S&P Global
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

Resilience Annual Report 2020 Financial Highlights Years ended December 31 (in millions, except per share data) Revenue 2020 2019 % Change $7,442 $6,699 Adjusted net income (attributable to the Company’s common shareholders)* 2,830 (a) 2,352 (b) Adjusted diluted earnings per common share* $11.69 (a) $9.53 (b) Dividends per common share (c) Total assets Capital expenditures (d) Total debt Equity (including redeemable noncontrolling interest) $2.68 $2.28 $12,537 $11,348 76 4,110 3,352 115 3,948 2,804 11 20 23 18 10 (34) 4 20 *Refer to “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information” on page 15 of this report for a discussion of the Company’s non-GAAP fi nancial measures. (a) Includes impact of the following items: loss on the extinguishment of debt of $279 million, lease impairments of $120 million, employee severance charges of $66 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $24 million, a $16 million gain on dispositions, a technology-related impairment charge of $12 million, lease-related costs of $11 million, Kensho retention related expense of $11 million, a pension related charge of $3 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $123 million. (b) Includes the impact of the following items: a pension related charge of $113 million, costs associated with early repayment of our Senior Notes of $56 million, a $49 million gain on dispositions, employee severance charges of $25 million, Kensho retention related expense of $21 million, lease impairments of $11 million, acquisition-related costs of $4 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $122 million. (c) Dividends paid were $0.67 per quarter in 2020 and $0.57 per quarter in 2019. (d) Includes purchases of property and equipment and additions to technology projects. Year-End Share Price Dividends Per Share Revenue (in millions) $328.73 $273.05 $169.94 $169.40 $107.54 $2.68 $2.28 $2.00 $1.64 $1.44 $7,442 $6,699 $6,258 $6,063 $5,661 ’16 ’17 ’18 ’19 ’20 ’16 ’17 ’18 ’19 ’20 ’16 ’17 ’18 ’19 ’20 Cumulative Total Shareholder Return(e) 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 SPGI Peer Group (f) S&P 500 $352 $315 $184 ’15 ’16 ’17 ’18 ’19 ’20 (e) Assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2015 and total return includes reinvestment of dividends through December 31, 2020. (f) The peer group consists of the following companies: Moody’s Corporation, CME Group Inc., MSCI Inc., FactSet Research Systems Inc., IHS Markit Ltd., Verisk Analytics, Inc., Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. To experience an To experience an enriched version of this Annual Report, with Annual Report, with expanded content, visit spglobal.com/annualreport. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 1 Chairman’s Letter The Board of Directors congratulates The Board of Directors congratulates the leadership team and everyone the leadership team and everyone involved for achieving great involved for achieving great fi nancial results in 2020 and fi nancial results in 2020 and for entering into the merger for entering into the merger agreement with IHS Markit. agreement with IHS Markit. Richard E. Thornburgh Chairman of the Board Delivering Shareholder Value in 2020 21.4% Total Annual Shareholder Return $1.8B Cash Returned to Shareholders 17.5% Increase in Dividend 2 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Dear Fellow Shareholder: This year’s Annual Report and Doug’s letter to shareholders explain how S&P Global is confronting the convergence of immense corporate challenges—the biggest business issues of this century. The people of our company, spread all over the globe, are dealing with a worldwide pandemic, working toward broader workplace diversity and managing through geopolitical events. Despite these challenges, our workforce never wavered from our corporate mission and values. A deeply talented group of professionals has done an excellent job of growing a sustainable business by serving customers, supporting their communities and establishing an admired and unique culture. The Board of Directors congratulates the leadership team and everyone involved for achieving great financial results in 2020 and for entering into the merger agreement with IHS Markit. The Board takes its responsibilities for strategy, risk, and financial and human capital matters seriously. The Board approaches its responsibility for environmental, social and governance (ESG) matters with the same level of diligence as the company does in its production of ESG indices, ratings, benchmarks and analytics. We fulfill these responsibilities, in part, by encouraging discussions with management that are open and direct, challenging and fulsome. These conversations concern the material risks, opportunities and obligations facing our company. Over the years, this culture of openness has helped make S&P Global resilient, flexible and adaptable to change in the broadest context. In accordance with our governance guidelines, Charles E. “Ed” Haldeman, Jr. will retire from the Board at our Annual Shareholders Meeting in May 2021. On behalf of the Board and management, I extend our heartfelt appreciation to Ed for his steady leadership during an extraordinary period of transformation and growth for the company. Ed became non-executive Chair in 2015 and he was the first to serve in this role when we launched S&P Global in 2016. As the saying goes, he was the right person at the right time, and he served all stakeholders extremely well. We also welcome our newest Director, Lord Ian Livingston, who was appointed at our September 2020 Board meeting, and we thank Director Marco Alverà for assuming the Chair of the Board’s Finance Committee upon my appointment to Board Chair. During my 10 years of service on the Board, I have met many of our company’s employees across the globe. They are dedicated and exceptional, and they have our gratitude for producing the “essential intelligence” on which our varied customers depend during this extraordinary time. Sincerely, Richard E. Thornburgh Chairman of the Board S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 3 CEO’s Letter In 2020, our people showed tremendous resilience, responsibility and resolve to support one another, our customers, our communities, our suppliers, and in doing so, have served our shareholders. Douglas L. Peterson President and CEO Dear Fellow Shareholder: The last year tested everyone. Families struggled with the COVID-19 pandemic and personal loss. People and businesses grappled with a steep decline in global economic activity as lockdowns depressed sales and employment. The killing of George Floyd and rising inequality renewed diffi cult conversations in the U.S. and around the world about race, diversity and inclusion. A deadly mob attacked the U.S. Capitol. And the physical assets of many large corporations are at risk because of severe weather and climate change. All these events have increased uncertainty about the future, and they raise important questions about the role of business in society. How does the business community demonstrate responsible leadership? How can large multinational companies like ours deliver on our commitments to provide value to all stakeholders? What are the opportunities to rebuild trust in market-based systems with a purpose to serve everyone with whom we do business? To be sure, the story of how companies are responding to this moment is still being written. But insights are emerging that tell us something about the most resilient companies. They’re the ones that focus on the environment and on societal issues, and that have good governance practices. They’re the ones with crisis response plans and that engage with all their stakeholders. In 2020, our people showed tremendous resilience, responsibility and resolve to support one another, our customers, our communities, our suppliers, and in doing so, have served our shareholders. I’m incredibly proud of them. 4 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Connecting the Past with the Present Eighty years ago, Paul Babson, the president of Poor’s Publishing, and Clayton Penhale of Standard Statistics decided to merge their two companies. The principles on which Standard & Poor’s was formed—integrity, independence and insights—are just as relevant to investors and corporate leaders now as they were then. And it is those qualities that are bringing another two great companies together. Last year, we announced our agreement to merge with IHS Markit (NYSE: INFO). We have enormous respect for IHS Markit and everything its Chairman and CEO Lance Uggla and his team have built. As we look to the future, the combination of our companies will enable us to leverage data and technology so our customers can make even better decisions. We have a proud tradition of evolution, innovation and resilience that gives me a lot of confidence about the way we will deal with future events. For more than 160 years, we’ve navigated challenges in a wide range of economic cycles, market conditions and global dynamics. When Henry Varnum Poor was just getting started with Poor’s Publishing in 1860 by writing journals about the emerging railroad industry, America was on the cusp of a secession crisis and the Civil War. When our predecessors who were leading McGraw-Hill Cos. decided to take our company public by listing shares on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929, the country was on the verge of the Great Depression. And when Paul and Clayton merged their companies in 1941, the U.S. was just nine months from entering World War II. Through it all, our people have displayed integrity, determination and the spirit of innovation. This year marks our fifth anniversary as S&P Global. This milestone offers a vivid reminder that for generations, the S&P brand has represented trusted financial information. As we go forward, we’ll never stop working to earn the trust of markets and all our stakeholders. We have a proud tradition of evolution, innovation and resilience that gives me a lot of confidence about the way we will deal with future events. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 5 2020 Financial Review We delivered exceptional financial performance in 2020. While the pandemic has crippled many industries and companies, our unique collection of businesses has continued to thrive by providing the essential intelligence needed by our clients to navigate this period of heightened uncertainty. Last year, revenue increased 11% to $7.44 billion and our adjusted diluted earnings per share rose 23% to $11.69, which compares with the top end of our guidance of $11.45. These results are testimony to our resilient business model. We generate about 70% of revenue from subscriptions, non-transaction and asset-linked fees. Upon closing our merger with IHS Markit, the portion of our new company’s recurring revenue is projected to increase to 76%. Another strength of S&P Global is the wide range of sectors that we serve. In addition to financial institutions, we serve numerous industries, including utilities, technology, integrated oil and gas as well as governments. And because of this diversity of revenue, no one industry and certainly no one customer represents a majority of our business. In fact, nonfinancial corporates in industrial categories represent almost 60% of our revenue. We continue to maintain our strong balance sheet and healthy credit profile for future capital deployment, including steady returns to shareholders. Powering the Markets of the Future Having a strategy is one thing. Being able to execute it, especially in times of great unpredictability, is something else. I’m pleased that our long-term strategy, what we call Powering the Markets of the Future, continues to be an effective framework to hold ourselves accountable, allocate capital and chart our path forward. In 2020, we produced meaningful progress in each of the six components of our strategy. While the pandemic has crippled many industries and companies, our unique collection of businesses has continued to thrive. 6 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 1. Global Reach and Relevance To expand globally, we took another big step last year. S&P Global (China) Ratings completed its registration filing with the China Securities Regulatory Commission. This marks the first time that a wholly foreign-owned credit rating agency (CRA) can produce credit ratings in China’s exchange bond market, and it gives us the broadest remit of any wholly foreign-owned CRA in China. As you may recall, in 2019, we received the first approval to publish ratings in the interbank bond market. We also released the China Credit Analytics Platform. This is an integrated desktop solution that generates credit insights on more than 20 million Chinese private companies using differentiated content and localized analytics aligned with the S&P Global standard. 2. Customer Orientation To strengthen our customers’ experiences with our products, we took a number of important actions across the company. For example, we stepped up the frequency and availability of our research and insights related to the impact of COVID-19 on markets, business sectors and economies. Our customers have expressed overwhelmingly positive feedback and we reached record levels of website visitors and overall interest in our content. In another example, last summer we began customer trials of S&P Global Platts’ faster, more efficient Market on Close (MOC) process. S&P Global Platts editors have been collaborating with Kensho’s data scientists to shorten the average two-hour timespan between the market’s close and the publication of a range of commodity price assessments by an average of 80%. This enables Platts to publish price assessments faster, so that clients—whether they are in trading, risk or operations—can take actions sooner and with greater understanding. We concluded initial trials with customers earlier this year and we will be rolling the process out across the full range of price assessments in scope in 2021. And for a richer customer experience, we have added major features to the Market Intelligence desktop. These improvements allow users to more easily customize, navigate and discover our great content, including improvements to our market monitoring dashboard like persona-driven views. High-quality, differentiated content on the desktop—everything from private company data to ESG insights— is core to our strategy. In the future, I’m excited about the opportunities to unleash new combinations of data, products and technology for our customers. Together with IHS Markit, we’ll be better positioned to serve diverse customer segments, including financial services, corporates and the public sector. We’ll have leading capabilities across benchmarking, data and analytics, risk management, market insight and research, asset valuations and ratings. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 7 3. Operational Excellence To realize operational excellence, we completed our 2018 productivity program, achieving $120 million in annual savings. Some of the key areas of improvement were in standardizing and centralizing processes, consolidating data centers and utilizing robotics, or RPA, to automate routine activities. Last year, we introduced a new $120 million productivity program. This initiative to reduce future expenses will take place over the next two to three years and is focused on real estate, procurement, travel and entertainment, and technology infrastructure. We also demonstrated operational excellence as we moved to a work-from-home model, accelerating conversations we’d been having about the future of work. We continue to focus on incorporating technology solutions to transform how we serve our customers, where we work, and how we work. 4. Technology To enhance the value we offer to customers, we continue our record of deploying technology. In 2020, we signed an agreement with Snowflake, a cloud data platform. Cloud-based delivery enables customers to simplify their data management and work with multiple large datasets more efficiently. Since Snowflake is cloud agnostic, our data are ready to query and easily accessible. Across S&P Global we’ve been deploying more and more sophisticated data science capabilities. Kensho, which we acquired in 2018, continues to prove an effective hub of innovation and product improvements. Kensho’s core capabilities in machine learning, alternative-data analysis, search technology, and natural- language processing give us a competitive advantage, and in 2020, enabled customers to move faster and uncover new insights. And following the merger with IHS Markit, the combination of both companies’ artificial intelligence capabilities with the IHS Markit Data Lake—a centralized place to store structured and unstructured data where anybody can use it—will allow our customers to discover completely new insights. It’s one of the most compelling aspects of putting our businesses together. 8 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 5. Innovation We had an incredible year of innovation and product launches. Our innovative new offerings span the entire company. To start with, we created a suite of new environmental, social and governance, or ESG, products. In the last year alone, we launched the S&P 500 ESG Index and ESG Scores and the first European price assessment for sustainable jet fuel, just to name a few. To underscore the demand for ESG-focused data, benchmarks and analytics, by the end of 2020 assets under management in ESG ETFs based on our indices were $20.2 billion, up over 200% since the end of 2019. And to meet the growing market’s demand for ESG insights, we recently established a new organizational structure to guide our ESG product strategy and growth plans. I’m also very pleased with last year’s introduction of S&P Global Marketplace— a data platform that offers the opportunity to explore, discover and evaluate new datasets in a seamless and intuitive way. There are more than 100 content and solution options available to clients. Textual data—research documents, regulatory filings, earnings call transcripts and similar unstructured data sets—have become one of the most sought-after pieces of content in Marketplace. Ordinarily, it would take customers an enormous amount of time trying to consume this kind of information, usually one document at a time. Here, we’re helping them by applying data science and machine learning. These techniques allow us to source new content, structure it, apply tags that describe the content and link relevant data, and add new search capabilities to help clients find new insights. 6. People First To put our people first, we expanded our benefits, including extended care leave, new wellness offerings and a new student loan reimbursement program. In response to COVID, we have been taking steps to care for our people. We introduced new and easily accessible wellness programs that promote emotional and mental health, alongside more traditional benefits to support physical well-being. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 9 Attracting and retaining top talent is a priority. In 2020, we welcomed a new member to our senior leadership team. Dan Draper, who was previously with the investment management firm Invesco, is the CEO of S&P Dow Jones Indices, succeeding Alex Matturri who retired last year. Dan has hit the ground running and is proving that there are a lot of opportunities to continue developing innovative indices. We look forward to welcoming a whole new group of talented people later this year when we expect to close the IHS Markit transaction. Resilience in 2020 and Beyond: A Focus on ESG Despite our resilience, we are not immune from risks. Early last year, there were concerns the pandemic could cause a drop in bond issuance, weakness in new sales or subscription renewals, and reduce assets under management connected with our indices. The financial markets finished 2020 strong and we had an excellent year. But that doesn’t mean we stop evaluating emerging risks, as well as opportunities. If anything, the events of the past year have only sharpened our focus on evolving events that could impact our company. This is where putting a priority on ESG factors is critical to maintaining the sustainability of our business. We need to keep our own house in order if we are to be a true leader in providing the markets with ESG data, benchmarks and analytics. Here’s what we’re doing. Environment As part of our effort to consider climate change in making decisions, last year we were one of the first U.S.-based companies to disclose a carbon-adjusted earnings per share metric. We believe that this measure provides transparency into the previously hidden cost of carbon emissions from our operations. We’ve also enhanced our environmental disclosures by setting science-based targets for the reduction of our greenhouse gas emissions and publishing our second Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures report. Social In 2020, we moved to address diversity, racial equity and inclusion in our company, with our customers and in our communities. We began educating our workforce about racial justice with a series of guest speakers and courageous conversations. Regardless of your race, sexual orientation, gender, ethnicity—no matter who 10 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report you are and no matter where you are—we are committed to creating a more welcoming, inclusive culture. Our efforts extend to our supply chain and business partners, where we strive to work with minority-, women-, veteran- and LGBTQ-owned businesses globally. We are deepening our relationships with our community partners too. Over 80% of the grants our foundation awards are directed to organizations whose mission is to promote some form of diversity and inclusion. In 2020, we increased our charitable contributions to $11 million and we have been very targeted to giving to the communities most in need, whether it’s because of COVID or racial injustice. We’ve also continued to conduct special research about the value more women in the workforce brings to economies, markets and communities. Under the banner of our #ChangePays campaign, last year we published new research in partnership with AARP about the importance of employers expanding family- friendly benefits and promoting work-life balance. Of course, the racial and social issues in our communities are not new and they won’t be solved in the short term. Yet, I believe we’ll make progress both in the business community and across society because asset owners and responsible business leaders are pushing for change. Governance Good corporate governance starts at the top and cuts across every part of our company. And it’s the culmination of many different factors. Our independent Board of Directors views ESG issues as essential to its oversight of our business strategy. Our largest shareholders who vote their proxies want to talk with us about what we’re doing to attract and develop talent, they want to know how we’re prepared to respond to cyber incidents and what we’re doing to take advantage of technology innovation. One of the lessons coming out of the pandemic is that remote work requires a new way of thinking to enhance risk management and compliance, especially cybersecurity. We’ve gone from several dozen offices to over 20,000 home offices. So, we’ve enhanced our cyber training and email surveillance. Effective risk management and governance are only as good as the willingness of people to follow the rules and behave responsibly. That’s why we have programs in place to make sure all our people understand and abide by our code of conduct, and that we have a culture of good governance across the organization. I believe measuring corporate performance and the transparency companies provide about it are important elements of governance. As the market moves toward greater adoption of ESG investing practices, public and private companies should consider how they can increase their ESG disclosures. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 11 2020 Recognition Highlights Forbes Newsweek Most JUST Companies: The JUST 100 Capital Most Responsible Companies Fortune Barron’s Most Admired Companies 100 Most Sustainable Companies Working Mother Drucker Institute 100 Best Companies #26 Company Ranking The Civic 50 Points of Light Human Rights Campaign Foundation Most Community-Minded Companies Best Places to Work for LGBTQ Equality 12 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Our Way Forward Together The past year has been diffi cult as each of us has had to wrestle with big changes in our world. I thank the people on the frontlines for all they’ve done—from the doctors, nurses and scientists, to the police offi cers and fi refi ghters who keep us safe, to the truck drivers, factory and grocery store workers who do their best to keep supply lines connected, to the community members and nongovernmental organizations pushing for greater equity in society. As business leaders, we need to do our part to create positive change. As challenging as last year was, it also offered glimpses of inspiration—how we can come together to do great things. In our company, we proved that our long-term strategy, our business portfolio and our people are resilient and act responsibly in everything they do. As COVID vaccines get administered to more and more people around the globe, we’ll gradually see businesses in sectors hit hardest by the pandemic pick up. It may take a year or more to get back to pre-COVID levels for those businesses. With a rebound in the global economy expected this year, normalization across sectors and with a great team, S&P Global is in an excellent position to Power the Markets of the Future. Thanks for reading and for your interest in our company. Sincerely, Douglas L. Peterson President and CEO S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 13 Disclaimers Offer or Solicitation This document is not intended to and shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities or a solicitation of any vote of approval, nor shall there be any sale of securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such jurisdiction. No offering of securities shall be made except by means of a prospectus meeting the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Important Information About the Transaction and Where to Find It In connection with the proposed transaction, S&P Global and IHS Markit will file relevant materials with the SEC, including a registration statement on Form S-4 filed by S&P Global to register the shares of S&P Global common stock to be issued in connection with the proposed transaction. The registration statement will include a joint proxy statement/prospectus which will be sent to the shareholders of S&P Global and IHS Markit seeking their approval of their respective transaction-related proposals. INVESTORS AND SECURITY HOLDERS ARE URGED TO READ THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT ON FORM S-4 AND THE RELATED JOINT PROXY STATEMENT/ PROSPECTUS, AS WELL AS ANY AMENDMENTS OR SUPPLEMENTS TO THOSE DOCUMENTS AND ANY OTHER RELEVANT DOCUMENTS THAT ARE FILED OR TO BE FILED WITH THE SEC IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROPOSED TRANSACTION, CAREFULLY AND IN THEIR ENTIRETY BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN OR WILL CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT S&P GLOBAL, IHS MARKIT AND THE PROPOSED TRANSACTION. Investors and security holders may obtain copies of these documents free of charge through the website maintained by the SEC at www.sec.gov or from S&P Global at its website, or from IHS Markit at its website. Documents filed with the SEC by S&P Global will be available free of charge by accessing S&P Global’s website at www.spglobal. com under the heading Investor Relations, or, alternatively, by directing a request by telephone to 866-436-8502 (domestic callers) or 212-438-2192 (international callers) or by mail to S&P Global at Investor Relations, S&P Global Inc., 55 Water Street, New York, NY 10041, and documents filed with the SEC by IHS Markit will be available free of charge by accessing IHS Markit’s website at www.ihsmarkit.com under the heading Investor Relations or, alternatively, by directing a request by telephone to 303-790-0600 or by mail to IHS Markit at IHS Markit Investor Relations and Corporate Communications, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112. Participants in the Solicitation S&P Global, IHS Markit and certain of their respective directors and executive officers and other members of management and employees may be deemed to be participants in the solicitation of proxies from the shareholders of S&P Global and IHS Markit in respect of the proposed transaction under the rules of the SEC. Information about IHS Markit’s directors and executive officers is available in IHS Markit’s Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2019, proxy statement dated February 28, 2020 for its 2020 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, and certain of its Current Reports on Form 8-K. Information about S&P Global’s directors and executive officers is available in S&P Global’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, proxy statement dated March 30, 2020 for its 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and certain of its Current Reports on Form 8-K. Additional information regarding the participants in the proxy solicitation and a description of their direct and indirect interests, by security holdings or otherwise, will be contained in the joint proxy statement/prospectus and other relevant materials to be filed with the SEC regarding the transaction when they become available. Investors should read the joint proxy statement/prospectus carefully when it becomes available before making any voting or investment decisions. You may obtain free copies of these documents from S&P Global or IHS Markit using the sources indicated above. 14 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information The Company reports its financial results in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). The following is provided to supplement certain non-GAAP financial measures discussed in the letter to shareholders and the financial highlights section of this report (IFC-page 13) both as reported (on a GAAP basis) and as adjusted by excluding certain items (Non-GAAP) as explained below. The Company’s non-GAAP measures include adjustments that reflect how management views our businesses. The Company believes these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful supplemental information that, in the case of non-GAAP financial measures other than free cash flow and free cash flow excluding certain items, enables investors to better compare the Company’s performance across periods, and management also uses these measures internally to assess the operating performance of its business, to assess performance for employee compensation purposes and to decide how to allocate resources. However, investors should not consider any of these non-GAAP measures in isolation from, or as a substitute for, the financial information that the Company reports. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 15 Operating Results - Reported vs. Performance Non-GAAP Financial Information Periods ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions, except per share amounts) Adjusted Operating Profit (unaudited) Total SPGI Operating profit Non-GAAP adjustments (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Deal-related amortization Adjusted operating profit 2020 2019 % Change $3,617 228 123 $3,226 12 122 12% $3,967 $3,360 18% Adjusted Other (Income) Expense, net (unaudited) Other (income) expense, net Non-GAAP adjustments (f) Adjusted other income, net Adjusted Provision for Income Taxes (unaudited) Provision for income taxes Non-GAAP adjustments (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Deal-related amortization Adjusted provision for income taxes Adjusted Effective Tax Rate (unaudited) Adjusted operating profit Adjusted other income, net Interest expense, net Adjusted income before taxes on income Adjusted provision for income taxes Adjusted effective tax rate 1 2020 $(31) (3) $(34) 2020 $694 109 29 $831 2019 % Change $98 (113) $(14) N/M N/M 2019 % Change $627 45 29 $702 11% 18% 2020 $3,967 (34) 141 3,861 2019 % Change $3,360 (14) 141 3,233 18% 19% 831 702 21.5% 21.7% 1 The adjusted effective tax rate is calculated by dividing the adjusted provision for income taxes by the adjusted income before taxes on income. 16 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Periods ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions, except per share amounts) Adjusted Net Income attributable to SPGI and Adjusted Diluted EPS (unaudited) 2020 2019 % Change Net Income attributable to SPGI Diluted EPS Net Income attributable to SPGI Diluted EPS Net Income attributable to SPGI Diluted EPS As reported $2,339 $9.66 $2,123 $8.60 10% 12% Non-GAAP adjustments (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Deal-related amortization 397 94 1.64 0.39 136 92 0.55 0.37 Adjusted N/M - not meaningful Note - Totals presented may not sum due to rounding. $2,830 $11.69 $2,352 $9.53 20% 23% (a) 2020 includes a technology-related impairment charge of $11 million ($8 million after-tax). 2020 also includes lease-related costs of $5 million ($4 million after- tax) and employee severance charges of $4 million ($3 million after-tax). 2019 includes employee severance charges of $11 million ($9 million after-tax). (b) 2020 includes employee severance charges of $27 million ($21 million after-tax), and lease-related costs of $3 million ($2 million after-tax). 2020 also includes a gain on disposition of $12 million ($6 million after-tax). 2019 includes employee severance charges of $6 million ($4 million after-tax) and acquisition-related costs of $4 million ($3 million after-tax). As of July 1, 2019, we completed the sale of SPIAS and the results are included in Market Intelligence results through that date. 2019 also includes a gain on the sale of SPIAS of $22 million ($12 million after-tax). (c) 2020 includes employee severance charges of $11 million ($9 million after-tax) and lease-related costs of $2 million ($1 million after-tax). As of July 31, 2019, we completed the sale of RigData and the results are included in Platts results through that date. 2019 includes a gain on the sale of RigData of $27 million ($26 million after-tax) and employee severance charges of $1 million ($1 million after-tax). (d) 2020 includes employee severance charges of $5 million ($4 million after-tax), a lease impairment charge of $4 million ($3 million after-tax), a technology-related impairment of $2 million ($1 million after-tax), and lease-related costs of $1 million ($1 million after-tax). (e) 2020 includes Kensho retention related expense of $12 million ($9 million after-tax) and employee severance charges of $19 million ($15 million after-tax). 2020 includes lease impairments of $116 million ($89 million after-tax), a gain on disposition of $4 million ($3 million after-tax) and IHS Markit merger costs of $24 million ($21 million after-tax). 2019 includes Kensho retention related expense of $21 million ($16 million after-tax). 2019 includes lease impairments of $11 million ($8 million after-tax) and employee severance charges of $7 million ($6 million after-tax). (f) 2020 includes a pension related charge of $3 million ($2 million after-tax). 2019 includes a pension related charge of $113 million ($85 million after-tax). (g) 2020 includes $4 million of tax benefit related to prior year divestitures. 2020 includes a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $279 million ($223 million after-tax). 2019 includes costs associated with early repayment of our Senior Notes of $57 million ($43 million after-tax). S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 17 20 50 51 52 53 54 55 93 94 95 98 99 100 18 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 2020 Financial Performance Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) provides a narrative of the results of operations and financial condition of S&P Global Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”) for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”). The MD&A includes the following sections: • Overview • Results of Operations • Liquidity and Capital Resources • Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information • Critical Accounting Estimates • Recent Accounting Standards Certain of the statements below are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In addition, any projections of future results of operations and cash flows are subject to substantial uncertainty. See Forward-Looking Statements on pages 48-49 of this report. Overview We are a leading provider of transparent and independent ratings, benchmarks, analytics and data to the capital and commodity markets worldwide. The capital markets include asset managers, investment banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, exchanges, trading firms and issuers; and the commodity markets include producers, traders and intermediaries within energy, petrochemicals, metals and agriculture. Our operations consist of four reportable segments: S&P Global Ratings (“Ratings”), S&P Global Market Intelligence (“Market Intelligence”), S&P Global Platts (“Platts”) and S&P Dow Jones Indices (“Indices”). • Ratings is an independent provider of credit ratings, research and analytics, offering investors and other market participants information, ratings and benchmarks. • Market Intelligence is a global provider of multi-asset-class data, research and analytical capabilities, which integrate cross-asset analytics and desktop services. • Platts is the leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the commodity and energy markets. • Indices is a global index provider maintaining a wide variety of valuation and index benchmarks for investment advisors, wealth managers and institutional investors. Major Portfolio Changes The following significant changes were made to our portfolio during the three years ended December 31, 2020: • In January of 2020, we completed the acquisition of the ESG Ratings Business from RobecoSAM, which includes the widely followed SAM* Corporate Sustainability Assessment, an annual evaluation of companies’ sustainability practices. The acquisition will bolster our position as the premier resource for essential environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) insights and product solutions for our customers. Through this acquisition, we will be able to offer our customers even more transparent, robust and comprehensive ESG solutions. • In April of 2018, we acquired Kensho Technologies Inc. (“Kensho”) for approximately $550 million, net of cash acquired, in a mix of cash and stock. Kensho is a leading-edge provider of next-generation analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data visualization systems to Wall Street’s premier global banks and investment institutions, as well as the National Security community. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the contract obligations for revenue from Kensho’s major customers were transferred to Market Intelligence for fulfillment. As a result of this transfer, from January 1, 2019 revenue from contracts with Kensho’s customers is reflected in Market Intelligence’s results. In 2018, the revenue from contracts with Kensho’s customers was reported in Corporate revenue. Shareholder Return During the three years ended December 31, 2020, we have returned approximately $5.8 billion to our shareholders through a combination of share repurchases and our quarterly dividends: we completed share repurchases of approximately $4.1 billion and distributed regular quarterly dividends totaling approximately $1.7 billion. Also, on January 27, 2021 the Board of Directors approved an increase in the quarterly common stock dividend from $0.67 per share to $0.77 per share. 20 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Key Results (in millions) Revenue Operating profit 2 % Operating margin Diluted earnings per share from net income Year ended December 31, % Change 1 2020 $7,442 $3,617 49% $9.66  2019 $6,699 $3,226 48% $8.60 2018 ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 $6,258 $2,790 45% $7.73 11% 12% 12% 7% 16% 11% 1 % changes in the tables throughout the MD&A are calculated off of the actual number, not the rounded number presented. 2 2020 includes lease impairments of $120 million, employee severance charges of $66 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $24 million, a gain on dispositions of $16 million, a technology-related impairment charge of $12 million, lease-related costs of $11 million and Kensho retention related expense of $11 million. 2019 includes a gain on the sale of RigData and SPIAS of $27 million and $22 million, respectively, employee severance charges of $25 million, Kensho retention related expense of $21 million, lease impairments of $11 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. 2018 includes legal settlement expenses of $74 million, Kensho retention related expense of $31 million, restructuring charges related to a business disposition and employee severance charges of $25 million and lease impairments of $11 million. 2020 also includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $123 million and 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $122 million. 2020 Revenue increased 11%, with a favorable benefit of 1 percentage point from the net impact of recent acquisitions and dispositions, driven by increases at all of our reportable segments. Revenue growth at Ratings was mainly driven by higher corporate bond ratings revenue, partially offset by a decrease in bank loan ratings revenue and structured finance transaction revenues. Revenue growth at Market Intelligence was driven by annualized contract value growth in Market Intelligence Desktop products, Credit Risk Solutions and Data Management Solutions. Revenue growth at Indices was due to higher assets under management for exchange traded funds (“ETFs”) and mutual funds, an increase in exchange-traded derivatives revenue and higher data subscription revenue. The revenue increase at Platts was primarily due to continued demand for market data, price assessment and analytics products. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 12%, with a favorable impact from foreign exchange rates of 1 percentage point. Excluding the impact of a higher lease impairment charges in 2020 of 3 percentage points, higher employee severance charges in 2020 of 1 percentage point, a higher gain on dispositions in 2019 of 1 percentage point primarily related to the sale of RigData and Standard & Poor’s Investment Advisory Services LLC (“SPIAS”) and IHS Markit merger costs in 2020 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 18%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth at all of our reportable segments combined with a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses from non-essential travel restrictions in response to COVID-19, partially offset by an increase in incentive costs and higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount. 2019 Revenue increased 7%, with an unfavorable impact of 1 percentage point from foreign exchange rates. The increase was driven by revenue growth at all of our reportable segments. Revenue growth at Ratings was driven by an increase in corporate bond ratings revenue and public finance revenue, partially offset by lower bank loan ratings revenue. The increase at Market Intelligence was driven by annualized contract value growth in the Market Intelligence Desktop, Credit Risk Solutions and Data Management Solutions products. The increase at Indices was due to higher levels of assets under management for ETFs and mutual funds. Revenue growth at Indices was also favorably impacted by the buyout of the balance of intellectual property rights in a family of indices from one of our co-marketing and index development partners in the fourth quarter of 2018, retrospective fees for previously unlicensed and unreported index usage and benefits related to recent contract renegotiation. The increase at Platts was primarily due to continued demand for market data and price assessment products. Operating profit increased 16%, with a favorable impact from foreign exchange rates of less than 1 percentage point. Excluding the impact of higher legal settlement expenses in 2018 of 3 percentage points, a gain on our dispositions of 2 percentage points and higher Kensho retention related expense in 2018 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 10%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth at all of our reportable segments, lower professional fees and decreased expenses at Corporate Unallocated driven by a $20 million reduction in contributions made to the S&P Global Foundation in 2018. These increases to operating profit were partially offset by higher technology costs, an increase in incentive costs and higher S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 21 compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount. We are closely monitoring the impact of the outbreak of COVID-19 on all aspects of our business. While COVID-19 did not have a material adverse effect on our reported results for the year ended December 31, 2020, we are unable to predict the ultimate impact that it may have on our business, future results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Our Strategy We are a leading provider of transparent and independent ratings, benchmarks, analytics and data to the capital and commodity markets worldwide. Our purpose is to provide the intelligence that is essential for companies, governments and individuals to make decisions with conviction. We seek to deliver on this purpose in line with our core values of integrity, excellence and relevance. In 2018, we announced the launch of Powering the Markets of the Future to provide a framework for our forward-looking business strategy. Through this framework, we seek to deliver an exceptional, differentiated customer experience by enhancing our foundational capabilities, evolving and growing our core businesses, and pursuing growth via adjacencies. In 2021, we will strive to deliver on our strategic priorities in the following key areas: • Prioritizing customer preferences, while enhancing and adjusting the delivery of our products across multiple channels such as feeds and APIs; and delivering on S&P Global Platform initiatives; • Incorporating a customer perspective in all divisions and functions, including the reimagining of our customer’s work environments and how best to serve them; pursuing partnerships to meet customers where they are; and • Nurturing and protecting the core franchise, while growing brand equity with the appropriate investments. Operations • Improving end-user productivity and experience by providing our employees with the tools and processes to better serve our customers; • Reimagining our work environment by continuing to standardize our technology and encouraging employee participation in the reshaping of where we work, how we work and how we serve; • Advancing our risk culture by maturing risk management & compliance processes and our cyber security posture; and • Utilizing our innovation teams and latest technology to maintain our commitment to advancing our shared data processes and technical capabilities. Finance People • Meeting or exceeding revenue growth and EBITA margin targets with particular focus on accelerating growth in the greater Asia Pacific region; • Funding organic opportunities and pursuing disciplined acquisitions, investments and partnerships to support our key growth areas; • Taking a lead role in the market regarding ESG disclosures and achieving our stated environmental sustainability targets; and • Executing against Integration Management Office (“IMO”) and regulatory milestones; building trust and team cohesion with INFO colleagues; laying groundwork to set proforma organization up for successful realization of our synergy and strategic goals. Customer • Continuing to deliver our key initiatives to the market and building them through a customer-first lens; • Continuing to foster a people first environment, while maintaining existing levels of engagement; • Encouraging career mobility through career coaching, while attracting and retaining the best people; and • Improving diverse representation through talent acquisition, advancement and retention, while continuing to raise awareness of racial education. There can be no assurance that we will achieve success in implementing any one or more of these strategies as a variety of factors could unfavorably impact operating results, including prolonged difficulties in the global credit markets and a change in the regulatory environment affecting our businesses. See Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Further projections and discussion on our 2021 outlook for our segments can be found within “ – Results of Operations”. 22 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Results of Operations CONSOLIDATED REVIEW Year ended December 31, % Change (in millions) Revenue Expenses: Operating-related expenses Selling and general expenses Depreciation and amortization Total expenses Gain on dispositions Operating profit Other (income) expense, net Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Provision for taxes on income Net income Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 2020 $7,442 2019 $6,699 2018 $6,258 2,092 1,543 206 3,841 (16) 3,617 (31) 141 279 694 2,534 (195) 1,976 1,342 204 3,522 (49) 3,226 98 141 57 627 2,303 (180) 1,838 1,424 206 3,468 — 2,790 (25) 134 — 560 2,121 (163) Net income attributable to S&P Global Inc. $2,339 $2,123 $1,958 ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 11% 6% 15% 1% 9% (67)% 12% N/M —% N/M 11% 10% (9)% 10% 7% 7% (6)% (1)% 2% N/M 16% N/M 5% N/M 12% 9% (10)% 8% N/M - not meaningful Revenue (in millions) Subscription revenue Non-subscription / transaction revenue Non-transaction revenue Asset-linked fees Sales usage-based royalties % of total revenue: Subscription revenue Non-subscription / transaction revenue Non-transaction revenue Asset-linked fees Sales usage-based royalties U.S. revenue International revenue: European region Asia Rest of the world Total international revenue % of total revenue: U.S. revenue International revenue Year ended December 31, % Change 2018 ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 2020 $3,036 2,039 1,492 648 227 41% 27% 20% 9% 3% 2019 $2,843 1,632 1,401 623 200 43% 24% 21% 9% 3% $2,682 1,401 1,408 542 225 43% 22% 23% 9% 3% $4,504 $3,976 $3,750 1,769 782 387 $2,938 61% 39% 1,659 710 354 $2,723 59% 41% 1,543 647 318 $2,508 60% 40% 7% 25% 6% 4% 14% 13% 7% 10% 9% 8% 6% 17% (1)% 15% (11)% 6% 8% 10% 11% 9% S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 23 2020 Revenue by Type 2020 Revenue by Geographic Area Asset-linked fees 9% Sales usage-based royalties 3% Rest of the World 5% Asia 10% Non-transaction 20% Non-subscription / Transaction 27% Subscription 41% European Region 24% U.S. 61% 2020 Revenue increased 11% as compared to 2019. Subscription revenue increased primarily from growth in Market Intelligence’s average contract values and continued demand for Platts proprietary content. Higher data subscription revenue at Indices also contributed to subscription revenue growth. Non-subscription / transaction revenue increased due to an increase in corporate bond ratings revenue, partially offset by a decrease in bank loan ratings revenue and structured finance transaction revenues at Ratings. Non-transaction revenue increased primarily due to an increase in surveillance revenue, royalty revenue, and higher Ratings Evaluation Service activity. Asset-linked fees increased due to the impact of higher average levels of assets under management for ETFs and mutual funds at Indices. The increase in sales-usage based royalties was primarily driven by higher exchange-traded derivative volumes at Indices. See “Segment Review” below for further information. The favorable impact of foreign exchange rates increased revenue by less than 1 percentage point. This impact refers to constant currency comparisons estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. 2019 Revenue increased 7% as compared to 2018. Subscription revenue increased primarily from growth in Market Intelligence’s average contract values and continued demand for Platt’s proprietary content. Higher data subscription revenue at Indices also contributed to subscription revenue growth. Non-subscription / transaction revenue increased driven by an increase in corporate bond ratings revenue and public finance revenue, partially offset by a decline in bank loan ratings revenue at Ratings. Non-transaction revenue decreased 1% primarily due to the unfavorable impact from foreign exchange rates. Non-transaction revenue was unfavorably impacted by a decline in Ratings Evaluation Service activity, a decrease at CRISIL, primarily within the risk and analytics sector, and lower entity credit ratings revenue, and benefited from an increase in surveillance revenue and higher royalty revenue. Asset-linked fees increased due to the impact of higher levels of assets under management for ETFs and mutual funds at Indices. Additionally, asset-linked fees was favorably impacted by the buyout of the balance of intellectual property rights in a family of indices from one of our co-marketing and index development partners in the fourth quarter of 2018, retrospective fees for previously unlicensed and unreported index usage and benefits related to recent contract renegotiations. The decline in sales-usage based royalties was primarily driven by lower exchange-traded derivative volumes at Indices in 2019. See “Segment Review” below for further information. The unfavorable impact of foreign exchange rates reduced revenue by 1 percentage point. This impact refers to constant currency comparisons estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. 24 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Total Expenses In the first quarter of 2020, we changed our allocation methodology for allocating our centrally managed technology-related expenses to our reportable segments to more accurately reflect each segment’s respective usage. Prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current presentation. The following table provides an analysis by segment of our operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019: (in millions) 2020 2019 % Change Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses $948 903 195 149 (137) 2,058 34 $395 524 208 166 — 1,293 250 $897 836 197 138 (128) 1,940 36 $392 480 196 139 — 1,207 135 $2,092 $1,543 $1,976 $1,342 6% 8% (1)% 8% (7)% 6% (6)% 6% 1% 9% 6% 18% N/M 7% 86% 15% Ratings 1 Market Intelligence 2 Platts 3 Indices 4 Intersegment eliminations 5 Total segments Corporate Unallocated expense 6 N/M - not meaningful 1 In 2020, selling and general expenses include a technology-related impairment charge of $11 million, lease-related costs of $5 million and employee severance charges of $4 million. In 2019, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $11 million. 2 In 2020, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $27 million and lease-related costs of $3 million. In 2019, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $6 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. 3 In 2020, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $11 million and lease-related costs of $2 million. In 2019, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $1 million. 4 In 2020, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $5 million, a lease impairment charge of $4 million, a technology-related impairment charge of $2 million and lease-related costs of $1 million. 5 Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. 6 In 2020, selling and general expenses include lease impairments of $116 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $24 million, employee severance charges of $19 million, Kensho retention related expense of $12 million and a gain related to an acquisition of $1 million. In 2019, selling and general expenses include Kensho retention related expense of $21 million, lease impairments of $11 million and employee severance charges of $7 million. Operating-Related Expenses Operating-related expenses increased as compared to 2019 driven by increases at Market Intelligence and Ratings. The increase at Market Intelligence was primarily due to higher compensation costs driven by investments in growth initiatives and the acquisition of 451 Research, LLC, and higher incentive costs. The increase at Ratings was primarily driven by higher incentive costs. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses from non- essential travel restrictions in response to COVID-19. Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. Selling and General Expenses Selling and general expenses increased 15%. Excluding the impact of higher lease impairment charges in 2020 of 9 percentage points, higher employee severance charges in 2020 of 3 percentage costs, lease-related costs in 2020 of 1 percentage point, IHS Markit merger costs in 2020 of 1 percentage point and a technology-related impairment charge of 1 percentage point, partially offset by higher Kensho related retention expense in 2019 of 1 percentage point, selling and general expenses increased 1%. This increase was primarily driven by an increase at Market Intelligence due to higher compensation costs driven by investments in growth initiatives and the acquisition of 451 Research, LLC, and higher incentive costs, and an increase at Indices driven by an increase in legal related costs. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses from non-essential travel restrictions in response to COVID-19 and lower rental expense from a reduction in the Company’s real estate footprint. Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization increased $2 million, or 1%, compared to 2019 due to an increase in depreciation expense related to assets that began being depreciated in the second half of 2019 and an increase in amortization expense driven by the acquisitions of RobecoSAM, Greenwich Associates LLC and 451 Research, LLC in January 2020, February 2020 and December 2019, respectively. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 25 The following table provides an analysis by segment of our operating-related expenses and selling and general expenses for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018: (in millions) 2019 2018 % Change Ratings 1 Market Intelligence 2 Platts 3 Indices Intersegment eliminations 4 Total segments Corporate Unallocated expense 5 Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses Operating- related expenses Selling and general expenses $897 836 197 138 (128) 1,940 36 $392 480 196 139 — 1,207 135 $844 754 212 129 (125) 1,814 24 $453 480 177 130 — 1,240 184 $1,976 $1,342 $1,838 $1,424 6% 11% (7)% 7% (2)% 7% 53% 7% (14)% —% 11% 7% N/M (3)% (27)% (6)% N/M - not meaningful 1 2 In 2019, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $11 million. In 2018, selling and general expenses include legal settlement expenses of $74 million and employee severance charges of $8 million. In 2019, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $6 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. In 2018, selling and general expenses include restructuring charges related to a business disposition and employee severance charges of $7 million. 3 In 2019, selling and general expenses include employee severance charges of $1 million. 4 5 Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. In 2019, selling and general expenses include Kensho retention related expense of $21 million, lease impairments of $11 million and employee severance charges of $7 million. In 2018, selling and general expenses include Kensho retention related expense of $31 million, lease impairments of $11 million and employee severance charges of $10 million. Operating-Related Expenses Operating-related expenses increased as compared to 2018 driven by the acquisition of Kensho in April of 2018 and increases at Ratings, Market Intelligence and Indices. Ratings increased primarily due to an increase in incentive costs, partially offset by lower professional fees. The increase at Market Intelligence was due to higher technology costs, higher compensation costs and an increase in intersegment royalties tied to annualized contract value growth. The increase at Indices was primarily related to increased royalties due to increased traction of royalty-based products and higher compensation costs. of 1 percentage point, selling and general expenses remained unchanged. Increases at Platts, Indices and Ratings, were offset by a decrease in expenses at Corporate Unallocated. The increase at Platts was primarily driven by higher technology costs. The increase at Ratings was primarily driven by an increase in incentive costs. Indices increased primarily due to higher legal expenses and compensation costs. These increases were offset by a decrease in expenses at Corporate Unallocated primarily driven by a $20 million contribution made by the Company to the S&P Global Foundation in 2018 and a decrease in expenses at Kensho. Intersegment eliminations primarily relate to a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. Selling and General Expenses Selling and general expenses decreased 6%. Excluding the impact of legal settlement expenses in 2018 of 5 percentage points and higher Kensho retention related expense in 2018 Depreciation and Amortization Depreciation and amortization decreased $2 million, or 1%, compared to 2018 due to decreases at Market Intelligence and Platts related to assets becoming fully depreciated and assets becoming fully amortized at Platts, partially offset by an increase in amortization expense from the acquisition of Kensho in April of 2018. 26 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report (in millions) Market Intelligence 2 Ratings 1 Platts 3 Indices Intersegment eliminations 4 Total segments Corporate Unallocated expense 5 Operating- Selling and Operating- Selling and Operating- Selling and related expenses general expenses related expenses general expenses related expenses general expenses $897 836 197 138 (128) 1,940 36 $392 480 196 139 — 1,207 135 $844 754 212 129 (125) 1,814 24 $453 480 177 130 — 1,240 184 $1,976 $1,342 $1,838 $1,424 6% 11% (7)% 7% (2)% 7% 53% 7% (14)% —% 11% 7% N/M (3)% (27)% (6)% Gain on Dispositions During the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $16 million, which was included in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income: • In January of 2020, Market Intelligence entered into a strategic alliance to transition S&P Global Market Intelligence’s Investor Relations (“IR”) webhosting business to Q4 Inc. (“Q4”), a third party provider of investor relations related services. This alliance will integrate Market Intelligence’s proprietary data into Q4’s portfolio of solutions, enabling further opportunities for commercial collaboration. In connection with transitioning its IR webhosting business to Q4, Market Intelligence made a minority investment in Q4. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $11 million ($6 million after-tax), respectively, in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of IR. • In September of 2020, we sold our facility at East Windsor, New Jersey. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $4 million ($3 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of East Windsor. • During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $1 million ($1 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of SPIAS, a business within our Market Intelligence segment, in July of 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $49 million, which was included in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income: • In July of 2019, we completed the sale of RigData, a business within our Platts segment, to Drilling Info, Inc. RigData is a provider of daily information on rig activity for the natural gas and oil markets across North America. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $27 million ($26 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of RigData. • In March of 2019, we entered into an agreement to sell SPIAS to Goldman Sachs Asset Management (“GSAM”). SPIAS provides non-discretionary investment advice across institutional sub-advisory and intermediary distribution channels globally. On July 1, 2019, we completed the sale of SPIAS to GSAM. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $22 million ($12 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of SPIAS. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 27 Operating Profit We consider operating profit to be an important measure for evaluating our operating performance and we evaluate operating profit for each of the reportable business segments in which we operate. We internally manage our operations by reference to operating profit with economic resources allocated primarily based on each segment’s contribution to operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as operating profit before Corporate Unallocated. Segment operating profit is not, however, a measure of financial performance under U.S. GAAP, and may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. In the first quarter of 2020, we changed our allocation methodology for allocating our centrally managed technology-related expenses to our reportable segments to more accurately reflect each segment’s respective usage. Prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current presentation. The table below reconciles segment operating profit to total operating profit: (in millions) Ratings 1 Market Intelligence 2 Platts 3 Indices 4 Total segment operating profit Corporate Unallocated 5 Total operating profit Year ended December 31, % Change 2020 $2,223 589 458 666 3,936 (319) $3,617 2019 $1,783 566 457 632 3,438 (212) $3,226 2018 $1,554 500 401 566 3,021 (231) $2,790 ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 25% 4% —% 5% 14% (50)% 12% 15% 13% 14% 12% 14% 8% 16% 1 2020 includes a technology-related impairment charge of $11 million, lease-related costs of $5 million and employee severance charges of $4 million. 2019 includes employee severance charges of $11 million. 2018 includes legal settlement expenses of $74 million and employee severance charges of $8 million. 2020 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $7 million and 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $2 million. 2 2020 includes employee severance charges of $27 million, a gain on dispositions of $12 million and lease-related costs of $3 million. 2019 includes a gain on the sale of SPIAS of $22 million, employee severance charges of $6 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. 2018 includes restructuring charges related to a business disposition and employee severance charges of $7 million. 2020, 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $76 million, $75 million and $73 million, respectively. 3 2020 includes employee severance charges of $11 million and lease-related costs of $2 million. 2019 includes a gain on the sale of RigData of $27 million and employee severance charges of $1 million. 2020, 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $9 million, $12 million, and $18 million. 4 2020 includes employee severance charges of $5 million, a lease impairment charge of $4 million, a technology-related impairment charge of $2 million and lease- related costs of $1 million. 2020, 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $6 million. 5 2020 includes lease impairments of $116 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $24 million, employee severance charges of $19 million, Kensho retention related expense of $12 million and a gain related to an acquisition of $1 million. 2019 includes Kensho retention related expense of $21 million, lease impairments of $11 million and employee severance charges of $7 million. 2018 includes Kensho retention related expense of $31 million, lease impairments of $11 million and employee severance charges of $10 million. 2020, 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $26 million, $28 million, and 23 million. 2020 Segment Operating Profit Increased $498 million, or 14% as compared to 2019. Excluding the impact of higher employee severance charges in 2020 of 1 percentage point, a higher gain on dispositions in 2019 of 1 percentage point primarily related to the sale of RigData and SPIAS, a technology-related impairment charge in 2020 of less than 1 percentage point and lease-related costs in 2020 of less than 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 17%. The increase was primarily due to an increase in revenue at all of our reportable segments combined with a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses from non-essential travel restrictions in response to COVID-19, partially offset by an increase in incentive costs and higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount. 28 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Corporate Unallocated Expense Corporate Unallocated expense includes costs for corporate center functions, select initiatives and unoccupied office space and Kensho, included in selling and general expenses. Corporate Unallocated expense increased by $107 million or 50% as compared to 2019. Excluding the impact of higher lease impairment charges in 2020 of 53 percentage points, IHS Markit merger costs in 2020 of 12 percentage points and higher employee severance charges in 2020 of 6 percentage points, partially offset by lower Kensho retention related expense in 2020 of 6 percentage points and a gain on disposition in 2020 of 2 percentage points, Corporate Unallocated expense decreased 12% primarily driven by lower rental expense from a reduction in the Company’s real estate footprint, a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses and lower professional fees, partially offset by contributions to the S&P Global Foundation made in 2020. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact on operating profit of 1 percentage point. The foreign exchange rate impact refers to constant currency comparisons and the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities. Constant currency impacts are estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. Remeasurement impacts are based on the variance between current-year and prior-year foreign exchange rate fluctuations on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the individual business’ functional currency. 2019 Segment Operating Profit Increased $417 million, or 14% as compared to 2018. Excluding the impact of higher legal settlement expenses in 2018 of 3 percentage points and a gain on our dispositions in 2019 of 2 percentage points, segment operating profit increased 9%. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in revenue at all of our reportable segments and lower professional fees, partially offset by higher technology costs, an increase in incentive costs and higher compensation costs driven by annual merit increases and additional headcount. See “ – Segment Review” below for further information. Corporate Unallocated Corporate Unallocated includes costs for corporate center functions, select initiatives and unoccupied office space and Kensho, included in selling and general expenses, and Kensho revenue in 2018. Corporate Unallocated improved by $19 million or 8% as compared to 2018. Excluding the favorable impact of lower Kensho retention related expense in 2019 of 2 percentage points, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of higher deal- related amortization in 2019 of 1 percentage point, Corporate Unallocated improved 7% primarily driven by a $20 million contribution made by the Company to the S&P Global Foundation in 2018 and a reduction in professional fees. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact on operating profit of less than 1 percentage point. The foreign exchange rate impact refers to constant currency comparisons and the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities. Constant currency impacts are estimated by recalculating current year results of foreign operations using the average exchange rate from the prior year. Remeasurement impacts are based on the variance between current-year and prior-year foreign exchange rate fluctuations on monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the individual business’ functional currency. Other (Income) Expense, net Other (income) expense, net primarily includes the net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and post retirement plans. Other income, net for 2020 was $31 million, other expense, net for 2019 was $98 million and other income, net for 2018 was $25 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, lump sum withdrawals exceeded the combined total anticipated annual service and interest cost of our U.K. pension plan, triggering the recognition of a non-cash pre-tax settlement charge of $3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased a group annuity contract under which an insurance company assumed the Company’s obligation to pay pension benefits to approximately 4,600 retirees and beneficiaries. This purchase eliminates all future investment or mortality risk associated with these retirees. The purchase of this group annuity contract was funded with pension plan assets. As a result, the Company’s outstanding pension benefit obligation was reduced by approximately $370 million, representing approximately 24% of the total obligations of the Company’s qualified pension plans. In connection with this transaction, the Company recorded a pre-tax settlement charge of $113 million, reflecting the accelerated recognition of a portion of unamortized actuarial losses in the plan. The Company also recorded pension settlement charges of $5 million in 2018. Excluding these charges, other income, net was $34 million, $14 million and $29 for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in other income, net in 2020 compared to 2019 and the decrease in other income, net in 2019 compared to 2018 was primarily due to a higher loss on investments in 2019. Interest Expense, net Net interest expense for 2020 remained relatively unchanged compared to 2019, increasing less than 1%. Net interest expense for 2019 increased $7 million or 5% as compared to 2018, driven by the release of reserves for accrued interest related to the resolution of various tax audits in 2018. Loss on Extinguishment of Debt The year ended December 31, 2020 includes $279 million related to the redemption fee on the early retirement of our 4.4% senior notes due in 2026 and a portion of the 6.55% senior notes due in 2037 and 4.5% senior notes due in 2048 in the third quarter of 2020. The year ended December 31, 2019 includes $57 million of costs associated with the early repayment of our 3.3% Senior Notes and a portion of our 6.55% Senior Notes. Provision for Income Taxes Our effective tax rate was 21.5%, 21.4% and 20.9% for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The increase in 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in the recognition of excess tax benefits associated with share-based payments in the statement of income. The increase in 2019 was primarily due to an increase in accruals for potential tax liabilities for prior years in various jurisdictions. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 29 Segment Review RATINGS Ratings is an independent provider of credit ratings, research, and analytics to investors, issuers and other market participants. Credit ratings are one of several tools investors can use when making decisions about purchasing bonds and other fixed income investments. They are opinions about credit risk, and our ratings express our opinion about the ability and willingness of an issuer, such as a corporation or state or city government, to meet its financial obligations in full and on time. Our credit ratings can also relate to the credit quality of an individual debt issue, such as a corporate or municipal bond, and the relative likelihood that the issue may default. Ratings disaggregates its revenue between transaction and non-transaction. Transaction revenue primarily includes fees associated with: • ratings related to new issuance of corporate and government debt instruments, as well as structured finance debt instruments; • bank loan ratings; and • corporate credit estimates, which are intended, based on an abbreviated analysis, to provide an indication of our opinion regarding creditworthiness of a company which does not currently have a Ratings credit rating. Non-transaction revenue primarily includes fees for surveillance of a credit rating, annual fees for customer relationship-based pricing programs, fees for entity credit ratings and global research and analytics at CRISIL. Non-transaction revenue also includes an intersegment royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. Royalty revenue for 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $128 million, $118 million and $109 million, respectively. The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Revenue Transaction revenue Non-transaction revenue % of total revenue: Transaction revenue Non-transaction revenue U.S. revenue International revenue % of total revenue: U.S. revenue International revenue Operating profit 1 % Operating margin Year ended December 31, % Change 2020 $3,606 $1,977 $1,629 55% 45% $2,110 $1,496 59% 41% $2,223 62% 2019 $3,106 $1,577 $1,529 51% 49% $1,745 $1,361 56% 44% $1,783 57% 2018 $2,883 $1,350 $1,533 47% 53% $1,619 $1,264 56% 44% $1,554 54% ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 16% 25% 7% 21% 10% 8% 17% —% 8% 8% 25% 15% 1 2020 includes a technology-related impairment charge of $11 million, lease-related costs of $5 million and employee severance charges of $4 million. 2019 includes employee severance charges of $11 million. 2018 includes legal settlement expenses of $74 million and employee severance charges of $8 million. 2020 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $7 million and 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $2 million. 2020 Revenue increased 16% including a favorable benefit of 1 percentage point from the impact of recent acquisitions. Transaction revenue grew due to an increase in corporate bond ratings revenue primarily driven by higher corporate bond issuance in the U.S. mainly resulting from borrowers’ need for increased liquidity in light of the pandemic-related economic downturn, historically low borrowing costs, and central bank lending actions initially announced at the end of the first quarter of 2020, partially offset by a decrease in bank loan ratings revenue and structured finance revenues. Non-transaction revenue increased primarily due to an increase in surveillance 30 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report revenue, royalty revenue, and higher Ratings Evaluation Service (“RES”) activity driven by increased M&A activity in the fourth quarter of 2020. Transaction and non-transaction revenue also benefited from improved contract terms across product categories. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Revenue was favorably impacted by the acquisitions of the ESG Ratings Business from RobecoSAM and Greenwich Associates LLC in January of 2020 and February of 2020, respectively. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures to the consolidated financial statements of this Form 10-K for further discussion. Operating profit increased 25%, with a 2 percentage point favorable impact from foreign exchange rates. Excluding the impact of a technology-related impairment charge in 2020 of less than 1 percentage point, lease-related costs in 2020 of less than 1 percentage point and higher amortization of intangible assets in 2020 of less than 1 percentage point, partially offset by higher employee severance charges in 2019 of less than 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 25%. The impact of revenue growth was partially offset by an increase in incentive costs and higher compensation costs due to annual merit increases and additional headcount, partially offset by a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses from non-essential travel restrictions in response to COVID-19. 2019 Revenue increased 8%, with a 1 percentage point unfavorable impact from foreign exchange rates, due to an increase in transaction revenue. Transaction revenue increased due to an increase in corporate bond ratings revenue primarily driven by higher corporate bond issuance in the U.S. and Europe mainly resulting from historically low borrowing costs, partially offset by lower bank loan ratings revenue driven by reduced U.S. issuance volumes. An increase in public finance revenue due to increased issuance also contributed to transaction revenue growth. Non-transaction revenue decreased less than 1% primarily due to the unfavorable impact from foreign exchange rates. Non-transaction revenue was unfavorably impacted by a decline in RES activity, a decrease at CRISIL, primarily within the risk and analytics sector, and lower entity credit ratings revenue, and benefited from an increase in surveillance revenue and higher royalty revenue. Transaction and non-transaction revenue also benefited from improved contract terms across product categories. Operating profit increased 15%, with a 1 percentage point unfavorable impact from foreign exchange rates. Excluding the impact of higher legal settlement expenses in 2018 of 5 percentage points, operating profit increased 10%. This increase was primarily due to the increase in revenue discussed above combined with a reduction in legal expenses, lower professional fees from increased leverage on the Global Technology Center and internal resources, partially offset by an increase in incentive costs and AWS cloud infrastructure spend. Market Issuance Volumes We monitor market issuance volumes regularly within Ratings. Market issuance volumes noted within the discussion that follows are based on where an issuer is located or where the assets associated with an issue are located. Structured Finance issuance includes amounts when a transaction closes, not when initially priced and excludes domestically-rated Chinese issuance. The following tables depict changes in issuance levels as compared to the prior year based on data from SDC Platinum for Corporate bond issuance and based on a composite of external data feeds and Ratings’ internal estimates for Structured Finance issuance. Corporate Bond Issuance * High-yield issuance Investment-grade issuance Total issuance * Includes Industrials and Financial Services. 2020 Compared to 2019 U.S. 66% 53% 56% Europe Global 10% 14% 13% 27% 26% 26% • Corporate issuance was up in 2020 driven by increases in both high-yield and investment grade issuance in the U.S. and Europe. U.S high-yield issuance was particularly strong as issuers were taking advantage of historically low borrowing costs. Issuance was also aided by central bank lending actions intended to provide market stabilization. A number of large financing transactions contributed to the increase in investment-grade issuance in the U.S. and Europe in 2020. 2020 Compared to 2019 Structured Finance U.S. Europe Global Asset-backed securities (“ABS”) (18)% 24% (13)% Structured credit (primarily CLOs) Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) Covered bonds Total issuance ** Represents no activity in 2020 and 2019. (22)% (38)% (26)% (41)% (60)% (42)% (17)% (20)% (15)% ** (22)% (42)% (31)% (35)% (23)% • ABS issuance in the U.S. decreased in 2020 driven by lower market activity due to the impact of COVID-19. ABS issuance in Europe increased in 2020 reflecting low prior year activity as issuers were trying to comply with the new EU framework for STS Securitization (Simple, Transparent, and Standardized). • Issuance was down in the U.S. and European structured credit markets driven by a decline in CLO transactions as demand for leveraged loans decreased as borrowers turned to the high- yield bond market. • CMBS issuance was down in the U.S. and Europe reflecting decreased market volume due to the poor market environment and the impact of COVID-19 limiting third party site inspections and appraisal reports. • RMBS issuance was down in the U.S. and Europe reflecting decreased market volume in Non-Performing Loans (NPL) due to the impact of COVID-19 and the uncertainty on collateral performance. • Covered bond (debt securities backed by mortgages or other high-quality assets that remain on the issuer’s balance sheet) issuance in Europe decreased due to inexpensive central bank funding with TLTRO III. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 31 Industry Highlights and Outlook Revenue increased in 2020 primarily driven by higher corporate bond issuance in the U.S. and Europe. In 2020, Ratings continued to focus on ESG initiatives and international expansion in China. In 2021, Ratings will continue to focus on accelerating growth in key markets globally and expanding Ratings capabilities in Asia. Additionally, Ratings will continue to focus on developing key product offerings in ESG and developing new product and product features leveraging technology investments. Legal and Regulatory Environment General Ratings and many of the securities that it rates are subject to extensive regulation in both the U.S. and in other countries, and therefore existing and proposed laws and regulations can impact the Company’s operations and the markets in which it operates. Additional laws and regulations have been adopted but not yet implemented or have been proposed or are being considered. In addition, in certain countries, governments may provide financial or other support to locally-based rating agencies. For example, governments may from time to time establish official rating agencies or credit ratings criteria or procedures for evaluating local issuers. We have reviewed the new laws, regulations and rules which have been adopted and we have implemented, or are planning to implement, changes as required. We do not believe that such new laws, regulations or rules will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Other laws, regulations and rules relating to credit rating agencies are being considered by local, national, foreign and multinational bodies and are likely to continue to be considered in the future, including provisions seeking to reduce regulatory and investor reliance on credit ratings, remuneration and rotation of credit rating agencies, and liability standards applicable to credit rating agencies. The impact on us of the adoption of any such laws, regulations or rules remains uncertain, but could increase the costs and legal risks relating to Ratings’ rating activities, or adversely affect our ability to compete and/or our remuneration, or result in changes in the demand for credit ratings. In the normal course of business both in the U.S. and abroad, Ratings (or the legal entities comprising Ratings) are defendants in numerous legal proceedings and are often the subject of government and regulatory proceedings, investigations and inquiries. Many of these proceedings, investigations and inquiries relate to the ratings activity of Ratings and are or have been brought by purchasers of rated securities. In addition, various government and self-regulatory agencies frequently make inquiries and conduct investigations into Ratings’ compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Any of these proceedings, investigations or inquiries could ultimately result in adverse judgments, damages, fines, penalties or activity restrictions, which could adversely impact our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, business or competitive position. U.S. The businesses conducted by our Ratings segment are, in certain cases, regulated under the Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006 (the “Reform Act”), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd Frank Act”), the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and/or the laws of the states or other jurisdictions in which they conduct business. The financial services industry is subject to the potential for increased regulation in the U.S. S&P Global Ratings is a credit rating agency that is registered with the SEC as a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (“NRSRO”). The SEC first began informally designating NRSROs in 1975 for use of their credit ratings in the determination of capital charges for registered brokers and dealers under the SEC’s Net Capital Rule. The Reform Act created a new SEC registration system for rating agencies that choose to register as NRSROs. Under the Reform Act, the SEC is given authority and oversight of NRSROs and can censure NRSROs, revoke their registration or limit or suspend their registration in certain cases. The rules implemented by the SEC pursuant to the Reform Act, the Dodd Frank Act and the Exchange Act address, among other things, prevention or misuse of material non-public information, conflicts of interest, documentation and assessment of internal controls, and improving transparency of ratings performance and methodologies. The public portions of the current version of S&P Global Ratings’ Form NRSRO are available on S&P Global Ratings’ website. European Union In the European Union (“EU”), the credit rating industry is registered and supervised through a pan-European regulatory framework which is a compilation of three sets of legislative actions. In 2009, the European Parliament passed a regulation (“CRA1”) that established an oversight regime for the credit rating industry in the EU, which became effective in 2010. CRA1 requires the registration, formal regulation and periodic inspection of credit rating agencies operating in the EU. Ratings was granted registration in October of 2011. In January of 2011, the EU established the European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”), which, among other things, has direct supervisory responsibility for the registered credit rating industry throughout the EU. Additional rules augmenting the supervisory framework for credit rating agencies went into effect in 2013. Commonly referred to as CRA3, these rules, among other things: • impose various additional procedural requirements with respect to ratings of sovereign issuers; • require member states to adopt laws imposing liability on credit rating agencies for an intentional or grossly negligent failure to abide by the applicable regulations; • impose mandatory rotation requirements on credit rating agencies hired by issuers of securities for ratings of resecuritizations, which may limit the number of years a 32 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report credit rating agency can issue ratings for such securities of a particular issuer; • impose restrictions on credit rating agencies or their shareholders if certain ownership thresholds are crossed; and • impose additional procedural and substantive requirements on the pricing of services. SPIAS to GSAM. During 2019, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $22 million ($12 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of SPIAS. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $1 million ($1 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of SPIAS in July of 2019. The financial services industry is subject to the potential for increased regulation in the EU. Other Jurisdictions Outside of the U.S. and the EU, regulators and government officials have also been implementing formal oversight of credit rating agencies. Ratings is subject to regulations in most of the foreign jurisdictions in which it operates and continues to work closely with regulators globally to promote the global consistency of regulatory requirements. This includes the UK, which has established a credit rating agencies oversight regime similar to that in place in the EU, and where Ratings was granted registration with the Financial Conduct Authority on January 1, 2021. Regulators in additional countries may introduce new regulations in the future. Market Intelligence includes the following business lines: • Desktop — a product suite that provides data, analytics and third-party research for global finance professionals, which includes the Market Intelligence Desktop (which are inclusive of the S&P Capital IQ and SNL Desktop products); • Data Management Solutions — integrated bulk data feeds and application programming interfaces that can be customized, which includes Compustat, GICS, Point In Time Financials and CUSIP; and • Credit Risk Solutions — commercial arm that sells Ratings’ credit ratings and related data, analytics and research, which includes subscription-based offerings, RatingsDirect® and RatingsXpress®, and Credit Analytics. For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Ratings business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a further discussion of the legal and regulatory environment in our Ratings business, see Note 13 - Commitments and Contingencies to the consolidated financial statements under Item 8, Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily derived from distribution of data, analytics, third-party research, and credit ratings-related information primarily through web-based channels, including Market Intelligence Desktop, RatingsDirect®, RatingsXpress®, and Credit Analytics. Non-subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily related to certain advisory, pricing and analytical services. MARKET INTELLIGENCE Market Intelligence’s portfolio of capabilities is designed to help investment professionals, government agencies, corporations and universities track performance, generate alpha, identify investment ideas, understand competitive and industry dynamics, perform valuations and assess credit risk. In January of 2020, Market Intelligence entered into a strategic alliance to transition S&P Global Market Intelligence’s IR webhosting business to Q4, a third party provider of investor relations related services. This alliance will integrate Market Intelligence’s proprietary data into Q4’s portfolio of solutions, enabling further opportunities for commercial collaboration. In connection with transitioning its IR webhosting business to Q4, Market Intelligence made a minority investment in Q4. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $11 million ($6 million after-tax), respectively, in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of IR. In March of 2019, we entered into an agreement to sell SPIAS, a business within our Market Intelligence segment, to GSAM. SPIAS provides non-discretionary investment advice across institutional sub-advisory and intermediary distribution channels globally. On July 1, 2019, we completed the sale of S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 33 The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Revenue Subscription revenue Non-subscription revenue Asset-linked fees % of total revenue: Subscription revenue Non-subscription revenue Asset-linked fees U.S. revenue International revenue % of total revenue: U.S. revenue International revenue Operating profit 1 % Operating margin Year ended December 31, % Change 2020 $2,106 $2,050  $55 $1 97% 3% —% $1,355 $751 64% 36% $589 28% 2019 $1,959 $1,904 $45 $10 97% 2% 1% $1,240 $719 63% 37% $566 29% 2018 $1,833 $1,773 $40 $20 97% 2% 1% $1,180 $653 64% 36% $500 27% ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 8% 8% 21% (92)% 7% 7% 12% (50)% 9% 5% 5% 10% 4% 13% 1 2020 includes employee severance charges of $27 million, a gain on dispositions of $12 million and lease-related costs of $3 million. 2019 includes a gain on the disposition of SPIAS of $22 million, employee severance charges of $6 million and acquisition-related costs of $4 million. 2018 includes restructuring charges related to a business disposition and employee severance charges of $7 million. 2020, 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $76 million, $75 million and $73 million, respectively. 2020 Revenue increased 8% and was favorably impacted by 1 percentage point from the net effect of the recent acquisition of 451 Research, LLC, offset by the disposition of SPIAS and the IR webhosting business. The increase in revenue was driven by growth in annualized contract values for RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect®, CUSIP, our data feed products within Data Management Solutions and our Market Intelligence Desktop products. Excluding the impact of the acquisition and dispositions favorably impacting Desktop revenue growth by 3 percentage points, revenue growth at Credit Risk Solutions, Data Management Solutions and Desktop was 9%, 9% and 4%, respectively. Both U.S. revenue and international revenue increased compared to 2019. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. Operating profit increased 4%, with a 3 percentage point favorable impact from foreign exchange rates. Excluding the impact of higher employee severance charges in 2020 of 3 percentage points and a higher gain on dispositions in 2019 of 2 percentage points, operating profit increased 9%. The impact of revenue growth was partially offset by higher compensation costs primarily due to annual merit increases, an increase in incentive costs and higher technology costs, partially offset by a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses from non- essential travel restrictions in response to COVID-19. 2019 Revenue increased 7% and was favorably impacted by less than 1 percentage point from the net impact of recent acquisitions and a disposition. Excluding the impact of the acquisitions and disposition, increased revenue was driven by growth in annualized contract values in the Market Intelligence Desktop products, RatingsXpress®, RatingsDirect®, CUSIP and our data feed products within Data Management Solutions. Excluding the impact of the acquisitions and disposition favorably impacting Desktop revenue growth by 1 percentage point, revenue growth at Data Management Solutions, Credit Risk Solutions and Desktop was 11%, 9% and 4%, respectively. Both domestic and international revenue increased compared to 2018. In 2019, international revenue represented 37% of Market Intelligence’s total revenue compared to 36% in 2018. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than one percentage point. Revenue was favorably impacted by the acquisitions of 451 Research, LLC, Panjiva Inc. (“Panjiva”) and the Rate Watch business (“RateWatch”) in December of 2019, February of 2018 and June of 2018, respectively, and the transfer of Kensho revenue from Corporate in January of 2019, and unfavorably impacted by the disposition of SPIAS in July of 2019. See Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation and Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. 34 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report PLATTS Platts is the leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the commodity and energy markets. Platts provides essential price data, analytics, and industry insight enabling the commodity and energy markets to perform with greater transparency and efficiency. On July 31, 2019, we completed the sale of RigData, a business within our Platts segment, to Drilling Info, Inc. RigData is a provider of daily information on rig activity for the natural gas and oil markets across North America. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $27 million ($26 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of RigData. Platts’ revenue is generated primarily through the following sources: • Subscription revenue — primarily from subscriptions to our real-time news, market data and price assessments, along with other information products; • Sales usage-based royalties — primarily from licensing of our proprietary market price data and price assessments to commodity exchanges; and • Non-subscription revenue — conference sponsorship, consulting engagements, and events. Operating profit increased 13%, with a 2 percentage point favorable impact from foreign exchange rates. Excluding the favorable impact of the gain on disposition of SPIAS of 6 percentage points, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of acquisition-related costs in 2019 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 8%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth, partially offset by higher technology costs, higher compensation costs primarily driven by additional headcount and an increase in intersegment royalties tied to annualized contract value growth. Industry Highlights and Outlook In 2020, Market Intelligence continued to focus on leveraging its strong content heritage to expand the core business, streamlining and enriching the customer experience across all delivery platforms, and harnessing new data sources and technology to extend into new geographies and growth areas such as ESG. In 2021, Market Intelligence will continue to focus on developing key product offerings in growth areas such as ESG and growing new products and product features leveraging technology investments. Legal and Regulatory Environment The market for research services is very competitive. Market Intelligence competes domestically and internationally on the basis of a number of factors, including the quality of its research and advisory services, client service, reputation, price, geographic scope, range of products and services, and technological innovation. For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Market Intelligence business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. European Union The EU enacted a package of legislative measures known as MiFID II (“MiFID II”), which revises and updates the existing EU Markets in Financial Instruments Directive framework, and the substantive provisions became applicable in all EU Member States as of January 3, 2018. MiFID II includes provisions that, among other things, require the unbundling of investment research and direct how asset managers pay for research either out of a research payment account or from a firm’s profits. Although the MiFID II package is “framework” legislation (meaning that much of the detail of the rules will be set out in subordinate measures, including some technical standards yet to be adopted by the European Commission), the introduction of the MiFID II package may result in changes to the manner in which Market Intelligence licenses its price certain products. MiFID II may impose regulatory burdens on Market Intelligence activities in the EU, although the exact impact and costs are not yet known. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 35 The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: Year ended December 31, % Change (in millions) Revenue Subscription revenue Sales usage-based royalties Non-subscription revenue % of total revenue: Subscription revenue Sales usage-based royalties Non-subscription revenue U.S. revenue International revenue % of total revenue: U.S. revenue International revenue Operating profit 1 % Operating margin 2020 $878 $809 $62 $7 92% 7% 1% $283 $595 32% 68% $458 52% 2019 $844 $774 $60 $10 92% 7% 1% $281 $563 33% 67% $457 54% 2018 $815 $750 $54 $11 92% 7% 1% $283 $532 35% 65% $401 49% ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 4% 5% 3% (39)% –% 6% 4% 3% 11% (5)% –% 6% –% 14% 1 2020 includes employee severance charges of $11 million and lease-related costs of $2 million. 2019 includes a gain on the disposition of RigData of $27 million and employee severance charges of $1 million. 2020, 2019, and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $9 million, $12 million, and $18 million. 2020 Revenue increased 4% and was unfavorably impacted by less than 1 percentage point from the net effect of recent acquisitions of Enerdata and Live Rice Index and the disposition of RigData. Revenue increased primarily due to continued demand for market data, price assessment and analytics products driven by both expanded product offerings to our existing customers combined with enhanced contract terms. Additionally, an increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market price data and price assessments to commodity exchanges due to increased trading volumes in the first half of 2020 contributed to revenue growth. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in conference revenue as a result of cancellation and postponement of events due to COVID-19. International revenue grew and U.S. revenue remained relatively unchanged compared to 2019 with the U.S. revenue growth rate being unfavorably impacted by the disposition of RigData in July of 2019. Petroleum continues to be the most significant revenue driver, followed by power & gas, metals & agriculture and petrochemicals also contributing to revenue growth. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit remained relatively unchanged with a favorable impact from foreign exchange rates of less than 1 percentage point. Excluding the unfavorable impact of the gain on disposition of RigData in 2019 of 6 percentage points and higher employee severance charges in 2020 of 2 percentage points, operating profit increased 8%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth combined with a reduction in expenses. Expenses decreased primarily due to a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses from non-essential travel restrictions in response to COVID-19, lower costs as a result of cancellation and postponement of events due to COVID-19 and the favorable impact of a benefit resulting from one-time costs related to the discontinuation of a product line at Platts in 2019. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in operating costs to support business initiatives at Platts and higher incentive costs. 2019 Revenue increased 4% and was unfavorably impacted by less than 1 percentage point from the net impact of recent acquisitions and a disposition. Excluding the acquisitions and disposition, revenue increased due to continued demand for market data and price assessment products driven by both expanded product offerings to our existing customers combined with enhanced contract terms. Additionally, revenue growth was driven by an increase in sales usage-based royalties from the licensing of our proprietary market price data and price assessments to commodity exchanges mainly due to increased trading volumes in Iron Ore, LNG and Gasoil. Demand for market data and price assessment products was driven by international customers. International revenue increased and domestic revenue, which was unfavorably impacted by the disposition of RigData in July of 2019, remained relatively unchanged compared to 2018. In 2019, international revenue represented 67% of Platts total revenue compared to 65% in 2018. Petroleum continues to be the most significant revenue driver, followed by power & gas, metals and petrochemicals also contributing to revenue growth. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable 36 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report (in millions) Revenue Subscription revenue Sales usage-based royalties Non-subscription revenue % of total revenue: Subscription revenue Sales usage-based royalties Non-subscription revenue U.S. revenue International revenue % of total revenue: U.S. revenue International revenue Operating profit 1 % Operating margin Year ended December 31, % Change ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 2020 $878 $809 $62 $7 92% 7% 1% $283 $595 32% 68% $458 52% 2019 $844 $774 $60 $10 92% 7% 1% $281 $563 33% 67% $457 54% 2018 $815 $750 $54 $11 92% 7% 1% $283 $532 35% 65% $401 49% 4% 5% 3% (39)% –% 6% 4% 3% 11% (5)% –% 6% –% 14% impact of less than 1 percentage point. Revenue was unfavorably impacted by the disposition of RigData in July of 2019 and favorably impacted by the acquisitions of Live Rice Index and Enerdata in August of 2019 and September of 2019, respectively. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. Operating profit increased 14% with a 2 percentage point favorable impact from foreign exchange rates. Excluding the favorable impact of the gain on the disposition of RigData of 7 percentage points and lower amortization of intangibles in 2019 of 2 percentage points, operating profit increased 6%. The increase was primarily due to revenue growth, partially offset by an increase in operating costs to support revenue growth and business initiatives at Platts, including Asia expansion initiatives, an increase in compensation costs due to annual merit increases and increased headcount, higher technology costs, an increase in the bad debt provision in the current year and one-time costs related to the discontinuation of a product line at Platts. Industry Highlights and Outlook In 2020, sustained demand for market data and price assessment products, led by petroleum, continued to drive revenue growth. In 2020, Platts continued to focus on extending the core business through innovation, simplifying its product and platform strategy, and driving commercial transformation. In 2021, Platts will continue to focus on accelerating growth in key markets globally and expanding Platts capabilities in Asia. Additionally, Platts will continue to focus on developing new product and product features leveraging technology investments and developing key product offerings in ESG. Legal and Regulatory Environment Platts’ commodities price assessment and information business is subject to increasing regulatory scrutiny in the U.S. and abroad. As discussed below under the heading “Indices-Legal and Regulatory Environment”, the financial benchmarks industry is subject to the new benchmark regulation in the EU (the “EU Benchmark Regulation”) as well as potential increased regulation in other jurisdictions. Platts has obtained authorization and is now supervised by the Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets in the Netherlands under the EU Benchmark Regulation, and may need to take similar steps in other jurisdictions including the United Kingdom post-Brexit and jurisdictions outside of Europe if they pass similar legislation. For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in our Platts business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. European Union The EU has enacted MiFID II, which revise and update the existing EU Markets in Financial Instruments Directive and the substantive provisions became applicable in all EU Member States as of January 3, 2018. MiFID II includes provisions that, among other things: (i) impose new conditions and requirements on the licensing of benchmarks and provide for non-discriminatory access to exchanges and clearing houses; (ii) modify the categorization and treatment of certain classes of derivatives; (iii) expand the categories of trading venue that are subject to regulation; (iv) require the unbundling of investment research and direct how asset managers pay for research either out of a research payment account or from a firm’s profits; and (v) provide for the mandatory trading of certain derivatives on exchanges (complementing the mandatory derivative clearing requirements in the E.U. Market Infrastructure Regulation of 2011). Although the MiFID II package is “framework” legislation (meaning that much of the detail of the rules will be set out in subordinate measures, including some technical standards yet to be adopted by the European Commission), the introduction of the MiFID II package may result in changes to the manner in which Platts licenses its price assessments. MiFID II and the Market Abuse Regulation (“MAR”) may impose additional regulatory burdens on Platts activities in the EU over time, but they have not yet resulted in increased substantive impact or costs. In October of 2012, IOSCO issued its Principles for Oil Price Reporting Agencies (“PRA Principles”), which are intended to enhance the reliability of oil price assessments referenced in derivative contracts subject to regulation by IOSCO members. Platts has aligned its operations with the PRA Principles and, as recommended by IOSCO in its final report on the PRA Principles, has aligned to the PRA Principles for other commodities for which it publishes benchmarks. INDICES Indices is a global index provider maintaining a wide variety of indices to meet an array of investor needs. Indices’ mission is to provide transparent benchmarks to help with decision making, collaborate with the financial community to create innovative products, and provide investors with tools to monitor world markets. Indices derives revenue from asset-linked fees when investors direct funds into its proprietary designed or owned indexes, sales-usage royalties of its indices, and to a lesser extent data subscription arrangements. Specifically, Indices generates revenue from the following sources: • Investment vehicles — asset-linked fees such as ETFs and mutual funds, that are based on the S&P Dow Jones Indices’ benchmarks that generate revenue through fees based on assets and underlying funds; • Exchange traded derivatives — generate sales usage-based royalties based on trading volumes of derivatives contracts listed on various exchanges; • Index-related licensing fees — fixed or variable annual and per-issue asset-linked fees for over-the-counter derivatives and retail-structured products; and • Data and customized index subscription fees — fees from supporting index fund management, portfolio analytics and research. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 37 The following table provides revenue and segment operating profit information for the years ended December 31: Year ended December 31, % Change (in millions) Revenue Asset-linked fees Subscription revenue Sales usage-based royalties % of total revenue: Asset-linked fees Subscription revenue Sales usage-based royalties U.S. revenue International revenue % of total revenue: U.S. revenue International revenue Operating profit 1 Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net operating profit % Operating margin % Net operating margin 2020 $989 $647 $177 $165 65% 18% 17% $826 $163 84% 16% $666 $181 $485 67% 49% 2019 $918 $613 $165 $140 67% 18% 15% $772 $146 84% 16% $632 $170 $462 69% 50% ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 8% 5% 8% 18% 7% 12% 5% 7% 5% 10% 18% 14% (18)% 7% 24% 12% 12% 11% 2018 $837 $522 $144 $171 62% 17% 21% $719 $118 86% 14% $566 $151 $415 68% 50% 1 2020 includes employee severance charges of $5 million, a lease impairment charge of $4 million, a technology-related impairment charge of $2 million and lease- related costs of $1 million. 2020, 2019 and 2018 includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $6 million. 2020 Revenue increased 8% primarily due to higher average levels of assets under management (“AUM”) for ETFs and mutual funds, an increase in exchange-traded derivatives revenue and higher data subscription revenue, partially offset by lower over-the-counter derivative revenue. Average levels of AUM for ETFs increased 12% to $1.681 trillion and ending AUM for ETFs increased 18% to $1.998 trillion compared to 2019. Operating profit grew 5%. Excluding the impact of employee severance charges in 2020 of 1 percentage point and a lease impairment charge in 2020 of 1 percentage point, operating profit increased 7%. The impact of revenue growth was partially offset by an increase in compensation costs due to annual merit increases and additional headcount as well as professional costs, higher incentive costs and an increase in legal related costs, partially offset by a decrease in travel and entertainment expenses from non-essential travel restrictions in response to COVID-19 and lower cost of sales. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. 2019 Revenue increased 10% due to higher levels of AUM for ETFs and mutual funds. Additionally, revenue was favorably impacted by the buyout of the balance of intellectual property rights in a family of indices from one of our co-marketing and index development partners in the fourth quarter of 2018, retrospective fees for previously unlicensed and unreported index usage and benefits related to contract renegotiations. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in exchange- traded derivatives revenue primarily driven by lower volumes in 2019. Ending AUM for ETFs increased 30% to $1.696 trillion in 2019 and average AUM for ETFs increased 8% to $1.503 trillion compared to 2018. Foreign exchange rates had an unfavorable impact of less than 1 percentage point. Operating profit grew 12%. The impact of revenue growth was partially offset by higher operating costs from increased royalties due to increased traction of royalty-based products, higher legal expenses and increased compensation costs primarily driven by additional headcount, partially offset by lower incentive costs. Foreign exchange rates had a favorable impact of 1 percentage point. Industry Highlights and Outlook Indices continues to be the leading index provider for the ETF market space. In 2020, higher average levels of AUM for ETFs contributed to revenue growth. In 2020, Indices continued to focus on growing the core business, expanding innovative offerings with focus on differentiated solutions such as factor, multi-asset-class, and ESG indices, and growing globally through collaborative client relationships. In 2021, Indices will continue 38 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report (in millions) Revenue Asset-linked fees Subscription revenue Sales usage-based royalties % of total revenue: Asset-linked fees Subscription revenue Sales usage-based royalties U.S. revenue International revenue % of total revenue: U.S. revenue International revenue Operating profit 1 Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net operating profit % Operating margin % Net operating margin Year ended December 31, % Change ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 2020 $989 $647 $177 $165 65% 18% 17% $826 $163 84% 16% $666 $181 $485 67% 49% 2019 $918 $613 $165 $140 67% 18% 15% $772 $146 84% 16% $632 $170 $462 69% 50% 2018 $837 $522 $144 $171 62% 17% 21% $719 $118 86% 14% $566 $151 $415 68% 50% 8% 5% 8% 18% 7% 12% 5% 7% 5% 10% 18% 14% (18)% 7% 24% 12% 12% 11% to focus on developing key product offerings in ESG, multi-asset- class and factor indices and developing new product and product features leveraging technology investments. our Indices business, see Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Legal and Regulatory Environment Liquidity and Capital Resources Over the past four years the financial benchmarks industry has been subject to specific benchmark regulation in the European Union (the “EU Benchmark Regulation”) and Australia (the “Australia Benchmark Regulation”). Other jurisdictions are also considering new regulation for financial benchmarks. The EU Benchmark Regulation was published June 30, 2016 and included provisions applicable to Indices and Platts. Both Indices and Platts have established separate benchmark administrators in connection with their benchmark activities in Europe. The Indices and Platts entities are both based in Amsterdam and are authorized by the Dutch Authority for Financial Markets (AFM). This legislation will likely cause additional operating obligations but they are not expected to be material at this time, although the exact impact remains unclear. The Australian Benchmark Regulation was enacted in June of 2018 and included provisions applicable to Indices, designating the S&P ASX 200 a significant financial benchmark and therefore requiring Indices, as the administrator of the S&P ASX 200, to obtain a license from the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (“ASIC”). Indices has obtained the relevant license. Although narrower in scope, the requirements of the Australian Benchmark Regulation are similar to those of the EU Benchmark Regulation. This legislation will likely cause additional operating obligations but they are not expected to be material at this time, although the exact impact remains unclear. In July of 2013, the IOSCO issued Financial Benchmark Principles (IOSCO Principles), intended to promote the reliability of financial benchmark determinations. The IOSCO Principles address governance, benchmark quality and accountability mechanisms, including with regard to the indices published by Indices. Even though the IOSCO Principles are not binding law, Indices has taken steps to align its governance regime and operations with the IOSCO Principles and engaged an independent auditor to perform an annual reasonable assurance review of such alignment. The markets for index providers are very competitive. Indices competes domestically and internationally on the basis of a number of factors, including the quality of its benchmark indices, client service, reputation, price, range of products and services (including geographic coverage) and technological innovation. Our Indices business is impacted by market volatility, asset levels of investment products tracking indices, and trading volumes of certain exchange traded derivatives. Volatile capital markets, as well as changing investment styles, among other factors, may influence an investor’s decision to invest in and maintain an investment in an index-linked investment product. For a further discussion of competitive and other risks inherent in We continue to maintain a strong financial position. Our primary source of funds for operations is cash from our businesses and our core businesses have been strong cash generators. In 2021, cash on hand, cash flows from operations and availability under our existing credit facility are expected to be sufficient to meet any additional operating and recurring cash needs into the foreseeable future. We use our cash for a variety of needs, including but not limited to: ongoing investments in our businesses, strategic acquisitions, share repurchases, dividends, repayment of debt, capital expenditures and investment in our infrastructure. Cash Flow Overview Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $4.1 billion as of December 31, 2020, an increase of $1.2 billion as compared to December 31, 2019. Year ended December 31, (in millions) 2020 2019 2018 Net cash provided by (used for): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities $3,567 $2,776 $2,064 (240) (2,166) (131) (1,751) (513) (2,288) In 2020, free cash flow increased to $3.3 billion compared to $2.5 billion in 2019. Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure and reflects our cash flow provided by operating activities less capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders. Capital expenditures include purchases of property and equipment and additions to technology projects. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information” below for a reconciliation of cash flow provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, to free cash flow and free cash flow excluding certain items. Operating activities Cash provided by operating activities increased to $3.6 billion in 2020 as compared to $2.8 billion in 2019. The increase is mainly due to higher results from operations in 2020 and improved cash collections on accounts receivable in 2020. Cash provided by operating activities increased to $2.8 billion in 2019 as compared to $2.1 billion in 2018. The increase is mainly due to higher results from operations, lower incentive compensation payments and low legal settlement payments in 2019. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 39 Investing Activities Our cash outflows from investing activities are primarily for acquisitions and capital expenditures, while cash inflows are primarily proceeds from dispositions. Cash used for investing activities increased to $0.2 billion for 2020 as compared to $0.1 billion in 2019, primarily due to cash used for the acquisitions of the ESG Ratings Business from RobecoSAM and Greenwich Associates LLC in 2020. Cash used for investing activities decreased to $0.1 billion for 2019 as compared to $0.5 billion in 2018, primarily due to cash used for the acquisition of Kensho and the purchase of intellectual property in 2018. Refer to Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information. Financing Activities Our cash outflows from financing activities consist primarily of share repurchases, dividends and repayment of short-term and long-term debt, while cash inflows are primarily inflows from long-term and short-term debt borrowings and proceeds from the exercise of stock options. Cash used for financing activities increased to $2.2 billion in 2020 from $1.8 billion in 2019. The increase is primarily attributable to cash used for the redemption and extinguishment of the $900 million outstanding principal amount of our 4.4% senior notes due in 2026 and a portion of the outstanding principal amounts of our 6.55% senior notes due in 2037 and our 4.5% senior notes due in 2048 in 2020, partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of senior notes in 2020. See Note 5 – Debt to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion. Cash used for financing activities decreased to $1.8 billion in 2019 from $2.3 billion in 2018. The decrease is primarily attributable to higher cash paid for share repurchases in 2018 and proceeds from the issuance of senior notes in 2019. During 2020, we used cash to repurchase 4.0 million shares for $1,164 million. We entered into two accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreements with a financial institution on February 11, 2020 to initiate share repurchases aggregating $500 million each. We repurchased a total of 1.7 million shares under each ASR agreement for an average purchase price of $292.13 per share. During 2019, we received 5.9 million shares, including 0.4 million shares received in January of 2019 related to our October 29, 2018 ASR agreement, resulting in $1,240 million of cash used to repurchase shares. We entered into an ASR agreement with a financial institution on August 5, 2019 to initiate share repurchases aggregating $500 million. We repurchased a 40 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report total of 2.0 million shares under the ASR agreement for an average purchase price of $253.36 per share. We entered into an ASR agreement with a financial institution on February 11, 2019 to initiate share repurchases aggregating $500 million. We repurchased a total of 2.3 million shares under the ASR agreement for an average purchase price of $214.65 per share. During 2018, we used cash to repurchase 8.4 million shares for $1.7 billion. We entered into an ASR agreement with a financial institution on October 29, 2018 to initiate share repurchases aggregating $500 million. We repurchased a total of 2.9 million shares under the ASR agreement for an average purchase price of $173.80 per share. We entered into an ASR agreement with a financial institution on March 6, 2018 to initiate share repurchases aggregating $1 billion. We repurchased a total of 5.1 million shares under that ASR agreement for an average purchase price of $197.49 per share. On January 29, 2020, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of 30 million shares (the “2020 Repurchase Program”), which was approximately 12% of the total shares of our outstanding common stock at that time. On December 4, 2013, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of 50 million shares (the “2013 Repurchase Program”), which was approximately 18% of the total shares of our outstanding common stock at that time. Our purchased shares may be used for general corporate purposes, including the issuance of shares for stock compensation plans and to offset the dilutive effect of the exercise of employee stock options. As of December 31, 2020, 30 million shares remained available under the 2020 Repurchase Program and 0.8 million shares remained available under the 2013 repurchase program. See Note 9 – Equity to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion related to our ASR agreements. Additional Financing We have the ability to borrow a total of $1.2 billion through our commercial paper program, which is supported by our revolving $1.2 billion five-year credit agreement (our “credit facility”) that we entered into on June 30, 2017. This credit facility will terminate on June 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there was no commercial paper issued or outstanding, and we similarly did not draw or have any borrowings outstanding from the credit facility during the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Depending on our corporate credit rating, we pay a commitment fee of 8 to 17.5 basis points for our credit facility, whether or not amounts have been borrowed. We currently pay a commitment fee of 10 basis points. The interest rate on borrowings under our credit facility is, at our option, calculated using rates that are primarily based on either the prevailing London Inter-Bank Offer Rate, the prime rate determined by the administrative agent or the Federal Funds Rate. For certain borrowings under this credit facility, there is also a spread based on our corporate credit rating. Our credit facility contains certain covenants. The only financial covenant requires that our indebtedness to cash flow ratio, as defined in our credit facility, is not greater than 4 to 1, and this covenant level has never been exceeded. Dividends On January 27, 2021, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the quarterly common stock dividend from $0.67 per share to $0.77 per share. Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information The senior notes described below were issued by S&P Global Inc. and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC, a 100% owned subsidiary of the Company. All senior notes have been registered with the SEC in connection with exchange offers. • On August 13, 2020, we issued $600 million of 1.25% senior notes due in 2030 and $700 million of 2.3% senior notes due in 2060. • On November 26, 2019, we issued $500 million of 2.5% senior notes due in 2029 and $600 million of 3.25% senior notes due in 2049. • On May 17, 2018, we issued $500 million of 4.5% senior notes due in 2048. Company, other than any such Credit Facility of the Company the guarantee of which by the subsidiary guarantor will be released concurrently with the release of the subsidiary guarantor’s guarantees of the notes. Other subsidiaries of the Company do not guarantee the registered debt securities of either S&P Global Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (the “Obligor Group”) which are referred to as the “Non-Obligor Group”. The following tables set forth the summarized financial information of the Obligor Group on a combined basis. This summarized financial information excludes the Non-Obligor Group. Intercompany balances and transactions between members of the Obligor Group have been eliminated. This information is not intended to present the financial position or results of operations of the Obligor Group in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Summarized results of operations year ended December 31 is as follows: (in millions) Revenue Operating Profit Net Income Net income attributable to S&P Global Inc. 2020 $3,082 1,923 712 712 • On September 22, 2016, we issued $500 million of 2.95% senior notes due in 2027. Summarized balance sheet information as of December 31 is as follows: (in millions) Current assets (excluding intercompany from Non-Obligor Group) Noncurrent assets Current liabilities (excluding intercompany to Non-Obligor Group) Noncurrent liabilities Intercompany payables to Non-Obligor Group 2020 2019 $3,093 $1,611 1,055 1,225 1,179 1,052 4,936 4,762 3,893 2,785 • On May 26, 2015, we issued $700 million of 4.0% senior notes due in 2025. • On November 2, 2007 we issued $400 million of 6.55% Senior Notes due 2037. The notes above are unsecured and unsubordinated and rank equally and ratably with all of our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated debt. The guarantees are the subsidiary guarantor’s unsecured and unsubordinated debt and rank equally and ratably with all of the subsidiary guarantor’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated debt. The guarantees of the subsidiary guarantor may be released and discharged upon (i) a sale or other disposition (including by way of consolidation or merger) of the subsidiary guarantor or the sale or disposition of all or substantially all the assets of the subsidiary guarantor (in each case other than to the Company or a person who, prior to such sale or other disposition, is an affiliate of the Company); (ii) upon defeasance or discharge of any applicable series of the notes, as described above; or (iii) at such time as the subsidiary guarantor ceases to guarantee indebtedness for borrowed money, other than a discharge through payment thereon, under any Credit Facility of the S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 41 CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS We typically have various contractual obligations, which are recorded as liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets, while other items, such as certain purchase commitments and other executory contracts, are not recognized, but are disclosed herein. For example, we are contractually committed to contracts for information-technology outsourcing, certain enterprise-wide information-technology software licensing and maintenance. We believe that the amount of cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash flow expected from operations and availability under our credit facility will be adequate for us to execute our business strategy and meet anticipated requirements for lease obligations, capital expenditures, working capital and debt service for 2021. The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2020, over the next several years. Additional details regarding these obligations are provided in the notes to our consolidated financial statements, as referenced in the footnotes to the table: (in millions) Debt: 1 Principal payments Interest payments Operating leases 2 Purchase obligations and other 3 Total contractual cash obligations Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 Years Total $— $130 $120 $142 $392 $— $261 $188 $171 $620 $695 $243 $128 $66 $1,132 $3,415 $1,867 $302 $33 $5,617 $4,110 $2,501 $738 $412 $7,761 1 Our debt obligations are described in Note 5 – Debt to our consolidated financial statement. 2 See Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our operating lease obligations. 3 Other consists primarily of commitments for unconditional purchase obligations in contracts for information-technology outsourcing and certain enterprise-wide information-technology software licensing and maintenance. 42 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report (in millions) Debt: 1 Principal payments Interest payments Operating leases 2 Purchase obligations and other 3 Total contractual cash obligations Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 More than Total Years 5 Years $— $130 $120 $142 $392 $— $261 $188 $171 $620 $695 $243 $128 $66 $3,415 $1,867 $302 $33 $4,110 $2,501 $738 $412 $1,132 $5,617 $7,761 As of December 31, 2020, we had $121 million of liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits. We have excluded the liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits from our contractual obligations table because, until formal resolutions are reached, reasonable estimates of the timing of cash settlements with the respective taxing authorities are not practicable. As of December 31, 2020, we have recorded $2,781 million for our redeemable noncontrolling interest in our S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC partnership discussed in Note 9 – Equity to our consolidated financial statements. Specifically, this amount relates to the put option under the terms of the operating agreement of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, whereby, after December 31, 2017, CME Group and CME Group Index Services LLC (“CGIS”) has the right at any time to sell, and we are obligated to buy, at least 20% of their share in S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC. We have excluded this amount from our contractual obligations table because we are uncertain as to the timing and the ultimate amount of the potential payment we may be required to make. We make contributions to our pension and postretirement plans in order to satisfy minimum funding requirements as well as additional contributions that we consider appropriate to improve the funded status of our plans. During 2020, we contributed $12 million to our retirement plans. Expected employer contributions in 2021 are $11 million and $4 million for our retirement and postretirement plans, respectively. In 2021, we may elect to make additional non-required contributions depending on investment performance and the pension plan status. See Note 7 – Employee Benefits to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion. OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we did not have any material relationships with unconsolidated entities, such as entities often referred to as specific purpose or variable interest entities where we are the primary beneficiary, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. As such we are not exposed to any financial liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in such relationships. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 43 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Information Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure and reflects our cash flow provided by operating activities less capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders. Capital expenditures include purchases of property and equipment and additions to technology projects. Our cash flow provided by operating activities is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to free cash flow. Additionally, we have considered certain items in evaluating free cash flow, which are included in the table below. We believe the presentation of free cash flow and free cash flow excluding certain items allows our investors to evaluate the cash generated from our underlying operations in a manner similar to the method used by management. We use free cash flow to conduct and evaluate our business because we believe it typically presents a more conservative measure of cash flows since capital expenditures and distributions to noncontrolling interest holders are considered a necessary component of ongoing operations. Free cash flow is useful for management and investors because it allows management and investors to evaluate the cash available to us to prepay debt, make strategic acquisitions and investments and repurchase stock. The presentation of free cash flow and free cash flow excluding certain items are not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the financial information prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Free cash flow, as we calculate it, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures employed by other companies. The following table presents a reconciliation of our cash flow provided by operating activities to free cash flow excluding the impact of the items below: Year ended December 31, % Change (in millions) Cash provided by operating activities Capital expenditures Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders, net 1 Free cash flow Settlement of prior-year tax audits Tax on gain from sale of SPIAS and RigData Payment of legal settlements Tax benefit from legal settlements 2020 $3,567 (76) (194) $3,297 — — — — 2019 $2,776 (115) (143) $2,518 51 13 1 — 2018 $2,064 (113) (154) $1,797 73 — 180 (44) ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 28% 34% 31% 40% Free cash flow excluding above items $3,297 $2,583 $2,006 28% 29% 1 Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders is net of amounts owed to the S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture by the noncontrolling interest holders. (in millions) Cash used for investing activities Cash used for financing activities 2020 (240) (2,166) 2019 (131) (1,751) 2018 (513) (2,288) ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 84% 24% (75)% (23)% 44 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report  Year ended December 31, % Change (in millions) Cash provided by operating activities Capital expenditures Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders, net 1 Free cash flow Settlement of prior-year tax audits Tax on gain from sale of SPIAS and RigData Payment of legal settlements Tax benefit from legal settlements 2020 $3,567 (76) (194) $3,297 — — — — 2019 $2,776 (115) (143) $2,518 51 13 1 — 2018 $2,064 (113) (154) $1,797 73 — 180 (44) ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 28% 34% 31% 40% Free cash flow excluding above items $3,297 $2,583 $2,006 28% 29% (in millions) Cash used for investing activities Cash used for financing activities 2020 (240) (2,166) 2019 (131) (1,751) 2018 (513) (2,288) ’20 vs ’19 ’19 vs ’18 84% 24% (75)% (23)% Critical Accounting Estimates Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, pension plans, incentive compensation and stock-based compensation, income taxes, contingencies and redeemable noncontrolling interests. We base our estimates on historical experience, current developments and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under these circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about carrying values of assets and liabilities that cannot readily be determined from other sources. There can be no assurance that actual results will not differ from those estimates. Management considers an accounting estimate to be critical if it required assumptions to be made that were uncertain at the time the estimate was made and changes in the estimate or different estimates could have a material effect on our results of operations. Management has discussed the development and selection of our critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. The Audit Committee has reviewed our disclosure relating to them in this MD&A. We believe the following critical accounting policies require us to make significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements: Revenue Recognition We adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using the modified retrospective transition method applied to our revenue contracts with customers as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior year amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under ASC 605 “Revenue Recognition”. We recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of $35 million as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 606, with the impact primarily related to our treatment of costs to obtain a contract and to a lesser extent, changes to the timing of the recognition of our subscription and non-transaction revenues. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Under ASC 605, revenue was recognized as it was earned and when services were rendered. See Note 1 - Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements for further information. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts reserve methodology is based on historical analysis, a review of outstanding balances and current conditions, and by incorporating data points that provide indicators of future economic conditions including forecasted industry default rates and industry index benchmarks. In determining these reserves, we consider, amongst other factors, the financial condition and risk profile of our customers, areas of specific or concentrated risk as well as applicable industry trends or market indicators. The impact on operating profit for a one percentage point change in the allowance for doubtful accounts is approximately $16 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we incorporated the forecasted impact of future economic conditions into our allowance for doubtful accounts measurement process including the expected adverse impact of COVID-19 on the global economy. Based on our current outlook these assumptions are not expected to significantly change in 2021. Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets (including other intangible assets) We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Upon such an occurrence, recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to current forecasts of undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. For long-lived assets held for sale, assets are written down to fair value, less cost to sell. Fair value is determined based on market evidence, discounted cash flows, appraised values or management’s estimates, depending upon the nature of the assets. Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the carrying value of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets was $4.6 billion and $4.4 billion, respectively. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter each year or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 45 Retirement Plans and Postretirement Healthcare and Other Benefits Our employee pension and other postretirement benefit costs and obligations are dependent on assumptions concerning the outcome of future events and circumstances, including compensation increases, long-term return on pension plan assets, healthcare cost trends, discount rates and other factors. In determining such assumptions, we consult with outside actuaries and other advisors where deemed appropriate. In accordance with relevant accounting standards, if actual results differ from our assumptions, such differences are deferred and amortized over the estimated remaining lifetime of the plan participants. While we believe that the assumptions used in these calculations are reasonable, differences in actual experience or changes in assumptions could affect the expense and liabilities related to our pension and other postretirement benefits. The following is a discussion of some significant assumptions that we make in determining costs and obligations for pension and other postretirement benefits: • Discount rate assumptions are based on current yields on high-grade corporate long-term bonds. • Healthcare cost trend assumptions are based on historical market data, the near-term outlook and an assessment of likely long-term trends. • The expected return on assets assumption is calculated based on the plan’s asset allocation strategy and projected market returns over the long-term. Goodwill As part of our annual impairment test of our four reporting units, we initially perform a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount. Reporting units are generally an operating segment or one level below an operating segment. Our qualitative assessment included, but was not limited to, consideration of macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, cash flows, changes in key Company personnel and our share price. If, based on our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its respective carrying amount we perform a quantitative impairment test. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the difference is recognized as an impairment charge. For 2020, based on our qualitative assessments, we determined that it is more likely than not that our reporting units’ fair values were greater than their respective carrying amounts. Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets by first performing a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired. If, based on our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, a quantitative impairment test is performed. If necessary, the impairment test is performed by comparing the estimated fair value of the intangible asset to its carrying value. If the indefinite-lived intangible asset carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment analysis is performed using the income approach. The fair value of loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Significant judgments inherent in these analyses include estimating the amount and timing of future cash flows and the selection of appropriate discount rates, royalty rates and long-term growth rate assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for this indefinite-lived intangible asset and could result in an impairment charge, which could be material to our financial position and results of operations. We performed our impairment assessment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets and concluded that no impairment existed for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018. 46 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Our discount rate and return on asset assumptions used to determine the net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost on our U.S. retirement plans are as follows: January 1 Discount rate Return on assets Retirement Plans Postretirement Plans 2021 2020 2019 2021 2020 2019 2.75% 5.00% 3.45% 5.50% 4.40% 6.00% 2.20% 3.08% 4.15% Weighted-average healthcare cost rate 6.00% 6.50% 6.50% Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized over the requisite service period, which typically is the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is classified as both operating- related expense and selling and general expense in our consolidated statements of income. We use a lattice-based option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of options granted. The following assumptions were used in valuing the options granted: Year ended December 31, 2018 Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in interest expense and operating expense, respectively. Risk-free average interest rate Dividend yield Volatility Expected life (years) Weighted-average grant-date fair value per option 2.6 - 2.7% 1.1% 21.8 - 22.0% 5.67 - 6.07 $112.98 Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and unrecognized tax benefits. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the historical and projected financial performance of the operation that is recording a net deferred tax asset is considered along with any other pertinent information. Because lattice-based option-pricing models incorporate ranges of assumptions, those ranges are disclosed. These assumptions are based on multiple factors, including historical exercise patterns, post-vesting termination rates, expected future exercise patterns and the expected volatility of our stock price. The risk-free interest rate is the imputed forward rate based on the U.S. Treasury yield at the date of grant. We use the historical volatility of our stock price over the expected term of the options to estimate the expected volatility. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the lattice model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. In 2018, we made a one-time issuance of incentive stock options under the 2002 Plan to replace Kensho employees’ stock options that were assumed in connection with our acquisition of Kensho in April of 2018. There were no stock options granted in 2020 and 2019. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various states, and foreign jurisdictions, and we are routinely under audit by many different tax authorities. We believe that our accrual for tax liabilities is adequate for all open audit years based on our assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events. It is possible that examinations will be settled prior to December 31, 2021. If any of these tax audit settlements do occur within that period we would make any necessary adjustments to the accrual for unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2020, we have approximately $3.1 billion of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, of which $0.8 billion is reinvested indefinitely in our foreign operations. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 47 Contingencies We are subject to a number of lawsuits and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. We recognize a liability for such contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. We continually assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to our contingencies, as well as potential amounts or ranges of probable losses, and recognize a liability, if any, for these contingencies based on an analysis of each matter with the assistance of outside legal counsel and, if applicable, other experts. Because many of these matters are resolved over long periods of time, our estimate of liabilities may change due to new developments, changes in assumptions or changes in our strategy related to the matter. When we accrue for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, we record its best estimate within the range. We disclose an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may have been incurred. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest The fair value component of the redeemable noncontrolling interest in Indices business is based on a combination of an income and market valuation approach. Our income and market valuation approaches may incorporate Level 3 fair value measures for instances when observable inputs are not available. The more significant judgmental assumptions used to estimate the value of the S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture include an estimated discount rate, a range of assumptions that form the basis of the expected future net cash flows (e.g., the revenue growth rates and operating margins), and a company specific beta. The significant judgmental assumptions used that incorporate market data, including the relative weighting of market observable information and the comparability of that information in our valuation models, are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. Recent Accounting Standards See Note 1 – Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements for a detailed description of recent accounting standards. We do not expect these recent accounting standards to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity in future periods. Forward-Looking Statements This report contains “forward-looking statements,” as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements, including statements about COVID-19 and the merger (the “Merger”) between a subsidiary of the Company and IHS Markit Ltd. (“IHS Markit”), which express management’s current views concerning future events, trends, contingencies or results, appear at various places in this report and use words like “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “strategy,” “target” and similar terms, and future or conditional tense verbs like “could,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “will” and “would.” For example, management may use forward-looking statements when addressing topics such as: the outcome of contingencies; future actions by regulators; changes in the Company’s business strategies and methods of generating revenue; the development and performance of the Company’s services and products; the expected impact of acquisitions and dispositions; the Company’s effective tax rates; and the Company’s cost structure, dividend policy, cash flows or liquidity. Forward-looking statements are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements include, among other things: • worldwide economic, financial, political and regulatory conditions, and factors that contribute to uncertainty and volatility, natural and man-made disasters, civil unrest, pandemics (e.g., COVID-19), geopolitical uncertainty, and conditions that may result from legislative, regulatory, trade and policy changes; • the satisfaction of the conditions precedent to consummation of the Merger, including the ability to secure regulatory approvals on the terms expected, the Company’s shareholder approval and the IHS Markit shareholder approval at all or in a timely manner; • the occurrence of events that may give rise to a right of one or both of the parties to terminate the merger agreement; • uncertainty relating to the impact of the Merger on the businesses of the Company and IHS Markit, including potential adverse reactions or changes to the market price of the Company’s common stock and IHS Markit shares resulting from the announcement or completion of the Merger and changes to existing business relationships during the pendency of the acquisition that could affect the Company’s and/or IHS Markit’s financial performance; • risks relating to the value of the Company’s stock to be issued in the Merger, significant transaction costs and/or unknown liabilities; • the ability of the Company to successfully integrate IHS Markit’s operations and retain and hire key personnel of both companies; • the ability of the Company to retain customers and to implement its plans, forecasts and other expectations with respect to IHS Markit’s business after the consummation of the Merger and realize expected synergies; 48 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report • business disruption following the Merger; • the possibility that the Merger may be more expensive to complete than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected factors or events; • the Company’s and IHS Markit’s ability to meet expectations regarding the accounting and tax treatments of the Merger; Ratings, S&P Global Platts, S&P Dow Jones Indices, and S&P Global Market Intelligence, including the Company’s compliance therewith; • the Company’s ability to make acquisitions and dispositions and successfully integrate the businesses we acquire; • consolidation in the Company’s end-customer markets; • the Company’s ability to successfully recover should it • the introduction of competing products or technologies by experience a disaster or other business continuity problem from a hurricane, flood, earthquake, terrorist attack, pandemic, security breach, cyber attack, power loss, telecommunications failure or other natural or man-made event, including the ability to function remotely during long-term disruptions such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; • the Company’s ability to maintain adequate physical, technical and administrative safeguards to protect the security of confidential information and data, and the potential for a system or network disruption that results in regulatory penalties and remedial costs or improper disclosure of confidential information or data; • the outcome of litigation, government and regulatory other companies; • the impact of customer cost-cutting pressures, including in the financial services industry and the commodities markets; • a decline in the demand for credit risk management tools by financial institutions; • the level of merger and acquisition activity in the United States and abroad; • the volatility and health of the energy and commodities markets; • our ability to attract, incentivize and retain key employees; proceedings, investigations and inquiries; • the level of the Company’s future cash flows and • the health of debt and equity markets, including credit quality and spreads, the level of liquidity and future debt issuances, demand for investment products that track indices and assessments and trading volumes of certain exchange traded derivatives; • the demand and market for credit ratings in and across the sectors and geographies where the Company operates; • concerns in the marketplace affecting the Company’s credibility or otherwise affecting market perceptions of the integrity or utility of independent credit ratings, benchmarks and indices; • the effect of competitive products and pricing, including the level of success of new product developments and global expansion; • the Company’s exposure to potential criminal sanctions or civil penalties for noncompliance with foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that are applicable in the domestic and international jurisdictions in which it operates, including sanctions laws relating to countries such as Iran, Russia, Sudan, Syria and Venezuela, anti-corruption laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010, and local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to government officials, as well as import and export restrictions; • the continuously evolving regulatory environment, in Europe, the United States and elsewhere, affecting S&P Global capital investments; • the impact on the Company’s revenue and net income caused by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; • the Company’s ability to adjust to changes in European and United Kingdom markets as the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, and the impact of the United Kingdom’s departure on our credit rating activities and other offerings in the European Union and United Kingdom; and • the impact of changes in applicable tax or accounting requirements on the Company. The factors noted above are not exhaustive. The Company and its subsidiaries operate in a dynamic business environment in which new risks emerge frequently. Accordingly, the Company cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward- looking statements, which speak only as of the dates on which they are made. The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date on which it is made, except as required by applicable law. Further information about the Company’s businesses, including information about factors that could materially affect its results of operations and financial condition, is contained in the Company’s filings with the SEC, including Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 49 Consolidated Statements of Income (in millions, except per share data) Revenue Expenses: Operating-related expenses Selling and general expenses Depreciation Amortization of intangibles Total expenses Gain on dispositions Operating profit Other (income) expense, net Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Income before taxes on income Provision for taxes on income Net income Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Year Ended December 31, 2020 $7,442 2019 $6,699 2018 $6,258 2,092 1,543 83 123 3,841 (16) 3,617 (31) 141 279 3,228 694 2,534 (195) 1,976 1,342 82 122 3,522 (49) 3,226 98 141 57 2,930 627 2,303 (180) 1,838 1,424 84 122 3,468 — 2,790 (25) 134 — 2,681 560 2,121 (163) Net income attributable to S&P Global Inc. $2,339 $2,123 $1,958 Earnings per share attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income: Basic Diluted Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding: Basic Diluted Actual shares outstanding at year end See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. $9.71 $9.66 241.0 242.1 240.6  $8.65 $8.60 245.4 246.9 244.0 $7.80 $7.73 250.9 253.2 248.4 50 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report (in millions, except per share data) Revenue Expenses: Operating-related expenses Selling and general expenses Depreciation Amortization of intangibles Total expenses Gain on dispositions Operating profit Other (income) expense, net Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Income before taxes on income Provision for taxes on income Net income Year Ended December 31, 2020 $7,442 2019 $6,699 2018 $6,258 2,092 1,543 83 123 3,841 (16) 3,617 (31) 141 279 3,228 694 2,534 (195) $9.71 $9.66 241.0 242.1 240.6  1,976 1,342 82 122 3,522 (49) 3,226 98 141 57 2,930 627 2,303 (180) $8.65 $8.60 245.4 246.9 244.0 1,838 1,424 84 122 3,468 — 2,790 (25) 134 — 2,681 560 2,121 (163) $7.80 $7.73 250.9 253.2 248.4 Less: net income attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income attributable to S&P Global Inc. $2,339 $2,123 $1,958 Earnings per share attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income: Basic Diluted Basic Diluted Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding: Actual shares outstanding at year end Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (in millions) Net income Other comprehensive income: Foreign currency translation adjustments Income tax effect Pension and other postretirement benefit plans Income tax effect Unrealized gain (loss) on forward exchange contracts Income tax effect Comprehensive income Less: comprehensive income attributable to nonredeemable noncontrolling interests Less: comprehensive income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests Year Ended December 31, 2020 $2,534 2019 $2,303 2018 $2,121 (24) 22 (2) (31) 8 (23) 17 (5) 12 10 8 18 141 (39) 102 (2) — (2) 2,521 (14) 2,421 (10) (96) (4) (100) (14) 9 (5) 2 — 2 2,018 (12) (181) (170) (151) Comprehensive income attributable to S&P Global Inc. $2,326 $2,241 $1,855 See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 51 Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions) ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Short-term investments Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts: 2020 - $30; 2019 - $34 Prepaid and other current assets Total current assets Property and equipment: Buildings and leasehold improvements Equipment and furniture Total property and equipment Less: accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net Right of use assets Goodwill Other intangible assets, net Other non-current assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued compensation and contributions to retirement plans Income taxes currently payable Unearned revenue Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Long-term debt Lease liabilities – non-current Pension and other postretirement benefits Other non-current liabilities Total liabilities Redeemable noncontrolling interest Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) Equity: Common stock, $1 par value: authorized - 600 million shares; issued: 2020 - 294 million shares; 2019 - 294 million shares Additional paid-in capital Retained income Accumulated other comprehensive loss Less: common stock in treasury - at cost: 2020 - 53 million shares; 2019 - 50 shares Total equity – controlling interests Total equity – noncontrolling interests Total equity Total liabilities and equity See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 52 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report December 31, 2020 2019 $4,108 $2,866 14 9 1,593 264 5,988 364 507 871 (587) 284 494 3,735 1,352 684 20 28 1,577 221 4,712 420 522 942 (622) 320 676 3,575 1,424 641 $12,537 $11,348 $233 551 84 2,168 551 3,587 4,110 544 291 653 9,185 2,781 294 946 13,367 (637) (13,461) 509 62 571 $190 446 68 1,928 461 3,093 3,948 620 259 624 8,544 2,268 294 903 12,205 (624) (12,299) 479 57 536 $12,537 $11,348 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in millions) Operating Activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation Amortization of intangibles Provision for losses on accounts receivable Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation Gain on dispositions Accrued legal settlements Pension settlement charge, net of taxes Loss on extinguishment of debt Lease impairment charges Other Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effect of acquisitions and dispositions: Accounts receivable Prepaid and other current assets Accounts payable and accrued expenses Unearned revenue Accrued legal settlements Other current liabilities Net change in prepaid/accrued income taxes Net change in other assets and liabilities Cash provided by operating activities Investing Activities: Capital expenditures Acquisitions, net of cash acquired Proceeds from dispositions Changes in short-term investments Cash used for investing activities Financing Activities: Proceeds from issuance of senior notes, net Payments on senior notes Dividends paid to shareholders Distributions to noncontrolling interest holders, net Repurchase of treasury shares Exercise of stock options Purchase of additional CRISIL shares Employee withholding tax on share-based payments and other Cash used for financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year Cash paid during the year for: Interest Income taxes See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $2,534 $2,303 $2,121 84 122 21 81 94 — 1 — — 11 41 (164) (1) (106) 70 (108) (67) (7) (129) 2,064 (113) (401) 6 (5) (513) 489 (403) (503) (154) 83 123 17 (31) 90 (16) 9 2 279 120 110 18 (85) 132 220 — (15) (2) (21) 82 122 18 46 78 (49) — 85 57 11 25 (135) (81) 73 256 (1) (56) (41) (17) 3,567 2,776 (76) (201) 18 19 (240) 1,276 (1,394) (645) (194) (1,164) 16 — (61) (2,166) 75 1,236 2,886 $4,122 $159 $683 (115) (91) 85 (10) (131) 1,086 (868) (560) (143) (1,240) (1,660) 40 — (66) (1,751) 34 928 1,958 $2,886 $162 $659 34 (25) (66) (2,288) (84) (821) 2,779 $1,958 $151 $558 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 53 Consolidated Statements of Equity (in millions) Common Stock $1 par Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Income Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Less: Treasury Stock Total SPGI Equity Non- controlling Interests Balance as of December 31, 2017 $412 $525 $10,023 $(649) $9,602 Comprehensive income ¹ Dividends (Dividend declared per common share — $2.00 per share) Share repurchases Retirement of common stock (118) Employee stock plans Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest Increase in CRISIL ownership Stock consideration for Kensho Other (103) 1,958 (503) (228) (75) 56 (25) 352 342 102 Balance as of December 31, 2018 $294 $833 $11,284 $(742) $11,041 $628 Comprehensive income ¹ Dividends (Dividend declared per common share — $2.28 per share) Share repurchases Employee stock plans Capital contribution from noncontrolling interest Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest Other 75 (5) 2,123 (560) (36) (608) 2 Balance as of December 31, 2019 $294 $903 $12,205 $(624) $12,299 Comprehensive income ¹ Dividends (Dividend declared per common share — $2.68 per share) Share repurchases Employee stock plans Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest Other (13) 2,339 (645) (532) 43 1,164 (1,164) (2) 45 (532) — Balance as of December 31, 2020 $294 $946 $13,367 $(637) $13,461 $509 $709 1,855 (503) 1,585 (1,660) (118) (28) — 84 (228) (25) 352 44 118 2,241 (560) 1,315 (1,240) (57) 52 (36) (608) 2 $479 2,326 (645) Total Equity $766 1,867 (514) (1,660) — 84 (228) (23) 352 40 $684 2,251 (570) (1,240) 52 (36) (608) 3 $536 2,340 (656) (1,164) 45 (532) 2 $571 $57 12 (11) 2 (4) $56 10 (10) 1 $57 14 (11) 2 $62 1 Excludes $181 million, $170 million and $151 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest. 2 Includes opening balance sheet adjustments related to the adoption of the new revenue recognition standard and the reclassification of the unrealized loss on investments from Accumulated other comprehensive loss to Retained income. See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. 54 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 2019, respectively, includes amounts held in escrow accounts in connection with our acquisition of Kensho. See Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information and Note 12 – Segment and Geographic Information for further discussion on our reportable segments. Adoption of ASC 842, “Leases” On January 1, 2019, we adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”) 842 that requires a lessee to recognize “right of use” assets with offsetting lease liabilities on the balance sheet, with expenses recognized similar to previously issued guidance. We adopted the new lease standard effective January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method. Under this transition method, the standard was adopted prospectively without restating prior period’s financial statements. As part of the adoption, we elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components. See Note 13 – Commitments and Contingencies for further details on our leases. Adoption of ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” We adopted FASB ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using the modified retrospective transition method applied to our revenue contracts with customers as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior year amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting under ASC 605 “Revenue Recognition”. We recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of $35 million as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 606, with the impact primarily related to our treatment of costs to obtain a contract and to a lesser extent, changes to the timing of the recognition of our subscription and non-transaction revenues. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Under ASC 605, revenue was recognized as it was earned and when services were rendered. 1. Accounting Policies Nature of operations S&P Global Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the “Company,” the “Registrant,” “we,” “us” or “our”) is a leading provider of transparent and independent ratings, benchmarks, analytics and data to the capital and commodity markets worldwide. The capital markets include asset managers, investment banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, exchanges, trading firms and issuers; and the commodity markets include producers, traders and intermediaries within energy, metals, petrochemicals and agriculture. Our operations consist of four reportable segments: S&P Global Ratings (“Ratings”), S&P Global Market Intelligence (“Market Intelligence”), S&P Global Platts (“Platts”) and S&P Dow Jones Indices (“Indices”). • Ratings is an independent provider of credit ratings, research and analytics, offering investors and other market participants information, ratings and benchmarks. • Market Intelligence is a global provider of multi-asset-class data, research and analytical capabilities, which integrate cross-asset analytics and desktop services. • Platts is the leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the commodity and energy markets. • Indices is a global index provider that maintains a wide variety of valuation and index benchmarks for investment advisors, wealth managers and institutional investors. In the first quarter of 2020, we changed our allocation methodology for allocating our centrally managed technology- related expenses to our reportable segments to more accurately reflect each segment’s respective usage. Prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current presentation. In April of 2018, we acquired Kensho Technologies Inc. (“Kensho”) for approximately $550 million, net of cash acquired, in a mix of cash and stock. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the contract obligations for revenue from Kensho’s major customers were transferred to Market Intelligence for fulfillment. As a result of this transfer, from January 1, 2019, revenue from contracts with Kensho’s customers is reflected in Market Intelligence’s results. In 2018, the revenue from contracts with Kensho’s customers was reported in Corporate revenue. Restricted cash of $14 million and $20 million included in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 55 Subscription Revenue Subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily derived from distribution of data, analytics, third party research, and credit ratings-related information primarily through web-based channels including Market Intelligence Desktop, RatingsDirect®, RatingsXpress®, and Credit Analytics. Subscription revenue at Platts is generated by providing customers access to commodity and energy-related price assessments, market data, and real- time news, along with other information services. Subscription revenue at Indices is derived from the contracts for underlying data of our indexes to support our customers’ management of index funds, portfolio analytics, and research. For subscription products and services, we generally provide continuous access to dynamic data sets and analytics for a defined period, with revenue recognized ratably as our performance obligation to provide access to our data and analytics is progressively fulfilled over the stated term of the contract. Non-transaction Revenue Non-transaction revenue at Ratings is primarily related to surveillance of a credit rating, annual fees for customer relationship-based pricing programs, fees for entity credit ratings and global research and analytics at CRISIL. Non- transaction revenue also includes an intersegment revenue elimination of $137 million, $128 million and $125 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 respectively, mainly consisting of the royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. For non-transaction revenue related to Rating’s surveillance services, we continuously monitor factors that impact the creditworthiness of an issuer over the contractual term with revenue recognized to the extent that our performance obligation is progressively fulfilled over the term contract. Because surveillance services are continuously provided throughout the term of the contract, our measure of progress towards fulfillment of our obligation to monitor a rating is a time-based output measure with revenue recognized ratably over the term of the contract. Non-subscription / Transaction Revenue Transaction revenue at our Ratings segment primarily includes fees associated with: • ratings related to new issuance of corporate and government debt instruments; as well as structured finance instruments; • bank loan ratings; and • corporate credit estimates, which are intended, based on an abbreviated analysis, to provide an indication of our opinion regarding creditworthiness of a company which does not currently have a Ratings credit rating. Transaction revenue is recognized at the point in time when our performance obligation is satisfied by issuing a rating on our customer’s instruments, our customer’s creditworthiness, or a counter-party’s creditworthiness and when we have a right to payment and the customer can benefit from the significant risks and rewards of ownership. Non-subscription revenue at Market Intelligence is primarily related to certain advisory, pricing and analytical services. Non- subscription revenue at Platts is primarily related to conference sponsorship, consulting engagements and events. Asset-Linked Fees Asset-linked fees at Indices and Market Intelligence are primarily related to royalties payments based on the value of assets under management in our customers exchange-traded funds and mutual funds. For asset-linked products and services, we provide licenses conveying continuous access to our index and benchmark- related intellectual property during a specified contract term. Revenue is recognized when the extent that our customers have used our licensed intellectual property can be quantified. Recognition of revenue for our asset-linked fee arrangements is subject to the “recognition constraint” for usage-based royalty payments because we cannot reasonably predict the value of the assets that will be invested in index funds structured using our intellectual property until it is either publicly available or when we are notified by our customers. Revenue derived from an asset-linked fee arrangement is measured and recognized when the certainty of the extent of its utilization of our index products by our customers is known. 56 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Sales Usage-Based Royalties Sales usage-based royalty revenue at our Indices segment is primarily related to trading based fees from exchange-traded derivatives. Sales and usage-based royalty revenue at our Platts segment is primarily related to licensing of its proprietary market price data and price assessments to commodity exchanges. For sales usage-based royalty products and services, we provide licenses conveying the right to continuous access to our intellectual property over the contract term, with revenue recognized when the extent of our license’s utilization can be quantified, or more specifically, when trading volumes are known and publicly available to us or when we are notified by our customers. Recognition of revenue of fees tied to trading volumes is subject to the recognition constraint for a usage-based royalty promised by our customers in exchange for the license of our intellectual property, with revenue recognized when trading volumes are known. Unearned Revenue We record unearned revenue when cash payments are received in advance of our performance. The increase in the unearned revenue balance for the year ended December 31, 2020 is primarily driven by cash payments received in advance of satisfying our performance obligations, offset by $1.9 billion of revenues recognized that were included in the unearned revenue balance at the beginning of the period. Remaining Performance Obligations Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of contracts for work that has not yet been performed. As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $2.3 billion. We expect to recognize revenue on approximately half and three-quarters of the remaining performance obligations over the next 12 and 24 months, respectively, with the remainder recognized thereafter. Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. Revenue relating to agreements that provide for more than one performance obligation is recognized based upon the relative fair value to the customer of each service component as each component is earned. The fair value of the service components are determined using an analysis that considers cash consideration that would be received for instances when the service components are sold separately. If the fair value to the customer for each service is not objectively determinable, we make our best estimate of the services’ stand-alone selling price and record revenue as it is earned over the service period. Receivables We record a receivable when a customer is billed or when revenue is recognized prior to billing a customer. For multi-year agreements, we generally invoice customers annually at the beginning of each annual period. Contract Assets Contract assets include unbilled amounts from when the Company transfers service to a customer before a customer pays consideration or before payment is due. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, contract assets were $7 million and $28 million, respectively, and are included in accounts receivable in our consolidated balance sheets. We do not disclose the value of unfulfilled performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts where revenue is a usage-based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property. Costs to Obtain a Contract We recognize an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if we expect the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. We have determined that certain sales commission programs meet the requirements to be capitalized. Total capitalized costs to obtain a contract were $129 million and $115 million as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and are included in prepaid and other current assets and other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The asset will be amortized over a period consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates, calculated based on the customer term and the average life of the products and services underlying the contracts. The expense is recorded within selling and general expenses. We expense sales commissions when incurred if the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling and general expenses. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 57 Other (Income) Expense, net The components of other (income) expense, net for the year ended December 31 are as follows: (in millions) 2020 2019 2018 Other components of net periodic benefit cost1 Net loss from investments Other (income) expense, net $(32) 1 $(31) $79 19 $98 $(30) 5 $(25) 1 The net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and post retirement plans for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes a non-cash pre-tax settlement charge of $3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company purchased a group annuity contract under which an insurance company assumed a portion of the Company’s obligation to pay pension benefits to the plan’s beneficiaries. The net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and post retirement plans for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes a non-cash pre-tax settlement charge of $113 million reflecting the accelerated recognition of a portion of unamortized actuarial losses in the plan. Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale We classify a disposal group to be sold as held for sale in the period in which all of the following criteria are met: management, having the authority to approve the action, commits to a plan to sell the disposal group; the disposal group is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such disposal group; an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell the disposal group have been initiated; the sale of the disposal group is probable, and transfer of the disposal group is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year, except if events or circumstances beyond our control extend the period of time required to sell the disposal group beyond one year; the disposal group is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value; and actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. A disposal group that is classified as held for sale is initially measured at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less any costs to sell. Any loss resulting from this measurement is recognized in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met. Conversely, gains are not recognized on the sale of a disposal group until the date of sale. The fair value of a disposal group less any costs to sell is assessed each reporting period it remains classified as held for sale and any subsequent changes are reported as an adjustment to the carrying value of the disposal group, as long as the new carrying value does not exceed the carrying value of the disposal group at the time it was initially classified as held for sale. Upon determining that a disposal group meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale, the Company reports the assets and liabilities of the disposal group as held for sale in the current period in our consolidated balance sheets. Discontinued Operations In determining whether a disposal of a component of an entity or a group of components of an entity is required to be presented as a discontinued operation, we make a determination whether the disposal represents a strategic shift that had, or will have, a major effect on our operations and financial results. A component of an entity comprises operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished both operationally and for financial reporting purposes. If we conclude that the disposal represents a strategic shift, then the results of operations of the group of assets being disposed of (as well as any gain or loss on the disposal transaction) are aggregated for separate presentation apart from our continuing operating results in the consolidated financial statements. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries and our share of earnings or losses of joint ventures and affiliated companies under the equity method of accounting. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include ordinary bank deposits and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that consist primarily of money market funds with unrestricted daily liquidity and fixed term time deposits. Such investments and bank deposits are stated at cost, which approximates market value, and were $4.1 billion and $2.9 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These investments are not subject to significant market risk. 58 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Fair Value Certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value and classified within a fair value hierarchy based on inputs used when measuring fair value. We have forward exchange contracts and cross currency swaps that are adjusted to fair value on a recurring basis. Other financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, are recorded at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity and highly liquid nature of these instruments. The fair value of our long-term debt borrowings were $4.6 billion and $4.4 billion as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and was estimated based on quoted market prices. Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets (including other intangible assets) We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Upon such an occurrence, recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to current forecasts of undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. For long-lived assets held for sale, assets are written down to fair value, less cost to sell. Fair value is determined based on market evidence, discounted cash flows, appraised values or management’s estimates, depending upon the nature of the assets. Restricted Cash Cash that is subject to legal restrictions or is unavailable for general operating purposes is classified as restricted cash. Short-Term Investments Short-term investments are securities with original maturities greater than 90 days that are available for use in our operations in the next twelve months. The short-term investments, primarily consisting of certificates of deposit and mutual funds, are classified as held-to-maturity and therefore are carried at cost. Interest and dividends are recorded in income when earned. Accounts Receivable Credit is extended to customers based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition. Accounts receivable, which include billings consistent with terms of contractual arrangements, are recorded at net realizable value. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts reserve methodology is based on historical analysis, a review of outstanding balances and current conditions, and by incorporating data points that provide indicators of future economic conditions including forecasted industry default rates and industry index benchmarks. In determining these reserves, we consider, amongst other factors, the financial condition and risk profile of our customers, areas of specific or concentrated risk as well as applicable industry trends or market indicators. Capitalized Technology Costs We capitalize certain software development and website implementation costs. Capitalized costs only include incremental, direct costs of materials and services incurred to develop the software after the preliminary project stage is completed, funding has been committed and it is probable that the project will be completed and used to perform the function intended. Incremental costs are expenditures that are out-of- pocket to us and are not part of an allocation or existing expense base. Software development and website implementation costs are expensed as incurred during the preliminary project stage. Capitalized costs are amortized from the year the software is ready for its intended use over its estimated useful life, three to seven years, using the straight-line method. Periodically, we evaluate the amortization methods, remaining lives and recoverability of such costs. Capitalized software development and website implementation costs are included in other non-current assets and are presented net of accumulated amortization. Gross capitalized technology costs were $209 million and $212 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Accumulated amortization of capitalized technology costs was $150 million and $129 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 59 Goodwill and Other Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment annually during the fourth quarter each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. We have four reporting units with goodwill that are evaluated for impairment. We initially perform a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred or exist that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount. If, based on our evaluation we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than its carrying amount, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of our reporting units is less than their respective carrying amounts we perform a quantitative impairment test. When conducting our impairment test to evaluate the recoverability of goodwill at the reporting unit level, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value including goodwill. Fair value of the reporting units are estimated using the income approach, which incorporates the use of the discounted free cash flow (“DCF”) analyses and are corroborated using the market approach, which incorporates the use of revenue and earnings multiples based on market data. The DCF analyses are based on the current operating budgets and estimated long-term growth projections for each reporting unit. Future cash flows are discounted based on a market comparable weighted average cost of capital rate for each reporting unit, adjusted for market and other risks where appropriate. In addition, we analyze any difference between the sum of the fair values of the reporting units and our total market capitalization for reasonableness, taking into account certain factors including control premiums. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the difference is recognized as an impairment charge. We evaluate the recoverability of indefinite-lived intangible assets by first performing a qualitative analysis evaluating whether any events and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired. If, based on our evaluation of the events and circumstances that occurred during the year we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, no quantitative impairment test is performed. Conversely, if the results of our qualitative assessment determine that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived asset is impaired, a quantitative impairment test is performed. If necessary, the impairment test is performed by comparing the estimated fair value of the intangible asset to its carrying value. If the indefinite-lived intangible asset carrying value exceeds its fair value, an impairment analysis is performed using the income approach. An impairment charge is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Significant judgments inherent in these analyses include estimating the amount and timing of future cash flows and the selection of appropriate discount rates, royalty rates and long-term growth rate assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value for each reporting unit and indefinite-lived intangible asset and could result in an impairment charge, which could be material to our financial position and results of operations. We performed our impairment assessment of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets and concluded that no impairment existed for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Foreign Currency Translation We have operations in many foreign countries. For most international operations, the local currency is the functional currency. For international operations that are determined to be extensions of the parent company, the United States (“U.S.”) dollar is the functional currency. For local currency operations, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using end of period exchange rates, and revenue and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using weighted-average exchange rates. Foreign currency translation adjustments are accumulated in a separate component of equity. Depreciation The costs of property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method based upon the following estimated useful lives: buildings and improvements from 15 to 40 years and equipment and furniture from 2 to 10 years. The costs of leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the useful lives or the terms of the respective leases. Advertising Expense The cost of advertising is expensed as incurred. We incurred $29 million, $34 million and $33 million in advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized over the requisite service period, which typically is the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is classified as both operating- related expense and selling and general expense in the consolidated statements of income. 60 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various states, and foreign jurisdictions, and we are routinely under audit by many different tax authorities. We believe that our accrual for tax liabilities is adequate for all open audit years based on our assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events. It is possible that examinations will be settled prior to December 31, 2021. If any of these tax audit settlements do occur within that period we would make any necessary adjustments to the accrual for unrecognized tax benefits. As of December 31, 2020, we have approximately $3.1 billion of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, of which $0.8 billion is reinvested indefinitely in our foreign operations. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest The agreement with the minority partners of our S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture contains redemption features whereby interests held by our minority partners are redeemable either (i) at the option of the holder or (ii) upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within our control. Since redemption of the noncontrolling interest is outside of our control, this interest is presented on our consolidated balance sheets under the caption “Redeemable noncontrolling interest.” If the interest were to be redeemed, we would generally be required to purchase the interest at fair value on the date of redemption. We adjust the redeemable noncontrolling interest each reporting period to its estimated redemption value, but never less than its initial fair value, using both income and market valuation approaches. Our income and market valuation approaches incorporate Level 3 measures for instances when observable inputs are not available. The more significant judgmental assumptions used to estimate the value of the S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture include an estimated discount rate, a range of assumptions that form the basis of the expected future net cash flows (e.g., the revenue growth rates and operating margins), and a company specific beta. The significant judgmental assumptions used that incorporate market data, including the relative weighting of market observable information and the comparability of that information in our valuation models, are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. Any adjustments to the redemption value will impact retained income. See Note 9 – Equity for further detail. We use a lattice-based option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of options granted. The following assumptions were used in valuing the options granted: Year Ended December 31, 2018 Risk-free average interest rate Dividend yield Volatility Expected life (years) Weighted-average grant-date fair value per option 2.6 - 2.7% 1.1% 21.8 - 22.0% 5.67 - 6.07 $112.98 Because lattice-based option-pricing models incorporate ranges of assumptions, those ranges are disclosed. These assumptions are based on multiple factors, including historical exercise patterns, post-vesting termination rates, expected future exercise patterns and the expected volatility of our stock price. The risk-free interest rate is the imputed forward rate based on the U.S. Treasury yield at the date of grant. We use the historical volatility of our stock price over the expected term of the options to estimate the expected volatility. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the lattice model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. In 2018, we made a one-time issuance of incentive stock options under the 2002 Plan to replace Kensho employees’ stock options that were assumed in connection with our acquisition of Kensho in April of 2018. There were no stock options granted in 2020 and 2019. Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be applied to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in interest expense and operating expense, respectively. Judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and unrecognized tax benefits. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the historical and projected financial performance of the operation that is recording a net deferred tax asset is considered along with any other pertinent information. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 61 Contingencies We accrue for loss contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the consolidated financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. We continually assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to our contingencies, as well as potential amounts or ranges of probable losses, and recognize a liability, if any, for these contingencies based on an analysis of each matter with the assistance of outside legal counsel and, if applicable, other experts. Because many of these matters are resolved over long periods of time, our estimate of liabilities may change due to new developments, changes in assumptions or changes in our strategy related to the matter. When we accrue for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, we record our best estimate within the range. We disclose an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred. Recent Accounting Standards In August of 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance that amends the accounting for convertible instruments and the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020; however, early adoption is permitted. We do not expect this guidance to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In January of 2020, the FASB intended to clarify the interaction of the accounting for equity securities under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 321, investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting under ASC 323, and the accounting for certain forward contracts and purchased options accounted for under ASC 815. This guidance could change how the Company accounts for an equity security under the measurement alternative. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020; however, early adoption is permitted. We do not expect this guidance to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In December of 2019, the FASB issued guidance to simplify the accounting for income taxes. The guidance eliminates certain exceptions to the general principles of Topic 740. The guidance is effective for reporting periods after December 15, 2020; however, early adoption is permitted. We do not expect this guidance to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In November of 2018, the FASB issued guidance that provides clarification on whether certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for as revenue under ASC 606. The guidance was effective on January 1, 2020, and the adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In August of 2018, the FASB issued guidance to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The guidance was effective on January 1, 2020, and the adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In January of 2017, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill and eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under the new guidance, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The guidance was effective on January 1, 2020, and the adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In June of 2016, the FASB issued guidance amending the measurement of credit losses on certain financial instruments by requiring the use of an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance impacted our process for assessing the adequacy of our allowance for doubtful accounts on accounts receivable and contract assets by incorporating data points that provide indicators of future economic conditions including forecasted industry default rates and industry index benchmarks in concert with our historical process contemplating experienced receivable write off rates from past events and current economic conditions. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, we incorporated the forecasted impact of future economic conditions into our allowance for doubtful accounts measurement process including the expected adverse impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) on the global economy. Reclassification Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for comparability purposes. 62 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 2. Acquisitions and Divestitures ACQUISITIONS Merger Agreement In November of 2020, S&P Global and IHS Markit Ltd (“IHS Markit”) entered into a merger agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, a subsidiary of S&P Global will merge with and into IHS Markit, with IHS Markit surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of S&P Global. Under the terms of the merger agreement, each share of IHS Markit issued and outstanding (other than excluded shares and dissenting shares) will be converted into the right to receive 0.2838 fully paid and nonassessable shares of S&P Global common stock (and, if applicable, cash in lieu of fractional shares, without interest), less any applicable withholding taxes. As of December 31, 2020, IHS Markit had approximately 396.6 million shares outstanding. Subject to certain closing conditions, the merger is expected to be completed in the second half of 2021. 2020 For the year ended December 31, 2020, we paid cash for acquisitions of $201 million, net of cash acquired, funded with cash from operations. None of our acquisitions were material either individually or in the aggregate, including the pro forma impact on earnings. Acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2020 included: • In February of 2020, CRISIL, included within our Ratings segment, completed the acquisition of Greenwich Associates LLC (“Greenwich”), a leading provider of proprietary benchmarking data, analytics and qualitative, actionable insights that helps financial services firms worldwide measure and improve business performance. The acquisition will complement CRISIL’s existing portfolio of products and expand offerings to new segments across financial services including commercial banks and asset and wealth managers. We accounted for this acquisition using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of Greenwich is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • In January of 2020, we completed the acquisition of the ESG Ratings Business from RobecoSAM, which includes the widely followed SAM* Corporate Sustainability Assessment, an annual evaluation of companies’ sustainability practices. The acquisition will bolster our position as the premier resource for essential environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) insights and product solutions for our customers. Through this acquisition, we will be able to offer our customers even more transparent, robust and comprehensive ESG solutions. We accounted for this acquisition using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of the ESG Ratings Business is not material to our consolidated financial statements. For acquisitions during 2020 that were accounted for using the purchase method, the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to goodwill and other intangibles. The goodwill recognized on our acquisitions is largely attributable to anticipated operational synergies and growth opportunities as a result of the acquisition. The intangible assets, excluding goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles, will be amortized over their anticipated useful lives between 3 and 10 years which will be determined when we finalize our purchase price allocations. The goodwill for Greenwich and ESG Ratings Business is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. 2019 For the year ended December 31, 2019, we paid cash for acquisitions of $91 million, net of cash acquired, funded with cash from operations. None of our acquisitions were material either individually or in aggregate, including the pro forma impact on earnings. Acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2019 included: • In December of 2019, Market Intelligence acquired 451 Research, LLC (“451 Research”), a privately-held research and advisory firm that provides intelligence, expertise and data covering high-growth emerging technology segments. This acquisition will expand and strengthen Market Intelligence’s research coverage, adding differentiated expertise and intelligence with comprehensive offerings in technologies. We accounted for this acquisition using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of 451 Research is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • In September of 2019, Platts acquired Canadian Enerdata Ltd. (“Enerdata”), an independent provider of energy data and information in Canada, to further enhance Platts’ North American natural gas offering. We accounted for the acquisition using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of Enerdata is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • In August of 2019, Platts acquired Live Rice Index (“LRI”), a global provider of information and benchmark price assessments for the rice industry. The purchase expands Platts portfolio of agricultural price assessments while extending its data and news coverage in key export regions for international grains. We accounted for the acquisition using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of LRI is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • In July of 2019, we completed the acquisition of the Orion technology center from Ness Technologies. Orion was developed to become our center of excellence for technology talent to focus on innovation by providing employees with access to the latest technologies and global communications infrastructure, as well as physical spaces that enable highly- collaborative teams. We accounted for the acquisition using S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 63 the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of Orion is not material to our consolidated financial statements. For acquisitions during 2019 that were accounted for using the purchase method, the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to goodwill and other intangibles. The goodwill recognized on our acquisitions is largely attributable to anticipated operational synergies and growth opportunities as a result of the acquisition. The intangible assets, excluding goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles, will be amortized over their anticipated useful lives between 3 and 10 years which will be determined when we finalize our purchase price allocations. The goodwill for 451 Research and Orion is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. • In April of 2018, we acquired Kensho for approximately $550 million, net of cash acquired, in a mix of cash and stock. Kensho is a leading-edge provider of next-generation analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data visualization systems to Wall Street’s premier global banks and investment institutions, as well as the National Security community. The acquisition will strengthen S&P Global’s emerging technology capabilities, enhance our ability to deliver essential, actionable insights that will transform the user experience for our clients, and accelerate efforts to improve efficiency and effectiveness of our core internal operations. We accounted for the acquisition of Kensho using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of Kensho is not material to our consolidated financial statements. 2018 For the year ended December 31, 2018, we paid for acquisitions in a mix of cash and stock. We paid cash for acquisitions of $401 million, net of cash acquired, funded with cash flows from operations. Additionally, stock consideration was given for our acquisition of Kensho. None of our acquisitions were material either individually or in the aggregate, including the pro forma impact on earnings. All acquisitions were funded with cash flows from operations. Acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2018 included: • In February of 2018, Market Intelligence acquired Panjiva, Inc. (“Panjiva”), a privately-held company that provides deep, differentiated, sector-relevant insights on global supply chains, leveraging data science and technology to make sense of large, unstructured datasets. The acquisition will help strengthen the insights, products and data that we provide to our clients throughout the world. We accounted for the acquisition of Panjiva using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of Panjiva is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • In January of 2018, CRISIL, included within our Ratings segment, acquired a 100% stake in Pragmatix Services Private Limited (“Pragmatix”), a data analytics company focused on delivering cutting edge solutions in the “data to intelligence” life cycle to the Banking, Financial Services and Insurance vertical. The acquisition will strengthen CRISIL’s position as an agile, innovative and global analytics company. We accounted for the acquisition of Pragmatix using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of Pragmatix is not material to our consolidated financial statements. For acquisitions during 2018 that were accounted for using the purchase method, the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is allocated to goodwill and other intangibles. The goodwill recognized on our acquisitions is largely attributable to anticipated operational synergies and growth opportunities as a result of the acquisition. The intangible assets, excluding goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles, will be amortized over their useful lives not exceeding 10 years. The goodwill for RateWatch will continue to be deductible for tax purposes. • In December of 2018, Indices purchased the balance of the intellectual property (“IP”) rights in a family of indices derived from the S&P 500, solidifying its IP in and to the S&P 500 index family. We accounted for the acquisition on a cost basis. The transaction is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • In August of 2018, we acquired a 5.03% investment in FiscalNote, a technology innovator at the intersection of global business and government that provides advanced, data-driven Issues Management solutions. We measured the investment in FiscalNote at cost, less any impairment, and changes resulting from observable price changes will be recorded in the consolidated statements of income. The investment in FiscalNote is not material to our consolidated financial statements. • In June of 2018, Market Intelligence acquired the RateWatch business (“RateWatch”) from TheStreet, Inc., a B2B data business that offers subscription and custom reports on bank deposits, loans, fees and other product data to the financial services industry. The acquisition will complement and strengthen Market Intelligence’s core capabilities of providing differentiated data and analytics solutions for the banking sector. We accounted for the acquisition of RateWatch using the purchase method of accounting. The acquisition of RateWatch is not material to our consolidated financial statements. 64 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Non-cash Investing Activities Liabilities assumed in conjunction with our acquisitions are as follows: (in millions) Fair value of assets acquired Cash and stock consideration (net of cash acquired) Liabilities assumed Year ended December 31, 2020 $219 201 $18 2019 $110 91 $19 2018 $857 803 $54 DIVESTITURES 2020 During the year ended December 31, 2020, we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $16 million, which was included in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income: • In January of 2020, Market Intelligence entered into a strategic alliance to transition S&P Global Market Intelligence’s Investor Relations (“IR”) webhosting business to Q4 Inc. (“Q4”), a third party provider of investor relations related services. This alliance will integrate Market Intelligence’s proprietary data into Q4’s portfolio of solutions, enabling further opportunities for commercial collaboration. In connection with transitioning its IR webhosting business to Q4, Market Intelligence made a minority investment in Q4. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $11 million ($6 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of IR. • In September of 2020, we sold our facility at East Windsor, New Jersey. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $4 million ($3 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of East Windsor. • During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $1 million ($1 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statements of income related to the sale of Standard & Poor’s Investment Advisory Services LLC (“SPIAS”), a business within our Market Intelligence segment, in July of 2019. 2019 During the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed the following dispositions that resulted in a pre-tax gain of $49 million, which was included in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income: • On July 31, 2019, we completed the sale of RigData, a business within our Platts segment, to Drilling Info, Inc. RigData is a provider of daily information on rig activity for the natural gas and oil markets across North America. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $27 million ($26 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of RigData. • In March of 2019, we entered into an agreement to sell SPIAS to Goldman Sachs Asset Management (“GSAM”). SPIAS provides non-discretionary investment advice across institutional sub-advisory and intermediary distribution channels globally. On July 1, 2019, we completed the sale of SPIAS to GSAM. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a pre-tax gain of $22 million ($12 million after-tax) in Gain on dispositions in the consolidated statement of income related to the sale of SPIAS. 2018 During the year ended December 31, 2018, we did not complete any material dispositions. The operating profit of our businesses that were disposed of for the years ending December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 is as follows: (in millions) Operating profit 1 Year ended December 31, 2020 $2 2019 $16 2018 $20 1 The year ended December 31, 2020 excludes a pre-tax gain on the sale of the IR webhosting business of $11 million. The year ended December 31, 2019 excludes a pre-tax gain on the sale of RigData and SPIAS of $27 million and $22 million, respectively. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 65 3. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets GOODWILL Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price and related costs over the value assigned to the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. The change in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment is shown below: (in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2018 Acquisitions Dispositions Reclassifications Other ¹ Balance as of December 31, 2019 Acquisitions Dispositions Other ¹ Ratings Market Intelligence Platts Indices Corporate Total $113 — — — 2 115 138 — 10 $2,029 44 (12) 3 (2) 2,062 — (2) 11 $516 6 (3) — 2 521 — — 6 $379 — — (3) — 376 — — — $498 — $3,535 50 — — 3 501 — — (3) (15) — 5 3,575 138 (2) 24 Balance as of December 31, 2020 $263 $2,071 $527 $376 $498 $3,735 1 Primarily relates to the impact of foreign exchange and valuation adjustments for prior period acquisitions. 2020 includes adjustments related to Investor Relations. 2019 includes adjustments related to Panjiva, RateWatch and Eclipse. Goodwill additions and dispositions in the table above relate to transactions discussed in Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures. OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS Other intangible assets include both indefinite-lived assets not subject to amortization and definite-lived assets subject to amortization. We have indefinite-lived assets with a carrying value of $846 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. • 2020 and 2019 both include $380 million and $90 million for Dow Jones Indices intellectual property and the Dow Jones tradename, respectively, that we recorded as part of the transaction to form S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC in 2012. • 2020 and 2019 both include $185 million within our Market Intelligence segment for the SNL tradename. • 2020 and 2019 both include $132 million within our Indices segment for the balance of the IP rights in a family of indices derived from the S&P 500, solidifying Indices IP in and to the S&P 500 index family. • 2020 and 2019 both include $59 million within our Indices segment for the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index intellectual property and the Broad Market Indices intellectual property. 66 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report The following table summarizes our definite-lived intangible assets: (in millions) COST Databases and software Content Customer relationships Tradenames Other intangibles Total Balance as of December 31, 2018 $561 $139 $346 $50 $194 $1,290 Acquisitions Reclassifications Other (primarily Fx) 1 Balance as of December 31, 2019 Acquisitions Other 1 — 78 (10) 629 14 2 — — — 139 — — — 10 (1) 355 — 1 — 5 (1) 54 — 1 29 (93) — 130 40 7 29 — (12) 1,307 54 11 Balance as of December 31, 2020 $645 $139 $356 $55 $177 $1,372 ACCUMULATED AMORTIZATION Balance as of December 31, 2018 $240 $115 $126 $45 Current year amortization Reclassifications Other (primarily Fx) 1 Balance as of December 31, 2019 Current year amortization Acquisitions Other 1 73 22 (4) 331 73 — 2 14 — — 129 10 — — 23 4 — 153 21 — 1 3 1 (1) 48 2 — — $86 9 (27) — 68 17 10 1 $612 122 — (5) 729 123 10 4 Balance as of December 31, 2020 $406 $139 $175 $50 $96 $866 NET DEFINITE-LIVED INTANGIBLES: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020 $298 $239 $10 — $202 $181 $6 $5 $62 $81 $578 $506 1 Primarily relates to the impact of foreign exchange and valuation adjustments for prior period acquisitions. 2020 includes adjustments related to 451 Research. 2019 includes adjustments related to RigData. Definite-lived intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over periods of up to 21 years. The weighted-average life of the intangible assets as of December 31, 2020 is approximately 12 years. Amortization expense was $123 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and $122 million for the years ended 2019 and December 31, 2018. Expected amortization expense for intangible assets over the next five years for the years ended December 31, assuming no further acquisitions or dispositions, is as follows: (in millions) Amortization expense 2021 $96 2022 $87 2023 $81 2024 $79 2025 $61 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 67 4. Taxes on Income Income before taxes on income resulting from domestic and foreign operations is as follows: Year ended December 31, The increase in 2020 was primarily due to a decrease in the recognition of excess tax benefits associated with share- based payments in the statement of income. The increase in the effective income tax rate in 2019 was primarily due to an increase in accruals for potential tax liabilities for prior years in various jurisdictions. (in millions) 2020 2019 2018 Domestic operations Foreign operations $2,226 1,002 $2,068 $1,857 862 824 We have elected to recognize the tax on Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) as a period expense in the year the tax is incurred. GILTI expense is included in Other, net above. Total income before taxes $3,228 $2,930 $2,681 The principal temporary differences between the accounting for income and expenses for financial reporting and income tax purposes are as follows: The provision for taxes on income consists of the following: (in millions) Deferred tax assets: Employee compensation Accrued expenses Postretirement benefits Unearned revenue Loss carryforwards Lease liabilities Other Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Goodwill and intangible assets Right of use asset Fixed assets Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred income tax asset before valuation allowance Valuation allowance Net deferred income tax (liability) asset Reported as: Non-current deferred tax assets Non-current deferred tax liabilities December 31, 2020 2019 64 41 12 28 217 186 53 601 (347) (138) (7) (492) 109 (219) $(110) $67 (177) 58 35 27 28 155 199 25 527 (318) (194) — (512) 15 (163) $(148) $52 (200) Net deferred income tax (liability) asset $(110) $(148) We record valuation allowances against deferred income tax assets when we determine that it is more likely than not that such deferred income tax assets will not be realized based upon all the available evidence. The valuation allowance is primarily related to operating losses. (in millions) Federal: Current Deferred Total federal Foreign: Current Deferred Total foreign State and local: Current Deferred Total state and local Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $349 $303 $198 1 350 246 (9) 237 111 (4) 107 13 316 201 14 215 93 3 96 53 251 214 (2) 212 84 13 97 Total provision for taxes $694 $627 $560 A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to our effective income tax rate for financial reporting purposes is as follows: Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 U.S. federal statutory income tax rate 21.0% 21.0% 21.0% State and local income taxes Foreign operations TCJA Transition Tax Stock-based compensation S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture Tax credits and incentives Other, net 3.0 (0.3) — (0.7) (1.2) (2.2) 1.9 2.6 (0.3) — (1.4) (1.2) (1.7) 2.4 2.8 0.2 (0.3) (1.2) (1.2) (1.7) 1.3 Effective income tax rate 21.5% 21.4% 20.9% 68 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report As of December 31, 2020, we have approximately $3.1 billion of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, of which $0.8 billion is reinvested indefinitely in our foreign operations. We have not recorded deferred income taxes applicable to undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries that are indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations. Quantification of the deferred tax liability, if any, associated with indefinitely reinvested earnings is not practicable. We made net income tax payments totaling $683 million in 2020, $659 million in 2019, and $558 million in 2018. As of December 31, 2020, we had net operating loss carryforwards of $795 million, of which a significant portion has an unlimited carryover period under current law. We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions, and we are routinely under audit by many different tax authorities. We believe that our accrual for tax liabilities is adequate for all open audit years based on an assessment of many factors including past experience and interpretations of tax law. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of complex judgments about future events. It is possible that tax examinations will be settled prior to December 31, 2021. If any of these tax audit settlements do occur within that period, we would make any necessary adjustments to the accrual for unrecognized tax benefits. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: 5. Debt Year ended December 31, A summary of long-term debt outstanding is as follows: (in millions) Balance at beginning of year Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Additions for tax positions of prior years Reduction for tax positions of prior years Reduction for settlements Expiration of applicable statutes of limitations 2020 $124 2019 $147 24 1 (13) (4) (11) 21 11 (15) (33) (7) 2018 $212 19 2 (21) (65) — (in millions) 4.0% Senior Notes, due 2025 1 4.4% Senior Notes, due 2026 2 2.95% Senior Notes, due 2027 3 2.5% Senior Notes, due 2029 4 1.25% Senior Notes, due 2030 5 6.55% Senior Notes, due 2037 6 4.5% Senior Notes, due 2048 7 3.25% Senior Notes, due 2049 8 Balance at end of year $121 $124 $147 2.3% Senior Notes, due 2060 9 December 31, 2020 2019 695 — 495 495 592 290 273 589 681 694 893 493 495 — 294 490 589 — Long-term debt $4,110 $3,948 The total amount of federal, state and local, and foreign unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $121 million, $124 million and $147 million, respectively, exclusive of interest and penalties. During the period ended December 31, 2020, the change in unrecognized tax benefits resulted in a net decrease of tax expense of $1 million. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and operating- related expense, respectively. Based on the current status of income tax audits, we believe that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits on the balance sheet may be reduced by up to approximately $19 million in the next twelve months as a result of the resolution of local tax examinations. In addition to the unrecognized tax benefits, as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had $24 million and $20 million, respectively, of accrued interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits. The U.S. federal income tax audits for 2017 through 2019 are in process. During 2020, we completed state and foreign tax audits and, with few exceptions, we are no longer subject to federal, state, or foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities for the years before 2013. The impact to tax expense in 2020, 2019 and 2018 was not material. 1 Interest payments are due semiannually on June 15 and December 15, and as of December 31, 2020, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $5 million. 2 We made a $900 million payment on the early retirement of our 4.4% senior notes in the third quarter of 2020. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Interest payments are due semiannually on January 22 and July 22, and as of December 31, 2020, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $5 million. Interest payments are due semiannually on June 1 and December 1, and as of December 31, 2020, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $5 million. Interest payments are due semiannually on February 15 and August 15, and as of December 31, 2020, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $8 million. Interest payments are due semiannually on May 15 and November 15, and as of December 31, 2020, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $3 million. Interest payments are due semiannually on May 15 and November 15, and as of December 31, 2020, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $10 million. Interest payments are due semiannually on June 1 and December 1, and as of December 31, 2020, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $11 million. Interest payments are due semiannually on February 15 and August 15, and as of December 31, 2020, the unamortized debt discount and issuance costs total $19 million. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 69 Annual debt maturities are scheduled as follows based on book values as of December 31, 2020: no amounts due in 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, $695 million due in 2025, and $3.4 billion due thereafter. On August 13, 2020, we issued $600 million of 1.25% senior notes due in 2030 and $700 million of 2.3% senior notes due in 2060. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by our wholly- owned subsidiary, Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC. In the third quarter of 2020, we used the net proceeds to fund the redemption and extinguishment of the $900 million outstanding principal amount of our 4.4% senior notes due in 2026 and a portion of the outstanding principal amount of our 6.55% senior notes due in 2037 and our 4.5% senior notes due in 2048. On November 26, 2019, we issued $500 million of 2.5% senior notes due in 2029 and $600 million of 3.25% senior notes due in 2049. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we used the net proceeds to fund the redemption of the $700 million outstanding principal amount of our 3.3% senior notes due in August of 2020 and a portion of the $400 million outstanding principal amount of our 6.55% senior notes due in October of 2037. We have the ability to borrow a total of $1.2 billion through our commercial paper program, which is supported by our revolving $1.2 billion five-year credit agreement (our “credit facility”) that we entered into on June 30, 2017. This credit facility will terminate on June 30, 2022. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there was no commercial paper issued or outstanding, and we similarly did not draw or have any borrowings outstanding from the credit facility during the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Depending on our corporate credit rating, we pay a commitment fee of 8 to 17.5 basis points for our credit facility, whether or not amounts have been borrowed. We currently pay a commitment fee of 10 basis points. The interest rate on borrowings under our credit facility is, at our option, calculated using rates that are primarily based on either the prevailing London Inter-Bank Offer Rate, the prime rate determined by the administrative agent or the Federal Funds Rate. For certain borrowings under this credit facility, there is also a spread based on our corporate credit rating. Our credit facility contains certain covenants. The only financial covenant requires that our indebtedness to cash flow ratio, as defined in our credit facility, is not greater than 4 to 1, and this covenant level has never been exceeded. 6. Derivative Instruments Our exposure to market risk includes changes in foreign exchange rates. We have operations in foreign countries where the functional currency is primarily the local currency. For international operations that are determined to be extensions of the parent company, the U.S. dollar is the functional currency. We typically have naturally hedged positions in most countries from a local currency perspective with offsetting assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we have entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to mitigate or hedge the effect of adverse fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we have entered into cross currency swap contracts to hedge a portion of our net investment in a foreign subsidiary against volatility in foreign exchange rates. These contracts are recorded at fair value that is based on foreign currency exchange rates in active markets; therefore, we classify these derivative contracts within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We do not enter into any derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Undesignated Derivative Instruments During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 we entered into foreign exchange forward contracts in order to mitigate the change in fair value of specific assets and liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. These forward contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the aggregate notional value of these outstanding forward contracts was $460 million and $116 million, respectively. The changes in fair value of these forward contracts are recorded in prepaid and other assets or other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet with their corresponding change in fair value recognized in selling and general expenses in the consolidated statement of income. The amount recorded in other current liabilities was $2 million as of December 31, 2020 and less than $1 million as of December 31, 2019. The amount recorded in selling and general expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to these contracts was a net gain of $9 million and $4 million, respectively. Net Investment Hedges During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we entered into cross currency swaps to hedge a portion of our net investment in a certain European subsidiary against volatility in the Euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate. These swaps are designated and qualify as a hedge of a net investment in a foreign subsidiary and are scheduled to mature in 2024, 2025 and 2026. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019 the notional value of our outstanding cross currency swaps designated as a net investment hedge was $1 billion and $400 million, respectively. The changes in the fair value of swaps are recognized in foreign currency translation adjustments, a component of other comprehensive income (loss), and reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in our consolidated balance sheet. 70 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report The gain or loss will be subsequently reclassified into net earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated. We have elected to assess the effectiveness of our net investment hedges based on changes in spot exchange rates. Accordingly, amounts related to the cross currency swaps recognized directly in net income during 2020 represent net periodic interest settlements and accruals, which are recognized in interest expense, net. We recognized net interest income of $10 million and $1 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Cash Flow Hedges During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge a portion of the Indian rupee, British pound, and Euro exposures through the fourth quarter of 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These contracts are intended to offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future revenue and operating costs and are scheduled to mature within twenty-four months. The changes in the fair value of these contracts are initially reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss in our consolidated balance sheet and are subsequently reclassified into revenue and selling and general expenses in the same period that the hedged transaction affects earnings. As of December 31, 2020, we estimate that $19 million of the pre-tax gains related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges recorded in other comprehensive income is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next twenty-four months. As of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the aggregate notional value of our outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges was $489 million and $249 million, respectively. The following table provides information on the location and fair value amounts of our cash flow hedges and net investment hedges as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019: December 31, (in millions) Balance Sheet Location Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges: Prepaid and other current assets Foreign exchange forward contracts Other current liabilities Foreign exchange forward contracts Derivatives designated as net investment hedges: Other non-current liabilities Cross currency swaps 2020 2019 $23 $2 $1 — $107 $10 The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax gains (losses) on our cash flow hedges and net investment hedges for the years ended December 31: Gain (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (effective portion) 2020 2019 2018 Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion) Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Income (effective portion) 2020 2019 2018 $17 $(2) $2 Revenue, Selling and general expenses $2 $5 $(4) (in millions) Cash flow hedges - designated as hedging instruments Foreign exchange forward contracts Net investment hedges - designated as hedging instruments Cross currency swaps $(97) $(10) $— $— $— $— S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 71 The activity related to the change in unrealized gains (losses) in accumulated other comprehensive loss was as follows for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Cash Flow Hedges Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, beginning of period Change in fair value, net of tax Reclassification into earnings, net of tax Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges, net of taxes, end of period Net Investment Hedges Net unrealized (losses) gains on net investment hedges, net of taxes, beginning of period Change in fair value, net of tax Reclassification into earnings, net of tax Net unrealized (losses) gains on net investment hedges, net of taxes, end of period Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $2 14 (2) $14 $(8) (73) — $(81) $4 3 (5) $2 $— (8) — $(8) $2 (2) 4 $4 $— — — $— 7. Employee Benefits We maintain a number of active defined contribution retirement plans for our employees. The majority of our defined benefit plans are frozen. As a result, no new employees will be permitted to enter these plans and no additional benefits for current participants in the frozen plans will be accrued. We also have supplemental benefit plans that provide senior management with supplemental retirement, disability and death benefits. Certain supplemental retirement benefits are based on final monthly earnings. In addition, we sponsor a voluntary 401(k) plan under which we may match employee contributions up to certain levels of compensation as well as profit-sharing plans under which we contribute a percentage of eligible employees’ compensation to the employees’ accounts. We also provide certain medical, dental and life insurance benefits for active and retired employees and eligible dependents. The medical and dental plans and supplemental life insurance plan are contributory, while the basic life insurance plan is noncontributory. We currently do not prefund any of these plans. We recognize the funded status of our retirement and postretirement plans in the consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes. The amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss represent net unrecognized actuarial losses and unrecognized prior service costs. These amounts will be subsequently recognized as net periodic pension cost pursuant to our accounting policy for amortizing such amounts. Net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and postretirement plans other than the service cost component are included in other (income) expense, net in our consolidated statements of income. 72 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Benefit Obligation A summary of the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets, as well as the funded status for the retirement and postretirement plans as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, is as follows (benefits paid in the table below include only those amounts contributed directly to or paid directly from plan assets): RETIREMENT PLANS POSTRETIREMENT PLANS (in millions) Net benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Plan participants’ contributions Actuarial loss 1 Gross benefits paid Foreign currency effect Other adjustments 2 Net benefit obligation at end of year Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Plan participants’ contributions Gross benefits paid Foreign currency effect Other adjustments 2 Fair value of plan assets at end of year Funded status Amounts recognized in consolidated balance sheets: Non-current asset Current liabilities Non-current liabilities 2020 $1,945 2019 $2,076 4 52 — 269 (76) 26 — 2,220 1,960 327 12 — (76) 20 — 2,243 $23 $297 (10) (264) $23 3 64 — 232 (75) 13 (368) 1,945 1,987 354 46 — (75) 16 (368) 1,960 $15 $259 (10) (234) $15 Accumulated benefit obligation $2,204 $1,932 Plans with accumulated benefit obligation in excess of the fair value of plan assets: Projected benefit obligation Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax: Net actuarial loss (gain) Prior service credit Total recognized $274 $258 $— $373 2 $375 $244 $231 $— $355 2 $357 2020 $38 — 2019 $40 — 1 2 1 (6) — — 36 13 — — 2 (6) — — 9 1 2 1 (6) — — 38 16 1 — 3 (7) — — 13 $(27) $(25) $— — (27) $(27) $— — (25) $(25) $(37) (12) $(49) $(40) (13) $(53) 1 The increase in actuarial loss in 2020 was primarily due to a reduction in the discount rate from 2019. 2 Relates to the impact of a retiree annuity purchase in 2019. The Company purchased a group annuity contract under which an insurance company assumed a portion of the Company’s obligation to pay pension benefits to the plan’s beneficiaries. The purchase of this group annuity contract was funded by pension plan assets. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 73 Net Periodic Benefit Cost For purposes of determining annual pension cost, prior service costs are being amortized straight-line over the average expected remaining lifetime of plan participants expected to receive benefits. A summary of net periodic benefit cost for our retirement and postretirement plans for the years ended December 31, is as follows: (in millions) Service cost Interest cost Expected return on assets Amortization of: Actuarial loss (gain) Prior service credit Net periodic benefit cost Settlement charge Total net periodic benefit cost RETIREMENT PLANS POSTRETIREMENT PLANS 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 $4 52 $3 64 $3 71 (102) (108) (124) 17 — (29) 31 $(26) 12 — (29) 1132 $84 20 — (30) 43 $(26) $— 1 — (2) (1) (2) — $— 1 — (2) (1) (2) — $— 1 — (2) (1) (2) — $(2) $(2) $(2) 1 During the year ended December 31, 2020, lump sum withdrawals exceeded the combined total anticipated annual service and interest cost of our U.K. pension plan, triggering the recognition of a non-cash pre-tax settlement charge of $3 million. 2 Relates to the impact of a retiree annuity purchase in 2019. The Company purchased a group annuity contract under which an insurance company assumed a portion of the Company’s obligation to pay pension benefits to the plan’s beneficiaries. The purchase of this group annuity contract was funded by pension plan assets. The non-cash pre-tax settlement charge reflects the accelerated recognition of a portion of unamortized actuarial losses in the plan. 3 Represents a charge related to our U.K. retirement plan. Our U.K. retirement plan accounted for a benefit of $17 million in 2020, $14 million in 2019 and $10 million in 2018 of the net periodic benefit cost attributable to the funded plans. Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax for the years ended December 31, are as follows: (in millions) Net actuarial loss (gain) Recognized actuarial (gain) loss Prior service cost Settlement charge Total recognized RETIREMENT PLANS POSTRETIREMENT PLANS 2020 $28 (9) — (2)1 2019 $(10) (10) — (85)2 $17 $(105) 2018 2020 2019 2018 $28 (15) 1 (4)3 $10 $1 2 1 — $4 $— 1 1 — $2 $(7) 1 1 — $(5) 1 During the year ended December 31, 2020, lump sum withdrawals exceeded the combined total anticipated annual service and interest cost of our U.K. pension plan, triggering the recognition of a non-cash pre-tax settlement charge of $3 million. 2 Relates to the impact of a retiree annuity purchase in 2019. The Company purchased a group annuity contract under which an insurance company assumed a portion of the Company’s obligation to pay pension benefits to the plan’s beneficiaries. The purchase of this group annuity contract was funded by pension plan assets. The non- cash after tax settlement charge reflects the accelerated recognition of a portion of unamortized actuarial losses in the plan. 3 Represents a charge related to our U.K. retirement plan. 74 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report The total cost for our retirement plans was $91 million for 2020, $187 million for 2019 and $80 million for 2018. The total cost for our retirement plans in 2019 includes the $113 million settlement charge related to the retiree annuity purchase in 2019. Included in the total retirement plans cost are defined contribution plans cost of $80 million for 2020, $73 million for 2019 and $79 million for 2018. Assumptions Benefit obligation: Discount rate 2 Net periodic cost: Weighted-average healthcare cost rate 1 Discount rate - U.S. plan 2 Discount rate - U.K. plan 2 Return on assets 3 RETIREMENT PLANS POSTRETIREMENT PLANS 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 2.75% 3.45% 4.40% 2.20% 3.08% 4.15% 3.45% 1.92% 5.50% 4.40% 2.72% 6.00% 3.68% 2.41% 6.00% 6.00% 6.50% 6.50% 3.08% 4.15% 3.40% 1 The assumed weighted-average healthcare cost trend rate will decrease ratably from 6% in 2020 to 5% in 2024 and remain at that level thereafter. 2 Effective January 1, 2020, we changed our discount rate assumption on our U.S. retirement plans to 3.45% from 4.40% in 2019 and changed our discount rate assumption on our U.K. plan to 1.92% from 2.72% in 2019. 3 The expected return on assets assumption is calculated based on the plan’s asset allocation strategy and projected market returns over the long-term. Effective January 1, 2021, our return on assets assumption for the U.S. plan was reduced to 5.00% from 5.50% and the U.K. plan was reduced to 5.50% from 6.00%. Cash Flows In December of 2003, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (the “Act”) was enacted. The Act established a prescription drug benefit under Medicare, known as “Medicare Part D”, and a federal subsidy to sponsors of retiree healthcare benefit plans that provide a benefit that is at least actuarially equivalent to Medicare Part D. Our benefits provided to certain participants are at least actuarially equivalent to Medicare Part D, and, accordingly, we are entitled to a subsidy. Expected employer contributions in 2021 are $11 million and $4 million for our retirement and postretirement plans, respectively. In 2021, we may elect to make non-required contributions depending on investment performance and the pension plan status. Information about the expected cash flows for our retirement and postretirement plans and the impact of the Medicare subsidy is as follows: (in millions) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026-2030 Postretirement Plans 2 Retirement Plans 1 Gross payments Retiree contributions Medicare subsidy 3 Postretirement Plans 2 $66 69 72 75 78 433 $6 5 5 4 4 16 $(2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (6) $ — — — — — — 4 4 4 3 3 10 1 Reflects the total benefits expected to be paid from the plans or from our assets including both our share of the benefit cost and the participants’ share of the cost. 2 Reflects the total benefits expected to be paid from our assets. 3 Expected Medicare subsidy amounts, for the years presented, are less than $1 million. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 75 Fair Value of Plan Assets In accordance with authoritative guidance for fair value measurements certain assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the amount that would be received for selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. A fair value hierarchy has been established which requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows: • Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. • Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. • Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The fair value of our defined benefit plans assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, by asset class is as follows: 76 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report (in millions) Cash and short-term investments Equities: U.S. indexes 1 U.S. growth and value Fixed income: Long duration strategy 2 Intermediate duration securities Real Estate: U.K. 3 Infrastructure: U.K. 4 Total Common collective trust funds measured at net asset value as a practical expedient: Collective investment funds 5 Total (in millions) Cash and short-term investments Equities: U.S. indexes 1 U.S. growth and value Fixed income: Long duration strategy 2 Intermediate duration securities Agency mortgage backed securities Asset backed securities Non-agency mortgage backed securities 6 International, excluding U.K. Real Estate: U.K. 4 Total Common collective trust funds measured at net asset value as a practical expedient: Collective investment funds 5 Total Includes securities that are tracked in the S&P Smallcap 600 index. Includes securities that are mainly investment grade obligations of issuers in the U.S. Includes a fund which holds real estate properties in the U.K. Includes funds that invest in global infrastructure for the U.K. Pension. December 31, 2020 Level 2 $— — — 1,339 57 — 78 $1,474 Total Level 1 $4 9 41 — — — — $54 $4 9 41 1,339 57 38 78 $1,566 $677 $2,243 December 31, 2019 Level 2 $— — — 1,078 20 3 14 11 15 — $1,141 Total Level 1 $3 23 56 — — — — — — — $82 $3 23 56 1,078 20 3 14 11 15 39 $1,262 $698 $1,960 Level 3 $— — — — — 38 — $38 Level 3 $— — — — — — — — — 39 $39 Includes the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Index, the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 Composite Stock Index, a short-term investment fund which is a common collective trust vehicle, and other various asset classes. Includes U.S. mortgage-backed securities that are not backed by the U.S. government. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 77 1 2 3 4 5 6 For securities that are quoted in active markets, the trustee/ custodian determines fair value by applying securities’ prices obtained from its pricing vendors. For commingled funds that are not actively traded, the trustee applies pricing information provided by investment management firms to the unit quantities of such funds. Investment management firms employ their own pricing vendors to value the securities underlying each commingled fund. Underlying securities that are not actively traded derive their prices from investment managers, which in turn, employ vendors that use pricing models (e.g., discounted cash flow, comparables). The domestic defined benefit plans have no investment in our stock, except through the S&P 500 commingled trust index fund. The trustee obtains estimated prices from vendors for securities that are not easily quotable and they are categorized accordingly as Level 3. The following table details further information on our plan assets where we have used significant unobservable inputs: (in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2019 Distributions Balance as of December 31, 2020 Level 3 $39 (1) $38 enhance returns, preserve capital and reduce overall volatility. Holdings are diversified within each asset class. The portfolios employ a mix of index and actively managed equity strategies by market capitalization, style, geographic regions and economic sectors. The fixed income strategies include U.S. long duration securities, opportunistic fixed income securities and U.K. debt instruments. The short-term portfolio, whose primary goal is capital preservation for liquidity purposes, is composed of government and government-agency securities, uninvested cash, receivables and payables. The portfolios do not employ any financial leverage. U.S. Defined Contribution Plan Assets of the defined contribution plan in the U.S. consist primarily of investment options, which include actively managed equity, indexed equity, actively managed equity/bond funds, target date funds, S&P Global Inc. common stock, stable value and money market strategies. There is also a self-directed mutual fund investment option. The plan purchased 296,921 shares and sold 331,088 shares of S&P Global Inc. common stock in 2020 and purchased 165,286 shares and sold 333,030 shares of S&P Global Inc. common stock in 2019. The plan held approximately 1.3 million shares of S&P Global Inc. common stock as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, with market values of $414 million and $355 million, respectively. The plan received dividends on S&P Global Inc. common stock of $3 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Pension Trusts’ Asset Allocations There are two pension trusts, one in the U.S. and one in the U.K. • The U.S. pension trust had assets of $1,630 million and $1,432 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 respectively, and the target allocations in 2020 include 85% fixed income, 8% domestic equities, 5% international equities and 2% cash and cash equivalents. • The U.K. pension trust had assets of $613 million and $528 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and the target allocations in 2020 include 49% fixed income, 15% diversified growth funds, 15% infrastructure, 14% equities and 7% real estate. 8. Stock-Based Compensation We issue stock-based incentive awards to our eligible employees under the 2019 Employee Stock Incentive Plan and to our eligible non-employee Directors under a Director Deferred Stock Ownership Plan. No further awards may be granted under the 2002 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (the “2002 Plan”), although awards granted under the 2002 Plan prior to the adoption of the new 2019 Plan in June of 2019 remain outstanding in accordance with their terms. The remaining outstanding options under the 2002 Plan will have fully met their maximum term and expire in the second quarter of 2028. The pension assets are invested with the goal of producing a combination of capital growth, income and a liability hedge. The mix of assets is established after consideration of the long-term performance and risk characteristics of asset classes. Investments are selected based on their potential to • 2019 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) The 2019 Plan permits the granting of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance stock, restricted stock and other stock-based awards. 78 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report • Director Deferred Stock Ownership Plan Under this plan, common stock reserved may be credited to deferred stock accounts for eligible Directors. In general, the plan requires that 50% of eligible Directors’ annual compensation plus dividend equivalents be credited to deferred stock accounts. Each Director may also elect to defer all or a portion of the remaining compensation and have an equivalent number of shares credited to the deferred stock account. Recipients under this plan are not required to provide consideration to us other than rendering service. Shares will be delivered as of the date a recipient ceases to be a member of the Board of Directors or within five years thereafter, if so elected. The plan will remain in effect until terminated by the Board of Directors or until no shares of stock remain available under the plan. The number of common shares reserved for issuance are as follows: December 31, Stock Options Stock options may not be granted at a price less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Stock options granted vest over a four year service period and have a maximum term of 10 years. Stock option compensation costs are recognized from the date of grant, utilizing a four-year graded vesting method. Under this method, more than half of the costs are recognized over the first twelve months, approximately one-quarter of the costs are recognized over a twenty-four month period starting from the date of grant, approximately one-tenth of the costs are recognized over a thirty-six month period starting from the date of grant, and the remaining costs recognized over a forty-eight month period starting from the date of grant. We use a lattice-based option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of options granted. The following assumptions were used in valuing the options granted: (in millions) Shares available for granting 1 Options outstanding Total shares reserved for issuance 2 2020 19.7 0.5 20.2 2019 20.0 0.7 20.7 Risk-free average interest rate Dividend yield Volatility Expected life (years) 1 Shares available for granting at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are under the 2019 Plan. Weighted-average grant-date fair value per option Year ended December 31, 2018 2.6 - 2.7% 1.1% 21.8 - 22.0% 5.67 - 6.07 $112.98 2 Shares reserved for issuance under the Director Deferred Stock Ownership Plan are not included in the total, but are less than 1.0 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We issue treasury shares upon exercise of stock options and the issuance of restricted stock and unit awards. To offset the dilutive effect of the exercise of employee stock options, we periodically repurchase shares. See Note 9 – Equity for further discussion. Stock-based compensation expense and the corresponding tax benefit are as follows: (in millions) Stock option expense Restricted stock and unit awards expense Total stock-based compensation expense Tax benefit Year ended December 31, 2020 $— 90 $90 $15 2019 2018 $1 77 $78 $13 $5 89 $94 $19 Because lattice-based option-pricing models incorporate ranges of assumptions, those ranges are disclosed. These assumptions are based on multiple factors, including historical exercise patterns, post-vesting termination rates, expected future exercise patterns and the expected volatility of our stock price. The risk-free interest rate is the imputed forward rate based on the U.S. Treasury yield at the date of grant. We use the historical volatility of our stock price over the expected term of the options to estimate the expected volatility. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the lattice model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. In 2018, we made a one-time issuance of incentive stock options under the 2002 Plan to replace Kensho employees’ stock options that were assumed in connection with our acquisition of Kensho in April of 2018. There were no stock options granted in 2020 and 2019. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 79 Stock option activity is as follows: (in millions, except per award amounts) Options outstanding as of December 31, 2019 Exercised Forfeited and expired 1 Options outstanding as of December 31, 2020 Options exercisable as of December 31, 2020 1 There are less than 0.1 million shares forfeited and expired. (in millions, except per award amounts) Nonvested options outstanding as of December 31, 2019 Vested 1 Forfeited Nonvested options outstanding as of December 31, 2020 ² Total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested options Weighted-average years to be recognized over 1 There are less than 0.1 million shares vested. 2 There are less than 0.1 million nonvested options outstanding as of December 31, 2020. Shares Weighted average exercise price Weighted-average remaining years of contractual term Aggregate intrinsic value 0.7 (0.2) — 0.5 0.5 $55.73 $280.79 $58.06 $60.46 $60.34 2.56 2.53 $123 $122 Shares Weighted-average grant-date fair value $112.68 $113.14 $113.40 $111.96 — — — — $— 0.2 The total fair value of our stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $2 million, $3 million and $5 million, respectively. Information regarding our stock option exercises is as follows: (in millions) Net cash proceeds from the exercise of stock options Total intrinsic value of stock option exercises Income tax benefit realized from stock option exercises Year ended December 31, 2020 $16 $60 $13 2019 $40 $110 $33 2018 $34 $77 $27 RESTRICTED STOCK AND UNIT AWARDS Restricted stock and unit awards (performance and non-performance) have been granted under the 2002 Plan and 2019 Plan. Performance unit awards will vest only if we achieve certain financial goals over the performance period. Restricted stock non- performance awards have various vesting periods (generally three years), with vesting beginning on the first anniversary of the awards. Recipients of restricted stock and unit awards are not required to provide consideration to us other than rendering service. 80 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Stock Repurchases On January 29, 2020, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of 30 million shares (the “2020 Repurchase Program”), which was approximately 12% of the total shares of our outstanding common stock at that time. On December 4, 2013, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the purchase of 50 million shares (the “2013 Repurchase Program”), which was approximately 18% of the total shares of our outstanding common stock at that time. Our purchased shares may be used for general corporate purposes, including the issuance of shares for stock compensation plans and to offset the dilutive effect of the exercise of employee stock options. As of December 31, 2020, 30 million shares remained available under the 2020 Repurchase Program and 0.8 million shares remained available under the 2013 repurchase program. Our 2020 Repurchase Program and 2013 Repurchase Program have no expiration date and purchases under these programs may be made from time to time on the open market and in private transactions, depending on market conditions. We have entered into accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreements with financial institutions to initiate share repurchases of our common stock. Under an ASR agreement, we pay a specified amount to the financial institution and receive an initial delivery of shares. This initial delivery of shares represents the minimum number of shares that we may receive under the agreement. Upon settlement of the ASR agreement, the financial institution delivers additional shares. The total number of shares ultimately delivered, and therefore the average price paid per share, is determined at the end of the applicable purchase period of each ASR agreement based on the volume weighted-average share price, less a discount. We account for our ASR agreements as two transactions: a stock purchase transaction and a forward stock purchase contract. The shares delivered under the ASR agreements resulted in a reduction of outstanding shares used to determine our weighted average common shares outstanding for purposes of calculating basic and diluted earnings per share. The repurchased shares are held in Treasury. The forward stock purchase contracts were classified as equity instruments. The ASR agreements were executed under our 2013 Repurchase Program, approved on December 4, 2013. The stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock and unit awards is determined based on the market price of our stock at the grant date of the award applied to the total number of awards that are anticipated to fully vest. For performance unit awards, adjustments are made to expense dependent upon financial goals achieved. Restricted stock and unit activity for performance and non- performance awards is as follows: Shares Weighted- average grant- date fair value $199.93 $232.92 $192.71 $220.76 $227.67 0.6 0.4 (0.4) — 0.6 $85 1.8 Year ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $232.92 $187.40 $182.75 $134 $153 $154 $26 $29 $29 (in millions, except per award amounts) Nonvested shares as of December 31, 2019 Granted Vested Forfeited Nonvested shares as of December 31, 2020 Total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested awards Weighted-average years to be recognized over Weighted-average grant-date fair value per award Total fair value of restricted stock and unit awards vested Tax benefit relating to restricted stock activity 9. Equity Capital Stock Two million shares of preferred stock, par value $1 per share, are authorized; none have been issued. On January 27, 2021, the Board of Directors approved an increase in the dividends for 2021 to a quarterly rate of $0.77 per common share. Quarterly dividend rate Annualized dividend rate Dividends paid (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2020 $0.67 $2.68 $645 2019 $0.57 $2.28 $560 2018 $0.50 $2.00 $503 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 81 The terms of each ASR agreement entered for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, structured as outlined above, are as follows: (in millions, except average price) ASR Agreement Initiation Date ASR Agreement Completion Date Initial Shares Delivered Additional Shares Delivered Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid Per Share February 11, 2020 1 February 11, 2020 2 July 27, 2020 July 27, 2020 August 5, 2019 3 October 1, 2019 February 11, 2019 4 July 31, 2019 October 29, 2018 5 January 2, 2019 March 6, 2018 6 September 25, 2018 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.5 4.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.6 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.9 5.1 $292.13 $292.13 $253.36 $214.65 $173.80 $197.49 Total Cash Utilized $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $1,000 1 The ASR agreement was structured as a capped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and received an initial delivery of 1.3 million shares and an additional amount of 0.2 million during the month of February, representing a minimum number of shares of our common stock to be repurchased based on a calculation using a specified capped price per share. We completed the ASR agreement on July 27, 2020 and received an additional 0.2 million shares. 2 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and received an initial delivery of 1.4 million shares, representing 85% of the $500 million at a price equal to the then market price of the Company. We completed the ASR agreement on July 27, 2020 and received an additional 0.3 million shares. 3 The ASR agreement was structured as a capped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and received an initial delivery of 1.7 million shares and an additional amount of 0.2 million during the month of August, representing a minimum number of shares of our common stock to be repurchased based on a calculation using a specified capped price per share. We completed the ASR agreement on October 1, 2019 and received an additional 0.1 million shares. 4 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and received an initial delivery of 2.2 million shares, representing 85% of the $500 at a price equal to the then market price of the Company. We completed the ASR agreement on July 31, 2019 and received an additional 0.1 million shares. 5 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $500 million and received an initial delivery of 2.5 million shares, representing 85% of the $500 million at a price equal to the then market price of the Company. We completed the ASR agreement on January 2, 2019 and received an additional 0.4 million shares. 6 The ASR agreement was structured as an uncapped ASR agreement in which we paid $1 billion and received an initial delivery of 4.5 million shares, representing 85% of the $1 billion at a price equal to the then market price of the Company. We completed the ASR agreement on September 25, 2018 and received an additional 0.6 million shares. Additionally, we purchased shares of our common stock in the open market as follows (in millions, except average price) Year Ended December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Total number of shares purchased Average price paid per share Total cash utilized 0.5 1.2 0.9 $295.40 $208.83 $182.93 $161 $240 $160 During the year ended December 31, 2020, we purchased a total of 4.0 million shares for $1,161 million of cash. During the fourth quarter of 2019, we repurchased shares for $3 million, which settled in the first quarter of 2020, resulting in $1,164 million of cash used to repurchase shares. During the year ended December 31, 2019 we received 5.9 million shares, including 0.4 million shares received in January of 2019 related to our October 29, 2018 ASR agreement, resulting in $1,240 million of cash used to repurchase shares. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we purchased a total of 8.4 million shares for cash of $1,660 million. 82 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests The agreement with the minority partners that own 27% of our S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture contains redemption features whereby interests held by minority partners are redeemable either (i) at the option of the holder or (ii) upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within our control. Specifically, under the terms of the operating agreement of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, CME Group and CME Group Index Services LLC (“CGIS”) has the right at any time to sell, and we are obligated to buy, at least 20% of their share in S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC. In addition, in the event there is a change of control of the Company, for the 15 days following a change in control, CME Group and CGIS will have the right to put their interest to us at the then fair value of CME Group’s and CGIS’ minority interest. If interests were to be redeemed under this agreement, we would generally be required to purchase the interest at fair value on the date of redemption. This interest is presented on the consolidated balance sheets outside of equity under the caption “Redeemable noncontrolling interest” with an initial value based on fair value for the portion attributable to the net assets we acquired, and based on our historical cost for the portion attributable to our S&P Index business. We adjust the redeemable noncontrolling interest each reporting period to its estimated redemption value, but never less than its initial fair value, using both income and market valuation approaches. Our income and market valuation approaches may incorporate Level 3 fair value measures for instances when observable inputs are not available. The more significant judgmental assumptions used to estimate the value of the S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture include an estimated discount rate, a range of assumptions that form the basis of the expected future net cash flows (e.g., the revenue growth rates and operating margins), and a company specific beta. The significant judgmental assumptions used that incorporate market data, including the relative weighting of market observable information and the comparability of that information in our valuation models, are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. Any adjustments to the redemption value will impact retained income. Noncontrolling interests that do not contain such redemption features are presented in equity. Changes to redeemable noncontrolling interest during the year ended December 31, 2020 were as follows: (in millions) Balance as of December 31, 2019 Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest Distributions to noncontrolling interest Redemption value adjustment Balance as of December 31, 2020 $2,268 181 (200) 532 $2,781 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The following table summarizes the changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020: (in millions) Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment 1, 3 Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans 2 Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Forward Exchange Contracts 3 Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Balance as of December 31, 2019 $(321) $(305) Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net earnings Net other comprehensive gain (loss) income (2) — (2) (37) 14 (23) Balance as of December 31, 2020 $(323) $(328) $2 14 (2) 12 $14 $(624) (25) 12 (13) $(637) 1 Includes an unrealized loss related to cross currency swaps. 2 Reflects amortization of net actuarial losses and is net of a tax benefit of $3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 7 - Employee Benefits for additional details of items reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss to net earnings. 3 See Note 6 – Derivative Instruments for additional detail of items recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 83 10. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income attributable to the common shareholders of the Company by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed in the same manner as basic EPS, except the number of shares is increased to include additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potential common shares with a dilutive effect had been issued. Potential common shares consist primarily of stock options and restricted performance shares calculated using the treasury stock method. The calculation for basic and diluted EPS is as follows: Year ended December 31, (in millions, except per share data) 2020 2019 2018 Amount attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income Basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding Effect of stock options and other dilutive securities Diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding Earnings per share attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income: Basic Diluted $2,339 241.0 1.1 242.1 $9.71 $9.66 $2,123 245.4 1.5 246.9 $8.65 $8.60 $1,958 250.9 2.3 253.2 $7.80 $7.73 We have certain stock options and restricted performance shares that are potentially excluded from the computation of diluted EPS. The effect of the potential exercise of stock options is excluded when the average market price of our common stock is lower than the exercise price of the related option during the period or when a net loss exists because the effect would have been antidilutive. Additionally, restricted performance shares are excluded because the necessary vesting conditions had not been met or when a net loss exists. As of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, there were no stock options excluded. Restricted performance shares outstanding of 0.4 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively and 0.5 million as of 2018 were excluded. 84 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 11. Restructuring During 2020 and 2019, we continued to evaluate our cost structure and further identified cost savings associated with streamlining our management structure and our decision to exit non-strategic businesses. Our 2020 and 2019 restructuring plans consisted of a company-wide workforce reduction of approximately 830 and 300 positions, respectively, and are further detailed below. The charges for each restructuring plan are classified as selling and general expenses within the consolidated statements of income and the reserves are included in other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In certain circumstances, reserves are no longer needed because of efficiencies in carrying out the plans or because employees previously identified for separation resigned from the Company and did not receive severance or were reassigned due to circumstances not foreseen when the original plans were initiated. In these cases, we reverse reserves through the consolidated statements of income during the period when it is determined they are no longer needed. There were approximately $7 million of reserves from the 2019 restructuring plan that we have reversed in 2020, which offset the initial charge of $25 million recorded for the 2019 restructuring plan. There were approximately $3 million of reserves from the 2018 restructuring plan that we have reversed in 2019, which offset the initial charge of $25 million recorded for the 2018 restructuring plan. The initial restructuring charge recorded and the ending reserve balance as of December 31, 2020 by segment is as follows: (in millions) Ratings Market Intelligence Platts Indices Corporate Total 2020 Restructuring Plan 2019 Restructuring Plan Initial Charge Recorded Ending Reserve Balance Initial Charge Recorded Ending Reserve Balance $4 27 10 5 19 $65 $3 26 10 4 15 $58 $11 6 1 — 7 $25 $1 3 — — 1 $5 For the year ended December 31, 2020, we have reduced the reserve for the 2020 restructuring plan by $7 million and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we have reduced the reserve for the 2019 restructuring plan by $13 million and $7 million, respectively. The reductions primarily related to cash payments for employee severance charges. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 85 12. Segment and Geographic Information As discussed in Note 1 – Accounting Policies, we have four reportable segments: Ratings, Market Intelligence, Platts and Indices. Our Chief Executive Officer is our chief operating decision-maker and evaluates performance of our segments and allocates resources based primarily on operating profit. Segment operating profit does not include Corporate Unallocated, other income, net, or interest expense, net, as these are costs that do not affect the operating results of our reportable segments. We use the same accounting policies for our segments as those described in Note 1 – Accounting Policies. In the first quarter of 2020, we changed our allocation methodology for allocating our centrally managed technology- related expenses to our reportable segments to more accurately reflect each segment’s respective usage. Prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current presentation. Beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the contract obligations for revenue from Kensho’s major customers were transferred to Market Intelligence for fulfillment. As a result of this transfer, from January 1, 2019 revenue from contracts with Kensho’s customers is reflected in Market Intelligence’s results. In 2018, the revenue from contracts with Kensho’s customers was reported in Corporate revenue. See Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. A summary of operating results for the years ended December 31 is as follows: Revenue (in millions) Ratings Market Intelligence Platts Indices Corporate 2020 2019 2018 $3,606 $3,106 $2,883 2,106 1,959 1,833 878 989 — 844 918 — 815 837 15 Intersegment elimination 1 (137) (128) (125) Total revenue $7,442 $6,699 $6,258 Operating Profit (in millions) Ratings 2 Market Intelligence 3 Platts 4 Indices 5 2020 2019 2018 $2,223 $1,783 $1,554 589 458 666 566 457 632 500 401 566 Total reportable segments 3,936 3,438 3,021 Corporate Unallocated 6 (319) (212) (231) Total operating profit $3,617 $3,226 $2,790 1 Revenue for Ratings and expenses for Market Intelligence include an intersegment royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. 2 Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes a technology- related impairment charge of $11 million, lease-related costs of $5 million and employee severance charges of $4 million. Operating profit or the year ended December 31, 2019 includes employee severance charges of $11 million. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes legal settlement expenses of $74 million and employee severance charges of $8 million. Additionally, operating profit includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. 3 Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes employee severance charges of $27 million, a gain on dispositions of $12 million and lease-related costs of $3 million. As of July 1, 2019, we completed the sale of SPIAS and the results are included in Market Intelligence results through that date. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes a gain on the sale of SPIAS of $22 million, employee severance charges of $6 million and acquisition related costs of $4 million. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes restructuring charges related to a business disposition and employee severance charges of $7 million. Additionally, operating profit includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $76 million, $75 million and $73 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 4 Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes severance charges of $11 million and lease-related costs of $2 million. As of July 31, 2019, we completed the sale of RigData and the results are included in Platts results through that date. Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes a gain on the sale of RigData of $27 million and employee severance charges of $1 million. Additionally, Operating profit includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $9 million, $12 million and $18 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 5 Operating profit for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes employee severance charges of $5 million, a lease impairment charge of $4 million, a technology-related impairment charge of $2 million and lease-related costs of $1 million. Operating profit includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $6 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. 6 Corporate Unallocated expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes lease impairments of $116 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $24 million, employee severance charges of $19 million, Kensho retention related expense of $12 million and a gain related to an acquisition of $1 million. Corporate Unallocated expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes Kensho retention related expenses $21 million, lease impairments of $11 million and employee severance charges of $7 million. Corporate Unallocated operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes Kensho retention related expense of $31 million, lease impairments of $11 million and employee severance charges of $10 million. Additionally, Corporate Unallocated includes amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $26 million, $28 million and $23 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 86 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report The following table presents our revenue disaggregated by revenue type for the years ended December 31: (in millions) Ratings Market Intelligence Platts Indices Corporate Intersegment Elimination 1 Total Subscription Non-subscription / Transaction Non-transaction Asset-linked fees Sales usage-based royalties Total revenue Timing of revenue recognition $— 1,977 1,629 — — 2020 $2,050 $809 $177 55 — 1 — 7 — — 62 — — 647 165 $3,606 $2,106 $878 $989 Services transferred at a point in time Services transferred over time Total revenue $1,977 1,629 $3,606 $55 2,051 $2,106 $7 871 $878 $— 989 $989 $— — — — — $— $— — $— $— — (137) — — $3,036 2,039 1,492 648 227 $(137) $7,442 $— (137) $2,039 5,403 $(137) $7,442 (in millions) Ratings Market Intelligence Platts Indices Corporate Intersegment Elimination 1 Total Subscription Non-subscription / Transaction Non-transaction Asset-linked fees Sales usage-based royalties Total revenue Timing of revenue recognition $— 1,577 1,529 — — 2019 $1,904 $774 $165 45 — 10 — 10 — — 60 — — 613 140 $3,106 $1,959 $844 $918 Services transferred at a point in time Services transferred over time Total revenue $1,577 1,529 $3,106 $45 1,914 $1,959 $10 834 $844 $— 918 $918 $— — — — — $— $— — $— $— — (128) — — $2,843 1,632 1,401 623 200 $(128) $6,699 $— (128) $1,632 5,067 $(128) $6,699 (in millions) Ratings Market Intelligence Platts Indices Corporate Intersegment Elimination 1 Total Subscription Non-subscription / Transaction Non-transaction Asset-linked fees Sales usage-based royalties Total revenue Timing of revenue recognition $— 1,350 1,533 — — 2018 $1,773 $750 $144 40 — 20 — 11 — — 54 — — 522 171 $2,883 $1,833 $815 $837 Services transferred at a point in time Services transferred over time Total revenue $1,350 1,533 $2,883 $40 1,793 $1,833 $11 804 $815 $— 837 $837 $15 — — — — $15 $— 15 $15 $— — (125) — — $2,682 1,401 1,408 542 225 $(125) $6,258 $— (125) $1,401 4,857 $(125) $6,258 1 Intersegment eliminations mainly consists of a royalty charged to Market Intelligence for the rights to use and distribute content and data developed by Ratings. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 87 Segment information for the years ended December 31 is as follows: (in millions) Ratings Market Intelligence Platts Indices Total reportable segments Corporate Total Segment information as of December 31 is as follows: (in millions) Ratings Market Intelligence Platts Indices Total reportable segments Corporate 1 Assets held for sale 2 Total Depreciation & Amortization Capital Expenditures 2020 $40 101 17 9 167 39 2019 $34 99 21 8 162 42 2018 $32 99 27 9 167 39 $206 $204 $206 2020 $33 28 7 4 72 4 $76 2019 $41 44 13 5 103 12 $115 2018 $42 30 9 3 84 29 $113 Total Assets 2020 $1,088 3,762 913 1,443 7,206 5,331 — 2019 $963 3,806 938 1,492 7,199 4,140 9 $12,537 $11,348 1 Corporate assets consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, goodwill and other intangible assets, assets for pension benefits, deferred income taxes and leasehold improvements related to subleased areas. 2 Includes East Windsor and New Jersey facility as of December 31, 2019. 88 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report We do not have operations in any foreign country that represent more than 7% of our consolidated revenue. Transfers between geographic areas are recorded at agreed upon prices and intercompany revenue and profit are eliminated. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue. The following provides revenue and long-lived assets by geographic region: (in millions) U.S. European region Asia Rest of the world Total U.S. European region Asia Rest of the world Total REVENUE LONG-LIVED ASSETS Year ended December 31, December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $4,504 $3,976 $3,750 1,769 1,659 1,543 782 387 710 354 647 318 2020 2019 $4,787 $4,946 496 102 44 323 93 44 $7,442 $6,699 $6,258 $5,429 $5,406 REVENUE LONG-LIVED ASSETS Year ended December 31, December 31, 2020 61% 24 10 5 2019 59% 25 11 5 2018 60% 25 10 5 2020 88% 2019 91% 9 2 1 6 2 1 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% See Note 2 – Acquisitions and Divestitures and Note 11 – Restructuring, for actions that impacted the segment operating results. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 89 13. Commitments and Contingencies The components of lease expense for the years ended December 31 are as follows: Leases We determine whether an arrangement meets the criteria for an operating lease or a finance lease at the inception of the arrangement. We have operating leases for office space and equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 12 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 12 years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within 1 year. We consider these options in determining the lease term used to establish our right-of use (“ROU”) assets and associated lease liabilities. We sublease certain real estate leases to third parties which mainly consist of operating leases for space within our offices. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expenses for these leases on a straight line-basis over the lease term in operating- related expenses and selling and general expenses. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Our future minimum based payments used to determine our lease liabilities include minimum based rent payments and escalations. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a pre-tax impairment charge of $120 million related to the impairment and abandonment of operating lease related ROU assets. The impairment charges are included in selling and general expenses within the consolidated statements of income. The following table provides information on the location and amounts of our leases on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019: (in millions) Balance Sheet Location Assets 2020 2019 Right of use assets Lease right-of-use assets $494 $676 Liabilities Other current liabilities Current lease liabilities Lease liabilities — non-current Non-current lease liabilities 100 544 112 620 (in millions) Operating lease cost Sublease income Total lease cost 2020 $144 (6) $138 2019 $157 (18) $139 Supplemental information related to leases for the years ended December 31 are as follows: (in millions) Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement for operating lease liabilities Twelve Months 2020 2019 Operating cash flows for operating leases $137 $146 Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations Operating leases 8 777 Weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for our operating leases as of December 31 are as follows: Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) 8.5 9.0 Weighted-average discount rate 3.78% 3.93% 2020 2019 Maturities of lease liabilities for our operating leases are as follows: (in millions) 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 and beyond Total undiscounted lease payments Less: Imputed interest Present value of lease liabilities $120 103 85 68 60 302 $738 94 $644 90 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Related Party Agreement In June of 2012, we entered into a license agreement (the “License Agreement”) with the holder of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC noncontrolling interest, CME Group, which replaced the 2005 license agreement between Indices and CME Group. Under the terms of the License Agreement, S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC receives a share of the profits from the trading and clearing of CME Group’s equity index products. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC earned $149 million, $114 million and $121 million of revenue under the terms of the License Agreement, respectively. The entire amount of this revenue is included in our consolidated statement of income and the portion related to the 27% noncontrolling interest is removed in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. Legal & Regulatory Matters In the normal course of business both in the United States and abroad, the Company and its subsidiaries are defendants in a number of legal proceedings and are often the subject of government and regulatory proceedings, investigations and inquiries. In the second quarter of 2020, Indices, a joint venture with CME Group controlled by the Company, received a “Wells Notice” from the Staff of the SEC stating that the Staff has made a preliminary determination to recommend that the SEC file an enforcement action against Indices. The proposed action would allege violations of federal securities laws with respect to the absence of disclosure of a quality assurance mechanism and the impact of that mechanism on certain volatility related index values published on one business day in 2018. The Staff’s recommendation may involve a civil injunctive action, a cease and desist proceeding, disgorgement, pre-judgment interest and civil money penalties. The Wells Notice is neither a formal allegation nor a finding of wrongdoing. It allows Indices the opportunity to provide its perspective and to address the issues raised by the Staff before any decision is made by the SEC on whether to authorize the commencement of an enforcement proceeding. Indices has been cooperating with the SEC in this matter and intends to continue to do so. The Company is aware of a potential class action complaint relating to alleged investment losses in collateralized debt obligations rated by Ratings prior to the financial crisis, which was filed in Australia on August 7, 2020 against the Company and a subsidiary of the Company. The Company and its subsidiary have not been served. We can provide no assurance that we will not be obligated to pay significant amounts in order to resolve these matters on terms deemed acceptable. From time to time, the Company receives customer complaints, particularly, though not exclusively, in its Ratings and Indices segments. The Company believes it has strong contractual protections in the terms and conditions included in its arrangements with customers. Nonetheless, in the interest of managing customer relationships, the Company from time to time engages in dialogue with such customers in an effort to resolve such complaints, and if such complaints cannot be resolved through dialogue, may face litigation regarding such complaints. The Company does not expect to incur material losses as a result of these matters. Moreover, various government and self-regulatory agencies frequently make inquiries and conduct investigations into our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including those related to ratings activities and antitrust matters. For example, as a nationally recognized statistical rating organization registered with the SEC under Section 15E of the Exchange Act, S&P Global Ratings is in ongoing communication with the staff of the SEC regarding compliance with its extensive obligations under the federal securities laws. Although S&P Global seeks to promptly address any compliance issues that it detects or that the staff of the SEC or another regulator raises, there can be no assurance that the SEC or another regulator will not seek remedies against S&P Global for one or more compliance deficiencies. Any of these proceedings, investigations or inquiries could ultimately result in adverse judgments, damages, fines, penalties or activity restrictions, which could adversely impact our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, business or competitive position. In view of the uncertainty inherent in litigation and government and regulatory enforcement matters, we cannot predict the eventual outcome of such matters or the timing of their resolution, or in most cases reasonably estimate what the eventual judgments, damages, fines, penalties or impact of activity (if any) restrictions may be. As a result, we cannot provide assurance that such outcomes will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, business or competitive position. As litigation or the process to resolve pending matters progresses, as the case may be, we will continue to review the latest information available and assess our ability to predict the outcome of such matters and the effects, if any, on our consolidated financial condition, cash flows, business or competitive position, which may require that we record liabilities in the consolidated financial statements in future periods. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 91 14. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) (in millions, except per share data) First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter 2020 Revenue Operating profit Net income Net income attributable to S&P Global common shareholders $1,786 $912 $689 $639 Earnings per share attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income: Basic Diluted 2019 Revenue Operating profit Net income Net income attributable to S&P Global common shareholders $2.64 $2.62 $1,571 $705 $453 $410 $1,943 $1,105 $842 $792 $3.29 $3.28 $1,704 $813 $602 $555 $1,846 $944 $498 $455 $1.89 $1.88 $1,689 $891 $662 $617 $1,867 $656 $505 $454 $1.89 $1.88 $1,735 $818 $585 $541 Total year $7,442 $3,617 $2,534 $2,339 $9.71 $9.66 $6,699 $3,226 $2,303 $2,123 Earnings per share attributable to S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Net income: Basic Diluted $1.66 $1.65 $2.25 $2.24 $2.52 $2.50 $2.22 $2.20 $8.65 $8.60 Note - Totals presented may not sum due to rounding. 92 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Five Year Financial Review Year Ended December 31, (in millions, except per share data) 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 INCOME STATEMENT DATA: Revenue Operating profit Income before taxes on income Provision for taxes on income 6 Net income attributable to S&P Global Inc. Earnings per share attributable to the S&P Global Inc. common shareholders: Basic Diluted Dividends per share OPERATING STATISTICS: Return on average equity 7 Income before taxes on income as a percent of revenue from operations Net income from operations as a percent of revenue from operations BALANCE SHEET DATA (AS OF PERIOD END): Working capital 8 Total assets Total debt 9 Redeemable noncontrolling interest Equity $7,442 3,617 3,2281 694 2,339 9.71 9.66 2.68 $6,699 3,226 2,9302 627 2,123 8.65 8.60 2.28 $6,258 2,790 2,6813 560 1,958 7.80 7.73 2.00 $6,063 2,583 2,4614 823 1,496 5.84 5.78 1.64 457.8% 43.4% 377.5% 43.7% 292.6% 42.8% 222.3% 40.6% 34.0% 34.4% 33.9% 27.0% $2,401 12,537 4,110 2,781 571 $1,619 11,348 3,948 2,268 536 $957 9,441 3,662 1,620 684 $1,110 9,425 3,569 1,352 766 $5,661 3,341 3,1885 960 2,106 8.02 7.94 1.44 472.0% 56.3% 39.4% $1,060 8,669 3,564 1,080 701 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 23,000 22,500 21,200 20,400 20,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Includes impact of the following items: loss on the extinguishment of debt of $279 million, lease impairments of $120 million, employee severance charges of $66 million, IHS Markit merger costs of $24 million, a $16 million gain on dispositions, a technology-related impairment charge of $12 million, lease-related costs of $11 million, Kensho retention related expense of $11 million, a pension related charge of $3 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $123 million. Includes the impact of the following items: a pension related charge of $113 million, costs associated with early repayment of our Senior Notes of $56 million, a $49 million gain on dispositions, employee severance charges of $25 million, Kensho retention related expense of $21 million, lease impairments of $11 million, acquisition-related costs of $4 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $122 million. Includes the impact of the following items: legal settlement expenses of $74 million, Kensho retention related expense of $31 million, restructuring charges related to a business disposition and employee severance charges of $25 million, lease impairments of $11 million, a pension related charge of $5 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $122 million. Includes the impact of the following items: legal settlement expenses of $55 million, employee severance charges of $44 million, a charge to exit leased facilities of $25 million, non-cash acquisition and disposition-related adjustments of $15 million, a pension related charge of $8 million, an asset write-off of $2 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $98 million. Includes the impact of the following items: a $1.1 billion gain from our dispositions, a benefit related to net legal settlement insurance recoveries of $10 million, disposition-related costs of $48 million, a technology-related impairment charge of $24 million, employee severance charges of $6 million, a $3 million disposition- related reserve release, an acquisition-related cost of $1 million and amortization of intangibles from acquisitions of $96 million. Includes $4 million of tax benefit related to prior year divestitures in 2020 and $149 million of tax expense due to U.S. tax reform, primarily associated with the deemed repatriation of foreign earnings, which was partially offset by a $21 million tax benefit related to prior year divestitures in 2017. Includes the impact of the $16 million gain on dispositions in 2020, the $49 million gain on dispositions in 2019 and the $1.1 billion gain on dispositions in 2016. 8 Working capital is calculated as current assets less current liabilities. 9 Includes short-term debt of $399 million as of December 31, 2017. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 93 Report of Management To the Shareholders of S&P Global Inc. Management’s Annual Report on its Responsibility for the Company’s Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The fi nancial statements in this report were prepared by the management of S&P Global Inc., which is responsible for their integrity and objectivity. These statements, prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and including amounts based on management’s best estimates and judgments, present fairly S&P Global Inc.’s fi nancial condition and the results of the Company’s operations. Other fi nancial information given in this report is consistent with these statements. The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over fi nancial reporting for the Company as defi ned under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934. It further assures the quality of the fi nancial records in several ways: a program of internal audits, the careful selection and training of management personnel, maintaining an organizational structure that provides an appropriate division of fi nancial responsibilities, and communicating fi nancial and other relevant policies throughout the Company. S&P Global Inc.’s Board of Directors, through its Audit Committee, composed entirely of outside directors, is responsible for reviewing and monitoring the Company’s fi nancial reporting and accounting practices. The Audit Committee meets periodically with management, the Company’s internal auditors and the independent registered public accounting fi rm to ensure that each group is carrying out its respective responsibilities. In addition, the independent registered public accounting fi rm has full and free access to the Audit Committee and meet with it with no representatives from management present. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting As stated above, the Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over fi nancial reporting. The Company’s management has evaluated the system of internal control using the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission 2013 framework (“COSO 2013 framework”). Management has selected the COSO 2013 framework for its evaluation as it is a control framework recognized by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board that is free from bias, permits reasonably consistent qualitative and quantitative measurement of the Company’s internal controls, is suffi ciently complete so that relevant controls are not omitted and is relevant to an evaluation of internal controls over fi nancial reporting. Based on management’s evaluation under this framework, we have concluded that the Company’s internal controls over fi nancial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2020. There are no material weaknesses in the Company’s internal control over fi nancial reporting that have been identifi ed by management. The Company’s independent registered public accounting fi rm, Ernst & Young LLP, has audited the consolidated fi nancial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2020, and has issued their reports on the fi nancial statements and the effectiveness of internal controls over fi nancial reporting. Other Matters There have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over fi nancial reporting during the most recent quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over fi nancial reporting. Douglas L. Peterson Ewout L. Steenbergen President and Chief Executive Offi cer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Offi cer 94 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of S&P Global Inc. Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of S&P Global Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 9, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosures to which it relates. S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 95 Valuation of redeemable noncontrolling interest in S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC DESCRIPTION OF THE MATTER As described in Notes 1 and 9 to the financial statements, the Company has an agreement with the minority partners of its S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture that contains redemption features outside of the control of the Company. This arrangement is reported as a redeemable noncontrolling interest at fair value of $2,781 million at December 31, 2020. The Company adjusts the redeemable noncontrolling interest each reporting period to its estimated redemption value, but never less than its initial fair value, using both income and market valuation approaches. Auditing the Company’s valuation of its redeemable noncontrolling interest was complex due to the estimation uncertainty in determining the fair value. The estimation uncertainty was primarily due to the sensitivity of the fair value to underlying assumptions about the future performance of the business. The more significant judgmental assumptions used to estimate the value of the S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture include an estimated discount rate, a range of assumptions that form the basis of the expected future net cash flows (e.g., revenue growth rates and operating margins), a company specific beta and earnings and transaction multiples for comparable companies and similar acquisitions, respectively. These significant judgmental assumptions that incorporate market data are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. HOW WE ADDRESSED THE MATTER IN OUR AUDIT We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the accounting for its redeemable noncontrolling interest, including controls over management’s judgments and evaluation of the underlying assumptions with regard to the valuation models applied and the estimation process supporting the determination of the fair value of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture. To test the valuation of redeemable noncontrolling interest, we evaluated the Company’s selection of the valuation methodology and the methods and significant assumptions used by inspecting available market data and performing sensitivity analyses. For example, when evaluating the assumptions related to the revenue growth rate and operating profit margins, we compared the assumptions to the past performance of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC joint venture in addition to current observable industry, market and economic trends. We involved valuation specialists to assist in our evaluation of the methodology and significant assumptions used by the Company, including the discount rate, company specific beta and earnings for comparable companies and transaction multiples for similar acquisitions. We also tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data supporting the significant assumptions and estimates. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1969. New York, New York February 9, 2021 96 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of S&P Global Inc. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited S&P Global Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, S&P Global Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of S&P Global Inc. as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and our report dated February 9, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP New York, New York February 9, 2021 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 97 Shareholder Information Annual Meeting of Shareholders Overnight correspondence should be mailed to: Computershare 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202 Investor Center™ website to view and manage shareholder account online: www.computershare.com/investor For shareholder assistance: In the U.S. and Canada: 888-201-5538 Outside the U.S. and Canada: 201-680-6578 TDD for the hearing impaired: 800-490-1493 TDD outside the U.S. and Canada: 781-575-4592 E-mail address: web.queries@computershare.com Shareholder online inquiries: https://www-us.computershare.com/investor/Contact Direct Stock Purchase and Dividend Reinvestment Plan This program offers a convenient, low-cost way to invest in S&P Global’s common stock. Participants can purchase and sell shares directly through the program, make optional cash investments weekly, reinvest dividends, and send certifi cates to the transfer agent for safekeeping. Interested investors can view the prospectus and enroll online at www.computershare.com/investor. To receive the materials by mail, contact Computershare as noted above. News Media Inquiries Go to www.spglobal.com/press to view the latest Company news and information or to submit an e-mail inquiry. Certifi cations and S&P Global Inc. Form 10-K We have fi led the required certifi cations under Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as Exhibits 31.1, 31.2 and 32 to our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. The fi nancial information included in this report was excerpted from the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, fi led with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 9, 2021. Shareholders may access a complete copy of the 10-K from the SEC Filings & Reports section of the Company’s Investor Relations Website at http://investor.spglobal.com. The 2021 annual meeting will be held at 11 a.m. EDT on Wednesday, May 5th as a virtual-only meeting. Shareholders and guests may access the meeting online at www.meetingcenter.io/283714745. Meeting access details for shareholders and guests, and proxy voting information are available at www.spglobal.com/proxy. Stock Exchange Listing Shares of our common stock are traded primarily on the New York Stock Exchange. SPGI is the ticker symbol for our common stock. Investor Relations Web Site Go to http://investor.spglobal.com to fi nd: • Management presentations • Financial news releases • Financial reports, including the annual report, proxy statement and SEC fi lings • Investor Fact Book • Operating Committee • Corporate governance documents • Dividend and stock split history • Stock quotes and charts • Investor e-mail alerts • RSS news feeds Investor Kit The Company’s investor kit includes the most recent Annual Report, Proxy Statement, Form 10-Qs, Form 10-K, and earnings release. These documents can be downloaded from the SEC Filings & Reports section of the Company’s Investor Relations Website at http://investor.spglobal.com. Requests for printed copies, free of charge, can be e-mailed to investor.relations@spglobal.com or mailed to Investor Relations, S&P Global Inc., 55 Water Street, New York, NY 10041. Interested parties can also call Investor Relations toll-free at 866-436-8502 (domestic callers) or 212-438-2192 (international callers). Transfer Agent and Registrar for Common Stock Computershare is the transfer agent for S&P Global Inc. Computershare maintains the records for the Company’s registered shareholders and can assist with a variety of shareholder related services. Shareholder correspondence should be mailed to: Computershare P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 98 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report Board of Directors Richard E. Thornburgh (E, F, N) Non-Executive Chairman of the Board S&P Global Inc. Marco Alverà (E, F, N) Chief Executive Offi cer Snam S.p.A. William “Bill” J. Amelio (A, F) Co-Chief Executive Offi cer and Executive Chairman DoubleCheck William D. Green (C, E, N) Former CEO and Chairman Accenture Plc Charles E. Haldeman, Jr. (E, F, N) Former Chief Executive Offi cer Freddie Mac and Putnam Investments Stephanie C. Hill (A, C) Executive Vice President, Rotary and Mission Systems Lockheed Martin Corp. Rebecca Jacoby (F, N) Former Senior Vice President, Operations Cisco Systems, Inc. Monique F. Leroux (A, C) Former Chief Executive Offi cer and Chair Desjardins Group Ian Paul Livingston (A, C) Non-Executive Director and Chairman Dixons Carphone plc Maria R. Morris (A, E, F) Former Executive Vice President, Global Employee Benefi ts MetLife, Inc. Douglas L. Peterson (E) President and Chief Executive Offi cer S&P Global Inc. Edward B. Rust, Jr. (C, E, N) Former Chairman and Chief Executive Offi cer State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company Kurt L. Schmoke (C, N) President University of Baltimore A – Audit Committee C – Compensation & Leadership Development Committee E – Executive Committee F – Finance Committee N – Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee Committee assignments as of March 29, 2021 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 99 Operating Committee Douglas L. Peterson President and Chief Executive Offi cer Ewout Steenbergen Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Offi cer John L. Berisford President, S&P Global Ratings Martina L. Cheung President, S&P Global Market Intelligence Saugata Saha President, S&P Global Platts Dan Draper Chief Executive Offi cer, S&P Dow Jones Indices Courtney Geduldig Chief Public and Government Affairs Offi cer Steven J. Kemps Executive Vice President, General Counsel Swamy Kocherlakota Executive Vice President, Chief Information Offi cer Nancy Luquette Executive Vice President, Chief Risk Offi cer Dimitra Manis Executive Vice President, Chief People Offi cer Ashu Suyash Managing Director and Chief Executive Offi cer, CRISIL 100 S&P Global 2020 Annual Report 55 Water Street New York, NY 10041 spglobal.com 

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