax credit entities created and controlled by third parties. We do not consolidate these third party funds as we do not have decision making power over the relevant activities and our investments are managed as part of larger portfolios which are held for trading purposes. Other interests in unconsolidated structured entities In the normal course of business, we buy and sell passive interests in certain third-party structured entities, including mutual funds, exchange traded funds, and government-sponsored asset backed securities vehicles. Our investments in these entities are managed as part of larger portfolios which are held for trading, liquidity or hedging purposes. We did not create or sponsor these entities and do not have any decision making power over their ongoing activities. Our maximum exposure to loss is limited to our on-balance sheet investments in these entities, which are not included in the table above. As at October 31, 2017, $63.3 billion (October 31, 2016 – $50.8 billion) of investments in these entities were included in Trading and AFS securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Refer to Note 3 and Note 4 for further details on our investment securities. Sponsored entities We are a sponsor of certain structured entities in which we have interests but do not consolidate. In determining whether we are a sponsor of a structured entity, we consider both qualitative and quantitative factors, including the purpose and nature of the entity, our initial and continuing involvement and whether we hold subordinated interests in the entity. We are considered to be the sponsor of certain credit investment products, tax credit entities, RBC managed mutual funds and a commercial mortgage securitization vehicle. During the year ended October 31, 2017, we transferred commercial mortgages with a carrying amount of $407 million (October 31, 2016 – $660 million) to a sponsored securitization vehicle in which we did not have any interests as at the end of the reporting period. Financial support provided to structured entities During the years ended October 31, 2017 and 2016, we have not provided any financial or non-financial support to any consolidated or unconsolidated structured entities when we were not contractually obligated to do so. Furthermore, we have no intention to provide such support in the future. Note 8 Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities Derivative instruments are categorized as either financial or non-financial derivatives. Financial derivatives are financial contracts whose value is derived from an underlying interest rate, foreign exchange rate, credit risk, and equity or equity index. Non-financial derivatives are contracts whose value is derived from a precious metal, commodity instrument or index. The notional amount of derivatives represents the contract amount used as a reference point to calculate payments. Notional amounts are generally not exchanged by counterparties, and do not reflect our exposure at default. Financial derivatives Forwards and futures Forward contracts are non-standardized agreements that are transacted between counterparties in the OTC market, whereas futures are standardized contracts with respect to amounts and settlement dates, and are traded on regular futures exchanges. Examples of forwards and futures are described below. Interest rate forwards (forward rate agreements) and futures are contractual obligations to buy or sell an interest-rate sensitive financial instrument on a predetermined future date at a specified price. Foreign exchange forwards and futures are contractual obligations to exchange one currency for another at a specified price for settlement at a predetermined future date. Equity forwards and futures are contractual obligations to buy or sell at a fixed value (the specified price) of an equity index, a basket of stocks or a single stock at a predetermined future date. Swaps Swaps are OTC contracts in which two counterparties exchange a series of cash flows based on agreed upon rates applied to a notional amount. Examples of swap agreements are described below. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 161 Note 8 Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities (continued) Interest rate swaps are agreements where two counterparties exchange a series of payments based on different interest rates applied to a notional amount in a single currency. Cross currency swaps involve the exchange of fixed payments in one currency for the receipt of fixed payments in another currency. Cross currency interest rate swaps involve the exchange of both interest and notional amounts in two different currencies. Equity swaps are contracts in which one counterparty agrees to pay or receive from the other cash flows based on changes in the value of an equity index, a basket of stocks or a single stock. Options Options are contractual agreements under which the seller (writer) grants the purchaser the right, but not the obligation, either to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a security, exchange rate, interest rate, or other financial instrument or commodity at a specified price, at or by a predetermined future date. The seller (writer) of an option can also settle the contract by paying the cash settlement value of the purchaser’s right. The seller (writer) receives a premium from the purchaser for this right. The various option agreements that we enter into include but are not limited to interest rate options, foreign currency options, equity options and index options. Credit derivatives Credit derivatives are OTC contracts that transfer credit risk related to an underlying financial instrument (referenced asset) from one counterparty to another. Credit derivatives include credit default swaps, credit default baskets and total return swaps. Credit default swaps provide protection against the decline in the value of the referenced asset as a result of specified credit events such as default or bankruptcy. They are similar in structure to an option, whereby the purchaser pays a premium to the seller of the credit default swap in return for payment contingent on a credit event affecting the referenced asset. Credit default baskets are similar to credit default swaps except that the underlying referenced financial instrument is a group of assets instead of a single asset. Total return swaps are contracts where one counterparty agrees to pay or receive from the other cash amounts based on changes in the value of a referenced asset or group of assets, including any returns such as interest earned on these assets, in exchange for amounts that are based on prevailing market funding rates. Other derivative products Other contracts are stable value and equity derivative contracts. Non-financial derivatives Other contracts also include non-financial derivative products such as precious metal and commodity derivative contracts in both the OTC and exchange markets. Derivatives issued for trading purposes Most of our derivative transactions relate to client-driven sales and trading activities, and associated market risk hedging. Sales activities include the structuring and marketing of derivative products to clients, enabling them to modify or reduce risks. Trading involves market-making, positioning and arbitrage activities. Market-making involves quoting bid and offer prices to other market participants with the intention of generating revenue based on spread and volume. Positioning involves the active management of derivative transactions with the expectation of profiting from favourable movements in prices, rates, or indices. Arbitrage activities involve identifying and profiting from price differentials between markets and product types. Any realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivatives used for trading purposes are recognized immediately in Non-interest income – Trading revenue. Derivatives issued for other-than-trading purposes We also use derivatives for purposes other than trading, primarily for hedging, in conjunction with the management of interest rate, credit, equity and foreign exchange risk related to our funding, lending, investment activities and asset/liability management. Interest rate swaps are used to manage our exposure to interest rate risk by modifying the repricing or maturity characteristics of existing and/or forecasted assets and liabilities, including funding and investment activities. Purchased options are used to hedge redeemable deposits and other options embedded in consumer products. We manage our exposure to foreign currency risk with cross currency swaps and foreign exchange forward contracts. We predominantly use credit derivatives to manage our credit exposures. We mitigate industry sector concentrations and single-name exposures related to our credit portfolio by purchasing credit derivatives to transfer credit risk to third parties. Certain derivatives and cash instruments are specifically designated and qualify for hedge accounting. We apply hedge accounting to minimize volatility in earnings and capital caused by changes in interest rates or foreign exchange rates. Interest rate and currency fluctuations will either cause assets and liabilities to appreciate or depreciate in market value or cause variability in forecasted cash flows. When a hedging relationship is effective, gains, losses, revenue and expenses of the hedging instrument will offset the gains, losses, revenue and expenses of the hedged item. We assess and measure the effectiveness of a hedging relationship based on the change in the fair value or cash flows of the derivative hedging instrument relative to the change in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk. When cash instruments are designated as hedges of foreign exchange risks, only changes in their value due to foreign exchange risk are included in the assessment and measurement of hedge effectiveness. From time to time, we also enter into derivative transactions to economically hedge certain exposures that do not otherwise qualify for hedge accounting, or where hedge accounting is not considered economically feasible to implement. In such circumstances, changes in fair value are reflected in Non-interest income. Before- and after-tax unrealized gain relating to de-designated hedges of $67 million and $49 million, respectively (October 31, 2016 – unrealized losses of $95 million and $70 million, respectively) included in Other components of equity as at October 31, 2017, are expected to be reclassified to Net interest income within the next 12 months. 162 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The following table presents the fair values of the derivative and non-derivative instruments categorized by their hedging relationships, as well as derivatives that are not designated in hedging relationships. Derivatives and non-derivative instruments October 31, 2017 Designated as hedging instruments in hedging relationships As at October 31, 2016 Designated as hedging instruments in hedging relationships Fair value hedges Cash flow hedges Net investment hedges Not designated in a hedging relationship Fair value hedges Cash flow hedges Net investment hedges Not designated in a hedging relationship $ 736 $ 482 $ 41 $ 93,764 $ 1,686 $ 546 $ 183 $ 116,529 740 – 499 – 246 19,950 90,642 n.a. 430 – 1,266 – 113 19,982 114,741 n.a. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Derivative instruments Liabilities Derivative instruments Non-derivative instruments n.a. not applicable Results of hedge activities recorded in Net income and Other comprehensive income (Millions of Canadian dollars) Fair value hedges Gains (losses) on hedging instruments (1) Gains (losses) on hedged items attributable to the hedged risk (1) Ineffective portion (1) (2) Cash flow hedges Ineffective portion (1) Effective portion (3) Reclassified to income during the period (4) Net investment hedges Ineffective portion (1) Foreign currency gains (losses) (3) Gains (losses) from hedges (3) For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ (1,076) $ 991 (85) (1) 622 95 – (1,570) 438 (235) 135 (100) 1 (35) (71) – 147 113 (1) (2) (3) (4) Amounts are recorded in Non-interest income. Amounts include losses of $82 million (October 31, 2016 – $97 million) that are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are offset by economic hedges. Amounts are included in OCI, net of taxes. After-tax gains of $70 million were reclassified from Other components of equity to Net-interest income during the year ended October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $52 million after-tax losses). Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 163 Note 8 Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities (continued) Notional amount of derivatives by term to maturity (absolute amounts) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Over-the-counter contracts Interest rate contracts Forward rate agreements Swaps Options purchased Options written Foreign exchange contracts Forward contracts Cross currency swaps Cross currency interest rate swaps Options purchased Options written Credit derivatives (2) Other contracts Exchange-traded contracts Interest rate contracts Futures – long positions Futures – short positions Options purchased Options written Foreign exchange contracts Futures – long positions Futures – short positions Other contracts (Millions of Canadian dollars) Over-the-counter contracts Interest rate contracts Forward rate agreements Swaps Options purchased Options written Foreign exchange contracts Forward contracts Cross currency swaps Cross currency interest rate swaps Options purchased Options written Credit derivatives (2) Other contracts Exchange-traded contracts Interest rate contracts Futures – long positions Futures – short positions Options purchased Options written Foreign exchange contracts Futures – long positions Futures – short positions Other contracts As at October 31, 2017 Within 1 year Term to maturity 1 to 5 years Over 5 years (1) Total Trading Other than Trading $ 1,156,843 2,570,180 77,953 61,765 $ 31,989 3,450,280 124,083 106,887 $ – 2,331,289 59,435 63,685 $ 1,188,832 8,351,749 261,471 232,337 $ 1,188,832 7,854,309 261,471 232,337 $ – 497,440 – – 1,326,223 80,436 281,590 55,851 55,922 1,975 56,166 33,195 35,726 8,274 10,872 83 291 198,360 33,543 35,662 551,576 13,913 9,187 7,686 49,652 19,688 23,478 695 317 – 142 44,858 623 39,440 268,119 3,386 2,829 3,814 19,241 55 9 – – – – 528 1,360,389 155,538 1,101,285 73,150 67,938 13,475 125,059 52,938 59,213 8,969 11,189 83 433 243,746 1,343,196 149,254 1,048,891 73,150 67,938 13,330 120,737 52,938 59,213 8,969 11,189 83 433 243,607 17,193 6,284 52,394 – – 145 4,322 – – – – – – 139 $ 6,011,705 $ 4,503,636 $ 2,792,453 $ 13,307,794 $ 12,729,877 $ 577,917 As at October 31, 2016 Within 1 year Term to maturity 1 to 5 years Over 5 years (1) $ 522,944 1,991,365 114,519 97,283 $ 9,121 3,485,607 161,584 182,233 $ – 2,285,420 70,160 71,503 $ 1,288,656 8,869 272,029 28,601 28,676 1,581 58,863 26,076 35,269 18,196 10,978 312 423 178,615 44,980 34,931 544,195 16,538 14,723 10,314 59,133 14,496 19,551 165 – – 3 55,820 939 30,866 251,371 4,619 4,924 4,306 22,355 3 – – – – – 617 Total Trading 532,065 7,762,392 346,263 351,019 1,334,575 74,666 1,067,595 49,758 48,323 16,201 140,351 40,575 54,820 18,361 10,978 312 426 235,052 $ 532,065 7,464,144 346,263 351,019 1,314,103 69,626 1,013,958 49,758 48,323 15,842 136,205 40,575 54,820 18,361 10,978 312 426 235,052 Other than Trading $ – 298,248 – – 20,472 5,040 53,637 – – 359 4,146 – – – – – – – (1) (2) Includes contracts maturing in over 10 years with a notional value of $899 billion (October 31, 2016 – $883 billion). The related gross positive replacement cost is $58 billion (October 31, 2016 – $79 billion). Credit derivatives with a notional value of $0.1 billion (October 31, 2016 – $0.4 billion) are economic hedges. Trading credit derivatives comprise protection purchased of $8.5 billion (October 31, 2016 – $10.1 billion) and protection sold of $4.8 billion (October 31, 2016 – $5.7 billion). $ 4,683,255 $ 4,653,394 $ 2,747,083 $ 12,083,732 $ 11,701,830 $ 381,902 164 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The following tables indicate the periods when the cash flows from hedged items are expected to affect profit or loss for cash flow hedges. As at October 31, 2017 Within 1 year 938 $ (1,070) 1 to 2 years 243 $ (939) 2 to 3 years 151 $ (3,501) 3 to 5 years 59 $ (476) Over 5 years 98 $ (71) Total $ 1,489 (6,057) $ (132) $ (696) $ (3,350) $ (417) $ 27 $ (4,568) As at October 31, 2016 Within 1 year 192 $ (387) 1 to 2 years 175 $ (789) 2 to 3 years 122 $ (559) 3 to 5 years 90 $ (3,136) Over 5 years 39 $ (77) $ Total 618 (4,948) $ (195) $ (614) $ (437) $ (3,046) $ (38) $ (4,330) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash inflows from assets Cash outflows from liabilities Net cash flows (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash inflows from assets Cash outflows from liabilities Net cash flows Fair value of derivative instruments (Millions of Canadian dollars) Held or issued for trading purposes Interest rate contracts Forward rate agreements Swaps Options purchased Options written Foreign exchange contracts Forward contracts Cross currency swaps Cross currency interest rate swaps Options purchased Options written Credit derivatives Other contracts Held or issued for other-than-trading purposes Interest rate contracts Swaps Options purchased Options written Foreign exchange contracts Forward contracts Cross currency swaps Cross currency interest rate swaps Credit derivatives Other contracts As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Positive Negative Positive Negative $ 324 $ 101,481 3,108 – 104,913 13,643 4,229 21,740 1,324 – 40,936 157 13,775 319 96,408 – 3,696 100,423 14,562 3,438 19,054 – 1,217 38,271 246 17,183 $ 267 $ 146,464 4,455 – 151,186 18,565 5,423 27,499 2,084 – 53,571 191 6,662 244 138,742 – 5,601 144,587 18,853 4,438 29,165 – 1,857 54,313 242 8,994 159,781 156,123 211,610 208,136 1,612 – – 1,612 246 207 1,545 1,998 – 184 1,177 – – 1,177 250 318 1,700 2,268 12 184 2,588 – – 2,588 257 314 2,636 3,207 – 113 1,471 – – 1,471 338 542 2,286 3,166 21 113 3,794 3,641 5,908 4,771 163,575 (725) (67,827) 159,764 68 (67,705) 217,518 (1,432) (97,142) 212,907 (126) (96,231) 95,023 92,127 118,944 116,550 Total gross fair values before: Valuation adjustments determined on a pooled basis Impact of netting agreements that qualify for balance sheet offset Impact of netting agreements that do not qualify for balance sheet offset (1) (58,804) (58,804) (79,296) (79,296) $ 36,219 $ 33,323 $ 39,648 $ 37,254 (1) Additional impact of offsetting credit exposures on contracts that do not qualify for balance sheet offset. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 165 Note 8 Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities (continued) Fair value of derivative instruments by term to maturity October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 As at (Millions of Canadian dollars) Derivative assets Derivative liabilities Less than 1 year 1 to 5 years Over 5 years Total $ 26,292 $ 28,810 $ 39,921 $ 95,023 92,127 26,334 26,414 39,379 Less than 1 year 1 to 5 years Total $ 30,475 $ 39,357 $ 49,112 $ 118,944 116,550 39,507 30,962 46,081 Over 5 years Derivative-related credit risk Credit risk from derivative transactions is generated by the potential for the counterparty to default on its contractual obligations when one or more transactions have a positive market value to us. Therefore, derivative-related credit risk is represented by the positive fair value of the instrument and is normally a small fraction of the contract’s notional amount. We subject our derivative transactions to the same credit approval, limit and monitoring standards that we use for managing other transactions that create credit exposure. This includes evaluating the creditworthiness of counterparties, and managing the size, diversification and maturity structure of the portfolio. Credit utilization for all products is compared with established limits on a continual basis and is subject to a standard exception reporting process. We use a single internal rating system for all credit risk exposure. In most cases, these internal ratings approximate the external risk ratings of public rating agencies. Offsetting is a technique that can reduce credit exposure from derivatives and is generally facilitated through the use of master netting agreements and achieved when specific criteria are met in accordance with our accounting policy in Note 2. A master netting agreement provides for a single net settlement of all financial instruments covered by the agreement in the event of default. However, credit risk is reduced only to the extent that our financial obligations to the same counterparty can be set off against obligations of the counterparty to us. We maximize the use of master netting agreements to reduce derivative-related credit exposure. Our overall exposure to credit risk that is reduced through master netting agreements may change substantially following the reporting date as the exposure is affected by each transaction subject to the agreement as well as by changes in underlying market rates. Measurement of our credit exposure arising out of derivative transactions is reduced to reflect the effects of netting in cases where the enforceability of that netting is supported by appropriate legal analysis as documented in our trading credit risk policies. The use of collateral is another significant credit mitigation technique for managing derivative-related counterparty credit risk. Mark-to-market provisions in our agreements with some counterparties, typically in the form of a Credit Support Annex, provide us with the right to request that the counterparty pay down or collateralize the current market value of its derivatives positions when the value passes a specified threshold amount. Replacement cost represents the total fair value of all outstanding contracts in a gain position after factoring in the master netting agreements. The credit equivalent amount is defined as the sum of the replacement cost plus an add-on amount for potential future credit exposure as defined by OSFI. The risk-weighted amount is determined by applying the standard OSFI defined measures of counterparty risk to the credit equivalent amount. Derivative-related credit risk (Millions of Canadian dollars) Over-the-counter contracts Interest rate contracts Forward rate agreements Swaps Options purchased Foreign exchange contracts Forward contracts Swaps Options purchased Credit derivatives (4) Other contracts Exchange-traded contracts October 31, 2017 (1) October 31, 2016 (1) Replacement cost Credit equivalent amount (2) Risk-weighted equivalent (3) Replacement cost Credit equivalent amount (2) Risk-weighted equivalent (3) As at $ $ 264 10,890 283 5,421 10,476 360 109 7,750 1,391 $ 328 24,318 883 11,555 12,643 1,125 936 6,332 8,340 $ 59 4,187 527 3,634 4,498 472 149 2,945 167 $ 232 15,118 334 6,914 13,763 416 31 1,409 2,933 $ 250 27,214 1,092 12,952 12,492 1,045 920 6,188 11,756 53 5,429 662 3,896 3,790 456 188 3,463 235 $ 36,944 $ 66,460 $ 16,638 $ 41,150 $ 73,909 $ 18,172 (1) (2) (3) (4) The amounts presented are net of master netting agreements in accordance with Basel III. The total credit equivalent amount includes collateral applied of $18 billion (October 31, 2016 – $21 billion). The risk-weighted balances are calculated in accordance with Basel III. Excludes credit derivatives issued for other-than-trading purposes related to bought protection. 166 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Replacement cost of derivative instruments by risk rating and by counterparty type Risk rating (1) Counterparty type (2) As at October 31, 2017 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Gross positive replacement cost Impact of master netting agreements Replacement cost (after netting agreements) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Gross positive replacement cost Impact of master netting AAA, AA Total $ 26,707 $ 108,320 $ 19,672 $ 8,876 $ 163,575 $ 45,723 $ 18,694 $ 99,158 $ 163,575 Banks Other Total BBB A BB or lower OECD governments 14,468 98,605 10,167 3,391 126,631 38,508 8,342 79,781 126,631 $ 12,239 $ 9,715 $ 9,505 $ 5,485 $ 36,944 $ 7,215 $ 10,352 $ 19,377 $ 36,944 Risk rating (1) Counterparty type (2) As at October 31, 2016 AAA, AA Total $ 37,119 $ 151,992 $ 20,634 $ 7,773 $ 217,518 $ 62,112 $ 21,824 $ 133,582 $ 217,518 Banks Other Total BBB A BB or lower OECD governments agreements 20,704 139,912 14,255 1,567 176,438 52,535 9,494 114,409 176,438 Replacement cost (after netting agreements) $ 16,415 $ 12,080 $ 6,379 $ 6,206 $ 41,080 $ 9,577 $ 12,330 $ 19,173 $ 41,080 (1) (2) Our internal risk ratings for major counterparty types approximate those of public ratings agencies. Ratings of AAA, AA, A and BBB represent investment grade ratings and ratings of BB or lower represent non-investment grade ratings. Counterparty type is defined in accordance with the capital adequacy requirements of OSFI. Note 9 Premises and equipment (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cost Balance at October 31, 2016 Additions (1) Acquisitions through business combination Transfers from work in process Disposals Foreign exchange translation Other Balance at October 31, 2017 Accumulated depreciation Balance at October 31, 2016 Depreciation Disposals Foreign exchange translation Other Balance at October 31, 2017 Net carrying amount at October 31, 2017 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cost Balance at October 31, 2015 Additions (1) Acquisitions through business combination Transfers from work in process Disposals Foreign exchange translation Other Balance at October 31, 2016 Accumulated depreciation Balance at October 31, 2015 Depreciation Disposals Foreign exchange translation Other Balance at October 31, 2016 Net carrying amount at October 31, 2016 Land Buildings Computer equipment Furniture, fixtures and other equipment Leasehold improvements Work in process $ 171 – – – (9) (4) (1) $ 157 $ – – – – – $ – $ 157 $ $ $ $ $ 1,379 1 – 7 (23) (9) 8 1,363 570 74 (15) (2) (19) 608 755 $ $ $ $ $ 1,686 211 – 43 (90) (11) 36 1,875 1,209 229 (89) (8) 26 1,367 508 $ $ $ $ $ 1,352 25 – 37 (47) (7) (46) 1,314 961 111 (44) (3) (41) 984 330 $ $ $ $ $ 2,566 43 – 96 (68) (18) (33) 2,586 1,710 186 (61) (12) (4) 1,819 767 Land Buildings Computer equipment Furniture, fixtures and other equipment Leasehold improvements $ $ $ $ $ 123 – 52 – (3) – (1) 171 – – – – – – 171 $ $ $ $ $ 1,294 1 94 14 (15) 1 (10) 1,379 534 48 (4) (1) (7) 570 809 $ $ $ $ $ 1,508 156 55 83 (38) (17) (61) 1,686 1,070 219 (38) (13) (29) 1,209 477 $ $ $ $ $ 1,292 35 2 40 (47) (4) 34 1,352 875 126 (40) (8) 8 961 391 $ $ $ $ $ 2,464 46 63 137 (111) (8) (25) 2,566 1,642 180 (107) (7) 2 1,710 856 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 132 $ 226 – (183) – – (22) 153 $ – $ – – – – – $ 153 $ Work in process 168 $ 249 51 (274) – (1) (61) 132 $ – $ – – – – – $ 132 $ Total 7,286 506 – – (237) (49) (58) 7,448 4,450 600 (209) (25) (38) 4,778 2,670 Total 6,849 487 317 – (214) (29) (124) 7,286 4,121 573 (189) (29) (26) 4,450 2,836 (1) As at October 31, 2017, we had total contractual commitments of $268 million to acquire premises and equipment (October 31, 2016 – $301 million). Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 167 Note 10 Goodwill and other intangible assets Goodwill The following table presents changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by CGU for the years ended October 31, 2017 and 2016. (Millions of Canadian dollars) At October 31, 2015 Acquisition Dispositions Currency translations At October 31, 2016 Acquisition Dispositions Currency translations Canadian Banking Caribbean Banking Canadian Wealth Management Global Asset Management U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) International Wealth Management Investor & Treasury Services Capital Markets Insurance $ 2,527 $ 1,820 $ – – – – – (49) $ 2,527 $ 1,771 $ – – – – – (77) 579 $ – – 3 582 $ – – (6) 2,219 $ – – (256) 1,963 $ – – 43 673 $ 2,113 – 68 2,854 $ – (2) (107) 142 $ – – (27) 115 $ – – 5 118 $ – (6) – 112 $ – – – 149 $ 1,062 $ – (1) – – – 22 Total 9,289 2,113 (7) (239) 148 $ 1,084 $ 11,156 – – (2) – (177) (35) – – – At October 31, 2017 $ 2,527 $ 1,694 $ 576 $ 2,006 $ 2,745 $ 120 $ 112 $ 148 $ 1,049 $ 10,977 We perform our annual impairment test by comparing the carrying amount of each CGU to its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of a CGU is represented by its value in use, except in circumstances where the carrying amount of a CGU exceeds its value in use. In such cases, we determine the CGU’s fair value less costs of disposal and its recoverable amount is the greater of its value in use and fair value less costs of disposal. Our annual impairment test is performed as at August 1. In our 2017 and 2016 annual impairment tests, the recoverable amounts of our Caribbean Banking and International Wealth Management CGUs were based on fair value less costs of disposal. The recoverable amounts of all other CGUs tested were based on value in use. Value in use We calculate value in use using a five-year discounted cash flow method, with the exception of our U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) CGU where cash flow projections covering a ten-year period were used, which more closely aligns with the strategic growth plan resulting from the acquisition of City National. Future cash flows are based on financial plans agreed by management, estimated based on forecast results, business initiatives, capital required to support future cash flows and returns to shareholders. Key drivers of future cash flows include net interest margins and average interest-earning assets. The values assigned to these drivers over the forecast period are based on past experience, external and internal economic forecasts, and management’s expectations of the impact of economic conditions on our financial results. Beyond the initial cash flow projection period, cash flows are assumed to increase at a constant rate using a nominal long-term growth rate (terminal growth rate). Terminal growth rates are based on the current market assessment of gross domestic product and inflation for the countries within which the CGU operates. The discount rates used to determine the present value of each CGU’s projected future cash flows are based on the bank-wide cost of capital, adjusted for the risks to which each CGU is exposed. CGU-specific risks include: country risk, business/ operational risk, geographic risk (including political risk, devaluation risk, and government regulation), currency risk, and price risk (including product pricing risk and inflation). The estimation of value in use involves significant judgment in the determination of inputs to the discounted cash flow model and is most sensitive to changes in future cash flows, discount rates and terminal growth rates applied to cash flows beyond the forecast period. These key inputs and assumptions used to determine the recoverable amount of each CGU using value in use were tested for sensitivity by applying a reasonably possible change to those assumptions. The post-tax discount rates were increased by 1%, terminal growth rates were decreased by 1%, and future cash flows were reduced by 10%. As at August 1, 2017, no reasonably possible change in an individual key input or assumption, as described, would result in a CGU’s carrying amount exceeding its recoverable amount based on value in use. The terminal growth rates and pre-tax discount rates used in our discounted cash flow models are summarized below. Group of cash generating units Canadian Banking Caribbean Banking Canadian Wealth Management Global Asset Management U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) International Wealth Management Insurance Investor & Treasury Services Capital Markets (1) Pre-tax discount rates are determined implicitly based on post-tax discount rates. As at August 1, 2017 August 1, 2016 Discount rate (1) Terminal growth rate Discount rate (1) Terminal growth rate 10.1% 12.0 11.2 11.1 13.4 10.5 10.6 11.0 15.0 3.0% 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 10.0% 12.1 11.2 11.1 13.6 9.6 10.9 12.0 14.1 3.0% 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Fair value less costs of disposal – Caribbean Banking For our Caribbean Banking CGU, we calculated fair value less costs of disposal using a discounted cash flow method that projects future cash flows over a 5-year period. Cash flows are based on management forecasts, adjusted to approximate the considerations of a prospective third- party buyer. Cash flows beyond the initial 5-year period are assumed to increase at a constant rate using a nominal long-term growth rate. Future cash flows, terminal growth rates, and discount rates are based on the same factors noted above. This fair value measurement is categorized as level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as certain significant inputs are not observable. 168 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The estimation of fair value less costs of disposal involves significant judgment in the determination of inputs to the discounted cash flow model and is most sensitive to changes in future cash flows, discount rates and terminal growth rates applied to cash flows beyond the forecast period. These key inputs and assumptions were tested for sensitivity by applying a reasonably possible change to those assumptions. As at August 1, 2017, the recoverable amount of our Caribbean Banking CGU, based on fair value less costs of disposal, was 115% of its carrying amount. If the post-tax discount rate was increased by 1%, holding other individual factors constant, the recoverable amount would approximate the carrying amount. No other reasonably possible change in an individual key input or assumption, including decreasing the terminal growth rates by 1% or reducing future cash flows by 10%, would result in the CGU’s carrying amount exceeding its recoverable amount based on fair value less costs of disposal. Fair value less costs of disposal – International Wealth Management For our International Wealth Management CGU, we calculated fair value less costs of disposal using a multiples-based approach. Each business within the CGU was valued using either a Price-to-assets-under-administration (P/AUA) or Price-to-revenue (P/Rev) multiple, as appropriate, to reflect the considerations of a prospective third-party buyer. In 2017 and 2016, we applied a P/AUA multiple of 2.5% to AUA as at August 1 and a P/Rev multiple of 2.5x to revenue for the 12 months preceding the testing date. These multiples represent our best estimate from a range of reasonably possible inputs based on precedent transactions for comparable businesses. This fair value measurement is categorized as level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as certain significant inputs are not observable. The estimation of fair value less costs of disposal involves significant judgment in the determination of the appropriate valuation approach and inputs and is most sensitive to changes in the P/AUA and P/Rev multiples. These key inputs were tested for sensitivity by reducing each multiple to the low end of the range of reasonably possible inputs considered. As at August 1, 2017, no reasonably possible change in an individual key input or assumption, as described, would result in the CGU’s carrying amount exceeding its recoverable amount based on fair value less costs of disposal. Other intangible assets The following table presents the carrying amount of our other intangible assets. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Gross carrying amount Balance at October 31, 2016 Additions Acquisitions through business combination Transfers Dispositions Impairment losses Currency translations Other changes Balance at October 31, 2017 Accumulated amortization Balance at October 31, 2016 Amortization charge for the year Dispositions Impairment losses Currency translations Other changes Balance at October 31, 2017 Net balance, at October 31, 2017 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Gross carrying amount Balance at October 31, 2015 Additions Acquisitions through business combinations Transfers Dispositions Impairment losses Currency translations Other changes Balance at October 31, 2016 Accumulated amortization Balance at October 31, 2015 Amortization charge for the year Dispositions Impairment losses Currency translations Other changes Balance at October 31, 2016 Net balance, at October 31, 2016 Internally generated software $ 4,435 26 – 692 – (2) (22) 14 Other software $ 1,389 70 – 60 (8) (12) (16) (51) As at October 31, 2017 Core deposit intangibles Customer list and relationships In process software $ $ 1,784 – – – – – (69) – $ 1,761 – – – – – 6 (14) 778 896 – (752) (2) – (5) (23) Total $ 10,147 992 – – (10) (14) (106) (74) $ 5,143 $ 1,432 $ 1,715 $ 1,753 $ 892 $ 10,935 $ (3,223) $ (1,054) $ (595) – – 15 (22) (111) 7 – 10 54 $ (3,825) $ (1,094) $ (348) $ (156) – – 17 – (487) $ (874) $ (153) – – (10) 15 (1,022) $ – – – – – – – $ (5,499) (1,015) 7 – 32 47 $ (6,428) $ 1,318 $ 338 $ 1,228 $ 731 $ 892 $ 4,507 Internally generated software $ 3,929 11 23 569 (10) – (33) (54) Other software $ 1,193 58 47 34 (6) – 19 44 $ $ 4,435 $ 1,389 $ $ (2,750) $ (560) 7 – 31 49 (893) $ (97) 5 – (18) (51) $ (3,223) $ (1,054) $ As at October 31, 2016 Core deposit intangibles Customer list and relationships In process software $ $ 1,538 – 322 – – – (99) – $ 580 765 – (603) – – (2) 38 194 – 1,558 – – – 32 – 1,784 $ 1,761 $ 778 $ 10,147 Total 7,434 834 1,950 – (16) – (83) 28 (194) $ (158) – – 4 – (348) $ (783) $ (155) – – 64 – (874) $ – – – – – – – $ (4,620) (970) 12 – 81 (2) $ (5,499) $ 1,212 $ 335 $ 1,436 $ 887 $ 778 $ 4,648 Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 169 Note 11 Significant acquisition and dispositions Acquisition Wealth Management On November 2, 2015, we completed the acquisition of City National. City National’s business gives us an expansion platform for long-term growth in the U.S. and the opportunity to enhance and complement our existing U.S. businesses in line with our strategic goals. Total consideration of $7.1 billion (US$5.5 billion) at the date of close included $3.4 billion (US$2.6 billion) in cash, 41.6 million RBC common shares issued at a price of US$57.16 per share for a total value of $3.1 billion (US$2.4 billion), US$275 million of first preferred shares (Series C-1 and Series C-2), with a fair value of $380 million (US$290 million), as well as share-based compensation amounts of $204 million (US$156 million), including the conversion of 3.8 million stock options with a fair value of $147 million (US$112 million), based on the Black-Scholes model. Our purchase price allocation assigned $47.8 billion to assets and $44.7 billion to liabilities on the acquisition date. Goodwill of $2.1 billion reflects the expected synergies from the combined U.S. Wealth Management operations, expected growth of the platform, and the ability to cross sell products between segments. Goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. In the year of acquisition, City National increased our 2016 consolidated revenue and net income by $1,988 million and $290 million, respectively. All results of operations are included in our Wealth Management segment and goodwill is allocated to our U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) CGU (previously called U.S. Wealth Management). The following table presents the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as at the acquisition date. (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage) Percentage of shares acquired Purchase consideration Fair value of identifiable assets acquired Cash and due from banks Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Trading Available-for-sale Held-to-maturity Loans (1) Retail Wholesale Other assets Total fair value of identifiable assets acquired Fair value of identifiable liabilities assumed Deposits Personal Business and government Bank Other liabilities Total fair value of identifiable liabilities assumed Fair value of identifiable net assets acquired Intangible assets (2) Goodwill Total purchase consideration $ $ 100% 7,138 499 2,779 321 7,409 4,723 9,597 20,555 1,885 $ 47,768 10,481 31,593 169 2,450 $ 44,693 $ 3,075 1,950 2,113 $ 7,138 (1) (2) The fair value of loans reflects estimates of incurred and expected future credit losses at the acquisition date and interest rate premiums or discounts relative to prevailing market rates. Gross contractual receivables amount to $30.1 billion. Intangible assets primarily include core deposits and customer relationships which are amortized on a straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of 10 years. Dispositions Wealth Management On May 12, 2017, we completed the sale of our trust, custody and fund administration business in the Caribbean to SMP Group Limited. The transaction did not have a significant impact on our Consolidated Statements of Income. Insurance On July 1, 2016, we completed the sale of RBC General Insurance Company, which included certain home and auto insurance manufacturing businesses, including claims, underwriting and product development capabilities, to Aviva Canada Inc. We also entered into an exclusive 15-year distribution agreement with Aviva Canada Inc. to market and sell a full suite of property and casualty insurance products to our existing and new clients. As a result of the transaction, we recorded a pre-tax gain on disposal of $287 million in Non-interest income – Other ($235 million after-tax). Investor & Treasury Services On October 21, 2016, we completed the sale of RBC Investor Services España S.A.U. and its wholly-owned subsidiary to Banco Inversis S.A. The transaction did not have a significant impact on our Consolidated Statements of Income. 170 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Note 12 Joint ventures and associated companies The following table summarizes the carrying value of our interests in joint ventures and associated companies accounted for under the equity method as well as our share of the income of those entities. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Carrying amount Share of: Net income Other comprehensive income Joint ventures Associated companies As at and for the year ended October 31 2017 164 $ October 31 2016 151 $ October 31 2017 526 $ October 31 2016 465 $ 328 (8) 320 $ 124 (5) 119 $ $ 7 – 7 $ 52 – 52 We do not have any joint ventures or associated companies that are individually material to our financial results. On December 21, 2016, our joint venture, Moneris Solutions Corporation (Moneris), completed the sale of its U.S. operations to Vantiv, Inc. for proceeds of $576 million (US$430 million). We have a 50% interest in Moneris and recognized the gain of $212 million (before- and after-tax) as Share of profit in joint ventures and associates in Non-interest income. During the year ended October 31, 2017, we recognized impairment losses of $4 million with respect to our interests in associated companies (October 31, 2016 – reversal of impairment losses of $8 million) and recognized no gains on sales of associated companies (October 31, 2016 – $nil). Certain of our subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are subject to regulatory requirements of the jurisdictions in which they operate. When these subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are subject to such requirements, they may be restricted from transferring to us our share of their assets in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. As at October 31, 2017, restricted net assets of these subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates were $29.4 billion (October 31, 2016 – $28.4 billion). Note 13 Other assets (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash collateral Margin deposits Receivable from brokers, dealers and clients Accounts receivable and prepaids Investments in joint ventures and associates Employee benefit assets Insurance-related assets Collateral loans Policy loans Reinsurance assets Other Deferred income tax asset Taxes receivable Accrued interest receivable Precious metals Other As at $ October 31 2017 13,657 5,867 1,870 3,574 690 59 October 31 2016 $ 18,979 4,308 2,458 3,487 616 29 1,103 95 549 268 1,732 3,031 2,111 1,082 3,271 1,198 98 713 43 2,827 2,264 1,870 306 2,875 $ 38,959 $ 42,071 Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 171 Note 14 Deposits The following table details our deposit liabilities. October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 As at (Millions of Canadian dollars) Personal Business and government Bank Demand (1) $ 134,184 229,337 8,587 Notice (2) $ 47,366 9,520 158 Term (3) $ 78,663 266,808 15,012 Total $ 260,213 505,665 23,757 Demand (1) $ 128,206 221,506 8,533 Notice (2) $ 46,096 10,740 49 Term (3) $ 76,248 255,761 10,450 Total $ 250,550 488,007 19,032 $ 372,108 $ 57,044 $ 360,483 $ 789,635 $ 358,245 $ 56,885 $ 342,459 $ 757,589 Non-interest-bearing (4) Canada United States Europe (5) Other International Interest-bearing (4) Canada United States Europe (5) Other International $ 84,498 34,441 616 6,059 $ 4,871 90 – 5 $ – – – – $ 89,369 34,531 616 6,064 $ 78,692 34,172 1,009 5,753 $ 4,686 93 – 4 $ – – – – $ 83,378 34,265 1,009 5,757 212,456 847 30,148 3,043 14,990 32,263 1,585 3,240 274,934 55,840 19,613 10,096 502,380 88,950 51,346 16,379 200,911 999 32,864 3,845 14,979 32,388 1,108 3,627 272,999 41,427 17,966 10,067 488,889 74,814 51,938 17,539 $ 372,108 $ 57,044 $ 360,483 $ 789,635 $ 358,245 $ 56,885 $ 342,459 $ 757,589 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Demand deposits are deposits for which we do not have the right to require notice of withdrawal, which includes both savings and chequing accounts. Notice deposits are deposits for which we can legally require notice of withdrawal. These deposits are primarily savings accounts. Term deposits are deposits payable on a fixed date, and include term deposits, guaranteed investment certificates and similar instruments. The geographical splits of the deposits are based on the point of origin of the deposits and where the revenue is recognized. As at October 31, 2017, deposits denominated in U.S. dollars, British pounds, Euro and other foreign currencies were $283 billion, $16 billion, $37 billion and $29 billion, respectively (October 31, 2016 – $264 billion, $16 billion, $37 billion and $29 billion). Europe includes the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and the Channel Islands. The following table presents the contractual maturities of our term deposit liabilities. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Within 1 year: less than 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 to 12 months 1 to 2 years 2 to 3 years 3 to 4 years 4 to 5 years Over 5 years Aggregate amount of term deposits in denominations of one hundred thousand dollars or more The following table presents the average deposit balances and average rates of interest. As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 71,841 41,221 82,588 52,033 40,400 30,062 18,745 23,593 $ 72,346 40,487 51,608 50,676 39,499 31,482 29,854 26,507 $ 360,483 $ 342,459 $ 328,000 $ 309,000 (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentage amounts) Canada United States Europe Other International For the year ended October 31, 2017 Average balances $ 581,059 112,551 53,928 22,778 Average rates 0.96% 0.57 0.25 1.01 October 31, 2016 Average balances $ 561,711 113,125 50,341 24,454 Average rates 0.84% 0.37 0.15 1.07 $ 770,316 0.85% $ 749,631 0.73% 172 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Note 15 Insurance Risk management Insurance risk is the risk of fluctuations in the timing, frequency or severity of insured events, relative to our expectations at the time of underwriting. We do not have a high degree of concentration risk due to our geographic diversity and business mix. Concentration risk is not a major concern for the life and health insurance business as it does not have a material level of regional specific characteristics like those exhibited in the property and casualty insurance business. Exposure to concentrations of insurance risks for the property and casualty business, up to the sale of certain home and auto insurance manufacturing businesses to Aviva Canada Inc. on July 1, 2016, was primarily mitigated through prudent underwriting practices and diversification by product offerings and geographical areas. Reinsurance is also used for all insurance businesses to lower our risk profile and limit the liability on a single claim. We manage underwriting and pricing risk through the use of underwriting guidelines which detail the class, nature and type of business that may be accepted, pricing policies by product line and centralized control of policy wordings. The risk that claims are handled or paid inappropriately is mitigated by using a range of IT system controls and manual processes conducted by experienced staff. These, together with a range of detailed policies and procedures, ensure that all claims are handled in a timely, appropriate and accurate manner. Reinsurance In the ordinary course of business, our insurance operations reinsure risks to other insurance and reinsurance companies in order to lower our risk profile, limit loss exposure to large risks, and provide additional capacity for future growth. These ceding reinsurance arrangements do not relieve our insurance subsidiaries from their direct obligations to the insured. We evaluate the financial condition of the reinsurers and monitor our concentrations of credit risks to minimize our exposure to losses from reinsurer insolvency. Reinsurance amounts (ceded premiums) included in Non-interest income are shown in the table below. Net premiums and claims (Millions of Canadian dollars) Gross premiums Premiums ceded to reinsurers Net premiums Gross claims and benefits Reinsurers’ share of claims and benefits Net claims For the year ended October 31 2017 4,215 (340) October 31 2016 4,335 (1,160) $ 3,875 2,840 (53) 2,787 $ $ $ 3,175 3,754 (546) 3,208 $ $ $ $ Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities All actuarial assumptions are set in conjunction with Canadian Institute of Actuaries Standards of Practice and OSFI requirements. The assumptions that have the greatest effect on the measurement of insurance liabilities, the processes used to determine them and the assumptions used as at October 31, 2017 are as follows: Life insurance Mortality and morbidity – Mortality estimates are based on standard industry insured mortality tables, adjusted where appropriate to reflect our own experience. Morbidity assumptions are made with respect to the rates of claim incidence and claim termination for health insurance policies and are based on a combination of industry and our own experience. Future investment yield – Assumptions are based on the current yield rate, a reinvestment assumption and an allowance for future credit losses for each line of business, and are developed using interest rate scenario testing, including prescribed scenarios for determination of minimum liabilities as set out in the actuarial standards. Policyholder behaviour – Under certain policies, the policyholder has a contractual right to change benefits and premiums, as well as convert policies to permanent forms of insurance. All policyholders have the right to terminate their policies through lapse. Lapses represent the termination of policies due to non-payment of premiums. Lapse assumptions are primarily based on our recent experience adjusted for emerging industry experience where applicable. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 173 Note 15 Insurance (continued) Significant insurance assumptions Life Insurance Canadian Insurance Mortality rates (1) Morbidity rates (2) Reinvestment yield (3) Lapse rates (4) International Insurance Mortality rates (1) Reinvestment yield (3) As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 0.11% 1.74 3.90 0.50 0.47 3.14 0.13% 1.68 4.00 0.50 0.43 2.75 (1) (2) (3) (4) Average annual death rate for the largest portfolio of insured policies. Average net settlement rate for the individual and group disability insurance portfolio. Ultimate reinvestment rate of the insurance operations. Ultimate policy termination rate (lapse rate) for the largest permanent life insurance portfolio that relies on higher termination rate to maintain its profitability (lapse-supported policies). Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities The following table summarizes our gross and reinsurers’ share of insurance liabilities at the end of the year. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Life insurance policyholder liabilities Life, health and annuity Investment contracts (1) Non-life insurance policyholder liabilities Unearned premium provision (1) Unpaid claims provision As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Gross Ceded Net Gross Ceded Net $ $ $ $ $ 9,653 $ 34 9,687 $ 393 $ – 393 $ 9,260 34 9,294 23 $ 23 46 $ – $ 2 2 $ 23 21 44 9,733 $ 395 $ 9,338 $ $ $ $ $ 9,137 $ 22 9,159 $ 545 $ – 545 $ 8,592 22 8,614 23 $ 27 50 $ – $ 4 4 $ 23 23 46 9,209 $ 549 $ 8,660 (1) Insurance liabilities for investment contracts and unearned premium provision are reported in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Reconciliation of life insurance policyholder liabilities (Millions of Canadian dollars) Balances, beginning of the year New and in-force policies Changes in assumption and methodology Net change in investment contracts Balances, end of the year Reconciliation of non-life insurance policyholder liabilities (Millions of Canadian dollars) Balances, beginning of the year Changes in unearned premiums provision Written premiums Less: Net premiums earned Less: Disposal (1) Changes in unpaid claims provision and adjustment expenses Incurred claims Less: Claims paid Less: Disposal (1) Balances, end of the year $ October 31, 2017 Gross 9,159 $ 865 (349) 12 Ceded 545 $ 53 (205) – $ Net 8,614 812 (144) 12 October 31, 2016 Gross 8,094 $ 1,132 (78) 11 Ceded 519 $ 26 – – Net 7,575 1,106 (78) 11 $ 9,687 $ 393 $ 9,294 $ 9,159 $ 545 $ 8,614 October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Gross Ceded $ 50 $ 4 $ Net 46 $ Gross 1,476 $ Ceded 38 $ Net 1,438 119 (119) – 64 (68) – 1 (1) – (2) – – 118 (118) – 66 (68) – 665 (665) (429) 482 (439) (1,040) 19 (21) – 18 (4) (46) $ 46 $ 2 $ 44 $ 50 $ 4 $ 646 (644) (429) 464 (435) (994) 46 (1) RBC General Insurance Company was sold to Aviva Canada Inc. in 2016, which includes certain home and auto insurance manufacturing businesses. Refer to Note 11. 174 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The net increase in Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities over the prior year was comprised of the net increase in life and health liabilities and reinsurance attributable to business growth partially offset by market movements on assets backing life and health liabilities. During the year, we reviewed all key actuarial methods and assumptions which are used in determining the policy benefit liabilities resulting in a $144 million net decrease to insurance liabilities comprised of: (i) a decrease of $87 million for assumption updates due to reduced provisions for credit and interest rate risk; (ii) a decrease of $64 million arising from insurance risk related assumption updates largely due to mortality, morbidity, maintenance, property and casualty margin for adverse deviation and expense assumptions, impacting both gross and ceded insurance policyholder liabilities; offset by an increase of $7 million due to valuation system and data changes. Sensitivity analysis The following table presents the sensitivity of the level of insurance policyholder liabilities disclosed in this note to reasonably possible changes in the actuarial assumptions used to calculate them. The percentage change in each variable is applied to a range of existing actuarial modelling assumptions to derive the possible impact on net income. The analyses are performed where a single assumption is changed while holding other assumptions constant, which is unlikely to occur in practice. (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentage amounts) Increase in market interest rates (1) Decrease in market interest rates (1) Increase in equity market values (2) Decrease in equity market values (2) Increase in maintenance expenses (3) Life Insurance (3) Adverse change in annuitant mortality rates Adverse change in assurance mortality rates Adverse change in morbidity rates Adverse change in lapse rates Change in variable 1% 1 10 10 5 2 2 5 10 Net income impact for year ended $ October 31 2017 (1) 3 3 (4) (29) (117) (60) (183) (220) $ October 31 2016 (2) 7 4 (4) (30) (129) (46) (183) (229) (1) (2) (3) Sensitivities for market interest rates include the expected current period earnings impact of a 100 basis points shift in the yield curve by increasing the current reinvestment rates while holding the assumed ultimate rates constant. The sensitivity consists of both the impact on assumed reinvestment rates in the actuarial liabilities and any changes in fair value of assets and liabilities from the yield curve shift. Sensitivities to changes in equity market values are composed of the expected current period earnings impact from differences in the changes in fair value of the equity asset holdings and the partially offsetting impact on the actuarial liabilities. Sensitivities to changes in maintenance expenses and life insurance actuarial assumptions include the expected current period earnings impact from recognition of increased liabilities due to an adverse change in the given assumption over the lifetime of all inforce policies. Note 16 Segregated funds We offer certain individual variable insurance contracts that allow policyholders to invest in segregated funds. The investment returns on these funds are passed directly to the policyholders. Amounts invested are at the policyholders’ risk, except where the policyholders have selected options providing maturity and death benefit guarantees. A liability for the guarantees is recorded in Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities. Segregated funds net assets are recorded at fair value. All of our segregated funds net assets are categorized as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the segregated funds liabilities is equal to the fair value of the segregated funds net assets. Segregated funds net assets and segregated funds liabilities are presented on separate lines on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following tables present the composition of net assets and the changes in net assets for the year. Segregated funds net assets (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash Investment in mutual funds Other liabilities, net Changes in net assets (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net assets, beginning of year Additions (deductions): Deposits from policyholders Net realized and unrealized gains Interest and dividends Payment to policyholders Management and administrative fees Net assets, end of year As at October 31 2017 1 1,217 (2) $ October 31 2016 1 981 (1) $ $ 1,216 $ 981 For the year ended October 31 2017 981 $ October 31 2016 $ 830 430 87 26 (279) (29) 330 41 25 (221) (24) $ 1,216 $ 981 Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 175 Note 17 Employee benefits – Pension and other post-employment benefits Plan characteristics We sponsor a number of programs that provide pension and post-employment benefits to eligible employees. The majority of beneficiaries of the pension plans are located in Canada and other beneficiaries of the pension plans are primarily located in the U.S., the U.K. and the Caribbean. The pension arrangements including investment, plan benefits and funding decisions are governed by local pension committees or trustees, who are legally segregated from the Bank, or management. Significant plan changes require the approval of the Board of Directors. Our defined benefit pension plans provide pension benefits based on years of service, contributions and average earnings at retirement. Our primary defined benefit pension plans are closed to new members. New employees are generally eligible to join defined contribution pension plans. The specific features of these plans vary by location. We also provide supplemental non-registered (non-qualified) pension plans for certain executives and senior management that are typically unfunded or partially funded. Our defined contribution pension plans provide pension benefits based on accumulated employee and Bank contributions. The Bank contributions are based on a percentage of an employee’s annual earnings and a portion of the Bank contribution may be dependent on the amount being contributed by the employee and their years of service. Our primary other post-employment benefit plans provide health, dental, disability and life insurance coverage and cover a number of current and retired employees who are mainly located in Canada. These plans are unfunded unless required by legislation. We measure our benefit obligations and pension assets as at October 31 each year. All plans are valued using the projected unit-credit method. We fund our registered defined benefit pension plans in accordance with actuarially determined amounts required to satisfy employee benefit obligations under current pension regulations. For our principal pension plan, the most recent funding actuarial valuation was completed on January 1, 2017, and the next valuation will be completed on January 1, 2018. For the year ended October 31, 2017, total contributions to our pension plans (defined benefit and defined contribution plans) and other post-employment benefit plans were $612 million and $62 million (October 31, 2016 – $409 million and $49 million), respectively. For 2018, total contributions to our pension plans and other post-employment benefit plans are expected to be $616 million and $78 million, respectively. Risks By their design, the defined benefit pension and other post-employment benefit plans expose the Bank to various risks such as investment performance, reductions in discount rates used to value the obligations, increased longevity of plan members, future inflation levels impacting future salary increases as well as future increases in healthcare costs. These risks will reduce over time due to the membership closure of our primary defined benefit pension plans and migration to defined contribution pension plans. The following table presents the financial position related to all of our material pension and other post-employment benefit plans worldwide, including executive retirement arrangements. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Canada Fair value of plan assets Present value of defined benefit obligation Net (deficit) International Fair value of plan assets Present value of defined benefit obligation Net (deficit) Total Fair value of plan assets Present value of defined benefit obligation Total net (deficit) Effect of asset ceiling Total net (deficit), net of effect of asset ceiling Amounts recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets Employee benefit assets Employee benefit liabilities Total net (deficit), net of effect of asset ceiling As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Defined benefit pension plans Other post- employment benefit plans Defined benefit pension plans Other post- employment benefit plans $ 12,505 12,834 $ $ $ (329) 1,068 1,171 (103) $ 13,573 14,005 $ $ $ $ (432) (1) (433) 59 (492) (433) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 1,714 (1,713) – 131 (131) 1 1,845 (1,844) – (1,844) – (1,844) (1,844) $ 11,416 12,680 $ $ $ (1,264) 1,043 1,199 (156) $ 12,459 13,879 $ $ $ $ (1,420) (3) (1,423) 29 (1,452) (1,423) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 1,760 (1,759) – 134 (134) 1 1,894 (1,893) – (1,893) – (1,893) (1,893) 176 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The following table presents an analysis of the movement in the financial position related to all of our material pension and other post- employment benefit plans worldwide, including executive retirement arrangements. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Change in fair value of plan assets Opening fair value of plan assets Interest income Remeasurements Return on plan assets (excluding interest income) Change in foreign currency exchange rate Contributions – Employer Contributions – Plan participant Payments Payments – amount paid in respect of any settlements Other Closing fair value of plan assets Change in present value of benefit obligation Opening benefit obligation Current service costs Past service costs Interest expense Remeasurements Actuarial losses (gains) from demographic assumptions Actuarial losses (gains) from financial assumptions Actuarial losses (gains) from experience adjustments Change in foreign currency exchange rate Contributions – Plan participant Payments Payments – amount paid in respect of any settlements Other Closing benefit obligation Unfunded obligation Wholly or partly funded obligation Total benefit obligation As at or for the year ended October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Defined benefit pension plans (1) Other post- employment benefit plans Defined benefit pension plans (1) Other post- employment benefit plans $ 12,459 426 $ 749 25 444 50 (566) – (14) $ 13,573 $ 1 – 1 – 62 19 (82) – – 1 $ 11,896 498 $ 447 (138) 257 52 (536) (4) (13) $ 12,459 $ 11 – 2 – 49 18 (79) – – 1 $ 13,879 380 (2) 468 $ 1,894 40 – 68 $ 11,974 313 (5) 496 $ 1,657 36 (3) 71 (2) (188) (31) 18 50 (566) – (1) (36) 3 (59) (2) 19 (82) – – (5) 1,644 79 (128) 52 (536) (4) (1) (17) 194 17 – 18 (79) – – $ 14,005 $ 30 13,975 $ 14,005 $ 1,845 $ 1,694 151 $ 1,845 $ 13,879 $ 33 13,846 $ 13,879 $ 1,894 $ 1,732 162 $ 1,894 (1) For pension plans with funding deficits, the benefit obligations and fair value of plan assets as at October 31, 2017 were $12,824 million and $12,332 million, respectively (October 31, 2016 – $12,705 million and $11,267 million, respectively). Pension and other post-employment benefit expense The following table presents the composition of our pension and other post-employment benefit expense related to our material pension and other post-employment benefit plans worldwide. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Current service costs Past service costs Net interest expense (income) Remeasurements of other long term benefits Administrative expense Defined benefit pension expense Defined contribution pension expense For the year ended Pension plans Other post-employment benefit plans $ October 31 2017 380 (2) 42 – 14 $ $ 434 168 602 $ October 31 2016 313 (5) (2) – 13 $ $ 319 152 471 $ October 31 2017 40 – 68 (2) – $ $ 106 – 106 $ October 31 2016 36 (3) 71 16 – $ $ 120 – 120 Service costs for the year ended October 31, 2017 totalled $370 million (October 31, 2016 – $300 million) for pension plans in Canada and $8 million (October 31, 2016 – $8 million) for International plans. Net interest expense (income) for the year ended October 31, 2017 totalled $37 million (October 31, 2016 – $(6) million) for pension plans in Canada and $5 million (October 31, 2016 – $4 million) for International plans. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 177 Note 17 Employee benefits – Pension and other post-employment benefits (continued) Pension and other post-employment benefit remeasurements The following table presents the composition of our remeasurements recorded in OCI related to our material pension and other post-employment benefit plans worldwide. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Actuarial (gains) losses: Changes in demographic assumptions Changes in financial assumptions Experience adjustments Return on plan assets (excluding interest based on discount rate) Change in asset ceiling (excluding interest income) For the year ended Defined benefit pension plans Other post-employment benefit plans October 31 2017 October 31 2016 October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ (2) (188) (31) (749) (2) (972) $ (5) 1,644 79 (447) 3 $ 1,274 $ $ (34) 6 (62) (1) – (91) $ $ (20) 186 12 (2) – 176 Remeasurements recorded in OCI for the year ended October 31, 2017 were gains of $963 million (October 31, 2016 – losses of $1,180 million) for pension plans in Canada and gains of $9 million (October 31, 2016 – losses of $94 million) for International plans. Investment policy and strategies Defined benefit pension plan assets are invested prudently in order to meet our longer-term pension obligations. The pension plan’s investment strategy is to hold a diversified mix of investments by asset class and geographic location in order to reduce investment-specific risk to the funded status while maximizing the expected returns to meet pension obligations. Investment of the plan’s assets is conducted with careful consideration of the pension obligation’s sensitivity to interest rates and credit spreads which are key risk factors impacting the obligation’s value. The asset mix policy is therefore consistent with an asset/liability framework. Factors taken into consideration in developing our asset mix include but are not limited to the following: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) the nature of the underlying benefit obligations, including the duration and term profile of the liabilities; the member demographics, including expectations for normal retirements, terminations, and deaths; the financial position of the pension plans; the diversification benefits obtained by the inclusion of multiple asset classes; and expected asset returns, including asset and liability volatility and correlations. To implement our asset mix policy, we may invest in debt securities, equity securities, alternative investments and derivative instruments. Our holdings in certain investments, including common shares, debt securities rated lower than BBB and residential and commercial mortgages, cannot exceed a defined percentage of the market value of our defined benefit pension plan assets. We may use derivative instruments as either a synthetic investment to more efficiently replicate the performance of an underlying security, or as a hedge against financial risks within the plan. To manage our credit risk exposure, where derivatives instruments are not centrally cleared, counterparties are required to meet minimum credit ratings and enter into collateral agreements. Our defined benefit pension plan assets are primarily comprised of debt and equity securities and alternative investments. Our equity securities generally have unadjusted quoted market prices in an active market (Level 1) and our debt securities generally have quoted market prices for similar assets in an active market (Level 2). Alternative investments and other includes cash, hedge funds, and private fund investments including infrastructure, real estate leases, private equity and debt. In the case of private fund investments, no quoted market prices are usually available (Level 2 or Level 3). These fund assets are either valued by an independent valuator or priced using observable market inputs. During the year ended October 31, 2017, investment management focused on fund opportunities and optimizing mix to increase diversification and improve expected returns within the plan’s alternative and equity asset classes. Over time, an increasing allocation to debt securities is being used to reduce asset/liability duration mismatch and hence variability of the plan’s funded status due to interest rate movement. Longer maturity debt securities, given their price sensitivity to movements in interest rates, are considered to be a good economic hedge to risk associated with the plan’s liabilities, which are discounted using predominantly long maturity bond interest rates as inputs. Asset allocation of defined benefit pension plans (1) (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentages) Fair value As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Percentage of total plan assets Quoted in active market (2) Percentage of total plan assets Quoted in active market (2) Fair value Equity securities Domestic Foreign Debt securities Domestic government bonds Foreign government bonds Corporate and other bonds Alternative investments and other $ 1,752 3,314 2,502 387 2,896 2,722 13% 25 18 3 21 20 100% 100 $ 1,487 2,971 – – – 16 2,536 533 2,648 2,284 12% 24 20 4 21 19 100% 89 – – – 24 $ 13,573 100% 41% $ 12,459 100% 38% (1) (2) The asset allocation is based on the underlying investments held directly and indirectly through the funds as this is how we manage our investment policy and strategies. If our assessment of whether or not an asset was quoted in an active market was based on direct investments, 45% of our total plan assets would be classified as quoted in an active market (October 31, 2016 – 42%). 178 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The allocation to equity securities of our pension plans in Canada is 38% (October 31, 2016 – 37%) and that of our International plans is 22% (October 31, 2016 – 17%). The allocation to debt securities of our pension plans in Canada is 42% (October 31, 2016 – 45%) and that of our International plans is 42% (October 31, 2016 – 60%). The allocation to alternative investments and other in our pension plans in Canada is 20% (October 31, 2016 – 18%) and that of our International plans is 36% (October 31, 2016 – 23%). As at October 31, 2017, the plan assets include 1 million (October 31, 2016 – 1 million) of our common shares with a fair value of $121 million (October 31, 2016 – $99 million) and $41 million (October 31, 2016 – $62 million) of our debt securities. For the year ended October 31, 2017, dividends received on our common shares held in the plan assets were $4 million (October 31, 2016 – $4 million). Maturity profile The following table presents the maturity profile of our defined benefit pension plan obligation. (Millions of Canadian dollars, except participants and years) Number of plan participants Actual benefit payments 2017 Benefits expected to be paid 2018 Benefits expected to be paid 2019 Benefits expected to be paid 2020 Benefits expected to be paid 2021 Benefits expected to be paid 2022 Benefits expected to be paid 2023-2027 Weighted average duration of defined benefit payments As at October 31, 2017 Canada International Total $ 71,267 496 $ 575 600 623 645 665 3,572 15.2 years 8,447 70 $ 53 53 59 62 66 369 19.6 years 79,714 566 628 653 682 707 731 3,941 15.6 years Significant assumptions Our methodologies to determine significant assumptions used in calculating the defined benefit pension and other post-employment benefit expense are as follows: Discount rate For the Canadian pension and other post-employment benefit plans, all future expected benefit payments at each measurement date are discounted at spot rates from a derived Canadian AA corporate bond yield curve. The derived curve is based on actual short and mid-maturity corporate AA rates and extrapolated longer term rates. The extrapolated corporate AA rates are derived from observed corporate A, corporate AA and provincial AA yields. For the International pension and other post-employment benefit plans, all future expected benefit payments at each measurement date are discounted at spot rates from a local AA corporate bond yield curve. Spot rates beyond 30 years are set to equal the 30-year spot rate. The discount rate is the equivalent single rate that produces the same discounted value as that determined using the entire discount curve. This valuation methodology does not rely on assumptions regarding reinvestment returns. Rate of increase in future compensation The assumptions for increases in future compensation are developed separately for each plan, where relevant. Each assumption is set based on the price inflation assumption and compensation policies in each market, as well as relevant local statutory and plan-specific requirements. Healthcare cost trend rates Healthcare cost calculations are based on both short and long term trend assumptions established using the plan’s recent experience as well as market expectations. Weighted average assumptions to determine benefit obligation Discount rate Rate of increase in future compensation Healthcare cost trend rates (1) – Medical – Dental As at Defined benefit pension plans Other post-employment benefit plans October 31 2017 October 31 2016 October 31 2017 October 31 2016 3.50% 3.30% n.a. n.a. 3.50% 3.30% n.a. n.a. 3.70% n.a. 4.00% 3.90% 3.60% n.a. 4.10% 4.00% (1) n.a. For our other post-employment benefit plans, the assumed trend rates used to measure the expected benefit costs of the defined benefit obligations are also the ultimate trend rates. not applicable Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 179 Note 17 Employee benefits – Pension and other post-employment benefits (continued) Mortality assumptions Mortality assumptions are significant in measuring our obligations under the defined benefit pension plans. These assumptions have been set based on country specific statistics. Future longevity improvements have been considered and included where appropriate. The following table summarizes the mortality assumptions used for material plans. As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Life expectancy at 65 for a member currently at Life expectancy at 65 for a member currently at Age 65 Age 45 Age 65 Age 45 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 23.2 20.7 24.1 23.7 22.7 26.2 24.2 22.3 26.2 24.6 24.2 28.4 23.1 20.8 24.0 23.6 22.8 26.0 24.1 20.5 26.1 24.6 22.9 28.3 (In years) Country Canada United States United Kingdom Sensitivity analysis Assumptions adopted can have a significant effect on the obligations for defined benefit pension and other post-employment benefit plans. The increase (decrease) in obligation in the following table has been determined assuming all other assumptions are held constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur, as changes in some of the assumptions may be correlated. The following table presents the sensitivity analysis of key assumptions for 2017. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Discount rate Impact of 50bps increase in discount rate Impact of 50bps decrease in discount rate Rate of increase in future compensation Impact of 50bps increase in rate of increase in future compensation Impact of 50bps decrease in rate of increase in future compensation Mortality rate Impact of an increase in longevity by one additional year Healthcare cost trend rate Impact of 100bps increase in healthcare cost trend rate Impact of 100bps decrease in healthcare cost trend rate n.a. not applicable Note 18 Other liabilities (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash collateral Accounts payable and accrued expenses Payroll and related compensation Payable to brokers, dealers and clients Negotiable instruments Accrued interest payable Deferred income Taxes payable Precious metals certificates Dividends payable Insurance related liabilities Deferred income taxes Provisions Employee benefit liabilities Other 180 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Increase (decrease) in obligation Defined benefit pension plans Other post- employment benefit plans $ (1,033) 1,152 $ (127) 142 61 (61) 340 n.a. n.a. 1 (1) 39 94 (78) As at October 31 2017 15,422 $ 1,293 7,192 2,932 2,080 1,781 2,079 2,342 387 1,394 334 97 460 2,336 6,826 46,955 $ $ $ October 31 2016 14,545 1,191 6,448 2,919 2,277 1,630 1,971 2,730 485 1,309 328 989 485 3,345 7,295 47,947 Note 19 Subordinated debentures The debentures are unsecured obligations and are subordinated in right of payment to the claims of depositors and certain other creditors. The amounts presented below are net of our own holdings in these debentures, and include the impact of fair value hedges used for managing interest rate risk. (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage and foreign currency) Maturity August 12, 2019 November 2, 2020 July 15, 2022 June 8, 2023 July 17, 2024 (2) December 6, 2024 June 4, 2025 (2) January 20, 2026 (2) January 27, 2026 (2) September 29, 2026 (2) November 1, 2027 June 26, 2037 October 1, 2083 June 29, 2085 Deferred financing costs Earliest par value redemption date November 2, 2015 (1) July 17, 2019 December 6, 2019 June 4, 2020 January 20, 2021 September 29, 2021 November 1, 2022 June 26, 2017 (8) Any interest payment date Any interest payment date Interest rate 9.00% 3.18% 5.38% 9.30% 3.04% (3) 2.99% (4) 2.48% (5) 3.31% (6) 4.65% 3.45% (7) 4.75% 2.86% (9) (10) Denominated in foreign currency (millions) US$75 US$150 US$1,500 TT$300 JPY 10,000 US$174 As at $ October 31 2017 106 – 207 110 1,002 2,003 992 1,456 1,882 1,014 57 – 224 224 $ October 31 2016 115 – 218 110 1,014 2,055 1,003 1,496 2,057 1,061 60 131 224 233 $ $ 9,277 (12) 9,265 $ $ 9,777 (15) 9,762 The terms and conditions of the debentures are as follows: (1) (2) All $1.5 billion outstanding subordinated debentures were redeemed on November 2, 2015 for 100% of their principal amount plus accrued interest to the redemption date. The notes include non-viability contingency capital (NVCC) provisions, necessary for the notes to qualify as Tier 2 regulatory capital under Basel III. NVCC provisions require the conversion of the instrument into a variable number of common shares in the event that OSFI deems the Bank non-viable or a federal or provincial government in Canada publicly announces that the Bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection. In such an event, each note is convertible into common shares pursuant to an automatic conversion formula with a multiplier of 1.5 and a conversion price based on the greater of: (i) a floor price of $5.00 and (ii) the current market price of our common shares based on the volume weighted average trading price of our common shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The number of shares issued is determined by dividing the par value of the note (including accrued and unpaid interest on such note) by the conversion price and then times the multiplier. Interest at stated interest rate until earliest par value redemption date, and thereafter at a rate of 1.08% above the 90-day Bankers’ Acceptance rate. Interest at stated interest rate until earliest par value redemption date, and thereafter at a rate of 1.10% above the 90-day Bankers’ Acceptance rate. Interest at stated interest rate until earliest par value redemption date, and thereafter at a rate of 1.10% above the 90-day Bankers’ Acceptance rate. Interest at stated interest rate until earliest par value redemption date, and thereafter at a rate of 2.35% above the 90-day Bankers’ Acceptance rate. Interest at stated interest rate until earliest par value redemption date, and thereafter at a rate of 1.12% above the 90-day Bankers’ Acceptance rate. All ¥10,000 million outstanding subordinated debentures were redeemed on June 26, 2017 for 100% of their principal amount plus accrued interest to the redemption date. Interest at a rate of 40 basis points above the 30-day Bankers’ Acceptance rate. Interest at a rate of 25 basis points above the U.S. dollar 3-month London Interbank Mean Rate (LIMEAN). In the event of a reduction of the annual dividend we declare on our common shares, the interest payable on the debentures is reduced pro rata to the dividend reduction and the interest reduction is payable with the proceeds from the sale of newly issued common shares. (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) All redemptions, cancellations and exchanges of subordinated debentures are subject to the consent and approval of OSFI, except for the debentures maturing August 12, 2019 and July 15, 2022. Maturity schedule The aggregate maturities of subordinated debentures, based on the maturity dates under the terms of issue, are as follows: (Millions of Canadian dollars) 1 to 5 years 5 to 10 years Thereafter October 31 2017 313 8,459 505 $ $ 9,277 Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 181 Note 20 Trust capital securities We issued innovative capital instruments, RBC Trust Capital Securities (RBC TruCS), through the structured entity RBC Capital Trust (Trust). The Trust has issued non-voting RBC TruCS Series 2010, 2011, 2015 and 2008-1 (RBC TruCS 2010, 2011, 2015 and 2008-1). RBC TruCS 2010 and 2011 were redeemed in 2010 and 2011, respectively. On December 31, 2015, the Trust redeemed all issued and outstanding RBC TruCS 2015 for cash at a redemption price of $1,000 per unit. The holders of the remaining outstanding RBC TruCS do not have any conversion rights or any other redemption rights. As a result, upon consolidation of the Trust, RBC TruCS are classified as non-controlling interests. Holders of RBC TruCS 2008-1 are eligible to receive semi-annual non-cumulative fixed cash distributions until June 30, 2018, and floating-rate cash distributions thereafter. No cash distributions will be payable by the Trust on RBC TruCS if we fail to declare regular dividends (i) on our preferred shares, or (ii) on our common shares if no preferred shares are then outstanding. In this case, the net distributable funds of the Trust will be distributed to us as holders of residual interest in the Trust. Should the Trust fail to pay the semi-annual distributions in full, we will not declare dividends of any kind on any of our preferred or common shares for a specified period of time. The table below presents the significant terms and conditions of RBC TruCS. Significant terms and conditions of RBC Trust Capital Securities (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentage amounts) Issuance date Distribution dates RBC Capital Trust (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Included in Non-controlling interests Earliest redemption date Annual yield At the option of the issuer As at October 31 2017 Principal amount October 31 2016 Principal amount 1,200,000 Trust Capital Securities – Series 2015 500,000 Trust Capital Securities – Series 2008-1 October 28, 2005 April 28, 2008 June 30, December 31 June 30, December 31 4.87% (6) December 31, 2010 6.82% (6) June 30, 2013 $ $ – 500 – 500 The significant terms and conditions of the RBC TruCS are as follows: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Subject to the approval of OSFI, the Trust may, on the earliest redemption date specified above, and on any distribution date thereafter, redeem in whole (but not in part) RBC TruCS 2008-1, without the consent of the holders. Issuer Redemption Price: RBC TruCS 2008-1 may be redeemed for cash equivalent to (i) the Early Redemption Price, if the redemption occurs prior to June 30, 2018 or (ii) the Redemption Price, if the redemption occurs on or after June 30, 2018. Redemption Price refers to an amount equal to $1,000 plus the unpaid distributions to the redemption date. Early Redemption Price refers to an amount equal to the greater of (i) the Redemption Price and (ii) the price calculated to provide an annual yield, equal to the yield on a Government of Canada bond issued on the redemption date with a maturity date of June 30, 2018, plus 77 basis points. Automatic Exchange Event: Without the consent of the holders, each RBC TruCS 2008-1 will be exchanged automatically for 40 of our non-cumulative redeemable First Preferred Shares Series Al, upon occurrence of any of the following events: (i) proceedings are commenced for our winding-up; (ii) OSFI takes control of us; (iii) we have a Tier 1 capital ratio of less than 5% or Total capital ratio of less than 8%; or (iv) OSFI has directed us to increase our capital or provide additional liquidity and we elect such automatic exchange or we fail to comply with such direction. The First Preferred Shares Series AI pay semi-annual non-cumulative cash dividends. From time to time, we purchase some of the innovative capital instruments and hold them temporarily. As at October 31, 2017, we held $0.2 million RBC TruCS 2008-1 (October 31, 2016 – $nil) as treasury holdings. Treasury holdings are deducted from regulatory capital. Regulatory capital: In accordance with OSFI Capital Adequacy Requirements, effective January 2013, RBC TruCS no longer qualify as additional Tier 1 capital due to their lack of non-viability contingent capital terms and conditions. As such, outstanding RBC TruCS are being phased out of regulatory capital in accordance with OSFI guidelines. The non-cumulative cash distribution on the RBC TruCS 2015 was 4.87% paid semi-annually until December 31, 2015. The non-cumulative cash distribution on the RBC TruCS 2008-1 is 6.82% paid semi-annually until June 30, 2018, and one half of the sum of the 180-day Bankers’ Acceptance rate plus 3.5% thereafter. 182 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Note 21 Equity Share capital Authorized share capital Preferred – An unlimited number of First Preferred Shares and Second Preferred Shares without nominal or par value, issuable in series; the aggregate consideration for which all the First Preferred Shares and all the Second Preferred Shares that may be issued may not exceed $20 billion and $5 billion, respectively. Common – An unlimited number of shares without nominal or par value may be issued. Outstanding share capital The following table details our common and preferred shares outstanding. (Millions of Canadian dollars, except the number of shares and dividends per share) Preferred shares First preferred (1) Non-cumulative, fixed rate Series W Series AA Series AB (2) Series AC Series AD Series AE Series AF Series AG Series BH Series BI Series BJ Series C-1 (3) Non-cumulative, 5-Year Rate Reset Series AJ Series AL Series AZ Series BB Series BD Series BF Series BK (4) Series BM (5) Non-cumulative, floating rate Series AK Non-cumulative, fixed rate/floating rate Series C-2 (6) Common shares Balance at beginning of year Issued in connection with the acquisition of City National Issued in connection with share-based compensation plans (7) Purchased for cancellation (8) Balance at end of year Treasury shares – Preferred shares Balance at beginning of year Sales Purchases Balance at end of year Treasury shares – Common shares Balance at beginning of year Sales Purchases Balance at end of year As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Number of shares (thousands) Dividends declared per share Number of shares (thousands) Dividends declared per share Amount Amount $ 12,000 12,000 – 8,000 10,000 10,000 8,000 10,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 82 13,579 12,000 20,000 20,000 24,000 12,000 29,000 30,000 2,421 300 300 – 200 250 250 200 250 150 150 150 107 339 300 500 500 600 300 725 750 61 $ 1.23 1.11 0.99 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.23 1.23 1.31 US$ 55.00 0.88 1.07 1.00 0.98 0.90 0.90 1.38 1.38 0.62 $ 12,000 12,000 12,000 8,000 10,000 10,000 8,000 10,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 82 13,579 12,000 20,000 20,000 24,000 12,000 29,000 30,000 2,421 300 300 300 200 250 250 200 250 150 150 150 107 339 300 500 500 600 300 725 750 61 $ 1.23 1.11 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.23 1.23 1.51 US$ 55.00 0.88 1.07 1.00 0.98 0.90 0.90 1.29 0.98 0.60 20 31 $ 6,413 US$ 67.50 20 31 $ 6,713 US$ 67.50 $ 3.48 1,485,394 – $ 17,939 – 3,477 (35,973) 1,452,898 227 (436) $ 17,730 31 5,286 (5,311) 6 (1,159) 46,862 (46,066) (363) $ $ $ $ – 130 (130) – (80) 4,414 (4,361) (27) $ 3.24 1,443,423 41,619 $ 14,573 3,115 4,981 (4,629) 1,485,394 307 (56) $ 17,939 (63) 7,267 (7,173) 31 532 64,678 (66,369) (1,159) $ $ $ $ (2) 172 (170) – 38 4,973 (5,091) (80) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) First Preferred Shares were issued at $25 per share with the exception of Non-Cumulative Perpetual First Preferred Shares, Series C-1 (Series C-1) and Non-Cumulative Fixed Rate/Floating Rate First Preferred Shares, Series C-2 (Series C-2) which were issued at US$1,000 per share (equivalent to US$25 per depositary share). On September 27, 2017, we redeemed all 12 million issued and outstanding Non-Cumulative First Preferred Shares, Series AB, for cash at a redemption price of $25 per share. On November 2, 2015, we issued 175 thousand Series C-1, totalling $227 million, in connection with the acquisition of City National. On February 24, 2016, we purchased for cash 3,717,969 depositary shares, each representing a one-fortieth interest in a share of Series C-1. The purchased depositary and underlying Series C-1 shares were subsequently cancelled. On November 13, 2017, we redeemed all remaining Non-Cumulative Perpetual First Preferred Shares Series C-1 (82 thousand shares) for cash at a redemption price of US$1,000 per share (equivalent to US$25 per related depositary share). On December 16, 2015, we issued 27 million Non-Cumulative 5-Year Rate Reset First Preferred Shares, Series BK (Series BK) and on December 31, 2015, we issued an additional 2 million Series BK, totalling $725 million. On March 7, 2016, we issued 30 million Non-Cumulative 5-year Rate Reset First Preferred Shares, Series BM, totalling $750 million. On November 2, 2015, we issued 100 thousand Series C-2, totalling $153 million, in connection with the acquisition of City National. On February 24, 2016, we purchased for cash 3,184,562 depositary shares, each representing a one-fortieth interest in a share of Series C-2. The purchased depositary and underlying Series C-2 shares were subsequently cancelled. Includes fair value adjustments to stock options of $46 million (2016 – $60 million). During the year ended October 31, 2017, we purchased common shares for cancellation at an average cost of $86.47 per share with a book value of $12.15 per share. During the year ended October 31, 2016, we purchased common shares for cancellation at an average cost of $78.10 per share with a book value of $12.03 per share. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 183 Note 21 Equity (continued) Significant terms and conditions of preferred shares As at October 31, 2017 Preferred shares First preferred Non-cumulative, fixed rate Series W (4) Series AA Series AC Series AD Series AE Series AF Series AG Series BH (5) Series BI (5) Series BJ (5) Series C-1 (6) Initial Period Annual Yield Premium Current Dividend per share (1) Earliest redemption date (2) Issue Date Redemption price (2) (3) 4.90% 4.45% 4.60% 4.50% 4.50% 4.45% 4.50% 4.90% 4.90% 5.25% 5.50% $ January 31, 2005 $ February 24, 2010 .306250 April 4, 2006 .278125 May 24, 2011 November 1, 2006 .287500 November 24, 2011 February 24, 2012 December 13, 2006 .281250 January 19, 2007 February 24, 2012 .281250 March 14, 2007 May 24, 2012 .278125 April 26, 2007 .281250 May 24, 2012 June 5, 2015 .306250 November 24, 2020 July 22, 2015 .306250 November 24, 2020 October 2, 2015 February 24, 2021 .328125 US$ 13.750000 November 13, 2017 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 November 2, 2015 US$ 1,000.00 Non-cumulative, 5-Year Rate Reset (7) Series AJ Series AL Series AZ (5) Series BB (5) Series BD (5) Series BF (5) Series BK (5) Series BM (5) Non-cumulative, floating rate Series AK (8) Non-cumulative, fixed rate/floating rate 5.00% 1.93% 5.60% 2.67% 4.00% 2.21% 3.90% 2.26% 3.60% 2.74% 3.60% 2.62% 5.50% 4.53% 5.50% 4.80% February 24, 2014 September 16, 2008 .220000 November 3, 2008 February 24, 2014 .266250 January 30, 2014 May 24, 2019 .250000 June 3, 2014 August 24, 2019 .243750 January 30, 2015 .225000 May 24, 2020 March 13, 2015 .225000 November 24, 2020 May 24, 2021 December 16, 2015 .343750 March 7, 2016 .343750 August 24, 2021 1.93% .169192 February 24, 2019 February 24, 2014 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 Series C-2 (9) 6.75% 4.052% US$ 16.875000 November 7, 2023 November 2, 2015 US$ 1,000.00 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Non-cumulative preferential dividends of each Series are payable quarterly, as and when declared by the Board of Directors, on or about the 24th day (13th and 7th day for Series C-1 and Series C-2, respectively) of February, May, August and November. Subject to the consent of OSFI and the requirements of the Bank Act (Canada), we may, on or after the dates specified above, redeem First Preferred Shares. In the case of Series AJ, AL, AZ, BB, BD, BF, BK, BM and AK, these may be redeemed for cash at a price per share of $25 if redeemed on the earliest redemption date and on the same date every fifth year thereafter. In the case of Series W, AA, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, BH, BI and BJ, these may be redeemed for cash at a price per share of $26 if redeemed during the 12 months commencing on the earliest redemption date and decreasing by $0.25 each 12-month period thereafter to a price per share of $25 if redeemed four years from the earliest redemption date or thereafter. Series C-1 and Series C-2 may be redeemed at a price of US$1,000 on the earliest redemption date and any dividend payment date thereafter. Subject to the consent of OSFI and the requirements of the Bank Act (Canada), we may purchase the First Preferred Shares of each Series for cancellation at the lowest price or prices at which, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, such shares are obtainable. Subject to the approval of the Toronto Stock Exchange, we may, on or after February 24, 2010, convert First Preferred Shares Series W into our common shares. First Preferred Shares Series W may be converted into that number of common shares determined by dividing the current redemption price by the greater of $2.50 and 95% of the weighted average trading price of common shares at such time. The preferred shares include non-viability contingency capital (NVCC) provisions, necessary for the shares to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital under Basel III. NVCC provisions require the conversion of the instrument into a variable number of common shares in the event that OSFI deems the Bank non-viable or a federal or provincial government in Canada publicly announces that the Bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection. In such an event, each preferred share is convertible into common shares pursuant to an automatic conversion formula with a multiplier of 1 and with a conversion price based on the greater of: (i) a floor price of $5 and (ii) the current market price of our common shares based on the volume weighted average trading price of our common shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The number of shares issued is determined by dividing the preferred share value ($25 plus declared and unpaid dividends) by the conversion price. Series C-1 do not qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital. On November 13, 2017, we redeemed all issued and outstanding Non-Cumulative Perpetual First Preferred Shares Series C-1 (82 thousand shares) for cash at a redemption price of US$1,000 per share (equivalent to US$25 per related depositary share). The dividend rate will reset on the earliest redemption date and every fifth year thereafter at a rate equal to the 5-year Government of Canada bond yield plus the premium indicated. The holders have the option to convert their shares into non-cumulative floating rate First Preferred Shares subject to certain conditions on the earliest redemption date and every fifth year thereafter at a rate equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill rate plus the premium indicated. The dividend rate is equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill rate plus the premium indicated. The holders have the option to convert their shares into non-cumulative First Preferred Shares, Series AJ subject to certain conditions on February 24, 2019 and every fifth year thereafter. The dividend rate will change on the earliest redemption date at a rate equal to the 3-month LIBOR plus the premium indicated. Series C-2 do not qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital. Restrictions on the payment of dividends We are prohibited by the Bank Act (Canada) from declaring any dividends on our preferred or common shares when we are, or would be placed as a result of the declaration, in contravention of the capital adequacy and liquidity regulations or any regulatory directives issued under the Act. We may not pay dividends on our common shares at any time unless all dividends to which preferred shareholders are then entitled have been declared and paid or set apart for payment. We have agreed that if the Trust fails to pay any required distribution on the trust capital securities in full, we will not declare dividends of any kind on any of our preferred or common shares. Refer to Note 20. Currently, these limitations do not restrict the payment of dividends on our preferred or common shares. Dividend reinvestment plan Our dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP) provides common and preferred shareholders with a means to receive additional common shares rather than cash dividends. The plan is only open to shareholders residing in Canada or the United States. The requirements of our DRIP are satisfied through either open market share purchases or shares issued from treasury. During 2017 and 2016, the requirements of our DRIP were satisfied through open market share purchases. 184 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Shares available for future issuances As at October 31, 2017, 43.8 million common shares are available for future issue relating to our DRIP and potential exercise of stock options outstanding. In addition, we may issue up to 38.9 million common shares from treasury under the RBC Umbrella Savings and Securities Purchase Plan that was approved by shareholders on February 26, 2009. Non-controlling interests (Millions of Canadian dollars) RBC Trust Capital Securities (1) Series 2008-1 Other As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ 511 88 599 $ $ 511 84 595 (1) As at October 31, 2017, RBC TruCS Series 2008-1 includes $11 million of accrued interest (October 31, 2016 – $11 million), net of $0.2 million treasury holdings (October 31, 2016 – $nil). Note 22 Share-based compensation Stock option plans We have stock option plans for certain key employees. Under the plans, options are periodically granted to purchase common shares. The exercise price for the majority of the grants is determined as the higher of the volume-weighted average of the trading prices per board lot (100 shares) of our common shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange (i) on the day preceding the day of grant; and (ii) the five consecutive trading days immediately preceding the day of grant. The exercise price for the remaining grants is the closing market share price of our common shares on the New York Stock Exchange on the date of grant. All options vest over a four-year period, and are exercisable for a period not exceeding 10 years from the grant date. The compensation expense recorded for the year ended October 31, 2017, in respect of the stock option plans was $8 million (October 31, 2016 – $8 million). The compensation expense related to non-vested options was $5 million at October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $4 million), to be recognized over the weighted average period of 1.5 years (October 31, 2016 – 1.9 years). Analysis of the movement in the number and weighted average exercise price of options is set out below: A summary of our stock option activity and related information (Canadian dollars per share except share amounts) Outstanding at beginning of year Granted (1) Exercised (2) (3) Forfeited in the year Outstanding at end of year Exercisable at end of year October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Number of options (thousands) 10,650 1,509 (3,477) (116) Weighted average exercise price (4) 57.64 $ 90.23 51.14 75.96 Number of options (thousands) 8,182 7,403 (4,825) (110) Weighted average exercise price (4) 55.78 $ 55.74 50.97 69.79 8,566 4,337 $ $ 64.96 50.04 10,650 6,909 $ $ 57.64 49.47 (1) (2) (3) (4) During 2016, total consideration in our acquisition of City National included share-based compensation amounts of US$156 million, including the conversion of 3.8 million stock options with a fair value of US$112 million, based on the Black-Scholes model. Refer to Note 11 for details on this acquisition. Cash received for options exercised during the year was $178 million (October 31, 2016 – $246 million) and the weighted average share price at the date of exercise was $93.48 (October 31, 2016 – $76.90). New shares were issued for all stock options exercised in 2017 and 2016. The weighted average exercise prices reflect the conversion of foreign currency-denominated options at the exchange rates as of October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2016. For foreign currency- denominated options exercised during the year, the weighted average exercise prices are translated using exchange rates as at the settlement date. Options outstanding as at October 31, 2017 by range of exercise price (Canadian dollars per share except share amounts and years) $19.40 – $45.64 $46.14 – $55.04 $58.65 – $72.77 $73.14 – $74.39 $75.12 – $90.23 Options outstanding Options exercisable Number outstanding (thousands) 1,655 1,479 1,375 1,786 2,271 Weighted average exercise price (1) 38.46 $ 51.96 63.67 74.28 86.17 Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) 3.01 2.98 5.86 7.89 8.35 Number exercisable (thousands) 1,655 1,479 1,030 172 1 Weighted average exercise price (1) 38.46 $ 51.96 61.82 74.08 75.12 8,566 $ 64.96 5.90 4,337 $ 50.04 (1) The weighted average exercise prices reflect the conversion of foreign currency-denominated options at the exchange rate as of October 31, 2017. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 185 Note 22 Share-based compensation (continued) The weighted average fair value of options granted during the year ended October 31, 2017 was estimated at $5.28 (October 31, 2016 – $4.83). This was determined by applying the Black-Scholes model on the date of grant, taking into account the specific terms and conditions under which the options are granted, such as the vesting period and expected share price volatility estimated by considering both historic average share price volatility and implied volatility derived from traded options over our common shares of similar maturity to those of the employee options. The following assumptions were used to determine the fair value of options granted: Weighted average assumptions (Canadian dollars per share except percentages and years) Share price at grant date Risk-free interest rate Expected dividend yield Expected share price volatility Expected life of option For the year ended $ October 31 2017 90.30 1.27% 4.14% 14% 6 years $ October 31 2016 72.49 0.94% 4.07% 16% 6 years Employee savings and share ownership plans We offer many employees an opportunity to own our common shares through savings and share ownership plans. Under these plans, the employees can generally contribute between 1% and 10% of their annual salary or benefit base for commission-based employees. For each contribution between 1% and 6%, we will match 50% of the employee contributions in our common shares. For the RBC Dominion Securities Savings Plan, our maximum annual contribution is $4,500 per employee. For the RBC U.K. Share Incentive Plan, our maximum annual contribution is £1,500 per employee. For the year ended October 31, 2017, we contributed $92 million (October 31, 2016 – $91 million), under the terms of these plans, towards the purchase of our common shares. As at October 31, 2017, an aggregate of 36 million common shares were held under these plans (October 31, 2016 – 37 million common shares). Deferred share and other plans We offer deferred share unit plans to executives, certain key employees and non-employee directors of RBC. Under these plans, participants may choose to receive all or a percentage of their annual variable short-term incentive bonus or directors’ fee in the form of deferred share units (DSUs). The participants must elect to participate in the plan prior to the beginning of the year. DSUs earn dividend equivalents in the form of additional DSUs at the same rate as dividends on common shares. The participant is not allowed to convert the DSUs until retirement or termination of employment/directorship. The cash value of the DSUs is equivalent to the market value of common shares when conversion takes place. We have a deferred bonus plan for certain key employees within Capital Markets. The deferred bonus is invested as RBC share units and a specified percentage vests on each of the three anniversary dates following the grant date. Each vested amount is paid in cash and is based on the original number of RBC share units plus accumulated dividends valued using the average closing price of RBC common shares during the five trading days immediately preceding the vesting date. We offer performance deferred share award plans to certain key employees, all of which vest at the end of three years. Upon vesting, the award is paid in cash and is based on the original number of RBC share units granted plus accumulated dividends valued using the average closing price of RBC common shares during the five trading days immediately preceding the vesting date. A portion of the award under certain plans may be increased or decreased up to 25%, depending on our total shareholder return compared to a defined peer group of global financial institutions. We maintain non-qualified deferred compensation plans for certain key employees in the United States. These plans allow eligible employees to defer a portion of their annual income and a variety of productivity and recruitment bonuses and allocate the deferrals among specified fund choices, including a RBC Share Accounted fund that tracks the value of our common shares. The following table presents the units granted under the deferred share and other plans for the year. Units granted under deferred share and other plans (Units and per unit amounts) Deferred share unit plans Deferred bonus plan Performance deferred share award plans Deferred compensation plans Other share-based plans For the year ended October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Units granted (thousands) 343 4,347 2,185 99 794 Weighted average fair value per unit $ 91.87 100.30 88.79 91.49 90.68 Units granted (thousands) 388 4,545 2,656 124 1,394 Weighted average fair value per unit $ 74.89 83.30 74.49 72.52 76.04 7,768 $ 93.24 9,107 $ 79.11 Our liabilities for the awards granted under the deferred share and other plans are measured at fair value, determined based on the quoted market price of our common shares and specified fund choices as applicable. Annually, our obligation is increased by additional units earned by plan participants, and is offset by forfeitures, cancellations, and the settlement of vested units. In addition, our obligation is impacted by fluctuations in the market price of our common shares and specified fund units. For performance deferred share award plans, the estimated outcome of meeting the performance conditions also impacts our obligation. 186 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The following tables present the units that have been earned by the participants, our obligations for these earned units under the deferred share and other plans, and the related compensation expenses (recoveries) recognized for the year. Obligations under deferred share and other plans (Millions of Canadian dollars except units) Deferred share unit plans Deferred bonus plan Performance deferred share award plans Deferred compensation plans (1) Other share-based plans (1) Excludes obligations not determined based on the quoted market price of our common shares. Compensation expenses recognized under deferred share and other plans (Millions of Canadian dollars) Deferred share unit plans Deferred bonus plan Performance deferred share award plans Deferred compensation plans Other share-based plans Note 23 Income taxes The components of tax expense are as follows. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Income taxes (recoveries) in Consolidated Statements of Income Current tax Tax expense for current year Adjustments for prior years Recoveries arising from previously unrecognized tax loss, tax credit or temporary difference of a prior period Deferred tax Origination and reversal of temporary difference Effects of changes in tax rates Adjustments for prior years Write-down (reversal of a previous write-down) Income taxes (recoveries) in Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and Changes in Equity Other comprehensive income Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities Reclassification of net losses (gains) on available-for-sale securities to income Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) Net foreign currency translation gains (losses) from hedging activities Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges Reclassification of losses (gains) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges to income Remeasurements of employee benefit plans Net fair value change due to credit risk on financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss Issuance costs Share-based compensation awards Total income taxes As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Units (thousands) 4,642 12,021 5,924 3,651 2,021 28,259 Carrying amount 468 $ 1,213 597 368 201 $ 2,847 Units (thousands) 4,490 $ Carrying amount 376 1,444 502 333 157 31,003 $ 2,812 14,644 5,999 3,972 1,898 For the year ended $ October 31 2017 96 343 312 342 108 $ October 31 2016 62 195 246 134 91 $ 1,201 $ 728 For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ 3,261 (22) – 3,239 (32) (8) 5 (1) (36) 3,012 (26) (61) 2,925 (111) (3) 27 3 (84) 3,203 2,841 62 (38) (3) 142 195 (3) 273 (124) – (35) 469 29 (20) 3 51 (13) 19 (373) (118) (6) (10) (438) $ 3,672 $ 2,403 Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 187 Note 23 Income taxes (continued) Our effective tax rate changed from 21.4% for 2016 to 21.8% for 2017, principally due to lower tax exempt income and the impact from the gain on sale of RBC General Insurance Company in 2016. These factors were partially offset by our share of a gain related to the sale of our U.S. operations of Moneris in the current year. The following is an analysis of the differences between the income tax expense reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income and the amounts calculated at the Canadian statutory rate. Reconciliation to statutory tax rate (Millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentage amounts) Income taxes at Canadian statutory tax rate Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from Lower average tax rate applicable to subsidiaries Tax-exempt income from securities Tax rate change Effect of previously unrecognized tax loss, tax credit or temporary differences Other Income taxes in Consolidated Statements of Income / effective tax rate For the year ended October 31, 2017 $ 3,888 26.5% $ 3,524 October 31, 2016 (518) (293) (8) – 134 $ 3,203 (3.5) (2.0) (0.1) – 0.9 (340) (410) (3) (61) 131 21.8% $ 2,841 26.5% (2.6) (3.1) – (0.4) 1.0 21.4% Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from tax loss carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net deferred tax asset/(liability) Allowance for credit losses Deferred compensation Business realignment charges Tax loss carryforwards Deferred income Available-for-sale securities Premises and equipment and intangibles Deferred expense Pension and post-employment related Other Comprising Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net deferred tax asset/(liability) Allowance for credit losses Deferred compensation Business realignment charges Tax loss carryforwards Deferred income Available-for-sale securities Premises and equipment and intangibles Deferred expense Pension and post-employment related Other Comprising Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities As at October 31, 2017 Net Asset November 1, 2016 Change through equity Change through profit or loss Exchange rate differences Acquisitions/ disposals Net Asset October 31, 2017 $ $ $ $ $ 484 1,558 8 32 95 10 (1,081) (60) 825 (33) $ – 35 – – – 47 (1) – (273) (12) $ 9 (65) 3 (12) (105) (5) 66 135 23 (13) 1,838 $ (204) $ 36 $ (7) (37) – (1) (1) (3) 13 1 (4) 4 (35) $ $ 2,827 (989) 1,838 – – – – – – – – – – – $ $ $ $ 486 1,491 11 19 (11) 49 (1,003) 76 571 (54) 1,635 1,732 (97) 1,635 As at October 31, 2016 Net Asset November 1, 2015 Change through equity Change through profit or loss Exchange rate differences Acquisitions/ disposals Net Asset October 31, 2016 $ $ $ $ $ 372 1,296 6 54 147 12 (539) (86) 412 197 $ – 10 – (1) – (12) – 8 373 8 $ 90 40 2 (19) (32) 1 62 5 39 (104) 1,871 $ 386 $ 84 $ 2 23 – (2) 1 4 (10) – 1 (7) 12 $ $ 2,072 (201) 1,871 20 189 – – (21) 5 (594) 13 – (127) (515) $ $ $ $ 484 1,558 8 32 95 10 (1,081) (60) 825 (33) 1,838 2,827 (989) 1,838 188 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The tax loss carryforwards amount of deferred tax assets relates to losses in our Caribbean, Canadian and Japanese operations. Deferred tax assets of $19 million were recognized at October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $32 million) in respect of tax losses incurred in current or preceding years for which recognition is dependent on the projection of future taxable profits. Management’s forecasts support the assumption that it is probable that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to utilize the deferred tax assets. The forecasts rely on continued liquidity and capital support to our business operations, including tax planning strategies implemented in relation to such support. As at October 31, 2017, unused tax losses, tax credits and deductible temporary differences of $387 million, $582 million and $40 million (October 31, 2016 – $372 million, $541 million and $3 million) available to be offset against potential tax adjustments or future taxable income were not recognized as deferred tax assets. This amount includes unused tax losses of $2 million which expire within one year (October 31, 2016 – $26 million), $4 million which expire in two to four years (October 31, 2016 – $3 million) and $381 million which expire after four years (October 31, 2016 – $343 million). There are $7 million of tax credits that will expire in one year (October 31, 2016 - $nil), $92 million that will expire in two to four years (October 31, 2016 – $73 million) and $483 million that will expire after four years (October 31, 2016 – $468 million). In addition, there are deductible temporary differences of $1 million that will expire in two to four years (October 31, 2016 – $nil) and $39 million that will expire after four years (October 31, 2016 – $3 million). The amount of temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, branches and associates and interests in joint ventures for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized in the parent bank is $13.5 billion as at October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $11.7 billion). Tax examinations and assessments During the year, we received proposal letters (the Proposals) from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), in respect of the 2012 taxation year, which suggest that Royal Bank of Canada owes additional income taxes of approximately $250 million, excluding interest, as the tax deductibility of certain dividends was denied on the basis that they were part of a “dividend rental arrangement”. This Proposal is consistent with reassessments also received during the year for approximately $209 million of additional income tax and interest for taxation year 2011 and approximately $225 million of tax and interest reassessments received last year for taxation years 2010 and 2009 in respect of the same matter. The dividends to which the Proposals and reassessments relate were received in transactions similar to those addressed in the 2015 Canadian Federal Budget, which disallowed deduction of these dividends from similar arrangements with prospective application effective May 1, 2017. It is possible that the CRA will reassess us for significant additional income tax for subsequent years on the same basis. We are confident that our tax filing position was appropriate and intend to defend ourselves vigorously. Note 24 Earnings per share (Millions of Canadian dollars, except share and per share amounts) Basic earnings per share Net Income Preferred share dividends Net income attributable to non-controlling interest Net income available to common shareholders Weighted average number of common shares (in thousands) Basic earnings per share (in dollars) Diluted earnings per share Net income available to common shareholders Dilutive impact of exchangeable shares Net income available to common shareholders including dilutive impact of exchangeable shares Weighted average number of common shares (in thousands) Stock options (1) Issuable under other share-based compensation plans Exchangeable shares (2) Average number of diluted common shares (in thousands) Diluted earnings per share (in dollars) For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ $ 11,469 (300) (41) 11,128 1,466,988 7.59 11,128 15 11,143 1,466,988 3,273 744 3,416 $ $ $ 10,458 (294) (53) 10,111 1,485,876 6.80 10,111 15 10,126 1,485,876 3,329 731 4,201 1,474,421 7.56 $ 1,494,137 6.78 $ (1) (2) The dilutive effect of stock options was calculated using the treasury stock method. When the exercise price of options outstanding is greater than the average market price of our common shares, the options are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the year ended October 31, 2017, no outstanding options were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the year ended October 31, 2016, an average of 802,371 outstanding options with an average exercise price of $78.58 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. Includes exchangeable preferred shares and trust capital securities. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 189 Note 25 Guarantees, commitments, pledged assets and contingencies Guarantees and commitments We use guarantees and other off-balance sheet credit instruments to meet the financing needs of our clients. The table below summarizes our maximum exposure to credit losses related to our guarantees and commitments provided to third parties. The maximum exposure to credit risk relating to a guarantee is the maximum risk of loss if there was a total default by the guaranteed parties, without consideration of possible recoveries under recourse provisions, insurance policies or from collateral held or pledged. The maximum exposure to credit risk relating to a commitment to extend credit is the full amount of the commitment. In both cases, the maximum risk exposure is significantly greater than the amount recognized as a liability in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Financial guarantees Financial standby letters of credit Commitments to extend credit Backstop liquidity facilities Credit enhancements Documentary and commercial letters of credit Other commitments to extend credit Other credit-related commitments Securities lending indemnifications Performance guarantees Other Maximum exposure to credit losses As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 18,746 $ 18,886 38,939 2,261 286 186,971 101,844 6,579 154 38,910 2,598 232 181,491 90,230 6,844 50 Our credit review process, our policy for requiring collateral security, and the types of collateral security held are generally the same for guarantees and commitments as for loans. Our clients generally have the right to request settlement of, or draw on, our guarantees and commitments within one year. However, certain guarantees can only be drawn if specified conditions are met. These conditions, along with collateral requirements, are described below. We believe that it is highly unlikely that all or substantially all of the guarantees and commitments will be drawn or settled within one year, and contracts may expire without being drawn or settled. Financial guarantees Financial standby letters of credit Financial standby letters of credit represent irrevocable assurances that we will make payments in the event that a client cannot meet its payment obligations to the third party. For certain guarantees, the guaranteed party can request payment from us even though the client has not defaulted on its obligations. The term of these guarantees generally have a term of 8 years. Our policy for requiring collateral security with respect to these instruments and the types of collateral security held is generally the same as for loans. When collateral security is taken, it is determined on an account-by-account basis according to the risk of the borrower and the specifics of the transaction. Collateral security may include cash, securities and other assets pledged. Commitments to extend credit Backstop liquidity facilities Backstop liquidity facilities are provided to ABCP conduit programs administered by us and third parties as an alternative source of financing in the event that such programs are unable to access commercial paper markets, or in limited circumstances, when predetermined performance measures of the financial assets owned by these programs are not met. The average remaining term of these liquidity facilities is approximately four years. Backstop liquidity facilities are also provided to non-asset backed programs such as variable rate demand notes issued by third parties. These standby facilities provide liquidity support to the issuer to buy the notes if the issuer is unable to remarket the notes, as long as the instrument and/or the issuer maintains the investment grade rating. The terms of the backstop liquidity facilities do not require us to advance money to these programs in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency and generally do not require us to purchase non-performing or defaulted assets. Credit enhancements We provide partial credit enhancement to multi-seller ABCP programs administered by us to protect commercial paper investors in the event that the collections on the underlying assets together with the transaction-specific credit enhancements or the liquidity facilities prove to be insufficient to pay for maturing commercial paper. Each of the asset pools is structured to achieve a high investment-grade credit profile through credit enhancements from us and other third parties related to each transaction. The average remaining term of these credit facilities is approximately three years. Documentary and commercial letters of credit Documentary and commercial letters of credit, which are written undertakings by us on behalf of a client authorizing a third party to draw drafts on us up to a stipulated amount under specific terms and conditions, where some are collateralized based on the underlying agreement with the client and others are collateralized by cash deposits or other assets of the third party which may include the underlying shipment of goods to which they relate. Other commitments to extend credit Commitments to extend credit represent unused portions of authorizations to extend credit in the form of loans, bankers’ acceptances or letters of credit where we do not have the ability to unilaterally withdraw the credit extended to the borrower. 190 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Other credit-related commitments Securities lending indemnifications In securities lending transactions, we act as an agent for the owner of a security, who agrees to lend the security to a borrower for a fee, under the terms of a pre-arranged contract. The borrower must fully collateralize the security loaned at all times. As part of this custodial business, an indemnification may be provided to securities lending customers to ensure that the fair value of securities loaned will be returned in the event that the borrower fails to return the borrowed securities and the collateral held is insufficient to cover the fair value of those securities. These indemnifications normally terminate without being drawn upon. The term of these indemnifications varies, as the securities loaned are recallable on demand. Collateral held for our securities lending transactions typically includes cash, securities that are issued or guaranteed by the Canadian government, U.S. government or other OECD countries or high quality debt or equity instruments. Performance guarantees Performance guarantees represent irrevocable assurances that we will make payments to third-party beneficiaries in the event that a client fails to perform under a specified non-financial contractual obligation. Such obligations typically include works and service contracts, performance bonds, and warranties related to international trade. The term of these guarantees can range up to eight years. Our policy for requiring collateral security with respect to these instruments and the types of collateral security held is generally the same as for loans. When collateral security is taken, it is determined on an account-by-account basis according to the risk of the borrower and the specifics of the transaction. Collateral security may include cash, securities and other assets pledged. Indemnifications In the normal course of our operations, we provide indemnifications which are often standard contractual terms to counterparties in transactions such as purchase and sale contracts, fiduciary, agency, licensing, custodial and service agreements, clearing system arrangements, participation as a member of exchanges, director/officer contracts and leasing transactions. These indemnification agreements may require us to compensate the counterparties for costs incurred as a result of changes in laws and regulations (including tax legislation) or as a result of litigation claims or statutory sanctions that may be suffered by the counterparty as a consequence of the transaction. The terms of these indemnification agreements vary based on the contract. The nature of the indemnification agreements prevents us from making a reasonable estimate of the maximum potential amount we could be required to pay to counterparties. Historically, we have not made any significant payments under such indemnifications. Uncommitted amounts Uncommitted amounts represent undrawn credit facilities for which we have the ability to unilaterally withdraw the credit extended to the borrower. These include both retail and commercial commitments. As at October 31, 2017, the total balance of uncommitted amounts was $260 billion (October 31, 2016 – $271 billion(1)). Other commitments We act as underwriter for certain new issuances under which we alone or together with a syndicate of financial institutions purchase the new issue for resale to investors. In connection with these activities, our commitments were $38 million as at October 31, 2017, (October 31, 2016 – $540 million). We invest in private companies, directly or through third party investment funds, including Small Business Investment Companies, real estate funds and Low Income Housing Tax Credit funds. These funds are generally structured as closed-end limited partnerships wherein we hold a limited partner interest. For the year ended October 31, 2017, we have unfunded commitments of CAD $937 million (October 31, 2016 – $898 million) representing the aggregate amount of cash we are obligated to be contributed as capital to these partnerships under the terms of the relevant contracts. Pledged assets and collateral In the ordinary course of business, we pledge assets and enter in collateral agreements with terms and conditions that are usual and customary to our regular lending, borrowing and trading activities recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following are examples of our general terms and conditions on pledged assets and collateral: • • • • The risks and rewards of the pledged assets reside with the pledgor. The pledged asset is returned to the pledgor when the necessary conditions have been satisfied. The right of the pledgee to sell or re-pledge the asset is dependent on the specific agreement under which the collateral is pledged. If there is no default, the pledgee must return the comparable asset to the pledgor upon satisfaction of the obligation. We are also required to provide intraday pledges to the Bank of Canada when we use the Large Value Transfer System (LVTS), which is a real-time electronic wire transfer system that continuously processes all Canadian dollar large-value or time-critical payments throughout the day. The pledged assets earmarked for LVTS activities are normally released back to us at the end of the settlement cycle each day. Therefore, the pledged assets amount is not included in the table below. For the year ended October 31, 2017, we had on average $3.7 billion of assets pledged intraday to the Bank of Canada on a daily basis (October 31, 2016 – $3.4 billion). There are infrequent occasions where we are required to take an overnight advance from the Bank of Canada to cover a settlement requirement, in which case an equivalent value of the pledged assets would be used to secure the advance. There were no overnight advances taken on October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2016. (1) Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 191 Note 25 Guarantees, commitments, pledged assets and contingencies (continued) Details of assets pledged against liabilities and collateral assets held or re-pledged are shown in the following tables: (Millions of Canadian dollars) Sources of pledged assets and collateral Bank assets Cash and due from banks Loans Securities Other assets Client assets (1) Collateral received and available for sale or re-pledging (2) Less: not sold or re-pledged (2) Uses of pledged assets and collateral Securities lent (2) Securities borrowed (2) Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements (2) Securitization Covered bonds Derivative transactions Foreign governments and central banks Clearing systems, payment systems and depositories Other As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 6 83,141 60,708 19,520 $ – 85,351 55,479 23,307 163,375 164,137 298,470 (82,522) 215,948 250,181 (69,631) 180,550 $ 379,323 $ 344,687 $ 31,635 48,929 30,008 139,536 43,346 38,504 22,134 3,298 2,916 19,017 $ 25,187 34,817 50,369 102,229 43,502 40,293 29,183 1,574 3,521 14,012 $ 379,323 $ 344,687 (1) (2) Primarily relates to Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements, Securities lent and Derivative transactions. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Lease commitments Finance lease commitments We lease computer equipment from third parties under finance lease arrangements. The leases have various terms, escalation and renewal rights. The future minimum lease payments under the finance leases are as follows: (Millions of Canadian dollars) Future minimum lease payments No later than one year Later than one year and no later than five years As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 Total future minimum lease payments Future interest charges Present value of finance lease commitments Total future minimum lease payments Future interest charges Present value of finance lease commitments $ $ 17 21 38 $ $ (2) (2) (4) $ $ 15 19 34 $ $ 21 20 41 $ $ (2) (2) (4) $ $ 19 18 37 The net carrying amount of computer equipment held under finance lease as at October 31, 2017 was $44 million (October 31, 2016 – $47 million). 192 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Operating lease commitments We are obligated under a number of non-cancellable operating leases for premises and equipment. These leases have various terms, escalation and renewal rights. The lease agreements do not include any clauses that impose any restriction on our ability to pay dividends, engage in debt financing transactions, or enter into further lease agreements. The minimum future lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases are as follows. October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 As at (Millions of Canadian dollars) Future minimum lease payments No later than one year Later than one year and no later than five years Later than five years Less: Future minimum sublease payments to be received Land and buildings $ 643 2,006 2,868 5,517 (21) Net future minimum lease payments $ 5,496 $ Note 26 Legal and regulatory matters Equipment Equipment $ $ Land and buildings $ 662 1,993 2,140 4,795 (24) $ 4,771 $ 94 192 – 286 – 286 70 206 – 276 – 276 We are a large global institution that is subject to many different complex legal and regulatory requirements that continue to evolve. We are and have been subject to a variety of legal proceedings, including civil claims and lawsuits, regulatory examinations, investigations, audits and requests for information by various governmental regulatory agencies and law enforcement authorities in various jurisdictions. Some of these matters may involve novel legal theories and interpretations and may be advanced under criminal as well as civil statutes, and some proceedings could result in the imposition of civil, regulatory enforcement or criminal penalties. We review the status of all proceedings on an ongoing basis and will exercise judgment in resolving them in such manner as we believe to be in our best interest. This is an area of significant judgment and uncertainty and the extent of our financial and other exposure to these proceedings after taking into account current accruals could be material to our results of operations in any particular period. The following is a description of our significant legal proceedings. LIBOR regulatory investigations and litigation Various regulators and competition and enforcement authorities around the world, including in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the U.S., are conducting investigations related to certain past submissions made by panel banks in connection with the setting of the U.S. dollar London interbank offered rate (LIBOR). These investigations focus on allegations of collusion between the banks that were on the panel to make submissions for certain LIBOR rates. Royal Bank of Canada is a member of certain LIBOR panels, including the U.S. dollar LIBOR panel, and has in the past been the subject of regulatory requests for information. In addition, Royal Bank of Canada and other U.S. dollar panel banks have been named as defendants in private lawsuits filed in the U.S. with respect to the setting of LIBOR including a number of class action lawsuits which have been consolidated before the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaints in those private lawsuits assert claims against us and other panel banks under various U.S. laws, including U.S. antitrust laws, the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act, and state law. On December 20, 2016, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed a substantial portion of the consolidated LIBOR class action on jurisdictional grounds and lack of standing. Based on the facts currently known, it is not possible at this time for us to predict the ultimate outcome of these investigations or proceedings or the timing of their resolution. Royal Bank of Canada Trust Company (Bahamas) Limited proceedings On April 13, 2015, a French investigating judge notified Royal Bank of Canada Trust Company (Bahamas) Limited (RBC Bahamas) of the issuance of an ordonnance de renvoi referring RBC Bahamas and other unrelated persons to the French tribunal correctionnel to face the charge of complicity in estate tax fraud relating to actions taken relating to a trust for which RBC Bahamas serves as trustee. RBC Bahamas believes that its actions did not violate French law and contested the charge in the French court. On January 12, 2017, the French court acquitted all parties including RBC Bahamas. The French prosecutor’s office has appealed. The appeal is currently scheduled to be heard commencing on March 2, 2018. On October 28, 2016, Royal Bank of Canada was granted an exemption by the U.S. Department of Labor that will allow Royal Bank of Canada and its current and future affiliates to continue to qualify for the Qualified Professional Asset Manager exemption under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act despite any potential conviction of RBC Bahamas in the French proceeding for a temporary one year period from the date of conviction. An application to grant more lengthy exemptive relief is pending. RBC Bahamas continues to review the trustee’s and the trust’s legal obligations, including liabilities and potential liabilities under applicable tax and other laws. Based on the facts currently known, it is not possible at this time to predict the ultimate outcome of these matters; however, we believe that the ultimate resolution will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, although it may be material to our results of operations in the period it occurs. Interchange fees litigation Since 2011, seven proposed class actions have been commenced in Canada: Bancroft-Snell v. Visa Canada Corporation, et al., 9085-4886 Quebec Inc. v. Visa Canada Corporation, et al., Coburn and Watson’s Metropolitan Home v. Bank of America Corporation, et al. (Watson), Macaronies Hair Club and Laser Centre Inc. v. BofA Canada Bank, et al., 1023926 Alberta Ltd. v. Bank of America Corporation, et al., The Crown & Hand Pub Ltd. v. Bank of America Corporation, et al., and Hello Baby Equipment Inc. v. BofA Canada Bank, et al. The defendants in each action are VISA Canada Corporation (Visa), MasterCard International Incorporated (MasterCard), Royal Bank of Canada and other financial institutions. The plaintiff class members are Canadian merchants who accept Visa and/or MasterCard branded credit cards for payment. The actions allege, among other things, that from March 2001 to the present, Visa and MasterCard conspired with their issuing banks and acquirers to set default interchange rates and merchant discount fees and that certain rules (Honour All Cards and No Surcharge) have the effect of increasing the merchant discount fees. The actions include claims of civil conspiracy, breach of the Competition Act, interference with economic relations and unjust enrichment. The claims seek unspecified general and punitive damages. In Watson, a decision to partially certify the action as a class proceeding was released on March 27, 2014, and was appealed. On August 19, 2015, the British Columbia Court of Appeal struck the plaintiff class representative’s cause of action under section 45 of the Competition Act and reinstated the plaintiff class representative’s cause of action Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 193 Note 26 Legal and regulatory matters (continued) in civil conspiracy by unlawful means, among other rulings. In October 2016, the trial court in Watson denied a motion by the plaintiff to revive the stricken section 45 Competition Act claim, and also denied the plaintiff’s motion to add new causes of action. The plaintiff class representative has now appealed that decision. The Watson proceeding has been set down for trial commencing September 2018. Based on the facts currently known, it is not possible at this time for us to predict the ultimate outcome of this proceeding or the timing of its resolution. Foreign exchange matters Various regulators are conducting inquiries regarding potential violations of antitrust law by a number of banks, including Royal Bank of Canada, regarding foreign exchange trading. On March 3, 2017, the Brazilian civil antitrust authority Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) initiated a civil administrative proceeding against the Royal Bank of Canada and certain other financial institutions and individuals. Beginning in 2015, putative class actions were brought against Royal Bank of Canada and/or RBC Capital Markets, LLC in the United States and Canada. These actions were each brought against multiple foreign exchange dealers and allege, among other things, collusive behaviour in global foreign exchange trading. In September 2017, the US District Court entered an order preliminarily approving RBC Capital Market’s pending settlement with class plaintiffs. A hearing on the fairness of the proposed settlements is currently scheduled by the US District Court for May 2018. RBC denies liability in connection with the proposed settlement. The Canadian class actions and one other US action that is purportedly brought on behalf of different classes of plaintiffs remain pending. In its discretion RBC may choose to resolve claims, litigations, or similar matters at any time. Based on the facts currently known, it is not possible at this time to predict the ultimate outcome of the Foreign Exchange Matters or the timing of their ultimate resolution. Panama Papers inquiries Following media reports on the contents of files misappropriated from a Panamanian-based law firm, Mossack Fonseca & Co about special purpose entities associated with that firm, regulatory, tax and enforcement authorities are conducting inquiries. The inquiries focus on, among other issues, the potential use of such entities by third parties to avoid tax and disclosure obligations. Royal Bank of Canada has received, and is responding to, information and document requests by a number of such authorities. Inquiries on sales practices We have received inquiries about our sales practices and related compensation arrangements. In addition, in March 2017, the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada announced that it will begin a review of sales practices in the Canadian federally regulated financial sector. The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions is also involved in conducting this joint sales practices review. Other matters We are a defendant in a number of other actions alleging that certain of our practices and actions were improper. The lawsuits involve a variety of complex issues and the timing of their resolution is varied and uncertain. Management believes that we will ultimately be successful in resolving these lawsuits, to the extent that we are able to assess them, without material financial impact to the Bank. This is, however, an area of significant judgment and the potential liability resulting from these lawsuits could be material to our results of operations in any particular period. Various other legal proceedings are pending that challenge certain of our other practices or actions. While this is an area of significant judgment and some matters are currently inestimable, we consider that the aggregate liability, to the extent that we are able to assess it, resulting from these other proceedings will not be material to our consolidated financial position or results of operations. 194 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Note 27 Contractual repricing and maturity schedule The following table details our exposure to interest rate risk. The carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities are reported below based on the earlier of their contractual repricing date or maturity date. The following table does not incorporate management’s expectation of future events where expected repricing or maturity dates differ significantly from the contractual dates. We incorporate these assumptions in the management of interest rate risk exposure. These assumptions include expected repricing of trading instruments and certain loans and deposits. Taking into account these assumptions on the consolidated contractual repricing and maturity schedule at October 31, 2017, would result in a change in the under-one-year gap from $7.0 billion to $84.4 billion. Immediately interest rate-sensitive Under 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 to 12 months 1 to 5 years Over 5 years Non-rate- sensitive As at October 31, 2017 $ 13,422 $ 42,857 $ 34 $ 59 $ 471 $ 30 $ 4,196 $ 1 – 27,713 29,494 6,751 3,084 12,393 2,302 17,966 27,510 31,429 27,116 31,404 1,216 Total 61,069 127,657 90,722 2,351 133,500 95,023 – 3 220,977 542,617 95,023 1,216 73,572 $ 244,300 $ 440,533 $ 50,807 $ 61,049 $ 241,129 $ 76,371 $ 98,664 $ 1,212,853 192,206 128,786 – – 19,477 1,938 193,244 – – – 19,017 21,921 – – – 4,712 41,583 – – – – 17,701 – – 95 753 5,882 – 1,216 53,997 $ 300,077 $ 155,964 $ 23,745 $ 53,600 $ 108,687 $ 16,785 $ 130,777 $ 789,635 3,381 133,809 4,366 – – – 1,528 143,084 966 – – 71 – 511 750 1,164 – – 23 224 – 800 2,227 – – 15,374 224 – 200 – 92,127 – 68 – – – 30,008 92,127 1,216 73,090 9,265 599 73,829 $ 395,653 $ 307,798 $ 30,322 $ 55,898 $ 130,204 $ 40,256 $ 252,722 $ 1,212,853 – $ (151,353) $ 132,735 $ 20,485 $ 5,151 $ 110,925 $ 36,115 $ (154,058) $ – $ (77,711) $ 28,201 $ 6,076 $ 10,636 $ 130,947 $ (2,071) $ (96,078) $ – (5,485) – $ (151,353) $ 132,735 $ 20,485 $ 5,151 $ 110,925 $ 36,115 $ (154,058) $ 3,550 – 1,216 48,009 – 88 67,554 13,813 – – 7,617 2,041 – – 8,288 – – 1,928 6,776 – 4,525 (57,980) (73,642) (20,022) 104,534 14,409 38,186 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Cash and deposits with banks Trading securities Available-for-sale securities Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans (net of allowance for loan losses) Derivatives Segregated fund net assets Other assets Liabilities Deposits Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Obligations related to securities sold short Derivatives Segregated fund net liabilities Other liabilities Subordinated debentures Non-controlling interests Shareholders’ equity Total gap Canadian dollar Foreign currency Total gap Note 28 Related party transactions Related parties Related parties include associated companies, post-employment benefit plans for the benefit of our employees, key management personnel (KMP), the Board of Directors (Directors), close family members of KMP and Directors, and entities which are, directly or indirectly, controlled by, jointly controlled by or significantly influenced by KMP, Directors or their close family members. Key management personnel and Directors KMP are defined as those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling our activities, directly or indirectly. They include the senior members of our organization called the Group Executive. The Group Executive is comprised of the President and Chief Executive Officer and individuals that report directly to him, including the Chief Administrative Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Human Resources Officer, Group Chief Risk Officer, Chief Strategy & Corporate Development Officer, and Group Heads for Wealth Management and Insurance, Capital Markets and Investor & Treasury Services, Technology & Operations, and Personal & Commercial Banking. The Directors do not plan, direct, or control the activities of the entity; they oversee the management of the business and provide stewardship. Compensation of key management personnel and Directors (Millions of Canadian dollars) Salaries and other short-term employee benefits (1) Post-employment benefits (2) Share-based payments For the year ended $ October 31 2017 33 2 37 72 $ $ October 31 2016 26 2 41 69 $ (1) (2) Includes the portion of the annual variable short-term incentive bonus that certain executives elected to receive in the form of DSUs. Refer to Note 22 for further details. Directors receive retainers but do not receive salaries and other short-term employee benefits. Directors do not receive post-employment benefits. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 195 Note 28 Related party transactions (continued) Stock options, stock awards and shares held by key management personnel, Directors and their close family members (Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of units) Stock options (1) Other non-option stock based awards (1) RBC common and preferred shares (1) Directors do not receive stock options or any other non-option stock based awards. As at October 31, 2017 October 31, 2016 No. of units held 2,174,841 1,371,104 632,631 4,178,576 Value $ 60 138 64 $ 262 No. of units held 2,110,038 1,703,221 789,295 4,602,554 Value $ 42 143 66 $ 251 Transactions, arrangements and agreements involving key management personnel, Directors and their close family members In the normal course of business, we provide certain banking services to KMP, Directors, and their close family members. These transactions were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and security, as for comparable transactions with persons of a similar standing and did not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavourable features. As at October 31, 2017, total loans to KMP, Directors and their close family members were $10 million (October 31, 2016 – $10 million). We have no allowance or provision for credit losses relating to these loans as at and for the years ended October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2016. No guarantees, pledges or commitments have been given to KMP, Directors or their close family members. Joint ventures and associates In the normal course of business, we provide certain banking and financial services to our joint ventures and associates, including loans, interest and non-interest bearing deposits. These transactions meet the definition of related party transactions and were made on substantially the same terms as for comparable transactions with third parties. As at October 31, 2017, loans to joint ventures and associates were $200 million (October 31, 2016 – $71 million) and deposits from joint ventures and associates were $123 million (October 31, 2016 – $25 million). We have no allowance or provision for credit losses relating to loans to joint ventures and associates as at and for the years ended October 31, 2017 and October 31, 2016. $1 million of guarantees have been given to joint ventures and associates for the year ended October 31, 2017 (October 31, 2016 – $nil). Other transactions, arrangements or agreements involving joint ventures and associates (Millions of Canadian dollars) Commitments and other contingencies Other fees received for services rendered Other fees paid for services received Note 29 Results by business segment As at or for the year ended October 31 2017 870 40 182 $ October 31 2016 554 40 189 $ Composition of business segments For management purposes, based on the products and services offered, we are organized into five business segments: Personal & Commercial Banking, Wealth Management, Insurance, Investor & Treasury Services and Capital Markets. Personal & Commercial Banking is comprised of our personal and business banking operations, and our auto financing and retail investment businesses including our online discount brokerage channel and operates through four business lines: Personal Financial Services, Business Financial Services, Cards and Payment Solutions (Canadian Banking), and Caribbean & U.S. Banking. In Canada, we provide a broad suite of financial products and services through our extensive branch, automated teller machines, online, mobile and telephone banking networks, as well as through a large number of proprietary sales professionals. In the Caribbean, we offer a broad range of financial products and services to individuals, business clients and public institutions in targeted markets. In the U.S., we serve the cross-border banking needs of Canadian clients within the U.S. through online channels. Wealth Management is comprised of Canadian Wealth Management, U.S. Wealth Management (including City National), International Wealth Management and Global Asset Management. We serve affluent, high net worth (HNW) and ultra-high net worth clients (UHNW) in key financial centres mainly in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., the Channel Islands and Asia with a comprehensive suite of investment, trust, banking, credit and other wealth management solutions. We also provide asset management products and services directly to institutional and individual clients through our distribution channels and third-party distributors. Insurance is comprised of our insurance operations in Canada and globally and operates under two business lines: Canadian Insurance and International Insurance, providing a wide range of life, health, home, auto, travel, wealth, group and reinsurance products and solutions. In Canada, we offer our products and services through our proprietary distribution channels, comprised of the field sales force which includes retail insurance branches, our field sales representatives, advice centers and online, as well as through independent insurance advisors and affinity relationships. Outside Canada, we operate in reinsurance markets globally offering life, accident and annuity reinsurance products. Investor & Treasury Services is a specialist provider of asset services, custody, payments and treasury services for financial and other institutional investors worldwide. We also provide Canadian dollar cash management, correspondent banking and trade finance for financial institutions globally and short-term funding and liquidity management for RBC. Capital Markets provides public and private companies, institutional investors, governments and central banks globally with a wide range of capital markets products and services across our two main business lines: Corporate and Investment Banking and Global Markets. In North America, we offer a full suite of products and services which include corporate and investment banking, equity and debt origination and distribution, and structuring and trading. Outside North America, we have a select presence in the U.K., Europe, and Other International, where 196 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements we offer a diversified set of capabilities in our key sectors of expertise such as energy, mining and infrastructure and we have a growing presence in industrial, consumer and health care in Europe. All other enterprise level activities that are not allocated to these five business segments, such as enterprise funding, securitizations, net charges associated with unattributed capital, and consolidation adjustments, including the elimination of the Taxable equivalent basis (Teb) gross-up amounts, are included in Corporate Support. Teb adjustments gross up income from certain tax-advantaged sources from Canadian taxable corporate dividends and U.S. tax credit investments recorded in Capital Markets to their effective tax equivalent value with the corresponding offset recorded in the provision for income taxes. Management believes that these Teb adjustments are necessary for Capital Markets to reflect how it is managed and enhances the comparability of revenue across our taxable and tax-advantaged sources. Our use of Teb adjustments may not be comparable to similarly adjusted amounts at other financial institutions. The Teb adjustment for the year ended October 31, 2017 was $548 million (October 31, 2016 – $736 million). Geographic segments For geographic reporting, our segments are grouped into Canada, United States and Other International. Transactions are primarily recorded in the location that best reflects the risk due to negative changes in economic conditions and prospects for growth due to positive economic changes. This location frequently corresponds with the location of the legal entity through which the business is conducted and the location of our clients. Transactions are recorded in the local currency and are subject to foreign exchange rate fluctuations with respect to the movement in the Canadian dollar. Management reporting framework Our management reporting framework is intended to measure the performance of each business segment as if it were a stand-alone business and reflects the way our business segments are managed. This approach is intended to ensure that our business segment results reflect all relevant revenue and expenses associated with the conduct of each business. We regularly monitor these segment results for the purpose of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment. These items do not impact our consolidated results. The expenses in each business segment may include costs or services directly incurred or provided on their behalf at the enterprise level. For other costs not directly attributable to one of our business segments, we use a management reporting framework that uses assumptions, estimates and methodologies for allocating overhead costs and indirect expenses to our business segments and that assists in the attribution of capital and the transfer pricing of funds to our business segments in a manner that fairly and consistently measures and aligns the economic costs with the underlying benefits and risks of that specific business segment. Activities and business conducted between our business segments are generally at market rates. All other enterprise level activities that are not allocated to our five business segments are reported under Corporate Support. Our assumptions and methodologies used in our management reporting framework are periodically reviewed by us to ensure that they remain valid. The capital attribution methodologies involve a number of assumptions and estimates that are revised periodically. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 197 Note 29 Results by business segment (continued) 6,825 92 1,260 3,686 1,787 263 1,524 6,467 61 1,120 3,790 1,496 286 1,210 Personal & Commercial Banking $ 10,787 $ 5,076 Wealth Management (1) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net interest income (3) (4) Non-interest income (3) (5) Total revenue (5) Provision for credit losses Insurance policyholder benefits, 15,863 1,054 claims and acquisition expense Non-interest expense (5) Net income (loss) before income taxes Income taxes (recoveries) – 7,176 7,633 1,878 For the year ended October 31, 2017 Investor & Treasury Services Insurance Capital Markets (2) Corporate Support (2) Total Canada 2,248 $ 7,827 10,075 34 – 7,611 2,430 592 – $ 679 $ 4,566 4,566 – 3,053 584 929 203 1,756 2,435 – – 1,466 969 228 3,565 $ 4,617 (139) $ (313) 17,140 $ 11,965 $ 23,529 12,701 8,182 62 – 4,719 3,401 876 (452) – – 238 (690) (574) 40,669 1,150 24,666 951 3,053 21,794 14,672 3,203 1,793 11,219 10,703 2,472 9,178 107 – 6,889 2,182 468 United States 3,572 $ 5,606 Other International 1,603 5,222 Net income $ 5,755 $ 1,838 $ 726 $ 741 $ 2,525 $ (116) $ 11,469 $ 8,231 $ 1,714 $ Non-interest expense includes: Depreciation and amortization Impairment of other intangibles Restructuring provisions $ 582 $ 526 $ 33 $ 105 $ 352 $ 17 $ 1,615 $ 959 $ 465 $ 191 – – – – – – – – – – 2 – 2 – 2 – – – – – Total assets $ 433,532 $ 89,493 $ 15,122 $ 133,126 $ 506,118 $ 35,462 $ 1,212,853 $ 644,292 $ 323,895 $ 244,666 Total assets include: Additions to premises and equipment and intangibles $ 331 $ 269 $ 43 $ 74 $ 296 $ 485 $ 1,498 $ 1,021 $ 321 $ 156 Total liabilities $ 433,554 $ 89,571 $ 15,172 $ 132,987 $ 505,952 $ (38,811) $ 1,138,425 $ 569,889 $ 323,911 $ 244,625 Personal & Commercial Banking $ 10,337 $ 4,675 Wealth Management (1) (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net interest income (3) (4) Non-interest income (3) (5) Total revenue (5) Provision for credit losses Insurance policyholder benefits, 15,012 1,122 claims and acquisition expense Non-interest expense (5) Net income (loss) before income taxes Income taxes (recoveries) – 6,933 6,957 1,773 For the year ended October 31, 2016 Investor & Treasury Services Insurance Capital Markets (2) Corporate Support (2) Total Canada 1,955 $ 7,048 9,003 48 – 7,015 1,940 467 – $ 825 $ 5,151 5,151 1 3,424 622 1,104 204 1,446 2,271 (3) – 1,460 814 201 3,804 $ 4,146 (390) $ (202) 16,531 $ 11,685 $ 22,264 12,357 7,950 327 – 4,466 3,157 887 (592) 51 – 30 (673) (691) 38,795 1,546 24,042 1,231 3,424 20,526 13,299 2,841 2,304 10,532 9,975 2,158 8,286 254 – 6,204 1,828 397 United States 3,241 $ 5,045 Other International 1,605 4,862 Net income $ 5,184 $ 1,473 $ 900 $ 613 $ 2,270 $ 18 $ 10,458 $ 7,817 $ 1,431 $ Non-interest expense includes: Depreciation and amortization (6) Impairment of other intangibles Restructuring provisions $ 547 $ 505 $ 31 $ 101 $ 348 $ 11 $ 1,543 $ 903 $ 455 $ 185 – – – 10 – – – – – – 3 – 3 10 3 1 – 4 – 5 Total assets $ 411,251 $ 91,901 $ 14,245 $ 139,701 $ 492,899 $ 30,261 $ 1,180,258 $ 614,834 $ 328,088 $ 237,336 Total assets include: Additions to premises and equipment and intangibles $ 302 $ 2,532 $ 27 $ 63 $ 278 $ 386 $ 3,588 $ 849 $ 2,585 $ 154 Total liabilities $ 411,320 $ 91,908 $ 14,281 $ 139,608 $ 493,044 $ (41,515) $ 1,108,646 $ 543,072 $ 328,205 $ 237,369 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) In Q1 2016, we changed the organizational structure of our Wealth Management operations resulting in a new operating segment, U.S. Wealth Management (including City National), representing our legacy U.S. Wealth Management operations and City National. This new operating segment is combined with our other Wealth Management operations as a single reportable segment because they have comparable products, regulatory frameworks, processes, customers and distribution channels, and show similar economic characteristics (such as pre-tax margin). Taxable equivalent basis. Inter-segment revenue and share of profits in joint ventures and associates are not material except as disclosed in Note 12. Interest revenue is reported net of interest expense as we rely primarily on net interest income as a performance measure. Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. 198 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Note 30 Nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments We are exposed to credit, market and liquidity and funding risks as a result of holding financial instruments. Our risk measurement and objectives, policies and methodologies for managing these risks are disclosed in the shaded text along with those tables specifically marked with an asterisk (*) on pages 57 to 84 of the Management’s Discussion and Analysis. These shaded text and tables are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. Concentrations of credit risk exist if a number of our counterparties are engaged in similar activities, are located in the same geographic region or have comparable economic characteristics such that their ability to meet contractual obligations would be similarly affected by changes in economic, political or other conditions. Concentrations of credit risk indicate the relative sensitivity of our performance to developments affecting a particular industry or geographic location. The amounts of credit exposure associated with certain of our on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments are summarized in the following table. (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) On-balance sheet assets other than derivatives (1) Derivatives before master netting agreements (2) (3) Off-balance sheet credit instruments (4) Committed and uncommitted (5) Other (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts) On-balance sheet assets other than derivatives (1) Derivatives before master netting agreements (2) (3) Off-balance sheet credit instruments (4) Committed and uncommitted (5) (6) Other Canada % United States % Europe % Other International % Total As at October 31, 2017 $ 531,294 68% $ 145,824 19% $ 55,265 7% $ 49,829 6% $ 782,212 14,915 9 24,530 15 118,469 72 5,661 4 163,575 $ 546,209 58% $ 170,354 18% $ 173,734 18% $ 55,490 6% $ 945,787 $ 297,690 72,876 61% $ 136,465 19,541 57 28% $ 32,934 33,970 15 7% $ 27 $ 370,566 60% $ 156,006 25% $ 66,904 11% $ 21,729 936 22,665 4% $ 488,818 127,323 1 4% $ 616,141 Canada % United States % Europe % Other International % Total As at October 31, 2016 $ 485,575 67% $ 141,703 20% $ 55,610 8% $ 40,096 5% $ 722,984 19,393 9 23,091 11 167,084 76 7,950 4 217,518 $ 504,968 54% $ 164,794 17% $ 222,694 24% $ 48,046 5% $ 940,502 $ 301,490 62,725 61% $ 149,036 18,236 54 30% $ 30,575 34,032 16 6% $ 29 $ 364,215 60% $ 167,272 27% $ 64,607 11% $ 12,947 1,017 13,964 3% $ 494,048 116,010 1 2% $ 610,058 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Includes assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed, loans and customers’ liability under acceptances. The largest concentrations in Canada are Ontario at 50% (October 31, 2016 – 49%), the Prairies at 19% (October 31, 2016 – 20%), British Columbia and the territories at 15% (October 31, 2016 – 15%) and Quebec at 11% (October 31, 2016 – 11%). No industry accounts for more than 42% (October 31, 2016 – 36%) of total on-balance sheet credit instruments. A further breakdown of our derivative exposures by risk rating and counterparty type is provided in Note 8. Excludes credit derivatives classified as other than trading. Balances presented are contractual amounts representing our maximum exposure to credit risk. Represents our maximum exposure to credit risk. Retail and wholesale commitments respectively comprise 39% and 61% of our total commitments (October 31, 2016 – 42% and 58%). The largest concentrations in the wholesale portfolio relate to Financing products at 13% (October 31, 2016 – 14%), Sovereign at 10% (October 31, 2016 – 6%), Non-bank financial services at 9% (October 31, 2016 – 9%), Real estate & related at 9% (October 31, 2016 – 9%), and Utilities at 9% (October 31, 2016 – 8%). Amounts have been revised from those previously presented. Note 31 Capital management Regulatory capital and capital ratios OSFI formally establishes risk-based capital and leverage targets for deposit-taking institutions in Canada. We are required to calculate our capital ratios using the Basel III framework. Under Basel III, regulatory capital includes Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1), Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 capital mainly consists of common shares, retained earnings and other components of equity. Regulatory adjustments under Basel III include deductions of goodwill and other intangibles, certain deferred tax assets, defined benefit pension fund assets, investments in banking, financial and insurance entities, and the shortfall of provisions to expected losses. Tier 1 capital comprises predominantly CET1, with additional items that consist of capital instruments such as certain preferred shares, and certain non-controlling interests in subsidiaries. Tier 2 capital includes subordinated debentures that meet certain criteria and certain loan loss allowances. Total capital is the sum of CET1, additional Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital. Regulatory capital ratios are calculated by dividing CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital by risk-weighted assets. The leverage ratio is calculated by dividing Tier 1 capital by an exposure measure. The exposure measure consists of total assets (excluding items deducted from Tier 1 capital) and certain off-balance sheet items converted into credit exposure equivalents. Adjustments are also made to derivatives and secured financing transactions to reflect credit and other risks. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 199 Note 31 Capital management (continued) During 2017, we complied with all capital and leverage requirements imposed by OSFI. (Millions of Canadian dollars, except Capital ratios and leverage ratios) Capital (1) Common Equity Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital Total capital Risk-weighted assets used in calculation of capital ratios (1) (2) Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio Tier 1 capital ratio Total capital ratio Total capital risk-weighted assets (1) Credit risk Market risk Operational risk Regulatory floor adjustment (3) Capital ratios and leverage ratios (1) (4) Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio Tier 1 capital ratio Total capital ratio Leverage ratio Leverage ratio exposure (billions) As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ $ 51,572 58,361 67,556 48,181 55,270 64,950 474,478 474,478 474,478 376,519 27,618 59,203 11,138 447,436 448,662 449,712 369,751 23,964 55,997 – $ 474,478 $ 449,712 10.9% 12.3% 14.2% 4.4% $ 1,315.5 10.8% 12.3% 14.4% 4.4% $ 1,265.1 (1) (2) (3) (4) Capital, RWA, and capital ratios are calculated using OSFI Capital Adequacy Requirements based on the Basel III framework (“all-in” basis). The leverage ratio is calculated using OSFI Leverage Requirements Guideline based on the Basel III framework. In 2016, the CVA scalars of 64%, 71% and 77% were applied to CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital, respectively. In fiscal 2017, the scalars were 72%, 77% and 81%, respectively. In 2018, the scalars will be 80%, 83% and 86%, respectively. Before any capital floor requirement as applicable, there are three different levels of RWAs for the calculation of the CET1, Tier 1, and Total capital ratios arising from the option we have chosen for the phase-in of the CVA capital charge. Since the introduction of Basel II in 2008, OSFI has prescribed a capital floor requirement for institutions that use the advanced internal ratings-based (AIRB) approach for credit risk. The capital floor is determined by comparing a capital requirement under Basel I and Basel III, as specified by OSFI. If the capital requirement under the Basel III standards is less than 90% of the capital requirements as calculated under the Basel I standards, the difference is added to the RWAs. To enhance comparability among other global financial institutions, our transitional CET1, Tier 1, Total capital and leverage ratios as at October 31, 2017 were 11.3%, 12.3%, 14.1%, and 4.5%, respectively. Transitional is defined as capital calculated according to the current year’s phase-in of regulatory adjustments and phase-out of non-qualifying capital instruments. Note 32 Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities Offsetting within our Consolidated Balance Sheets may be achieved where financial assets and liabilities are subject to master netting arrangements that provide the currently enforceable right of offset and where there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously. For derivative contracts and repurchase and reverse repurchase arrangements, this is generally achieved when there is a market mechanism for settlement (e.g. central counterparty exchange or clearing house) which provides daily net settlement of cash flows arising from these contracts. Margin receivables and margin payables are generally offset as they settle simultaneously through a market settlement mechanism. These are generally presented in Other assets or Other liabilities. Amounts that do not qualify for offsetting include master netting arrangements that only permit outstanding transactions with the same counterparty to be offset in an event of default or occurrence of other predetermined events. Such master netting arrangements include the ISDA Master Agreement or certain derivative exchange or clearing counterparty agreements for derivative contracts, global master repurchase agreement and global master securities lending agreements for repurchase, reverse repurchase and other similar secured lending and borrowing arrangements. The amount of financial collateral received or pledged subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements but do not qualify for offsetting refers to the collateral received or pledged to cover the net exposure between counterparties by enabling the collateral to be realized in an event of default or the occurrence of other predetermined events. Certain amounts of collateral are restricted from being sold or re-pledged unless there is an event of default or the occurrence of other predetermined events. 200 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements The tables below provide the amount of financial instruments that have been offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the amounts that do not qualify for offsetting but are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements. The amounts presented are not intended to represent our actual exposure to credit risk. Financial assets subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements Amounts subject to offsetting and enforceable netting arrangements As at October 31, 2017 Gross amounts of financial assets before balance sheet offsetting Amounts of financial liabilities offset on the balance sheet Amounts subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements but do not qualify for offsetting on the balance sheet (1) Net amount of financial assets presented on the balance sheet Impact of master netting agreements Financial collateral received (2) Net amount Amounts not subject to enforceable netting arrangements Total amount recognized on the balance sheet $ $ 239,944 151,451 2,593 393,988 $ $ 20,470 67,827 1,050 89,347 $ $ 219,474 83,624 1,543 304,641 $ $ 24 58,804 – 58,828 $ 218,970 16,357 78 $ 235,405 $ $ 480 8,463 1,465 10,408 $ $ 1,503 11,399 62 12,964 $ $ 220,977 95,023 1,605 317,605 Amounts subject to offsetting and enforceable netting arrangements As at October 31, 2016 Gross amounts of financial assets before balance sheet offsetting Amounts of financial liabilities offset on the balance sheet Amounts subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements but do not qualify for offsetting on the balance sheet (1) Net amount of financial assets presented on the balance sheet Impact of master netting agreements Financial collateral received (2) Net amount Amounts not subject to enforceable netting arrangements Total amount recognized on the balance sheet $ $ 199,586 208,936 1,244 409,766 $ $ 14,290 97,142 803 112,235 $ $ 185,296 111,794 441 297,531 $ $ 422 79,296 – 79,718 $ 184,359 17,249 46 $ 201,654 $ $ 515 15,249 395 16,159 $ $ 1,006 7,150 91 8,247 $ $ 186,302 118,944 532 305,778 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Derivative assets (3) Other financial assets (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Derivative assets (3) Other financial assets (1) (2) (3) Financial collateral is reflected at fair value. The amount of financial instruments and financial collateral disclosed is limited to the net balance sheet exposure, and any over-collateralization is excluded from the table. Includes cash collateral of $12 billion (October 31, 2016 – $11 billion) and non-cash collateral of $224 billion (October 31, 2016 – $191 billion). Includes cash margin of $0.6 billion (October 31, 2016 – $2.2 billion) which offset against the derivative balance on the balance sheet. Financial liabilities subject to offsetting, enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements Amounts subject to offsetting and enforceable netting arrangements As at October 31, 2017 Gross amounts of financial liabilities before balance sheet offsetting Amounts of financial assets offset on the balance sheet Amounts subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements but do not qualify for offsetting on the balance sheet (1) Net amount of financial liabilities presented on the balance sheet Impact of master netting agreements Financial collateral pledged (2) Net amount Amounts not subject to enforceable netting arrangements Total amount recognized on the balance sheet $ $ 161,883 145,855 3,027 310,765 $ $ 20,470 67,705 1,364 89,539 $ $ 141,413 78,150 1,663 221,226 $ $ 24 58,804 – 58,828 $ 141,256 10,697 444 $ 152,397 $ $ 133 8,649 1,219 10,001 $ $ 1,671 13,977 5 15,653 $ $ 143,084 92,127 1,668 236,879 Amounts subject to offsetting and enforceable netting arrangements As at October 31, 2016 Gross amounts of financial liabilities before balance sheet offsetting Amounts of financial assets offset on the balance sheet Amounts subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements but do not qualify for offsetting on the balance sheet (1) Net amount of financial liabilities presented on the balance sheet Impact of master netting agreements Financial collateral pledged (2) Net amount Amounts not subject to enforceable netting arrangements Total amount recognized on the balance sheet $ $ 117,031 203,874 3,271 324,176 $ $ 14,290 96,231 2,231 112,752 $ $ 102,741 107,643 1,040 211,424 $ $ 422 79,296 – 79,718 $ 102,029 15,993 514 $ 118,536 $ $ 290 12,354 526 13,170 $ $ 700 8,907 15 9,622 $ $ 103,441 116,550 1,055 221,046 (Millions of Canadian dollars) Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Derivative liabilities (3) Other financial liabilities (Millions of Canadian dollars) Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Derivative liabilities (3) Other financial liabilities (1) (2) (3) Financial collateral is reflected at fair value. The amount of financial instruments and financial collateral disclosed is limited to the net balance sheet exposure, and any over-collateralization is excluded from the table. Includes cash collateral of $10 billion (October 31, 2016 – $14 billion) and non-cash collateral of $142 billion (October 31, 2016 – $105 billion). Includes cash margin of $0.3 billion (October 31, 2016 – $0.8 billion) which offset against the derivative balance on the balance sheet. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 201 Note 33 Recovery and settlement of on-balance sheet assets and liabilities The table below presents an analysis of assets and liabilities recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets by amounts to be recovered or settled within one year and after one year, as at the balance sheet date, based on contractual maturities and certain other assumptions outlined in the footnotes below. As warranted, we manage the liquidity risk of various products based on historical behavioural patterns that are often not aligned with contractual maturities. Amounts to be recovered or settled within one year, as presented below, may not be reflective of our long- term view of the liquidity profile of certain balance sheet categories. (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Cash and due from banks (1) Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Trading (2) Available-for-sale Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans Retail Wholesale Allowance for loan losses Segregated fund net assets Other Customers’ liability under acceptances Derivatives (2) Premises and equipment, net Goodwill Other intangibles Other assets Liabilities Deposits (3) Segregated fund net liabilities Other Within one year October 31, 2017 After one year Total Within one year October 31, 2016 After one year Total As at $ 26,695 32,662 $ 1,712 – $ 28,407 32,662 $ 12,049 27,850 $ 2,880 1 $ 14,929 27,851 116,841 15,930 10,816 74,792 127,657 90,722 142,045 12,153 9,247 72,648 151,292 84,801 214,353 6,624 220,977 182,618 3,684 186,302 97,784 38,573 287,386 121,033 – 1,216 16,443 92,606 – – – 30,738 16 2,417 2,670 10,977 4,507 8,221 385,170 159,606 (2,159) 1,216 16,459 95,023 2,670 10,977 4,507 38,959 81,683 34,887 287,787 119,482 – 981 12,841 116,533 – – – 33,754 2 2,411 2,836 11,156 4,648 8,317 369,470 154,369 (2,235) 981 12,843 118,944 2,836 11,156 4,648 42,071 $ 682,625 $ 532,387 $ 1,212,853 $ 656,413 $ 526,080 $ 1,180,258 $ 624,802 – $ 164,833 1,216 $ 789,635 1,216 $ 579,571 – $ 178,018 981 $ 757,589 981 Acceptances Obligations related to securities sold short Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Derivatives (2) Insurance claims and policy benefit liabilities Other liabilities Subordinated debentures 16,443 28,041 143,072 90,156 131 34,980 – 16 1,967 12 1,971 9,545 11,975 9,265 16,459 30,008 143,084 92,127 9,676 46,955 9,265 12,841 41,927 103,412 114,321 118 33,314 – 2 8,442 29 2,229 9,046 14,633 9,762 12,843 50,369 103,441 116,550 9,164 47,947 9,762 $ 937,625 $ 200,800 $ 1,138,425 $ 885,504 $ 223,142 $ 1,108,646 (1) (2) (3) Cash and due from banks are assumed to be recovered within one year, except for cash balances not available for use by the Bank. Trading securities classified as at FVTPL and trading derivatives not designated in hedging relationships are presented as within one year as this best represents in most instances the short-term nature of our trading activities. Non-trading derivatives designated in hedging relationships are presented according to the recovery or settlement of the related hedged item. Demand deposits of $372 billion (October 31, 2016 – $358 billion) are presented as within one year due to their being repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis. In practice, these deposits relate to a broad range of individuals and customer-types which form a stable base for our operations and liquidity needs. 202 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Note 34 Parent company information The following table presents information regarding the legal entity of Royal Bank of Canada with its subsidiaries presented on an equity accounted basis. Condensed Balance Sheets (Millions of Canadian dollars) Assets Cash and due from banks Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Investments in bank subsidiaries and associated corporations (1) Investments in other subsidiaries and associated corporations Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans, net of allowance for loan losses Net balances due from bank subsidiaries (1) Other assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Deposits Net balances due to other subsidiaries Other liabilities Subordinated debentures Shareholders’ equity (1) Bank refers primarily to regulated deposit-taking institutions and securities firms. Condensed Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Millions of Canadian dollars) Interest income (1) Interest expense Net interest income Non-interest income (2) (3) Total revenue (3) Provision for credit losses Non-interest expense (3) Income before income taxes Income taxes Net income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries Net income Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes Total comprehensive income As at October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 12,901 20,864 109,082 31,302 65,576 49,615 474,052 20,579 136,069 $ 3,164 16,126 132,100 30,248 61,705 25,129 458,675 5,437 162,790 $ 920,040 $ 895,374 $ 605,849 58,598 172,869 $ 573,933 55,473 185,583 837,316 814,989 8,895 73,829 9,368 71,017 $ 920,040 $ 895,374 For the year ended October 31 2017 $ 18,419 6,556 October 31 2016 $ 17,542 5,486 11,863 4,476 16,339 1,033 8,631 6,675 1,601 5,074 6,395 12,056 4,072 16,128 1,456 8,190 6,482 1,544 4,938 5,520 $ 11,469 $ 10,458 (107) (1,097) $ 11,362 $ 9,361 (1) (2) (3) Includes dividend income from investments in subsidiaries and associated corporations of $25 million (October 31, 2016 – $23 million). Includes share of profit from associated corporations of $12 million (October 31, 2016 – $19 million). Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. Comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Consolidated Financial Statements Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 203 Note 34 Parent company information (continued) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Millions of Canadian dollars) Cash flows from operating activities Net income Adjustments to determine net cash from operating activities: Change in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries Change in deposits, net of securitizations Change in loans, net of securitizations Change in trading securities Change in obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned Change in assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Change in obligations related to securities sold short Other operating activities, net Net cash from (used in) operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Change in interest-bearing deposits with banks Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities Proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale securities Purchases of available-for-sale securities Net acquisitions of premises and equipment and other intangibles Change in cash invested in subsidiaries Change in net funding provided to subsidiaries Net cash from (used in) investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Issue of subordinated debentures Repayment of subordinated debentures Issue of common shares Common shares purchased for cancellation Issue of preferred shares Redemption of preferred shares Preferred shares purchased for cancellation Dividends paid Issuance costs Net cash from (used in) financing activities Net change in cash and due from banks Cash and due from banks at beginning of year Cash and due from banks at end of year Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information Amount of interest paid Amount of interest received Amount of dividends received Amount of income taxes paid Note 35 Subsequent events For the year ended October 31 2017 October 31 2016 $ 11,469 $ 10,458 (6,395) 33,166 (14,025) 24,671 14,018 (24,486) (4,809) 6,059 39,668 (4,738) 5,823 25,599 (34,903) (938) (116) (12,018) (21,291) – (119) 199 (3,110) – (300) – (5,309) (1) (8,640) 9,737 3,164 $ $ $ 12,901 $ 6,286 18,128 40 1,656 (5,520) 7,030 (14,488) 9,004 8,511 (1,711) 3,145 (2,736) 13,693 (288) 2,868 20,802 (33,668) (750) (3,140) 2,275 (11,901) 3,606 (1,500) 307 (362) 1,475 – (264) (4,997) (16) (1,751) 41 3,123 3,164 5,331 17,411 30 736 On November 13, 2017, we redeemed all 82,000 outstanding Non-Cumulative Perpetual First Preferred Shares Series C-1 for cash at a redemption price of US$1,000 per share (equivalent to US$25.00 per related depositary share). 204 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements Ten-year statistical review Condensed Balance Sheet (Millions of Canadian dollars) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2011 2010 2009 2008 IFRS CGAAP Assets Cash and due from banks Interest-bearing deposits with banks Securities Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed Loans net of allowance Other Total Assets Liabilities Deposits Other Subordinated debentures Trust capital securities Non-controlling interest in subsidiaries $ 28,407 $ 32,662 218,379 14,929 $ 27,851 236,093 12,452 $ 17,421 $ 15,550 $ 12,428 $ 12,428 6,460 9,039 22,690 167,022 182,710 215,508 8,399 199,148 10,246 161,602 $ 13,247 $ 12,181 179,558 8,440 $ 13,254 183,519 7,584 $ 11,086 20,041 8,919 171,134 177,298 220,977 542,617 169,811 186,302 521,604 193,479 174,723 472,223 176,612 135,580 435,229 144,773 117,517 408,850 126,079 112,257 378,241 149,180 84,947 347,530 175,446 84,947 296,284 165,485 72,698 273,006 175,289 41,580 258,395 161,213 44,818 289,540 187,240 $ 1,212,853 $ 1,180,258 $ 1,074,208 $ 940,550 $ 859,745 $ 823,954 $ 793,833 $ 751,702 $ 726,206 $ 654,989 $ 723,859 $ 789,635 $ 757,589 $ 697,227 $ 614,100 $ 563,079 $ 512,244 $ 479,102 263,625 8,749 894 n.a. 341,295 9,762 – n.a. 305,675 7,362 – n.a. 264,088 7,859 – n.a. 239,763 7,443 – n.a. 259,174 7,615 – n.a. 339,525 9,265 – n.a. $ 444,181 $ 414,561 $ 378,457 $ 438,575 242,744 8,131 1,400 2,371 256,124 7,749 – 1,941 229,699 6,461 1,395 2,071 263,030 6,681 727 2,256 Total Liabilities $ 1,138,425 $ 1,108,646 $ 1,010,264 $ 886,047 $ 810,285 $ 779,033 $ 752,370 $ 709,995 $ 687,255 $ 618,083 $ 693,221 Equity attributable to shareholders Non-controlling interest Total equity 73,829 599 74,428 71,017 62,146 52,690 47,665 43,160 39,702 41,707 38,951 36,906 30,638 595 1,798 1,813 1,795 1,761 1,761 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 71,612 63,944 54,503 49,460 44,921 41,463 41,707 38,951 36,906 30,638 Total liabilities and equity $ 1,212,853 $ 1,180,258 $ 1,074,208 $ 940,550 $ 859,745 $ 823,954 $ 793,833 $ 751,702 $ 726,206 $ 654,989 $ 723,859 Condensed Income Statement (Millions of Canadian dollars) Net interest income Non-interest income (1) Total revenue (1) Provision for credit losses (PCL) Insurance policyholder benefits, claims and acquisition expense Non-interest expense (NIE) (1) Non-controlling interest Net income from continuing operations Net loss from discontinued operations Net income 2017 17,140 $ 23,529 40,669 1,150 3,053 21,794 n.a. 11,469 – 11,469 $ $ $ 16,531 $ 22,264 38,795 1,546 3,424 20,526 n.a. 10,458 – IFRS CGAAP 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2011 2010 2009 14,771 $ 14,116 $ 13,249 $ 12,439 $ 11,357 16,281 17,433 20,932 27,638 30,682 35,703 1,133 1,237 1,097 19,992 34,108 1,164 16,708 29,147 1,299 $ 10,600 $ 10,338 $ 10,705 $ 15,744 26,082 1,240 15,736 26,441 2,167 16,830 27,430 975 2,963 19,020 n.a. 10,026 – 3,573 17,661 n.a. 9,004 – 9,004 $ 2,784 16,214 n.a. 8,342 – 8,342 $ 3,621 14,641 n.a. 7,558 (51) 7,507 $ 3,358 14,167 n.a. 6,970 (526) 6,444 3,360 14,453 104 6,650 (1,798) 4,852 $ 3,546 13,469 99 5,732 (509) 5,223 $ 3,042 13,436 100 5,681 (1,823) 3,858 $ $ 10,458 $ 10,026 $ 2008 9,054 12,528 21,582 1,595 1,631 12,351 81 4,555 – 4,555 Other Statistics – reported (Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentages and per share amounts) PROFITABILITY MEASURES (2) Earnings per shares (EPS) – basic – diluted Return on common equity (ROE) Return on risk-weighted assets (RWA) (3) Efficiency ratio (1), (2) KEY RATIOS PCL on impaired loans as a % of IFRS CGAAP 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2011 2010 2009 2008 $ $ 7.59 $ 7.56 $ 6.80 $ 6.78 $ 6.75 $ 6.73 $ 6.03 $ 6.00 $ 5.53 $ 5.49 $ 4.96 $ 4.91 $ 17.0% 16.3% 18.6% 19.0% 19.7% 19.6% 2.49% 53.6% 2.34% 52.9% 2.45% 53.3% 2.52% 51.8% 2.67% 52.8% 2.70% 50.2% 4.25 4.19 18.7% 2.44% 51.3% $ $ 3.21 $ 3.19 $ 3.49 $ 3.46 $ 2.59 $ 2.57 $ 12.9% 14.9% 11.9% 1.87% 52.7% 2.03% 51.6% 1.50% 50.8% 3.41 3.38 18.1% 1.78% 57.2% Average net loans and acceptances 0.21% 0.28% 0.24% 0.27% 0.31% 0.35% 0.33% 0.34% 0.45% 0.72% 0.53% Net interest margin (average earning assets) SHARE INFORMATION (4) Common shares outstanding (000s) – 1.72% 1.70% 1.71% 1.86% 1.88% 1.97% 1.86% 1.84% 1.99% 2.19% 1.71% end of period 1,452,898 1,485,394 1,443,423 1,442,233 1,441,056 1,445,303 1,424,922 1,417,610 Dividends declared per common share $ Dividend yield Dividend payout ratio Book value per share Common share price (RY on TSX) – $ 3.48 $ 3.8% 46% 46.41 $ 3.24 $ 4.3% 48% 43.32 $ 3.08 $ 4.1% 46% 39.51 $ 2.84 $ 3.8% 47% 33.69 $ 2.53 $ 4.0% 46% 29.87 $ 1,438,376 2.08 3.9% 45% 24.25 2.28 $ 4.5% 46% 26.52 $ 1,438,376 $ 2.08 $ 3.9% 47% 25.65 $ 2.00 $ 3.6% 52% 23.99 $ 1,341,260 2.00 4.2% 59% 20.90 2.00 $ 4.8% 52% 22.67 $ $ $ close, end of period Market capitalization (TSX) Market price to book value $ 100.87 $ 146,554 2.17 83.80 $ 74.77 $ 80.01 $ 70.02 $ 56.94 $ 124,476 1.93 107,925 1.89 115,393 2.38 100,903 2.34 82,296 2.15 48.62 69,934 2.00 48.62 $ 54.39 $ 54.80 $ 69,934 1.90 77,502 2.27 77,685 2.42 CAPITAL MEASURES – CONSOLIDATED (5) Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio Tier 1 capital ratio Total capital ratio Leverage Ratio 10.9% 12.3% 14.2% 4.4% 10.8% 12.3% 14.4% 4.4% 10.6% 12.2% 14.0% 4.30% 9.9% 11.4% 13.4% n.a. 9.6% 11.7% 14.0% n.a. n.a. 13.1% 15.1% n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 13.3% 15.3% n.a. n.a. 13.0% 14.4% n.a. n.a. 13.0% 14.2% n.a. 46.84 62,825 2.24 n.a. 9.0% 11.0% n.a. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Effective Q4 2017, service fees and other costs incurred in association with certain commissions and fees earned are presented on a gross basis in non-interest expense. As at November 1, 2014, comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform with this presentation. Ratios for 2009-2012 represent continuing operations. Return on risk-weighted assets (RWA) for fiscal 2011 is based on RWA reported under CGAAP and Income reported under IFRS. On April 6, 2006, we paid a stock dividend of one common share on each of our issued and outstanding common shares. The effect was the same as two-for-one split of our common shares. All common share and per share information have been adjusted retroactively for the stock dividend. Effective 2013 we calculate the capital ratios and multiples using the Basel III (all-in basis) framework unless otherwise stated. 2008-2012 capital ratios and multiples were calculated using the Basel II framework. 2004-2007 capital ratios and 2005-2007 asset-to-capital multiples were calculated using the Basel I framework. Capital ratios and multiples for 2011 were determined under Canadian GAAP. Ten-year statistical review Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 205 Glossary Acceptances A bill of exchange or negotiable instrument drawn by the borrower for payment at maturity and accepted by a bank. The acceptance constitutes a guarantee of payment by the bank and can be traded in the money market. The bank earns a “stamping fee” for providing this guarantee. Acquired Credit Impaired (ACI) loans Are loans identified as impaired on the acquisition date based on specific risk characteristics such as indications that the borrower is experiencing significant financial difficulty, probability of bankruptcy or other financial reorganization, payment status and economic conditions that correlate with defaults. Allowance for credit losses The amount deemed adequate by management to absorb identified credit losses as well as losses that have been incurred but are not yet identifiable as at the balance sheet date. This allowance is established to cover the lending portfolio including loans, acceptances, guarantees, letters of credit, and unfunded commitments. The allowance is increased by the provision for credit losses, which is charged to income and decreased by the amount of write-offs, net of recoveries in the period. Asset-backed securities (ABS) Securities created through the securitization of a pool of assets, for example auto loans or credit card loans. Assets under administration (AUA) Assets administered by us, which are beneficially owned by clients, as at October 31, unless otherwise noted. Services provided in respect of assets under administration are of an administrative nature, including safekeeping, collecting investment income, settling purchase and sale transactions, and record keeping. Assets under management (AUM) Assets managed by us, which are beneficially owned by clients, as at October 31, unless otherwise noted. Services provided in respect of assets under management include the selection of investments and the provision of investment advice. We have assets under management that are also administered by us and included in assets under administration. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) Securities created through the securitization of commercial mortgages. Commitments to extend credit Unutilized amount of credit facilities available to clients either in the form of loans, bankers’ acceptances and other on-balance sheet financing, or through off-balance sheet products such as guarantees and letters of credit. Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital A regulatory Basel III capital measure comprised mainly of common shareholders’ equity less regulatory deductions and adjustments for goodwill and intangibles, defined benefit pension fund assets, shortfall in allowances and other specified items. Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio A risk-based capital measure calculated as CET1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets. Covered bonds Full recourse on-balance sheet obligations issued by banks and credit institutions that are also fully collateralized by assets over which investors enjoy a priority claim in the event of an issuer’s insolvency. Credit default swaps (CDS) A derivative contract that provides the purchaser with a one-time payment should the referenced entity/entities default (or a similar triggering event occur). Derivative A contract between two parties, which requires little or no initial investment and where payments between the parties are dependent upon the movements in price of an underlying instrument, index or financial rate. Examples of derivatives include swaps, options, forward rate agreements and futures. The notional amount of the derivative is the contract amount used as a reference point to calculate the payments to be exchanged between the two parties, and the notional amount itself is generally not exchanged by the parties. Dividend payout ratio Common dividends as a percentage of net income available to common shareholders. Auction rate securities (ARS) Debt securities whose interest rate is regularly reset through an auction process. Earnings per share (EPS), basic Calculated as net income available to common shareholders divided by the average number of shares outstanding. Average earning assets Average earning assets include interest-bearing deposits with other banks including certain components of cash and due from banks, securities, assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed, loans, and excludes segregated fund net assets and other assets. The averages are based on the daily balances for the period. Basis point (bp) One one-hundredth of a percentage point (.01%). Collateral Assets pledged as security for a loan or other obligation. Collateral can take many forms, such as cash, highly rated securities, property, inventory, equipment and receivables. Collateralized debt obligation (CDO) Securities with multiple tranches that are issued by structured entities and collateralized by debt obligations including bonds and loans. Each tranche offers a varying degree of risk and return so as to meet investor demand. Earnings per share (EPS), diluted Calculated as net income available to common shareholders divided by the average number of shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effects of stock options and other convertible securities. Economic capital An estimate of the amount of equity capital required to underpin risks. It is calculated by estimating the level of capital that is necessary to support our various businesses, given their risks, consistent with our desired solvency standard and credit ratings. The identified risks for which we calculate Economic Capital are credit, market (trading and non-trading), operational, business, fixed asset, and insurance. Additionally, Economic Capital includes goodwill and intangibles, and allows for diversification benefits across risks and business segments. 206 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Glossary Expected credit losses The difference between the contractual cash flows due to us in accordance with the relevant contractual terms and the cash flows that we expect to receive, discounted to the balance sheet date. Fair value Fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) An independent U.S. government agency that aims to preserve and promote public confidence in the U.S. financial system by insuring deposits in banks and thrift institutions; identifying, monitoring and addressing risks to these deposits; and limiting the effect on the economic and financial system when a bank or thrift institution fails. Funding Valuation Adjustment Funding valuation adjustments are calculated to incorporate cost and benefit of funding in the valuation of uncollateralized and under- collateralized OTC derivatives. Future expected cash flows of these derivatives are discounted to reflect the cost and benefit of funding the derivatives by using a funding curve, implied volatilities and correlations as inputs. Guarantees and standby letters of credit These primarily represent irrevocable assurances that a bank will make payments in the event that its client cannot meet its financial obligations to third parties. Certain other guarantees, such as bid and performance bonds, represent non-financial undertakings. Hedge A risk management technique used to mitigate exposure from market, interest rate or foreign currency exchange risk arising from normal banking operations. The elimination or reduction of such exposure is accomplished by establishing offsetting positions. For example, assets denominated in foreign currencies can be offset with liabilities in the same currencies or through the use of foreign exchange hedging instruments such as futures, options or foreign exchange contracts. Hedge funds A type of investment fund, marketed to accredited high net worth investors, that is subject to limited regulation and restrictions on its investments compared to retail mutual funds, and that often utilize aggressive strategies such as selling short, leverage, program trading, swaps, arbitrage and derivatives. High-quality liquid assets (HQLA) Assets are considered to be HQLA if they can be easily and immediately converted into cash at little or no loss of value during a time of stress. Home equity products This is comprised of residential mortgages and secured personal loans whereby the borrower pledges real estate as collateral. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) IFRS are principles-based standards, interpretations and the framework adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board. Impaired loans Loans are classified as impaired when there has been a deterioration of credit quality to the extent that management no longer has reasonable assurance of timely collection of the full amount of principal and interest in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Credit card balances are not classified as impaired as they are directly written off after payments are 180 days past due. Innovative capital instruments Innovative capital instruments are capital instruments issued by structured entities, whose primary purpose is to raise capital. We previously issued innovative capital instruments, RBC Trust Capital Securities (RBC TruCS) through RBC Capital Trust. As per OSFI Basel III guidelines, non-qualifying innovative capital instruments treated as additional Tier 1 capital are subject to phase out over a ten year period beginning on January 1, 2013. Leverage Ratio A Basel III regulatory measure, the ratio divides Tier 1 capital by the sum of total assets plus specified off-balance sheet items. Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) The Liquidity Coverage Ratio is a Basel III metric that measures the sufficiency of HQLA available to meet net short-term financial obligations over a thirty day period in an acute stress scenario. Loan-to-value (LTV) ratio Calculated based on the total facility amount for the residential mortgage and homeline product divided by the value of the related residential property. Master netting agreement An agreement between us and a counterparty designed to reduce the credit risk of multiple derivative transactions through the creation of a legal right of offset of exposure in the event of a default. Net interest income The difference between what is earned on assets such as loans and securities and what is paid on liabilities such as deposits and subordinated debentures. Net interest margin (on average earning assets) Calculated as net interest income divided by average earning assets. Normal course issuer bid (NCIB) A program for the repurchase of our own shares for cancellation through a stock exchange that is subject to the various rules of the relevant stock exchange and securities commission. Notional amount The contract amount used as a reference point to calculate payments for derivatives. Off-balance sheet financial instruments A variety of arrangements offered to clients, which include credit derivatives, written put options, backstop liquidity facilities, stable value products, financial standby letters of credit, performance guarantees, credit enhancements, mortgage loans sold with recourse, commitments to extend credit, securities lending, documentary and commercial letters of credit, note issuances and revolving underwriting facilities, securities lending indemnifications and indemnifications. Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (OSFI) The primary regulator of federally chartered financial institutions and federally administered pension plans in Canada. OSFI’s mission is to safeguard policyholders, depositors and pension plan members from undue loss. Operating leverage The difference between our revenue growth rate and non-interest expense growth rate. Options A contract or a provision of a contract that gives one party (the option holder) the right, but not the obligation, to perform a specified transaction with another party (the option issuer or option writer) according to specified terms. that significantly affect the entity’s returns are directed by means of contractual arrangements. Structured entities often have restricted activities, narrow and well defined objectives, insufficient equity to finance their activities, and financing in the form of multiple contractually-linked instruments. Primary dealer A formal designation provided to a bank or securities broker-dealer permitted to trade directly with a country’s central bank. Primary dealers participate in open market operations, act as market-makers of government debt and provide market information and analysis to assist with monetary policy. Provision for credit losses (PCL) The amount charged to income necessary to bring the allowance for credit losses to a level determined appropriate by management. This includes both provisions on impaired loans and loans not yet identified as impaired. Repurchase agreements These involve the sale of securities for cash and the simultaneous repurchase of the securities for value at a later date. These transactions normally do not constitute economic sales and therefore are treated as collateralized financing transactions. Residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) Securities created through the securitization of residential mortgage loans. Return on common equity (ROE) Net income available to common shareholders, expressed as a percentage of average common equity. Reverse repurchase agreements These involve the purchase of securities for cash and the simultaneous sale of the securities for value at a later date. These transactions normally do not constitute economic sales and therefore are treated as collateralized financing transactions. Risk-weighted assets (RWA) Assets adjusted by a regulatory risk-weight factor to reflect the riskiness of on and off-balance sheet exposures. Certain assets are not risk-weighted, but deducted from capital. The calculation is defined by guidelines issued by OSFI. For more details, refer to the Capital management section. Securities lending Transactions in which the owner of a security agrees to lend it under the terms of a prearranged contract to a borrower for a fee. The borrower must collateralize the security loan at all times. An intermediary such as a bank often acts as agent for the owner of the security. There are two types of securities lending arrangements: lending with and without credit or market risk indemnification. In securities lending without indemnification, the bank bears no risk of loss. For transactions in which the bank provides an indemnification, it bears the risk of loss if the borrower defaults and the value of the collateral declines concurrently. Securities sold short A transaction in which the seller sells securities and then borrows the securities in order to deliver them to the purchaser upon settlement. At a later date, the seller buys identical securities in the market to replace the borrowed securities. Securitization The process by which various financial assets are packaged into newly issued securities backed by these assets. Structured entities A structured entity is an entity in which voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when the activities Standardized Approach Risk weights prescribed by OSFI are used to calculate risk-weighted assets for the credit risk exposures. Credit assessments by OSFI-recognized external credit rating agencies of S&P, Moody’s, Fitch and DBRS are used to risk-weight our Sovereign and Bank exposures based on the standards and guidelines issued by OSFI. For our Business and Retail exposures, we use the standard risk weights prescribed by OSFI. Structured investment vehicle Managed investment vehicle that holds mainly highly rated asset-backed securities and funds itself using the short-term commercial paper market as well as the medium-term note (MTN) market. Subprime loans Subprime lending is the practice of making loans to borrowers who do not qualify for the best market interest rates because of their deficient credit history. Subprime lending carries more risk for lenders due to the combination of higher interest rates for the borrowers, poorer credit histories, and adverse financial situations usually associated with subprime applicants. Taxable equivalent basis (teb) Income from certain specified tax advantaged sources (eligible Canadian taxable corporate dividends) is increased to a level that would make it comparable to income from taxable sources. There is an offsetting adjustment in the tax provision, thereby generating the same after-tax net income. Tier 1 capital Tier 1 capital comprises predominantly of CET1 capital, with additional Tier 1 items such as preferred shares, innovative instruments and non-controlling interests in subsidiaries Tier 1 instruments. Tier 2 capital Tier 2 capital consists mainly of subordinated debentures that meet certain criteria, certain loan loss allowances and non-controlling interests in subsidiaries’ Tier 2 instruments. Total capital and total capital ratio Total capital is defined as the total of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. The total capital ratio is calculated by dividing total capital by risk-weighted assets. Tranche A security class created whereby the risks and returns associated with a pool of assets are packaged into several classes of securities offering different risk and return profiles from those of the underlying asset pool. Tranches are typically rated by ratings agencies, and reflect both the credit quality of underlying collateral as well as the level of protection based on the tranches’ relative subordination. Trust Capital Securities (RBC TruCS) Transferable trust units issued by structured entities RBC Capital Trust or RBC Capital Trust II for the purpose of raising innovative Tier 1 capital. Value-at-Risk (VaR) A generally accepted risk-measurement concept that uses statistical models based on historical information to estimate within a given level of confidence the maximum loss in market value we would experience in our trading portfolio from an adverse one-day movement in market rates and prices. Glossary Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 207 Principal subsidiaries Principal subsidiaries (1) Royal Bank Holding Inc. Royal Mutual Funds Inc. RBC Insurance Holdings Inc. RBC Insurance Company of Canada RBC Life Insurance Company RBC Direct Investing Inc. RBC Phillips, Hager & North Investment Counsel Inc. R.B.C. Holdings (Bahamas) Limited RBC Caribbean Investments Limited Royal Bank of Canada Insurance Company Ltd. Investment Holdings (Cayman) Limited RBC (Barbados) Funding Ltd. Capital Funding Alberta Limited RBC Global Asset Management Inc. RBC Investor Services Trust RBC Investor Services Bank S.A. RBC (Barbados) Trading Bank Corporation BlueBay Asset Management (Services) Ltd RBC USA Holdco Corporation (2) RBC Capital Markets, LLC (2) RBC Bank (Georgia), National Association (2) City National Bank RBC Global Asset Management (U.S.) Inc. RBC Dominion Securities Limited RBC Dominion Securities Inc. RBC Finance S.à r.l./B.V. (2) RBC Holdings (Luxembourg) S.A R.L. RBC Holdings (Channel Islands) Limited Royal Bank of Canada (Channel Islands) Limited RBC Holdings (Barbados) Ltd. RBC Financial (Caribbean) Limited RBC Europe Limited RBC Capital Trust Royal Bank Mortgage Corporation The Royal Trust Company Royal Trust Corporation of Canada Principal office address (2) Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands St. Michael, Barbados George Town, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands St. Michael, Barbados Calgary, Alberta, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg St. James, Barbados London, England New York, New York, U.S. New York, New York, U.S. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Los Angeles, California, U.S. Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada Amsterdam, Netherlands Luxembourg, Luxembourg Jersey, Channel Islands Guernsey, Channel Islands St. Michael, Barbados Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago London, England Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada Montreal, Quebec, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada RBC Covered Bond Guarantor Limited Partnership Toronto, Ontario, Canada Carrying value of voting shares owned by the Bank (3) 56,397 19,080 8,378 3,200 3,171 1,820 1,624 1,173 692 229 154 (1) (2) (3) The Bank directly or indirectly controls each subsidiary. Each subsidiary is incorporated or organized under the law of the state or country in which the principal office is situated, except for RBC USA Holdco Corporation which is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, U.S., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, which is organized under the laws of the State of Minnesota, U.S. RBC Finance S.à r.l. / B.V. is a company incorporated in the Netherlands with its official seat in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and place of effective management, central administration, and principal establishment in Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. RBC Bank (Georgia), National Association is a national banking association organized under the laws of the U.S. with its main office in Atlanta, Georgia and management offices in Raleigh, North Carolina. The carrying value (in millions of Canadian dollars) of voting shares is stated as the Bank’s equity in such investments. 208 Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 Principal subsidiaries Shareholder Information Corporate headquarters Street address: Royal Bank of Canada 200 Bay Street Toronto, Ontario M5J 2J5 Canada Tel: 1-888-212-5533 Mailing address: P.O. Box 1 Royal Bank Plaza Toronto, Ontario M5J 2J5 Canada website: rbc.com Transfer Agent and Registrar Main Agent: Computershare Trust Company of Canada 1500 Robert-Bourassa Blvd. Suite 700 Montreal, Quebec H3A 3S8 Canada Tel: 1-866-586-7635 (Canada and the U.S.) or 514-982-7555 (International) Fax: 514-982-7580 website: computershare.com/rbc Co-Transfer Agent (U.S.): Computershare Trust Company, N.A. 250 Royall Street Canton, Massachusetts 02021 U.S.A. Co-Transfer Agent (U.K.): Computershare Investor Services PLC Securities Services – Registrars P.O. Box 82, The Pavilions, Bridgwater Road, Bristol BS99 6ZZ U.K. Stock exchange listings (Symbol: RY) Common shares are listed on: Canada – Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) U.S. – New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Switzerland – Swiss Exchange (SIX) All preferred shares are listed on the TSX with the exception of the series C-2. The related depository shares of the series C-2 preferred shares are listed on the NYSE. Valuation day price For Canadian income tax purposes, Royal Bank of Canada’s common stock was quoted at $29.52 per share on the Valuation Day (December 22, 1971). This is equivalent to $7.38 per share after adjusting for the two-for-one stock split of March 1981 and the two-for-one stock split of February 1990. The one-for-one stock dividends in October 2000 and April 2006 did not affect the Valuation Day amount for our common shares. Shareholder contacts For dividend information, change in share registration or address, lost stock certificates, tax forms, estate transfers or dividend reinvestment, please contact: Computershare Trust Company of Canada 100 University Avenue, 8th Floor Toronto, Ontario M5J 2Y1 Canada Tel: 1-866-586-7635 (Canada and the U.S.) or 514-982-7555 (International) Fax: 1-888-453-0330 (Canada and the U.S.) or 416-263-9394 (International) email: service@computershare.com For other shareholder inquiries, please contact: Shareholder Relations Royal Bank of Canada 200 Bay Street South Tower Toronto, Ontario M5J 2J5 Canada Tel: 416-955-7806 Financial analysts, portfolio managers, institutional investors For financial information inquiries, please contact: Investor Relations Royal Bank of Canada 155 Wellington Street West Toronto, Ontario M5V 3K7 Canada Tel: 416-955-7802 or visit our website at rbc.com/investorrelations Direct deposit service Shareholders in Canada and the U.S. may have their RBC common share dividends deposited directly to their bank account by electronic funds transfer. To arrange for this service, please contact our Transfer Agent and Registrar, Computershare Trust Company of Canada. Eligible dividend designation For purposes of the Income Tax Act (Canada) and any corresponding provincial and territorial tax legislation, all dividends (and deemed dividends) paid by RBC to Canadian residents on both its common and preferred shares, are designated as “eligible dividends”, unless stated otherwise. Common share repurchases We are engaged in a Normal Course Issuer Bid (NCIB) which allows us to repurchase for cancellation, up to 30 million common shares during the period spanning March 14, 2017 to March 10, 2018. We determine the amount and timing of the purchases under the NCIB, subject to prior consultation with the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (OSFI). A copy of our Notice of Intention to file a NCIB may be obtained, without charge, by contacting our Corporate Secretary at our Toronto mailing address. 2018 Quarterly earnings release dates First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter February 23 May 24 August 23 November 28 2018 Annual Meeting The Annual Meeting of Common Shareholders will be held on Friday, April 6, 2018, at 9:30 a.m. (Eastern Time), at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, 255 Front Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dividend dates for 2018 Subject to approval by the Board of Directors Common and preferred shares series W, AA, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, AJ, AK, AL, AZ, BB, BD, BF, BH, BI, BJ, BK and BM Preferred shares series C-2 (US$) Record dates January 25 April 25 July 26 October 25 January 26 April 27 July 27 October 26 Payment dates February 23 May 24 August 24 November 23 February 7 May 7 August 7 November 7 Governance Summaries of the significant ways in which corporate governance practices followed by RBC differ from corporate governance practices required to be followed by U.S. domestic companies under the NYSE listing standards are available on our website at rbc.com/governance. Information contained in or otherwise accessible through the websites mentioned in this report to shareholders does not form a part of this report. All references to websites are inactive textual references and are for your information only. Trademarks used in this report include the LION & GLOBE Symbol, ROYAL BANK OF CANADA, RBC, RBC AMPLIFY, RBC CAPITAL MARKETS, RBC CAPITAL TRUST, RBC FUTURE LAUNCH, RBC GLOBAL ASSET MANAGEMENT, RBC INSURANCE, RBC REWARDS, RBC TruCS, RBC WEALTH MANAGEMENT, DIGITALLY ENABLED RELATIONSHIP BANK, MYADVISOR, NOMI FIND & SAVE and NOMI INSIGHTS which are trademarks of Royal Bank of Canada used by Royal Bank of Canada and/or by its subsidiaries under license. VISA is a registered trademark of Visa International Service Association. All other trademarks mentioned in this report which are not the property of Royal Bank of Canada, are owned by their respective holders. Shareholder information Royal Bank of Canada: Annual Report 2017 209 rbc.com/ar2017 81104 (12/2017) 

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