Saia
Annual Report 2023

Plain-text annual report

CELEBRATTING A RRECORD-- BR EEAKKING YE AR At Saia, people are our number one priority, from our employees to our customers. Our growth in 2023 was not only great for business, but also great for our people, helping us create more jobs, serve more customers, and drive into our 100th anniversary. Each of Saia’s nearly 14,000 team members plays a critical role Saia is committed to nurturing in providing customers with the industry-leading service they deserve and demand. Since introducing our “Customer First Scorecard” in 2022, a monthly assessment of employee influence on the customer’s perception of our service, we have enhanced our ability to talent and prioritizing employee well-being. This year’s investments in human resources helped us attract top-tier talent and retain pinpoint areas for improvement and highlight our employees’ our current team. accomplishments. This approach has enabled us to get a better grasp of customer satisfaction at a granular level, set our priorities effectively, and commend our teams for their efforts. ENGAGED EMPLOYEES We believe our team sets us apart from other carriers and logistics providers. We place a premium on hiring people who reflect our core values and our diversity as a company, a blend of rich backgrounds and cultures working toward a common goal — driving America’s businesses. This is why we were once again named one of Women In Trucking’s “Top Our employees are both well-compensated and well-trained. In 2023, we presented over 6,000 safety awards to personnel across the company for safe driving and work. Our drivers, dockworkers, and mechanics were rewarded for these career milestones. Drivers received custom gold rings (for 1M miles/eight years accident-free), and current ring holders added diamonds (for every additional four years with Companies for Women to Work for in Transportation.” no accidents). Our investment in our people also resulted in boosting morale and significantly reducing turnover rates, with a record number of career advancement opportunities for our internal workforce. This investment increased employee engagement as reflected in employee surveys, improved metrics across various areas, and resulted in stable overall employee satisfaction ratings. 2023 SAFE SERVICE GETS REWARDED WE CONSISTENLY INVEST IN OUR EMPLOYEES THROUGH: Drivers, Dockworkers & Mechanics COMPETITIVE COMPENSATION BEST-IN-CLASS BENEFITS RECOGNITION PROGRAMS OUR SAIA FAMILY VALUES Since their creation, our core values (Customer First, Safety, Taking Care of Each Other, Do the Right Thing, Dignity and Respect, and Community) have guided our everyday operations. Our entire team exemplifies these values, and it shows in our results — a growing network, satisfied customers, and a better community. Our Community core value shined in 2023, with our most significant involvement being our continued partnerships with Wreaths Across America (WAA) and Toys for Tots. This year, in addition to laying wreaths, City Drivers Renee Smith (New Orleans, Louisiana) and Scott Vaughn (now retired from Grand Rapids, Michigan) were selected to represent Saia during weeklong WAA events. These events began in Maine and ended with delivering a trailer of wreaths for ceremonies held at the Arlington National Cemetery. In addition to a generous corporate donation, our sponsorship of Toys for Tots in 2023 included a network-wide toy drive. These contributions are just a few examples of what sets Saia apart and makes us a success, for both customers and shareholders alike. Saia is not just an LTL carrier. Saia is an active community partner in the areas we serve. “Thanks to our employees’ generosity, many children woke up on Christmas Day to a brand-new bike.” - JOSE GONZALEZ, DIRECTOR OF IT INFRASTRUCTURE & OPERATIONS 45 STATES SERVED ~14K EMPLOYEES $2.9B IN REVENUE 194 TERMINALS AVG LENGTH OF HAUL 894 MILES 84.0% OPERATING RATIO DEAR FELLOW We are pleased to report that Saia’s 2023 financial results are, once again, among the best in our history. Our revenue was a record $2.9 billion, a 3.2% increase from 2022. Our success and record results were due to the tremendous efforts of our thousands of dedicated employees. Our team continues to amaze and inspire, overcoming challenges in their path, to provide our customers with industry-leading service. Along with the revenue increase in 2023, our full year operating ratio By opening new terminals closer to our customers’ operations, we of 84.0% was among the best in our industry. Earnings per share of were able to better serve them and meet their unique needs, all $13.26 were 1% lower than our 2022 earnings per share of $13.40. while maintaining quality service and competitive rates. We continued expanding coverage in both new and existing markets, opening seven new terminals in Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, In 2023, our capital investments in real estate, equipment, and Wisconsin and West Virginia. We ended the year with 194 terminals, technology totaled more than $437 million. Our improved level of up from 187 at the beginning of 2023. We have opened 48 new profitability over the past several years has put us in a good position terminals since 2016, a tremendous accomplishment and a tangible to invest in the business at these levels, while maintaining one of realization of our strategy to “get closer to the customer.” the strongest balance sheets in our industry. We ended the year with $296 million in cash and with very little debt. This financial With the addition of so many new terminals, our team also grew in position cleared our path to enter 2024 strong, closing on 28 freight 2023, adding more than 1,700 new employees, a 14% year-over-year terminals acquired through the Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings increase. With this increase in employees came new opportunities of a former competitor in January 2024. We intend to gradually for our diverse team. Our Saia women’s professional development integrate these terminals into our network for more direct and group took off, expanding across terminals, and more Saia women improved service to our customers. were recognized by external organizations, including Director of Financial Planning and Analytics Annie Lowery, named one of Since our 2017 Northeastern expansion, our total revenue has Women In Trucking’s “Top Women to Watch in Transportation.” grown on average by 12.7% each year. Additionally, our operating $355M NET INCOME $460M 7 OPERATING INCOME NEW TERMINALS WE ENDED THE YEAR WITH $296M IN CASH income has increased at a compounded annual growth rate Our Driver Academy program continues to be a growing source of 30.2%. We appreciate the continued support of our existing of developing new professional drivers, graduating 283 customers, who have trusted our service in our new markets. We are individuals in 2023. also excited to take on new customers in these markets and show the value we bring to their supply chains. We will stay true to our mission in 2024: To safely drive our Over the past five years, we have invested more than $1.5 billion of our service-focused values: people, purpose, and performance. in our company, and we expect to invest $1 billion in 2024 on real And, of course, we will hold to our core values. These values, along estate, equipment, and technology. We plan to open 15-20 new with our expansive ongoing initiatives, are designed to positively terminals and look forward to the expanded service and presence impact all our stakeholders, as outlined on our website. customers’ success with custom solutions built on the three pillars they will provide. We also invested in equipment and technology, using some of the latest clean energy technology and safety We look forward to celebrating 100 years of business and growth in equipment, all while expanding our fleet capacity to support our 2024 by continuing to focus on our strategy for strengthening our customers’ needs. position as an industry leader in service. As always, thank you for your ongoing support and interest in Saia. As we move into 2024, our 100th year of business, we will also continue to invest in team development by recruiting and retaining top-tier talent to support our growth efforts and operations. [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] c UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One) ☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR Commission file number: 0-49983 Saia, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State of Incorporation) 11465 Johns Creek Parkway, Suite 400 Johns Creek, Georgia (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 48-1229851 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 30097 (Zip Code) (770) 232-5067 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class Common Stock, par value $.001 per share Trading Symbol(s) SAIA Name of each exchange on which registered The Nasdaq Global Select Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒ If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ As of June 30, 2023, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $9,085,980,151 based on the last reported sales price of the common stock as reported on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System National Market System. The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 16, 2024 was 26,587,167. Documents Incorporated by Reference Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed within 120 days of December 31, 2023, pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held April 25, 2024, have been incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. Auditor Name: KPMG LLP Auditor Location: Atlanta, Georgia, United States Auditor Firm ID: 185 SAIA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES INDEX Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 1C. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 9C. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Item 16. PART I. Business........................................................................................................................................ Additional Information................................................................................................................. Executive Officers of the Registrant ............................................................................................ Risk Factors.................................................................................................................................. Unresolved Staff Comments ........................................................................................................ Cybersecurity ............................................................................................................................... Properties...................................................................................................................................... Legal Proceedings ........................................................................................................................ Mine Safety Disclosures .............................................................................................................. PART II. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.................................................................................................................... [Reserved] .................................................................................................................................... Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ...... Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk..................................................... Financial Statements and Supplementary Data............................................................................ Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure...... Controls and Procedures .............................................................................................................. Other Information......................................................................................................................... Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections......................................... PART III. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance........................................................... Executive Compensation.............................................................................................................. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ....................................................................................................................................... Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence ............................ Principal Accountant Fees and Services ...................................................................................... PART IV. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules ..................................................................................... Form 10-K Summary ................................................................................................................... Signatures..................................................................................................................................... Page 3 10 11 12 27 27 28 28 28 29 32 33 43 44 67 67 68 68 69 69 69 69 70 71 75 76 2 Item 1. Business Overview PART I. Saia, Inc., through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, is a transportation company headquartered in Johns Creek, Georgia (Saia, Inc. together with its subsidiaries, the Company or Saia). We provide less-than-truckload (LTL) services through a single integrated organization. While more than 97% of our revenue is derived from transporting LTL shipments, we also offer customers a wide range of other value-added services, including non-asset truckload, expedited and logistics services across North America. Founded in 1924, Saia Motor Freight Line, LLC (Saia LTL Freight), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Saia, Inc., is a leading LTL carrier that serves 45 states and provides LTL services to Canada and Mexico through relationships with third-party interline carriers. Saia LTL Freight specializes in offering its customers a range of LTL services including time-definite and expedited options. Saia LTL Freight primarily provides its customers with solutions for shipments between 100 and 10,000 pounds. As of December 31, 2023, Saia LTL Freight operated a network comprised of 198 owned and leased facilities, including three general offices and one warehouse. At December 31, 2023, Saia LTL Freight owned approximately 6,500 tractors and 22,100 trailers, including equipment acquired with finance leases. Over the past five years, Saia has invested in excess of $1.5 billion in capital expenditures, primarily for real estate, revenue equipment and technology. The real estate investments have been made to support Saia’s long-term strategy of expanding our footprint in both new and existing markets in order to be closer to our customers and support our goals to gain market share. Equipment and technology investments have been made to support this growth as well as improve our fleet. The investments have provided us improved fuel economy, enhanced safety features across the fleet and reduced carbon emissions. We have also made investments in technology to support our growth, including investments in network optimization, data analytics around operations and profitability, customer service, training and business processes. In January 2024 Saia closed on the purchase of 17 freight terminals and acquired leases for an additional 11 terminals through the Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings of Yellow Corporation. Over time Saia intends to integrate these terminals into its network to allow for more direct service to the customer. In 2023, Saia generated revenue of $2.9 billion and operating income of $460.5 million compared to revenue of $2.8 billion and operating income of $470.5 million in 2022. In 2023, the average Saia LTL Freight shipment weighed approximately 1,386 pounds and traveled an average distance of approximately 894 miles. In 2022, the average Saia LTL Freight shipment weighed approximately 1,422 pounds and traveled an average distance of approximately 904 miles. Industry The trucking industry consists of three segments: a private fleet segment and two “for-hire” carrier segments. The private fleet segment consists of fleets owned and operated by shippers who move their own goods. The two “for- hire” carrier segments, truckload and LTL, are defined by the typical shipment sizes handled by the transportation service companies. Truckload refers to providers generally transporting shipments greater than 10,000 pounds and LTL refers to providers generally transporting shipments less than 10,000 pounds. Saia is primarily an LTL carrier. In addition to the three main trucking segments, Saia also competes with small package carriers, final mile delivery services, railroads, air freight carriers, third party logistics providers and other emerging digital competitors. LTL carriers typically pick up numerous shipments, generally ranging from 100 to 10,000 pounds, consolidate them at local carrier-operated freight terminals and then transport the shipments from the terminal to the carrier- operated destination terminal for delivery to the ultimate destination. As a result, LTL carriers require expansive 3 networks of pick-up and delivery operations around local freight terminals and linehaul operations to transport freight between the local terminals. The truckload segment is the largest portion of the “for-hire” carrier market. Truckload carriers primarily transport large shipments from origin to destination with no intermediate handling. Because truckload carriers do not require an expansive network to provide point-to-point service, the overall cost structure of truckload carriers is typically lower and more variable relative to LTL carriers. However, the lack of a network can subject their drivers to extended periods away from home, often resulting in higher driver turnover and periodic driver shortages. The truckload segment is comprised of several major carriers and numerous small entrepreneurial players. At the most basic level, a truckload carrier can be started with capital for rolling stock (a tractor and a trailer), insurance, a driver and little else. As truckload carriers become larger in scale, capital is needed for technology, infrastructure and some limited facilities. Saia LTL Freight may participate in the truckload market as a means to fill empty miles in lanes that are not at capacity. Saia also offers its customers the truckload and expedited offerings of its non-asset operations. Capital requirements are significantly higher in the traditional LTL segment versus the truckload segment. In the LTL sector, substantial amounts of capital are required for a network of freight terminals, shipment handling equipment and revenue equipment (both for city pick-up, delivery and linehaul). In addition, investment in technology has become increasingly important in the LTL segment largely due to the number of transactions and number of customers served on a daily basis. Saia LTL Freight picks up approximately 32,000 shipments per day, each of which has a shipper and consignee, and sometimes a third-party payor, all of whom need access to information in a timely manner. In addition to customer service, technology plays a key role in improving operations efficiency and compliance, safety and revenue management. As a result of the significant infrastructure required to operate an LTL carrier, the LTL segment is more concentrated than the truckload segment with the largest LTL players operating nationally or in regional markets. Driver turnover in the LTL sector is significantly lower relative to the truckload sector, although LTL carriers also face periodic driver shortages. Business Strategy Saia has grown historically through a combination of organic growth and geographic integration or “tuck-in” acquisitions of smaller trucking and logistics companies. In recent years, Saia has largely grown through organic growth, which it intends to continue going forward. Key elements of our business strategy include: Continue to focus on operating safely. Our most valuable resource is our employees. It is a corporate priority to continuously emphasize the importance of safe operations to reduce both the frequency and severity of injuries and accidents. As part of our ongoing replacement and growth of our tractor fleet, we are adding accident avoidance technology in our new over-the-road tractors, including active braking assistance, adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning systems and roll stability control. This emphasis on safe operations is important to protect our employees and the communities in which we operate. A safety first focus has the added benefit of helping to control inflationary insurance costs. 4 Manage pricing and business mix. This element of our business strategy involves managing both the price we charge for our services and the mix of freight we transport to operate our network more profitably. Changes in the economy coupled with the tightening of available capacity in the industry over the last several years allowed the Company to implement pricing initiatives to increase the Company’s yield and revenue per shipment. Increase density in existing geographies. We gain operating leverage by growing volume and density within our existing geography. Depending on pricing and the specific geography, we estimate that the potential incremental profitability on growth in current markets can be significant. We actively monitor opportunities to add freight terminals where there is sufficient market potential. Future volume growth at Saia could result from improvements in the general economy, industry consolidation, geographic expansion and strategic acquisitions, as well as specific sales and marketing initiatives. Continue to focus on delivering best-in-class service. The foundation of Saia’s growth strategy is consistent delivery of high quality service through on-time delivery and reduced claims for lost and damaged freight. Customers value commitment to service quality, which allows us to charge fair compensation for our services and positions us to improve market share. Continue to focus on improving operating efficiencies. We have operating initiatives focused on continuing to improve efficiency, including optimizing our linehaul scheduling and pick-up and delivery operations. These initiatives help offset a variety of structural cost increases like wages, healthcare benefits, casualty insurance, workers’ compensation claims, casualty claims and parts and maintenance expense. Optimizing our linehaul scheduling and pick-up and delivery operations provides the opportunity to better utilize assets and thus improve fuel consumption and carbon emissions. We believe we continue to be well positioned to manage costs, utilize assets and explore additional opportunities for cost savings. Continue growing the organization through an enhanced geographic terminal footprint. We plan to further pursue geographic expansion and build additional density in markets to promote profitable growth and improve our customer value proposition over time. As a result, we plan to continue to invest in new terminals, in our tractor and trailer fleet and in new technology to enable us to efficiently handle the increased volume we anticipate within new and existing markets. In addition to direct expansion through adding new terminals, we may consider acquisitions from time to time to help expand geographic reach and density while gaining the business base of the acquired entity. Continue to address environmental and social issues. We are dedicated to building on our strong, positive culture by being a leading corporate citizen for the benefit of our customers, employees, communities and stockholders. In recent years, we have invested heavily in our tractor and trailer fleet to improve fuel efficiency and reduce carbon emissions, while also improving safety and reliability and lowering maintenance expenses. We are also working to optimize our linehaul scheduling and pick-up and delivery operations to better utilize our assets and thus further improve fuel consumption and carbon emissions. We are conducting pilot programs involving the use of alternative fuels for our operations, including testing of tractors powered by compressed natural gas and electricity. We have procedures that are designed to reduce the risk of spills of hazardous materials that we transport and to quickly and efficiently react to any environmental incidents. At our terminals, we have implemented electricity-saving procedures, and we have conservation initiatives in place to recycle used oil, scrap metal, paper, tires and batteries. Additionally, we are using best practices of including green initiatives where possible in our newly constructed terminals. Based on the most recently available rankings, for 2022, Saia continued to maintain high marks in the EPA’s SmartWay Carrier Performance Rankings for LTL carriers for carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter emissions per ton-mile. We have also participated in the EPA’s SmartWay Program since 2006, which assists 5 companies with advancing supply chain sustainability by measuring, benchmarking and improving freight transportation efficiency. We are focused on maintaining strong relationships with our employees. We invest in our employees through internal employee training and professional development programs, communications and employee recognition programs, along with providing competitive wages and employee benefit programs. We seek to promote workplace diversity by celebrating our differences gathered from the unique experiences and diverse perspectives of our employees. safety training, wellness programs, Seasonality Our revenues are subject to seasonal variations. Customers tend to reduce shipments after the winter holiday season, and our operating expenses tend to be higher as a percent of revenue in the winter months primarily due to lower capacity utilization and weather effects. Generally, the first quarter is the weakest quarter while the second and third quarters are the strongest quarters in terms of revenue and profit. Quarterly profitability is also impacted by the timing of salary and wage increases and general rate increases, which have varied over the years. Human Capital We believe our success depends on the strength of our workforce. Our Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer, reporting to our President and Chief Executive Officer, is responsible for developing and executing our human capital strategy. These responsibilities include recruiting, hiring, training and retention, as well as the development of our compensation and benefits programs. Our nearly 14,000 union-free employees are comprised of about 50% licensed commercial drivers, about 25% dock workers (approximately one-quarter of whom are part-time) and the remaining 25% work in sales, technology and administration to support our business. Approximately 88% of our workforce is male. Approximately 46% of our employees have self-identified as Hispanic or Latino, Native American, Pacific Islander, Asian, Black or African American, or of two or more races. Additionally, more than 75% of our workforce is under the age of 55, while our driver average tenure is seven years. As the success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people, we offer benefits that support their physical, financial and emotional well-being. We provide our employees with access to affordable and convenient medical programs intended to meet their physical and emotional needs and the needs of their families, with 95% of employees participating in our benefits programs. To foster retention, employees with ten or more years of service do not pay premiums for participation in the medical program. In addition to standard medical coverage, we offer eligible employees dental and vision coverage. Additionally, we strive to help employees lead healthier lives through a voluntary wellness program aimed at engaging employees to promote proactive evaluation, tracking and management of major health and wellness indicators, such as blood pressure, weight, and routine blood laboratory analysis. The program has an annual participation rate of approximately 78% of our employee base. As an added benefit for employees, we offer a 401(k) savings plan with a Company match as well as paid vacation and personal days. These benefits are in addition to the Company’s market-based compensation program designed to maintain competitive compensation packages for all employees. We assess the competitiveness of our compensation by principal job classifications in markets across the country through periodic compensation surveys. Company-wide wage increases are also implemented from time-to-time, including an approximate 4.1% wage increase in July 2023, excluding executives. In recent years, due to competition for quality employees, the compensation divide between union and non- union carriers has closed dramatically. We believe a direct relationship with our employees provides for better communications and employee relations. This dialogue with our employees enhances operating flexibility and ultimately lowers costs. In addition, non-union carriers have more flexibility with respect to work schedules, routes and other similar items. This flexibility is a major consideration in meeting the service levels required by customers. We believe this differentiation provides stronger future growth prospects, improved efficiencies and customer service capabilities. 6 Recruiting, Hiring, Training and Professional Development. We seek to hire employees with the desire that they spend their career with us to retirement. With that in mind, identifying qualified candidates and attracting them with competitive compensation and benefits is key to our success. We have regional recruiting managers across the Company to help meet our hiring needs. If necessary, and to attract the most qualified candidates, we offer periodic signing bonuses to new hires. More than 300 of our drivers also serve as driver trainers to assist in providing all new drivers with over 40 hours of training. We annually train drivers in defensive driving processes with emphasis on special operations in addition to weekly safety training through various mediums, including videos and group and individual presentations on diverse safety topics. Our tractor fleet is equipped with extensive safety technology, including video recording systems which enable managers to provide coaching and feedback to drivers throughout the year. Our dock employees also receive onboarding instruction which is supplemented with on-going safety and job training. Employees who express an interest in a long-term driving career can enroll in a Company-sponsored dock-to-driver program to obtain the necessary commercial driver certifications. Annual safety awards and recognition are given to drivers, mechanics and dock employees who qualify. Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. We are committed to fostering a work environment that values and promotes diversity, equity and inclusion. We pride ourselves in the fair treatment of our employees and strive to have a high level of employee satisfaction and productivity. We use periodic employee engagement surveys as well as compensation surveys to measure our success in meeting our employees' needs in the workplace. We seek to promote workplace diversity and to create a spirit of inclusivity in our Company that encourages authenticity, celebrates our differences and supports collaborative effort gathered from the unique experiences and diverse perspectives of our employees. Saia's commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion is a cornerstone of our organizational culture, exemplified by the establishment of the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Council in 2021 and later transitioning to a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Steering Committee emphasizing the enhancement of representation, retention, and overall engagement within Saia. Our Steering Committee embodies a cross-functional perspective on diversity-related issues, striving to promote a culture where individual differences are respected, and all employees are valued for their contributions. Through continuous examination of processes and systems, the Committee ensures the encouragement of attraction, engagement, development, and retention of a diverse workforce through inclusive leadership principles. Employee Engagement. We focus on driving employee engagement throughout our organization. We believe it is important to our success as an organization for our employees to understand how their work contributes to our overall performance. We communicate with our workforce through a variety of channels and encourage open and direct communication. Our communication starts with an employee’s manager and is supplemented by a variety of means, including regular industry updates, a monthly magazine, reports on quarterly performance directly from the CEO and executive team and annual employee engagement surveys. Corporate Culture. Our mission is to safely drive our customers' success with custom solutions built on the three pillars of our service-focused values: people, purpose and performance. Our core values place the Customer First as they are the heart of the business. Safety is a unifying fundamental behavior and practice that supports our Company’s purpose and goals. Taking Care of Each Other is rooted in our leadership team caring for our employees and our employees caring for each other. Every employee deserves to be treated with Dignity and Respect. Our emphasis to Do the Right Thing focuses on making the ethical choice. Ultimately, we seek and embrace our responsibility to the Community where we live and operate. 7 The Company seeks to adhere to our core values by communicating with employees, providing long-term growth and by providing development opportunities and a leading and comprehensive employee compensation and benefits program. We believe this focus has fostered a positive company culture and great success with our employees and customers. Competition Although there has been some tightening of capacity and some industry consolidation, shippers continue to have a wide range of choices. We believe that service quality, price, variety of services offered, geographic coverage, responsiveness and flexibility are the important competitive differentiators. Saia provides LTL services in a highly competitive environment against a wide range of transportation service providers. These competitors include a small number of large, national transportation service providers in the long haul and two-day LTL markets and a larger number of shorter-haul or regional transportation companies in the two- day and overnight LTL markets. The larger the service area, the greater the barriers to entry into the LTL trucking segment due to the need for additional equipment and freight terminals associated with this coverage. The level of technology investment required and density needed to provide adequate labor and asset utilization make larger-scale entry into the LTL market difficult. Saia also competes against several modes of transportation, including truckload and private fleets, small package carriers, final mile delivery services, railroads, air freight carriers, third party logistics providers and other emerging digital competitors. Regulation Over the past 40 years, the trucking industry has been substantially deregulated and rates and services are largely free of regulatory controls. Nevertheless, the trucking industry remains subject to regulation by many federal, state and local governmental agencies, and these authorities have broad powers over matters ranging from the authority to engage in motor carrier operations, motor carrier registration, driver hours of service, safety and fitness of transportation equipment and drivers, insurance requirements, employment practices, taxation, data privacy and security, financial reporting, fuel efficiency and emissions standards and the transportation and handling of hazardous materials. Key areas of regulatory activity include: Department of Transportation. Motor carrier and freight brokerage operations are subject to safety, insurance and bonding requirements prescribed by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and various state agencies. Within the DOT, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has issued rules, including hours of service regulations, that limit the maximum number of hours a driver may be on duty between mandatory off-duty hours and require driver rest breaks. Revisions to these rules could further impact our operations, further tighten the market for qualified drivers and put additional pressure on driver wages and purchased transportation costs. The FMCSA’s Compliance Safety Accountability Program (CSA) is an enforcement and compliance model that assesses a motor carrier’s on-road performance and investigation results for a 24-month period using roadside stops and inspections, resulting in safety and performance ratings in the following categories: unsafe driving; hours- of-service compliance; driver fitness; controlled substances/alcohol; vehicle maintenance; hazardous material compliance; and crash indicators. The evaluations are used to rank carriers and individual drivers and to select carriers for audit and other interventions or enforcement action. The FMCSA established the Commercial Driver’s License Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse (DAC) in 2020, which is a database that discloses drug and alcohol violations of commercial motor vehicle drivers. The DAC requires us to check for current and prospective employee’s drug and alcohol violations and annually query for violations of each driver we employ. In November 2023, the FMCSA issued a warning that by November 2024, drivers with a prohibited status in the DAC will lose or be denied their state issued commercial driving privileges. 8 The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act signed into law in 2021 requires the FMCSA to establish an apprenticeship pilot program that allows drivers between the ages of 18-20 with an intrastate commercial driver’s license to operate in interstate commerce under certain conditions. In response to this requirement, the FMCSA established the Safe Driver Apprenticeship Pilot Program (SDAP) in January 2022. Although carriers are not currently mandated to participate, we may participate in SDAP to help address driver shortages in the future. Participation in the program may affect our delivery times, increase our cost of operations, and affect the costs of transportation to maintain compliance. Department of Homeland Security. Federal, state and municipal authorities have implemented and continue to implement anti-terrorism measures, including checkpoints and travel restrictions on large trucks. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and Customs and Boarder Protection (CBP) continue to focus on trailer security, driver identification, security clearance and border-crossing procedures. These and other safety and security measures, such as rules for transportation of hazardous materials and cargo-security regulations, could increase the cost of operations, reduce the number of qualified drivers and disrupt or impede the timing of our deliveries to customers. Environmental Regulations. Our operations are subject to U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign regulations with regard to air and water quality and other environmental matters. Regulation in this area continues to evolve with changes in the enforcement of existing regulations, as well as the enactment and enforcement of new regulations that may require us or our customers to modify, supplement or replace equipment or facilities or to change or discontinue present methods of operation. Specifically, the EPA has issued regulations reducing the sulfur content of diesel fuel and reducing engine emissions. These regulations increased the cost of replacing and maintaining trucks. Future environmental laws in this area could further increase our costs and impact our operations. Our operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations dealing with the handling of hazardous materials, underground fuel storage tanks and discharge and retention of storm water. We operate in industrial areas where truck terminals and other industrial activities are located and where groundwater or other forms of environmental contamination may have occurred. Our operations involve the risks of fuel spillage or seepage, environmental damage and hazardous waste disposal and costs associated with the leakage or discharge of hazardous materials we transport for our customers, among others. Violations of applicable environmental laws or regulations or spills or other accidents involving hazardous substances may subject us to cleanup costs, liabilities not covered by insurance, substantial fines or penalties and to civil and criminal liability, any of which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. The EPA and DOT have announced fuel efficiency standards for medium and heavy-duty trucks, which require a reduction of up to 25 percent in carbon emissions over the next decade. In August 2021, the EPA announced its “Clean Trucks Plan,” which aimed to develop new rules over a three-year timeframe to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants from heavy-duty trucks. In December 2022, the EPA finalized the first phase of the Clean Trucks Plan by adopting a final rule that sets more stringent nitrogen oxides emission standards for new heavy- duty vehicles and engines starting in model year 2027. This rule could impose substantial costs on us. In April 2023, the EPA proposed a new rule under the Clean Trucks Plan that would implement more stringent standards to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from heavy-duty vehicles by reducing carbon emissions and increasing use of zero-emission vehicle technology. Several states have individually enacted and may continue to enact legislation relating to engine emissions, trailer regulations, fuel economy, and/or fuel formulation, such as regulations enacted by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). In December 2021, CARB adopted more stringent standards to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by heavy-duty engines. CARB has also adopted regulations to accelerate large-scale transition in California to zero-emission medium and heavy-duty trucks, including trucks of a type used in our operations in California. CARB’s Advanced Clean Truck regulation is designed to ensure that zero-emission vehicles are brought to market in California. That regulation requires manufacturers to sell zero-emission trucks as an increasing percentage of their annual California sales starting with model year 2024. By 2035, zero-emission truck/chassis sales must account for 40% of truck tractor sales in the state. In April 2023, CARB adopted the Advanced Clean Fleets regulation mandating that operators of 50 or more trucks must operate fleets comprised of an increasing percentage of zero-emission 9 vehicles. The regulation includes a phase-in period from 2027 to 2045, depending on the class of vehicle. Other states have signed a multi-state agreement to require 100% sales of zero-emission trucks by 2050. Food and Drug Administration. As a transportation provider of foodstuffs, we are subject to rules and regulations issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to provide for the security of food and foodstuffs throughout the supply chain. The FDA has issued a final rule to establish certain requirements under the Sanitary Food and Transportation Act (SFTA) for vehicles and transportation equipment, transportation operations, training, recordkeeping and waivers. The rule is designed to promote best practices in the industry concerning cleaning, inspection, maintenance, loading and unloading of, and operation of vehicles. Under the SFTA requirements, carriers are required to develop and implement written procedures subject to recordkeeping that specify its practices for cleaning, sanitizing, and inspecting vehicles and transportation equipment. Continued compliance with current and future SFTA requirements may cause us to incur additional expenses and affect our operations. Data Privacy Regulations. There have been increased legislative and regulatory efforts regarding data protection and transparency in how customer data is used and stored in the U.S. and other countries. As a transportation and logistics provider, we collect and process significant amounts of customer data. Trademarks and Patents We have registered several service marks and trademarks in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, including Saia Guaranteed Select®, Saia Customer Service Indicators® and Saia Xtreme Guarantee®. We believe these service marks and trademarks are important components of our marketing strategy. Additional Information Saia has a website that is located at www.saia.com. Saia makes available, free of charge through its website, all filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as soon as reasonably practicable after making such filings with the SEC. 10 Information about our Executive Officers Information regarding executive officers of Saia is as follows: Name Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III Age 56 Douglas L. Col Patrick D. Sugar Raymond R. Ramu Rohit Lal Anthony R. Norwood 59 36 55 63 57 Positions Held President and Chief Executive Officer of Saia, Inc. since April 2020. Mr. Holzgrefe served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Saia, Inc. from January 2019 to April 2020. Prior to this, Mr. Holzgrefe served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since September 2014. Mr. Holzgrefe has been a member of the Board of Directors of Saia, Inc. since January 2019. Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Saia, Inc. since January 2020. Mr. Col joined the Company in 2014 as Treasurer and continued in that role until January 2020. Mr. Col has also served as the Company’s Secretary since February 2019. Executive Vice President of Operations of Saia, Inc. since March 2021. Mr. Sugar joined the Company in December 2016 and served as Vice President of Linehaul and Industrial Engineering prior to his promotion in March 2021. Executive Vice President and Chief Customer Officer of Saia, Inc. since May 2015. Mr. Ramu joined Saia LTL Freight in December 1997 and served as Vice President of Sales - East from April 2007 to May 2015. Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer of Saia, Inc. since August 2017. Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer of Saia, Inc. since March 2022. Prior to joining Saia, Mr. Norwood was Vice President, Human Resources - Corporate for Trane Technologies from April 2020 to March 2022. Prior to that, Mr. Norwood served in various executive roles from 2008 to 2020 at Ingersoll Rand, including as Vice President, Human Resources. Officers are appointed by the Board of Directors of Saia, Inc. and serve at the discretion of the Board. With the exception of Mr. Holzgrefe, none of the officers of the Company are subject to an employment agreement with the Company. There are no family relationships between any executive officer and any other executive officer or director of Saia or its subsidiaries. 11 Item 1A. Risk Factors Certain factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our financial statements and the related notes. Our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flow and prospects could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks or uncertainties. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of or that we currently see as immaterial may also adversely affect our business. Some statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Industry and Economic Risks We are subject to general economic conditions that are largely out of our control, any of which could adversely affect our business. Our business is subject to a number of general economic conditions that may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, the results of operations, liquidity and cash flows, many of which are largely out of our control. These conditions include recessionary economic cycles and downturns in customer business cycles, labor and supply shortages, global uncertainty and instability, inflation, changes in U.S. social, political, and regulatory conditions, tariff and trade discussions and/or a disruption of financial markets. Economic conditions may adversely affect the business levels of our customers, the amount of transportation services they need and their ability to pay for our services and could reduce the prices we are able to charge for our services. We operate in a highly competitive industry and our business will be adversely impacted if we are unable to adequately address potential downward pricing pressures and other factors. Numerous competitive factors could impair our ability to maintain our current profitability. These factors include the following: • • competition with many other transportation service providers of varying types including LTL carriers, truckload and parcel carriers, as well as non-asset based logistics and freight brokerage companies, some of whom have more equipment, a broader coverage network, a wider range of services and greater capital resources than we do or have other competitive advantages; transportation companies periodically reduce their prices to gain business, especially during economic recessions or times of reduced growth rates in the economy which may limit our ability to maintain or increase prices or grow our business; • many customers reduce the number of carriers they use by selecting approved transportation service providers, periodically accepting bids from multiple carriers for their shipping needs, or by developing their own or using alternative delivery mechanisms, and these practices may depress prices or result in the loss of business; • • • the trend towards consolidation in the surface transportation industry may create other large carriers with greater financial resources than us and other competitive advantages due to their size; disruptive technologies, including driverless trucks, electric vehicles, alternative fuels, artificial intelligence (AI) applications and software applications to monitor supply and demand may significantly alter historical business models of the trucking industry, potentially leading to increased capital expenditures and emergence of new competitors, some of whom may have greater financial resources than us and other advantages due to their size; the trend toward increased sales in the e-commerce sector as opposed to the traditional brick and mortar store model could threaten the continued operation of our retail customers, which could reduce the demand for our services and adversely impact our revenues; and 12 • technological advances require increased investments to remain competitive, and we may not utilize enough advanced technology, select the correct technology solutions or convince our customers to accept higher prices to cover the cost of these investments. The transportation industry is affected by business risks that are largely out of our control. Businesses operating in the transportation industry are affected by risks that are largely out of our control, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. These risks include health of the economy, weather and other seasonal factors, excess capacity in the transportation industry, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, decline in U.S. manufacturing, armed conflicts, acts of terrorism, health epidemics, interest rates, inflation, fuel costs, fuel taxes, license and registration fees, healthcare costs, insurance premiums and coverage availability. We are dependent on cost and availability of qualified employees and purchased transportation. There is significant competition for qualified drivers within the trucking industry and attracting and retaining qualified drivers has become more challenging as the available pool of qualified drivers has decreased. Age demographics, hours of service rules, the legalization and growing recreational use of marijuana and regulatory requirements, including the Compliance Safety Accountability program (CSA) and the Commercial Driver’s License Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse of the FMCSA, have contributed to the reduction in the number of eligible drivers and may continue to do so in the future. Moreover, as a result of general macroeconomic factors and the increasingly competitive labor market, we are experiencing difficulty hiring sufficient qualified employees to fill all available positions. The most illustrative example is the significant shortfall of qualified drivers in the trucking industry; however, the labor shortage is not limited to qualified drivers. At times, we have been unable to hire qualified dockworkers, mechanics and office personnel. We may experience shortages of qualified employees that could result in failure to meet customer demands, upward pressure on wages and benefits, underutilization of our truck fleet and/or use of higher cost purchased transportation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Our operating and growth strategy depends on our ability to maintain adequate capacity throughout our service network, and we rely on purchased transportation to meet these needs. There is significant competition for quality purchased transportation within the trucking industry. We periodically experience shortages of quality purchased transportation that could result in higher costs for these services or prevent us from meeting customer demands which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Inflation may increase our operating expenses and lower profitability. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the Consumer Price Index increased 3.4 percent in 2023. Most of our operating expenses are sensitive to increases in inflation, including equipment prices, diesel fuel costs, insurance costs, real estate costs, employee wages and purchased transportation. Furthermore, inflation may generally increase costs for materials, supplies and services and capital. With increasing costs, we may have to increase our prices to maintain the same level of profitability. If we are unable to increase our prices sufficiently to offset increasing expenses, then inflation could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. 13 We are dependent on the cost and availability of diesel fuel and on fuel surcharges. Diesel fuel is a significant operating expense, and its availability is vital to daily operations. We do not hedge against the risk of diesel fuel price increases. General economic conditions, global political events, armed conflicts, acts of terrorism, cybersecurity incidents, inflation, federal, state and local laws and regulations, world supply and demand imbalances, changes in refining capacity, public and investor sentiment, natural or man-made disasters, adverse weather conditions and other external factors could adversely affect the cost and availability of diesel fuel. In the past, we have been able to obtain diesel fuel from various sources and in the desired quantities, but there can be no assurance that this will continue to be the case in the future. Any shortage or interruption in the supply or distribution of diesel fuel could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. To the extent not offset by diesel fuel surcharges or other customer price changes, volatility in diesel fuel prices could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Historically, we have been able to offset significant diesel fuel price volatility through fuel surcharges and other pricing adjustments but we may not be able to do so in the future. Fluctuations in our fuel surcharge recovery may result in fluctuations in our revenue. Rapid and significant fluctuations in diesel fuel prices could reduce our profitability unless we are able to make the appropriate adjustments to our pricing strategy. Business and Operational Risks Ongoing insurance and claims expenses could materially reduce and cause volatility in our earnings. We are regularly subject to claims resulting from personal injury, cargo loss, property damage, group healthcare and workers’ compensation claims. The Company is self-insured for portions of medical, workers’ compensation, auto liability, casualty and cargo claims. We maintain insurance with licensed insurance companies above these self- insured retention limits. The trucking business has experienced significant increases in the cost of liability insurance, in the size of jury verdicts in personal injury cases arising from trucking accidents and in the cost of settling such claims. If the number or severity of future claims continues to increase, claims expenses might exceed historical levels or could exceed the amounts of our insurance coverage or the amount of our reserves for self-insured claims, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. The Company is dependent on a limited number of third-party insurance companies to provide insurance coverage in excess of its self-insured retention amounts. In recent years, several insurance companies have completely stopped offering coverage to trucking companies or have significantly reduced the amount of coverage they offer or have significantly raised premiums as a result of increases in the severity of automobile liability claims and sharply higher costs of settlements and verdicts. To the extent that the third-party insurance companies propose increases to their premiums for coverage of commercial trucking claims, the Company may decide to pay such increased premiums or increase its financial exposure on an aggregate or per occurrence basis, including by increasing the amount of its self-insured retention or reducing the amount of total coverage. This trend could adversely affect our ability to obtain suitable insurance coverage, could significantly increase our cost for obtaining such coverage, or could subject us to significant liabilities for which no insurance coverage is in place, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Our self-insured retention limits can make our insurance and claims expense higher and/or more volatile. We accrue for the estimated costs of the uninsured portion of pending claims based on the nature and severity of individual claims and historical claims development trends. Estimating the number and severity of claims, as well as related judgment or settlement amounts is inherently difficult. This, along with legal expenses associated with claims, incurred but not reported claims, and other uncertainties can cause unfavorable differences between actual self-insurance costs and our reserve estimates. To the extent the Company incurs one or more significant claims not covered by insurance, either because the claims are within our self-insured layer or because they exceed our total insurance coverage, our financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected. 14 Furthermore, insurance companies, as well as certain states, require collateral in the form of letters of credit or surety bonds for the estimated exposure of claims within our self-insured retentions. Their estimates of our future exposure as well as external market conditions could influence the amount and costs of additional letters of credit required under our insurance programs and thereby reduce capital available for future growth or adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We face risks related to our geographic and network expansion. Commencing in 2017 and continuing through 2023, we implemented a strategy of significantly expanding our geographic and terminal network. Over the past two years, we opened 18 new terminals, including 7 new terminals in 2023. We intend to open 15-20 new terminals in 2024. There can be no assurance that we will be successful at adding new markets or terminals as planned or that such markets or terminals will be profitable. Our expansion has required and will continue to require significant investments in purchased or leased terminals, equipment (including the purchase of new tractors and trailers), technology, employees and other related start-up costs to facilitate our growth plans. Expansion could cause disruptions in our existing geography or customer service levels or require management to devote excessive time and effort to manage the expansion, which could materially adversely affect our business operations and profitability. Operating in new territories may also increase the possibility of union organizing efforts. A delay between the outlay of expenditures to expand our geographic and network footprint and generation of new revenue or higher than anticipated costs or lower than expected revenues from the expansion could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We may experience decreased profitability until we are able to fully realize the benefits of the investment, if ever. We face risks related to our purchase of certain real estate assets from Yellow Corporation. In January 2024, we acquired 17 freight terminals and leases to operate an additional 11 freight terminals pursuant to a sale by Yellow Corporation under Sections 363 and 365 of Chapter 11 of Title 11 of the U.S. Code. In connection with such acquisition, the Company assumed certain liabilities related to those facilities, including assumption of the 11 leases and liabilities relating to environmental, health and safety matters in connection with the ownership, operation, use or maintenance of such facilities, to the extent not extinguished by the proceedings of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. The Company acquired these real estate assets on an as-is basis and could incur costs and expenses in connection with the acquisition that are unexpected or that exceed costs and expenses otherwise known. Furthermore, the acquisition, refurbishment, integration, opening and operation of such facilities may be more disruptive to existing Company operations than anticipated or more expensive than expected. There can be no assurance that the Company will achieve the expected financial benefits of the acquisition of such terminals. We rely heavily on technology to operate our business and cybersecurity threats or other disruptions to our technology infrastructure could harm our business or reputation. Our ability to attract and retain customers and compete effectively depends upon reliability of our technology network including our ability to provide services that are important to our customers. Our cybersecurity and technology infrastructure includes technology products and services provided to us for use in our business by outside providers such as software as a service and cloud-based products and services. Our technology systems are constantly subject to attacks and efforts by outsiders to breach or gain access to our systems. Any disruption, failure or breach to our cybersecurity processes, technology controls or information technology infrastructure, including those impacting our computer systems and website, could adversely impact our customer service and revenues and result in increased risk of litigation or other costs. Our cybersecurity and technology infrastructure may experience errors, interruptions, delays or damage from a number of causes outside of our control including power and internet outages, hardware, software and network failures, computer viruses, malware or other destructive software, internal design, manual or usage errors, cyber-attacks, terrorism, workplace violence or wrongdoing, catastrophic events, natural disasters and severe weather conditions. While we have invested and continue to invest in technology security initiatives and disaster recovery plans, these measures cannot fully protect us from technology disruptions that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Our dependence on electronic data storage, cloud-based systems, automated systems and technology, including our website, gives rise to cybersecurity risks. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to disable or degrade systems change frequently, have become increasingly more complex and sophisticated, may be difficult to detect for a period of time and we may not be able to anticipate these acts or respond adequately or timely. The rapid 15 evolution and adoption of AI technologies may intensify our cybersecurity risks. A security breach of our systems or those of our third-party providers may cause a disruption of our business, impact our ability to attract, retain and service customers, damage our reputation and brand, expose us to a loss of information or demand for payment of ransom or result in litigation, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, and regulatory scrutiny, investigations, actions, fines or penalties, and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. A failure to keep pace with developments in technology could impair our operations or competitive position. Our business demands the use of sophisticated systems and technology. These systems and technologies must be refined, updated and replaced with more advanced systems regularly in order for us to meet both internal requirements as well as our customers’ demands and expectations. If we are unable to do so on a timely basis or within reasonable cost parameters, or if we are unable to appropriately and timely train our employees to operate any of these new systems, our business could suffer. We also may not achieve the benefits that we anticipate from any new system or technology and a failure to do so could result in higher than anticipated costs or could impair our results of operations. Technology and new market entrants may also disrupt the way we and our competitors operate. We expect our customers to continue to demand more sophisticated systems and technology-driven solutions from their suppliers. If we do not pursue technological advances or engage in innovation, or if the new technology doesn’t yield the results we expect, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage, lose customers, incur higher costs or fail to meet our growth strategy. A failure to successfully pursue technological advances could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We use AI in our business, and challenges with its use could result in reputational harm, competitive harm and legal liability, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We incorporate AI solutions into our business operations, and these applications may become important in our operations over time. Our competitors or other third parties may incorporate AI into their operations more quickly or more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our results of operations. Additionally, if the content, analyses, or recommendations that AI applications assist in producing are or are alleged to be deficient, inaccurate or biased or to violate intellectual property rights of third parties, our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows may be adversely affected. The use of AI may result in cybersecurity incidents that implicate the personal data of end users. Any such cybersecurity incidents related to our use of AI could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations. AI also presents emerging ethical issues and if our use of AI becomes controversial, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability. The rapid evolution of AI, including potential government regulation of AI, will require significant resources to develop, test, implement and maintain our AI to minimize unintended harmful impacts. 16 Employees of Saia are non-union. The ability of Saia to compete could be impaired if operations were to become unionized. None of our employees are currently subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We have in the past been the subject of unionization efforts which have been defeated. However, the U.S. Congress could pass labor legislation, or the National Labor Relations Board or other federal agencies could issue regulations or administrative changes, which could make it significantly easier for unionization efforts to be successful. Our expansion into new geographic territory, including the Northeast, and our acquisition of additional terminals previously operated by Yellow Corporation and its subsidiaries could increase our overall risk of unionization. There can be no assurance that further unionization efforts will not occur in the future and that such efforts will be defeated. The unionization of our employees could lead to restrictive work rules that could hamper our efforts to improve and sustain operating efficiency and impair our service reputation. A strike or work stoppage could negatively impact our profitability and could damage customer and employee relationships. As such, customers may limit their use of unionized trucking companies because of the threat of strikes and other work stoppages. Unionization of any of our operations could lead to pressure on other employee sectors to unionize. Additionally, an election and bargaining process could divert management’s time and attention from our overall objectives and impose significant expenses. The non-union status of Saia is an important factor in our ability to compete in our markets, and if all or a portion of our workforce becomes unionized it could increase our costs and subject us to workplace rules, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. The price of new and used revenue equipment may adversely affect our business operations. Investment in new revenue equipment, including tractors and trailers, is a significant part of our annual capital expenditures. The price of such equipment may increase as a result of inflation, increased demand for or decreased supply of such equipment, increased cost of materials and labor or because of current or potential future regulations on newly manufactured tractors, such as regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and by various state agencies, particularly the California Air Resources Board (CARB), requiring progressive reductions in exhaust emissions and a transition to zero-emission vehicles. Current regulations have increased prices for tractors and maintenance costs and may continue to do so in the future. In addition, as we purchase new revenue equipment as part of our normal replacement cycle each year, we rely on the used equipment market to dispose of our older equipment. Oversupply in the transportation industry, higher maintenance or operating costs associated with older equipment, as well as adverse economic conditions, can negatively impact the demand for used equipment and, therefore, reduce the value we can obtain for used equipment. If we are unable to sell our used equipment at or above our salvage value, the resulting losses could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Higher costs for or limitations in the availability of suitable real estate have adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our business operations. Our business model is dependent on the cost and availability of terminal facilities in key metropolitan areas. We have experienced higher costs to purchase and lease terminal facilities as a result of inflation and higher demand for and reduced supply of such facilities. Shortages in the availability of suitable real estate or delays in obtaining necessary permits or approvals may result in significant additional costs to purchase, lease or build necessary facilities, increase our operating expenses, reduce our revenues, restrict our ability to grow existing markets or expand into new markets and/or prevent us from efficiently serving certain markets. In addition, we may not realize sufficient revenues or profits from our infrastructure investments. Ongoing supply chain disruptions have delayed equipment deliveries and may increase costs or reduce operating capacity or expansion. We do not manufacture any of the equipment or technology hardware used in our business. Tractors and trailers are important sources of capacity for our network operations and network expansion. The production of tractors and trailers has been impacted by on-going manufacturing and component delays and other supply chain disruptions. In addition, microchips are an important component of much of the equipment we use in our business, including tractors, forklifts, safety equipment and technology hardware. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, an inability to obtain, or delays in the delivery of, equipment necessary for operations, including tractors, trailers and 17 other equipment that contain microchips, as a result of manufacturing delays, supply chain disruptions and microchip shortages. These manufacturing delays, supply chain disruptions and shortages have negatively affected and may continue to negatively affect our operations, increase our costs and impede our ability to grow and meet customer demand. Our business could be negatively affected if our suppliers fail to meet their obligations (whether due to financial difficulties or other reasons), increase prices or make other changes in the material terms of our arrangements with them. In addition, we may not be able to find replacement equipment on favorable terms in the event of future supply chain disruptions. Further, production and delivery disruptions and inefficiencies, suspension of operations or comparable impacts involving one or more of our equipment suppliers could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Capacity and infrastructure constraints could adversely affect service and operating efficiency. We may experience capacity constraints due to increased demand for transportation services and decaying highway and energy infrastructure. Poor infrastructure conditions and roadway congestion could slow service times, reduce our operating efficiency and increase maintenance expense. Some states have taken infrastructure funding measures into their own hands and have explored or instituted road-usage programs, truck-only tolling, congestion pricing, and fuel tax increases. Infrastructure constraints and measures to fund infrastructure improvements could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We face risks arising from our international business operations and relationships. We are subject to the requirements of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) for our transportation and logistics services to and from various international locations. Failure to comply with the FCPA may result in legal claims against us or subject us to substantial fines. In addition, we face other risks associated with international operations and relationships, which may include restrictive trade policies, anti-corruption law enforcement, the renegotiation of international trade agreements, and imposition of duties, taxes or government royalties imposed by foreign governments, any of which could adversely affect our business. Our results of operations may be affected by seasonal factors, harsh weather conditions and disasters caused by climate change. Our operations are subject to seasonal trends and fluctuations common in the transportation industry, which can impact our revenues and operating results in one or more quarterly periods. Severe weather events and natural disasters, such as harsh winter weather, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms or earthquakes could adversely impact our performance by increasing costs, reducing demand, disrupting our operations or the operations of our customers or damaging or destroying our assets, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. The Company and our customers are also vulnerable to the increasing impact of climate change. Climate change may have an influence on the severity or frequency of extreme weather conditions. Volatile changes in weather conditions, including extreme heat or cold, could increase the risk of wildfires, floods, blizzards, hurricanes, tornadoes, storms and other weather-related disasters. Disasters created by extreme weather or climate conditions could reduce the demand for our services and cause significant damage to or destruction of our facilities and equipment or the infrastructure we need to operate, which could result in temporary or long-term closures of our facilities and disruptions to our operations. Damage caused by disasters or climate conditions could cause the Company to incur significant expense for repair or replacement of damaged or destroyed facilities and equipment and increases in diesel fuel prices and insurance costs. This could also result in loss or damage to employee homes or being unable to relocate key employees. Such events could result in a material adverse impact to the available workforce, damage to or destruction of freight and tractors and trailers, cancellation of orders, and breaches of customer contracts leading to reduced revenue. The Company has previously experienced severe weather events, including hurricanes, floods, storms and unseasonal snowstorms. Similar events could disrupt our facilities or operations. The continued impacts of climate change could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. 18 We face risks related to the geographic concentration of our customers. We have operations throughout the South, Southwest, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, West and Northeast. As a result, changes in the economic climate, consumer trends, market fluctuations or supply shortages could decrease demand for our services in one or more of these regions. For example, the energy sector is important to local economies in several of these regions. If oil and gas market conditions change materially, the demand for our services in these regions could be impacted significantly. Adverse market conditions in one or more of these regions could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We face risks related to the creditworthiness of our customers or other business partners and their ability to pay for services. If one or more of our customers experiences financial difficulties, including filing for bankruptcy, it may negatively affect our business due to the decreased demand for our services from these customers, or the potential inability of these companies to make full payment on amounts owed to us. Customer bankruptcies also entail the risk of potential recovery by the bankruptcy estate of amounts previously paid to us that are deemed a preference under bankruptcy laws. We do not carry insurance against the risk of customer default on their payment obligations to us or against bankruptcy preference claims. The risks associated with these matters will likely increase in the event of an economic downturn. The loss of revenue from these customers or payment of preference claims could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We have significant ongoing cash requirements that could limit our growth and affect profitability if we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations or obtain sufficient financing on favorable terms. Our business is highly capital intensive. Our net capital expenditures for 2023 were approximately $437.2 million. Additionally, we anticipate net capital expenditures in 2024 in excess of $1 billion, subject to the ongoing evaluation of market conditions. We depend on cash flows from operations, borrowings under our credit facilities and operating and finance leases. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations and obtain sufficient financing on favorable terms in the future, we may have to limit our growth, enter into less favorable financing arrangements or operate our tractors and trailers for longer periods prior to replacement, possibly increasing our maintenance costs. The amount and timing of capital investments depend on various factors, including anticipated volume levels and the price and availability of appropriate-use property for service facilities and newly manufactured tractors. If anticipated service facilities and/or fleet requirements differ materially from actual usage, we may have too much or too little capacity. Any of these could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Our credit agreements contain financial and other restrictive covenants and we may be unable to comply with these covenants. A default could cause a material adverse effect on our business. We must maintain certain financial and other restrictive covenants under our credit agreements, including among others, a maximum consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio. If we fail to comply with any of the covenants under our credit agreements, we will be in default under the agreement which could cause cross-defaults under other financial arrangements. In the event of any such default, if we fail to obtain replacement financing, amendments to or waivers under the financing arrangement, our financing sources could cease making further advances, cease issuing letters of credit required under our insurance programs and declare our debt to be immediately due and payable. If acceleration occurs, we may have difficulty borrowing sufficient additional funds to refinance the accelerated debt or obtain required letters of credit, or we may need to issue securities which would dilute stock ownership. Even if new financing is made available to us, the terms may not be acceptable. A default under our credit agreements could cause a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We are required to make significant estimates and assumptions in the preparation of our financial statements. These estimates and assumptions may not be accurate and are subject to change. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires our management to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts 19 of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of income and expense during the reported periods. If our underlying estimates and assumptions prove to be incorrect or if events occur that require us to revise our previous estimates or assumptions, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we are unable to retain our key employees, our business could be materially adversely impacted. We depend on the efforts and abilities of our senior management, and we believe their knowledge would be difficult to replicate. The future success of our business will continue to depend in part on our ability to retain our current management team and to recruit, hire, develop and retain highly qualified personnel in the future. Competition for senior management is intense, and most members of our senior management do not have employment agreements. Certain members of senior management are subject to non-compete and non-solicitation agreements; however, there is no assurance that such agreements will be enforced as written or that they will be effective to prevent members of senior management from working for a competitor or soliciting our customers. The loss of the services of any of our senior management could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Inadequate succession planning or the unexpected departure of a member of senior management would require our remaining executive officers to divert immediate and substantial attention to fulfilling the duties of the departing executive and to seeking a replacement. The inability to adequately fill vacancies in our senior management positions on a timely basis could negatively affect our ability to implement our business strategy and thus impact our results of operations. Changes to our compensation and benefits could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain qualified employees. The compensation we offer our employees is subject to market conditions that may require increases in employee compensation, which becomes more likely as a result of higher inflation and as economic conditions improve. We may experience unusual employee turnover by our drivers, dockworkers, maintenance employees and other personnel that would result in operational deterioration. If we are unable to attract and retain a sufficient number of qualified employees, we could be required to increase our compensation and benefits packages, amend our hiring standards or reduce our operations and face difficulty meeting customer demands, any of which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. An increase in the cost of healthcare benefits could have a negative impact on our business. We maintain and sponsor competitive health insurance and other benefits for our employees and their dependents to attract and retain our employees. We cannot predict the impact that federal or state healthcare legislation or regulation could have on our operations, but it is possible that healthcare benefits and administration costs could become increasingly cost prohibitive, forcing us to either reduce our benefits program (making it more difficult to attract and retain qualified employees) or pay the higher costs. Either outcome could materially adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Our business depends in part on our strong reputation. We believe that the Company’s corporate reputation and the positive image of our brand is a valuable asset. As use of social media becomes more prevalent, our susceptibility to risks related to adverse publicity, whether or not justified, increases. Adverse publicity regarding labor relations, legal matters, cybersecurity and data privacy concerns, truck accidents, environmental and sustainability issues, other ESG matters and analyses, and similar matters, even when based on erroneous information, could have a negative impact on our reputation and may result in the loss of customers and our inability to secure new customer relationships. The immediacy of certain social media outlets precludes us from having real-time control over postings related to the Company, whether matters of fact or opinion. Information distributed via social media could result in immediate unfavorable publicity that we, like our competitors, do not have the ability to reverse. This unfavorable publicity could result in damage to our reputation and therefore materially adversely impact our operations and profitability. 20 We may not make future acquisitions or, if we do, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of future acquisitions and integration of these acquisitions may disrupt our business and management. We may acquire additional businesses and operations in the future. However, there is no assurance that we will be successful in identifying, negotiating, consummating or integrating any future acquisitions. Additionally, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any future acquisitions. Each acquisition has numerous risks including: • • • • • • • • • difficulty in integrating the operations and personnel of the acquired company or unanticipated costs to support new business lines or separate legal entities; unanticipated issues in the assimilation and consolidation of IT, communications, and other systems, including additional systems training and other labor inefficiencies; disruption of our ongoing business, distraction of our management and employees from other opportunities and challenges due to integration issues; additional indebtedness or the issuance of additional equity to finance future acquisitions, which could be dilutive to our stockholders; potential loss of key customers or employees of acquired companies along with the risk of unionization of employees; temporary depression in prices we charge certain customers in order to match existing customer pricing in the acquired company’s markets; inability to achieve the financial and strategic goals for the acquired and combined businesses; potential impairment of tangible and intangible assets and goodwill acquired as a result of acquisitions; and potential failure of the due diligence processes to identify significant issues with legal and financial liabilities and contingencies, among other things. In the event that we do not realize the anticipated benefits of an acquisition or if the acquired business is not successfully integrated, there could be a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Litigation and Regulatory Risks We face litigation risks that could have a material adverse effect on the operation of our business. We face litigation risks regarding a variety of issues, including without limitation, accidents involving our trucks and employees, workers’ compensation claims, federal and state labor and employment law claims, securities claims, environmental liability and other matters. These proceedings may be time-consuming, expensive and disruptive to normal business operations. The defense of such lawsuits could result in significant expense and the diversion of our management’s time and attention from the operation of our business. In recent years, several insurance companies have completely stopped offering coverage to trucking companies for automobile liability claims, have significantly reduced the amount of coverage they offer or have significantly raised premiums as a result of increases in the severity of automobile liability claims and sharply higher costs of settlements and verdicts. This trend could adversely affect our ability to obtain suitable insurance coverage, could significantly increase our cost of obtaining such coverage or could subject us to significant liabilities for which no insurance is in place, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Costs we incur to defend or to satisfy a judgment or settle claims may not be covered by insurance or could exceed the amount of that coverage or increase our insurance costs and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. 21 The engines in our newer tractors are subject to emissions-control regulations that could substantially increase operating expenses and future regulations concerning emissions or fuel-efficiency may have a material adverse impact on our business. Tractor engines that comply with the EPA emission-control design requirements have generally been less fuel- efficient and have increased maintenance costs compared to engines in tractors manufactured before these requirements became effective. If we are unable to offset resulting increases in fuel expenses or maintenance costs with higher freight rates or improved fuel economy, our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows could be materially adversely affected. In 2021, the EPA announced a series of regulations to be implemented to decrease emissions from new heavy- duty vehicles including the Clean Trucks Plan. In December 2022, the EPA finalized new stringent emission standards to reduce nitrogen oxides and also establish new standards for greenhouse gas emissions from heavy-duty engines under the Clean Trucks Plan. In April 2023, the EPA proposed a new rule under the Clean Trucks Plan that would implement more stringent standards to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from heavy-duty vehicles by reducing carbon emissions and increasing use of zero-emission vehicle technology. At the state level, in December 2021, CARB adopted more stringent standards to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from heavy-duty trucks. Future strengthening of EPA, CARB or other federal or state regulatory requirements regarding fuel-efficiency or engine emissions of tractors could also result in increases in the cost of capital equipment and maintenance. CARB has also adopted regulations to accelerate large-scale transition in California to zero-emission medium and heavy-duty trucks, including trucks of a type used in our operations in California. CARB’s Advanced Clean Truck regulation is designed to ensure that zero-emission vehicles are brought to market in California. That regulation requires manufacturers to sell zero-emission trucks as an increasing percentage of their annual California sales starting with model year 2024. By 2035, zero-emission truck/chassis sales must account for 40% of truck tractor sales in the state. In April 2023, CARB adopted the Advanced Clean Fleets regulation, mandating that operators of 50 or more trucks must operate fleets comprised of an increasing percentage of zero-emission vehicles. The regulation includes a phase-in period from 2027 to 2045, depending on the class of vehicle. Other states have signed a multi-state agreement to require 100% sales of zero-emission trucks by 2050. While CARB’s Advanced Clean Truck regulation and Advanced Clean Fleets regulation may permit companies to seek exemptions or relief, there are no assurances that relief from either regulation will be obtained. At this point, there are virtually no zero-emissions vehicles widely available that are suitable replacements for current technology used in less-than-truckload operations. In addition, there does not appear to be sufficient infrastructure in place to support an electric vehicle fleet operation throughout our current terminal network. If zero-emission vehicles are not available or not commercially viable for the less-than-truckload market, we may be required to modify or curtail our operations in California or other states that may adopt similar regulations. During any transition to zero-emission trucks, due to the mandates on manufacturers limiting diesel engine sales, we may be forced to continue using older model diesel trucks that may require higher maintenance costs or be less reliable. The transition to utilizing zero-emission vehicles could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We operate in a highly regulated and highly taxed industry. Costs of compliance with or liability for violation of existing or future regulations may adversely affect our business. The Department of Transportation (DOT) and various state agencies exercise broad powers over our business, generally governing such activities as authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, safety and financial reporting. We may also become subject to new or more restrictive regulations imposed by the DOT, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Food and Drug Administration or other authorities relating to engine exhaust emissions, safety performance and measurements, driver hours of service, drug and alcohol testing, food safety, security, ergonomics, as well as other unforeseen matters. Compliance with such regulations could substantially impair equipment productivity and increase our costs. Taxes are a significant part of our annual expenses, and we are subject to various federal and state income, payroll, property, sales and other taxes. In addition, various federal and state authorities impose significant operating taxes on the transportation industry, including fuel taxes, tolls, excise and other taxes. There can be no assurance that such taxes will not substantially increase or that new or revised forms of operating taxes or tax laws or regulations, will not be imposed on the industry. Higher tax rates, claims, audits, investigations or legal proceedings involving 22 taxing authorities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. The FMCSA rules on motor carrier driver hours of service limit the maximum number of hours a driver may be on duty between mandatory off-duty hours. These rules could result in us not meeting customer demands, upward pressure on driver wages and benefits, underutilization of our truck fleet and/or use of higher cost purchased transportation which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. The Company’s operations are subject to a variety of other federal, state and local laws and regulations, including labor and employment, wage and hour and employee benefit laws and regulations, tax, environmental, health and safety, data privacy, anti-trust and securities laws and regulations. Compliance with these laws and regulations is onerous and expensive. New and changing laws and regulations can adversely affect the Company’s business by increasing costs and requiring changes to the Company’s business. New and changing laws and regulations can also create uncertainty about how such laws and regulations will be interpreted and applied. There can be no assurance the Company’s employees, contractors or agents will not violate such laws and regulations or the Company’s policies and procedures. If the Company is found to have violated laws and regulations, it could materially adversely affect the Company’s business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. We may incur unforeseen costs from new and existing data privacy laws. Our business is subject to increased legislative and regulatory efforts regarding data protection and transparency in how data is used and stored. State governments have enacted and may enact in the future data protection laws, including the State of California’s California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 as amended and extended by the California Privacy Rights Act in November of 2020. As a transportation and logistics provider, we collect and process significant amounts of customer data on a daily basis. Complying with data protection laws may increase our compliance costs or require alterations to our data handling practices. The increasing scope and complexity and the uncertainty of the interpretation and enforcement of these laws create regulatory risk. Violations or noncompliance could result in significant fines from governmental or consumer actions and negative impacts to our reputation, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations. Costs of compliance with or liabilities for violations of existing or future regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. Our operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations dealing with the handling of hazardous materials, underground fuel storage tanks and discharge and retention of storm water. We operate in industrial areas where truck terminals and other industrial activities are located and where groundwater or other forms of environmental contamination may have occurred. Our operations involve the risks of fuel spillage or seepage, environmental damage and hazardous waste disposal, and costs associated with the leakage or discharge of hazardous materials we transport for our customers, among others. Violations of applicable environmental laws or regulations or spills or other accidents involving hazardous substances can occur and may subject us to cleanup costs, liabilities not covered by insurance, substantial fines or penalties and to civil and criminal liability, any of which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. In addition, there is global scientific consensus that emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) continue to alter the composition of Earth’s atmosphere in ways that are affecting and are expected to continue to affect the global climate. As these climate change concerns become more prevalent, federal, state and local governments and our customers are increasingly sensitive to these issues. This increased focus may result in new legislation, taxes, regulations and customer requirements, such as limits on vehicle weight and size and restrictions on GHG emissions, which could negatively affect us. In addition, several states, including states where we conduct business, are considering various GHG registration and reduction programs. The EPA could also decide to further regulate GHG emissions. These regulations could increase the costs of replacing and maintaining tractors, cause us to incur additional taxes, direct costs and capital expenditures to make changes to our operations in order to comply with any new regulations and customer requirements. The regulations could also cause delays in our operations if they require the Company to be subject to a maximum emissions allowance and could result in losses to our revenue. We are subject to increasing investor and customer sensitivity to sustainability issues, and we may be subject to additional requirements related to shareholder proposals, customer-led initiatives, or our customers’ efforts to comply with environmental programs. 23 Until the timing, scope, and extent of any future regulation or customer requirements become known, we cannot predict their effect on our cost structure, business, or results of operations. We could lose revenue if our customers divert business from us because we have not complied with their sustainability requirements. These costs, changes and loss of revenue could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We may incur additional costs from new and existing laws and regulations regarding how to classify workers. State governments have enacted, and may enact in the future, laws classifying the employment status of workers, including the State of California’s Assembly Bill 5, which classifies workers in California and presumes that a worker is an employee rather than an independent contractor. In January 2024, the U.S. Department of Labor issued its final rule regarding whether a worker is an employee or an independent contractor under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act, expanding the federal test and favoring a worker being classified as an employee. Although we do not typically use independent contractors in our workforce, firms that provide services to Saia often do use independent contractors, and these new laws and regulations could lead to the reclassification of independent contractors as employees increasing the prices charged by such firms providing services to Saia, including the cost of purchased transportation. CSA could adversely affect our results of operations and ability to maintain or grow our business. CSA is an enforcement and compliance model required by the FMCSA that assesses a motor carrier’s on-road performance and investigation results for a 24-month period using roadside stops and inspections, resulting in safety and performance ratings in the following categories: unsafe driving; hours-of-service compliance; driver fitness; controlled substances/alcohol; vehicle maintenance; hazardous material compliance; and crash indicators. The CSA evaluations are used to rank carriers and individual drivers and to select carriers for audit and other interventions or enforcement action. If we receive unacceptable CSA scores, our relationships with our customers or our reputation could be damaged, which could result in decreased demand for our services. The requirements of CSA could also shrink the industry’s pool of drivers as those with unfavorable scores could leave the industry. While the ultimate impact of CSA is not fully known, it is possible that future CSA rulemaking could adversely impact our ability to attract and retain drivers which could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Our business may be adversely impacted by potential future changes in accounting and financial practices. Future changes in accounting standards or practices, and related legal and regulatory interpretations of those changes, may adversely impact public companies in general, the transportation industry or our operations specifically. New accounting standards or requirements could change the way we record revenues, expenses, assets and/or liabilities or could be costly to implement. These types of standards, practices and regulations could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Other Risks Health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks have had, and may continue to have, material adverse effects on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price. Health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks can have significant and widespread impacts. As we saw during the COVID-19 pandemic, the measures taken by many governments in response adversely affected and could in the future continue to adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price. The extent to which a health epidemic, pandemic or outbreak may impact the Company’s operational and financial performance is uncertain and will depend on many factors outside the Company’s control, including the timing, extent and duration of the health event, the development, availability, distribution and effectiveness of vaccines or treatments, the imposition of protective public safety measures, and the impact of the outbreak on the global economy and demand for products and services. Additional future effects on the Company could include material adverse impacts on demand for the Company’s services, the Company’s ability to execute its operating and strategic plans, the Company’s profitability and cost structure, and supply chain disruptions. 24 The Company faces risks from certain international conflicts that could adversely impact our business and financial results. International security concerns and conflicts, including those in Russia-Ukraine, Taiwan-China, Israel-Gaza and other geopolitical tensions, and potential actions or retaliatory measures taken in respect thereof, have had and could continue to have a material adverse effect on global trade and economic activity. The consequences of such conflicts include embargoes, regional instability, supply chain disruptions, disruptions of global financial markets, reduced access to natural gas and higher energy prices. The extent of a conflict's effect on the global economy cannot be predicted, including the extent to which the conflict may heighten other risks disclosed herein. Ultimately, these or other factors associated with international conflicts could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. We are subject to increasing investor and customer sensitivity to social and sustainability issues and our failure to address these issues could impact the price of our stock and the demand for our services. Investors and customers are increasingly focused on non-financial factors when evaluating and selecting investments and companies with which to do business, the effect of which is demonstrated by the growth of Environmental, Social & Governance metrics. This focus is rapidly growing and evolving. Despite our efforts to adapt to and address these concerns, our Company’s efforts may be insufficient, and our industry may be generally disfavored by the investing community at large. Due to the rapid evolution of tracking scorecards in sustainable investing, it is difficult to predict how our efforts with respect to social and sustainability matters will be evaluated by current and prospective investors and customers. As a result, investors may choose not to purchase our stock, which may result in a general decline in the market price for our shares, and customers may elect not to do business with us, which would reduce our revenues. The increasing focus on social and sustainability matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Certain provisions of our governing documents and Delaware law could have anti-takeover effects. As a Delaware corporation, we are subject to certain Delaware anti-takeover provisions. Under Delaware law, a corporation may not engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other things, the Board of Directors has approved the transaction. Our Board of Directors could rely on Delaware law to prevent or delay an acquisition of the Company. Our Restated Certificate of Incorporation and By-laws contain certain provisions which may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of the Company. Such provisions include, for example, a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, authorization of the Board of Directors to issue preferred stock in series with the terms of each series to be fixed by the Board of Directors, limitations on who may call special stockholder meetings, and advance notice procedures for stockholder proposals and nominations to the Board of Directors. These provisions may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our common stock that could result from takeover attempts. If we raise additional capital in the future, our stockholders’ ownership in the Company could be diluted. Any issuance of equity we may undertake in the future could cause the price of our common stock to decline or require us to issue shares at a price that is lower than that paid by holders of our common stock in the past, which would result in those newly issued shares being dilutive. If we obtain funds through a credit facility or through the issuance of debt or preferred securities, these obligations and securities would likely have rights senior to those of common stockholders, which could impair the value of our common stock. Weakness or a loss of confidence in financial markets could adversely impact demand for our services or for our stock. Weakness or a loss of confidence in the financial markets could cause a decline in our share price and cause broader economic downturns. An economic downturn could lower demand for our services, decrease the price we can charge for our services, increase the incidence of customers’ inability to pay their accounts, or increase insolvency of 25 our customers, any of which could materially adversely affect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. Disruptions in the credit markets, including in the availability and cost of short-term funds for liquidity and letter of credit requirements, may adversely affect our business and our ability to meet long-term commitments. If internal funds are not available from our operations, we may be required to rely on the capital and credit markets to meet our financial commitments and short-term liquidity needs. Disruptions in the capital and credit markets could adversely affect our ability to draw on our credit facilities and obtain letters of credit required for our insurance programs. Our access to funds and letters of credit under that credit facility is dependent on the ability of the banks that are parties to the facility to meet their funding commitments. Those banks may not be able to meet their funding commitments to us if they experience shortages of capital and liquidity or if they experience excessive volumes of borrowing requests from other borrowers within a short period of time. Longer term disruptions in the capital and credit markets as a result of uncertainty, changing or increased regulation, reduced alternatives or failures of significant financial institutions could adversely affect our access to liquidity needed for our business. Any disruption could require us to take measures to conserve cash until the markets stabilize or until alternative credit arrangements or other funding for our business needs can be arranged. The market value of our common stock may fluctuate and could be substantially affected by various factors. The price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market constantly changes. We expect that the market price of our common stock will continue to fluctuate and the fluctuations may be unrelated to our financial performance. Our share price may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Factors that could cause fluctuation of our stock price include, but are not limited to, the following: • Actual or anticipated variations in our earnings, financial or operating performance or liquidity, or those of other companies in our industry; • • • • Changes in recommendations or projections of research analysts who follow our stock or the stock of other companies in our industry; Failure to meet the earnings projections of research analysts who follow our stock; Changes in general economic and capital market conditions, including general market price declines or market volatility; Reactions to our regulatory filings and announcements related to our business; • Operating and stock performance of other companies in our industry; • Actions by government regulators; • Litigation involving our company, our industry or both; • News reports or trends, concerns and other issues related to us or our industry; and • Other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section. Our stock price, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows could be materially adversely affected by an unfavorable outcome resulting from these risks and uncertainties. 26 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 1C. Cybersecurity Cybersecurity risk management and strategy Saia maintains cybersecurity processes, technologies and controls to help us assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. These processes, technologies and controls are part of Saia’s overall enterprise risk management process. Our cybersecurity program is based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework and is designed to ensure that our information systems are effective and are prepared for cybersecurity threats, including through regular oversight and mitigation of internal and external threats. We regularly perform evaluations of our information security program and our information technology infrastructure, including through the use of tools and services for network and endpoint monitoring, vulnerability assessments and penetration testing, among other things. We have implemented security monitoring capabilities designed to alert us to suspicious activity and have an incident response program to restore business operations as quickly and as orderly as possible in the event of a cybersecurity incident. Saia contracts with third party firms to evaluate our information security program, for continuous system monitoring and threat detection, to gather insights for identifying and assessing material cybersecurity threats, and for potential mitigation assistance. We consider cybersecurity matters when selecting and overseeing our third party service providers and we administer a standardized information gathering questionnaire to evaluate cybersecurity risk in third parties. We seek to require third parties who could pose significant cybersecurity risk to us to be contractually responsible for the risk and to agree to cybersecurity assessments in connection with new vendor engagements and annually thereafter. Saia has an established cybersecurity and information security awareness training program that includes mandatory annual training and regular communications for our employees regarding cybersecurity threats and methods of mitigation. The annual cybersecurity training consists of threat avoidance when working remote, proper password construction techniques, identifying and reporting suspicious activity, social engineering and insider threats. Additionally, we have implemented a regular phishing assessment that provides feedback and additional training as needed to enhance the annual training program. Our information technology professionals also receive additional training related to their position. There can be no guarantee that our policies and procedures will be effective. Although our risk factors include further detail about the material cybersecurity risks we face, we believe that risks from prior cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected our business to date. We can provide no assurance that there will not be incidents in the future or that they will not materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For more information about the cybersecurity risks we face, see the risk factor entitled “We rely heavily on technology to operate our business and cybersecurity threats or other disruptions to our technology infrastructure could harm our business or reputation” in Item 1A. Risk Factors. Governance Management is responsible for the day-to-day assessment and management of cybersecurity risks. Saia’s Director of Information Security and Compliance, who reports to the Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer, has primary oversight of our cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes. The Director of Information Security and Compliance has served in information security roles since 2001 and led the information security function for a large health care system prior to joining Saia. He has a Bachelor of Science degree in Information Technology with a Concentration in Information Assurance and Security. The Director of Information Security and Compliance assesses our cybersecurity readiness through internal assessment tools as well as third-party control testing, vulnerability assessments and evaluation against industry standards. We maintain compliance structures that are designed to elevate issues relating to cybersecurity to our Director of Information Security and Compliance and to our Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer. 27 The Board of Directors has oversight responsibility for Saia’s strategic and operational risks. Although the Board has delegated oversight responsibility for certain risks to its committees, the Board has determined that oversight for cybersecurity should remain with the full Board. The Board regularly receives reports from the Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer concerning the Company’s cybersecurity risk management and strategies and related processes, technologies and controls. Item 2. Properties Saia is headquartered in Johns Creek, Georgia and has additional general offices in Houma, Louisiana and Boise, Idaho. At December 31, 2023, Saia owned 111 service facilities, including the Houma, Louisiana general office, and leased 87 service facilities, including the Johns Creek, Georgia corporate office, the Boise, Idaho general office and the Dallas, Texas warehouse. At December 31, 2023, Saia owned 56 percent of its service facilities, accounting for 66 percent of its door capacity. This mix follows Saia’s strategy of seeking to own strategically-located facilities that are integral to its operations and lease service facilities in smaller markets to allow for more flexibility. As of December 31, 2023, Saia owned approximately 6,500 tractors and 22,100 trailers, inclusive of trailers acquired with finance leases. Top 20 Saia Terminals by Number of Doors at December 31, 2023 Location Houston, TX Atlanta, GA Memphis, TN Salt Lake City, UT Dallas, TX Fontana, CA Chicago, IL Buford, GA Indianapolis, IN Garland, TX Edwardsville, KS Harrisburg, PA Phoenix, AZ Nashville, TN Cleveland, OH Charlotte, NC Kansas City, MO Newburgh, NY Newark, NJ Grayslake, IL Own/Lease Doors 234 217 200 185 174 162 153 152 147 145 134 130 121 116 115 108 102 101 101 100 Own Own Own Own Own Own Lease Own Own Own Lease Own Own Own Own Own Own Lease Lease Own Item 3. Legal Proceedings The Company is subject to legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. The Company believes that adequate provisions for resolution of all contingencies, claims and pending litigation have been made for probable and estimable losses and that the ultimate outcome of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on its financial condition but could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations in a given quarter or annual period. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. 28 PART II. Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Stock Information Saia’s common stock is listed under the symbol “SAIA” on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Stockholders As of January 31, 2024, there were 738 holders of record of our common stock. Dividends We have not paid a cash dividend on our common stock. Any payment of dividends in the future is dependent upon our financial condition, capital requirements, earnings, cash flow and other factors. The payment of dividends was restricted under the Company's previous credit agreement and remains restricted under the credit agreement entered into on February 3, 2023 as well as the private shelf agreement entered into on November 9, 2023. See Note 2 of the accompanying audited consolidated financial statements for more information on the credit agreements and the private shelf agreement. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities (a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased (1) (b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) (c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that may Yet be Purchased under the Plans or Programs 390 (2) $374.31 (2) — (3) $— (3) — (4) 390 $— (4) — — — — $— $— $— Period October 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023 November 1, 2023 through November 30, 2023 December 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023 Total (1) Any shares purchased by the Saia, Inc. Executive Capital Accumulation Plan are open market purchases. For more information on the Saia, Inc. Executive Capital Accumulation Plan, see the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-155805) filed on December 1, 2008. (2) The Saia, Inc. Executive Capital Accumulation Plan had no sales of Saia stock during the period of October 1, 2023 through October 31, 2023. (3) The Saia, Inc. Executive Capital Accumulation Plan had no sales of Saia stock during the period of November 1, 2023 through November 30, 2023. (4) The Saia, Inc. Executive Capital Accumulation Plan sold 400 shares of Saia stock at an average price of $454.00 per share on the open market during the period of December 1, 2023 through December 31, 2023. 29 Performance Graph The graph below compares the cumulative five year total stockholder return on Saia, Inc. common stock relative to the cumulative total stockholder returns of the Russell 2000 index, the NASDAQ Transportation index and a customized peer group of eleven companies. Individual companies within the custom peer group are listed below. An investment of $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) is assumed to have been made in our common stock, in each index and in each of the peer groups on December 31, 2018 and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2023. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among Saia, Inc., the Russell 2000 Index, the NASDAQ Transportation Index, and a Peer Group $900 $800 $700 $600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $0 12/18 12/19 12/20 12/21 12/22 12/23 Saia, Inc. Russell 2000 NASDAQ Transportation Peer Group *$100 invested on 12/31/18 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. Copyright© 2024 Russell Investment Group. All rights reserved. Companies included in the peer group are: ArcBest Corp., Hub Group Inc., J. B. Hunt Transport Services Inc., Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., Landstar System Inc., Old Dominion Freight Line Inc., Saia Inc., Schneider National Inc., TFI International Inc., Werner Enterprises Inc. and XPO Inc. 30 Cumulative Total Return Index Saia, Inc. Russell 2000 NASDAQ Transportation Peer Group 12/31/2018 $100.00 $100.00 $100.00 $100.00 12/31/2019 $166.82 $125.52 $123.21 $137.29 12/31/2020 $323.90 $150.58 $130.96 $185.35 12/31/2021 $603.78 $172.90 $148.36 $305.09 12/31/2022 $375.64 $137.56 $120.19 $249.52 12/31/2023 $785.06 $160.85 $161.24 $347.38 Period Ending 31 Item 6. [Reserved] 32 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations generally discusses our 2023 and 2022 results and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of our 2021 results and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 23, 2023. Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements The Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand the future prospects of a company and make informed investment decisions. This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains these types of statements, which are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “believe,” “should” and similar words or expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, and the Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, except as otherwise required by applicable law. All forward-looking statements reflect the present expectation of future events of our management as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to a number of important factors, risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in any forward-looking statements. These factors, risks, uncertainties and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • general economic conditions including downturns or inflationary periods in the business cycle; operation within a highly competitive industry and the adverse impact from downward pricing pressures, including in connection with fuel surcharges, and other factors; industry-wide external factors largely out of our control; cost and availability of qualified drivers, dock workers, mechanics and other employees, purchased transportation and fuel; inflationary increases in operating expenses and corresponding reductions of profitability; cost and availability of diesel fuel and fuel surcharges; cost and availability of insurance coverage and claims expenses and other expense volatility, including for personal injury, cargo loss and damage, workers’ compensation, employment and group health plan claims; failure to successfully execute the strategy to expand our service geography; unexpected liabilities resulting from the acquisition of real estate assets; costs and liabilities from the disruption in or failure of our technology or equipment essential to our operations, including as a result of cyber incidents, security breaches, malware or ransomware attacks; failure to keep pace with technological developments; liabilities and costs arising from the use of artificial intelligence; labor relations, including the adverse impact should a portion of our workforce become unionized; cost, availability and resale value of real property and revenue equipment; supply chain disruption and delays on new equipment delivery; capacity and highway infrastructure constraints; risks arising from international business operations and relationships; seasonal factors, harsh weather and disasters caused by climate change; economic declines in the geographic regions or industries in which our customers operate; the creditworthiness of our customers and their ability to pay for services; 33 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • our need for capital and uncertainty of the credit markets; the possibility of defaults under our debt agreements, including violation of financial covenants; inaccuracies and changes to estimates and assumptions used in preparing our financial statements; failure to operate and grow acquired businesses in a manner that support the value allocated to acquired businesses; dependence on key employees; employee turnover from changes to compensation and benefits or market factors; increased costs of healthcare benefits; damage to our reputation from adverse publicity, including from the use of or impact from social media; failure to make future acquisitions or to achieve acquisition synergies; the effect of litigation and class action lawsuits arising from the operation of our business, including the possibility of claims or judgments in excess of our insurance coverages or that result in increases in the cost of insurance coverage or that preclude us from obtaining adequate insurance coverage in the future; the potential of higher corporate taxes and new regulations, including with respect to climate change, employment and labor law, healthcare and securities regulation; the effect of governmental regulations, including hours of service and licensing compliance for drivers, engine emissions, the Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) initiative, regulations of the Food and Drug Administration and Homeland Security, and healthcare and environmental regulations; unforeseen costs from new and existing data privacy laws; costs from new and existing laws regarding how to classify workers; changes in accounting and financial standards or practices; widespread outbreak of an illness or any other communicable disease; international conflicts and geopolitical instability; increasing investor and customer sensitivity to social and sustainability issues, including climate change; provisions in our governing documents and Delaware law that may have anti-takeover effects; issuances of equity that would dilute stock ownership; weakness, disruption or loss of confidence in financial or credit markets; and other financial, operational and legal risks and uncertainties detailed from time to time in the Company’s SEC filings. These factors and risks are described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result of these and other factors, no assurance can be given as to our future results and achievements. Accordingly, a forward-looking statement is neither a prediction nor a guarantee of future events or circumstances and those future events or circumstances may not occur. You should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Form 10-K. We are under no obligation, and we expressly disclaim any obligation, to update or alter any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as otherwise required by applicable law. Executive Overview The Company’s business is highly correlated to non-service sectors of the general economy. The Company’s strategy is to improve profitability by increasing yield while also increasing volumes. Components of this strategy include building density in existing geography and pursuing geographic and terminal expansion in an effort to promote profitable growth and improve our customer value proposition over time. The Company’s business is labor intensive, capital intensive and service sensitive. The Company looks for opportunities to improve safety, cost effectiveness and asset utilization (primarily tractors and trailers). Pricing initiatives have had a positive impact on yield and profitability. The Company continues to execute targeted sales and marketing programs along with initiatives to align 34 costs with volumes and improve customer satisfaction. Technology continues to be an important investment as we work towards improving customer experience, operational efficiencies and Company image. The Company’s operating revenue increased by 3.2 percent in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was due to increased yield, excluding fuel surcharges, as a result of pricing actions and changes in business mix, which included 6.5 and 7.5 percent general rate increases on January 30, 2023 and December 4, 2023, respectively, for customers subject to general rate increases. Additionally, the Company experienced year over year increases in shipments and tonnage partially as a result of the redistribution of freight due to industry consolidation mid-year. These increases were offset by a decrease in fuel surcharge revenue, resulting from lower diesel fuel prices. Consolidated operating income declined to $460.5 million for 2023 compared to $470.5 million in 2022. The decrease in 2023 operating income resulted primarily from increases in salaries, wages and benefits and depreciation expense which was partially offset by increased revenue and decreased purchased transportation. The Company generated $577.9 million in net cash provided by operating activities in 2023 versus $473.0 million in 2022. The Company used $448.7 million of net cash in investing activities during 2023 compared to $365.5 million during 2022. General The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis describes the principal factors affecting the results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, as well as the critical accounting policies of Saia, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (together, the Company or Saia). This discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying audited consolidated financial statements which include additional information about our significant accounting policies, practices and the transactions that underlie our financial results. Saia is a transportation company headquartered in Johns Creek, Georgia that provides less-than-truckload (LTL) services through a single integrated organization. While more than 97% of its revenue is derived from transporting LTL shipments across 45 states, the Company also offers customers a wide range of other value-added services, including non-asset truckload, expedited and logistics services across the United States. Our business is highly correlated to non-service sectors of the general economy. Our business also is impacted by a number of other factors as discussed under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Part I, Item 1A., “Risk Factors.” The key factors that affect our operating results are the volumes of shipments transported through our network, as measured by our average daily shipments and tonnage; the prices we obtain for our services, as measured by revenue per hundredweight (a measure of yield) and revenue per shipment; our ability to manage our cost structure for capital expenditures and operating expenses such as salaries, wages and benefits; purchased transportation; claims and insurance expense; fuel and maintenance; and our ability to match operating costs to shifting volume levels. 35 Results of Operations Saia, Inc. and Subsidiaries Selected Results of Operations and Operating Statistics For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except ratios, workdays, revenue per hundredweight, revenue per shipment, pounds per shipment and length of haul) Operating Revenue Operating Expenses: Salaries, wages and employees’ benefits Purchased transportation Fuel and other operating expenses Depreciation and amortization Operating Income Operating Ratio Non-operating (Income) Expenses, Net Working Capital (as of December 31, 2023 and 2022) Net Acquisitions of Property and Equipment Saia LTL Freight Operating Statistics: Workdays LTL Tonnage LTL Shipments LTL Revenue per hundredweight LTL Revenue per hundredweight, excluding fuel surcharges LTL Revenue per shipment LTL Revenue per shipment, excluding fuel surcharges LTL Pounds per shipment LTL Length of haul 2023 2022 Percent Variance '23 v. '22 $2,881,433 $2,792,057 3.2% 1,301,280 238,688 702,124 178,845 460,496 84.0% (5,731) 326,638 437,152 252 5,543 7,997 $25.38 $20.99 $351.90 $291.00 1,386 894 1,169,539 315,896 678,931 157,203 470,488 83.1% 2,440 256,801 365,512 253 5,473 7,697 $24.70 $19.63 $351.27 $279.16 1,422 904 11.3 (24.4) 3.4 13.8 (2.1) (334.9) 1.3 3.9 2.8 6.9 0.2 4.2 (2.5) (1.1) Year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to year ended December 31, 2022 Revenue and volume Consolidated revenue increased 3.2 percent to $2.9 billion primarily due to increased volume and yield, excluding fuel surcharges. These increases were the result of a redistribution of freight due to industry consolidation mid-year, as well as pricing actions and changes in business mix. Improved customer service and targeted marketing initiatives have positively impacted the Company's ability to implement measured pricing actions to improve yield. As a result of these increased rates, Saia’s LTL revenue per hundredweight (a measure of yield), excluding fuel surcharges, increased 6.9 percent to $20.99 for 2023. Saia’s LTL tonnage also increased 1.3 percent while LTL shipments increased 3.9 percent for 2023. Overall LTL revenue per shipment, excluding fuel surcharges, increased 4.2 percent in 2023 due to the yield improvements discussed above. For 2023 and 2022, approximately 75 percent of Saia’s operating revenue was subject to specific customer price adjustment negotiations that occur throughout the year. The remaining 25 percent of operating revenue was subject to a general rate increase which is based on market conditions. For customers subject to general rate increases, Saia implemented 6.5 and 7.5 percent general rate increases on January 30, 2023 and December 4, 2023, respectively. Competitive factors, customer turnover and mix changes, among other things, impact the extent to which customer rate increases are retained over time. 36 Operating revenue includes fuel surcharge revenue from the Company’s fuel surcharge program. This program is designed to reduce the Company’s exposure to fluctuations in diesel fuel prices by adjusting total freight charges to account for changes in the price of diesel fuel. The Company’s fuel surcharge is generally based on the average national price for diesel fuel and is typically reset weekly. Fuel surcharges are widely accepted in the industry and are a significant component of revenue and pricing. Fuel surcharges are an integral part of customer contract negotiations but represent only one portion of overall customer price negotiations, as customers may negotiate increases in base rates instead of increases in fuel surcharges or vice versa. Fuel surcharge revenue decreased to 16.9 percent of operating revenue in 2023 compared to 19.9 percent in 2022 primarily as a result of decreases in the cost of diesel fuel. Operating expenses and margin Consolidated operating income declined to $460.5 million in 2023 compared to $470.5 million in 2022. The decrease in 2023 operating income resulted primarily from increases in salaries, wages and benefits and depreciation expense which was partially offset by increased revenue and decreased purchased transportation. The 2023 operating ratio (operating expenses divided by operating revenue) was 84.0 percent as compared to 83.1 percent in 2022. Salaries, wages and employees’ benefits expense increased $131.7 million in 2023 compared to 2022 largely due to increased head count to support increased volumes, ongoing business growth and network expansion. Additionally, in July 2023 the Company implemented a salary and wage increase of approximately 4.1 percent. Purchased transportation expense decreased $77.2 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to both a decrease in miles utilized and a decrease in cost per mile. Fuel, operating expenses and supplies increased by $5.2 million primarily driven by increased repairs, maintenance and facility costs in addition to investments in information technology network support. These changes were partially offset by decreases in costs of fuel during the period. In addition, claims and insurance expense in 2023 was $11.4 million higher than 2022 largely due to increased premiums, claim development and claim costs in 2023. The Company experiences volatility in accident expense from time to time as a result of utilizing self-insurance as a part of its risk management program. Depreciation and amortization expense increased $21.6 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to ongoing investments in revenue equipment and network expansion. Other Interest expense in 2023 was $0.1 million less than 2022 due to decreased finance lease obligations in 2023. Interest income in 2023 was $6.0 million greater than 2022 due to increased interest rates on higher average deposit balances during the period. The effective income tax rate was 23.9 percent and 23.6 percent for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Outlook Our business remains highly correlated to non-service sectors of the general economy and competitive pricing pressures, as well as the success of Company-specific improvement initiatives. Our outlook is dependent on a number of external factors, including strength of the economy, inflation, labor availability, diesel fuel prices and supply chain constraints. The potential impact of these factors on our operations, financial performance and financial condition, as well as the impact on our ability to successfully execute our business strategies and initiatives, remains uncertain and difficult to predict. We are continuing initiatives to improve and enhance customer service in an effort to support our ongoing pricing and business mix optimization, while seeking to control costs and improve productivity. Planned revenue initiatives include building density in our current geography, targeted marketing initiatives to grow revenue in more profitable areas, further expanding our geographic and terminal network, as well as pricing and yield management. On January 30, 2023 and December 4, 2023 Saia implemented 6.5 and 7.5 percent general rate increases, respectively, for customers comprising approximately 25 percent of Saia’s operating revenue. The extent of success of this revenue initiative is impacted by what proves to be the underlying economic trends, competitor initiatives and other factors discussed under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Part I, Item 1A., “Risk Factors.” 37 Effective July 2023, the Company implemented a salary and wage increase of approximately 4.1 percent for all of its employees, other than executives. The total cost of the compensation increase is expected to be approximately $46.1 million annually, and the Company anticipates the impact will be partially offset by productivity and efficiency gains. If the Company builds market share, including through its geographic and terminal expansion, it expects there to be numerous operating leverage cost benefits. Conversely, should the economy soften, the Company plans to match resources and capacity to shifting volume levels to lessen unfavorable operating leverage. The success of cost improvement initiatives is impacted by a number of factors, including the cost and availability of drivers, dock workers and personnel, and purchased transportation, diesel fuel and insurance costs and inflation. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Part I, Item 1A., “Risk Factors,” for a more complete discussion of potential risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and prospects. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” Under this ASU, interim and annual segment disclosures are expanded primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and information used to assess segment performance. Additionally, the standard requires all entities with a single reportable segment to apply all segment disclosure requirements. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 326): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” Under this ASU income tax disclosures are expanded primarily by requiring the disaggregation of the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources The Company's liquidity needs arise primarily from capital investment in new equipment, land and structures, information technology and letters of credit required under insurance programs, as well as funding working capital requirements. Working Capital and Capital Expenditures Working capital at December 31, 2023 was $326.6 million compared to $256.8 million at December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily due to an increase in cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable. 38 A summary of our cash flows is presented below: Cash and Cash Equivalents, beginning of period Net Cash flows provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and Cash Equivalents, end of period Years ended 2023 2022 (in thousands) $187,390 577,945 (448,696) (20,424) 108,825 $296,215 $106,588 473,026 (365,512) (26,712) 80,802 $187,390 Cash flows from operating activities were $577.9 million for 2023 versus $473.0 million for 2022 largely driven by changes in net operating assets and liabilities. For 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $448.7 million versus $365.5 million in 2022 primarily due to increased capital expenditures during 2023 as the Company continues to expand its footprint and add density in markets. Net cash used in financing activities was $20.4 million in 2023 versus $26.7 million in 2022 as a result of decreased finance lease payments during 2023. The Company has historically generated cash flows from operations to fund a large portion of its capital expenditure requirements. The timing of capital expenditures can largely be managed around the seasonal working capital requirements of the Company. The Company believes it has adequate sources of capital to meet short-term liquidity needs through its cash on hand and its operating cash flows. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, the Company has $267.9 million of availability under its 2023 Credit Agreement, $100 million of committed financing and $250 million of uncommitted financing under the Company's Private Shelf Agreement, subject to certain conditions. Future operating cash flows are primarily dependent upon the Company’s profitability and its ability to manage its working capital requirements, primarily accounts receivable, accounts payable and wage and benefit accruals. The Company was in compliance with its debt covenants at December 31, 2023. Net capital expenditures pertain primarily to investments in tractors and trailers and other revenue equipment, information technology, land and structures. Projected net capital expenditures for 2024 are expected to be approximately $1 billion compared to 2023 net capital expenditures of $437.2 million. Estimated 2024 capital expenditures include $235.7 million to acquire Yellow Corporation terminals, a normal replacement cycle of revenue equipment and technology investments for our operations, and additional revenue equipment and real estate investments to support our growth initiatives. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Item 1A., “Risk Factors,” for a more complete discussion of potential risks and uncertainties that could materially affect our future performance and financial condition. Net capital expenditures are summarized in the following table (in millions): Years ended 2022 2023 2021 Land and structures: Additions Sales Revenue equipment, net Technology and other Total (0.1) 133.3 36.7 $267.3 $163.5 $124.8 — (6.0) 130.0 28.5 $437.2 $365.5 $277.3 168.6 33.4 In addition to the amounts disclosed in the table above, the Company had an additional $50.9 million in capital expenditures for revenue equipment that was received but not paid for prior to December 31, 2023. 39 Credit Agreements At December 31, 2022 the Company was party to a credit agreement with a banking group that provided for a $300 million line of credit with a term ending February 2024. This credit agreement also had an accordion feature that allowed for an additional $100 million availability, subject to certain conditions and availability of lender commitments. This credit agreement provided for a pledge by the Company of certain land and structures, accounts receivable and other assets to secure indebtedness under this agreement. On February 3, 2023, the Company entered into a new unsecured credit agreement with a banking group (the 2023 Credit Agreement) and terminated its previous credit agreement. The 2023 Credit Agreement maintains the amount of the previous line of credit of $300 million and extends the term until February 2028. The 2023 Credit Agreement contains an accordion feature that allows the Company to increase the size of the facility by up to $150 million, subject to certain conditions and availability of lender commitments. Borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement bear interest at the Company’s election at a variable rate equal to (a) one, three or six month term SOFR (the forward-looking secured overnight financing rate) plus 0.10%, or (b) an alternate base rate, in each case plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin will be between 1.00% and 1.75% per annum for term SOFR loans and between 0.00% and 0.75% per annum for alternate base rate loans, in each case based on the Company’s consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio. The Company also accrues fees based on the daily unused portion of the credit facility, which will be between 0.0125% and 0.025% based on the Company’s consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio. Under the 2023 Credit Agreement, the Company is subject to a maximum consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio of less than 3.50 to 1.00 with the potential to be temporarily increased in the event the Company makes an acquisition that meets certain criteria. The 2023 Credit Agreement contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and provisions relating to events of default. Under the 2023 Credit Agreement, if an event of default occurs, the banks will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no outstanding borrowings and outstanding letters of credit of $32.1 million and $31.2 million, respectively, under the credit agreements. See Note 2 of the accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the credit agreements. Private Shelf Agreement On November 9, 2023, the Company entered into a $350 million uncommitted Private Shelf Agreement (the Shelf Agreement), by and among the Company, PGIM, Inc. (Prudential), and certain affiliates and managed accounts of Prudential (the Note Purchasers) which allows the Company, from time to time, to offer for sale to Prudential and its affiliates, in one or a series of transactions, senior notes of the Company, through November 9, 2026. Pursuant to the Shelf Agreement, the Company agreed to sell up to $100 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes (the Initial Notes) to the Note Purchasers. The Initial Notes will bear interest at 6.09% per annum and will mature five years after the date on which the Initial Notes are issued, unless repaid earlier by the Company. The funding date for the Initial Notes may occur at any time on or prior to August 2, 2024. The Initial Notes will be senior unsecured obligations and rank pari passu with borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement or other senior promissory notes issued pursuant to the Shelf Agreement. Additional notes issued under the Shelf Agreement, if any, would bear interest at a rate per annum, and would have such other terms, as would be set forth in a confirmation of acceptance executed by the parties prior to the closing of the applicable sale transaction. The Shelf Agreement requires that the Company maintain a consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio of less than 3.50 to 1.00, with limited exceptions. The Shelf Agreement also contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and provisions related to events of default. Upon the occurrence and continuance of an event of default, the holders of notes issued under the Shelf Agreement may require immediate payment of all amounts owing under such notes. 40 At December 31, 2023, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under its Shelf Agreement. See Note 2 of the accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Shelf Agreement. Finance Leases The Company is obligated under finance leases with seven-year terms for revenue equipment totaling $16.5 million and $31.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization of assets held under the finance leases is included in depreciation expense. The weighted average interest rates for the finance leases at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were 3.95% and 3.74%, respectively. Contractual Obligations Contractual obligations for the Company are comprised of lease agreements, purchase obligations and long- term debt obligations related to any outstanding balance under the Company’s 2023 Credit Agreement or Shelf Agreement. Total contractual obligations for operating leases at December 31, 2023 totaled $142.6 million. This includes operating leases with original maturities of less than one year, which are not recorded in our consolidated balance sheet in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Contractual obligations in the form of finance leases were $17.1 million at December 31, 2023, which include both principal and interest components. Purchase obligations at December 31, 2023 were $314.9 million. As of December 31, 2023 there was no outstanding principal balance under the 2023 Credit Agreement or Shelf Agreement. For further information see the Notes to the accompanying audited Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-K. Other commercial commitments of the Company typically include letters of credit and surety bonds required for collateral under insurance agreements. As of December 31, 2023 the Company had total outstanding letters of credit of $33.9 million and $56.7 million in surety bonds. In addition to any principal amounts disclosed, the Company has interest obligations of approximately $1.4 million for 2024, based on borrowings and commitments outstanding at December 31, 2023. The Company has accrued approximately $4.7 million for uncertain tax positions and accrued interest and penalties of $0.5 million related to the uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2023, the Company has $103.0 million accrued for claims, insurance and other liabilities. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates The Company makes estimates and assumptions in preparing the consolidated financial statements that affect reported amounts and disclosures therein. In the opinion of management, the accounting policies that generally have the most significant impact on the financial position and results of operations of the Company include: • Claims and Insurance Accruals. o Description: The Company is self-insured for portions of workers’ compensation, bodily injury and property damage, casualty, cargo loss and damage and group health claims. o o Judgments and Uncertainties: Claims and insurance accruals for these claims are established by management based on estimates of losses that the Company will ultimately incur on reported claims and on claims that have been incurred but not yet reported. Accruals are calculated on reported claims based on an evaluation of the nature and severity of the claim, historical loss experience and on legal, economic and other factors. Actuarial analysis is also used in calculating the accrual for workers’ compensation and bodily injury and property damage claims. Sensitivity of Estimate to Change: These accruals could be significantly affected if the actual costs of these claims differ from the estimates and assumptions used to establish the accruals. A significant number of these claims typically take several years to develop and even longer to ultimately settle. These accruals have been reasonably accurate over time; however, changes to 41 estimates and assumptions regarding severity of claims, medical cost inflation, as well as specific case facts can create short-term volatility in these accruals. A 100 basis point change in our loss development factors would result in an immaterial change in the claims and insurance accruals. There have been no material changes in the development factors for the year ended December 31, 2023. • Revenue Recognition and Related Allowances. o Description: Revenue is recognized over the transit time of the shipment as it moves from origin to destination while expenses are recognized as incurred. Estimates included in the recognition of revenue and accounts receivable include estimates related to shipments in transit and estimates of future adjustments to revenue and accounts receivable for billing adjustments and collectability. o o Judgments and Uncertainties: Revenue is recognized in a systematic process whereby estimates related to shipments in transit are based upon actual bills of lading received near period end and the estimated percentage of completion of the service at period end. Estimates for credit losses and billing adjustments are based upon historical experience. Billing adjustments are primarily made for discounts and billing corrections. Sensitivity of Estimate to Change: Since the cycle for pick-up and delivery of shipments is generally one to five days, typically less than ten percent of a total month’s revenue is in transit at the end of any month. Estimates included in the recognition of revenue and accounts receivable are continuously evaluated and updated; however, changes in economic conditions, customer creditworthiness, pricing arrangements and other factors may significantly impact these estimates. • Depreciation of Assets. o Description: Under the Company’s accounting policy for property and equipment, management establishes depreciable lives and salvage values for the Company’s revenue equipment (tractors and trailers) based on their estimated useful lives and estimated residual values to be received when the equipment is sold or traded in. These estimates are routinely evaluated and updated when circumstances warrant. o o Judgments and Uncertainties: Selecting the appropriate accounting method for depreciation requires management judgment, as there are multiple acceptable methods that are in accordance with U.S generally accepted accounting principles, including straight-line, declining-balance, and sum-of-the-years' digits. The Company depreciates property and equipment on straight-line and declining-balance bases over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The Company believes these methods properly spread the costs over the useful lives of the assets. Factors affecting estimated useful lives and residual values of property and equipment may include estimating loss, damage, obsolescence, and Company policies around maintenance and asset replacement. Sensitivity of Estimate to Change: Actual useful lives and residual values could differ from these assumptions based on market conditions and other factors, thereby impacting the estimated amount or timing of depreciation expense. There have been no material effects of changes to judgments related to depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023. These accounting policies and others are described in further detail in the Notes to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to adopt accounting policies and make significant judgments and estimates to develop amounts reflected and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements. In many cases, there are alternative policies or estimation techniques that could be used. We maintain a thorough process to review the application of our accounting policies and to evaluate the appropriateness of the many estimates that are required to prepare the consolidated financial statements. However, even under optimal circumstances, estimates routinely require adjustment based on changing circumstances and the receipt of new or better information. 42 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk The Company is exposed to a variety of market risks including the effects of interest rates and diesel fuel prices. The detail of the Company’s debt structure is more fully described in the Notes to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in this Form 10-K. To help mitigate our exposure to rising diesel fuel prices, the Company has an established fuel surcharge program. The following table provides information about the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2023. The table presents cash flows for principal payments (in millions) and related weighted average interest rates by contractual maturity dates. The estimated fair value of the fixed rate debt (in millions), which is comprised of finance leases, is based on current market interest rates for similar types of financial instruments, reflective of level two inputs. Expected maturity date As of December 31, 2023 Fixed rate debt Average interest rate 2025 2024 $10.2 $1.0 $5.3 3.9% 4.1% 3.5% 2026 2027 2028 $— $— — — Thereafter Total $— $16.5 — Fair Value $16.1 43 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm................................................................................ Consolidated Balance Sheets — December 31, 2023 and 2022 ........................................................................... Consolidated Statements of Operations — Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 ............................ Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity — Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 ........... Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 ........................... Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ......................................................................................................... 45 49 50 51 52 53 44 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Saia, Inc.: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Saia, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 23, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matter The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates. Evaluation of the estimated liabilities for self-insured workers’ compensation and bodily injury claims As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has recorded estimated liabilities for claims related to workers’ compensation and bodily injury. These liabilities are recorded within claims and insurance accruals (current) of $41.6 million, and claims, insurance, and other (non-current) of $61.4 million, as of December 31, 2023. We identified the evaluation of the estimated liabilities for self-insured workers’ compensation and bodily injury claims as a critical audit matter because of the inherent uncertainty in the amounts that will ultimately be paid to settle these claims. Factors that may affect the settlement cost of claims include the length of time the 45 claim remains open, its potential severity, and the results of litigation. Additionally, the Company’s liabilities include estimates for future development of claims and specialized skills were needed to evaluate the actuarial methods and assumptions used to make these estimates. The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s self-insurance processes, including controls over the methods and assumptions used in estimating the liabilities. We evaluated the Company’s accruals for a selection of reported claims by comparing the individual accruals to current available information, which included claim files and attorneys’ letters, and we tested the Company’s historical paid loss data by inspecting a sample of claim payments. In addition, we involved an actuarial professional with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted by comparing the Company’s actuarial methods with generally accepted actuarial methods and evaluating the key assumptions used in determining the liabilities. /s/ KPMG LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002. Atlanta, Georgia February 23, 2024 46 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Stockholders and Board of Directors Saia, Inc.: Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Saia, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 23, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 47 Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ KPMG LLP Atlanta, Georgia February 23, 2024 48 Saia, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share and per share data) December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 ASSETS Current Assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, less allowances of $4,427 in 2023 and $5,804 in 2022 Prepaid expenses Income tax receivable Other current assets Total current assets Property and Equipment, at cost Less-accumulated depreciation and amortization Net property and equipment Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets Goodwill and Identifiable Intangibles, net Other Noncurrent Assets Total assets $ 296,215 311,742 32,648 1,005 7,084 648,694 2,881,800 1,118,492 1,763,308 118,734 17,296 35,533 $ 2,583,565 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Current Liabilities: Accounts payable Wages, vacation and employees’ benefits Claims and insurance accruals Other current liabilities Current portion of long-term debt Current portion of operating lease liability Total current liabilities Other Liabilities: Long-term debt, less current portion Operating lease liability, less current portion Deferred income taxes Claims, insurance and other Total other liabilities Commitments and Contingencies (Note 3) Stockholders’ Equity: $ 141,877 75,514 41,641 27,094 10,173 25,757 322,056 6,315 96,462 155,841 61,397 320,015 $ $ $ 187,390 290,306 22,525 23,438 7,227 530,886 2,478,824 996,204 1,482,620 120,455 18,149 22,600 2,174,710 99,792 66,684 45,481 22,684 14,519 24,925 274,085 16,489 98,581 145,771 60,443 321,284 Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 50,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 26,549,372 and 26,464,197 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively Additional paid-in-capital Deferred compensation trust, 69,672 and 69,982 shares of common stock at cost at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively Retained earnings Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity — — 27 285,092 (5,679) 1,662,054 1,941,494 $ 2,583,565 $ 26 277,366 (5,248) 1,307,197 1,579,341 2,174,710 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 49 Saia, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Operations For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except per share data) Operating Revenue Operating Expenses: Salaries, wages and employees’ benefits Purchased transportation Fuel, operating expenses and supplies Operating taxes and licenses Claims and insurance Depreciation and amortization Operating losses (gains), net Total operating expenses Operating Income Non-operating (Income) Expenses: Interest expense Interest income Other, net Non-operating (income) expenses, net Income Before Income Taxes Income Tax Expense Net Income Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted Basic Earnings Per Share Diluted Earnings Per Share 2023 2022 2021 $ 2,881,433 $ 2,792,057 $2,288,704 1,301,280 238,688 563,688 69,542 67,984 178,845 910 2,420,937 460,496 2,535 (6,208) (2,058) (5,731) 466,227 111,370 354,857 $ 1,169,539 315,896 558,456 63,824 56,601 157,203 50 2,321,569 470,488 1,063,703 249,710 381,904 59,095 61,345 141,700 (3,894) 1,953,563 335,141 2,611 (217) 46 2,440 468,048 110,626 357,422 3,212 (11) (833) 2,368 332,773 79,538 $ 253,235 26,632 26,763 26,520 26,674 26,322 26,707 13.32 $ 13.26 $ 13.48 13.40 $ $ 9.62 9.48 $ $ $ See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 50 Saia, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands) Common Shares Common Stock 26,236 $26 Additional Paid-in Capital $267,666 Deferred Compensation Trust $(2,944) Retained Earnings $696,540 Balance at December 31, 2020 Stock compensation, including options and long-term incentives Director deferred share activity Exercise of stock options less shares withheld for taxes Shares issued for long-term incentive awards, net of shares withheld for taxes Purchase of shares by Deferred Compensation Trust Sale of shares by Deferred Compensation Trust Net income Balance at December 31, 2021 Stock compensation, including options and long-term incentives Director deferred share activity Exercise of stock options less shares withheld for taxes Shares issued for long-term incentive awards, net of shares withheld for taxes Purchase of shares by Deferred Compensation Trust Sale of shares by Deferred Compensation Trust Net income Balance at December 31, 2022 Stock compensation, including options and long-term incentives Director deferred share activity Exercise of stock options less shares withheld for taxes Shares issued for long-term incentive awards, net of shares withheld for taxes Purchase of shares by Deferred Compensation Trust Sale of shares by Deferred Compensation Trust Net income Balance at December 31, 2023 — 2 47 52 — — — 26,337 — 2 62 63 — — — 26,464 — 2 35 48 — — — — — — — 26 — — — — — — — 26 — — — 1 7,245 1,458 3,678 (6,571) 1,268 (111) — 274,633 7,657 1,170 4,511 (11,752) 3,254 (2,107) — 277,366 10,219 1,417 4,875 (9,216) — — — 26,549 — — — $27 620 (189) — $285,092 Total $961,288 7,245 1,458 3,678 (6,571) — — 253,235 1,220,333 7,657 1,170 4,511 — — — — — — — — (1,268) 111 — — — 253,235 949,775 (4,101) — — — — — — — — (11,752) (3,254) 2,107 — — — 357,422 1,307,197 (5,248) — — — — — — — — — — 357,422 1,579,341 10,219 1,417 4,875 (9,215) (620) 189 — — — 354,857 — — 354,857 $(5,679) $1,662,054 $1,941,494 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 51 Saia, Inc. and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands) Operating Activities: Net income Noncash items included in net income: Depreciation and amortization Allowance for credit losses Deferred income taxes Loss (gain) from property disposals, net Stock-based compensation Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable Accounts payable Change in other assets and liabilities, net Net cash provided by operating activities Investing Activities: Acquisition of property and equipment Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment Other Net cash used in investing activities Financing Activities: Repayment of credit and private shelf agreements Borrowing of credit and private shelf agreements Proceeds from stock option exercises Shares withheld for taxes Repayment of finance leases Other financing activity Net cash used in financing activities Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents, end of year 2023 2022 2021 $354,857 $357,422 $253,235 178,845 1,955 10,070 910 11,636 (23,391) 10,752 32,311 577,945 157,203 3,074 21,634 50 8,827 (16,624) (9,523) (49,037) 473,026 141,700 3,559 4,319 (3,894) 8,703 (63,415) 16,729 21,656 382,592 (439,879) 2,727 (11,544) (448,696) (367,429) 1,917 — (365,512) (285,746) 8,398 (500) (277,848) (43,175) — (1,000) 43,175 1,000 — 3,678 4,511 4,875 (6,571) (11,752) (9,216) (20,571) (19,471) (14,520) — — (1,563) (23,464) (26,712) (20,424) 81,280 80,802 108,825 25,308 106,588 187,390 $296,215 $187,390 $106,588 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 52 Saia, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 1. Description of Business and Summary of Accounting Policies Description of Business Saia, Inc., and its subsidiaries (Saia or the Company), is headquartered in Johns Creek, Georgia. Saia is a leading, less-than-truckload (LTL) motor carrier with more than 97% of its revenue derived from transporting LTL shipments for customers. In addition to the core LTL services provided in 45 states, the Company also offers customers a wide range of other value-added services, including non-asset truckload, expedited transportation and logistics services across the United States. The chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer who regularly reviews the operating results of the Company's single operating segment. Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Saia, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Management makes its best estimate of the ultimate outcome for these items based on historical trends and other information available when the financial statements are prepared. Changes in estimates are recognized in accordance with the accounting rules for the estimate, which is typically in the period when new information becomes available to management. Areas where the nature of the estimate makes it reasonably possible that actual results could materially differ from amounts estimated include: revenue reserves; self-insurance accruals; long-term incentive compensation; tax liabilities; loss contingencies; litigation claims; and impairment assessments on long-lived assets and goodwill. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” Under this ASU, interim and annual segment disclosures are expanded primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and information used to assess segment performance. Additionally, the standard requires all entities with a single reportable segment to apply all segment disclosure requirements. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 326): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” Under this ASU income tax disclosures are expanded primarily by requiring the disaggregation of the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disclosures. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Summary of Accounting Policies Significant accounting policies and practices used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are as follows: 53 Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand and short term marketable securities with original maturities of three months or less. Spare Parts, Fuel and Operating Supplies: Spare parts, fuel and operating supplies on hand are carried at average cost and are included in other current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Property and Equipment: Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Replacements and improvements that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are charged to expense as incurred. The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of assets may not be recoverable. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method, except for tractors (included in revenue equipment) for which the declining-balance method is used. The following service lives are used to compute depreciation: Structures Revenue equipment Technology equipment and software Other At December 31, property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands): Years 20 to 25 6 to 14 3 to 5 3 to 10 Land Structures Revenue equipment Technology equipment and software Other Total property and equipment, at cost $ 2023 272,633 813,146 1,470,913 176,854 148,254 $ 2,881,800 $ 2022 191,057 638,180 1,340,761 187,333 121,493 $ 2,478,824 The Company’s investment in technology equipment and software consists primarily of systems to support customer service, maintenance and freight management. Depreciation and amortization expense (including amortization of assets under finance leases) was $177.9 million, $156.2 million and $140.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023, trailers acquired under finance leases had a gross carrying value of $137.4 million and accumulated amortization of $67.7 million. At December 31, 2022, trailers acquired under finance leases had a gross carrying value of $137.9 million and accumulated amortization of $58.7 million. Claims and Insurance Accruals: The Company maintains a significant amount of insurance coverage with third-party insurance carriers that provides various levels of protection for covered risk exposure, including in the areas of workers’ compensation, bodily injury and property damage, casualty, cargo loss and damage and group health, with coverage limits and retention and deductible amounts that vary based on policy periods and claim type. Claims and insurance accruals related to workers’ compensation, bodily injury and property damage, casualty, cargo loss and damage and group health are established by management based on estimates of losses that the Company will ultimately incur on reported claims and on claims that have been incurred but not yet reported. Accruals are calculated on reported claims based on an evaluation of the nature and severity of the claim, historical loss experience and on legal, economic and other factors. Actuarial analysis is also used in calculating the accruals for workers’ compensation and bodily injury and property damage claims. 54 Income Taxes: Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period enacted. As required by FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 740, Income Taxes, the Company defines the threshold for recognizing the benefits of tax-filing positions in the financial statements as “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained by the tax authority. Revenue Recognition: The Company’s revenues are derived primarily from the transportation of freight as it satisfies performance obligations that arise from contracts with its customers. The Company’s performance obligations arise when it receives a bill of lading (BOL) to transport a customer's commodities at negotiated prices contained in either a transportation services agreement or a publicly disclosed tariff rate. Once a BOL is received and accepted, a legally-enforceable contract is formed whereby the parties are committed to perform and the rights of the parties, shipping terms and conditions, and payment terms have been identified. Each shipment represents a distinct service that is a separately identified performance obligation. The typical transit time to complete a shipment is from one to five days. Billing for transportation services normally occurs after completion of the service and payment is generally due within 30 days after the invoice date. The Company recognizes revenue related to the Company’s LTL, non-asset truckload and expedited transportation services over the transit time of the shipment as it moves from origin to destination based on the transit status at the end of each reporting period. Key estimates included in the recognition and measurement of revenue and related accounts receivable are as follows: • • Revenue associated with shipments in transit is recognized ratably over transit time; and Adjustments to revenue for billing adjustments and collectability. The portion of the gross invoice related to interline transportation services that involve the services of another party, such as another LTL service provider, is not recorded in the Company’s revenues. Revenue from logistics services is recognized as the services are provided. Credit Risk: The Company routinely grants credit to its customers. The risk of significant loss in trade receivables is substantially mitigated by the Company’s credit evaluation process, short collection terms, low revenue per transaction and services performed for a large number of customers, with no single customer representing more than 5 percent of accounts receivable at year-end. Allowances for potential credit losses are based on historical loss experience, current economic environment, expected trends and customer specific factors. Stock-Based Compensation: The Company has various stock-based compensation plans for its employees and non-employee directors. The Company stock-based compensation includes awards of stock options, restricted stock awards, and stock-based performance unit awards, all of which are accounted for under FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. Stock options granted to employees are valued using a Black-Scholes-Merton model with the expense amortized over the three-year vesting period. Restricted stock is valued based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock at the date of grant and the expense is amortized over the three to five year vesting period. Stock-based performance unit awards are valued using a Monte Carlo model and the expense is amortized over the three-year vesting period. Intangible Assets: The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that impairment may have occurred. The Company first performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative assessment. The Company is not required to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the Company determines, based on qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. Purchased intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. 55 Advertising: The costs of advertising are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs charged to expense were $2.9 million, $7.2 million, and $5.7 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Financial Instruments: The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximated fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, because of the relatively short maturity of these instruments. See Note 2 for fair value disclosures related to debt. 2. Debt and Financing Arrangements At December 31, debt consisted of the following (in thousands): Credit and Private Shelf Agreements, described below Finance Leases, described below Total debt Less: current portion of long-term debt Long-term debt, less current portion December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 $ $ — $ 16,488 16,488 10,173 6,315 $ — 31,008 31,008 14,519 16,489 The Company's liquidity needs arise primarily from capital investment in new equipment, land and structures, information technology and letters of credit required under insurance programs, as well as funding working capital requirements. The Company is party to a credit agreement with a group of banks as well as a private shelf debt agreement to fund capital investments, letters of credit and working capital needs. Credit Agreements At December 31, 2022 the Company was party to a credit agreement with a banking group that provided for a $300 million line of credit with a term ending February 2024. This credit agreement also had an accordion feature that allowed for an additional $100 million availability, subject to certain conditions and availability of lender commitments. This credit agreement provided for a pledge by the Company of certain land and structures, accounts receivable and other assets to secure indebtedness under this agreement. On February 3, 2023, the Company entered into a new unsecured credit agreement with a banking group (the 2023 Credit Agreement) and terminated its previous credit agreement. The 2023 Credit Agreement maintains the amount of the previous line of credit of $300 million and extends the term until February 2028. The 2023 Credit Agreement contains an accordion feature that allows the Company to increase the size of the facility by up to $150 million, subject to certain conditions and availability of lender commitments. Borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement bear interest at the Company’s election at a variable rate equal to (a) one, three or six month term SOFR (the forward-looking secured overnight financing rate) plus 0.10%, or (b) an alternate base rate, in each case plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin will be between 1.00% and 1.75% per annum for term SOFR loans and between 0.00% and 0.75% per annum for alternate base rate loans, in each case based on the Company’s consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio. The Company also accrues fees based on the daily unused portion of the credit facility, which will be between 0.0125% and 0.025% based on the Company’s consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio. Under the 2023 Credit Agreement, the Company is subject to a maximum consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio of less than 3.50 to 1.00 with the potential to be temporarily increased in the event the Company makes an acquisition that meets certain criteria. The 2023 Credit Agreement contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and provisions relating to events of default. Under the 2023 Credit Agreement, if an event of default occurs, the banks will be entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had no outstanding borrowings and outstanding letters of credit of $32.1 million and $31.2 million, respectively, under the credit agreements. 56 Private Shelf Agreement On November 9, 2023, the Company entered into a $350 million uncommitted Private Shelf Agreement (the Shelf Agreement), by and among the Company, PGIM, Inc. (Prudential), and certain affiliates and managed accounts of Prudential (the Note Purchasers) which allows the Company, from time to time, to offer for sale to Prudential and its affiliates, in one or a series of transactions, senior notes of the Company, through November 9, 2026. Pursuant to the Shelf Agreement, the Company agreed to sell up to $100 million aggregate principal amount of senior notes (the Initial Notes) to the Note Purchasers. The Initial Notes will bear interest at 6.09% per annum and will mature five years after the date on which the Initial Notes are issued, unless repaid earlier by the Company. The funding date for the Initial Notes may occur at any time on or prior to August 2, 2024. The Initial Notes will be senior unsecured obligations and rank pari passu with borrowings under the 2023 Credit Agreement or other senior promissory notes issued pursuant to the Shelf Agreement. Additional notes issued under the Shelf Agreement, if any, would bear interest at a rate per annum, and would have such other terms, as would be set forth in a confirmation of acceptance executed by the parties prior to the closing of the applicable sale transaction. The Shelf Agreement requires that the Company maintain a consolidated net lease adjusted leverage ratio of less than 3.50 to 1.00, with limited exceptions. The Shelf Agreement also contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and provisions related to events of default. Upon the occurrence and continuance of an event of default, the holders of notes issued under the Shelf Agreement may require immediate payment of all amounts owing under such notes. At December 31, 2023, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Shelf Agreement. Finance Leases The Company is obligated under finance leases with seven-year terms which include obligations collateralized by revenue equipment totaling $16.5 million and $31.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization of assets held under the finance leases is included in depreciation and amortization expense. The estimated fair value of the finance leases at December 31, 2023 and 2022 is $16.1 million and $31.2 million, respectively, which is based on current market interest rates for similar types of financial instruments, reflective of Level 2 inputs. Other The Company paid cash for interest of $1.6 million, $2.3 million, and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 3. Commitments, Contingencies and Uncertainties The Company has contractual obligations and commitments in the form of finance leases, operating leases and purchase commitments. 57 At December 31, 2023, the Company was committed under non-cancellable operating lease agreements requiring minimum annual rentals payable as follows (in thousands): 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total Amount $ 31,218 28,830 21,977 19,180 16,273 25,100 $ 142,578 Rent expense was $37.2 million, $33.4 million, and $31.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Management expects that in the normal course of business, leases will be renewed or replaced as they expire. Finance and operating leases are discussed further in Note 4. Purchase commitments related to capital expenditures were $306.6 million at December 31, 2023. These commitments include a commitment to purchase 17 terminals from Yellow Corporation for $235.7 million. In addition to this, the Company was committed to a purchase price of $7.9 million related to the acquisition of 11 terminal leases. See Note 12 for additional information on these transactions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $50.9 million and $19.5 million, respectively, of capital expenditures accrued for in accounts payable. Other The Company is subject to legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of its business. Management believes that adequate provisions for resolution of all contingencies, claims and pending litigation have been made for probable and estimable losses and that the ultimate outcome of these actions will not have a material adverse effect on its financial condition but could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations in a given quarter or annual period. 4. Leases The Company’s leases include, but are not limited to, real estate, including terminals and general office buildings, trailers, corporate fleet vehicles and other equipment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet; the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight- line basis over the lease term. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately $38.6 million and $60.5 million, respectively, of finance leased assets, net of amortization, were included in property and equipment. Accumulated amortization for these assets totaled $31.2 million and $43.8 million as of the same periods ended. A summary of the lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 follows (in thousands): 58 Finance lease cost: Amortization of right-of-use assets Interest on lease liabilities Operating lease cost (includes variable and sublease costs as they are immaterial) Short-term lease cost Total lease cost $ $ Other Information Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities 2023 2022 $ $ 5,693 883 34,522 16,303 57,401 — 27,026 8,276 1,476 30,919 19,387 60,058 — 39,122 The discount rate used in the Company's calculation of its right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities was determined based on the stated rate within each contract when available, or its incremental borrowing rate, which approximates the rate at which the Company could borrow, on a collateralized basis, over the term of a lease. Supplemental cash flow and balance sheet information related to leases was as follows (in thousands, except where noted): Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities Operating cash outflows from finance leases Operating cash outflows from operating leases Financing cash outflows from finance leases Weighted-average remaining lease term - finance leases (years) Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years) Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases 2023 2022 $ $ 890 35,339 14,520 1,484 31,043 19,471 1.2 5.4 4.0% 5.4% 1.8 5.2 3.7% 5.1% As of December 31, 2023, maturities of lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands): Operating Leases Finance Leases Maturity of Lease Liabilities 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Thereafter Total lease payments Less: Interest Present value of lease liabilities 31,218 28,830 21,977 19,180 16,273 25,100 142,578 20,359 122,219 $ $ 10,605 5,453 995 - - - 17,053 565 16,488 $ $ 59 5. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets There was no change to the carrying amount of goodwill of $12.1 million for fiscal years ending December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The gross amounts and accumulated amortization of identifiable intangible assets are as follows (in thousands): Amortizable intangible assets: Customer relationships (useful life of 6-15 years) Trademarks (useful life of 15 years) Total December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Gross Amount Accumulated Amortization Gross Amount Accumulated Amortization $ $ 19,000 $ 1,500 20,500 $ 14,417 $ 892 15,309 $ 19,000 $ 1,500 20,500 $ 13,664 792 14,456 Amortization expense for intangible assets was $0.9 million for 2023, $1.0 million in 2022 and $1.2 million in 2021. Estimated amortization expense for the next five years is as follows (in thousands): 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 $ Amount 853 853 853 853 853 6. Computation of Earnings Per Share The calculation of basic earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share is as follows (in thousands except per share amounts): Numerator: Net income Denominator: Denominator for basic earnings per share–weighted average common shares Dilutive effect of share-based awards Denominator for diluted earnings per share–adjusted weighted average common shares Basic Earnings Per Share Diluted Earnings Per Share For The Years Ended December 31, 2021 2022 2023 $ 354,857 $ 357,422 $ 253,235 26,632 131 26,520 154 26,763 26,674 $ $ 13.32 13.26 $ $ 13.48 $ 13.40 $ 26,322 385 26,707 9.62 9.48 In 2023, there were 5,790 anti-dilutive options or restricted stock. In 2022, there were 22,237 anti-dilutive options or restricted stock. In 2021, there were 19,386 anti-dilutive options or restricted stock. 7. Stockholders’ Equity Deferred Compensation Plan The Saia Executive Capital Accumulation Plan (Capital Accumulation Plan) is a nonqualified deferred compensation plan for Saia executives. The Capital Accumulation Plan allows for the plan participants to invest in the Company’s common stock. Elections to invest in the Company’s common stock are irrevocable, and upon distribution, the funds invested in the Company’s common stock are paid out in Company common stock rather than cash. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s rabbi trust, which holds the investments for the Capital 60 Accumulation Plan, held 69,672 and 69,982 shares of the Company’s common stock, respectively, all of which were purchased on the open market. The following table summarizes the shares of the Company’s common stock that were purchased and sold by the Company’s rabbi trust: For The Years Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2023 Shares of common stock purchased Aggregate purchase price of shares purchased Shares of common stock sold Aggregate sale price of shares sold $ $ 2,110 620,282 $ 2,420 12,117 5,580 3,253,577 $ 1,268,370 2,841 802,030 36,762 834,704 $ 10,370,165 $ Company common stock held by the rabbi trust is accounted for within stockholders' equity similar to treasury stock at historical cost with the corresponding deferred compensation obligation also presented within stockholders' equity as additional paid-in capital. Directors’ Deferred Compensation Under the Company’s Directors’ Deferred Fee Plan, non-employee directors may elect to defer all or a portion of their annual fees and retainers. Such deferrals are converted into units equivalent to the value of the Company’s stock. Upon the director’s termination, death or disability, accumulated deferrals are distributed in the form of Company common stock. The Company had 100,110 and 97,381 shares reserved for issuance under the Directors’ Deferred Fee Plan at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The shares reserved for issuance under the Directors’ Deferred Fee Plan are treated as common stock in computing basic earnings per share. 8. Stock-Based Compensation The stockholders of the Company approved the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the 2018 Omnibus Plan) and the Second Amended and Restated 2011 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the 2011 Omnibus Plan) to allow the Company to issue equity based compensation to help attract and retain executive, managerial, supervisory or professional employees and non-employee directors. The 2018 Omnibus Plan has 1,100,000 shares of common stock reserved. The 2011 Omnibus Plan had a total of 2,350,000 shares of common stock reserved. Following stockholder approval of the 2018 Omnibus Plan, no additional awards have been made under the 2011 Omnibus Plan. The 2018 Omnibus Plan and the 2011 Omnibus Plan provide for the grant or award of stock options; stock appreciation rights; restricted and unrestricted stock; restricted stock units; and performance unit awards. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 391,089 shares remain reserved and unissued under the provisions of the 2011 Omnibus Plan, a portion of which are allocated to outstanding stock options described below. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 677,500 and 765,617 shares, respectively, remain reserved and unissued under the provisions of the 2018 Omnibus Plan, a portion of which are allocated to outstanding performance unit awards, outstanding stock options and restricted stock described below. The Company has historically issued new shares to satisfy stock option exercises or other awards issued under the 2018 Omnibus Plan and 2011 Omnibus Plan. Stock option awards have been granted with an exercise price equal to the market price of the Company’s stock at the date of grant. Stock option awards granted to employees under the plans to date are non-qualified stock options, have vesting over three years, subject to earlier vesting upon a change of control and certain other events, and have a seven-year contractual term. All outstanding stock options held by non-employee directors were granted to the director while employed by Saia, and total 10,000 shares as of December 31, 2023. The Company grants shares of restricted stock as part of its long-term incentive plan. These shares of restricted stock vest over three years, subject to earlier vesting upon a change in control. The value of restricted stock is based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant. In addition, the Company has periodically granted shares of restricted stock to certain key executives that vests 25% after three years, 25% after four 61 years and the remaining 50% after five years, assuming the executive has been in continuous service to the Company since the award date, subject to earlier vesting upon a change in control. Stock option and restricted stock compensation expense of $5.7 million, $3.9 million and $3.3 million, was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in salaries, wages and employees’ benefits. As of December 31, 2023, there is unrecognized compensation expense of $6.2 million related to unvested stock options and restricted stock, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 for employees: Outstanding at December 31, 2022 Exercised Outstanding at December 31, 2023 Weighted Average Exercise price 155.83 139.76 170.79 Options 72,323 $ (34,881) 37,442 $ Exercisable at December 31, 2023 21,850 $ 113.98 Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) 4.6 3.8 3.0 Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) 4,921 $ $ $ 10,013 7,085 The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $7.0 million, $10.8 million, and $5.9 million, respectively. The weighted-average grant-date fair value per share of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $94.36, and $62.65, respectively. There were no options granted during the year ended December 31, 2023. The following table summarizes the weighted average assumptions used in valuing options for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021: Risk-free interest rate Expected life in years Expected volatility Dividend rate 2022 1.92% 3.5 43.32% — 2021 1.19% 3.5 40.57% — The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on a three-month average U.S. Treasury yield at the time of grant. The expected life of the options represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. Expected volatilities are based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The following table summarizes restricted stock activity during the year ended December 31, 2023: Restricted Stock at December 31, 2022 Granted Vested Forfeited Restricted Stock at December 31, 2023 Weighted Average Grant- date Fair Value $177.89 329.32 101.30 — $260.43 Shares 48,240 20,056 (16,340) — 51,956 The total fair value of restricted stock that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $1.7 million, $2.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively. 62 Performance Unit Awards The Company grants performance unit awards to executives as part of the Company’s long term incentive plan. The criteria for payout of the awards is based on a comparison over the three-year performance period of these awards of the total stockholder return (TSR) of the Company’s common stock compared to the TSR of the companies in a peer group established by the Compensation Committee. The stock-based awards are accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 718 with the expense amortized over the three-year vesting period based on the fair value of the awards at the grant date using the Monte Carlo method. Operating results include expense for the performance unit awards of $4.5 million in 2023, $3.8 million in 2022 and $4.0 million in 2021. Shares earned under the performance unit awards are issued in the first quarter of the year following the end of the performance period. There was an issuance of 25,716 shares for the January 2021 - December 2023 performance period in February 2024, 63,188 shares for the January 2020 - December 2022 performance period in February 2023, and 78,710 shares for the January 2019 - December 2021 performance period in February 2022. At December 31, 2023, performance unit awards are outstanding for a maximum of 25,020 shares for the January 2022 – December 2024 performance period and for a maximum of 28,532 shares for the January 2023 – December 2025 performance period. As of December 31, 2023, there is unrecognized compensation expense of $5.9 million related to unvested performance unit awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years. The following table summarizes performance unit awards during the year ended December 31, 2023: Performance Unit Awards at December 31, 2022 Granted Added by performance factor Vested Forfeited Performance Unit Awards at December 31, 2023 Weighted Average Grant- date Fair Value $207.32 429.55 132.81 132.81 — $345.08 Shares 57,431 14,266 31,594 (63,188) — 40,103 The total fair value of performance unit awards shares that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $4.2 million, $3.6 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Director Awards The 2018 Omnibus Plan provides for an annual grant to each non-employee director of shares of Saia stock with a value not to exceed $500,000 with the number of shares to be determined each year by the Compensation Committee. For 2023, 2022 and 2021 each non-employee director was granted 379, 396 and 548 shares, respectively, of Saia stock under the 2018 Omnibus Plan. These shares vest in one year from grant, subject to accelerated vesting upon leaving the Board (other than for cause) or a change in control. Under the Director’s Deferred Fee Plan, non-employee directors may defer all or a portion of annual fees and awards earned. The deferrals are converted into phantom stock units equivalent to the value of Company common stock. Upon the director’s termination, death or disability, accumulated deferrals are distributed in the form of Company common stock in accordance with elections made by the directors. Non-employee directors were issued 2,729; 3,272; and 3,929 units equivalent to shares in the Company's common stock under the Directors' Deferred Fee Plan during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 9. Employee Benefits Defined Contribution Plans The Company sponsors defined contribution plans, principally consisting of contributory 401(k) savings plans and noncontributory profit sharing plans. The Company’s contributions to the 401(k) savings plans consist of a matching percentage of employee contributions up to certain maximum limits. The Company match has historically been 50 percent of the first six percent of an eligible employee’s contributions. The Company’s total contributions to 63 the 401(k) savings plans included in salaries, wages and employees' benefits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, were $15.2 million, $14.0 million, and $12.4 million, respectively. Cash Incentive Awards The Company provides cash incentive awards to certain salaried employees which are based primarily on actual operating results achieved for the year, compared to targeted operating results. Operating results include cash incentive awards of $38.8 million, $32.6 million, and $36.4 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Included in these amounts are also incentives that are based on other targets specifically associated with the respective employees' positions. Employee Stock Purchase Plan In January 2003, the Company adopted the Employee Stock Purchase Plan of Saia, Inc. (the ESPP) allowing eligible employees to purchase common stock of the Company at current market prices through payroll deductions of up to 10 percent of annual wages. In 2015, the Company amended the ESPP to allow highly compensated employees as defined by Section 401(a)(17) of the Internal Revenue Code to make payroll deductions of up to 20 percent of annual wages. The custodian uses the funds to purchase the Company’s common stock at current market prices. The custodian purchased 1,420, 2,158 and 2,516 shares in the open market during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 10. Income Taxes The income tax provision consists of the following (in thousands): Current: U.S. federal State Total current income tax provision Deferred: U.S. federal State Total deferred income tax provision Total income tax provision $ $ 2023 2022 2021 82,802 18,498 $ 68,934 20,058 88,992 $ 62,222 12,997 75,219 101,300 10,345 (275) 10,070 111,370 21,440 194 21,634 110,626 3,915 404 4,319 $ 79,538 $ A reconciliation between income taxes at the federal statutory rate (21 percent) and the actual income tax provision is as follows (in thousands): Provision at federal statutory rate State income taxes, net of federal benefit Tax credits Excess tax benefit on stock compensation Other, net Total provision 2023 97,908 15,580 (1,181) (1,004) 67 111,370 $ $ 2022 98,290 16,274 (1,355) (1,578) (1,005) 110,626 2021 $ 69,856 11,435 (1,754) (793) 794 $ 79,538 $ $ 64 Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Deferred tax (liabilities) assets are comprised of the following at December 31 (in thousands): Depreciation Leases Other Gross deferred tax liabilities Allowance for credit losses Equity-based compensation Employee benefits Leases Claims and insurance Other Gross deferred tax assets Valuation Allowance Net deferred tax assets Net deferred tax liability 2023 2022 $ (196,494) $ (183,276) (30,886) (5,471) (219,633) 1,435 4,089 9,988 30,578 22,137 6,377 74,604 (742) 73,862 $ (155,841) $ (145,771) (29,361) (6,022) (231,877) 1,097 4,834 12,014 30,227 21,597 6,982 76,751 (715) 76,036 The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. For the U.S. federal jurisdiction, tax years 2020-2023 remain open to examination. The expiration of the statute of limitations related to the various state income tax returns that the Company files varies by state. In general, tax years 2014-2023 remain open to examination by the various state and local jurisdictions. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Gross unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year Gross increases in tax positions for prior years Gross increases in tax positions for current year Settlements Lapse of statute of limitations Gross unrecognized tax benefits at end of year 2023 2022 3,867 2 1,077 — (254) 4,692 $ $ 1,370 1,779 1,005 — (287) 3,867 $ $ The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, which is recorded within claims, insurance and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, that would affect the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized is $4.7 million and $3.9 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company paid cash for income taxes of $72.8 million, $115.3 million, and $81.6 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 65 The Company does not anticipate total unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change during the next twelve months due to the settlements of audits and the expiration of statutes of limitations. 11. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts The following is a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses for receivables (in thousands): Additions Balance, beginning of period Charged to costs and expenses Charged to other accounts Deductions(1) Balance, end of period For the period ended December 31, 2023 For the period ended December 31, 2022 For the period ended December 31, 2021 5,804 5,530 5,666 1,955 $ 3,074 3,559 — $ — — (3,332) $ (2,800) (3,695) 4,427 5,804 5,530 (1) Primarily uncollectible accounts written off — net of recoveries. 12. Subsequent Events On January 17, 2024, the Company completed the purchase of 17 freight terminals of Yellow Corporation for an aggregate purchase price of $235.7 million in cash. In addition, on January 17, 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Yellow Corporation’s interests in leases for 11 freight terminals for an aggregate purchase price of $7.9 million in cash, plus the assumption of certain liabilities under the leases and the payment of cure costs. 66 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Annual Controls Evaluation and Related CEO and CFO Certifications As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its “disclosure controls and procedures” (Disclosure Controls). The Disclosure Controls evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Based upon the controls evaluation, the Company’s CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company’s Disclosure Controls are effective to ensure that information the Company is required to disclose in reports that the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. During the fourth quarter of 2023 covered by this Form 10-K, there were no changes in internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Attached as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to this Annual Report are certifications of the CEO and the CFO, which are required in accordance with Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act. This Controls and Procedures section includes the information concerning the controls evaluation referred to in the certifications and it should be read in conjunction with the certifications. Definition of Disclosure Controls Disclosure Controls are controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported timely. Disclosure Controls are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company’s Disclosure Controls include components of its internal control over financial reporting which consists of control processes designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of the Company’s financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls The Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, does not expect that its Disclosure Controls or its internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. 67 Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The management of Saia, Inc. and its subsidiaries is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. The Company’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making this assessment, the Company’s management used the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s assessment included a review of the documentation of controls, evaluation of the design effectiveness of controls and testing of the effectiveness of controls. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that as of December 31, 2023, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which report appears on page 47 of this Form 10-K. Frederick J. Holzgrefe Douglas L. Col President and Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Item 9B. Other Information During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K. Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections Not applicable. 68 PART III. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Information required by this Item 10 will be presented in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its annual meeting of stockholders, which will be held on April 25, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference. Certain information regarding executive officers of Saia is included above in Part I of this Form 10-K under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers”. The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer or controller. The Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, as well as its Corporate Governance Guidelines and the charters of its Audit, Compensation and Human Capital, and Nominating and Governance Committees, are available on the Company’s website, www.saia.com/about- us/investor-relations/governance. The Company intends to disclose any amendments to, or waivers from, its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that apply to the Company’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer or controller on the Company’s website, www.saia.com/about-us/investor- relations/governance, under the “Governance” caption, promptly following the date of any such amendment or waiver. Item 11. Executive Compensation Information regarding executive compensation will be presented in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its annual meeting of stockholders, which will be held on April 25, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Equity Compensation Plan Information as of December 31, 2023 Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a) Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b) Number of securities remaining available for future issuances under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c) Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders Total 37,442 $ — 37,442 $ 170.79 — 170.79 641,498 (1) — 641,498 (1) See Note 8 to the audited consolidated financial statements for a description of the equity compensation plans for securities remaining available for future issuance. Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters will be presented in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its annual meeting of stockholders, which will be held on April 25, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Information regarding certain relationships, related party transactions and director independence will be presented in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its annual meeting of stockholders, which will be held on April 25, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference. 69 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Information regarding accounting fees and services will be presented in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its annual meeting of stockholders, which will be held on April 25, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference. 70 Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules 1. Financial Statements PART IV. The consolidated financial statements required by this item are included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” herein. 2. Financial Statement Schedules The Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts information is included in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein. All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable. 71 3. Exhibits Exhibit Number Description of Exhibit 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 Asset Purchase Agreement dated December 5, 2023 by and among Saia, Inc., Saia Motor Freight Line, LLC, Yellow Corporation, New Penn Motor Express LLC, USF Holland LLC, USF Reddaway Inc., YRC Inc. and YRC Freight Canada Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Saia, Inc’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on December 11, 2023). † Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Saia, Inc., as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on July 26, 2006). Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Saia, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on July 2, 2021). Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Saia, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on June 9, 2022). Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Saia, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on June 9, 2022). Amended and Restated By-laws of Saia, Inc., as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on July 29, 2008). Certificate of Elimination filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on December 16, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File 0-49983) filed on December 20, 2010). Description of Securities of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Saia, Inc’s Form 10-K (File 0-49983) for the year ended December 31, 2022). Master Shelf Agreement, dated as of November 9, 2023, between Saia, Inc., The Prudential Insurance Company of America and other Noteholders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Saia, Inc’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on November 15, 2023). 10.1(1) Sixth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2019, by and among Saia, Inc., BOKF, NA dba Bank of Oklahoma, N.A., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and the Banks named therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 11, 2019). 10.1(2) Credit Agreement dated February 3, 2023 by and among Saia, Inc., JP Morgan Chase, N.A. as Administrative Agent, BOKF, NA dba Bank of Oklahoma, N.A. as Syndication Agent, and the lenders named therein (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia, Inc.'s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 6, 2023). 10.1(3) Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement, dated as of October 31, 2023, by and among Saia, Inc., JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the lenders named therein (incorporation herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia, Inc’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on November 6, 2023). 10.2 10.3 Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on December 13, 2006).* SCS Transportation, Inc. Directors’ Deferred Fee Plan as adopted December 11, 2003 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) for the year ended December 31, 2003).* 72 Exhibit Number 10.4(1) 10.4(2) 10.4(3) 10.5 10.6 Description of Exhibit Form of Executive Severance Agreement used prior to 2009 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) for the year ended December 31, 2002).* Form of Executive Severance Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5.2 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) for the year ended December 31, 2020).* Executive Severance Agreement between Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III and Saia, Inc. dated March 5, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on March 6, 2020).* Form of Severance Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Saia’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 9, 2015).* Employment Agreement between Saia, Inc. and Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III dated March 5, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on March 6, 2020).* 10.7(1) Employment Agreement between Saia, Inc. and Richard D. O’Dell dated as of October 24, 2006 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on October 30, 2006).* 10.7(2) Amendment to Employment Agreement dated as of October 23, 2008 between Saia, Inc. and Richard D. O’Dell (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on October 29, 2008).* 10.7(3) 10.7(4) Second Amendment to Employment Agreement dated as of April 1, 2009 between Saia, Inc. and Richard D. O’Dell (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on April 7, 2009).* Termination of Employment Agreement between Richard D. O’Dell and Saia, Inc. dated March 5, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on March 6, 2020.* 10.8(1) Amended and Restated Executive Severance Agreement between Saia, Inc. and Richard D. O’Dell dated as of October 24, 2006 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on October 30, 2006).* 10.8(2) Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Severance Agreement dated as of October 23, 2008 between Saia, Inc. and Richard D. O’Dell (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on October 29, 2008).* 10.8(3) Termination of Executive Severance Agreement between Richard D. O’Dell and Saia, Inc. dated March 5, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on March 6, 2020).* 10.9 10.10 First Amended and Restated Saia, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A of Saia’s Definitive Proxy Statement (File No. 0-49983) filed on March 22, 2013).* Saia, Inc. Annual Cash Bonus Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia, Inc.'s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 8, 2023).* 10.11(1) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on May 6, 2011).* 10.11(2) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options awarded in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 9, 2015).* 73 Exhibit Number 10.11(3) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded to Richard D. O’Dell in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to the executed agreement originally filed as Exhibit 10.2 of Saia’s Form 8-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 9, 2015).* Description of Exhibit 10.11(4) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2011 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded to Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to the executed agreement originally filed as Exhibit 10.3 of Saia’s Form 8-K (File No. 0- 49983) filed on February 9, 2015).* 10.12 Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of Saia’s Definitive Proxy Statement (File No. 0-49983) filed on March 20, 2018).* 10.13(1) Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Performance Units Awarded in 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23 of Saia's Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 25, 2019).* 10.13(2) Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Performance Units Awarded in 2024.* 10.14(1) Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Restricted Stock Awarded in 2019, 2020, and 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of Saia’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 25, 2019).* 10.14(2) Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Restricted Stock Awarded in 2022 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.16.2 of Saia’s Form 10-K (File No.0- 49983) filed on February 23, 2022).* 10.14(3) Amended and Restated Restricted Stock Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Restricted Stock Awarded to Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III in 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Saia’s Form 10-Q (File No. 0-49983) for the quarter ended June 30, 2023).* 10.14(4) Form of Amended and Restated Restricted Stock Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Restricted Stock Awarded in 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Saia’s Form 10-Q (File No. 0-49983) for the quarter ended June 30, 2023). * 10.14(5) Form of Restricted Stock Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Restricted Stock Awarded in 2024.* 10.14(6) Restricted Stock Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Restricted Stock Awarded to Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III in 2024.* 10.15(1) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded in 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Saia’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 25, 2019).* 10.15(2) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded to Richard D. O’Dell in 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Saia’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 25, 2020).* 10.15(3) Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded to Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III in 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of Saia’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 25, 2020).* 10.15(4) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded in 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of Saia’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 25, 2020).* 74 Exhibit Number 10.15(5) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded to Richard D. O’Dell in 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.25 of Saia’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 25, 2020).* Description of Exhibit 10.15(6) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded to Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III in 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.26 of Saia’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed on February 25, 2020).* 10.15(7) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded in 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17.7 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed February 24, 2021).* 10.15(8) Form of Employee Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement under the Saia, Inc. 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan for Options Awarded to Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III in 2021(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17.8 of Saia, Inc.’s Form 10-K (File No. 0-49983) filed February 24, 2021).* 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 97 101 Subsidiaries of Registrant. Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Certification of Principal Executive Officer, furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Financial Officer, furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Saia, Inc. Clawback Policy The following financial information from Saia, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and (v) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. XBRL Instance Document – the XBRL Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. 104 The cover page from Saia’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101). * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. † Certain portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be furnished supplementally to the SEC upon request. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 75 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: February 23, 2024 SAIA, INC. By: /s/ Douglas L. Col Douglas L. Col Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Frederick J. Holzgrefe Frederick J. Holzgrefe President and Chief Executive Officer, Saia, Inc. (Principal Executive Officer) February 23, 2024 /s/ Douglas L. Col Douglas L. Col /s/ Kelly W. Benton Kelly W. Benton /s/ Richard D. O’Dell Richard D. O’Dell /s/ Di-Ann Eisnor Di-Ann Eisnor /s/ Donna E. Epps Donna E. Epps /s/ John P. Gainor, Jr. John P. Gainor, Jr. /s/ Kevin A. Henry Kevin A. Henry /s/ Donald R. James Donald R. James /s/ Randolph W. Melville Randolph W. Melville /s/ Jeffrey C. Ward Jeffrey C. Ward /s/ Susan F. Ward Susan F. Ward Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Saia, Inc. (Principal Financial Officer) February 23, 2024 Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, Saia, Inc. (Principal Accounting Officer) February 23, 2024 Chairman, Saia, Inc. February 23, 2024 February 23, 2024 February 23, 2024 February 23, 2024 February 23, 2024 February 23, 2024 February 23, 2024 February 23, 2024 February 23, 2024 Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 76 [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] BOARD OF DIRECTORS Richard D. O’Dell Kevin A. Henry [1] [2] Non-Executive Chairman Executive Vice President & Di-Ann Eisnor [2] Chief Executive Officer, Crews by Core Chief People Officer, PulteGroup, Inc. Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III President & Chief Executive Officer  Donna E. Epps [1] [3] Donald R. James [1] Retired Partner, Deloitte LLP Chief Executive Officer, Solero Technologies, LLC Jeffrey C. Ward [2] [3]* Vice President & Partner A.T. Kearney, Inc. Susan F. Ward [1]* Retired Vice President & Chief Accounting Officer of United Parcel Service, Inc. John P. Gainor [3] 1 - Audit Committee Retired Chief Executive Officer Randolph W. Melville [2]* [3] [4] 2 - Compensation & Human Capital Committee & President of International Retired Senior Vice President & 3 - Nominating & Governance Committee Dairy Queen, Inc. General Manager, Western Division of 4 - Lead Independent Director PepsiCo’s Frito-Lay North America * - Committee Chair OFFICERS Frederick J. Holzgrefe, III Patrick Sugar Anthony Norwood President & Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President of Operations Executive Vice President & Chief Human Douglas L. Col Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer & Secretary Raymond Ramu Executive Vice President & Chief Customer Officer Rohit Lal Executive Vice President & Chief Kelly Benton Resources Officer Information Officer Vice President & Chief Accounting Officer FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS Amounts in thousands, except ratios, per share data, miles, revenue per shipment, and revenue per hundredweight. STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS: 2023 2022 2021 Operating revenue Operating income Net income $ 2,881,433 $ 2,792,057 $ 2,288,704 $ 460,496 $ 470,488 $ 335,141 $ 354,857 $ 357,422 $ 253,235 Diluted earnings per share $ 13.26 $ 13.40 $ 9.48 FINANCIAL DATA: Cash and cash equivalents $ 296,215 $ 187,390 $ 106,588 Total debt $ 16,488 $ 31,008 $ 50,404 Total stockholders’ equity $ 1,941,494 $ 1,579,341 $ 1,220,333 Operating cash flow OPERATING DATA: Operating ratio (1) LTL Tonnage LTL Shipments $ 577,945 $ 473,026 $ 382,592 84.0% 83.1% 85.4% 5,543 5,473 5,401 7,997 7,697 7,730 Average length of haul (2) 894 904 LTL Revenue per hundredweight LTL Revenue per shipment $ 25.38 $ 351.90 $ 24.70 $ 351.27 913 $ 20.68 $ 289.00 (1) The operating ratio is the calculation of operating expenses divided by operating revenue. (2) Average length of haul is in miles. NASDAQ SYMBOL SAIA INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM KPMG LLP 303 Peachtree Street, N.E. Suite 2000 Atlanta, GA 30308 TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR Computershare Trust Company, N.A. 150 Royall Street, Suite 101 Canton, MA 02021 Tel: 800.884.4225 www.computershare.com INVESTOR INFORMATION 11465 Johns Creek Parkway Suite 400 Johns Creek, GA 30097 Tel: 800.765.7242 Email: investors@saia.com CORPORATE WEBSITE www.saia.com 

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