Terreno Realty Corp
Annual Report 2018

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 OR ¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 001-34603 Terreno Realty Corporation (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter) Maryland (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) 101 Montgomery Street, Suite 200 San Francisco, CA (Address of Principal Executive Offices) 27-1262675 (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) 94104 (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (415) 655-4580 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each Class Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share Name of Exchange on Which Registered New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer x ¨ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ¨ ¨ ¨ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ¨ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x Aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the closing price, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange, at which the common equity was last sold, as of June 29, 2018 , the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $2,146,590,859. (For this computation, the Registrant has excluded the market value of all shares of its common stock reported as beneficially owned by executive officers and directors of the Registrant). The registrant had 61,118,804 shares of its common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding as of February 6, 2019 . Documents Incorporated by Reference Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference portions of Terreno Realty Corporation’s Proxy Statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which the registrant anticipates will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of its 2018 fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A. Terreno Realty Corporation Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Table of Contents Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosures Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected Financial Data Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services Part I: Item 1 Item 1A Item 1B Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Part II: Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 7A Item 8 Item 9 Item 9A Item 9B Part III: Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 Item 14 Part IV: Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules Index to Financial Statements Item 16 Form 10-K Summary Exhibit Index Signatures 2 6 24 24 27 27 28 30 31 55 55 55 56 58 58 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We caution investors that forward-looking statements are based on management’s beliefs and on assumptions made by, and information currently available to, management. When used, the words “anticipate”, “believe”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “might”, “plan”, “project”, “result”, “should”, “will”, “seek”, “target”, “see”, “likely”, “position”, “opportunity”, “outlook”, “potential”, “enthusiastic”, “future” and similar expressions which do not relate solely to historical matters are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors, that are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated, or projected. We expressly disclaim any responsibility to update our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. Accordingly, investors should use caution in relying on past forward-looking statements, which are based on results and trends at the time they are made, to anticipate future results or trends. Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the factors included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those set forth under the headings “Risk Factors”, and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”; our ability to identify and acquire industrial properties on terms favorable to us; general volatility of the capital markets and the market price of our common stock; adverse economic or real estate conditions or developments in the industrial real estate sector and/or in the markets in which we acquire properties; our dependence on key personnel and our reliance on third-party property managers; our inability to comply with the laws, rules and regulations applicable to companies, and in particular, public companies; our ability to manage our growth effectively; tenant bankruptcies and defaults on, or non-renewal of, leases by tenants; decreased rental rates or increased vacancy rates; increased interest rates and operating costs; declining real estate valuations and impairment charges; our expected leverage, our failure to obtain necessary outside financing, and existing and future debt service obligations; our ability to make distributions to our stockholders; our failure to successfully hedge against interest rate increases; our failure to successfully operate acquired properties; risks relating to our real estate redevelopment, renovation and expansion strategies and activities; our failure to qualify or maintain our status as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) and possible adverse changes to tax laws; uninsured or underinsured losses and costs relating to our properties or that otherwise result from future litigation; environmental uncertainties and risks related to natural disasters; financial market fluctuations; and changes in real estate and zoning laws and increases in real property tax rates. 1 PART I Item 1. Business. Overview Terreno Realty Corporation (“Terreno”, and together with its subsidiaries, “we”, “us”, “our”, “our Company” or “the Company”) acquires, owns and operates industrial real estate in six major coastal U.S. markets: Los Angeles, Northern New Jersey/New York City, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, Miami, and Washington, D.C. We invest in several types of industrial real estate, including warehouse/distribution (approximately 92.5% of our total portfolio square footage as of December 31, 2018 ), flex (including light industrial and research and development, or R&D) (approximately 5.4% ) and transshipment (approximately 2.1% ). We target functional buildings in infill locations that may be shared by multiple tenants and that cater to customer demand within the various submarkets in which we operate. Infill locations are geographic locations surrounded by high concentrations of already developed land and existing buildings. As of December 31, 2018 , we owned a total of 205 buildings aggregating approximately 12.8 million square feet that were approximately 98.4% leased to 454 customers, the largest of which accounted for approximately 3.9% of our total annualized base rent, 16 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 55.2 acres and five properties under redevelopment expected to contain approximately 0.7 million square feet upon completion. We are an internally managed Maryland corporation and elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010. Our Investment Strategy We acquire, own and operate industrial properties in six major coastal U.S. markets: Los Angeles, Northern New Jersey/New York City, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, Miami, and Washington, D.C. As described in more detail below, we invest in several types of industrial real estate, including warehouse/distribution, flex (including light industrial and R&D) and transshipment. We target functional buildings in infill locations that may be shared by multiple tenants and that cater to customer demand within the various submarkets in which we operate. Industrial Facility General Characteristics Warehouse / distribution (approximately 92.5% of our total portfolio square footage as of December 31, 2018 ) Single and multiple tenant facilities that typically serve tenants greater than 10,000 square feet of space Generally less than 20% office space Typical clear height from 18 feet to 36 feet • • • • May include production/manufacturing areas • • Interior access via dock high and/or grade level doors Truck court for large and small truck distribution options, possibly including staging for a high volume of truck activity and/or trailer storage Flex (including light industrial and R&D, approximately 5.4% of our total portfolio square footage as of December 31, 2018 ) Single and multiple tenant facilities that typically serve tenants less than 10,000 square feet of space Facilities generally accommodate both office and warehouse/manufacturing activities Typically has a larger amount of office space and shallower bay depths than warehouse/distribution facilities Parking consistent with increased office use Interior access via grade level and/or dock high doors Staging for moderate truck activity • • • • • • • May include a showroom, service center, or assembly/light manufacturing component • Enhanced landscaping 2 Transshipment (approximately 2.1% of our total portfolio square footage as of December 31, 2018 ) • • • Includes truck terminals and other transshipment facilities, which serve both single and multiple tenants Typically has a high number of dock high doors, shallow bay depth and lower clear height Staging for a high volume of truck activity and trailer storage In addition, we have approximately 55.2 acres of improved land. Such land is used for truck, trailer and container storage and/or car parking. In the future, we may redevelop some or all of such land. We selected our target markets by drawing upon the experience of our executive management investing and operating in over 50 global industrial markets located in North America, Europe and Asia, the fundamentals of supply and demand, and in anticipation of trends in logistics patterns resulting from population changes, regulatory and physical constraints, changes in technology, e-commerce, potential long term increases in carbon prices and other factors. We believe that our target markets have attractive long-term investment attributes. We target assets with characteristics that include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • • • Located in high population coastal markets; Close proximity to transportation infrastructure (such as sea ports, airports, highways and railways); Situated in supply-constrained submarkets with barriers to new industrial development, as a result of physical and/or regulatory constraints; Functional and flexible layout that can be modified to accommodate single and multiple tenants; Acquisition price at a discount to the replacement cost of the property; Potential for enhanced return through re-tenanting or operational or physical improvements; and Opportunity for higher and better use of the property over time. In general, we prefer to utilize local third-party property managers for day-to-day property management. We believe outsourcing property management is cost effective and provides us with operational flexibility and is a source of acquisition opportunities. We may directly manage properties in the future if we determine such direct property management is in our best interest. We have no current intention to acquire undeveloped or unimproved industrial land or to pursue greenfield ground-up development. However, we may pursue redevelopment, renovation and expansion opportunities of properties that we own, acquire properties and improved land parcels with the intent to redevelop in the near-term, or acquire adjacent land to expand our existing facilities. We expect that we will continue to acquire the significant majority of our investments as equity interests in individual properties, portfolios of properties or improved industrial land parcels which may be rented without a building in place. We may also acquire industrial properties through the acquisition of other corporations or entities that own industrial real estate. We will opportunistically target investments in debt secured by industrial real estate that would otherwise meet our investment criteria with the intention of ultimately acquiring the underlying real estate. We currently do not intend to target specific percentages of holdings of particular types of industrial properties. This expectation is based upon prevailing market conditions and may change over time in response to different prevailing market conditions. The properties we acquire may be stabilized (fully leased) or unstabilized (have near term lease expirations or be partially or fully vacant). During the period from February 16, 2010 to December 31, 2018 , we have stabilized 69 properties. We sell properties from time to time when we believe the prospective total return from a property is particularly low relative to its market value or the market value of the property is significantly greater than its estimated replacement cost. Capital from such sales is reinvested into properties that are expected to provide better prospective returns or returned to shareholders. We have disposed of 15 properties since inception in 2010 for an aggregate sales price of approximately $ 242.5 million and a total gain of approximately $ 83.7 million. Competitive Strengths We believe we distinguish ourselves from our competitors through the following competitive advantages: • Focused Investment Strategy. We invest exclusively in six major coastal U.S. markets and focus on infill locations. We selected our six target markets based upon the experience of our executive management investing and operating in over 50 global industrial markets located in North America, Europe and Asia, the fundamentals of supply and demand, and in anticipation of trends in logistics patterns resulting from population changes, regulatory and physical 3 constraints, changes in technology, e-commerce, potential long term increases in carbon prices and other factors. We have no current intention to acquire undeveloped or unimproved land or pursue greenfield ground-up development, but we may pursue redevelopment, renovation and expansion activities. • Highly Aligned Compensation Structure. We believe that executive compensation should be closely aligned with long-term stockholder value creation. As a result, the long-term equity incentive compensation of our executive officers is based primarily on our total shareholder return exceeding the total shareholder return of the MSCI U.S. REIT Index (RMS) or the FTSE National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”) Equity Industrial Index. • Commitment to Strong Corporate Governance. We are committed to strong corporate governance, as demonstrated by the following: • • • all members of our board of directors serve annual terms; we have adopted a majority voting standard in non-contested director elections; we have opted out of three Maryland anti-takeover provisions and, in the future, we may not opt back in to these provisions without stockholder approval; we designed our ownership limits solely to protect our status as a REIT and not for the purpose of serving as an anti-takeover device; and we have no stockholder rights plan. In the future, we will not adopt a stockholder rights plan unless our stockholders approve in advance the adoption of such a plan or, if adopted by our board of directors, we will submit the stockholder rights plan to our stockholders for a ratification vote within 12 months of adoption or the plan will terminate. • • Our Financing Strategy The primary objective of our financing strategy is to maintain financial flexibility with a conservative capital structure using retained cash flows, proceeds from dispositions of properties, long-term debt and the issuance of common and perpetual preferred stock to finance our growth. Over the long term, we intend to: • limit the sum of the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness and the liquidation preference of any outstanding perpetual preferred stock to less than 35% of our total enterprise value; • maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio in excess of 2.0x; • maintain a debt-to-adjusted EBITDA ratio below 6.0x; • • limit the principal amount of our outstanding floating rate debt to less than 20% of our total consolidated indebtedness; and have staggered debt maturities that are aligned to our expected average lease term (5-7 years), positioning us to re-price parts of our capital structure as our rental rates change with market conditions. We intend to preserve a flexible capital structure with a long-term goal to maintain our investment grade rating and be in a position to issue additional unsecured debt and additional perpetual preferred stock. Fitch Ratings assigned us an issuer rating of BBB with a stable outlook. A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit rating. Our credit rating can affect the amount and type of capital we can access, as well as the terms of any financings we may obtain. In the event our current credit rating is downgraded, it may become difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments. We intend to primarily utilize senior unsecured notes, term loans, credit facilities, dispositions of properties, common stock and perpetual preferred stock. We may also assume debt in connection with property acquisitions which may have a higher loan-to-value. Our Corporate Structure We are a Maryland corporation formed on November 6, 2009 and have been publicly held and subject to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, reporting obligations since 2010. We are not structured as an Umbrella Partnership Real Estate Investment Trust, or UPREIT, although we could put in place a similar structure to facilitate an acquisition if needed. We currently own our properties indirectly through subsidiaries and may utilize one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries as appropriate. 4 Our Tax Status We elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010. We believe that our organization and method of operation has enabled and will continue to enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT for federal income tax purposes. To maintain REIT status we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we annually distribute at least 90% of our net taxable income to our stockholders, excluding net capital gains. As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on REIT taxable income we currently distribute to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to some federal, state and local taxes on our income or property and the income of our taxable REIT subsidiaries, if any, will be subject to taxation at regular corporate rates. We do not currently own any taxable REIT subsidiaries but may in the future. Competition We believe the current market for industrial real estate acquisitions to be competitive. We compete for real property investments with pension funds and their advisors, bank and insurance company investment accounts, other public and private real estate investment companies, including other REITs, real estate limited partnerships, owner-users, individuals and other entities engaged in real estate investment activities, some of which have greater financial resources than we do. We believe the leasing of real estate to be highly competitive. We experience competition for customers from owners and managers of competing properties. As a result, we may have to provide free rental periods, incur charges for tenant improvements or offer other inducements, all of which may have an adverse impact on our results of operations. Environmental Matters The industrial properties that we own and will acquire are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws. Under these laws, courts and government agencies have the authority to require us, as owner of a contaminated property, to clean up the property, even if we did not know of or were not responsible for the contamination. These laws also apply to persons who owned a property at the time it became contaminated, and therefore it is possible we could incur these costs even after we sell some of our properties. In addition to the costs of cleanup, environmental contamination can affect the value of a property and, therefore, an owner’s ability to borrow using the property as collateral or to sell the property. Under applicable environmental laws, courts and government agencies also have the authority to require that a person who sent waste to a waste disposal facility, such as a landfill or an incinerator, pay for the clean-up of that facility if it becomes contaminated and threatens human health or the environment. Furthermore, various court decisions have established that third parties may recover damages for injury caused by property contamination. For instance, a person exposed to asbestos at one of our properties may seek to recover damages if he or she suffers injury from the asbestos. Lastly, some of these environmental laws restrict the use of a property or place conditions on various activities. An example would be laws that require a business using chemicals to manage them carefully and to notify local officials that the chemicals are being used. We could be responsible for any of the costs discussed above. The costs to clean up a contaminated property, to defend against a claim, or to comply with environmental laws could be material and could adversely affect the funds available for distribution to our stockholders. We generally obtain “Phase I environmental site assessments”, or ESAs, on each property prior to acquiring it. However, these ESAs may not reveal all environmental costs that might have a material adverse effect on our business, assets, results of operations or liquidity and may not identify all potential environmental liabilities. In general, we utilize local third-party property managers for day-to-day property management and will rely on these third parties to operate our industrial properties in compliance with applicable federal, state and local environmental laws in their daily operation of the respective properties and to promptly notify us of any environmental contaminations or similar issues. As a result, we may become subject to material environmental liabilities of which we are unaware. We can make no assurances that (1) future laws or regulations will not impose material environmental liabilities on us, or (2) the environmental condition of our industrial properties will not be affected by the condition of the properties in the vicinity of our industrial properties (such as the presence of leaking underground storage tanks) or by third parties unrelated to us. We were not aware of any significant or material exposures as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . Employees As of February 6, 2019 , we have 23 employees. None of our employees is a member of any union. 5 Available Information We maintain an internet website at the following address: http://terreno.com . The information on our website is neither part of nor incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We make available, free of charge, on or through our website certain reports and amendments to those reports that we file with or furnish to the SEC in accordance with the Exchange Act. These include our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K and exhibits and amendments to these reports, and Section 16 filings. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is also available on our website. We intend to disclose any amendments or waivers to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that apply to any of our executive officers on our website. We make this information available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC. You may also obtain our reports by accessing the EDGAR database at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. Item 1A. Risk Factors. The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully considered. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we may currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be adversely affected. Investors should also refer to our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K for any material updates to these risk factors. Risks Related to Our Business and Our Properties Our long-term growth will depend, in part, upon future acquisitions of properties, and we may be unable to consummate acquisitions on advantageous terms, the acquired properties may not perform as we expect, or we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate our new acquisitions into our existing operations. We intend to continue to acquire industrial properties in our six target markets. The acquisition of properties entails various risks, including the risks that our investments may not perform as well as we had expected, that we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate our new acquisitions into our existing operations and that our cost estimates for bringing an acquired property up to market standards may prove inaccurate. In addition, we cannot assure you of the availability of investment opportunities in our targeted markets at attractive pricing levels or at all. In the event that such opportunities are not available in our targeted markets as we expect, our ability to execute our business plan and realize our projections for growth may be materially adversely affected. Further, we face significant competition for attractive investment opportunities from other well-capitalized real estate investors, including pension funds and their advisors, bank and insurance company investment accounts, other public and private real estate investment companies, including other REITs, real estate limited partnerships, owner-users, individuals and other entities engaged in real estate investment activities, some of which have greater financial resources than we do and a greater ability to borrow funds to acquire properties. This competition increases as investments in real estate become increasingly attractive relative to other forms of investment. As a result of competition, we may be unable to acquire properties as we desire or the purchase price may be significantly elevated. In addition, we expect to finance future acquisitions through a combination of borrowings under our revolving credit facility, term loans, unsecured debt, debt secured by individual properties or pools of properties, the use of retained cash flows and the issuance of a combination of long-term debt and common and perpetual preferred stock, which may not be available at all or on advantageous terms and which could adversely affect our cash flows. Any of the above risks could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions on, and the market price of, our common stock and our preferred stock. We may make acquisitions that pose integration and other risks that could harm our business. We may be required to incur debt and expenditures and issue additional shares of our common stock or issue shares of preferred stock to pay for industrial properties that we may acquire, which may dilute our stockholders’ ownership interests and may reduce or eliminate our profitability. These acquisitions may also expose us to risks such as: • • • • the possibility that we may not be able to successfully integrate acquired properties into our operations; the possibility that additional capital expenditures may be required; the possibility that senior management may be required to spend considerable time negotiating agreements and integrating acquired properties; the possible loss or reduction in value of acquired properties; 6 • • • the possibility of pre-existing undisclosed liabilities regarding acquired properties, including but not limited to environmental or asbestos liability, for which our insurance may be insufficient or for which we may be unable to secure insurance coverage; the possibility that a concentration of our industrial properties in Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area and Seattle may increase our exposure to seismic activity, especially if these industrial properties are located on or near fault zones; and the possibility that we may not meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates. We expect acquisition costs, including capital expenditures required to render industrial properties operational, to increase in the future. If our revenue does not keep pace with these potential acquisition costs, we may not be able to maintain our current or expected earnings as we absorb these additional expenses. There is no assurance we would successfully overcome these risks or any other problems encountered with these acquisitions. If we cannot obtain additional financing, our growth will be limited. If adverse conditions in the credit markets — in particular with respect to real estate — materially deteriorate, our business could be materially and adversely affected. Our long-term ability to grow through investments in industrial properties, including our ability to realize our projections for growth, will be limited if we cannot obtain additional financing on favorable terms or at all. In the future, we will rely on equity and debt financing, including issuances of common and perpetual preferred stock, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, term loans, issuances of unsecured debt securities and debt secured by individual properties or pools of properties, to finance our acquisition, redevelopment, renovation and expansion activities and for working capital. If we are unable to obtain equity or debt financing from these or other sources, or to refinance existing indebtedness upon maturity, our financial condition and results of operations would likely be adversely affected. Market conditions may make it difficult to obtain additional financing, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing or that we will be able to obtain it on favorable terms. In addition, to qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income (determined before the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gains) each year to our stockholders, and we generally expect to make distributions in excess of such amount. As a result, our ability to retain earnings to fund acquisitions, redevelopment, renovation and expansion, if any, or other capital expenditures will be limited. The availability and timing of cash distributions is uncertain. We have made regular quarterly cash distributions (which we also refer to as dividends, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in the other documents we file with the SEC) to our stockholders, and we intend to continue to pay regular quarterly cash distributions. However, we bear all expenses incurred by our operations, and the funds generated by our operations, after deducting these expenses, may not be sufficient to cover desired levels of distributions to our stockholders. In addition, our board of directors, in its discretion, may retain any portion of such cash for working capital. Our ability to make distributions to our stockholders also will depend on our levels of retained cash flows, which we intend to use as a source of investment capital. We cannot assure our stockholders that sufficient funds will be available to pay distributions. Our corporate strategy is to fund the payment of quarterly distributions to our stockholders entirely from distributable cash flows. However, we may fund our quarterly distributions to our stockholders from a combination of available cash flows, net of recurring capital expenditures, and proceeds from borrowings and property dispositions. In the event we are unable to consistently fund future quarterly distributions to our stockholders entirely from distributable cash flows, the value of our shares may be negatively impacted. We depend on key personnel. Our success depends to a significant degree upon the contributions of certain key personnel, including but not limited to, our chairman and chief executive officer and our president, each of whom would be difficult to replace. If any of our key personnel were to cease employment with us, our operating results could suffer. Our ability to retain our senior management group or to attract suitable replacements should any members of the senior management group leave is dependent on the competitive nature of the employment market. The loss of services from key members of the management group or a limitation in their availability could adversely impact our financial condition and cash flows. Further, such a loss could be negatively perceived in the capital markets. We have not obtained and do not expect to obtain key man life insurance on any of our key personnel. We also believe that, as we expand, our future success depends, in large part, upon our ability to hire and retain highly skilled managerial, investment, financial and operational personnel. Competition for such personnel is intense, and we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be successful in attracting and retaining such skilled personnel. 7 Our investments are concentrated in the industrial real estate sector, and our business would be adversely affected by an economic downturn in that sector. Our investments in real estate assets are concentrated in the industrial real estate sector. This concentration may expose us to the risk of economic downturns in this sector to a greater extent than if our business activities included a more significant portion of other sectors of the real estate industry. Events or occurrences that affect areas in which our properties are located may materially adversely impact our financial results. In addition to general, regional, national and international economic conditions that may materially adversely affect our business and financial results, our operating performance will be materially adversely impacted by adverse economic conditions in the specific markets in which we operate and particularly in the markets in which we have significant concentrations of properties. For example, as of December 31, 2018 , approximately 25.3% of our rentable square feet and approximately 49.1% of our improved land parcels were located in Northern New Jersey/New York City, representing a combined percentage of approximately 27.0% of our total annualized base rent, and approximately 19.7% of our rentable square feet and approximately 18.3% of our improved land parcels were located in Los Angeles, representing a combined percentage of approximately 17.6% of our total annualized base rent. See “Item 2 – Properties” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding our ownership of properties in our markets. Any downturn in the economy in the real estate market or any of our markets and any failure to accurately predict the timing of any economic improvement in these markets could cause our operations and our revenue and cash available for distribution, including cash available to pay distributions to our stockholders, to be materially adversely affected. We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space, including vacant space resulting from tenant defaults, or re-lease space as leases expire. We cannot assure you that leases at our properties will be renewed or that such properties will be re-leased at net effective rental rates equal to or above the then current average net effective rental rates or at all. In addition, we may be required to grant concessions or fund improvements. If the rental rates for our properties decrease, our tenants do not renew their leases or we do not re-lease a significant portion of our available space, including vacant space resulting from tenant defaults, and space for which leases are scheduled to expire, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, cash available for distribution to stockholders, per share trading price of our common stock and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if we are unable to renew leases or re-lease a property, the resale value of that property could be diminished because the market value of a particular property will depend in part upon the value of the leases of such property. We face potential adverse effects from the bankruptcies or insolvencies of tenants or from tenant defaults generally. We are dependent on tenants for our revenues, including certain significant tenants. Moreover, certain of our properties are occupied by a single tenant, and the income produced by these properties depends on the financial stability of that tenant. The bankruptcy or insolvency of the tenants at our properties, or tenant defaults generally, may adversely affect the income produced by our properties. The tenants, particularly those that are highly leveraged, could file for bankruptcy protection or become insolvent in the future. Under bankruptcy law, a tenant cannot be evicted solely because of its bankruptcy. On the other hand, a bankrupt tenant may reject and terminate its lease with us. In such case, our claim against the bankrupt tenant for unpaid and future rent would be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease, and, even so, our claim for unpaid rent would likely not be paid in full. This shortfall could adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations and could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to stockholders. A default by a tenant on its lease payments could force us to find an alternative source of revenues to pay any mortgage loan or operating expenses on the property. In the event of a tenant default, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs, including litigation and related expenses, in protecting our investment and re-leasing our property. Declining real estate valuations and impairment charges could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition. We review the carrying value of our properties when circumstances, such as adverse market conditions, indicate potential impairment may exist. We base our review on an estimate of the future cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to result from the real estate investment’s use and eventual disposition. We consider factors such as future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If our evaluation indicates that we 8 may be unable to recover the carrying value of a real estate investment, an impairment loss will be recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. These losses would have a direct impact on our net income because recording an impairment loss results in an immediate negative adjustment to net income. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. A worsening real estate market may cause us to reevaluate the assumptions used in our impairment analysis. Impairment charges could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash available for distribution, including cash available for us to pay distributions to our stockholders and per share trading price of our common stock. We utilize local third-party managers for day-to-day property management for substantially all of our properties. In general, we prefer to utilize local third-party managers for day-to-day property management, although we may directly manage other properties in the future. To the extent we utilize third-party managers, our cash flows from our industrial properties may be adversely affected if our managers fail to provide quality services. In addition, our managers or their affiliates may manage, and in some cases may own, invest in or provide credit support or operating guarantees to industrial properties that compete with our industrial properties, which may result in conflicts of interest and decisions regarding the operation of our industrial properties that are not in our best interests. Our real estate redevelopment, renovation or expansion strategies may not be successful. In connection with our business strategy, we may pursue redevelopment opportunities or construct expansions or improvements of industrial properties that we own. We will be subject to risks associated with our redevelopment, renovation and expansion activities that could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions on, and the market price of, our common stock. Such risks include the expenditure of money and time on projects that do not perform as expected; higher than estimated construction or operating costs, including labor and material costs; failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, any necessary permits and authorizations; permits and authorizations that are subject to stringent conditions; the inability to complete construction on the timeframe we expect; occupancy and rental rates that may not meet expectations; and the inability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all to finance redevelopment, renovation and expansion projects. We may be required to fund future tenant improvements, and we may not have funding for those improvements. When a tenant at one of our properties does not renew its lease or otherwise vacates its space in one of our buildings in the future, it is likely that, in order to attract one or more new tenants, we will be required to expend funds to construct new tenant improvements in the vacated space. We may also be required to fund tenant improvements to retain tenants. Although we intend to manage our cash position or financing availability to pay for any improvements required for re- leasing, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will have adequate sources of funding available to us for such purposes in the future. Debt service obligations could adversely affect our overall operating results, may require us to sell industrial properties and could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the market price of our shares of common stock. Our business strategy contemplates the use of both non-recourse secured debt and unsecured debt to finance long-term growth. As of December 31, 2018 , we had total debt, net of deferred financing costs, of approximately $ 462.1 million, which consisted of revolving credit facility borrowings, term loan borrowings, senior unsecured note borrowings and mortgage loans payable. While over the long term we intend to limit the sum of the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness and the liquidation preference of any outstanding shares of preferred stock to less than 35% of our total enterprise value, our governing documents contain no limitations on the amount of debt that we may incur, and our board of directors may change our financing policy at any time without stockholder approval. Over the long-term, we also intend to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio in excess of 2.0x and a debt-to-adjusted EBITDA ratio below 6.0x and limit the principal amount of our outstanding floating rate debt to less than 20% of our total consolidated indebtedness. Our board of directors may modify or eliminate these limitations at any time without the approval of our stockholders. As a result, we may be able to incur substantial additional debt, including secured debt, in the future. Our existing debt, and the incurrence of additional debt, could subject us to many risks, including the risks that: • • our cash flows from operations will be insufficient to make required payments of principal and interest; our debt may increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions; 9 • • • we may be required to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our debt, thereby reducing cash available for distribution to our stockholders, funds available for operations and capital expenditures, future business opportunities or other purposes; the terms of any refinancing will not be as favorable as the terms of the debt being refinanced; and the use of leverage could adversely affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the market price of our shares of common stock. If we do not have sufficient funds to repay existing or future debt, including debt under our credit facility and senior unsecured notes, it may be necessary to refinance the debt through additional debt or additional equity financings. If, at the time of any refinancing, prevailing interest rates or other factors result in higher interest rates on refinancings, increases in interest expense would adversely affect our cash flows, and, consequently, cash available for distribution to our stockholders. If we are unable to refinance our debt on acceptable terms, we may be forced to dispose of industrial properties on disadvantageous terms, potentially resulting in losses. We may place mortgages on our properties that we own to secure a revolving credit facility or other debt. To the extent we cannot meet any future debt service obligations, we will risk losing some or all of our industrial properties that may be pledged to secure our obligations to foreclosure. Also, covenants applicable to any existing or future debt could impair our planned investment strategy and, if violated, result in a default. Higher interest rates could increase debt service requirements on any floating rate debt that we incur and could reduce the amounts available for distribution to our stockholders, as well as reduce funds available for our operations, future business opportunities, or other purposes. In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the amount third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to change our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Adverse economic conditions could cause the terms on which we borrow to be unfavorable. We could be required to liquidate one or more of our industrial properties in order to meet our debt service obligations at times which may not permit us to receive an attractive return on our investments. Our $250.0 million revolving credit facility, our $150.0 million of term loans, our $250.0 million of senior unsecured notes and certain of our existing mortgage loans payable contain, and we expect that our future indebtedness will contain, covenants that could limit our operations and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. We have a credit facility, which consists of a $ 50.0 million term loan that matures in August 2021 , a $ 100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2022 and a $ 250.0 million revolving credit facility that matures in October 2022 . We also have $250.0 million of senior unsecured notes outstanding. We have agreed to guarantee the obligations of the borrower (a wholly-owned subsidiary) under our revolving credit facility, our term loans and our senior unsecured notes. Our revolving credit facility, our term loans, our senior unsecured notes and certain of our existing mortgage loans payable contain, and we expect that our future indebtedness will contain, financial and operating covenants, such as fixed charge coverage and debt ratios and other limitations that will limit or restrict our ability to make distributions or other payments to our stockholders and may restrict our investment activities. For example, our credit facility restricts distributions if we are in default. The covenants in our debt agreements may restrict our ability to engage in transactions that we believe would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders or obtain necessary funds. Given the restrictions in our debt covenants on these and other activities, we may be limited in our operating and financial flexibility and in our ability to respond to changes in our business or competitive activities in the future. Failure to meet our financial covenants could result from, among other things, changes in our results of operations, the incurrence of debt or changes in general economic conditions. In addition, the failure of at least one of our chief executive officer and our president or any successors approved by the administrative agent to continue to be active in our day-to-day management constitutes an event of default under our credit facility. We have 120 days under our credit facility to hire a successor executive reasonably satisfactory to the administrative agent in the event that both our chief executive officer and our president or any successors cease to be active in our management. If we violate covenants or if there is an event of default under our credit facility, our senior unsecured notes, our existing mortgage loans payable or in our future agreements, we could be required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all which may have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the note purchase agreements with respect to our existing senior unsecured notes contain, and any unsecured debt agreements we enter into in the future may contain, specific cross-default provisions with respect to specified other indebtedness, giving the unsecured lenders the right to declare a default if we are in default under other loans in some circumstances. Defaults under our debt agreements could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. 10 We may acquire outstanding debt or provide a loan, in each case secured by an industrial property, which will expose us to risks. We may acquire outstanding debt secured by an industrial property from lenders and investors or provide a loan secured by industrial property if we believe we can acquire ownership of the underlying property through foreclosure, deed-in-lieu of foreclosure or other means. For example, on May 7, 2018, we made a senior secured loan of $55.0 million with a two-year term that bears interest at a fixed annual interest rate of 8.0% and matures in May 2020, which is secured by a portfolio of nine improved land parcels. If we do acquire such debt or provide such a loan, borrowers may seek to assert various defenses to our foreclosure or other actions and we may not be successful in acquiring the underlying property on a timely basis, or at all, in which event we could incur significant costs and experience significant delays in acquiring such properties, all of which could adversely affect our financial performance and reduce our expected returns from such investments. In addition, we may not earn a current return on such investments particularly if the loan that we acquire or provide is in, or goes into, default. If we provide debtor-in-possession financing or provide a loan, a default by the borrower could adversely affect our cash flows. We may on a limited basis provide debtor-in-possession financing to a property owner that has filed for bankruptcy, or make a loan secured by real estate that we might otherwise purchase directly. We expect that any such loans would be secured by one or more properties that we intend to acquire and that we would have the option to acquire such property in lieu of the repayment of such loan. For example, on May 7, 2018, we made a senior secured loan of $55.0 million with a two-year term that bears interest at a fixed annual interest rate of 8.0% and matures in May 2020, which is secured by a portfolio of nine improved land parcels. Any default by the borrower under any such loan, including such senior secured loan, could negatively impact our cash flows and our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders and result in litigation and related expenses. Although we would expect to acquire the secured property upon a borrower’s default, there is no assurance that we will successfully foreclose on a property, and any such foreclosure could result in significant expenses. Adverse changes in our credit rating could negatively affect our financing activity. Fitch Ratings assigned us an issuer rating of BBB with a stable outlook. A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. Our credit rating can affect the amount of capital we can access, as well as the terms and pricing of any debt we may incur. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit rating, and in the event our credit rating is downgraded, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs and may encounter difficulty in obtaining additional financing. Also, a downgrade in our credit rating may trigger additional payments or other negative consequences under our existing and future credit facilities and debt instruments. For example, if our credit rating is downgraded to below investment grade levels, we may not be able to obtain or maintain extensions on certain of our existing debt. Adverse changes in our credit rating could negatively impact our refinancing activities, our ability to manage our debt maturities, our future growth, our financial condition, the market price of our stock and our acquisition activities. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may adversely affect results of operations. We may seek to manage our exposure to interest rate volatility by using interest rate hedging arrangements, such as cap contracts and swap agreements. For example, we have executed interest rate caps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with our $150.0 million of variable-rate term loans. These agreements have costs and involve the risks that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes and that a court could rule that such agreements are not legally enforceable. Hedging may reduce overall returns on our investments. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate changes may materially adversely affect our results of operations. Our property taxes could increase due to property tax rate changes or reassessment, which would impact our cash flows. Even if we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we will be required to pay some state and local taxes on our properties. The real property taxes on our properties may increase as property tax rates change or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. Therefore, the amount of property taxes we pay in the future may increase substantially. If the property taxes we pay increase, our cash flows will be impacted, and our ability to pay expected distributions to our stockholders could be adversely affected. Actions of our joint venture partners could negatively impact our performance. While we have no current intention to do so, we may acquire and/or redevelop properties through joint ventures, limited liability companies and partnerships with other persons or entities when warranted by the circumstances. Such partners may 11 share certain approval rights over major decisions. Such investments may involve risks not otherwise present with other methods of investment in real estate. We generally will seek to maintain sufficient control of our partnerships, limited liability companies and joint ventures to permit us to achieve our business objectives; however, we may not be able to do so, and the occurrence of one or more of the events described above could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions on, and the market price of, our common stock. If we invest in a limited partnership as a general partner, we could be responsible for all liabilities of such partnership. In some joint ventures or other investments we may make, if the entity in which we invest is a limited partnership, we may acquire all or a portion of our interest in such partnership as a general partner. As a general partner, we could be liable for all the liabilities of such partnership. Additionally, we may be required to take our interests in other investments as a non-managing general partner. Consequently, we would be potentially liable for all such liabilities without having the same rights of management or control over the operation of the partnership as the managing general partner or partners may have. Therefore, we may be held responsible for all of the liabilities of an entity in which we do not have full management rights or control, and our liability may far exceed the amount or value of the investment we initially made or then had in the partnership. The conflict of interest policies we have adopted may not adequately address all of the conflicts of interest that may arise with respect to our activities. In order to avoid any actual or perceived conflicts of interest with our directors, officers or employees, we have adopted certain policies to specifically address some of the potential conflicts relating to our activities. In addition, our board of directors is subject to certain provisions of Maryland law, which are also designed to eliminate or minimize conflicts. Although under these policies the approval of a majority of our disinterested directors is required to approve any transaction, agreement or relationship in which any of our directors, officers or employees has an interest, there is no assurance that these policies will be adequate to address all of the conflicts that may arise or will address such conflicts in a manner that is favorable to us. Our business could be adversely impacted if we have deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting. The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management will continue to review the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal controls over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal controls over financial reporting which may occur in the future could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, a decline in our stock price, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. Volatility in the capital and credit markets could materially and adversely impact us. The capital and credit markets have experienced extreme volatility and disruption from time to time, which has at times made it more difficult to borrow money or raise equity capital. Market volatility and disruption could hinder our ability to obtain new debt financing or refinance our maturing debt on favorable terms or at all. In addition, our future access to the equity markets could be limited. Any such financing or refinancing issues could materially and adversely affect us. Market turmoil and tightening of credit, which have occurred in the past, can lead to an increased lack of consumer confidence and widespread reduction of business activity generally, which also could materially and adversely impact us, including our ability to acquire and dispose of assets on favorable terms or at all. Volatility in capital and credit markets may also have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. We may not acquire the industrial properties that we have entered into agreements or non-binding letters of intent to acquire. We have entered into agreements and non-binding letters of intent with third-party sellers to acquire properties as more fully described under the heading “Contractual Obligations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There is no assurance that we will acquire the properties under contract and non-binding letters of intent because the proposed acquisitions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence and various closing conditions, and in the case of properties under non-binding letters of intent, our entry into purchase and sale agreements with respect to the properties. There is no assurance that such proposed acquisitions, if completed, will be completed on the timeframe or terms we expect. If we do not complete the acquisition of the properties under contract or non- binding letters of intent, we will have incurred expenses without our stockholders realizing any benefit from the acquisition of such properties. 12 We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber-attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems. We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, people with access or who gain access to our systems and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed to not be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could significantly disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems and significantly disrupt our operations, which could ultimately have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions on, and the market price of, our common stock. Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry Our performance and value are subject to general economic conditions and risks associated with our real estate assets. The investment returns available from investments in real estate depend on the amount of income earned and capital appreciation generated by the properties, as well as the expenses incurred in connection with the properties. If our properties do not generate income sufficient to meet operating expenses, including debt service and capital expenditures, then our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders could be adversely affected. In addition, there are significant expenditures associated with an investment in real estate (such as mortgage payments, real estate taxes and maintenance costs) that generally do not decline when circumstances reduce the income from the property. Income from and the value of our properties may be adversely affected by: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • downturns in national, regional and local economic conditions (particularly increases in unemployment); the attractiveness of our properties to potential tenants and competition from other industrial properties; changes in supply of or demand for similar or competing properties in an area; bankruptcies, financial difficulties or lease defaults by the tenants of our properties; adverse capital and credit market conditions, which may restrict our operating activities; changes in interest rates, availability and terms of debt financing; changes in operating costs and expenses and our ability to control rents; changes in, or increased costs of compliance with, governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies, including changes in tax, real estate, environmental and zoning laws, and our potential liability thereunder; our ability to provide adequate maintenance and insurance; changes in the cost or availability of insurance, including coverage for mold or asbestos; unanticipated changes in costs associated with known adverse environmental conditions or retained liabilities for such conditions; periods of high or rising interest rates; tenant turnover; re-leasing that may require concessions or reduced rental rates under the new leases due to reduced demand; general overbuilding or excess supply in the market area; disruptions in the global supply chain caused by political, regulatory or other factors including terrorism; disruptions to political, governmental or regulatory systems, including shutdowns of the government and its agencies; and the effects of deflation, including credit market dislocation, weakened consumer demand and a decline in general price levels. In addition, periods of economic slowdown or recession, rising interest rates or declining demand for real estate, or public perception that any of these events may occur, would result in a general decrease in rents or an increased occurrence of defaults under existing leases, which would materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Future terrorist 13 attacks may result in declining economic activity, which could reduce the demand for, and the value of, our properties. To the extent that future attacks impact the tenants of our properties, their businesses similarly could be adversely affected, including their ability to continue to honor their existing leases. For these and other reasons, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be profitable or that we will realize growth in the value of our real estate properties. Investments in real estate properties are subject to risks that could adversely affect our business. Investments in real estate properties are subject to varying degrees of risk. While we seek to minimize these risks through geographic diversification of our portfolio, market research and our asset management capabilities, these risks cannot be eliminated. Factors that may affect real estate values and cash flows include: • • • • • • • local conditions, such as oversupply or a reduction in demand; technological changes, such as reconfiguration of supply chains, autonomous vehicles, robotics, 3D printing or other technologies; the attractiveness of our properties to potential tenants and competition from other available properties; increasing costs of maintaining, insuring, renovating and making improvements to our properties; our ability to renovate and reposition our properties due to changes in the business and logistical needs of our tenants; our ability to control rents and variable operating costs; and government regulations and the associated liability under, and changes in, environmental, zoning, usage, tax tariffs and other laws. Actions by our competitors may decrease or prevent increases in the occupancy and rental rates of our properties. We compete with other developers, owners and operators of real estate, some of which own properties similar to our properties in the same markets and submarkets in which the properties we own are located. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below current market rates or below the rental rates we will charge the tenants of our properties, we may lose existing or potential tenants, and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates or offer tenant concessions or favorable lease terms in order to retain tenants when such tenants’ leases expire or attract new tenants. In addition, if our competitors sell assets similar to assets we intend to divest in the same markets and/or at valuations below our valuations for comparable assets, we may be unable to divest our assets at all or at favorable pricing or on favorable terms. As a result of these actions by our competitors, our financial condition, cash flows, cash available for distribution, trading price of our common stock and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations could be materially adversely affected. Real estate investments are not as liquid as other types of assets, which may reduce economic returns to investors. Real estate investments are not as liquid as other types of investments, and this lack of liquidity may limit our ability to react promptly to changes in economic, financial, investment or other conditions. In addition, significant expenditures associated with real estate investments, such as mortgage payments, real estate taxes and maintenance costs, are generally not reduced when circumstances cause a reduction in income from the investments. In addition, we intend to comply with the safe harbor rules relating to the number of properties that can be disposed of in a year, the tax bases and the costs of improvements made to these properties, and meet other tests which enable a REIT to avoid punitive taxation on the sale of assets. Thus, our ability at any time to sell assets may be restricted. This lack of liquidity may limit our ability to vary our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic, financial, investment or other conditions and, as a result, could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and our ability to pay distributions on, and the market price of, our common stock. Uninsured or underinsured losses relating to real property may adversely affect our returns. We will attempt to ensure that all of our properties are adequately insured to cover casualty losses. However, there are certain losses, including losses from floods, hurricanes, fires, earthquakes and other natural disasters, acts of war, acts of terrorism or riots, that are not generally insured against or that are not generally fully insured against because it is not deemed economically feasible or prudent to do so. In addition, changes in the cost or availability of insurance could expose us to uninsured casualty losses. In the event that any of our properties incurs a casualty loss that is not fully covered by insurance, the value of our assets will be reduced by the amount of any such uninsured loss, and we could experience a significant loss of capital invested and potential revenues in these properties and could potentially remain obligated under any recourse debt associated with the property. Inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations and other factors might also keep us from using insurance proceeds to replace or renovate a property after it has been damaged or destroyed. Under those circumstances, the insurance proceeds we receive might be inadequate to restore our economic position on the damaged or destroyed property. Any such losses could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions on, and the market price of, our common stock. In addition, we may have no source 14 of funding to repair or reconstruct the damaged property, and we cannot assure that any such sources of funding will be available to us for such purposes in the future. We own properties in Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area and Seattle, which are located in areas that are known to be subject to earthquake activity. Although we carry replacement-cost earthquake insurance on all of our properties located in areas historically subject to seismic activity, subject to coverage limitations and deductibles that we believe are commercially reasonable, we may not be able to obtain coverage to cover all losses with respect to such properties on economically favorable terms, which could expose us to uninsured casualty losses. We intend to evaluate our earthquake insurance coverage annually in light of current industry practice. We own properties located in areas which are known to be subject to hurricane and/or flood risk. Although we carry replacement-cost hurricane and/or flood hazard insurance on all of our properties located in areas historically subject to such activity, subject to coverage limitations and deductibles that we believe are commercially reasonable, we may not be able to obtain coverage to cover all losses with respect to such properties on economically favorable terms, which could expose us to uninsured casualty losses. We intend to evaluate our insurance coverage annually in light of current industry practice. If any of our insurance carriers becomes insolvent, we could be adversely affected. We carry several different lines of insurance with several large insurance carriers. If any one of these large insurance carriers were to become insolvent, we would be forced to replace the existing insurance coverage with another suitable carrier, and any outstanding claims would be at significant risk for collection. In such an event, we cannot be certain that we would be able to replace the coverage at similar or otherwise favorable terms. Replacing insurance coverage at unfavorable rates and the potential of uncollectible claims due to carrier insolvency would likely adversely affect us. Contingent or unknown liabilities could adversely affect our financial condition. We may own or acquire properties that are subject to liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities. Additionally, many sellers of real estate are single-purpose entities without any other significant assets. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based upon ownership of any of these entities or properties, then we might have to pay substantial sums to settle it, which could adversely affect our cash flows. Unknown liabilities with respect to entities or properties acquired might include: • • • • liabilities for investigation, clean-up or remediation of adverse environmental conditions; accrued but unpaid liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business; tax liabilities; and claims for indemnification by the general partners, officers and directors and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties. We may from time to time be subject to litigation that may negatively impact our cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and market price of our common stock. We may from time to time be a defendant in lawsuits and regulatory proceedings relating to our business. Such litigation and proceedings may result in defense costs, settlements, fines or judgments against us, some of which may not be covered by insurance. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and regulatory proceedings, we cannot accurately predict the ultimate outcome of any such litigation or proceedings. An unfavorable outcome could negatively impact our cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and trading price of our common stock. Additionally, whether or not any dispute actually proceeds to litigation, we may be required to devote significant management time and attention to its successful resolution (through litigation, settlement or otherwise), which would detract from our management’s ability to focus on our business. Any such resolution could involve the payment of damages or expenses by us, which may be significant, or involve our agreement with terms that restrict the operation of our business. Certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may also affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage and could expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured, and/or adversely impact our ability to attract directors, officers and other key employees. Environmentally hazardous conditions may adversely affect our operating results. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the cost of investigating, removing or remediating hazardous or toxic substances on such property. Such laws often 15 impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. Even if more than one person may have been responsible for the contamination, each person covered by applicable environmental laws may be held responsible for all of the clean-up costs incurred. In addition, third parties may sue the owner or operator of a site for damages based on personal injury, natural resource or property damage or other costs, including investigation and clean-up costs, resulting from the environmental contamination. The presence of hazardous or toxic substances on one of our properties, or the failure to properly remediate a contaminated property, could give rise to a lien in favor of the government for costs it may incur to address the contamination, or otherwise adversely affect our ability to sell or lease the property or borrow using the property as collateral. Environmental laws also may impose restrictions on the manner in which property may be used or businesses may be operated. A property owner who violates environmental laws may be subject to sanctions which may be enforced by governmental agencies or, in certain circumstances, private parties. In connection with the acquisition and ownership of our properties, we may be exposed to such costs. The cost of defending against environmental claims, of compliance with environmental regulatory requirements or of remediating any contaminated property could materially adversely affect our business, assets or results of operations and, consequently, amounts available for distribution to our stockholders. Environmental laws in the U.S. also require that owners or operators of buildings containing asbestos properly manage and maintain the asbestos, adequately inform or train those who may come into contact with asbestos and undertake special precautions, including removal or other abatement, in the event that asbestos is disturbed during building renovation or demolition. These laws may impose fines and penalties on building owners or operators who fail to comply with these requirements and may allow third parties to seek recovery from owners or operators for personal injury associated with exposure to asbestos. Some of our properties may contain asbestos-containing building materials. We invest in properties historically used for industrial, manufacturing and commercial purposes. Some of these properties contain, or may have contained, underground storage tanks for the storage of petroleum products and other hazardous or toxic substances. All of these operations create a potential for the release of petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances. Some of our properties may be adjacent to or near other properties that have contained or currently contain underground storage tanks used to store petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances. In addition, certain of our properties may be on or are adjacent to or near other properties upon which others, including former owners or tenants of such properties, have engaged, or may in the future engage, in activities that may release petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances. As needed, we may obtain environmental insurance policies on commercially reasonable terms that provide coverage for potential environmental liabilities, subject to the policy’s coverage conditions and limitations. From time to time, we may acquire properties, or interests in properties, with known adverse environmental conditions where we believe that the environmental liabilities associated with these conditions are quantifiable and that the acquisition will yield a superior risk-adjusted return. In such an instance, we underwrite the costs of environmental investigation, clean-up and monitoring into the cost. Further, in connection with property dispositions, we may agree to remain responsible for, and to bear the cost of, remediating or monitoring certain environmental conditions on the properties. We generally obtain Phase I environmental site assessments on each property prior to acquiring it and we generally anticipate that the properties that we may acquire in the future may be subject to a Phase I or similar environmental assessment by independent environmental consultants at the time of acquisition. Phase I assessments are intended to discover and evaluate information regarding the environmental condition of the surveyed property and surrounding properties. Phase I assessments generally include a historical review, a public records review, an investigation of the surveyed site and surrounding properties, and preparation and issuance of a written report, but do not include soil sampling or subsurface investigations and typically do not include an asbestos survey. Even if none of our environmental assessments of our properties reveal an environmental liability that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations taken as a whole, we cannot give any assurance that such conditions do not exist or may not arise in the future. Material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns may go undetected by the environmental assessment or arise after the environmental assessment has been completed. Moreover, there can be no assurance that (i) future laws, ordinances or regulations will not impose any material environmental liability or (ii) the environmental condition of our properties will not be affected by tenants, by the condition of land or operations in the vicinity of such properties (such as releases from underground storage tanks), or by third parties unrelated to us. Costs of complying with governmental laws and regulations with respect to our properties may adversely affect our income and the cash available for any distributions. All real property and the operations conducted on real property are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. Tenants’ ability to operate and to generate income to pay their lease obligations may be affected by permitting and compliance obligations arising under such laws and regulations. Some of these laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability on tenants, owners or operators for the costs to investigate 16 or remediate contaminated properties, regardless of fault or whether the acts causing the contamination were legal. Leasing our properties to tenants that engage in industrial, manufacturing, and commercial activities will cause us to be subject to the risk of liabilities under environmental laws and regulations. In addition, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances, or the failure to properly remediate these substances, may adversely affect our ability to sell, rent or pledge such property as collateral for future borrowings. Some of these laws and regulations have been amended so as to require compliance with new or more stringent standards as of future dates. Compliance with new or more stringent laws or regulations or stricter interpretation of existing laws may require us to incur material expenditures. Future laws, ordinances or regulations may impose material environmental liability. Additionally, the operations of the tenants of our properties, the existing condition of the land, operations in the vicinity of such properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks, or activities of unrelated third parties may affect such properties. In addition, there are various local, state and federal fire, health, life-safety and similar regulations with which we may be required to comply and which may subject us to liability in the form of fines or damages for noncompliance. Any material expenditures, fines or damages we must pay will reduce our ability to make distributions and may reduce the value of our common stock. In addition, changes in these laws and governmental regulations, or their interpretation by agencies or the courts, could occur. The impacts of climate-related initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels remain uncertain at this time but could result in increased operating costs. Government authorities and various interest groups are promoting laws and regulations that could limit greenhouse gas, or GHG, emissions due to concerns over contributions to climate change. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, has moved to regulate GHG emissions from large stationary sources, including electricity producers, and mobile sources, through fuel efficiency and other requirements, using its existing authority under the Clean Air Act. Moreover, certain state and regional programs are being implemented to require reductions in GHG emissions. Any additional taxation or regulation of energy use, including as a result of (i) the regulations that EPA has proposed or may propose in the future, (ii) state programs and regulations, or (iii) renewed GHG legislative efforts by future Congresses, could result in increased operating costs that we may not be able to effectively pass on to our tenants. In addition, any increased regulation of GHG emissions could impose substantial costs on our tenants. These costs include, for example, an increase in the cost of the fuel and other energy purchased by our tenants and capital costs associated with updating or replacing their trucks earlier than planned. Any such increased costs could impact the financial condition of our tenants and their ability to meet their lease obligations and to lease or re-lease our properties. We are exposed to the potential impacts of future climate change and climate-change related risks. We may be exposed to potential physical risks from possible future changes in climate. Our properties may be exposed to rare catastrophic weather events, such as severe storms or floods. If the frequency of extreme weather events increases due to climate change, our exposure to these events could increase. Some of our properties may be subject to risks from rising sea levels if such rising were to occur. In addition, many state and local governments are adopting or considering adopting regulations requiring that property owners and developers include in their development or redevelopment plans resiliency measures to address climate- change related risks. If such regulations apply to any of our properties, we may be required to incur substantial costs to address such regulations. Compliance or failure to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act and other similar regulations could result in substantial costs. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act and other similar regulations, places of public accommodation must meet certain requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Noncompliance could result in the imposition of fines or the award of damages to private litigants. If we are required to make unanticipated expenditures to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act and other similar regulations, including removing access barriers, then our cash flows and the amounts available for distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected. If we are required to make substantial modifications to our properties, whether to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act and other similar regulations, or other changes in governmental rules and regulations, our financial condition, cash flows, results of operations, the market price of our shares of common stock and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders could be adversely affected. 17 We may be unable to sell a property if or when we decide to do so, including as a result of uncertain market conditions, which could adversely affect the return on an investment in our common stock. We expect to hold the various real properties in which we invest until such time as we decide that a sale or other disposition is appropriate given our investment objectives. Our ability to dispose of properties on advantageous terms or at all depends on factors beyond our control, including competition from other sellers and the availability of attractive financing for potential buyers of our properties. We cannot predict the various market conditions affecting real estate investments which will exist at any particular time in the future. Due to the uncertainty of market conditions which may affect the future disposition of our properties, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be able to sell such properties at a profit or at all in the future. Accordingly, the extent to which our stockholders will receive cash distributions and realize potential appreciation on our real estate investments will be dependent upon fluctuating market conditions. Furthermore, we may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a property can be sold. We cannot assure our stockholders that we will have funds available to correct such defects or to make such improvements. In acquiring a property, we may agree to restrictions that prohibit the sale of that property for a period of time or impose other restrictions, such as a limitation on the amount of debt that can be placed or repaid on that property. These provisions would restrict our ability to sell a property. If we sell properties and provide financing to purchasers, defaults by the purchasers would adversely affect our cash flows. If we decide to sell any of our properties, we presently intend to sell them for cash. However, if we provide financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk that the purchaser may default, which could negatively impact our cash distributions to stockholders and result in litigation and related expenses. Even in the absence of a purchaser default, the distribution of the proceeds of sales to our stockholders, or their reinvestment in other assets, will be delayed until the promissory notes or other property we may accept upon a sale are actually paid, sold, refinanced or otherwise disposed of. Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure Our board of directors may change significant corporate policies without stockholder approval. Our investment, financing, borrowing and distribution policies and our policies with respect to all other activities, including growth, debt, capitalization and operations, are determined by our board of directors. These policies may be amended or revised at any time and from time to time at the discretion of the board of directors without a vote of our stockholders. In addition, the board of directors may change our policies with respect to conflicts of interest provided that such changes are consistent with applicable legal and regulatory requirements, including the listing standards of the NYSE. A change in these policies could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, per share trading price of our common stock and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay distributions to our stockholders. We could increase the number of authorized shares of stock and issue stock without stockholder approval. Subject to applicable legal and regulatory requirements, our charter authorizes our board of directors, without stockholder approval, to increase the aggregate number of authorized shares of stock or the number of authorized shares of stock of any class or series, to issue authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to set the preferences, rights and other terms of such classified or unclassified shares. Our board of directors could establish a series of preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders. Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control. Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, may have the effect of inhibiting or deterring a third-party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares, including: • “Business Combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our shares or an affiliate or associate of ours who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of our then outstanding voting shares) or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested 18 • stockholder, and thereafter may impose special appraisal rights and special stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and “Control Share” provisions that provide that “control shares” of our company (defined as shares which, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares. We have opted out of these provisions of the MGCL, in the case of the business combination provisions of the MGCL by resolution of our board of directors, and in the case of the control share provisions of the MGCL pursuant to a provision in our bylaws. However, in the future, only upon the approval of our stockholders, our board of directors may by resolution elect to opt in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL and we may, only upon the approval of our stockholders, by amendment to our bylaws, opt in to the control share provisions of the MGCL. Our board of directors has also adopted a resolution prohibiting us from electing to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL that would permit our board of directors to classify the board without stockholder approval. Such provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL could have an anti-takeover effect. We may only elect to be subject to the classified board provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 after first obtaining the approval of our stockholders. In addition, the provisions of our charter on removal of directors and the advance notice provisions of our bylaws could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. Likewise, if our board of directors, with stockholder approval, as applicable, were to opt in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL or the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL, or if the provision in our bylaws opting out of the control share acquisition provisions of the MGCL were rescinded by our board of directors and our stockholders, these provisions of the MGCL could have similar anti-takeover effects. Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited. Maryland law provides that a director or officer has no liability in that capacity if he or she satisfies his or her duties to us and our stockholders. Our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from: • • actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated. In addition, our charter will authorize us to obligate our company, and our bylaws will require us, to indemnify our directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist. Accordingly, in the event that actions taken in good faith by any of our directors or officers impede the performance of our company, your ability to recover damages from such director or officer will be limited. In addition, we may be obligated to advance the defense costs incurred by our directors and executive officers, and may, in the discretion of our board of directors, advance the defense costs incurred by our employees and other agents in connection with legal proceedings. Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT Failure to qualify as a REIT would cause us to be taxed as a regular corporation, which would substantially reduce funds available for distributions to stockholders. We believe that our organization and method of operation has enabled and will continue to enable us to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. However, we cannot assure you that we will qualify as such. This is because qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Code as to which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations and involves the determination of facts and circumstances not entirely within our control. Future legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may significantly change the tax laws or the application of the tax laws with respect to qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes or the federal income tax consequences of such qualification. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and are unable to obtain relief under certain statutory provisions, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available for distributions to our stockholders because: 19 • • we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions paid to stockholders in computing our taxable income and would be subject to federal and state income tax at regular corporate rates; and we could not elect to be taxed as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which we were disqualified. In addition, we would no longer be required to pay distributions. As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and it could adversely affect the value of our common stock. Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flows. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, property and transfer taxes. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distributions to stockholders. REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our liquidity and may force us to borrow funds or sell assets during unfavorable market conditions. In order to maintain our REIT status and to meet the REIT distribution requirements, we may need to borrow funds on a short-term basis or sell assets, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings or sales. To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our net taxable income each year, excluding capital gains. In addition, we will be subject to corporate income tax to the extent we distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income including any net capital gain. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code for REITs and to minimize or eliminate our corporate income tax obligation to the extent consistent with our business objectives. Our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to fund required distributions as a result of differences in timing between the actual receipt of income and the recognition of income for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of non-deductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt service or amortization payments. The insufficiency of our cash flows to cover our distribution requirements could have an adverse impact on our ability to raise short- and long-term debt or sell equity securities in order to fund distributions required to maintain our REIT status. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for reduced tax rates. Currently, the maximum tax rate for qualified dividends payable to individual U.S. stockholders is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for such reduced rates. However, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, new legislation provides for a deduction of up to 20% (subject to certain limitations) on most ordinary REIT dividends and certain trade or business income of non-corporate taxpayers. Additionally, to the extent such dividends are attributable to certain dividends that we receive from a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”), such dividends generally will be eligible for the reduced rates that apply to qualified dividend income. While we currently do not own any interest in a TRS, we may own any such interest in the future. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause investors who are individuals to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock. We may in the future choose to pay dividends in our stock instead of cash, in which case stockholders may be required to pay income taxes in excess of the cash dividends they receive. We may, in the future, distribute taxable dividends that are payable in cash and common stock at the election of each stockholder or distribute other forms of taxable stock dividends. Taxable stockholders receiving such dividends or other forms of taxable stock dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, stockholders may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to certain non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders 20 determine to sell common stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our capital stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance. In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investments in securities (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) generally cannot include more than 10% of the total voting power of the outstanding securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities and qualified real estate assets) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 20% of the value of our total assets can be represented by the securities of one or more TRSs at the close of each calendar quarter. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders. Our relationship with any TRS will be limited, and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax. A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. While we currently do not own any interest in a TRS, we may own any such interest in the future. A TRS may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. A domestic TRS will pay federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns. In addition, the TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. Any TRS of ours will pay federal, state and local income tax on its taxable income, and its after-tax net income will be available (but not required) to be distributed to us. We anticipate that the aggregate value of any TRS stock and securities owned by us will be significantly less than 20% of the value of our total assets (including the TRS stock and securities) at the close of each calendar quarter. Furthermore, we will monitor the value of our investments in TRSs for the purpose of ensuring compliance with the foregoing rule. In addition, we will scrutinize all of our transactions with TRSs for the purpose of ensuring that they are entered into on arm’s-length terms in order to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. No assurance, however, can be given that we will be able to comply with the 20% limitation on ownership of TRS stock and securities on an ongoing basis so as to maintain our REIT qualification or avoid application of the 100% excise tax imposed on certain non-arm’s-length transactions. The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT qualification without stockholder approval may subject us to federal income tax and reduce distributions to our stockholders. Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to be qualified as a REIT. If we cease to be a REIT, we would become subject to federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our stockholders and on the market price of our common stock. Stockholders and prospective investors are urged to consult with their tax advisors regarding the effects of recently enacted tax legislation and other legislative, regulatory and administrative developments. On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law H.R. 1, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”). The TCJA makes major changes to the Code, including a number of provisions of the Code that affect the taxation of REITs and their stockholders. Among the changes made by the TCJA are permanently reducing the generally applicable 21 corporate tax rate, generally reducing the tax rate applicable to individuals and other non-corporate taxpayers for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, eliminating or modifying certain previously allowed deductions (including substantially limiting interest deductibility and, for individuals, the deduction for non-business state and local taxes), and, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, providing for preferential rates of taxation through a deduction of up to 20% (subject to certain limitations) on most ordinary REIT dividends and certain trade or business income of non-corporate taxpayers. The TCJA also imposes new limitations on the deduction of net operating losses, which may result in us having to make additional taxable distributions to our stockholders in order to comply with REIT distribution requirements or avoid taxes on retained income and gains. The effect of the significant changes made by the TCJA is highly uncertain, and administrative guidance will be required in order to fully evaluate the effect of many provisions. The effect of any technical corrections with respect to the TCJA could have an adverse effect on us or our stockholders. Stockholders and prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the implications of the TCJA on their investment in our common stock. We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common stock. At any time, the federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended. We cannot predict when or if any new federal income tax law, regulation, or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective and any such law, regulation, or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation. Risks Related to Our Common Stock Level of cash distributions, market interest rates and other factors may affect the value of our common stock. The market value of the equity securities of a REIT is based upon the market’s perception of the REIT’s growth potential and its current and potential future cash distributions, whether from operations, sales or refinancings, and upon the real estate market value of the underlying assets. Our common stock may trade at prices that are higher or lower than our net asset value per share. To the extent we retain operating cash flows for investment purposes, working capital reserves or other purposes, these retained funds, while increasing the value of our underlying assets, may not correspondingly increase the market price of our common stock. Our failure to meet the market’s expectations with regard to future earnings and cash distributions likely would adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In addition, the price of our common stock will be influenced by the dividend yield on the common stock relative to market interest rates and the dividend yields of other REITs. An increase in market interest rates, which are currently at low levels relative to historical rates but have increased recently, could cause the market price of our common stock to go down. The trading price of the shares of common stock will also depend on many other factors, which may change from time to time, including: • • • • • • • the market for similar securities; the attractiveness of REIT securities in comparison to the securities of other companies, taking into account, among other things, the higher tax rates imposed on dividends paid by REITs; government legislation, action or regulation; our issuance of debt or preferred equity securities; changes in earnings estimates by analysts and our ability to meet analysts’ earnings estimates; general economic conditions; and our financial condition, performance and prospects. The number of shares of our common stock available for future sale could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and have a dilutive effect to our existing stockholders. Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that such sales might occur could adversely affect the market price of the shares of our common stock. The issuance and vesting of any restricted stock granted to certain directors, executive officers and other employees under our Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, the issuance of our common stock upon the vesting of awards under our Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan, the issuance of our common stock in connection with property, portfolio or business acquisitions and other issuances of our common stock could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock. Future sales of shares of our common stock may be dilutive to existing stockholders. 22 The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile. The market price of our common stock may be volatile. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the price you paid for such shares. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect our share price or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common stock include: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • our financial condition, performance, liquidity and prospects; actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly operating results or distributions; changes in our funds from operations (as defined by Nareit and discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) or earnings; publication of research reports about us or the real estate industry; changes in earnings estimates by analysts; our ability to meet analysts’ earnings estimates; increases in market interest rates that lead purchasers of our shares to demand a higher yield; changes in market valuations of similar companies; adverse market reaction to any additional debt we incur in the future; additions or departures of key management personnel; the market for similar securities issued by REITs; actions by institutional stockholders; speculation in the press or investment community; our compliance with generally accepted accounting principles; our compliance with applicable laws and regulations and the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange; the realization of any of the other risk factors presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K; and general market, including capital market and real estate market and economic conditions. Future offerings of debt securities and the incurrence of other future indebtedness, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, and/or preferred stock which may be senior to our common stock for purposes of dividend distributions or upon liquidation, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and any shares of preferred stock, and lenders with respect to other borrowings, including our existing credit facility and mortgage loans payable, will receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. In the future we may attempt to increase our capital resources by making additional offerings of debt and equity securities. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders and/or reduce the market price of our common stock. In addition, future offerings of debt securities or the incurrence of additional other indebtedness may reduce the market price of our common stock. Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution. Our preferred stock, if issued in the future, could have a preference on liquidating distributions and a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay a dividend or make another distribution to the holders of our common stock. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting their stock holdings in us. We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows from our operations to make distributions to our stockholders at any time in the future. Our ability to make distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected by the risk factors described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We may not generate sufficient income to make distributions to our stockholders. Our board of directors has the sole discretion to determine the timing, form and amount of any distributions to our stockholders. Our board of directors will make determinations regarding distributions based upon, among other factors, our financial performance, any debt service obligations, any debt covenants, and capital expenditure requirements. Among the factors that could impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders are: • • • • our inability to realize attractive returns on our investments; unanticipated expenses or reduced revenues that reduce our cash flow or non-cash earnings; our debt service obligations; and decreases in the value of our industrial properties that we own. 23 As a result, no assurance can be given that we will be able to make distributions to our stockholders at any time in the future or that the level of any distributions we do make to our stockholders will increase or even be maintained over time, any of which could materially and adversely affect the market price of our shares of common stock. Our ability to pay dividends is limited by the requirements of Maryland law. Our ability to pay dividends on our stock is limited by the laws of the State of Maryland. Under applicable Maryland law, a Maryland corporation generally may not make a distribution if, after giving effect to the distribution, the corporation would not be able to pay its debts as the debts become due in the usual course of business, or the corporation’s total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus, unless the corporation’s charter provides otherwise, the amount that would be needed, if the corporation were dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of stockholders whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the distribution. Accordingly, we generally may not make a distribution on our stock if, after giving effect to the distribution, we would not be able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business or our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus, unless the terms of such class or series provide otherwise, the amount that would be needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of the holders of shares of any class or series of preferred stock then outstanding, if any, with preferences senior to those of our outstanding stock. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 2. Properties. As of December 31, 2018 , we owned 205 buildings aggregating approximately 12.8 million square feet and 16 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 55.2 acres. The properties are located in Los Angeles, Northern New Jersey/New York City, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, Miami, and Washington, D.C. As of December 31, 2018 , our properties were approximately 98.4% leased to 454 customers, the largest of which accounted for approximately 3.9% of our total annualized base rent. We own several types of industrial real estate, including warehouse/distribution (approximately 92.5% of our total portfolio square footage as of December 31, 2018 ), flex (including light industrial and R&D) (approximately 5.4% ) and transshipment (approximately 2.1% ). See “Item 1 – Our Investment Strategy – Industrial Facility General Characteristics” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a general description of these types of industrial real estate. We target functional buildings in infill locations that may be shared by multiple tenants and that cater to customer demand within the various submarkets in which we operate. See our “Consolidated Financial Statements, Schedule III-Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for a detailed listing of our properties. The following table summarizes by market our investments in real estate as of December 31, 2018 : 24 Number of Buildings Rentable Square Feet % of Total Occupancy % As Of December 31, 2018 Annualized Base Rent (000’s) 1 % of Total Annualized Base Rent Per Occupied Square Foot Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years) 2 Gross Book Value (000’s) 3 36 2,530,845 19.7% 98.3% $ 20,072 17.3% $ 8.07 7.4 $ 386,809 57 3,252,854 25.3% 99.2% 30,331 26.3% 9.40 4.2 461,783 37 25 27 23 1,816,636 1,665,625 1,497,904 2,059,480 14.2% 13.0% 11.7% 16.1% 95.8% 99.4% 100.0% 97.4% 19,580 13,828 12,858 19,127 16.9% 11.9% 11.1% 16.5% 11.25 8.35 8.58 9.54 3.7 3.9 3.8 4.2 287,160 263,815 175,384 270,825 205 12,823,344 100.0% 98.4% $ 115,796 100.0% $ 9.18 4.7 $ 1,845,776 Market Los Angeles Northern New Jersey/New York City San Francisco Bay Area Seattle Miami Washington, D.C. Total/Weighted Average 1 Annualized base rent is calculated as contractual monthly base rent per the leases, excluding any partial or full rent abatements, as of December 31, 2018 , multiplied by 12. 2 Weighted average remaining lease term is calculated by summing the remaining lease term of each lease as of December 31, 2018 , weighted by the 3 respective square footage. Includes approximately 55.2 acres of improved land and five properties under redevelopment expected to contain approximately 0.7 million square feet upon completion as discussed below. We also own 16 improved land parcels totaling approximately 55.2 acres that are approximately 76.5% leased to 16 tenants. Such land is used for truck, trailer and container storage and/or car parking. In the future, we may redevelop some or all of such land. As of December 31, 2018 , we own five properties under redevelopment expected to contain approximately 0.7 million square feet upon completion with a total expected investment of approximately $ 136.3 million, including redevelopment costs of approximately $ 49.9 million. The following table summarizes by market our investments in improved land as of December 31, 2018 : Number of Parcels Acres % of Total Occupancy % As Of December 31, 2018 Annualized Base Rent (000’s) 1 % of Total Annualized Base Rent Per Occupied Square Foot Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (Years) 2 5 10.1 18.3% 68.1% $ 1,122 24.4% $ 3.82 6 2 — 2 1 16 27.1 49.1% 1.4 — 3.2 2.5% 0% 5.8% 13.4 24.3% 63.5% 100.0% — 100.0% 100.0% 2,130 46.3% 202 — 393 749 4.4% 0% 8.6% 16.3% 2.96 3.21 — 2.85 1.29 55.2 100.0% 76.5% $ 4,596 100.0% $ 2.56 2.1 6.8 1.3 — 3.7 1.0 3.7 Market Los Angeles Northern New Jersey/New York City San Francisco Bay Area Seattle Miami Washington, D.C. Total/Weighted Average 1 Annualized base rent is calculated as contractual monthly base rent per the leases, excluding any partial or full rent abatements, as of December 31, 2018 , multiplied by 12. 2 Weighted average remaining lease term is calculated by summing the remaining lease term of each lease as of December 31, 2018 , weighted by the respective square footage. 25 The following table summarizes our capital expenditures incurred during the three months and years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): Building improvements Tenant improvements Leasing commissions Redevelopment and expansion Total capital expenditures 1 For the Three Months Ended December 31, For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2018 2017 6,855 $ 2,742 $ 17,953 $ 2,336 3,174 6,026 2,147 2,790 — 4,312 7,937 11,639 18,391 $ 7,679 $ 41,841 $ 11,626 7,083 7,537 — 26,246 $ $ 1 Includes approximately $13.7 million and $3.7 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and approximately $27.5 million and $13.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, related to leasing acquired vacancy, redevelopment construction in progress and renovation and expansion projects (stabilization capital) at 13 and 12 properties for the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, and 21 and 18 properties for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. The following table summarizes the anticipated lease expirations for leases in place at December 31, 2018 , without giving effect to renewal options or termination rights, if any, at or prior to the scheduled expirations: Year 2019 1, 2 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total Rentable Square Feet % of Total Rentable Square Feet Annualized Base Rent (000’s) 3 % of Total Annualized Base Rent 1,162,296 2,091,594 2,333,720 1,675,108 1,573,489 3,778,829 9.1% $ 16.3% 18.2% 13.1% 12.3% 29.4% 10,419 18,268 20,630 16,459 18,177 46,558 12,615,036 98.4% $ 130,511 8.0% 14.0% 15.8% 12.6% 13.9% 35.7% 100.0% Includes leases that expire on or after December 31, 2018 and month-to-month leases totaling approximately 60,880 square feet. 1 2 Approximately 1.1 million square feet of leases that were expiring in 2019 were renewed in 2018. 3 Annualized base rent is calculated as monthly base rent per the leases at expiration, excluding any partial or full rent abatements, as of December 31, 2018 , multiplied by 12. Our ability to re-lease or renew expiring space at rental rates equal to or in excess of current rental rates will impact our results of operations. As of December 31, 2018 , leases representing approximately 9.1% of the total rentable square footage of our portfolio are scheduled to expire during the year ending December 31, 2019. We currently expect that on average, the rental rates we are likely to achieve on any new (re-leased) or renewed leases for our 2019 expirations will be above the rates currently being paid for the same space. Rent changes on new and renewed leases totaling approximately 0.2 million square feet commencing during the three months ended December 31, 2018 were approximately 28.6% higher as compared to the previous rental rates for that same space, and rent changes on new and renewed leases totaling approximately 1.4 million square feet commencing during the year ended December 31, 2018 were approximately 19.2% higher as compared to the previous rental rates for that same space. Our past performance may not be indicative of future results, and we cannot assure you that leases will be renewed or that our properties will be re-leased at all or at rental rates above the current average rental rates. Further, re- leased/renewed rental rates in a particular market may not be consistent with rental rates across our portfolio as a whole and re-leased/renewed rental rates for particular properties within a market may not be consistent with rental rates across our portfolio within a particular market, in each case due to a number of factors, including local real estate conditions, local supply and demand for industrial space, the condition of the property, the impact of leasing incentives, including free rent and tenant improvements and whether the property, or space within the property, has been redeveloped. 26 Our industrial properties are typically subject to leases on a “triple net basis,” in which tenants pay their proportionate share of real estate taxes, insurance and operating costs, or are subject to leases on a “modified gross basis,” in which tenants pay expenses over certain threshold levels. In addition, approximately 91.6% of our leased space includes fixed rental increases or Consumer Price Index-based rental increases. Lease terms typically range from three to ten years. We monitor the liquidity and creditworthiness of our tenants on an on-going basis by reviewing outstanding accounts receivable balances, and as provided under the respective lease agreements, review the tenant’s financial condition periodically as appropriate. As needed, we hold discussions with the tenant’s management about their business and we conduct site visits of the tenant’s operations. Our top 20 customers based on annualized base rent as of December 31, 2018 are as follows: Customer 1 United States Government 2 FedEx Corporation 3 Amazon.com 4 Danaher 5 Northrop Grumman Systems 6 AmerisourceBergen 7 XPO Logistics 8 District of Columbia 9 Z Gallerie Inc. 10 YRC 11 O'Neill Logistics 12 Miami International Freight Systems 13 Bar Logistics 14 Saia Motor Freight Line LLC 15 L3 Technologies, Inc. 16 JAM'N Logistics 17 Space Systems/Loral LLC 18 McKinstry Co., LLC 19 Exquisite Apparel Corporation 20 Home Depot USA Inc. Total Leases Rentable Square Feet % of Total Rentable Square Feet Annualized Base Rent (000’s) 1 % of Total Annualized Base Rent 9 7 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 381,431 490,779 241,462 171,707 199,866 211,418 180,717 149,203 230,891 61,252 237,692 192,454 203,263 52,086 135,579 110,336 107,060 67,160 114,061 192,000 3.0% $ 3.7% 1.9% 1.3% 1.6% 1.6% 1.4% 1.2% 1.8% 0.5% 1.9% 1.5% 1.6% 0.4% 1.1% 0.9% 0.8% 0.5% 0.9% 1.5% 4,696 4,657 3,210 2,961 2,270 2,260 1,649 1,600 1,512 1,337 1,323 1,245 1,220 1,212 1,180 1,159 1,107 1,092 985 930 3.9% 3.9% 2.7% 2.5% 1.9% 1.9% 1.4% 1.3% 1.3% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.9% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 48 3,730,417 29.1% $ 37,605 31.2% 1 Annualized base rent is calculated as contractual monthly base rent per the leases, excluding any partial or full rent abatements, as of December 31, 2018 , multiplied by 12. As of December 31, 2018 , four properties with a gross investment book value of approximately $ 114.5 million were encumbered by mortgage loans payable, net of deferred financing costs, totaling approximately $ 45.8 million, which bear interest at a weighted average fixed annual rate of 4.1% . Item 3. Legal Proceedings. We are not involved in any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against us. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not Applicable. 27 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market Information Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “TRNO”. As of January 30, 2019, there were approximately 18,814 holders of record of shares of our common stock. This number does not include stockholders for which shares are held in “nominee” or “street” name. Distribution Policy We intend to pay regular quarterly distributions when, as and if authorized by our board of directors and declared by us. Our ability to make distributions to our stockholders also will depend on our levels of retained cash flows, which we intend to use as a source of investment capital. In order to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we must distribute to our stockholders an amount at least equal to: (i) 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined before the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain); plus (ii) 90% of the excess of our after-tax net income, if any, from foreclosure property over the tax imposed on such income by the Code; less (iii) the sum of certain items of non-cash income. Generally, we expect to distribute 100% of our REIT taxable income so as to avoid the income and excise tax on undistributed REIT taxable income. However, we cannot assure you as to our ability to sustain those distributions. The timing and frequency of distributions will be authorized by our board of directors and declared by us based upon a variety of factors, including: • • • • • • • • • • actual results of operations; our level of retained cash flows; any debt service requirements; capital expenditure requirements for our properties; our property dispositions; our taxable income; the annual distribution requirement under the REIT provisions of the Code; our operating expenses; restrictions on the availability of funds under Maryland law; and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. To the extent that, in respect of any calendar year, cash available for distribution is less than our REIT taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions or make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable share distribution or distribution of debt securities. Income as computed for purposes of the tax rules described above will not necessarily correspond to our income as determined for financial reporting purposes. Distributions to our stockholders generally are taxable to our stockholders as ordinary income; however, because a significant portion of our investments are equity ownership interests in industrial properties, which generate depreciation and other non-cash charges against our income, a portion of our distributions may constitute a tax-free return of capital, although our current intention is to limit the level of such return of capital. The following table sets forth the cash dividends paid or payable during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 : 28 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 Security Common stock Common stock September 30, 2018 Common stock December 31, 2018 Common stock For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 March 31, 2017 June 30, 2017 June 30, 2017 Security Common stock Preferred stock Common stock Preferred stock September 30, 2017 Common stock December 31, 2017 Common stock Performance Graph Dividend per Share Declaration Date Record Date Date Paid 0.220000 February 6, 2018 March 28, 2018 0.220000 May 1, 2018 July 6, 2018 April 12, 2018 July 20, 2018 0.240000 August 1, 2018 October 5, 2018 October 19, 2018 0.240000 October 31, 2018 December 18, 2018 January 11, 2019 Dividend per Share Declaration Date Record Date Date Paid 0.200000 February 7, 2017 March 28, 2017 0.484375 February 7, 2017 March 10, 2017 0.200000 May 2, 2017 0.484375 May 2, 2017 July 7, 2017 June 9, 2017 April 12, 2017 March 31, 2017 July 21, 2017 June 30, 2017 0.220000 August 1, 2017 October 6, 2017 October 21, 2017 0.220000 October 31, 2017 December 29, 2017 January 12, 2018 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ The following graph compares the change in the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock during the period from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2018 with the cumulative total return of the Standard and Poor’s 500 Stock Index, the MSCI U.S. REIT Index (RMS) and the FTSE Nareit Equity Industrial Index. The return shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future performance. The comparison assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2013 in our common stock and in each of the foregoing indices and assumes reinvestment of dividends, if any. The performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or be deemed to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing, except to the extent that the company specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing. 29 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities None. Item 6. Selected Financial Data. The following table sets forth selected financial data derived from our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , 2016 , 2015 , and 2014 , should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1 and with Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts): 30 Operating Data Total revenues Total costs and expenses Gain on sales of real estate investments Income from operations Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends Earnings per Common Share - Basic and Diluted: Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends Dividends declared per common share Dividends declared per preferred share Basic and Diluted Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding Other Data Funds from operations 1 Basic and diluted FFO per common share 1 Cash flows provided by (used in): Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities Balance Sheet Data Investments in real estate at cost 2 Total assets Total debt Total stockholders’ equity 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 For the Year Ended December 31, $ 151,657 $ 132,484 $ 108,418 $ 95,895 $ 102,431 28,610 63,289 93,435 30,654 53,095 87,172 7,140 15,118 82,240 10,567 14,601 68,875 51,567 — 10,718 62,888 49,015 11,458 10,958 7,126 $ $ $ $ $ 1.09 $ 0.92 $ — 0.95 $ 0.84 $ 0.97 0.26 $ 0.76 $ 1.94 0.26 $ 0.66 $ 1.94 0.23 0.57 1.94 57,486,399 51,357,719 44,725,936 42,861,276 30,433,017 74,904 $ 1.30 56,070 $ 1.09 38,391 $ 0.86 36,172 $ 0.84 77,599 $ 69,498 $ 49,241 $ 42,068 $ (234,957) 149,037 (249,118) 203,942 (149,629) 93,758 (259,664) 45,140 1,845,776 $ 1,636,930 $ 1,343,038 $ 1,179,920 $ 1,796,504 462,097 1,247,797 1,567,871 461,683 1,027,494 1,278,981 1,152,138 415,327 811,805 381,475 733,082 26,097 0.86 29,321 (245,526) 404,207 901,273 1,074,735 302,470 747,036 1 See Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Non-GAAP Financial Measures,” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation to net income, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends and a discussion of why we believe funds from operations, or FFO, is a useful supplemental measure of operating performance, ways in which investors might use FFO when assessing our financial performance, and FFO’s limitations as a measurement tool. 2 Excludes one property held for sale with a gross book value of approximately $6.3 million as of December 31, 2015 and one property held for sale with a gross book value of approximately $6.9 million as of December 31, 2014. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Risk Factors”, “Forward-Looking Statements”, “Business” and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially 31 from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Overview We acquire, own and operate industrial real estate in six major coastal U.S. markets: Los Angeles, Northern New Jersey/New York City, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, Miami, and Washington, D.C. We invest in several types of industrial real estate, including warehouse/distribution (approximately 92.5% of our total portfolio square footage as of December 31, 2018 ), flex (including light industrial and R&D) (approximately 5.4% ) and transshipment (approximately 2.1% ). We target functional buildings in infill locations that may be shared by multiple tenants and that cater to customer demand within the various submarkets in which we operate. As of December 31, 2018 , we owned 205 buildings aggregating approximately 12.8 million square feet, 16 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 55.2 acres and five properties under redevelopment expected to contain approximately 0.7 million square feet upon completion. As of December 31, 2018 , our properties were approximately 98.4% leased to 454 customers, the largest of which accounted for approximately 3.9% of our total annualized base rent. We are an internally managed Maryland corporation and elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010. Our Investment Strategy We acquire, own and operate industrial properties in six major coastal U.S. markets: Los Angeles, Northern New Jersey/New York City, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, Miami, and Washington, D.C. We invest in several types of industrial real estate, including warehouse/distribution, flex (including light industrial and R&D) and transshipment. We target functional buildings in infill locations that may be shared by multiple tenants and that cater to customer demand within the various submarkets in which we operate. We selected our target markets by drawing upon the experience of our executive management investing and operating in over 50 global industrial markets located in North America, Europe and Asia, the fundamentals of supply and demand, and in anticipation of trends in logistics patterns resulting from population changes, regulatory and physical constraints, changes in technology, e-commerce, potential long term increases in carbon prices and other factors. We believe that our target markets have attractive long term investment attributes. We target assets with characteristics that include, but are not limited to, the following: • • • • • • • Located in high population coastal markets; Close proximity to transportation infrastructure (such as sea ports, airports, highways and railways); Situated in supply-constrained submarkets with barriers to new industrial development, as a result of physical and/or regulatory constraints; Functional and flexible layout that can be modified to accommodate single and multiple tenants; Acquisition price at a discount to the replacement cost of the property; Potential for enhanced return through re-tenanting or operational and physical improvements; and Opportunity for higher and better use of the property over time. In general, we prefer to utilize local third-party property managers for day-to-day property management and as a source of acquisition opportunities. We believe outsourcing property management is cost effective and provides us with operational flexibility. We may directly manage properties in the future if we determine such direct property management is in our best interest. We have no current intention to acquire undeveloped or unimproved industrial land or to pursue greenfield ground up development. However, we may pursue redevelopment, renovation and expansion opportunities of properties that we own, acquire properties and improved land parcels with the intent to redevelop in the near-term, or acquire adjacent land to expand our existing facilities. We expect that we will continue to acquire the significant majority of our investments as equity interests in individual properties, portfolios of properties or improved industrial land parcels which may be rented without a building in place. We may also acquire industrial properties through the acquisition of other corporations or entities that own industrial real estate. We will opportunistically target investments in debt secured by industrial real estate that would otherwise meet our investment criteria with the intention of ultimately acquiring the underlying real estate. We currently do not intend to target specific percentages of holdings of particular types of industrial properties. This expectation is based upon prevailing market conditions and may change over time in response to different prevailing market conditions. 32 The properties we acquire may be stabilized (fully leased) or unstabilized (have near term lease expirations, be partially or fully vacant and may require physical repositioning). During the period from February 16, 2010 to December 31, 2018 , we have stabilized 69 properties. We sell properties from time to time when we believe the prospective total return from a property is particularly low relative to its market value and/or the market value of the property is significantly greater than its estimated replacement cost. Capital from such sales is reinvested into properties that are expected to provide better prospective returns or returned to shareholders. We have disposed of 15 properties since inception in 2010 for an aggregate sales price of approximately $ 242.5 million and a total gain of approximately $ 83.7 million. 2018 Developments Acquisition Activity During 2018 , we acquired 17 industrial buildings containing approximately 1.0 million square feet and five improved land parcels consisting of approximately 19.9 acres for a total purchase price of approximately $ 219.5 million. The properties and improved land parcels were acquired from unrelated third parties using existing cash on hand, net proceeds from dispositions, net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, and proceeds from borrowings on our revolving credit facility. The following table sets forth the industrial properties and improved land parcels we acquired during 2018 : Property Name Location Acquisition Date Number of Buildings Square Feet Purchase Price (in thousands) 1 Stabilized Cap Rate 2 Vermont Woodside 1st Avenue South Wicks Blvd 85 Doremus 3 East Valley Merced 4 San Clemente Whitney 5 Commerce Kent 192 6 6th Ave Walnut II Shoemaker 7 Hotchkiss II Total/Weighted Average Torrance, CA Queens, NY Seattle, WA San Leandro, CA Newark, NJ Renton, WA San Leandro, CA Hayward, CA San Leandro, CA Carlstadt, NJ Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Compton, CA Santa Fe Springs, CA Fremont, CA January 31, 2018 March 6, 2018 March 6, 2018 April 27, 2018 May 7, 2018 May 7, 2018 August 2, 2018 September 7, 2018 September 17, 2018 October 17, 2018 October 24, 2018 October 31, 2018 November 7, 2018 November 14, 2018 December 20, 2018 1 1 1 1 — 1 4 1 3 1 — 1 1 — 1 17 99,629 $ 83,294 234,720 11,300 — 39,005 225,344 54,000 128,073 24,000 — 50,270 60,040 — 29,214 17,500 25,170 42,000 2,600 6,300 5,950 36,000 9,000 22,790 3,480 12,434 12,558 11,108 6,400 6,200 1,038,889 $ 219,490 3.3% 5.7% 5.1% 5.2% 5.1% 5.2% 5.2% 4.6% 4.8% 5.2% 5.6% 5.1% 4.8% 5.4% 5.2% 5.0% 1 Excludes intangible liabilities and mortgage premiums, if any. The total aggregate investment was approximately $ 227.1 million, including $ 2.9 million in closing costs and acquisition costs. 2 Stabilized cap rates are calculated, at the time of acquisition, as annualized cash basis net operating income for the property stabilized to market occupancy (generally 95%) divided by the total acquisition cost for the property. Total acquisition cost basis for the property includes the initial purchase price, the effects of marking assumed debt to market, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, estimated near-term capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization. We define cash basis net operating income for the property as net operating income excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. These stabilized cap rates are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control, including risks related to our ability to meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates and those risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 3 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 3.5 acres. 4 Also includes an improved land parcel containing approximately 1.2 acres. 5 Also includes an improved land parcel containing approximately 0.2 acres. 6 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 12.7 acres that is under redevelopment and upon completion is expected to contain an approximately 220,000 square foot industrial building. The total expected investment will be approximately $33.9 million . 33 7 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 2.3 acres. Redevelopment Activity As of December 31, 2018, we have five properties under redevelopment that will contain approximately 0.7 million square feet upon completion with a total expected investment of approximately $ 136.3 million, including redevelopment costs, capitalized interest and other costs of approximately $ 49.9 million as follows: Property Name 1775 NW 70th Avenue 1st Avenue South 10100 NW 25th Street 6th Avenue South Kent 192 Total Expected Investment (in thousands) 1 Amount Spent to Date (in thousands) Estimated Amount Remaining to Spend (in thousands) Estimated Stabilized Cap Rate 2 $ 10,181 $ 9,779 $ 63,675 13,231 15,302 33,875 47,704 11,251 12,784 13,177 402 15,971 1,980 2,518 20,698 41,569 Estimated Completion Quarter Q1 2019 Q3 2020 Q2 2019 Q4 2019 Q4 2020 5.3% 5.1% 5.3% 5.1% 5.6% 5.3% Total/Weighted Average $ 136,264 $ 94,695 $ 1 Total expected investment for the property includes the initial purchase price, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, estimated near-term redevelopment expenditures, capitalized interest and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization. 2 Estimated stabilized cap rates are calculated as annualized cash basis net operating income for the property stabilized to market occupancy (generally 95%) divided by the total acquisition cost for the property. We define cash basis net operating income for the property as net operating income excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. These estimated stabilized cap rates are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control, including risks related to our ability to meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates and those risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. During 2018 , we completed redevelopment of our Woodside property in Queens, New York. We executed a ten-year lease with a leading e-commerce firm stabilizing the approximately 83,000 square foot redevelopment property. The total expected investment was approximately $32.1 million with an estimated stabilized cap rate of 6.3%. Disposition Activity During the year ended December 31, 2018 , we sold four properties for an aggregate sales price of approximately $ 82.1 million, resulting in a total gain of approximately $ 28.6 million. We sold one property located in the Washington, D.C. market for a sales price of approximately $ 20.3 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $ 3.3 million, two properties located in the Miami market for an aggregate sales price of approximately $ 28.6 million, resulting in an aggregate gain of approximately $ 13.1 million, and one property located in the Los Angeles market for a sales price of approximately $ 33.2 million, resulting in a gain of approximately $ 12.2 million. The following summarizes the condensed results of operations of the properties sold during the year ended December 31, 2018 for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 (in thousands): Rental revenues Tenant expense reimbursements Property operating expenses Depreciation and amortization Income from operations For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 2,495 $ 4,127 $ 346 (613) (737) 574 (1,075) (1,513) 1,491 $ 2,113 $ 4,532 738 (1,083) (1,732) 2,455 $ $ 34 ATM Program We have an at-the-market equity offering program (the “$250 Million ATM Program”) pursuant to which we may issue and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $250.0 million in amounts and at times as we determine from time to time. Prior to the implementation of the $250 Million ATM Program, we had a $200.0 million ATM program (the “$200 Million ATM Program”) which was substantially utilized as of June 30, 2018 and which is no longer active, and a $150.0 million ATM program, which was fully utilized as of June 30, 2017. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering of the shares under the $250 Million ATM Program, if any, for general corporate purposes, which may include future acquisitions and repayment of indebtedness, including borrowings under our revolving credit facility. During 2018 , we issued an aggregate of 5,492,707 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $ 38.04 per share under the $250 Million ATM Program and the $200 Million ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $ 205.9 million and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $ 3.0 million. As of December 31, 2018 , we had shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $ 129.9 million available for issuance under the $250 Million ATM Program. Senior Secured Loan On May 7, 2018, we made a senior secured loan of $ 55.0 million with a two -year term that bears interest at a fixed annual interest rate of 8.0% and matures in May 2020 (the “Senior Secured Loan”). The Senior Secured Loan is secured by a portfolio of nine improved land parcels primarily located in Newark and Kearny, New Jersey. One of the properties securing the Senior Secured Loan may be put to us as partial repayment of the Senior Secured Loan. This property, and two of the other properties, may be called by us as partial or full repayment of the Senior Secured Loan at previously agreed upon values. In addition, per the terms of the Senior Secured Loan, the borrower may repay the loan at any time with either cash or deeds in lieu, with the deeds subject to our approval. As of December 31, 2018 , the borrower has offered repayment with deeds in lieu on two of the three option properties for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $ 39.1 million. As of February 6, 2019 , we have one outstanding contract to acquire one of the option properties for approximately $ 25.0 million and one non- binding letter of intent to acquire one of the option properties for approximately $14.1 million. There is no assurance that we will acquire the properties under contract because the proposed acquisitions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence and various closing conditions, and with respect to the property under non-binding letter of intent, our entry into a purchase and sale agreement. As of December 31, 2018 , there was approximately $ 54.5 million, net of deferred loan fees of approximately $ 0.5 million, outstanding on the Senior Secured Loan and approximately $ 0.4 million of interest receivable outstanding on the Senior Secured Loan. Share Repurchase Program On October 31, 2018, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to 3,000,000 shares (previously 2,000,000 shares) of our outstanding common stock from time to time through December 31, 2020 . Purchases made pursuant to the program, if any, will be made in either the open market or in privately negotiated transactions as permitted by federal securities laws and other legal requirements. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined by us in our discretion and will be subject to economic and market conditions, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. As of December 31, 2018 , we have not repurchased any shares of stock pursuant to our share repurchase authorization. Dividend and Distribution Activity The following table sets forth the cash dividends paid or payable per share during the year ended December 31, 2018 : For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 Security Common stock Common stock September 30, 2018 Common stock December 31, 2018 Common stock $ $ $ $ Dividend per Share Declaration Date Record Date Date Paid 0.22 February 6, 2018 March 28, 2018 0.22 May 1, 2018 July 6, 2018 April 12, 2018 July 20, 2018 0.24 August 1, 2018 October 5, 2018 October 19, 2018 0.24 October 31, 2018 December 18, 2018 January 11, 2019 35 Recent Developments Contractual Commitments As of February 6, 2019 , we have two outstanding contracts with third-party sellers to acquire two industrial properties and one non-binding letter of intent with a third party seller to acquire one industrial property as further described under the heading “Contractual Obligations” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. There is no assurance that we will acquire the properties under contract because the proposed acquisitions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence and various closing conditions, and with respect to the property under non-binding letter of intent, our entry into a purchase and sale agreement. Outlook Current operating conditions in our six markets are excellent, the best we have seen since our initial public offering. We believe that on average, the rental rates we are likely to achieve on new or renewed leases for our 2019 expirations will be above the rates currently being paid for the same space. However, new speculative development continues. This new development will slow potential rent growth from what it would be without such new development. Macroeconomic conditions, while uncertain and impossible to accurately predict, appear less favorable to us than last year. We see attractive acquisition opportunities today; however, our acquisition volume will be dependent on both the quality and pricing of the opportunity set and the price of our stock relative to our net asset value (NAV). Those conditions, not knowable in advance, will determine our results. We entered 2019 with our balance sheet well positioned for potential growth. Over the intermediate term of the next three to four years, although there can be no assurance, we expect to grow our portfolio to approximately $4.0 billion of assets up from approximately $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2018 as measured by our total market capitalization. We expect, although there can be no assurance, that this will utilize approximately $3.0 billion of equity up from approximately $2.1 billion as of December 31, 2018. We expect this to enhance our operating efficiency, increase our shareholder liquidity and maintain our investment grade credit rating. We remain mindful, however, that it is per share, rather than aggregate, results that matter. We believe in the long-term operating prospects of our functional, infill coastal assets. We believe in sound balance sheet management. We believe in the benefits of our market-leading corporate governance and exceptionally aligned executive management compensation. As a result, we are enthusiastic about the future and our ability to potentially produce superior results for our shareholders over time. We contribute positively to the environment by owning and operating facilities in infill locations close to population centers thereby minimizing vehicle miles traveled and the concomitant use of fuel and production of airborne particulate matter pollution. Further, we do no greenfield development of properties; sustainability for us means never building on a site that has not previously been commercially developed. During redevelopment of our facilities, we recycle the majority of the building materials from existing buildings and focus on modern design solutions to reduce our impact on the environment. When releasing vacant space, we seek to reduce our carbon footprint by upgrading existing facilities with energy efficient lighting and heating. Our outlook is subject to the risks set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the risks set form in “Item 1A - Risk Factors”. Inflation Although the U.S. economy has been experiencing relatively modest inflation rates recently, and a wide variety of industries and sectors are affected differently by changing commodity prices, inflation has increased construction costs but has not had a significant impact on our operating costs. Most of our leases require the tenants to pay their share of operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes and insurance, thereby reducing our exposure to increases in costs and operating expenses resulting from inflation. In addition, approximately 69.0% of our total rentable square feet expire within five years which enables us to seek to replace existing leases with new leases at the then-existing market rate. Supplemental Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations The following discussion updates the disclosures under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the prospectus dated February 9, 2018 contained in our Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on February 9, 2018 and contained in the prospectus supplement dated May 31, 2018, as previously updated by the disclosures under “Supplemental Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018 filed with the SEC on November 1, 2018. 36 On December 13, 2018, the Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service issued proposed regulations under Sections 1471-1474 of the Code (commonly referred to as FATCA), which proposed regulations eliminate FATCA withholding on gross proceeds and thus implicate certain tax-related disclosures contained in the prospectus. While these regulations have not yet been finalized, taxpayers are generally entitled to rely on the proposed regulations (subject to certain limited exceptions). Accordingly, the discussion under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations-Additional U.S. Federal Income Tax Withholding Rules” on pages 36 and 37 of the prospectus is replaced with the following paragraph: The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, imposes withholding taxes on dividends made to “foreign financial institutions” and certain other non-U.S. entities unless (i) the foreign financial institution undertakes certain diligence and reporting obligations or (ii) the foreign non-financial entity either certifies it does not have any substantial United States owners or furnishes identifying information regarding each substantial United States owner. If the payee is a foreign financial institution, it must enter into an agreement with the United States Treasury requiring, among other things, that it undertakes to identify accounts held by certain United States persons or United States-owned foreign entities, annually report certain information about such accounts, and withhold 30% on payments to account holders whose actions prevent them from complying with these reporting and other requirements. Investors in jurisdictions that have entered into “intergovernmental agreements” may, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, be required to report such information to their home jurisdictions. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding this legislation. Financial Condition and Results of Operations We derive substantially all of our revenues from rents received from tenants under existing leases on each of our properties. These revenues include fixed base rents and recoveries of certain property operating expenses that we have incurred and that we pass through to the individual tenants. Approximately 91.6% of our leased space includes fixed rental increases or Consumer Price Index-based rental increases. Lease terms typically range from three to ten years. Our primary cash expenses consist of our property operating expenses, which include: real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, management expenses, insurance, utilities, general and administrative expenses, which include compensation costs, office expenses, professional fees and other administrative expenses, acquisition costs, which include third-party costs paid to brokers and consultants, and interest expense, primarily on our mortgage loans, revolving credit facility, term loans and senior unsecured notes. Our consolidated results of operations often are not comparable from period to period due to the impact of property acquisitions at various times during the course of such periods. The results of operations of any acquired property are included in our financial statements as of the date of its acquisition. The following analysis of our results below for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 includes the changes attributable to same store properties. The same store pool for the comparison of the 2018 and 2017 fiscal years includes all properties that were owned and in operation as of December 31, 2018 and since January 1, 2017 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third-party or in redevelopment as of December 31, 2018 . As of December 31, 2018 , the same store pool consisted of 156 buildings aggregating approximately 10.4 million square feet representing approximately 81.3% of our total square feet owned and six improved land parcels consisting of approximately 23.0 acres. As of December 31, 2018 , the non-same store properties, which we acquired or sold during 2017 and 2018 , were held for sale or in redevelopment as of December 31, 2018 , consisted of 49 buildings aggregating approximately 2.4 million square feet, ten improved land parcels consisting of approximately 32.2 acres and five properties under redevelopment expected to contain approximately 0.7 million square feet upon completion. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , our consolidated same store pool occupancy was approximately 99.1% and 98.1% , respectively. Our future financial condition and results of operations, including rental revenues, straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles, may be impacted by the acquisitions of additional properties, and expenses may vary materially from historical results. 37 Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 , to the Year Ended December 31, 2017 : Rental revenues Same store Non-same store operating properties 1 Total rental revenues Tenant expense reimbursements Same store Non-same store operating properties 1 Total tenant expense reimbursements Total revenues Property operating expenses Same store Non-same store operating properties 1 Total property operating expenses Net operating income 2 Same store Non-same store operating properties 1 Total net operating income Other costs and expenses Depreciation and amortization General and administrative Acquisition costs Total other costs and expenses Other income (expense) Interest and other income Interest expense, including amortization Gain on sales of real estate investments Total other income and (expenses) Net income For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ Change % Change (Dollars in thousands) $ 94,937 $ 23,246 118,183 90,273 $ 13,056 103,329 27,866 5,608 33,474 151,657 31,871 8,117 39,988 90,932 20,737 $ 111,669 $ 40,816 21,503 124 62,443 3,664 (18,211) 28,610 14,063 26,556 2,599 29,155 132,484 31,795 4,079 35,874 85,034 11,576 96,610 $ 37,870 19,681 10 57,561 169 (16,777) 30,654 14,046 $ 63,289 $ 53,095 $ 4,664 10,190 14,854 1,310 3,009 4,319 19,173 76 4,038 4,114 5,898 9,161 15,059 2,946 1,822 114 4,882 3,495 (1,434) (2,044) 17 10,194 5.2 % 78.0 % 14.4 % 4.9 % 115.8 % 14.8 % 14.5 % 0.2 % 99.0 % 11.5 % 6.9 % 79.1 % 15.6 % 7.8 % 9.3 % 1,140.0 % 8.5 % 2,068.0 % 8.5 % (6.7)% 0.1 % 19.2 % 1 2 Includes 2017 and 2018 acquisitions and dispositions, ten improved land parcels, five properties under redevelopment and one completed redevelopment property with a gross book value of approximately $29.3 million as of December 31, 2018 . Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of net operating income and same store net operating income from net income and a discussion of why we believe net operating income and same store net operating income are useful supplemental measures of our operating performance. Revenues. Total revenues increased approximately $ 19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year due primarily to property acquisitions during 2017 and 2018 , increased revenue on new and renewed leases and lease termination income of approximately $0.7 million. Same store rental revenues and tenant expense reimbursement revenues increased primarily due to new lease agreements at our West 140th, Airgate, Denver Avenue, and S. River Drive properties. For the quarter and year ended December 31, 2018 , approximately $0.4 million and $2.9 million, respectively, was recorded in straight- line rental revenues related to contractual rent abatements given to certain tenants. 38 Property operating expenses. Total property operating expenses increased approximately $ 4.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year. The increase in total property operating expenses was due primarily to an increase of approximately $ 4.0 million attributable to property acquisitions during 2017 and 2018 . Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased approximately $ 2.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year due to property acquisitions during 2017 and 2018 . General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased approximately $ 1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year due primarily to increased compensation expense, bonus expense, accounting service fees and performance share award expense, which varies quarter to quarter based on our relative share price performance. Performance share award expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $ 7.1 million as compared to approximately $ 6.7 million for the prior year. See “Note 11 —Stockholder’s Equity” in our notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our performance share awards. Acquisition costs. Acquisition costs increased by approximately $ 0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. Interest and other income. Interest and other income increased approximately $ 3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year primarily due to approximately $3.3 million in interest and fees earned on our Senior Secured Loan, which we made in May 2018. Interest expense, including amortization. Interest expense increased approximately $ 1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year due primarily to an increase in our average outstanding borrowings on our credit facility and senior unsecured debt and higher interest rates, partially offset by an increase of $2.5 million in capitalized interest compared to the prior year. Gain on sales of real estate investments . Gain on sale of real estate investments decreased approximately $ 2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year period due to property sales. The aggregate sales price for property sales for the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $ 82.1 million as compared to approximately $77.3 million for the prior year. The following analysis of our results below for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 includes the changes attributable to same store properties. The same store pool for the comparison of the 2017 and 2016 fiscal years includes all properties that were owned and in operation as of December 31, 2017 and since January 1, 2016 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third-party or in redevelopment as of December 31, 2017 . As of December 31, 2017, the same store pool consisted of 140 buildings aggregating approximately 10.2 million square feet representing approximately 78.3% of our total square feet owned and three improved land parcels consisting of approximately 4.9 acres. As of December 31, 2017, the non-same store properties, which we acquired or sold during 2016 and 2017, were held for sale or in redevelopment as of December 31, 2017, consisted of 56 buildings aggregating approximately 2.8 million square feet and seven improved land parcels consisting of approximately 43.0 acres. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, our consolidated same store pool occupancy was approximately 97.5% and 98.9%, respectively. 39 Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2017 to the Year Ended December 31, 2016 : For the Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 $ Change % Change Rental revenues Same store Non-same store operating properties 1 Total rental revenues Tenant expense reimbursements Same store Non-same store operating properties 1 Total tenant expense reimbursements Total revenues Property operating expenses Same store Non-same store operating properties 1 Total property operating expenses Net operating income 2 Same store Non-same store operating properties 1 Total net operating income Other costs and expenses Depreciation and amortization General and administrative Acquisition costs Total other costs and expenses Other income (expense) Interest and other income Interest expense, including amortization Loss on extinguishment of debt Gain on sales of real estate investments Total other income and expenses Net income $ $ (Dollars in thousands) 83,464 $ 19,865 103,329 76,305 $ 8,713 85,018 24,951 4,204 29,155 132,484 29,456 6,418 35,874 21,441 1,959 23,400 108,418 27,755 2,570 30,325 78,959 17,651 96,610 $ 69,991 8,102 78,093 $ 37,870 19,681 10 57,561 169 (16,777) — 30,654 14,046 34,399 19,319 3,129 56,847 24 (13,053) (239) 7,140 (6,128) $ 53,095 $ 15,118 $ 7,159 11,152 18,311 3,510 2,245 5,755 24,066 1,701 3,848 5,549 8,968 9,549 18,517 3,471 362 (3,119) 714 145 (3,724) 239 23,514 20,174 37,977 9.4 % 128.0 % 21.5 % 16.4 % 114.6 % 24.6 % 22.2 % 6.1 % 149.7 % 18.3 % 12.8 % 117.9 % 23.7 % 10.1 % 1.9 % (99.7)% 1.3 % 604.2 % 28.5 % n/a 329.3 % n/a 251.2 % 1 2 Includes 2016 and 2017 acquisitions and dispositions and seven improved land parcels as of December 31, 2017. Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of net operating income and same store net operating income from net income and a discussion of why we believe net operating income and same store net operating income are useful supplemental measures of our operating performance. Revenues. Total revenues increased approximately $24.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year due primarily to property acquisitions during 2016 and 2017 and increased revenue on new and renewed leases. Same store rental revenues and tenant expense reimbursement revenues increased primarily due to new lease agreements at our V Street, Interstate 130, Hamilton, Airgate, Kent 202, and 180 Manor properties. For the quarter and year ended December 31, 2017, approximately $0.9 million and $3.1 million, respectively, was recorded in straight-line rental revenues related to contractual rent abatements given to certain tenants. Property operating expenses. Total property operating expenses increased approximately $5.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year. The increase in total property operating expenses was due primarily to an increase of approximately $3.8 million attributable to property acquisitions during 2016 and 2017, an increase of approximately $1.4 million in same store real estate tax expense primarily due to increased taxes on our V Street, Hamilton, and Pennsy 40 properties, and an increase of approximately $0.2 million in expenses related to Hurricane Irma, of which approximately $0.2 million was incurred at our same store operating properties. Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased approximately $3.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year due to property acquisitions during 2016 and 2017. General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased approximately $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year due primarily to increased compensation expense, bonus expense, and accounting service fees, offset by a decrease of approximately $0.6 million in performance share award expense, which varies quarter to quarter based on our relative share price performance. Performance share award expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 was approximately $6.7 million as compared to approximately $7.3 million for the prior year. See “Note 11 - Stockholder’s Equity” in our notes to the consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our performance share awards. Acquisition costs. Acquisition costs decreased by approximately $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from the prior year due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-1 effective January 1, 2017 under which our real estate property acquisitions are accounted for as asset acquisitions. Acquisition costs were capitalized to individual assets and liabilities acquired on a relative fair value basis for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to expensing as incurred in the prior year. Interest and other income. Interest and other income increased approximately $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year. Interest expense, including amortization. Interest expense increased approximately $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year due primarily to an increase in our average outstanding borrowings. Gain on sales of real estate investments . Gain on sale of real estate investments increased approximately $23.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year due to property sales. The aggregate sales price for property sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 was approximately $77.3 million as compared to approximately $22.5 million for the prior year. Liquidity and Capital Resources The primary objective of our financing strategy is to maintain financial flexibility with a conservative capital structure using retained cash flows, proceeds from dispositions of properties, long-term debt and the issuance of common and perpetual preferred stock to finance our growth. Over the long-term, we intend to: • limit the sum of the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness and the liquidation preference of any outstanding perpetual preferred stock to less than 35% of our total enterprise value; • maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio in excess of 2.0x; • maintain a debt-to-adjusted EBITDA ratio below 6.0x; • • limit the principal amount of our outstanding floating rate debt to less than 20% of our total consolidated indebtedness; and have staggered debt maturities that are aligned to our expected average lease term (5-7 years), positioning us to re-price parts of our capital structure as our rental rates change with market conditions. We intend to preserve a flexible capital structure with a long-term goal to maintain our investment grade rating and be in a position to issue additional unsecured debt and additional perpetual preferred stock. Fitch Ratings assigned us an issuer rating of BBB with a stable outlook. A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating agency. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit rating. Our credit rating can affect the amount and type of capital we can access, as well as the terms of any financings we may obtain. In the event our current credit rating is downgraded, it may become difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments. We intend to primarily utilize senior unsecured notes, term loans, credit facilities, dispositions of properties, common stock and perpetual preferred stock. We may also assume debt in connection with property acquisitions which may have a higher loan-to-value. We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements generally through net cash provided by operations, existing cash balances and, if necessary, short- term borrowings under our credit facility. We believe that our net cash provided by operations will be adequate to fund operating requirements, pay interest on any borrowings and fund distributions in accordance with the 41 REIT requirements of the federal income tax laws. In the near-term, we intend to fund future investments in properties with cash on hand, term loans, senior unsecured notes, mortgages, borrowings under our credit facility, perpetual preferred and common stock issuances and, from time to time, property dispositions. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, including with respect to other investments in industrial properties, property acquisitions, property redevelopments, renovations and expansions and scheduled debt maturities, through borrowings under our credit facility, periodic issuances of common stock, perpetual preferred stock, and long-term secured and unsecured debt, and with proceeds from the disposition of properties. The success of our acquisition strategy may depend, in part, on our ability to obtain and borrow under our credit facility and to access additional capital through issuances of equity and debt securities. The following sets forth certain information regarding our current at-the-market common stock offering program as of December 31, 2018 : ATM Stock Offering Program $250 Million ATM Program Date Implemented May 31, 2018 $ Maximum Aggregate Offering Price (in thousands) Aggregate Common Stock Available as of December 31, 2018 (in thousands) 129,877 250,000 $ The table below sets forth the activity under our at-the-market common stock offering programs during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively (in thousands, except share and price per share data): For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Shares Sold Weighted Average Price Per Share Net Proceeds Sales Commissions 5,492,707 $ 7,859,929 $ 38.04 $ 32.48 $ 205,919 $ 251,585 $ 3,030 3,709 On May 7, 2018, we made a Senior Secured Loan of $ 55.0 million with a two -year term that bears interest at a fixed annual interest rate of 8.0% and matures in May 2020 . The Senior Secured Loan is secured by a portfolio of nine improved land parcels primarily located in Newark and Kearny, New Jersey. One of the properties securing the Senior Secured Loan may be put to us as partial repayment of the Senior Secured Loan. This property, and two of the other properties, may be called by us as partial or full repayment of the Senior Secured Loan at previously agreed upon values. In addition, per the terms of the Senior Secured Loan, the borrower may repay the loan at any time with either cash or deeds in lieu, with the deeds subject to our approval. As of December 31, 2018 , the borrower has offered repayment with deeds in lieu on two of the three option properties for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $ 39.1 million. As of February 6, 2019 , we have one outstanding contract to acquire one of the option properties for approximately $ 25.0 million and one non-binding letter of intent to acquire of the option properties for approximately $14.1 million. There is no assurance that we will acquire the properties under contract because the proposed acquisitions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence and various closing conditions, and with respect to the property under non-binding letter of intent, our entry into a purchase and sale agreement. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , there was approximately $ 54.5 million and $ 0 , respectively, net of deferred loan fees of approximately $ 0.5 million and $ 0 , respectively, outstanding on the Senior Secured Loan and approximately $ 0.4 million and $ 0 , respectively, of interest receivable outstanding on the Senior Secured Loan. On October 19, 2018, we entered into a Fifth Amended and Restated Senior Credit Agreement (the “Facility”). The Facility consists of a $ 250.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (increased from $ 200.0 million) that matures in October 2022 (previously August 2020 ), a $ 50.0 million term loan that matures in August 2021 and a $ 100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2022 . The amount and maturity dates of the outstanding term loans remain unchanged under the Facility. The aggregate amount of the Facility may be increased to a total of up to $ 600.0 million, subject to the approval of the administrative agent and the identification of lenders willing to make available additional amounts. Outstanding borrowings under the Facility are limited to the lesser of (i) the sum of the $ 250.0 million revolving credit facility (previously $ 200.0 million), the $ 50.0 million term loan maturing in August 2021 and the $ 100.0 million term loan maturing in January 2022 or (ii) 60.0% of the value of the unencumbered properties. Interest on the Facility, including the term loans, is generally to be paid based upon, at our option, either (i) LIBOR plus the applicable LIBOR margin or (ii) the applicable base rate which is the greatest of the administrative agent’s prime rate, 0.50% above the federal funds effective rate, or thirty-day LIBOR plus the applicable LIBOR margin for LIBOR rate loans under the Facility plus 1.25% . The applicable LIBOR margin with respect to the revolving credit facility under the Facility has been reduced to a range of 1.05% to 1.50% (previously 1.35% to 1.90% ; 1.05% as of December 31, 2018 ) and the applicable LIBOR margin with respect to the outstanding term loans under the Facility has been reduced to a range of 1.20% to 1.70% (previously 1.30% to 1.85% ; 1.20% as of December 31, 2018 ), in each case depending on the ratio of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of our consolidated gross asset value. The Facility requires quarterly payments of an annual facility fee in an amount 42 ranging from 0.15% to 0.30% (previously there was no annual facility fee) depending on the ratio of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of our consolidated gross asset value. There is no unused facility fee under the Facility (previously 0.20% or 0.25% depending on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility). As of December 31, 2018 , we also had $ 50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in September 2022 , $ 100.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2024 , $ 50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2026 , and $ 50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in October 2027 (collectively, the “Senior Unsecured Notes”). As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , there was $ 19.0 million and $ 0 , respectively, of borrowings outstanding on our revolving credit facility and $ 150.0 million and $ 150.0 million, respectively, of borrowings outstanding on our term loans. We have three interest rate caps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with our existing $ 150.0 million of variable-rate term loans. See “Note 9-Derivative Financial Instruments” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our interest rate caps. The Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are guaranteed by us and by substantially all of the current and to-be-formed subsidiaries of the borrower that own an unencumbered property. The Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are unsecured by our properties or by interests in the subsidiaries that hold such properties. The Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes include a series of financial and other covenants with which we must comply. We were in compliance with the covenants under the Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , we had outstanding mortgage loans payable, net of deferred financing costs, of approximately $ 45.8 million and $ 64.8 million, respectively, and held cash and cash equivalents totaling approximately $ 31.0 million and $ 35.7 million, respectively. The following table summarizes our debt maturities and principal payments as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 , and market capitalization, capitalization ratios, Adjusted EBITDA, interest coverage, fixed charge coverage and debt ratios as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands – except per share data): 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Subtotal Unamortized net premiums Total Debt Deferred financing costs, net Total Debt, net Weighted average interest rate Credit Facility Term Loans Senior Unsecured Notes Mortgage Loans Payable Total Debt $ — $ — — 19,000 — — 19,000 — 19,000 — — $ — 50,000 100,000 — — 150,000 — 150,000 (933) — $ — — 50,000 — 200,000 250,000 — 250,000 (1,737) 1,514 $ 33,077 11,271 — — — 45,862 — 45,862 (95) $ 19,000 $ 149,067 $ 248,263 $ 45,767 $ 1,514 33,077 61,271 169,000 — 200,000 464,862 — 464,862 (2,765) 462,097 3.6% 3.6% 4.1% 4.1% 3.9% 43 Total Debt, net Equity Common Stock Shares Outstanding 1 Market Price 2 Total Equity Total Market Capitalization Total Debt-to-Total Investments in Properties 3 Total Debt-to-Total Investments in Properties and Senior Secured Loan 4 Total Debt-to-Total Market Capitalization 5 Floating Rate Debt as a % of Total Debt 6 Unhedged Floating Rate Debt as a % of Total Debt 7 Mortgage Loans Payable as a % of Total Debt 8 Mortgage Loans Payable as a % of Total Investments in Properties 9 Adjusted EBITDA 10 Interest Coverage 11 Fixed Charge Coverage 12 Total Debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA 13 Weighted Average Maturity of Total Debt (years) $ $ $ $ As of December 31, 2018 As of December 31, 2017 462,097 $ 461,683 61,013,711 35.17 $ 2,145,852 2,607,949 $ 25.0% 24.5% 17.7% 36.4% 4.1% 9.9% 2.5% 103,100 $ 5.7x 5.0x 4.2x 4.6 55,368,737 35.06 1,941,228 2,402,911 28.2% 28.2% 19.2% 32.3% 0% 14.0% 4.0% 85,830 5.1x 4.6x 5.3x 5.4 Includes 383,930 and 357,183 shares of unvested restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. 1 2 Closing price of our shares of common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on December 31, 2018 and December 29, 2017 , respectively, in dollars per share. 3 Total debt-to-total investments in properties is calculated as total debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total investments in properties as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. 4 Total debt-to-total investments in properties and Senior Secured Loan is calculated as total debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total investments in properties and total Senior Secured Loan, net of deferred loan fees of approximately $ 0.5 million and $ 0 , as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. 5 Total debt-to-total market capitalization is calculated as total debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total market capitalization as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. 6 Floating rate debt as a percentage of total debt is calculated as floating rate debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total debt, net of deferred financing costs. Floating rate debt includes our existing $ 150.0 million of variable-rate term loan borrowings with interest rate caps of 4.0% plus 1.20% to 1.70% , depending on leverage as of December 31, 2018 and 1.30% to 1.85% as of December 31, 2017 . See “Note 9 – Derivative Financial Instruments” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our interest rate caps. 7 Unhedged floating rate debt as a percentage of total debt is calculated as unhedged floating rate debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total debt, net of deferred financing costs. Hedged debt includes our existing $ 150.0 million of variable-rate term loan borrowings with interest rate caps of 4.0% plus 1.20% to 1.70% , depending on leverage as of December 31, 2018 and 1.30% to 1.85% as of December 31, 2017 . See “Note 9 – Derivative Financial Instruments” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our interest rate caps. 8 Mortgage loans payable as a percentage of total debt is calculated as mortgage loans payable, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total debt, net of deferred financing costs. 9 Mortgage loans payable as a percentage of total investments in properties is calculated as mortgage loans payable, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total investments in properties. 10 Earnings before interest, taxes, gains (losses) from sales of property, depreciation and amortization, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation (“Adjusted EBITDA”) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of 44 11 Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance. Interest coverage is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by interest expense, including amortization. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance. 12 Fixed charge coverage is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by interest expense, including amortization plus preferred stock dividends, if any. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance. 13 Total debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as total debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by annualized Adjusted EBITDA. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance. The following table sets forth the cash dividends paid or payable per share during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 : For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 Security Common stock Common stock September 30, 2018 Common stock December 31, 2018 Common stock For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 March 31, 2017 June 30, 2017 June 30, 2017 Security Common stock Preferred stock Common stock Preferred stock September 30, 2017 Common stock December 31, 2017 Common stock Dividend per Share Declaration Date Record Date Date Paid 0.220000 February 6, 2018 March 28, 2018 0.220000 May 1, 2018 July 6, 2018 April 12, 2018 July 20, 2018 0.240000 August 1, 2018 October 5, 2018 October 19, 2018 0.240000 October 31, 2018 December 18, 2018 January 11, 2019 Dividend per Share Declaration Date Record Date Date Paid 0.200000 February 7, 2017 March 28, 2017 0.484375 February 7, 2017 March 10, 2017 0.200000 May 2, 2017 0.484375 May 2, 2017 July 7, 2017 June 9, 2017 April 12, 2017 March 31, 2017 July 21, 2017 June 30, 2017 0.220000 August 1, 2017 October 6, 2017 October 21, 2017 0.220000 October 31, 2017 December 29, 2017 January 12, 2018 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ On July 19, 2017, we redeemed all 1,840,000 outstanding shares of our 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus an amount per share of $0.096875 representing all accrued and unpaid dividends per share from July 1, 2017 to, but excluding, July 19, 2017. Sources and Uses of Cash Our principal sources of cash are cash from operations, borrowings under loans payable, draws on our Facility, common and preferred stock issuances, proceeds from property dispositions and issuances of unsecured notes. Our principal uses of cash are asset acquisitions, debt service, capital expenditures, operating costs, corporate overhead costs and common and preferred stock dividends. Cash From Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities totaled approximately $ 77.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to approximately $ 69.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 . This increase in cash provided by operating activities is primarily attributable to additional cash flows generated from properties acquired during 2018 and 2017 and same store properties. Cash From Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $ 235.0 million and $ 249.1 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , which consists primarily of cash paid for property acquisitions of $ 221.8 million and $ 297.1 million, respectively, net cash paid for our Senior Secured Loan of approximately $54.1 million and $ 0 , respectively, and additions to capital improvements of approximately $ 38.6 million and $ 27.4 million, respectively, offset by proceeds from sales of real estate investments of approximately $ 79.6 million and $ 75.4 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . 45 Cash From Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $149.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 , which consists primarily of approximately $205.9 million in net common stock issuance proceeds and net borrowings of $19.0 million on our revolving credit facility, offset by approximately $ 51.4 million in equity dividend payments and approximately $19.2 million in mortgage loan payments. Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $203.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 , which consists primarily of approximately $251.5 million in net common stock issuance proceeds and $ 100.0 million in borrowings on senior unsecured notes, offset by approximately $43.9 million in equity dividend payments, the repurchase of approximately $ 46.0 million in preferred stock and net payments on our revolving credit facility of approximately $51.5 million. Critical Accounting Policies Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we believe are critical. We consider these policies critical because they require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain, involve various assumptions and require significant management judgment, and because they are important for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These judgments will affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Applying different estimates or assumptions may result in materially different amounts reported in our financial statements. Capitalization of Costs. We capitalize costs directly related to the redevelopment, renovation and expansion of our investment in real estate. Costs associated with such projects are capitalized as incurred. If the project is abandoned, these costs are expensed during the period in which the redevelopment or expansion project is abandoned. Costs considered for capitalization include, but are not limited to, construction costs, interest, real estate taxes and insurance, if appropriate. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress. In the event that the activities to ready the asset for its intended use are suspended, the capitalization period will cease until such activities are resumed. Costs incurred for maintaining and repairing properties, which do not extend their useful lives, are expensed as incurred. Interest is capitalized based on actual capital expenditures from the period when redevelopment, renovation or expansion commences until the asset is ready for its intended use, at the weighted average borrowing rate during the period. Property Acquisitions. Effective January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business which requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the integrated set of assets and activities is not considered a business. To be a business, the set of acquired activities and assets must include inputs and one or more substantive processes that together contribute to the ability to create outputs. We have determined that our real estate property acquisitions will generally be accounted for as asset acquisitions under the clarified definition. Prior to January 1, 2017, we generally accounted for property acquisitions as business combinations, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations . Upon acquisition of a property we estimate the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting generally of land, buildings and improvements) and intangible assets and liabilities (consisting generally of the above and below-market leases and the origination value of all in-place leases). We determine fair values using Level 3 inputs such as replacement cost, estimated cash flow projections and other valuation techniques and applying appropriate discount and capitalization rates based on available market information. Mortgage loans assumed in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their fair value using current market interest rates for similar debt at the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized to individual tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis and acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred. The fair value of the tangible assets is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant. Land values are derived from current comparative sales values, when available, or management’s estimates of the fair value based on market conditions and the experience of our management team. Building and improvement values are calculated as replacement cost less depreciation, or management’s estimates of the fair value of these assets using discounted cash flow analyses or similar methods. The fair value of the above and below-market leases is based on the present value of the difference between the contractual amounts to be received pursuant to the acquired leases (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the acquired leases) and our estimate of the market lease rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the leases plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options. The above and below-market lease values are amortized to rental revenues over the remaining initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options that are considered bargain renewal options of the respective leases. The origination value of in-place leases is based on costs to execute similar leases, including commissions and other related costs. The origination value of in-place leases also includes real estate taxes, 46 insurance and an estimate of lost rental revenue at market rates during the estimated time required to lease up the property from vacant to the occupancy level at the date of acquisition. Impairment. Carrying values for financial reporting purposes are reviewed for impairment on a property-by-property basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be fully recoverable. Examples of such events or changes in circumstances may include classifying an asset to be held for sale, changing the intended hold period or when an asset remains vacant significantly longer than expected. The intended use of an asset either held for sale or held for use can significantly impact how impairment is measured. If an asset is intended to be held for the long-term, the recoverability is based on the undiscounted future cash flows. If the asset carrying value is not supported on an undiscounted future cash flow basis, then the asset carrying value is measured against the lower of cost or the present value of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. An impairment charge to earnings is recognized for the excess of the asset’s carrying value over the lower of cost or the present values of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. If an asset is intended to be sold, impairment is determined using the estimated fair value less costs to sell. The estimation of expected future net cash flows is inherently uncertain and relies on assumptions, among other things, regarding current and future economic and market conditions and the availability of capital. We determine the estimated fair values based on its assumptions regarding rental rates, lease-up and holding periods, as well as sales prices. When available, current market information is used to determine capitalization and rental growth rates. If available, current comparative sales values may also be used to establish fair value. When market information is not readily available, the inputs are based on our understanding of market conditions and the experience of our management team. Actual results could differ significantly from our estimates. The discount rates used in the fair value estimates represent a rate commensurate with the indicated holding period with a premium layered on for risk. Revenue Recognition. We record rental revenue from operating leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases and maintain an allowance for estimated losses that may result from the inability of our tenants to make required payments. If tenants fail to make contractual lease payments that are greater than our allowance for doubtful accounts, security deposits and letters of credit, then we may have to recognize additional doubtful account charges in future periods. We monitor the liquidity and creditworthiness of our tenants on an on-going basis by reviewing their financial condition periodically as appropriate. Each period we review our outstanding accounts receivable, including straight-line rents, for doubtful accounts and provide allowances as needed. We also record lease termination fees when a tenant has executed a definitive termination agreement with us and the payment of the termination fee is not subject to any conditions that must be met or waived before the fee is due to us. If a tenant remains in the leased space following the execution of a definitive termination agreement, the applicable termination will be deferred and recognized over the term of such tenant’s occupancy. Tenant expense reimbursement income includes payments and amounts due from tenants pursuant to their leases for real estate taxes, insurance and other recoverable property operating expenses and is recognized as revenues during the same period the related expenses are incurred. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU No. 2014-09”), using the modified retrospective approach, which requires a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of our adoption. Under the modified retrospective approach, an entity may also elect to apply this standard to either (i) all contracts as of January 1, 2018 or (ii) only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. A completed contract is a contract for which all (or substantially all) of the revenue was recognized under legacy GAAP that was in effect before the date of initial application. We elected to apply this standard only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Based on our evaluation of contracts within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09, the guidance impacts revenue generated by sales of real estate, which is evaluated in conjunction with ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (see below). Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted the guidance of ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets , which applies to sales or transfers to noncustomers of nonfinancial assets or in substance nonfinancial assets that do not meet the definition of a business. Generally, our sales of real estate would be considered a sale of a nonfinancial asset as defined by ASC 610-20. ASC 610-20 refers to the revenue recognition principles under ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (see above). Under ASC 610-20, if we determine that we do not have a controlling financial interest in the entity that holds the asset and the arrangement meets the criteria to be accounted for as a contract, we will derecognize the asset and recognize a gain or loss on the sale of the real estate when control of the underlying asset transfers to the buyer. Income Taxes. We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code and operate as such beginning with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to our stockholders (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in 47 accordance with GAAP). As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent we distribute qualifying dividends to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and generally will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the IRS grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. However, we believe we are organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT. Stock-Based Compensation and Other Long-Term Incentive Compensation. We follow the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, to account for our stock-based compensation plan, which requires that the compensation cost relating to stock-based payment transactions be recognized in the financial statements and that the cost be measured on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. We have adopted the Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, which provides for the grant of restricted stock awards, performance share awards, unrestricted shares or any combination of the foregoing. Stock-based compensation is recognized as a general and administrative expense in the financial statements and measured at the fair value of the award on the date of grant. We estimate the forfeiture rate based on historical experience as well as expected behavior. The amount of the expense may be subject to adjustment in future periods depending on the specific characteristics of the stock-based award. In addition, we have awarded long-term incentive target awards on an annual basis to our executives that are payable in shares of our common stock after the conclusion of each pre-established performance measurement period. The amount that may be earned under the long-term incentive plan is variable depending on the relative total shareholder return of our stock as compared to the total shareholder return of the MSCI U.S. REIT Index (RMS) and the FTSE Nareit Equity Industrial Index over the pre-established performance measurement period. We estimate the fair value of the long-term incentive target awards using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of grant and at each reporting period. These awards are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite performance period based on the fair value of the award at the balance sheet date. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors. Contractual Obligations As of February 6, 2019 , we have two outstanding contracts with third-party sellers to acquire two industrial properties. There is no assurance that we will acquire the properties under contract because the proposed acquisitions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence and various closing conditions. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the properties we have under contract: Market Los Angeles Northern New Jersey/New York City 1 San Francisco Bay Area Seattle Miami Washington, D.C. Total Number of Buildings Square Feet Purchase Price (in thousands) Assumed Debt (in thousands) — 1 — — — — 1 — $ 17,851 — $ 49,017 — — — — — — — — 17,851 $ 49,017 $ — — — — — — — 1 Includes one improved land parcel containing approximately 16.8 acres. As of February 6, 2019 , we have executed one non-binding letter of intent with a third-party seller to acquire one industrial property. The total anticipated purchase price for this industrial property is approximately $14.1 million . In the normal course of business, we enter into non-binding letters of intent to purchase properties from third parties that may obligate us to make payments or perform other obligations upon the occurrence of certain events, including the execution of a purchase and sale agreement and satisfactory completion of various due diligence matters. There can be no assurance that we will enter 48 into a purchase and sale agreement with respect to this property or otherwise complete any such prospective purchase on the terms described or at all. The following table summarizes our contractual obligations due by period as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands): Contractual Obligations Debt Debt interest payments Operating lease commitments Redevelopment obligations Purchase obligations Total Non-GAAP Financial Measures Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 Years 1,514 $ 94,348 $ 169,000 $ 200,000 $ 12,054 264 13,258 49,017 21,504 18,255 19,035 547 — — 140 — — — — — Total 464,862 70,848 951 13,258 49,017 76,107 $ 116,399 $ 187,395 $ 219,035 $ 598,936 $ $ We use the following non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are useful to investors as key supplemental measures of our operating performance: funds from operations, or FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, net operating income, or NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI. FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance in accordance with GAAP. Further, our computation of FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI may not be comparable to FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI reported by other companies. We compute FFO in accordance with standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), which defines FFO as net income (loss) (determined in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (losses) from sales of property and impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate, plus depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures (which are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis). We believe that presenting FFO provides useful information to investors regarding our operating performance because it is a measure of our operations without regard to specified non-cash items, such as real estate depreciation and amortization and gain or loss on sale of assets. We believe that FFO is a meaningful supplemental measure of our operating performance because historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors and analysts have considered the presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting alone to be insufficient. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provide a more complete understanding of our operating performance. The following table reflects the calculation of FFO reconciled from net income (loss), net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends for the three months ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands except per share data): 49 For the Three Months Ended December 31, For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ Change % Change 2017 2016 $ Change % Change $ 22,972 $ 10,836 $ 12,136 112.0 % $ 10,836 $ 941 $ 9,895 1,051.5% (13,624) (5,105) (8,519) 166.9 % (5,105) — (5,105) n/a 10,250 10,015 235 2.3 % 10,015 9,185 830 9.0% (27) (31) 4 (12.9)% (31) (123) (107) (16) 15.0 % (107) (21) (84) (10) (23) 19,448 $ 15,608 $ 3,840 24.6 % $ 15,608 $ 10,021 $ 5,587 0.33 $ 0.29 $ 0.04 13.8 % $ 0.29 $ 0.22 $ 0.07 59,689,965 54,563,353 54,563,353 46,277,521 47.6% 27.4% 55.8% 31.8% For the Year Ended December 31, For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $ Change % Change 2017 2016 $ Change % Change $ 63,289 $ 49,367 $ 13,922 28.2 % $ 49,367 $ 11,553 $ 37,814 327.3% (28,610) (30,654) 2,044 (6.7)% (30,654) (7,140) (23,514) 329.3% 40,816 37,870 2,946 7.8 % 37,870 34,399 3,471 10.1% (113) (478) (109) (404) (4) (74) 3.7 % (109) (86) 18.3 % (404) (335) (23) (69) 74,904 $ 56,070 $ 18,834 33.6 % $ 56,070 $ 38,391 $ 17,679 1.30 $ 1.09 $ 0.21 19.3 % $ 1.09 $ 0.86 $ 0.23 57,486,399 51,357,719 51,357,719 44,725,936 26.7% 20.6% 46.0% 26.7% Net income, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends Gain on sales of real estate investments Depreciation and amortization Depreciation and amortization Non-real estate depreciation Allocation to participating securities 1 Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders 2, 3 Basic and diluted FFO per common share Weighted average basic and diluted common shares $ $ Net income, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends Gain on sales of real estate investments Depreciation and amortization Depreciation and amortization Non-real estate depreciation Allocation to participating securities 1 Funds from operations attributable to common stockholders 2, 3, 4 Basic and diluted FFO per common share Weighted average basic and diluted common shares $ $ 1 To be consistent with our policies of determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities and accounting for earnings per share, the FFO per common share is adjusted for FFO distributed through declared dividends (if any) and allocated to all participating securities (weighted average common shares outstanding and unvested restricted shares outstanding) under the two-class method. Under this method, allocations were made to 383,930, 359,910, and 396,855 of weighted average unvested restricted shares outstanding for the three months ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, and 368,912 , 375,924 , and 398,475 for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. 50 2 3 4 Includes expensed acquisition costs of approximately $0, $0 and $1.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, and approximately $ 0.1 million, $ 0 and $ 3.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. Includes performance share award expense of approximately $2.7 million, $1.1 million and $3.0 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, and approximately $ 7.1 million, $ 6.7 million and $ 7.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively, which varies quarter to quarter based our total shareholder return outperforming the MSCI U.S. REIT Index (RMS) and the FTSE Nareit Equity Industrial Index over the prior three year period. See “Note 11 – Stockholders’ Equity” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our performance share awards. Includes redemption charges of approximately $0, $1.8 million, and $0 during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 , and 2016 , respectively, representing the write-off of original issuance costs related to the redemption of our Series A Preferred Stock. See “Note 11 – Stockholders’ Equity” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our Series A Preferred Stock redemption. We compute Adjusted EBITDA as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, gain on sales of real estate investments, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation. We believe that presenting Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our operating performance because it is a measure of our operations on an unleveraged basis before the effects of tax, gain (loss) on sales of real estate investments, non-cash depreciation and amortization expense, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation. By excluding interest expense, Adjusted EBITDA allows investors to measure our operating performance independent of our capital structure and indebtedness and, therefore, allows for more meaningful comparison of our operating performance between quarters and other interim periods as well as annual periods and for the comparison of our operating performance to that of other companies, both in the real estate industry and in other industries. As we are currently in a growth phase, acquisition costs are excluded from Adjusted EBITDA to allow for the comparison of our operating performance to that of stabilized companies. The following table reflects the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA reconciled from net income for the three months ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 and for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands): For the Three Months Ended December 31, For the Three Months Ended December 31, Net income $ 22,972 $ 10,836 $ 12,136 112.0 % $ 10,836 $ 1,832 $ 9,004 491.5 % 2018 2017 $ Change % Change 2017 2016 $ Change % Change Gain on sales of real estate investments Depreciation and amortization from continuing operations Interest expense, including amortization Stock-based compensation Acquisition costs (13,624) (5,105) (8,519) 166.9 % (5,105) — (5,105) n/a 10,250 10,015 235 2.3 % 10,015 9,185 830 9.0 % 4,494 4,691 (197) (4.2)% 4,691 3,642 1,049 28.8 % 3,248 (5) 1,471 (1) Adjusted EBITDA $ 27,335 $ 21,907 $ 1,777 (4) 5,428 120.8 % 400.0 % 1,471 (1) 3,474 990 24.8 % $ 21,907 $ 19,123 $ (2,003) (991) 2,784 (57.7)% n/a 14.6 % 51 Gain on sales of real estate investments Depreciation and amortization from continuing operations Interest expense, including amortization Loss on extinguishment of debt Stock-based compensation Acquisition costs For the Year Ended December 31, For the Year Ended December 31, Net income $ 63,289 $ 53,095 $ 10,194 19.2 % $ 53,095 $ 15,118 $ 37,977 251.2 % 2018 2017 $ Change % Change 2017 2016 $ Change % Change (28,610) (30,654) 2,044 (6.7)% (30,654) (7,140) (23,514) 329.3 % 40,816 37,870 2,946 7.8 % 37,870 34,399 3,471 10.1 % 18,211 16,777 1,434 8.5 % 16,777 13,053 3,724 28.5 % — — 9,270 124 8,732 10 — 538 114 n/a — 239 (239) n/a 6.2 % 1,140.0 % 8,732 10 9,444 3,129 (712) (3,119) 17,588 (7.5)% (99.7)% 25.8 % Adjusted EBITDA $ 103,100 $ 85,830 $ 17,270 20.1 % $ 85,830 $ 68,242 $ We compute NOI as rental revenues, including tenant expense reimbursements, less property operating expenses. We compute same store NOI as rental revenues, including tenant expense reimbursements, less property operating expenses on a same store basis. NOI excludes depreciation, amortization, general and administrative expenses, acquisition costs and interest expense, including amortization. We compute cash-basis same store NOI as same store NOI excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. The same store pool for the comparison of the three months and years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 includes all properties that were owned as of December 31, 2018 and since January 1, 2017 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third-party or in redevelopment as of December 31, 2018 . As of December 31, 2018 , the same store pool consisted of 156 buildings aggregating approximately 10.4 million square feet representing approximately 81.3% of our total square feet owned and six improved land parcels containing approximately 23.0 acres. The same store pool for the comparison of the three months and years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 includes all properties that were owned as of December 31, 2017 and since January 1, 2016 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third-party or in redevelopment as of December 31, 2017 . As of December 31, 2017 , the same store pool consisted of 140 buildings aggregating approximately 10.2 million square feet representing approximately 78.3% of our total square feet owned and three improved land parcels containing approximately 4.9 acres. We believe that presenting NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI provides useful information to investors regarding the operating performance of our properties because NOI excludes certain items that are not considered to be controllable in connection with the management of the properties, such as depreciation, amortization, general and administrative expenses, acquisition costs and interest expense. By presenting same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI, the operating results on a same store basis are directly comparable from period to period. The following table reflects the calculation of NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI reconciled from net income for the three months and the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 (dollars in thousands): 52 For the Three Months Ended December 31, For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2018 22,972 $ 2017 10,836 $ $ $ Change % Change 12,136 112.0 % $ 2017 10,836 $ 2016 $ Change % Change 1,832 $ 9,004 491.5 % Net income 1 Depreciation and amortization from continuing operations Acquisition costs Total other income and expenses Net operating income Less non same store NOI Same store NOI 1 Less straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles 2 Cash-basis same store NOI 1 General and administrative 6,371 4,431 1,940 43.8 % 4,431 10,250 10,015 235 2.3 % 10,015 (5) (1) (4) 400.0 % (1) 9,185 6,015 990 830 (1,584) (991) 9.0 % (26.3)% n/a n/a (10,471) (508) (9,963) 1,961.2 % (508) 3,637 (4,145) 29,117 24,773 4,344 17.5 % 24,773 21,659 3,114 14.4 % 3 3 4 4 (5,983) (3,261) (2,722) 83.5 % (5,003) (3,004) (1,999) $ 23,134 $ 21,512 $ 1,622 7.5 % $ 19,770 $ 18,655 $ 1,115 66.5 % 6.0 % (233) (847) 614 (72.5)% (507) (1,033) 526 (50.9)% $ 22,901 $ 20,665 $ 2,236 10.8 % $ 19,263 $ 17,622 $ 1,641 9.3 % 1 2 3 4 Includes $0 of lease termination income for the three months ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles for the same store pool only. Includes 2017 and 2018 acquisitions, ten improved land parcels, five properties under redevelopment and one completed redevelopment property with a gross book value of approximately $29.3 million as of December 31, 2018. Includes 2016 and 2017 acquisitions and one completed redevelopment property with a gross book value of approximately $40.3 million and accumulated depreciation of approximately $4.2 million as of December 31, 2016. For the Year Ended December 31, For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 63,289 $ 2017 53,095 $ $ $ Change % Change 10,194 19.2 % $ 2017 53,095 $ 2016 15,118 $ $ Change % Change 37,977 251.2 % 40,816 37,870 General and administrative 21,503 19,681 Acquisition costs 124 10 2,946 1,822 114 7.8 % 9.3 % 37,870 34,399 3,471 19,681 19,319 362 1,140.0 % 10 3,129 (3,119) Total other income and expenses (14,063) (14,046) (17) 0.1 % (14,046) 6,128 (20,174) Net operating income 111,669 96,610 15,059 15.6 % 96,610 78,093 18,517 3 3 4 4 (20,737) (11,576) (9,161) 79.1 % (17,651) (8,102) (9,549) $ 90,932 $ 85,034 $ 5,898 6.9 % $ 78,959 $ 69,991 $ 8,968 10.1 % 1.9 % (99.7)% n/a 23.7 % 117.9 % 12.8 % Net income 1 Depreciation and amortization from continuing operations Less non same store NOI Same store NOI 1 Less straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles 2 Cash-basis same store NOI 1 (2,737) (4,161) 1,424 (34.2)% (2,739) (4,564) 1,825 (40.0)% $ 88,195 $ 80,873 $ 7,322 9.1 % $ 76,220 $ 65,427 $ 10,793 16.5 % 1 Includes approximately $0.7 million, $0.1 million and $0 of lease termination income for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. 53 2 3 4 Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles for the same store pool only. Includes 2017 and 2018 acquisitions and one completed redevelopment property with a gross book value of approximately $29.3 million as of December 31, 2018. Includes 2016 and 2017 acquisitions and one completed redevelopment property with a gross book value of approximately $40.3 million and accumulated depreciation of approximately $4.2 million as of December 31, 2017 . Cash-basis same store NOI increased by approximately $ 2.2 million for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period from the prior year primarily due to increased rental revenue and tenant reimbursement revenue on new and renewed leases. For the three months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , approximately $0.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively, of contractual rent abatements were given to certain tenants in the same-store pool. In addition, approximately $0.3 million of the increase in cash-basis same store NOI for the three months ended December 31, 2018 compared to the three months ended December 31, 2017 related to properties that were acquired vacant or with near term expirations in 2017. Cash-basis same store NOI increased by approximately $ 7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the prior year primarily due to increased rental revenue and tenant reimbursement revenue on new and renewed leases and approximately $0.7 million in lease termination income, offset by approximately $0.6 million in rent abatements provided to the tenant at our Belleville property. The vacant space at our Hart property was re-leased in March 2018 with cash rent increasing by approximately 27.8% in the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017. In addition, approximately $0.2 million in bad debt expense was recovered at our 221 Michele property in 2017. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 , approximately $2.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively, of contractual rent abatements were given to certain tenants in the same-store pool. Approximately $1.8 million of the increase in cash-basis same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 related to properties that were acquired vacant or with near term expirations in 2017. 54 Item 7A. Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Market risk includes risks that arise from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices and other market changes that affect market sensitive instruments. In pursuing our business strategies, the primary market risk which we are exposed to is interest rate risk. We are exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of debt used to maintain liquidity, fund capital expenditures and expand our investment portfolio and operations. We seek to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower our overall borrowing costs. As described below, some of our outstanding debt bears interest at variable rates, and we expect that some of our future outstanding debt will have variable interest rates. We may use interest rate caps and/or swap agreements to manage our interest rate risks relating to our variable rate debt. We expect to replace variable rate debt on a regular basis with fixed rate, long-term debt to finance our assets and operations. As of December 31, 2018 , we had $ 169.0 million of borrowings outstanding under our Facility. Of the $ 169.0 million outstanding on the Facility, $ 150.0 million is subject to interest rate caps. See “Note 9 – Derivative Financial Instruments” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our interest rate caps. Amounts borrowed under our Facility bear interest at a variable rate based on LIBOR plus an applicable LIBOR margin. The weighted average interest rate on borrowings outstanding under our Facility was 3.61% as of December 31, 2018 . If the LIBOR rate were to fluctuate by 0.25%, interest expense would increase or decrease, depending on rate movement, future earnings and cash flows by approximately $ 0.4 million annually on the total of the outstanding balances on our Facility as of December 31, 2018 . Item 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data. See Part IV, Item 15 – “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules” beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Item 9. Changes In And Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting And Financial Disclosure. None. 55 Item 9A. Controls And Procedures. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), and has concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to give reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Terreno Realty Corporation’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. This internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Terreno Realty Corporation’s management assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 . In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on its assessment, management of Terreno Realty Corporation believes that, as of December 31, 2018 , the company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. Terreno Realty Corporation’s independent auditors have issued an audit report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, (which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 ). 56 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Terreno Realty Corporation Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited Terreno Realty Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Terreno Realty Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria . We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 of the Company and our report dated February 6, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP San Francisco, CA February 6, 2019 Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 57 Item 9B. Other Information. None. Part III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. The information required by Item 10 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by Item 11 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required by Item 12 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by Item 13 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services. The information required by Item 14 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 and is incorporated herein by reference. 58 Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. (a)1. and 2. Financial Statements and Schedules Part IV The following consolidated financial information is included as a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1 as follows: Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Schedule III – Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation Page F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 F-8 S-1 All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted, or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. 3. Exhibits The exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Exhibit Index at the end of this Annual Report on Form 10-K immediately preceding the signature page, which is incorporated by reference herein. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary. None. 59 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Terreno Realty Corporation Opinion on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Terreno Realty Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income , equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 6, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Adoption of ASU No. 2017-01 As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for real estate property acquisitions effective January 1, 2017 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business”. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company‘s auditor since 2012. San Francisco, California February 6, 2019 F-1 Terreno Realty Corporation Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands – except share and per share data) ASSETS Investments in real estate Land Buildings and improvements Construction in progress Intangible assets Total investments in properties Accumulated depreciation and amortization Net investments in real estate Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Senior secured loan, net Other assets, net Total assets LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Liabilities Credit facility Term loans payable, net Senior unsecured notes, net Mortgage loans payable, net Security deposits Intangible liabilities, net Dividends payable Performance share awards payable Accounts payable and other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) Equity Stockholders’ equity Common stock: $0.01 par value, 400,000,000 shares authorized, and 61,013,711 and 55,368,737 shares issued and outstanding, respectively Additional paid-in capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders’ equity Total liabilities and equity December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 833,995 $ 837,816 94,695 79,270 1,845,776 (169,772) 1,676,004 31,004 3,475 54,492 31,529 759,659 801,242 — 76,029 1,636,930 (139,814) 1,497,116 35,710 7,090 — 27,955 $ $ $ 1,796,504 $ 1,567,871 19,000 $ 149,067 248,263 45,767 11,933 23,093 14,643 12,048 24,893 548,707 610 1,233,763 14,185 (761) 1,247,797 1,796,504 $ — 148,897 247,955 64,831 11,058 22,361 12,181 11,824 21,270 540,377 553 1,023,184 4,803 (1,046) 1,027,494 1,567,871 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-2 Terreno Realty Corporation Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands – except share and per share data) REVENUES Rental revenues Tenant expense reimbursements Total revenues COSTS AND EXPENSES Property operating expenses Depreciation and amortization General and administrative Acquisition costs Total costs and expenses OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) Interest and other income Interest expense, including amortization Loss on extinguishment of debt Gain on sales of real estate investments Total other income (expense) Net income Redemption of preferred stock Preferred stock dividends Net income, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends Allocation to participating securities Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE – BASIC AND DILUTED: Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends BASIC AND DILUTED WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 118,183 $ 33,474 151,657 103,329 $ 29,155 132,484 39,988 40,816 21,503 124 102,431 3,664 (18,211) — 28,610 14,063 63,289 — — 63,289 (401) 35,874 37,870 19,681 10 93,435 169 (16,777) — 30,654 14,046 53,095 (1,767) (1,961) 49,367 (352) 62,888 $ 49,015 $ 85,018 23,400 108,418 30,325 34,399 19,319 3,129 87,172 24 (13,053) (239) 7,140 (6,128) 15,118 — (3,565) 11,553 (95) 11,458 1.09 $ 0.95 $ 0.26 57,486,399 51,357,719 44,725,936 $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-3 Terreno Realty Corporation Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (in thousands) Net income Other comprehensive income (loss): cash flow hedge adjustment Comprehensive income For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ $ 63,289 $ 285 63,574 $ 53,095 $ (148) 52,947 $ 15,118 (102) 15,016 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-4 Terreno Realty Corporation Consolidated Statements of Equity (in thousands – except share data) Common Stock Preferred Stock Number of Shares Amount Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Balance as of December 31, 2015 $ 46,000 43,310,272 $ 430 $ 687,448 $ — $ Net income Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $2,813 Repurchase of common stock Issuance of restricted stock Stock-based compensation Common stock dividends Preferred stock dividends Other comprehensive loss — — — — — — — — — 4,139,224 (67,928) 32,797 — — — — Balance as of December 31, 2016 46,000 47,414,365 — 8,066,150 (144,025) — 32,247 — — — — Net income Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $4,202 Repurchase of common stock — — — Redemption of preferred stock (46,000) Issuance of restricted stock Stock-based compensation Common stock dividends Preferred stock dividends Other comprehensive loss Balance as of December 31, 2017 Net income Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $3,489 Repurchase of common stock Issuance of restricted stock Stock-based compensation Common stock dividends Other comprehensive income Balance as of December 31, 2018 $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 44 — — — — — — 474 — 79 — — — — — — — Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income Total (796) $ 733,082 — 15,118 — — — — — — (102) (898) — — — — — — — — (148) (1,046) 101,461 (1,551) — 2,231 (34,869) (3,565) (102) 811,805 53,095 256,724 (3,436) (46,038) — 2,017 (44,564) (1,961) (148) 1,027,494 — 63,289 — — — — — 285 212,221 (3,870) — 2,285 (53,907) 285 — 15,118 101,417 (1,551) — 2,231 — — — — (23,316) (11,553) — — 766,229 (3,565) — — — 53,095 256,645 (3,436) 1,729 — 2,017 — — — 212,164 (3,870) — 2,285 — — (1,767) — — (44,564) (1,961) — 4,803 63,289 — — — — — — (53,907) — 55,368,737 — 553 — 1,023,184 — 5,698,326 (107,267) 53,915 — — — 57 — — — — — 61,013,711 $ 610 $ 1,233,763 $ 14,185 $ (761) $ 1,247,797 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-5 Terreno Realty Corporation Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities Straight-line rents Amortization of lease intangibles Depreciation and amortization Loss on extinguishment of debt Gain on sales of real estate investments Deferred financing cost amortization Deferred senior secured loan fee amortization Stock-based compensation Changes in assets and liabilities Other assets Accounts payable and other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Cash paid for property acquisitions Proceeds from sales of real estate investments, net Additions to construction in progress Additions to buildings, improvements and leasing costs Cash paid for senior secured loan Origination and other fees received on senior secured loan Net cash used in investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Issuance of common stock Issuance costs on issuance of common stock Repurchase of common stock Repurchase of preferred stock Borrowings on credit facility Payments on credit facility Payments on term loans payable Borrowings on senior unsecured notes Payments on mortgage loans payable Payment of deferred financing costs Dividends paid to common stockholders Dividends paid to preferred stockholders Net cash provided by financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 63,289 $ 53,095 $ 15,118 (3,459) (3,694) 40,816 — (28,610) 1,442 (392) 9,270 (1,531) 468 77,599 (221,806) 79,594 (9,668) (28,977) (55,000) 900 (3,657) (2,161) 37,870 — (30,654) 1,193 — 8,732 584 4,496 69,498 (297,109) 75,396 — (27,405) — — (4,740) (1,338) 34,399 239 (7,140) 766 — 9,444 (3,174) 5,667 49,241 (128,495) 21,379 (15,577) (26,936) — — (234,957) (249,118) (149,629) 208,949 (3,030) (3,870) — 204,000 (185,000) — — (19,201) (1,366) (51,445) — 149,037 (8,321) 42,800 255,295 (3,764) (3,436) (46,000) 93,000 (144,500) — 100,000 (1,916) (872) (41,866) (1,999) 203,942 24,322 18,478 101,432 (1,506) (1,551) — 95,500 (44,000) (50,000) 50,000 (16,871) (2,499) (33,182) (3,565) 93,758 (6,630) 25,108 18,478 Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year $ 34,479 $ 42,800 $ SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION F-6 Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest Supplemental disclosures of non-cash transactions Accounts payable related to capital improvements Redemption of preferred stock Reconciliation of cash paid for property acquisitions Acquisition of properties Assumption of other assets and liabilities Net cash paid for property acquisitions $ $ $ $ 19,787 $ 13,839 $ 11,888 10,712 $ — 6,996 $ 1,729 227,058 $ (5,252) 221,806 $ 319,666 $ (22,557) 297,109 $ 7,955 — 130,944 (2,449) 128,495 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. F-7 Terreno Realty Corporation Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Note 1. Organization Terreno Realty Corporation (“Terreno”, and together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”) acquires, owns and operates industrial real estate in six major coastal U.S. markets: Los Angeles, Northern New Jersey/New York City, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, Miami, and Washington, D.C. All square feet, acres, occupancy and number of properties and improved land parcels disclosed in these notes to the consolidated financial statements are unaudited. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company owned 205 buildings aggregating approximately 12.8 million square feet, 16 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 55.2 acres and five properties under redevelopment expected to contain approximately 0.7 million square feet upon completion. The Company is an internally managed Maryland corporation and elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2010. Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all of the Company’s accounts and its subsidiaries and all intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Capitalization of Costs. The Company capitalizes costs directly related to the redevelopment, renovation and expansion of its investment in real estate. Costs associated with such projects are capitalized as incurred. If the project is abandoned, these costs are expensed during the period in which the redevelopment, renovation or expansion project is abandoned. Costs considered for capitalization include, but are not limited to, construction costs, interest, real estate taxes and insurance, if appropriate. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress. In the event that the activities to ready the asset for its intended use are suspended, the capitalization period will cease until such activities are resumed. Costs incurred for maintaining and repairing properties, which do not extend their useful lives, are expensed as incurred. Interest is capitalized based on actual capital expenditures from the period when redevelopment, renovation or expansion commences until the asset is ready for its intended use, at the weighted average borrowing rate during the period. Investments in Real Estate. Investments in real estate, including tenant improvements, leasehold improvements and leasing costs, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation, unless circumstances indicate that the cost cannot be recovered, in which case, an adjustment to the carrying value of the property is made to reduce it to its estimated fair value. The Company also reviews the impact of above and below-market leases, in-place leases and lease origination costs for acquisitions and records an intangible asset or liability accordingly. Impairment. Carrying values for financial reporting purposes are reviewed for impairment on a property-by-property basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be fully recoverable. Examples of such events or changes in circumstances may include classifying an asset to be held for sale, changing the intended hold period or when an asset remains vacant significantly longer than expected. The intended use of an asset either held for sale or held for use can significantly impact how impairment is measured. If an asset is intended to be held for the long-term, the recoverability is based on the undiscounted future cash flows. If the asset carrying value is not supported on an undiscounted future cash flow basis, then the asset carrying value is measured against the lower of cost or the present value of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. An impairment charge to earnings is recognized for the excess of the asset’s carrying value over the lower of cost or the present values of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. If an asset is intended to be sold, impairment is determined using the estimated fair value less costs to sell. The estimation of expected future net cash flows is inherently uncertain and relies on assumptions, among other things, regarding current and future economic and market conditions and the availability of capital. The Company determines the estimated fair values based on its assumptions regarding rental rates, lease-up and holding periods, as well as sales prices. When available, current market information is used to determine capitalization and rental growth rates. If available, current comparative sales values may also F-8 be used to establish fair value. When market information is not readily available, the inputs are based on the Company’s understanding of market conditions and the experience of the Company’s management team. Actual results could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates. The discount rates used in the fair value estimates represent a rate commensurate with the indicated holding period with a premium layered on for risk. There were no impairment charges recorded to the carrying values of the Company’s properties during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 or 2016 . Loans Held-for-Investment. Loans that are held-for-investment are carried at cost, net of loan fees and origination costs, as applicable, unless the loans are deemed impaired. Impairment occurs when it is deemed probable that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of loans that are held-for-investment. The Company evaluates its senior secured loan (the “Senior Secured Loan”), which is classified as held-for-investment, for impairment quarterly. If the Senior Secured Loan is considered to be impaired, the Company records an allowance through the provision for Senior Secured Loan losses to reduce the carrying value of the Senior Secured Loan to the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the Senior Secured Loan’s contractual effective rate or the fair value of the collateral, if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Actual losses, if any, could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates. There were no impairment charges recorded to the carrying value of the Senior Secured Loan during the year ended December 31, 2018 . Property Acquisitions Effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business which requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the integrated set of assets and activities is not considered a business. To be a business, the set of acquired activities and assets must include inputs and one or more substantive processes that together contribute to the ability to create outputs. The Company has determined that its real estate property acquisitions will generally be accounted for as asset acquisitions under the clarified definition. Prior to January 1, 2017 the Company generally accounted for property acquisitions as business combinations, in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations . Upon acquisition of a property the Company estimates the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting generally of land, buildings and improvements) and intangible assets and liabilities (consisting generally of the above and below-market leases and the origination value of all in-place leases). The Company determines fair values using Level 3 inputs such as replacement cost, estimated cash flow projections and other valuation techniques and applying appropriate discount and capitalization rates based on available market information. Mortgage loans assumed in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their fair value using current market interest rates for similar debt at the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized to individual tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis and acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred. The fair value of the tangible assets is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant. Land values are derived from current comparative sales values, when available, or management’s estimates of the fair value based on market conditions and the experience of the Company’s management team. Building and improvement values are calculated as replacement cost less depreciation, or management’s estimates of the fair value of these assets using discounted cash flow analyses or similar methods. The fair value of the above and below-market leases is based on the present value of the difference between the contractual amounts to be received pursuant to the acquired leases (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the acquired leases) and the Company’s estimate of the market lease rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the leases plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options. The above and below-market lease values are amortized to rental revenues over the remaining initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options that are considered bargain renewal options of the respective leases. The total net impact to rental revenues due to the amortization of above and below-market leases was a net increase of approximately $3.7 million , $2.2 million and $1.3 million , respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . The origination value of in-place leases is based on costs to execute similar leases including commissions and other related costs. The origination value of in-place leases also includes real estate taxes, insurance and an estimate of lost rental revenue at market rates during the estimated time required to lease up the property from vacant to the occupancy level at the date of acquisition. The remaining weighted average lease term related to these intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2018 is 9.2 years. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company’s intangible assets and liabilities, including properties held for sale (if any), consisted of the following (dollars in thousands): F-9 December 31, 2018 Accumulated Amortization Gross Net Gross December 31, 2017 Accumulated Amortization In-place leases Above-market leases Below-market leases Total $ $ 75,101 $ (51,239) $ 23,862 $ 71,502 $ (45,885) $ 4,169 (34,485) (3,610) 11,392 559 (23,093) 4,527 (30,386) (3,695) 8,025 44,785 $ (43,457) $ 1,328 $ 45,643 $ (41,555) $ Net 25,617 832 (22,361) 4,088 Projected net amortization of the intangible assets and liabilities for the next five years and thereafter as of December 31, 2018 is as follows (dollars in thousands): 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total $ $ 5,104 2,451 1,667 855 159 (8,908) 1,328 Depreciation and Useful Lives of Real Estate and Intangible Assets. Depreciation and amortization are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets or liabilities. The following table reflects the standard depreciable lives typically used to compute depreciation and amortization. However, such depreciable lives may be different based on the estimated useful life of such assets or liabilities. Description Land Building Building Improvements Tenant Improvements Leasing Costs In-place leases Above/Below-Market Leases Standard Depreciable Life Not depreciated 40 years 5-40 years Shorter of lease term or useful life Lease term Lease term Lease term Discontinued Operations. The Company considers a property or a portfolio of properties to be classified as discontinued operations when it meets the criteria established under ASU 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant and Equipment (Topic 360), Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity . Disposals that represent a strategic shift that should have or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results qualify as discontinued operations. Held for Sale Assets . The Company considers a property to be held for sale when it meets the criteria established under ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment (See “Note 5 – Held for Sale/Disposed Assets”). Properties held for sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less estimated costs to sell and are not depreciated while they are held for sale. Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consists of cash held in a major banking institution and other highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are generally invested in U.S. government securities, government agency securities or money market accounts. Restricted Cash. Restricted cash includes cash held in escrow in connection with property acquisitions and reserves for certain capital improvements, leasing, interest and real estate tax and insurance payments as required by certain mortgage loan obligations. F-10 The following summarizes the reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows: Beginning Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year $ Restricted cash Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash Ending Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Restricted cash Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 35,710 $ 7,090 42,800 31,004 3,475 34,479 14,208 $ 4,270 18,478 35,710 7,090 42,800 Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (8,321) $ 24,322 $ 22,450 2,658 25,108 14,208 4,270 18,478 (6,630) Revenue Recognition. The Company records rental revenue from operating leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases and maintains an allowance for estimated losses that may result from the inability of its tenants to make required payments. If tenants fail to make contractual lease payments that are greater than the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts, security deposits and letters of credit, then the Company may have to recognize additional doubtful account charges in future periods. The Company monitors the liquidity and creditworthiness of its tenants on an on-going basis by reviewing their financial condition periodically as appropriate. Each period the Company reviews its outstanding accounts receivable, including straight-line rents, for doubtful accounts and provides allowances as needed. The Company also records lease termination fees when a tenant has executed a definitive termination agreement with the Company and the payment of the termination fee is not subject to any conditions that must be met or waived before the fee is due to the Company. If a tenant remains in the leased space following the execution of a definitive termination agreement, the applicable termination will be deferred and recognized over the term of such tenant’s occupancy. Tenant expense reimbursement income includes payments and amounts due from tenants pursuant to their leases for real estate taxes, insurance and other recoverable property operating expenses and is recognized as revenues during the same period the related expenses are incurred. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , approximately $25.7 million and $23.0 million , respectively, of straight-line rent and accounts receivable, net of allowances of approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively, were included as a component of other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU No. 2014-09”), using the modified retrospective approach, which requires a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of our adoption. Under the modified retrospective approach, an entity may also elect to apply this standard to either (i) all contracts as of January 1, 2018 or (ii) only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. A completed contract is a contract for which all (or substantially all) of the revenue was recognized under legacy GAAP that was in effect before the date of initial application. The Company elected to apply this standard only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Based on the Company’s evaluation of contracts within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09, the guidance impacts revenue related to the sales of real estate, which is evaluated in conjunction with ASC 610- 20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (see below). Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the guidance of ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets , which applies to sales or transfers to noncustomers of nonfinancial assets or in substance nonfinancial assets that do not meet the definition of a business. Generally, the Company’s sales of real estate would be considered a sale of a nonfinancial asset as defined by ASC 610-20. ASC 610-20 refers to the revenue recognition principles under ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (see above). Under ASC 610-20, if the Company determines it does not have a controlling financial interest in the entity that holds the asset and the arrangement meets the criteria to be accounted for as a contract, the Company will derecognize the asset and recognize a gain or loss on the sale of the real estate when control of the underlying asset transfers to the buyer. As a result of adoption of the standard, there was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. F-11 Deferred Financing Costs. Costs incurred in connection with financings are capitalized and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the related loan. Deferred financing costs associated with the revolving credit facility are classified as an asset and deferred financing costs associated with debt liabilities are reported as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Deferred financing costs related to the revolving credit facility and debt liabilities are shown at cost, net of accumulated amortization in the aggregate of approximately $6.9 million and $5.7 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , respectively. Mortgage Premiums. Mortgage premiums represent the excess of the fair value of debt assumed over the principal value of debt assumed in connection with property acquisitions. The mortgage premiums are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the related debt instrument using the effective interest method. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the mortgage premiums were fully amortized. Income Taxes. The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code and operates as such beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 2010 . To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to its stockholders (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent it distributes qualifying dividends to its stockholders. If it fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income tax on its taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and generally will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the IRS grants it relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect the Company’s net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. However, the Company believes it is organized and operates in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT. ASC 740-10, Income Taxes, provides guidance for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented and disclosed in the financial statements. ASC 740-10 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are recorded as a tax expense in the current year. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits and does not believe that there will be any material changes in unrecognized tax positions over the next 12 months. The Company’s tax returns are subject to examination by federal, state and local tax jurisdictions beginning with the 2010 calendar year. Stock-Based Compensation and Other Long-Term Incentive Compensation. The Company follows the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, to account for its stock-based compensation plan, which requires that the compensation cost relating to stock-based payment transactions be recognized in the financial statements and that the cost be measured on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. The Company has adopted the Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, which provides for the grant of restricted stock awards, performance share awards, unrestricted shares or any combination of the foregoing. Stock-based compensation is recognized as a general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and measured at the fair value of the award on the date of grant. The Company estimates the forfeiture rate based on historical experience as well as expected behavior. The amount of the expense may be subject to adjustment in future periods depending on the specific characteristics of the stock-based award. In addition, the Company has awarded long-term incentive target awards (the “Performance Share awards”) to its executives that may be payable in shares of the Company’s common stock after the conclusion of each pre-established performance measurement period, which is generally three years . The amount that may be earned under the Performance Share awards is variable depending on the relative total shareholder return of the Company’s common stock as compared to the total shareholder return of the MSCI U.S. REIT Index (RMS) and the FTSE Nareit Equity Industrial Index over the pre-established performance measurement period. The Company estimates the fair value of the Performance Share awards using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of grant and at each reporting period. The Performance Share awards are recognized as compensation expense over the requisite performance period based on the fair value of the Performance Share awards at the balance sheet date and vary quarter to quarter based on the Company’s relative share price performance. Use of Derivative Financial Instruments. ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (See “Note 9 – Derivative Financial Instruments”) , provides the disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging activities with the intent to provide users of financial statements with an enhanced understanding of: (a) how and why the Company uses derivative instruments, (b) how the Company accounts for derivative instruments and related hedged items, and (c) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect the Company’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. Further, qualitative disclosures are required that explain the Company’s objectives and strategies for using derivatives, as well as quantitative disclosures about the fair value of and gains and losses on derivative instruments. F-12 The Company records all derivatives on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether the Company has elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. The Company may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain of its risks, even though hedge accounting does not apply or the Company elects not to apply hedge accounting. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had three interest rate caps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with its existing $150.0 million of variable-rate term loans. The caps have a notional value of $150.0 million and will effectively cap the annual interest rate at 4.0% plus 1.20% to 1.70% , depending on leverage, with respect to $50.0 million for the period from December 2014 (effective date) to May 1, 2021 , $50.0 million for the period from September 1, 2015 (effective date) to April 1, 2019 , and $50.0 million for the period from September 1, 2015 (effective date) to February 3, 2020 . The Company records all derivative instruments on a gross basis in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, and accordingly, there are no offsetting amounts that net assets against liabilities. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the fair value of the interest rate caps was approximately $26,000 and $30,000 , respectively. Fair Value of Financial Instruments . ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (See “Note 10 – Fair Value Measurements”), defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 also provides guidance for using fair value to measure financial assets and liabilities. ASC 820 requires disclosure of the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, including measurements using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active (Level 2), and significant valuation assumptions that are not readily observable in the market (Level 3). New Accounting Standards. In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2014-09 , which is their final standard on revenue from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenues arising from contracts with customers. The effective date of ASU 2014-09 was deferred by the issuance of ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, by one year to make the guidance of ASU 2014-09 effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods therein. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) , which clarified how to apply the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations related to the sale of goods or services to a customer as updated by ASU 2014-09. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing , which clarified two aspects of Topic 606: (1) identifying performance obligations and (2) the licensing implementation guidance, while retaining the related principles for those areas. The effective date and transition requirements for ASU 2016-10 were the same as the effective date and transition requirements in ASU 2015-14. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients , which made narrow scope amendments to Topic 606 including implementation issues on collectability, non-cash consideration and completed contracts at transition. In December 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers , which made additional narrow scope amendments to Topic 606 including loan guarantee fees, impairment testing of contract costs, provisions for losses on construction-type and production-type contracts. The FASB allowed two adoption methods under ASU 2014-09. Under one method, a company will apply the rules to contracts in all reporting periods presented, subject to certain allowable exceptions. Under the other method, a company will apply the rules to all contracts existing as of January 1, 2018, recognizing in beginning retained earnings an adjustment for the cumulative effect of the change and providing additional disclosures comparing results to previous rules (“modified retrospective method”). Based on the Company’s evaluation of contracts within the scope of ASU 2014-09, the guidance impacted revenue related to the sales of real estate, which is evaluated in conjunction with ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (see below). The Company’s rental revenues and recoveries earned from leasing operating properties are excluded from this standard and will be assessed with the adoption of ASU 2016-02, Leases (see below). The Company adopted ASU 2014-09 as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. As a result of adoption of the standard, there was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. F-13 Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the guidance of ASC 610-20, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (“ASC 610-20”), which applied to sales or transfers to noncustomers of nonfinancial assets or in substance nonfinancial assets that do not meet the definition of a business. Generally, the Company’s sales of real estate would be considered a sale of a nonfinancial asset as defined by ASC 610-20. ASC 610-20 refers to the revenue recognition principles under ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (see above). Under ASC 610-20, if the Company determines it does not have a controlling financial interest in the entity that holds the asset and the arrangement meets the criteria to be accounted for as a contract, the Company would derecognize the asset and recognize a gain or loss on the sale of the real estate when control of the underlying asset transfers to the buyer. As a result of adoption of the standard, there was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU No. 2016-02”). The amendments in ASU No. 2016-02 change the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 as of its issuance is permitted. ASU No. 2016-02 requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the package of practical expedients for all leases that commenced before the effective date of January 1, 2019. Accordingly, the Company did 1) not reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, 2) not reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing lease, and 3) not reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company did not elect the practical expedient related to using hindsight to reevaluate the lease term. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements (“ASU No. 2018-11”), which provides lessors with a practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to not separate nonlease components from the associated lease component and, instead to account for those components as a single component if the nonlease components otherwise would be accounted for under the new revenue recognition standard (Topic 606) and if certain conditions are met. Upon adoption of the lease accounting standard under Topic 842, the Company adopted this practical expedient, specifically related to its tenant reimbursements which would otherwise be accounted for under the new revenue recognition standard. The Company believes the two conditions have been met for tenant reimbursements as 1) the timing and pattern of transfer of the nonlease components and associated lease components are the same and 2) the non-lease component is not the predominant component in the arrangement. In addition, ASU No. 2018-11, provides an additional optional transition method to allow entities to apply the new lease accounting standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. An entity’s reporting for the comparative periods presented in the financial statements in which it adopts the new lease accounting standard will continue to be reported under the current lease accounting standards of Topic 840. The Company adopted this transition method upon adoption of the lease accounting standard of Topic 842 on January 1, 2019. In December 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842), Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors (“ASU No. 2018-20”), which permits lessors, as an accounting policy election, to not evaluate whether certain sales taxes and other similar taxes are lessor costs or lessee costs and instead to account for these costs as if they were lessee costs. In addition, ASU No. 2018-20 requires lessors to 1) exclude lessor costs paid directly by lessees to third parties on the lessor’s behalf from variable payments and 2) include lessor costs that are reimbursed by the lessee in the measurement of variable lease revenue and the associated expense. The amendments also clarify that lessors are required to allocate the variable payments to the lease and non-lease components and follow the recognition guidance in Topic 842 for the lease component and other applicable guidance, such as ASC 606, for the non-lease component. The Company created an inventory of its leases where the Company may be a lessee to assess the potential impact to the Company’s financial statements. From a lessee perspective, the adoption of the new lease accounting standard is not expected to have a material impact to the Company’s financial statements on January 1, 2019. The Company has assessed the potential impact to the Company’s financial statements as a lessor and the new lease standard is not expected to have a material impact to the Company’s financial statements on January 1, 2019. The Company does not currently capitalize internal leasing costs. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting , which provides clarified guidance regarding when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment must be accounted for as a modification. The guidance will be applied prospectively to awards modified on or after the adoption date. ASU 2017-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption was permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2017-09 as of January 1, 2018. As a result of adoption of the standard, there was no material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. F-14 Segment Disclosure. ASC 280, Segment Reporting , establishes standards for reporting financial and descriptive information about an enterprise’s reportable segments. The Company has determined that it has one reportable segment, with activities related to investing in real estate. The Company’s investments in real estate are geographically diversified and the chief operating decision makers evaluate operating performance on an individual asset level. As each of the Company’s assets has similar economic characteristics, the assets have been aggregated into one reportable segment. Note 3. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company may maintain deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. However, the Company’s management believes the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company owned 57 buildings aggregating approximately 3.3 million square feet and six improved land parcels consisting of approximately 27.1 acres located in Northern New Jersey/New York City, which accounted for a combined percentage of approximately 27.0% of its annualized base rent, and 36 buildings aggregating approximately 2.5 million square feet and five improved land parcels consisting of approximately 10.1 acres located in Los Angeles, which accounted for a combined percentage of approximately 17.6% of its annualized base rent. Such annualized base rent percentages are based on contractual base rent from leases in effect as of December 31, 2018 , excluding any partial or full rent abatements. Other real estate companies compete with the Company in its real estate markets. This results in competition for tenants to occupy space. The existence of competing properties could have a material impact on the Company’s ability to lease space and on the level of rent that can be achieved. The Company had no tenants that accounted for greater than 10% of its rental revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . Note 4. Investments in Real Estate During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company acquired 17 industrial buildings containing approximately 1.0 million square feet and five improved land parcels containing approximately 19.9 acres, including two buildings and one improved land parcel under redevelopment that upon completion will contain approximately 0.5 million square feet with a total expected investment of approximately $ 112.9 million (unaudited), including redevelopment costs of approximately $ 36.8 million . The total aggregate initial investment, including acquisition costs, was approximately $227.1 million , of which $154.5 million was recorded to land, $64.0 million to buildings and improvements, $8.6 million to intangible assets and $4.7 million to intangible liabilities. The following table sets forth the wholly-owned industrial properties the Company acquired during the year ended December 31, 2018 : F-15 Property Name Vermont Woodside 1st Avenue South Wicks Blvd 85 Doremus 2 East Valley Merced 3 San Clemente Whitney 4 Commerce Kent 192 5 6th Ave Walnut II Shoemaker 6 Hotchkiss II Total Location Acquisition Date Number of Buildings Torrance, CA Queens, NY Seattle, WA San Leandro, CA Newark, NJ Renton, WA January 31, 2018 March 6, 2018 March 6, 2018 April 27, 2018 May 7, 2018 May 7, 2018 San Leandro, CA August 2, 2018 Hayward, CA San Leandro, CA Carlstadt, NJ Seattle, WA Seattle, WA Compton, CA September 7, 2018 September 17, 2018 October 17, 2018 October 24, 2018 October 31, 2018 November 7, 2018 Santa Fe Springs, CA November 14, 2018 Fremont, CA December 20, 2018 Square Feet 99,629 $ 83,294 234,720 11,300 — 39,005 225,344 54,000 128,073 24,000 — 50,270 60,040 — 29,214 Purchase Price (in thousands) 1 17,500 25,170 42,000 2,600 6,300 5,950 36,000 9,000 22,790 3,480 12,434 12,558 11,108 6,400 6,200 1,038,889 $ 219,490 1 1 1 1 — 1 4 1 3 1 — 1 1 — 1 17 1 Excludes intangible liabilities and assumed mortgage premiums, if any. The total aggregate investment was approximately $227.1 million , including $2.9 million in closing costs and acquisition costs. 2 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 3.5 acres. 3 Also includes an improved land parcel containing approximately 1.2 acres. 4 Also includes an improved land parcel containing approximately 0.2 acres. 5 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 12.7 acres. 6 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 2.3 acres. The Company recorded revenues and net income for the year ended December 31, 2018 of approximately $4.8 million and $1.7 million , respectively, related to the 2018 acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2017 , the Company acquired 35 industrial buildings containing approximately 1.7 million square feet and five improved land parcels containing approximately 25.2 acres. The total aggregate initial investment, including acquisition costs, was approximately $319.7 million , of which $211.2 million was recorded to land, $92.6 million to buildings and improvements, $15.9 million to intangible assets and $21.5 million to intangible liabilities. The following table sets forth the wholly-owned industrial properties the Company acquired during the year ended December 31, 2017 : F-16 Property Name Acacia 637 S. Lucile Lynwood 2 West Side Ave Hanford 2920 V Street Avenue A South Main III Frelinghuysen 3 Stockton 4 Telegraph Dawson Walnut NW 70th IV Kero Road 5 Hotchkiss 104th St NW 94th Ave NW 70th V 6 2315 E Dominguez 7 1855 W 139th St Hawthorne New Dutch Total Location Acquisition Date Number of Buildings Compton, CA Seattle, WA Lynwood, CA North Bergen, NJ Seattle, WA Washington, D.C. Carlstadt, NJ Gardena, CA Newark, NJ Newark, NJ Santa Fe Springs, CA Seattle, WA Compton, CA Miami, FL Carlstadt, NJ Fremont, CA Los Angeles, CA Doral, FL Miami, FL Los Angeles, CA Carson, CA Hawthorne, CA Fairfield, NJ January 25, 2017 February 3, 2017 April 20, 2017 April 20, 2017 April 21, 2017 May 10, 2017 May 10, 2017 June 2, 2017 June 29, 2017 June 30, 2017 July 6, 2017 July 7, 2017 July 21, 2017 August 4, 2017 September 1, 2017 September 28, 2017 October 19, 2017 October 23, 2017 October 30, 2017 November 30, 2017 December 15, 2017 December 19, 2017 December 20, 2017 Square Feet 45,776 $ 45,320 477,153 126,491 34,983 21,666 32,676 114,061 — — 86,814 13,176 57,520 15,965 43,407 40,830 20,055 38,430 59,400 — 230,891 152,025 50,400 Purchase Price (in thousands) 1 7,103 7,750 31,378 14,000 5,940 3,727 12,000 24,700 16,250 13,200 14,930 4,000 9,352 2,515 13,500 7,275 4,750 6,759 8,400 12,860 37,550 27,600 7,200 1,707,039 $ 292,739 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 — — 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 — 2 8 1 35 1 Excludes intangible liabilities and assumed mortgage premiums, if any. The total aggregate investment was approximately $319.7 million , including $5.5 2 million in closing costs and acquisition costs. Includes approximately one million square feet of land, which is 100% ground leased on a long-term basis to two tenants, and contains two industrial distribution buildings and one rail transshipment facility. 3 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 10.6 acres. 4 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 7.2 acres. 5 Also includes an improved land parcel containing approximately 1.1 acres. 6 Also includes an improved land parcel containing approximately 0.9 acres. 7 Represents an improved land parcel containing approximately 5.4 acres. The Company recorded revenues and net income for the year ended December 31, 2017 of approximately $7.3 million and $3.0 million , respectively, related to the 2017 acquisitions. The above assets and liabilities were recorded at fair value, which uses Level 3 inputs. The properties were acquired from unrelated third parties using existing cash on hand, proceeds from property sales, issuance of common stock and borrowings on the revolving credit facility. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2017-1, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business under which property acquisitions are generally accounted for as asset acquisitions resulting in the capitalization of acquisition costs as part of the purchase price of the acquisition, instead of being expensed as incurred. Prior to January 1, 2017, the Company accounted for property acquisitions as business combinations, in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations, resulting in the expense of acquisition costs as incurred. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has five properties under redevelopment that upon completion will contain approximately 0.7 million square feet with a total expected investment of approximately $136.3 million , including redevelopment costs of approximately $49.9 million . During 2018 , the Company completed redevelopment of its Woodside property in Queens, New York, an existing approximately 83,000 square foot office building. The total expected investment is approximately $32.1 million . The Company capitalized interest associated with redevelopment and expansion activities of approximately $2.5 million , $0 and $0.6 million , respectively, during the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . F-17 Pro Forma Financial Information: The following supplementary pro forma financial information presents the results of operations of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 as if all of the Company’s acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2018 occurred on January 1, 2017 . The following pro forma results for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 have been presented for comparative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have actually occurred had all transactions taken place on January 1, 2017 , or of future results of operations (dollars in thousands, except per share data). For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 Total revenues $ (Unaudited) 156,484 $ Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends Basic and diluted net income available to common stockholders per share, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends $ 64,299 1.12 $ 142,065 51,905 1.01 Note 5. Held for Sale/Disposed Assets The Company considers a property to be held for sale when it meets the criteria established under ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment . Properties held for sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less estimated costs to sell and are not depreciated while they are held for sale. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company did not have any properties held for sale. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company sold one property located in the Washington, D.C. market for a sales price of approximately $20.3 million , resulting in a gain of approximately $3.3 million , two properties in the Miami market for an aggregate sales price of approximately $28.6 million , resulting in an aggregate gain of approximately $13.1 million and one property in the Los Angeles market for a sales price of approximately $33.2 million , resulting in a gain of approximately $12.2 million . During the year ended December 31, 2017 , the Company sold one property located in the Los Angeles market for a sales price of approximately $25.3 million , resulting in a gain of approximately $10.1 million and three properties in the Washington, D.C. market for an aggregate sales price of approximately $52.0 million , resulting in an aggregate gain of approximately $20.5 million . Note 6. Senior Secured Loan On May 7, 2018, the Company made a Senior Secured Loan of $55.0 million with a two -year term that bears interest at a fixed annual interest rate of 8.0% and matures in May 2020 . The Senior Secured Loan is secured by a portfolio of nine improved land parcels primarily located in Newark and Kearny, New Jersey. One of the properties securing the Senior Secured Loan may be put to the Company as partial repayment of the Senior Secured Loan. This property, and two of the other properties, may be called by the Company as partial or full repayment of the Senior Secured Loan at previously agreed upon values. In addition, per the terms of the Senior Secured Loan, the borrower may repay the loan at any time with either cash or deeds in lieu, with the deeds subject to the Company’s approval. As of December 31, 2018 , the borrower has offered repayment with deeds in lieu on two of the three option properties for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $ 39.1 million. As of February 6, 2019 , the Company has one outstanding contract to acquire one of the option properties for approximately $ 25.0 million and one non-binding letter of intent to acquire one of the option properties for approximately $14.1 million. There is no assurance that the Company will acquire the properties under contract because the proposed acquisitions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence and various closing conditions, and with respect to the property under non-binding letter of intent, the Company’s entry into a purchase and sale agreement. As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , there was approximately $ 54.5 million and $ 0 , respectively, net of deferred loan fees of approximately $ 0.5 million and $ 0 , respectively, outstanding on the Senior Secured Loan and approximately $ 0.4 million and $ 0 , respectively, of interest receivable outstanding on the Senior Secured Loan. Interest receivable is included as a component of other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. F-18 Note 7. Debt On October 19, 2018, the Company entered into a Fifth Amended and Restated Senior Credit Agreement (the “Facility”). The Facility consists of a $250.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (increased from $200.0 million ) that matures in October 2022 (previously August 2020 ), a $50.0 million term loan that matures in August 2021 and a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2022 . The amount and maturity dates of the outstanding term loans remain unchanged under the Facility. The aggregate amount of the Facility may be increased to a total of up to $600.0 million , subject to the approval of the administrative agent and the identification of lenders willing to make available additional amounts. Outstanding borrowings under the Facility are limited to the lesser of (i) the sum of the $250.0 million revolving credit facility (previously $200.0 million ), the $50.0 million term loan maturing in August 2021 and the $100.0 million term loan maturing in January 2022 or (ii) 60.0% of the value of the unencumbered properties. Interest on the Facility, including the term loans, is generally to be paid based upon, at the Company’s option, either (i) LIBOR plus the applicable LIBOR margin or (ii) the applicable base rate which is the greatest of the administrative agent’s prime rate, 0.50% above the federal funds effective rate, or thirty-day LIBOR plus the applicable LIBOR margin for LIBOR rate loans under the Facility plus 1.25% . The applicable LIBOR margin with respect to the revolving credit facility under the Facility has been reduced to a range of 1.05% to 1.50% (previously 1.35% to 1.90% ; 1.05% as of December 31, 2018) and the applicable LIBOR margin with respect to the outstanding term loans under the Facility has been reduced to a range of 1.20% to 1.70% (previously 1.30% to 1.85% ; 1.20% as of December 31, 2018), in each case depending on the ratio of the Company’s outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of the Company’s consolidated gross asset value. The Facility requires quarterly payments of an annual facility fee in an amount ranging from 0.15% to 0.30% (previously there was no annual facility fee) depending on the ratio of the Company’s outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of the Company’s consolidated gross asset value. There is no unused facility fee under the Facility (previously 0.20% or 0.25% depending on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility). As of December 31, 2018 , the Company also had $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in September 2022 , $100.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2024 , $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2026 , and $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in October 2027 (collectively the “Senior Unsecured Notes”). As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , there was $19.0 million and $0 , respectively, of borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $150.0 million and $150.0 million , respectively, of borrowings outstanding on the term loans. As of both December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had three interest rate caps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with its existing $150.0 million of variable-rate term loans. See “Note 9-Derivative Financial Instruments” for more information regarding the Company’s interest rate caps. The Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are guaranteed by the Company and by substantially all of the current and to-be-formed subsidiaries of the Company that own an unencumbered property. The Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are unsecured by the Company’s properties or by interests in the subsidiaries that hold such properties. The Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes include a series of financial and other covenants with which the Company must comply. The Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 . The Company has mortgage loans payable which are collateralized by certain of the properties and require monthly interest and principal payments until maturity and are generally non-recourse. The mortgage loans mature between 2019 and 2021 . As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had two mortgage loans payable, net of deferred financing costs, totaling approximately $45.8 million , which bear interest at a weighted average fixed annual rate of 4.1% . As of December 31, 2017 , the Company had three mortgage loans payable, net of deferred financing costs, totaling approximately $64.8 million , which bore interest at a weighted average fixed annual interest rate of 4.0% . As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the total gross book value of the properties securing the debt was approximately $114.5 million and $153.7 million , respectively. F-19 The scheduled principal payments of the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2018 were as follows (dollars in thousands): 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Subtotal Unamortized net premiums Total Debt Deferred financing costs, net Total Debt, net Weighted Average Interest Rate Note 8. Leasing Credit Facility Term Loans Senior Unsecured Notes Mortgage Loans Payable Total Debt $ — $ — — 19,000 — — 19,000 — 19,000 — — $ — 50,000 100,000 — — 150,000 — 150,000 (933) — $ — — 50,000 — 200,000 250,000 — 250,000 (1,737) 1,514 $ 33,077 11,271 — — — 45,862 — 45,862 (95) $ 19,000 $ 149,067 $ 248,263 $ 45,767 $ 1,514 33,077 61,271 169,000 — 200,000 464,862 — 464,862 (2,765) 462,097 3.6% 3.6% 4.1% 4.1% 3.9% The following is a schedule of minimum future cash rentals on tenant operating leases in effect as of December 31, 2018 . The schedule does not reflect future rental revenues from the renewal or replacement of existing leases and excludes property operating expense reimbursements (dollars in thousands): 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total $ $ 116,270 103,428 88,251 71,541 52,089 152,890 584,469 Note 9. Derivative Financial Instruments Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives The Company is exposed to certain risk arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its debt funding and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of its known or expected cash payments principally related to its borrowings. Derivative Instruments The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Company primarily uses interest rate caps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate caps involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty at the end of each period in which the interest rate exceeds the agreed fixed price. The Company does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The Company requires that hedging derivative instruments be highly effective in reducing the risk exposure that they are designated to hedge. As a result, there is no significant ineffectiveness from any of its derivative activities. F-20 The accounting for changes in fair value (i.e., gains or losses) of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and further, on the type of hedging relationship. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges must be adjusted to fair value through earnings. For a derivative that is designated and that qualifies as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative is initially recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”). Amounts recorded in AOCI are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value is immediately recognized in earnings. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had three interest rate caps to hedge the variable cash flows associated with its existing $150.0 million of variable-rate term loans. The caps have a notional value of $150.0 million and will effectively cap the annual interest rate payable at 4.0% plus 1.20% to 1.70% , depending on leverage, with respect to $50.0 million for the period from December 1, 2014 (effective date) to May 1, 2021, $50.0 million for the period from September 1, 2015 (effective date) to April 1, 2019 and $50.0 million for the period from September 1, 2015 (effective date) to February 3, 2020. The Company is required to make certain monthly variable rate payments on the term loans, while the applicable counterparty is obligated to make certain monthly floating rate payments based on LIBOR to the Company in the event LIBOR is greater than 4.0% , referencing the same notional amount. The Company records all derivative instruments on a gross basis in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, and accordingly, there are no offsetting amounts that net assets against liabilities. The following table presents a summary of the Company’s derivative instruments designated as hedging instruments (dollars in thousands): Effective Date Maturity Date Interest Rate Strike Fair Value December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Notional Amount December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Derivative Instrument Assets: Interest Rate Cap Interest Rate Cap Interest Rate Cap Total 12/1/2014 5/4/2021 9/1/2015 9/1/2015 4/1/2019 2/3/2020 4.0% $ 4.0% 4.0% $ 25 $ — 1 26 $ 26 $ 50,000 $ 1 3 50,000 50,000 30 $ 150,000 $ 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000 The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and qualified as cash flow hedges is recorded in AOCI and will be reclassified to interest expense in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings on the Company’s variable rate debt. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings into interest expense. The following table presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments on its accompanying consolidated statements of operations for years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Interest rate caps in cash flow hedging relationships: Amount of gain recognized in AOCI on derivatives (effective portion) Amount of gain reclassified from AOCI into interest expense (effective portion) $ $ 289 $ 289 $ 103 $ 103 $ — — The Company estimates that approximately $0.3 million will be reclassified from AOCI as an increase to interest expense over the next twelve months. Note 10. Fair Value Measurements ASC 820 requires disclosure of the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, including measurements using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active (Level 2), and significant valuation assumptions that are not readily observable in the market (Level 3). F-21 Recurring Measurements – Interest Rate Contracts Fair Value of Interest Rate Caps Currently, the Company uses interest rate cap agreements to manage its interest rate risk. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of the derivatives. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company applied the provisions of this standard to the valuation of its interest rate caps. The following sets forth the Company’s financial instruments that are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): Assets Interest rate caps at: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Fair Value Measurement Using Quoted Price in Active Markets for Identical Assets and Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value $ $ 26 $ 30 $ — $ — $ 26 $ 30 $ — — Financial Instruments Disclosed at Fair Value As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximated their carrying values because of the short-term nature of these investments or liabilities based on Level 1 inputs. The fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments were evaluated based on Level 2 inputs. The fair values of the Company’s mortgage loans payable and Senior Unsecured Notes were estimated by calculating the present value of principal and interest payments, based on borrowing rates available to the Company, which are Level 2 inputs, adjusted with a credit spread, as applicable, and assuming the loans are outstanding through maturity. The fair value of the Company’s Facility approximated its carrying value because the variable interest rates approximate market borrowing rates available to the Company, which are Level 2 inputs. The fair value of the Company’s Senior Secured Loan approximated its carrying value because the interest rate approximates the market lending rate available to the borrower, which is a Level 2 input. The following table sets forth the carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Company’s Senior Secured Loan and debt as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): Assets Senior Secured Loan at: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Liabilities Debt at: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity Total Fair Value $ $ $ $ 55,000 $ — $ 455,159 $ 459,048 $ Fair Value Measurement Using Quoted Price in Active Markets for Identical Assets and Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Carrying Value — $ — $ 55,000 $ — $ — $ — $ 54,492 — — $ — $ 455,159 $ 459,048 $ — $ — $ 462,097 461,683 The Company’s authorized capital stock consists of 400,000,000 shares of common stock, 0.01 par value per share, and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, 0.01 par value per share. The Company has an at-the-market equity offering program F-22 (the “ $250 Million ATM Program”) pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $250.0 million in amounts and at times to be determined by the Company from time to time. Prior to the implementation of the $250 Million ATM Program, the Company had a $200.0 million ATM program (the “ $200 Million ATM Program”), which was substantially utilized as of June 30, 2018 and is no longer active, and a $150.0 million ATM program (the “ $150 Million ATM Program”), which was fully utilized as of June 30, 2017. Actual sales under the $250 Million ATM Program, if any, will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company from time to time, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of the Company’s common stock, determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company and potential uses of funding available to the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering of the shares under the $250 Million ATM Program, if any, for general corporate purposes, which may include future acquisitions and repayment of indebtedness, including borrowings under the Facility. During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company issued an aggregate of 5,492,707 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $38.04 per share under the $250 Million ATM Program and the $200 Million ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $205.9 million and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $3.0 million . During the year ended December 31, 2017 , the Company issued an aggregate of 7,859,929 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $32.48 per share under the $200 Million ATM Program and the $150 Million ATM program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $251.6 million and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $3.7 million . As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 , the Company had shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $129.9 million available for issuance under the $250 Million ATM Program and $90.1 million available for issuance under the $200 Million ATM Program, respectively. On October 31, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved an extension of the share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to 3,000,000 shares (previously 2,000,000 shares) of its outstanding common stock from time to time through December 31, 2020 . Purchases made pursuant to the program will be made in either the open market or in privately negotiated transactions as permitted by federal securities laws and other legal requirements. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined by the Company in its discretion and will be subject to economic and market conditions, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company has no t repurchased any shares of stock pursuant to its share repurchase authorization. In connection with the annual meeting of stockholders on May 1, 2018, the Company granted a total of 9,656 shares of unrestricted common stock to its independent directors under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) with a grant date fair value per share of $37.29 . The grant date fair value of the unrestricted common stock was determined using the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. The Company recognized approximately $0.4 million in compensation costs for the year ended December 31, 2018 related to this issuance. On July 19, 2017 , the Company redeemed all 1,840,000 outstanding shares of the 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus an amount per share of $0.096875 representing all accrued and unpaid dividends per share from July 1, 2017 to, but excluding, July 19, 2017. The Company recognized a charge of approximately $1.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 representing the write-off of original issuance costs related to the redemption of the Series A Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2018 , there were 1,705,000 shares of common stock authorized for issuance as restricted stock grants, unrestricted stock awards or Performance Share awards under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), of which 335,490 were remaining and available for issuance. The grant date fair value per share of restricted stock awards issued during the period from February 16, 2010 (commencement of operations) to December 31, 2018 ranged from $14.20 to $37.16 . The fair value of the restricted stock that was granted during the year ended December 31, 2018 was approximately $1.9 million and the vesting period for the restricted stock is five years. As of December 31, 2018 , the Company had approximately $4.5 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock issuances, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of approximately 2.8 years . The Company recognized compensation costs of approximately $1.9 million , $1.7 million and $1.9 million , respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 related to the restricted stock issuances. The following is a summary of the total restricted shares granted to the Company’s executive officers and employees with the related weighted average grant date fair value share prices for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . F-23 Restricted Stock Activity: Non-vested shares outstanding as of December 31, 2015 Granted Forfeited Vested Non-vested shares outstanding as of December 31, 2016 Granted Forfeited Vested Non-vested shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017 Granted Forfeited Vested Non-vested shares outstanding as of December 31, 2018 Shares 403,468 $ Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value 32,797 (16,489) (24,495) 395,281 32,247 (50,008) (20,337) 357,183 53,915 (11,830) (15,338) 383,930 $ 20.08 21.50 17.53 17.26 20.48 26.52 21.60 18.06 21.01 34.63 20.30 20.21 22.98 The following is a vesting schedule of the total non-vested shares of restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2018 : Non-vested Shares Vesting Schedule 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Thereafter Total Non-vested Shares Long-Term Incentive Plan: Number of Shares 24,372 303,433 13,750 10,068 32,307 — 383,930 As of December 31, 2018 , there are three open performance measurement periods for the Performance Share awards: January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018 , January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019 and January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020 . During the year ended December 31, 2018 , the Company issued 195,963 shares of common stock at a price of $34.50 per share related to the Performance Share awards for the performance period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 . The Company recorded compensation expense of approximately $7.1 million , $6.7 million and $7.3 million , respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , related to the Performance Share awards. As of December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , approximately $12.0 million , $11.8 million , and $10.7 million , respectively, of compensation costs related to the Performance Share awards were accrued. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the Performance Share awards (dollars in thousands): Fair Value Accrual For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Expense Performance Share Period January 1, 2018 - December 31, 2020 January 1, 2017 - December 31, 2019 January 1, 2016 - December 31, 2018 1 January 1, 2015 - December 31, 2017 January 1, 2014 - December 31, 2016 Total December 31, 2018 December 31, 2018 $ 3,409 $ 1,135 $ 6,109 6,840 — — 4,073 6,840 — — 2018 2017 2016 1,135 $ — $ 2,540 3,388 — — 1,532 2,189 2,994 — $ 16,358 $ 12,048 $ 7,063 $ 6,715 $ F-24 — — 1,262 2,589 3,471 7,322 1 Subsequent to December 31, 2018, the compensation committee determined that approximately $6.8 million was earned under the Long-Term Incentive Plan with respect to the performance period that ended on December 31, 2018 and a total of 196,087 shares of common stock were issued to the executives. Dividends: The following table sets forth the cash dividends paid or payable per share during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 : For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 June 30, 2018 September 30, 2018 December 31, 2018 For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 March 31, 2017 June 30, 2017 June 30, 2017 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2017 Dividend per Share Security Common stock $ Common stock $ Common stock $ Common stock $ Declaration Date Record Date Date Paid 0.22 February 6, 2018 0.22 May 1, 2018 0.24 August 1, 2018 March 28, 2018 July 6, 2018 October 5, 2018 0.24 October 31, 2018 December 18, 2018 April 12, 2018 July 20, 2018 October 19, 2018 January 11, 2019 Security Dividend per Share Declaration Date Record Date Date Paid Common stock $ Preferred stock $ Common stock $ Preferred stock $ Common stock $ Common stock $ 0.200000 February 7, 2017 0.484375 February 7, 2017 0.200000 May 2, 2017 0.484375 May 2, 2017 March 28, 2017 March 10, 2017 July 7, 2017 June 9, 2017 0.220000 August 1, 2017 October 6, 2017 0.220000 October 31, 2017 December 29, 2017 April 12, 2017 March 31, 2017 July 21, 2017 June 30, 2017 October 21, 2017 January 12, 2018 On July 19, 2017, the Company redeemed all 1,840,000 outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus an amount per share of $0.096875 representing all accrued and unpaid dividends per share from July 1, 2017 to, but excluding, July 19, 2017. Note 12. Net Income (Loss) Per Share Pursuant to ASC 260-10-45, Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payment Transactions Are Participating Securities , unvested share- based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends are participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method of computing earnings per share allocates earnings per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared (whether paid or unpaid) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Under the two-class method, earnings per common share are computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common stockholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The Company’s non-vested shares of restricted stock are considered participating securities since these share-based awards contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends irrespective of whether the awards ultimately vest or expire. The Company had no dilutive restricted stock awards outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 . In accordance with the Company’s policies of determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities and accounting for earnings per share, the net income (loss) per common share is adjusted for earnings distributed through declared dividends (if any) and allocated to all participating securities (weighted average common shares outstanding and unvested restricted shares outstanding) under the two-class method. Under this method, allocations were made to 368,912 , 375,924 and 398,475 of weighted average unvested restricted shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2018 , 2017 and 2016 , respectively. F-25 Note 13. Quarterly Results of Operations – Unaudited The following tables summarize the Company’s quarterly financial information. Total revenues Total costs and expenses Total other income and (expenses) Net income Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends Earnings per Common Share – Basic and Diluted: Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends 1 Basic and Diluted Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding Total revenues Total costs and expenses Total other income and (expenses) Net income Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends Earnings per Common Share – Basic and Diluted: Net income available to common stockholders, net of redemption of preferred stock and preferred stock dividends 1 Basic and Diluted Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding 2018 Quarter Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 (in thousands, except share and per share data) 37,107 $ 37,238 $ 37,899 $ (25,708) (1,342) 10,057 (25,099) 7,998 20,137 (24,712) (3,065) 10,122 39,413 (26,912) 10,471 22,972 9,992 $ 20,012 $ 10,056 $ 22,827 0.18 $ 0.35 $ 0.17 $ 0.38 55,127,580 56,698,959 58,369,252 59,689,965 2017 Quarter Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 (in thousands, except share and per share data) 31,441 $ 32,778 $ 33,640 $ (21,911) (3,731) 5,799 (23,568) 6,317 15,527 (23,659) 10,952 20,933 34,625 (24,297) 508 10,836 4,874 $ 14,529 $ 18,852 $ 10,761 0.10 $ 0.29 $ 0.36 $ 0.20 47,645,321 50,325,668 52,804,611 54,563,353 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 The above quarterly income per share calculations are based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each quarter. The income per share calculation for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 in the consolidated statements of operations is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 . The sum of the quarterly financial data may vary from the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 data due to rounding. Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies Litigation . The Company is not involved in any material litigation nor, to its knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against it. In the normal course of business, from time to time, the Company may be involved in legal actions relating to the ownership and operations of its properties. Management does not expect that the liabilities, if any, that may ultimately result from such legal actions will have a material effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. F-26 Environmental Matters. The industrial properties that the Company owns and will acquire are subject to various federal, state and local environmental laws. Under these laws, courts and government agencies have the authority to require the Company, as owner of a contaminated property, to clean up the property, even if it did not know of or was not responsible for the contamination. These laws also apply to persons who owned a property at the time it became contaminated, and therefore it is possible the Company could incur these costs even after the Company sells some of the properties it acquires. In addition to the costs of cleanup, environmental contamination can affect the value of a property and, therefore, an owner’s ability to borrow using the property as collateral or to sell the property. Under applicable environmental laws, courts and government agencies also have the authority to require that a person who sent waste to a waste disposal facility, such as a landfill or an incinerator, pay for the clean-up of that facility if it becomes contaminated and threatens human health or the environment. Furthermore, various court decisions have established that third parties may recover damages for injury caused by property contamination. For instance, a person exposed to asbestos at one of the Company’s properties may seek to recover damages if he or she suffers injury from the asbestos. Lastly, some of these environmental laws restrict the use of a property or place conditions on various activities. An example would be laws that require a business using chemicals to manage them carefully and to notify local officials that the chemicals are being used. The Company could be responsible for any of the costs discussed above. The costs to clean up a contaminated property, to defend against a claim, or to comply with environmental laws could be material and could adversely affect the funds available for distribution to its stockholders. The Company generally obtains “Phase I environmental site assessments”, or ESAs, on each property prior to acquiring it. However, these ESAs may not reveal all environmental costs that might have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, assets, results of operations or liquidity and may not identify all potential environmental liabilities. The Company utilizes local third-party property managers for day-to-day property management and will rely on these third parties to operate its industrial properties in compliance with applicable federal, state and local environmental laws in their daily operation of the respective properties and to promptly notify the Company of any environmental contaminations or similar issues. As a result, the Company may become subject to material environmental liabilities of which it is unaware. The Company can make no assurances that (1) future laws or regulations will not impose material environmental liabilities on it, or (2) the environmental condition of the Company’s industrial properties will not be affected by the condition of the properties in the vicinity of its industrial properties (such as the presence of leaking underground storage tanks) or by third parties unrelated to the Company. The Company was not aware of any significant or material exposures as of December 31, 2018 or 2017 . General Uninsured Losses. The Company carries property and rental loss, liability and terrorism insurance. The Company believes that the policy terms, conditions, limits and deductibles are adequate and appropriate under the circumstances, given the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage and current industry practice. In addition, the Company’s properties are located, or may in the future be located, in areas that are subject to earthquake and flood activity. As a result, the Company has obtained, as applicable, limited earthquake and flood insurance on those properties. There are, however, certain types of extraordinary losses, such as those due to acts of war that may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable. Although the Company has obtained coverage for certain acts of terrorism, with policy specifications and insured limits that it believes are commercially reasonable, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to collect under such policies. Should an uninsured loss occur, the Company could lose its investment in, and anticipated profits and cash flows from, a property. The Company was not aware of any significant or material exposures as of December 31, 2018 or 2017 . Contractual Commitments. As of February 6, 2019 , the Company had two outstanding contracts with third-party sellers to acquire two industrial properties consisting of approximately 18,000 square feet and one improved land parcel containing 16.8 acres. There is no assurance that the Company will acquire the properties under contract because the proposed acquisitions are subject to the completion of satisfactory due diligence and various closing conditions. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the properties the Company has under contract: F-27 Market Los Angeles Northern New Jersey/New York City 1 San Francisco Bay Area Seattle Miami Washington, D.C. Total Number of Buildings Square Feet Purchase Price (in thousands) Assumed Debt (in thousands) — 1 — — — — 1 — $ 17,851 — $ 49,017 — — — — — — — — 17,851 $ 49,017 $ — — — — — — — 1 Includes one improved land parcel containing approximately 16.8 acres. As of February 6, 2019 , the Company has executed one non-binding letter of intent with a third-party seller to acquire one industrial property consisting of approximately 28,000 square feet. The anticipated purchase price for this industrial property is approximately $14.1 million . In the normal course of its business, the Company enters into non-binding letters of intent to purchase properties from third parties that may obligate the Company to make payments or perform other obligations upon the occurrence of certain events, including the execution of a purchase and sale agreement and satisfactory completion of various due diligence matters. There can be no assurance that the Company will enter into a purchase and sale agreement with respect to this property or otherwise complete any such prospective purchase on the terms described or at all. Note 15. Subsequent Events On January 8, 2019 , the Company amended and restated its Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the “Amended LTIP”). Under the Amended LTIP, each participant’s performance share target award for target awards granted on or after January 1, 2019 will be expressed as a number of shares of common stock and settled in shares of common stock. Target awards were previously expressed as a dollar amount and settled in shares of common stock. Commencing with performance share awards granted on or after January 1, 2019, the grant date fair value of the performance share awards will be determined under current accounting treatment using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of grant and amortized over the performance period. On February 5, 2019 , the Company’s board of directors declared a cash dividend in the amount of $0.24 per share of its common stock payable on April 12, 2019 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 29, 2019 . F-28 Terreno Realty Corporation Schedule III Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation As of December 31, 2018 (in thousands) Property Name Los Angeles No. of Bldgs. Location Encumbrances Land Buildings & Improvements Initial Cost to Company Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition Gross Amount Carried at December 31, 2018 Land Buildings & Improvements Total Depreciation Year Acquired Year Constructed Accumulated 1 Los Angeles, CA $ — $ 3,701 $ 976 $ — $ 3,701 $ 976 $ 4,677 $ 2 Carson, CA — 21,236 15,783 2 21,236 15,785 37,021 104th Street 139th Street 630 Glasgow 747 Glasgow 14611 Broadway 19601 Hamilton 709 Hindry Acacia California Dominguez Garfield Hawthorne Las Hermanas Lynwood Manhattan Beach Shoemaker South Main South Main III Telegraph Springs Vermont 1215 Walnut Walnut II Northern New Jersey/ New York City 1 Dodge Drive 17 Madison 20 Pulaski 22 Madison 50 Kero 74th North Bergen 85 Doremus 1 Inglewood, CA 1 Inglewood, CA 1 Gardena, CA 1 Torrance, CA 1 Inglewood, CA 1 Compton, CA 1 Corona, CA Los Angeles, CA — 5 Commerce, CA Hawthorne, CA 8 1 Compton, CA 3 Lynwood, CA Redondo Beach, CA 1 Santa Fe — Springs, CA 2 Carson, CA 1 Gardena, CA Santa Fe 2 Springs, CA 1 Torrance, CA 1 Compton, CA 1 Compton, CA 1 West Caldwell, NJ 1 Fairfield, NJ 1 Bayonne, NJ 1 Fairfield, NJ 2 Carlstadt, NJ North Bergen, NJ 1 — Newark, NJ 32 432 578 292 767 935 187 295 648 76 6,257 323 198 — 515 295 178 103 16 400 2,245 2,255 4,500 225 1,759 1,780 3,539 974 4,757 2,217 6,974 744 168 625 464 7,409 2,105 5,143 3,225 55 11,370 3,612 27,539 4,816 3,140 2,610 4,880 1,590 26,306 12,225 5,245 7,753 8,105 12,960 53,845 1,264 17,226 11,333 28,559 3,330 221 — 43,885 972 — 4,302 43,885 — 2,245 — 1,759 — 4,757 — — — — 7,409 2,105 5,143 3,225 — 11,370 22,040 27,539 — 17,226 3,330 — — 43,885 — 7,874 4,759 — — 16,371 1,855 1,555 1,243 4,072 2,972 1,985 4,416 1,535 22,694 10,069 751 — 5,641 1,099 7,045 443 7,874 6,084 13,958 1,118 — 4,759 17,028 16,371 1,099 24,073 5,858 40,444 5 2018 5,462 2012/2014 — 11,521 12,467 — 11,521 12,467 23,988 7,063 — — 10,173 — — 6,130 6,097 — 3,819 — — 974 4,003 — 1,365 — 10,343 — 2,933 — 5,918 7,236 7,105 2,522 5,069 2,982 1,647 4,946 1,607 3,876 1,817 513 S-1 7,063 160 — 10,173 10 39 6,130 6,097 7,396 7,105 2,532 5,108 14,459 17,278 8,662 11,205 1,439 3,819 4,421 8,240 1,183 468 1,207 974 4,003 104 1,365 2,517 10,343 2,115 6,153 1,711 6,393 3,089 10,156 3,076 16,736 353 2,933 2,170 5,103 — 5,918 513 6,431 480 987 175 194 163 11 2017 2017 2011 2014 2013 2011 2016 2017 2014 2017 2012 2017 2014 2017 2012 2017 2017 2018 2017 2018 2013 2013 2014 2015 2017 2016 2018 1951 1965/2003 1988 1981 1962 1985 1984 1972 1994 — 2002 1952/1986 1970 1988 1963/1970 1986/1997 2016 2016 2007 1978 1969/1990 1969 1985 1979 1965 1979 1970 1973 — Property Name 341 Michele 422 Frelinghuysen 465 Meadow 550 Delancy 620 Division 7777 West Side No. of Bldgs. Location 1 Carlstadt, NJ — Newark, NJ 1 Carlstadt, NJ 1 Newark, NJ 1 Elizabeth, NJ North Bergen, NJ 1 900 Hart 901 North Avenue A Belleville Commerce Dell Ethel Interstate JFK Airgate Manor Melanie Lane Middlebrook New Dutch Paterson Plank Schoolhouse Stockton Terminal Way Wilson Woodside San Francisco Bay Area 238/242 Lawrence 240 Littlefield 299 Lawrence 631 Brennan Ahern Ahern II Burroughs Caribbean Carlton Court Clawiter Piscataway, NJ 1 — Elizabeth, NJ 4 Carlstadt, NJ 1 Kearny, NJ 1 Carlstadt, NJ 1 Carlstadt, NJ Piscataway, NJ 2 South Brunswick, NJ 2 4 Queens, NY East Rutherford, NJ East Hanover, NJ 1 3 Bound Brook, NJ 18 1 Fairfield, NJ 1 Carlstadt, NJ 1 Somerset, NJ — Newark, NJ 2 Avenel, NJ 1 Newark, NJ 1 Queens, NY 2 1 South San Francisco, CA South San Francisco, CA South San 1 Francisco, CA 1 San Jose, CA Union City, CA 2 Union City, CA San Leandro, CA Sunnyvale, CA 1 3 3 South San 1 Francisco, CA 1 Hayward, CA Initial Cost to Company Gross Amount Carried at December 31, 2018 Encumbrances Land 2,372 — Buildings & Improvements 4,798 — 1,618 4,855 3,568 8,856 3,866 913 4,660 18,041 1,544 771 3,801 12,135 32,933 5,262 13,178 10,241 2,004 455 5,705 1,282 3,598 484 3,796 2,655 3,293 1,198 2,245 2,749 4,527 7,092 — 16,728 713 — 9,230 — 6,491 — — 4,525 — — — 3,202 8,035 7,516 12,161 12,845 1,656 6,641 — — — 2,748 — 13,686 — 18,282 — 4,076 — 5,931 — 16,442 4,773 — 4,127 — — 2,375 — 12,327 3,537 — — 2,016 — 23,987 — 6,674 — 5,107 — — 1,352 1,932 — 3,246 — 2,467 — 5,400 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition 640 Land 2,372 3,253 16,728 713 9,230 6,491 229 1,970 3,130 Buildings & Improvements Total 5,438 7,810 3,253 1,847 6,825 6,698 19,981 2,560 16,055 13,189 — 4,525 8,856 13,381 1,200 829 262 3,202 8,035 7,516 1,332 12,845 1,656 6,641 111 170 5,066 1,742 4,922 19,373 1,655 941 8,268 9,777 12,438 32,218 3,311 7,582 1,297 2,748 5,098 7,846 Accumulated Depreciation 806 Year Acquired 2013 34 300 928 2,406 389 679 249 286 3,712 8 182 985 2017 2013 2013 2011 2017 2014 2016 2017 2011 2018 2011 2013 Year Constructed 1973 — 1972 1987 1980 1967 1983 2016 1951/1957 2006 1969 1972 1981/1984 11,103 13,686 4,878 18,282 23,238 37,811 36,924 56,093 4,691 2010/2013 2013 5,950 1999/2014 1986/1991 1,669 4,076 6,931 11,007 2,500 5,931 15,678 21,609 11,069 16,442 4,773 — 4,127 88 283 2,375 222 12,327 38 813 3,537 2,016 1,557 23,987 21,310 2,004 37,752 6,777 543 5,988 1,504 3,636 1,297 5,353 4,670 8,363 13,831 7,173 3,313 29,340 645 2,661 6,785 82 45 382 150 400 159 5 1,494 6,674 4,149 10,823 1,199 2,852 5,107 6,145 11,252 423 484 1,352 1,932 1,621 2,729 2,973 4,661 733 3,246 3,482 6,728 201 2,467 4,728 7,195 659 5,400 7,751 13,151 850 549 582 1,025 549 1,008 3,170 358 212 2015 2013 2010 2017 2016 2016 2017 2014 2016 2018 2010 2013 2010 2012 2010 2015 2014 2012 2012 2011 1968 1980/1998 1958/1976 1976 1998 2009 — 1950/1968 1970 2018 1986 2013 1968 1975 1986 1997 1966 1980/1981 1981 1967 — 17,483 14,493 1,721 17,483 16,214 33,697 — 4,179 2,036 5,964 1,475 1,159 162 148 2,036 5,964 1,637 1,307 3,673 7,271 S-2 Property Name Hotchkiss Hotchkiss II Merced 221 Michele San Clemente West 140th Whitney Wicks Central Pacific Business Park I Central Pacific Business Park II Seattle 79 Ave South 3401 Lind 4225 2nd Avenue 4930 3rd Avenue South 17600 West Valley Highway Auburn 1307 Dawson Denver East Valley Hanford Kent 188 Kent 190 Kent 202 Kent 216 Kent Corporate Park Lucile Lund Olympic SeaTac 8th Avenue SW 34th Valley Corporate Miami 26th Street 48th Avenue 60th Avenue No. of Bldgs. Encumbrances Location 1 Fremont, CA 1 Fremont, CA San Leandro, CA 4 1 South San Francisco, CA 1 Hayward, CA San Leandro, CA 2 3 1 San Leandro, CA San Leandro, CA 3 Union City, CA 4 Union City, CA 1 Kent, WA 1 Renton, WA 1 Seattle, WA Initial Cost to Company Land 4,163 — — 3,042 — 25,621 — 2,710 — 5,126 — 9,578 — 13,821 — 2,224 Buildings & Improvements 3,152 3,081 9,318 2,540 3,938 6,297 9,016 298 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition 807 Gross Amount Carried at December 31, 2018 Land 4,163 Buildings & Improvements 3,959 Total 8,122 Depreciation 136 Year Acquired 2017 Accumulated — 3,042 3,081 6,123 — 25,621 9,318 34,939 659 2,710 3,199 5,909 — 5,126 3,938 9,064 3,745 9,578 10,042 19,620 602 13,821 9,618 23,439 — 2,224 298 2,522 3 98 200 31 630 74 6 2018 2018 2016 2018 2016 2018 2018 Year Constructed 1997 1997 1958 1979 1982 1959 1974 1976 — 8,468 14,165 874 8,468 15,039 23,507 1,826 2014 1989 — 13,642 23,658 5,219 13,642 28,877 42,519 3,363 2015 2015 — 1,267 — 2,999 — 4,236 1,503 6,707 4,049 387 1,267 1,890 3,157 436 2,999 7,143 10,142 2,012 4,236 6,061 10,297 327 805 574 2014 2014 2015 1 Seattle, WA — 3,984 2,424 772 3,984 3,196 7,180 220 2016 1 Tukwila, WA — 3,361 1 Auburn, WA 1 Seattle, WA 1 Seattle, WA 1 Renton, WA 1 Seattle, WA 1 Kent, WA 1 Kent, WA 1 Kent, WA 1 Kent, WA 4 Kent, WA 1 Seattle, WA 1 Auburn, WA 1 Tukwila, WA 1 Burien, WA 1 Renton, WA — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4,253 3,902 3,203 2,693 3,821 3,251 4,560 5,761 3,672 5,032 4,498 2,573 1,499 2,501 2,912 2 Kent, WA 7,482 5,264 1 Miami, FL Miami Gardens, FL Miami Lakes, FL 1 2 — 3,444 — 4,322 — 6,203 5,260 5,034 278 1,345 2,959 2,250 4,719 5,561 9,114 5,408 6,916 3,504 4,399 1,431 4,020 3,289 9,096 4,558 2,187 1,567 1,188 3,361 6,448 9,809 1,374 249 114 480 — 215 1,248 300 2,806 663 1,341 1,342 82 536 4,253 3,902 3,203 2,693 3,821 3,251 4,560 5,761 3,672 5,032 4,498 2,573 1,499 5,283 392 1,825 2,959 2,465 5,967 5,861 11,920 6,071 8,257 4,846 4,481 1,967 9,536 4,294 5,028 5,652 6,286 9,218 10,421 17,681 9,743 13,289 9,344 7,054 3,466 617 498 2,501 2,912 4,637 3,787 7,138 6,699 682 13 174 48 110 1,537 629 1,176 911 946 356 339 310 943 489 1,779 5,264 10,875 16,139 2,135 672 3,444 5,230 8,674 470 4,322 2,657 6,979 777 470 6,665 6,203 8,232 14,435 2,689 S-3 2012 2014 2017 2016 2018 2017 2010 2015 2015 2014 2015 2017 2016 2015 2013 2014 2011 2012 2011 2010 2000 1984/2012 1957 1964 1986 2002 1964 1953 1991 1952 1979 1992/1999 1981 1996 1980/1981 1976 1999 1978 1988 1996/2010 1987 1973 1987 1971/2011 Property Name 70th Avenue 70th Avenue II 70th Avenue III 70th Avenue IV 74th Avenue 78th Avenue 81st Street 94th Avenue 107th Avenue 101st Road 131st Street 12950 SW South River Americas Gateway Miami International Trade Center Washington, D.C. 75th Ave 2920 V Street 3601 Pennsy 4230 Forbes 8215 Dorsey 9070 Junction Business Parkway Hampton Overlook Junction New Ridge Parkway Troy Hill V Street Subtotal Unamortized net premiums Unamortized net deferred financing costs Intangible assets Total Initial Cost to Company No. of Bldgs. Location 1 Miami, FL Encumbrances — Land 1,434 Buildings & Improvements 2,333 Costs Capitalized Subsequent to Acquisition 198 Gross Amount Carried at December 31, 2018 Land 1,434 Buildings & Improvements 2,531 Accumulated Depreciation 518 Year Acquired 2011 1 Miami, FL 1 Miami, FL 1 Miami, FL 1 Miami, FL 1 Doral, FL 2 Medley, FL 1 Doral, FL 1 Medley, FL 1 Medley, FL 1 Medley, FL 1 Medley, FL 6 Doral, FL — 2,152 — 2,543 — — — — — — — — 1,119 2,327 2,445 2,938 3,000 2,787 2,647 2,903 — 1,971 3,418 3,167 1,456 3,538 1,755 5,242 3,580 2,036 3,258 5,729 4,029 467 694 129 441 2,442 787 336 500 399 444 402 2,152 2,543 1,119 2,327 2,445 2,938 3,000 2,787 2,647 2,903 1,971 3,885 3,861 1,585 3,979 4,197 6,029 3,916 2,536 3,657 6,173 4,431 Total 3,965 6,037 6,404 2,704 6,306 6,642 8,967 6,916 5,323 6,304 9,076 6,402 261 187 64 213 935 801 130 500 606 797 379 — 11,152 11,721 2,863 11,152 14,584 25,736 2,696 4 Medley, FL — 5,063 10,958 1,169 5,063 12,127 17,190 1,216 2015 1996 — 10,658 18,615 3,232 10,658 21,847 32,505 2,682 1 Lanham, MD — 3,038 5 Landover, MD Washington, D.C. 1 1 Landover, MD 1 Lanham, MD 1 Jessup, MD Annapolis Junction, MD 1 3 Capitol Heights, MD Annapolis 1 Junction, MD — Hanover, MD 1 Hanover, MD 1 Elkridge, MD Washington, D.C. 6 205 — — — — 2,248 2,331 1,736 2,263 — 3,538 — 4,602 2,526 5,689 4,543 1,409 — — — — — 45,862 1,670 4,375 2,395 3,200 6,670 3,007 7,521 10,419 1,567 12,094 5,033 1,499 755 807 937 2,248 2,331 1,736 2,263 3,169 5,130 3,202 4,137 5,417 7,461 4,938 6,400 111 763 383 538 2,736 3,538 9,406 12,944 1,538 — 3,038 3,007 6,045 855 815 — 372 228 4,602 2,526 5,689 4,543 1,409 8,376 12,978 11,234 1,567 12,466 5,261 13,760 7,256 17,009 6,670 175 623 1,209 125 1,669 977 67,132 833,995 41,299 677,854 9,635 159,962 67,132 833,995 50,934 837,816 118,066 1,671,811 6,100 114,923 — — — 205 — — — — — — — — (95) — — — $ 45,767 $ 833,995 $ — — 677,854 $ — — — — — — — 79,270 159,962 $ 833,995 $ 837,816 $1,751,081 $ — 54,849 169,772 S-4 Year Constructed 1999 1969 1974 1969 1986 1977 1996/2003 1989 2001 2012 1999 2000 1978/1982 2016 2016 2017 2016 2012 2015 2017 2013 2013 2014 2016 2013 2014 2017 2013 2013 2013 2015 2016 2016 2014 2016 2014 2012 2015 1987/1990 1958 1996 2003 1965/1981 1997 2002 1989/1990 1989/2012 — 1968/2012 2003 1955/1963 Terreno Realty Corporation Schedule III Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation – (Continued) As of December 31, 2018 (in thousands) A summary of activity for real estate and accumulated depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is as follows: Investment in Properties Balance at beginning of year Acquisition of properties Disposition of properties Construction in progress Improvements, net of write-offs Balance at end of year Accumulated Depreciation Balance at beginning of year Amortization of lease intangible assets Depreciation expense Disposition of properties and write-offs Balance at end of year S-5 2018 2017 $ 1,636,930 $ 1,343,038 227,058 (56,985) 7,434 31,339 319,666 (49,471) — 23,697 1,845,776 $ 1,636,930 2018 2017 139,814 $ 109,357 5,269 30,442 (5,753) 8,597 27,241 (5,381) 169,772 $ 139,814 $ $ $ Exhibit Number 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 10.1+ 10.2+ 10.3+ 10.4+ 10.5+ 10.6+ 10.7+ Exhibit Index Exhibit Description Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Registrant, as amended (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 on January 6, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference). Articles Supplementary for Registrant’s 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on July 19, 2012 and incorporated herein by reference). Articles Supplementary (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 9, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant (previously filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 on January 6, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference). First Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of Registrant (previously filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 9, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference). Specimen Common Stock Certificate of Registrant (previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 on January 15, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Severance Agreement between Registrant and W. Blake Baird, dated as of February 18, 2014 (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 19, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated Severance Agreement between Registrant and Michael A. Coke dated as of February 18, 2014 (previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 19, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Severance Agreement between Registrant and Jaime J. Cannon dated as of February 18, 2014 (previously filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 19, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Incentive Plan of Registrant (previously filed as Appendix A to the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A on March 19, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Executive Officers and Employees (previously filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 on January 6, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Non-Employee Directors (previously filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 on January 6, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference). Form of Indemnification Agreement between Registrant and its Directors and Executive Officers (previously filed as Exhibit 10.6 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 on January 6, 2010 and incorporated herein by reference). 10.8+ 10.9+* 10.10+ 10.11+ 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16+ 10.17+ 21* 23* 24.1* 31.1* Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan of Registrant (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on January 14, 2019 and incorporated by reference herein). Form of Award Notice under the Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan of Registrant. Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan of Registrant (previously filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on February 19, 2014 and incorporated by reference herein). Form of Award Notice under the Long-Term Incentive Plan of Registrant (previously filed as Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-11 on January 6, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein). Fifth Amended and Restated Senior Credit Agreement, dated as of October 19, 2018, among Terreno Realty LLC, KeyBank National Association, both individually as a “Lender” and as “Administrative Agent”, KeyBanc Capital Markets, as joint lead arranger, MUFG Union Bank, N.A., as co-syndication agent and joint lead arranger, PNC Bank, National Association, as co- syndication agent, PNC Capital Markets LLC, as joint lead arranger, Regions Bank, as co-syndication agent, Regions Capital Markets, as joint lead arranger and the several banks, financial institutions and other entities which may from time to time become parties as additional “Lenders” (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on October 25, 2018 and incorporated herein by reference). Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 7, 2017, among Terreno Realty LLC and the institutions named in Schedule B thereto as purchasers (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 12, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference). Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of June 2, 2016, among Terreno Realty LLC and the institutions named in Schedule B thereto as purchasers (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 7, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference). Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 1, 2015, among Terreno Realty LLC and the institutions named in Schedule B thereto as purchasers (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on September 8, 2015 and incorporated herein by reference). Severance Agreement between the Registrant and Andrew T. Burke, dated as of February 18, 2014 (previously filed as Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on February 8, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference). Severance Agreement between the Registrant and John T. Meyer, dated as of February 18, 2014 (previously filed as Exhibit 10.14 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K on February 8, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference). Subsidiaries of Registrant. Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Power of Attorney (included on the signature page to this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 31.2* 31.3* 32.1** 32.2** 32.3** 101* * ** + Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of President, pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of President, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The following materials from Terreno Realty Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and (vii) Schedule III-Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation. Filed herewith. Furnished herewith. Exhibit is a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of San Francisco, State of California, on February 6, 2019 . SIGNATURES Terreno Realty Corporation By: /s/ W. Blake Baird W. Blake Baird Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Power of Attorney We, the undersigned directors of Terreno Realty Corporation hereby severally constitute and appoint W. Blake Baird and Michael A. Coke, and each of them singly, our true and lawful attorneys, with full power to them and each of them singly, to sign for us in our names in the capacities indicated below, all amendments to this report, and generally to do all things in our names and on our behalf in such capacities to enable Terreno Realty Corporation to comply with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and all requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Director (principal executive officer) February 6, 2019 President and Director February 6, 2019 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer) Director Director Director Director Director February 6, 2019 February 6, 2019 February 6, 2019 February 6, 2019 February 6, 2019 February 6, 2019 /s/ W. Blake Baird W. Blake Baird /s/ Michael A. Coke Michael A. Coke /s/ Jaime J. Cannon Jaime J. Cannon /s/ LeRoy E. Carlson LeRoy E. Carlson /s/ David M. Lee David M. Lee /s/ Gabriela F. Parcella Gabriela F. Parcella /s/ Douglas M. Pasquale Douglas M. Pasquale /s/ Dennis Polk Dennis Polk TERRENO REALTY CORPORATION [Date] Exhibit 10.9 [Participant] [Address] [Address] Re: Terreno Realty Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan Dear [Participant]: The Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) of the Board of Directors of Terreno Realty Corporation has selected you as a Participant in the Company’s Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Plan. This Award Notice shall be subject to and governed by all the terms and conditions of the Plan. A copy of the Plan is attached as Exhibit I to this Award Letter. For the Performance Measurement Period ending December 31, 20___ during which you are a Participant under the Plan, your Target Award as measured in shares of Terreno Realty Corporation common stock per benchmark shall be: MSCI U.S. REIT Index: [______] shares FTSE NAREIT Industrial Index: [______] shares This Award Notice together with the Plan (the terms of which are hereby incorporated by reference) are intended to be a final expression of the agreement between you and the Company and are intended to be a complete and exclusive statement of the agreement and understanding between you and the Company with respect to the subject matter contained herein. There are no restrictions, promises, representations, warranties, covenants or undertakings relating to such subject matter other than those referred to herein and in the Plan. This Award Notice shall not be construed as creating any contract for continued services between you and the Company or any of its subsidiaries and nothing herein contained shall give you the right to be retained as an employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. Please acknowledge your receipt of this Award Notice and your agreement to the terms and conditions of the Plan by countersigning in the space provided below and returning this Award Notice to the Company. TERRENO REALTY CORPORATION By: Name: Title: AGREED TO AND ACCEPTED ___________________________ [Participant] List of Subsidiaries of Terreno Realty Corporation: Name of Subsidiary Terreno Realty LLC Terreno Fortune/Qume LLC Terreno Warm Springs I/II LLC Terreno 238 Lawrence LLC Terreno Rialto LLC Terreno Maltese LLC Terreno Middlebrook LLC Terreno Interstate LLC Terreno 299 Lawrence LLC Terreno Kent 188 LLC Terreno Ahern LLC Terreno 10 th Avenue LLC Terreno 60 th Avenue LLC Terreno Dorsey Run LLC Terreno Belleville LLC Terreno 630 Glasgow LLC Terreno 8730 Bollman LLC Terreno Dell LLC Terreno 70 th Avenue LLC Terreno 19601 Hamilton LLC Terreno 39 th Street LLC Terreno 620 Division LLC Terreno 48 th Avenue LLC Terreno Clawiter LLC Terreno Valley Corporate LLC Terreno Global Plaza LLC Terreno Garfield LLC Terreno Whittier LLC Terreno Caribbean LLC Terreno 78 th Avenue LLC Terreno Manhattan Beach LLC Terreno Carlton Court LLC Terreno Troy Hill LLC Terreno 26 th Street LLC Terreno Sweitzer LLC Terreno 17600 WVH LLC Terreno 631 Brennan LLC Terreno South Main LLC Terreno 1 Dodge Drive LLC Terreno 101st Road LLC Terreno 107th Ave LLC Terreno 14611 Broadway LLC Terreno 17 Madison LLC Terreno 240 Littlefield LLC Terreno 341 Michele LLC Exhibit 21 Jurisdiction of Organization or Incorporation Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Terreno 3601 Pennsy LLC Terreno 4230 Forbes LLC Terreno 465 Meadow LLC Terreno 550 Delancy LLC Terreno 60 Ethel LLC Terreno 8215 Dorsey LLC Terreno Airgate LLC Terreno America’s Gateway LLC Terreno Melanie I LLC and Terreno Melanie II LLC Terreno Route 100 LLC Terreno SeaTac 8th Avenue LLC Terreno 14605 Miller LLC Terreno 20 Pulaski LLC Terreno 3401 Lind LLC Terreno 747 Glasgow LLC Terreno 75th Ave LLC Terreno 79th Ave South LLC Terreno 900 Hart LLC Terreno Auburn 1307 LLC Terreno Burroughs LLC Terreno California LLC Terreno Hampton LLC Terreno Junction LLC Terreno Kent 216th LLC Terreno Las Hermanas LLC Terreno NW 131st Street LLC Terreno Park Union City LLC Terreno Parkway LLC Terreno SW 34th LLC Terreno Terminal Way LLC Terreno 10100 NW 25th LLC Terreno 180 Manor LLC Terreno 22 Madison LLC Terreno 4225 2nd Avenue South LLC Terreno 9070 Junction LLC Terreno Ahern II LLC Terreno Kent 190th LLC Terreno Kent Corporate Park LLC Terreno MITC LLC Terreno NW 81st LLC Terreno Olympic LLC Terreno V Street LLC Terreno 12950 River LLC Terreno 221 Michele LLC Terreno 445 Wilson LLC Terreno 4930 3rd Avenue South LLC Terreno 709 Hindry LLC Terreno 7120 NW 74th Ave LLC Terreno 74th North Bergen LLC Terreno Business Parkway LLC Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Terreno Denver Ave LLC Terreno Hampton Overlook, LLC Terreno Lund LLC Terreno New Ridge LLC Terreno NW 70th Ave III LLC Terreno NW 70th Avenue II LLC Terreno Paterson Plank LLC Terreno Schoolhouse LLC Terreno West 140th LLC Terreno 50 Kero LLC Terreno 139th LLC Terreno 422 Frelinghuysen LLC Terreno 1215 Walnut LLC Terreno 2920 V Street LLC Terreno 7777 West Side LLC Terreno Acacia LLC Terreno Avenue A LLC Terreno Dawson LLC Terreno Dominguez LLC Terreno Hanford LLC Terreno Hawthorne LLC Terreno Lucile LLC Terreno Lynwood LLC Terreno New Dutch LLC Terreno NW 70th IV LLC Terreno Stockton LLC Terreno Telegraph Springs LLC Terreno 1st Avenue South, LLC Terreno 1100 Walnut LLC Terremo 130 Commerce LLC Terreno 6th Ave LLC Terreno 85 Doremus LLC Terreno East Valley LLC Terreno Kent 192 LLC Terreno Merced LLC Terreno Newark Loan LLC Terreno San Clemente LLC Terreno Shoemaker LLC Terreno Wicks LLC Terreno Woodside LLC Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Exhibit 23 We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-164895) pertaining to Terreno Realty Corporation’s 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, (2) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-202059) pertaining to Terreno Realty Corporation’s 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, and (3) Registration Statement (Form S-3ASR No. 333-222960) and related Prospectus of Terreno Realty Corporation; our reports dated February 6, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements and schedule of Terreno Realty Corporation and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Terreno Realty Corporation included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Terreno Realty Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2018. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP San Francisco, California February 6, 2019 Exhibit 31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, W. Blake Baird, certify that: I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Terreno Realty Corporation; 1. 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: February 6, 2019 /s/ W. Blake Baird Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Exhibit 31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I, Jaime J. Cannon, certify that: I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Terreno Realty Corporation; 1. 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: February 6, 2019 /s/ Jaime J. Cannon Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Exhibit 31.3 I, Michael A. Coke, certify that: Certification of President Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Terreno Realty Corporation; 1. 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: February 6, 2019 /s/ Michael A. Coke President Certification of Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 32.1 Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Terreno Realty Corporation (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to his knowledge, that: (i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: February 6, 2019 /s/ W. Blake Baird Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Certification of Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 32.2 Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Terreno Realty Corporation (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to his knowledge, that: (i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: February 6, 2019 /s/ Jaime J. Cannon Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) Certification of President Exhibit 32.3 Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of Terreno Realty Corporation (the “Company”), hereby certifies, to his knowledge, that: (i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and (ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Dated: February 6, 2019 /s/ Michael A. Coke President 

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