Goodyear is one of the world’s leading tire companies, with one of the most recognizable brand names and operations in most regions of the world. Together with its U.S. and international subsidiaries, Goodyear develops, manufactures, markets and distributes tires for most applications. It also manufactures and markets rubber-related chemicals for various applications. Goodyear is one of the world’s largest operators of commercial truck service and tire retreading centers. In addition, it operates approximately 1,000 tire and auto service center outlets where it offers its products for retail sale and provides automotive repair and other services. Goodyear manufactures its products in 47 facilities in 21 countries. It has marketing operations in almost every country around the world. THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 www.goodyear.com CONTENTS To Our Shareholders Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Forward-Looking Information Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Consolidated Financial Statements Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Supplementary Data (unaudited) Selected Financial Data Performance Graph Directors and Officers Facilities Shareholder Information This Annual Report contains a number of forward-looking statements. For more information, please see pages 32-33. 2 6 32 34 36 43 105 106 108 110 113 114 115 116 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW YEAR ENDED DEC. 31 YEAR ENDED DEC. 31 (in millions, except per share and associates) 2018 2017 Net Sales $ 15,475 $ 15,377 Gross Profit $ 3,514 $ 3,697 693 $ 346 Goodyear Net Income $ 1.37 – Per Diluted Share $ 2.89 $ Weighted Average Shares Outstanding – Basic 237 249 – Diluted 239 253 Segment Operating Income $ 1,274 $ 1,556 Segment Operating Margin 8.2% 10.1% Gross Margin 22.7% 24.0% Return on Sales 4.5% 2.3% 881 Capital Expenditures $ 811 $ 406 Research and Development Expenditures $ 424 $ Tire Units Sold 159.2 159.2 Total Assets $ 16,872 $ 17,064 5,729 Total Debt* $ 5,763 $ 4,603 Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity $ 4,864 $ Total Shareholders’ Equity $ 5,070 $ 4,850 Debt to Debt and Equity 53.2% 54.2% 138 $ 110 Common Stock Dividends Paid $ Number of Associates 64,000 64,000 37.20 Price Range of Common Stock: – High $ 28.81 35.76 $ – Low $ 19.30 $ * Total debt includes Notes payable and overdrafts, Long term debt and capital leases due within one year, and Long term debt and capital leases. THREE-YEAR PERFORMANCE SUMMARY COMMON STOCK DIVIDENDS PAID (in millions) TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (in millions) CLOSING STOCK PRICE (at year-end) GOODYEAR NET INCOME (in millions) TOTAL SEGMENT OPERATING INCOME (in millions) SEGMENT OPERATING MARGIN (percent)t 150 120 90 60 30 0 8 3 1 $ 0 1 1 $ 2 8 $ 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 5 2 7 , 4 $ 0 5 8 , 4 $ 0 7 0 , 5 $ 35 25 15 5 0 7 8 . 0 3 $ 1 3 . 2 3 $ 1 4 . 0 2 $ 4 6 2 , 1 $ 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 3 9 6 $ 6 4 3 $ 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 6 9 9 , 1 $ 6 5 5 , 1 $ 4 7 2 , 1 $ 15 12 9 6 3 0 % 2 . 3 1 % 1 . 0 1 % 2 . 8 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 2016 2017 2018 1 TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS Richard J. Kramer Goodyear Chairman, Chief Executive Officer & President The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company marked its 120th year in business in 2018, an accomplishment in which all of us take enormous pride. More than a century of experience as a leader in the global tire industry enables us to position ourselves for long-term success while weathering the short-term ups and downs inherent in our business. This year was no different. Higher raw material costs, the adverse impact of a strong U.S. dollar and volatility in emerging markets affected our financial results. For the full year, our segment operating income was $1.3 billion, and net income was $693 million. Cash flow from operations totaled $916 million. Also, we reported $15.5 billion in sales, up one percent from last year, driven by improve- ments in price and mix and a two percent increase in replacement tire volume. As these results were below our expectations, we are taking the necessary actions to protect the company and address near-term performance. At the same time, we continued to deliver on the things that prepare us for the longer term. We invested in our brand around the globe; gained share in high-margin categories; won prestigious new OE fitments; developed award-winning products; strengthened our interactive capabilities; and continued to challenge traditional business models. Below is a summary of some of the forward-looking initiatives that are driving our strategy. BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION In 2018, we launched innovative business models in distribution and retail with the goal of making Goodyear tires easier for our customers to sell and easier for consumers to own and recommend. We also continued developing key business relationships to stay on the leading edge of the trends shaping the future of mobility. 2 TIRE HUB During 2018, we formed TireHub, a new national wholesale tire distributor in the United States. Complemented by our network of aligned regional distributors and designed to provide best-in-class service, TireHub enhances our ability to capture the full value of the Goodyear brand by selling the full depth and breadth of our product portfolio. This launch is the next step in the work we have done over the past decade to strengthen our distribution capabilities and better align our distribution network in the U.S. to ensure customers and consumers can get the right tire, at the right place, at the right time. GOODYEAR MOBILE INSTALL In select markets, Goodyear is providing mobile installation, available at the consumer’s preferred location and time. Working in coordination with our industry-leading e-commerce platform – direct-to-consumer sales through Goodyear.com – Goodyear Mobile Install meets consumers where they are and makes the tire-buying and installation process easier. The roll-out of this format will continue and expand in 2019. Goodyear will continue to initiate more projects like these around the world to solidify our leadership in a rapidly shifting industry. 3 ROLL BY GOODYEAR In 2018, we launched a new retail concept called Roll by Goodyear. Roll provides us with a retail format we can deploy in high-traffic retail locations, such as high-end life-style centers and business districts. It also offers consumers an innovative alternative to traditional tire retail locations, allowing them to shop on their terms and select the installation option that best fits their busy schedules. Following tests in two markets in 2018, Roll received a very positive initial response, particularly from millennials, and we are extremely encouraged about its long-term potential. CONNECTED BUSINESS MODEL Goodyear’s ability to win and grow in the rapidly changing tire business is enabled by our Connected Business Model. The combined power of these elements, aligned and work- ing in sync, helps us earn the confidence of customers and consumers and positions us as an industry leader. • Brand – As consumers increasingly seek meaningful connections to the brands they purchase, the strength and value of the Goodyear brand has never been more important. Over the past year, we reinforced our brand leadership position in several areas, including the renewal of our sponsorship of college football and the completion of our newest fleet of airships in our largest market, the U.S. We work diligently to ensure consumers view Goodyear favorably across the entire purchase cycle, from awareness to consideration to purchase intent. • Products – Our team continues to deliver premium tires that resonate with customers. As evidence, our volume growth in high-margin, 17-inch-and-larger rim diameter tires considerably outpaced our peer group in both the U.S. and Europe. In Europe, the Goodyear Vector 4Seasons earned three first-place finishes and six top-three spots in independent third-party tests. In the U.S., the Assurance WeatherReady passed the one million mark for tires sold faster than any other premium product line in the company’s history. Beyond tires, commercial truck solutions such as TireOptix and ProActive Solutions helped fleets run their operations more efficiently and allowed us to benefit from the positive momentum in the transportation industry. 4 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE PARTNERSHIPS The growth of autonomous vehicles is a cornerstone of the evolving new mobility ecosystem, and Goodyear is at the forefront of this significant change. Goodyear has teamed with Arizona-based Local Motors to conduct tire testing with Olli, the brand name of an eight-passenger autonomous shuttle, on which Goodyear earned the exclusive fitment in 2018. Adding the vehicle to its testing fleet allows Goodyear to use it for advanced mobility evaluation at various locations, including the University of Michigan's Mcity Test Facility, a public-private research and development site. The test work allows Goodyear to study the operation and maintenance of autonomous vehicles, including future tire technology options. Additionally, Goodyear is outfitting three autonomous shuttle buses in Luxembourg. Our tires are equipped with sensors to collect operational data in the real-world application, which Goodyear engineers and data scientists can use to map predictive maintenance and other performance benefits. We view all of these moves first and foremost as learning experiences to help us lead the way to anticipate and respond to changes in mobility. • Original Equipment – Around the world, OEMs are OUR FUTURE confident in choosing the Goodyear brand for our quality, innovation and collaborative partnership. Two of the many premium fitments earned in 2018 were on electric vehicles: the Eagle F1 Asymmetric 3 SUV being selected for the e-tron, Audi’s first fully electric sport utility vehicle; and the Eagle Touring tire for the Kona EV in Thailand. In addition, Goodyear supplies tires for many of the American cars, SUVs and trucks that earned vehicle of the year distinctions. Our global OE pipeline also gives Goodyear a distinct advantage in the replacement market. • Interactive – To best serve consumers, a company must enable them to shop the way they want to shop. In the U.S., Goodyear.com continues to lead the industry in consumer website visits, more than the next four manufacturers combined. That equates to 22 million consumers using our website in the past year to research Goodyear tires and find an aligned retailer. We were the first tire manufacturer to sell direct to consumers online in the U.S. and are the established leader in this category. Soon, our interactive sales presence will increase in other global markets. • Aligned Distribution – Around the world, we are working closer with fully aligned distributors to ensure we capture the maximum value for the Goodyear brand. TireHub and Roll by Goodyear are just the beginning. The power of our Connected Business Model also comes to life through our associates and in our own workplaces. Among the honors received in 2018 were: Top Employer in Europe, Brazil and South Africa; Top Military Brand in the U.S.; Environmental Achievement of the Year Award from Tire Technology International; General Motors Supplier of the Year; Honda Sustainability Award; U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association Leadership Award for promoting innovative practices to improve worker safety; and the United Nations Global Recognition Award for Good Practices of Employability for Workers with Disability at our manufacturing facility in Chile. Despite the challenges in our business and the continued economic uncertainty in much of the world, I remain very optimistic about Goodyear’s future. Building on our 120-year history, we will continue to be an innovation leader in the tire industry, setting the pace as mobility continues to evolve. We are building our business for the long-term and will continue to innovate with products, services and business models. The solid execution of our strategy and our commitment to the Connected Business Model will enable us to fully capture the value of the Goodyear brand. On behalf of our dedicated Goodyear associates around the world who embody our high standards of quality and performance, thank you for your continued support, confidence and trust. Respectfully submitted, Richard J. Kramer Chairman, Chief Executive Officer & President 5 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. OVERVIEW The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of tires, with one of the most recognizable brand names in the world and operations in most regions of the world. We have a broad global footprint with 47 manufacturing facilities in 21 countries, including the United States. We operate our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Asia Pacific. During the third quarter of 2018, we formed a 50/50 joint venture with Bridgestone that combined our company- owned wholesale distribution business and Bridgestone’s tire wholesale warehouse business to create TireHub, a national tire dealers and retailers with a comprehensive range of passenger and light truck tires from two of the world’s leading tire companies, with an emphasis on satisfying the rapidly growing demand for larger rim diameter premium tires. TireHub is now our sole authorized national tire distributor in the United States. in the United States. TireHub provides U.S. tire distributor TireHub has distribution and warehouse locations throughout the United States and is expected to have the scale to reach the vast majority of retail locations in the U.S. daily. TireHub is also expected to provide a superior, fully integrated distribution, warehousing, sales and delivery solution that is expected to provide enhanced fill rates and turnaround times — enabling dealers to quickly access the products they need and manage the growing complexity in the tire business driven by SKU proliferation. Results of Operations In 2018, we experienced challenging global industry conditions, including higher raw material costs, foreign currency headwinds due to a strong U.S. dollar, and volatility in emerging markets, including softening industry conditions in China. We experienced a recovery in demand for consumer replacement tires in the United States and Europe, driven by our sales of 17-inch and above rim size tires that outperformed the industry. In order to continue to drive growth in our business and address the challenging economic environment, we remain focused on our key strategies by: • Developing great products and services that anticipate and respond to the needs of consumers; • Building the value of our brand, helping our customers win in their markets, and becoming consumers’ preferred choice; and • Improving our manufacturing efficiency and creating an advantaged supply chain focused on reducing our total delivered costs, optimizing working capital levels and delivering best in industry customer service. We also announced an increase in the quarterly cash dividend on our common stock, from $0.14 per share to $0.16 per share, beginning with the December 3, 2018 payment date. Our tire unit shipments in 2018 were consistent with 2017. In 2018, we realized approximately $301 million of cost savings, including raw material cost saving measures of approximately $80 million, which exceeded the impact of general inflation. Our raw material costs, including cost saving measures, increased by approximately 4% in 2018 compared to 2017. Net sales were $15,475 million in 2018, compared to $15,377 million in 2017. Net sales increased in 2018 primarily due to an increase in price and product mix, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency translation, primarily in Americas. Goodyear net income in 2018 was $693 million, or $2.89 per diluted share, compared to $346 million, or $1.37 per diluted share, in 2017. The increase in Goodyear net income in 2018 was driven by the net gain recognized in relation to the TireHub transaction, a decrease in income tax expense, primarily due to the recognition of discrete tax charges in 2017 in connection with changes in U.S. income tax law, and lower rationalization charges. These increases were partially offset by lower segment operating income, primarily in Americas and Asia Pacific. 6 Our total segment operating income for 2018 was $1,274 million, compared to $1,556 million in 2017. The $282 million, or 18.1%, decrease in segment operating income was primarily due to the impact of higher raw material costs, lower income in other tire-related businesses, higher selling, administrative and general expense (“SAG”), unfavorable foreign currency translation, primarily in Americas, and decreases in price and product mix, primarily in Americas. These impacts were partially offset by lower conversion costs. Refer to “Results of Operations — Segment Information” for additional information. Liquidity At December 31, 2018, we had $801 million in Cash and cash equivalents as well as $3,151 million of unused availability under our various credit agreements, compared to $1,043 million and $3,196 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. Cash flows from operating activities of $916 million, which are driven by the profitability of our SBUs, together with net borrowings of $135 million were used to fund capital expenditures of $811 million, common stock repurchases of $220 million and dividends paid on our common stock of $138 million. Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information. Outlook We expect to continue to experience challenging global industry conditions, including higher raw material costs, foreign currency headwinds and volatility in emerging markets, in 2019. We expect to see benefits from the ramp-up of our new Americas manufacturing facility and TireHub, pricing actions that we implemented in 2018, and continued strong performance in our sales of 17-inch and above consumer replacement tires. For the full year of 2019, we expect our raw material costs will be up approximately $300 million compared to 2018, excluding raw material cost saving measures. Natural and synthetic rubber prices and other commodity prices historically have experienced significant volatility, and this estimate could change significantly based on fluctuations in the cost of these and other key raw materials. We are continuing to focus on price and product mix, to substitute lower cost materials where possible, to work to identify additional substitution opportunities, to reduce the amount of material required in each tire, and to pursue alternative raw materials. Refer to “Risk Factors” for a discussion of the factors that may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity and “Forward-Looking Information — Safe Harbor Statement” for a discussion of our use of forward-looking statements. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONSOLIDATED All per share amounts are diluted and refer to Goodyear net income (loss). 2018 Compared to 2017 Goodyear net income in 2018 was $693 million, or $2.89 per share, compared to $346 million, or $1.37 per share, in 2017. The increase in Goodyear net income in 2018 was driven by the net gain recognized in relation to the TireHub transaction, a decrease in income tax expense, primarily due to the recognition of discrete tax charges in 2017 in connection with changes in U.S. income tax law, and lower rationalization charges. These increases were partially offset by lower segment operating income, primarily in Americas and Asia Pacific. Net Sales Net sales in 2018 of $15,475 million increased $98 million, or 0.6%, compared to $15,377 million in 2017, primarily due to an increase in price and product mix of $217 million, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency translation of $139 million, primarily in Americas. Goodyear worldwide tire unit net sales were $13,197 million and $12,958 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Consumer and commercial net sales were $9,167 million and $3,002 million, in 2018. Consumer and commercial net sales were $9,285 million and $2,928 million, respectively, in 2017. respectively, 7 The following table presents our tire unit sales for the periods indicated: (In millions of tires) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 % Change Replacement Units United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International 38.9 76.2 38.3 75.2 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1 113.5 OE Units United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 30.9 44.1 13.7 32.0 45.7 1.6% 1.3% 1.5% (3.6)% (3.4)% (3.6)% Goodyear worldwide tire units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.2 159.2 —% Worldwide tire unit sales in 2018 were consistent with 2017 at 159.2 million units. Replacement tire units increased 1.6 million units, or 1.5%, primarily in EMEA. OE tire units decreased 1.6 million units, or 3.6%, in EMEA, Asia Pacific and Americas. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2018 were 145.5 million and 11.8 million, respectively. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2017 were 145.9 million and 11.5 million, respectively. Cost of Goods Sold increasing $281 million, or 2.4%, from Cost of goods sold (“CGS”) was $11,961 million in 2018, $11,680 million in 2017. CGS was 77.3% of sales in 2018 compared to 76.0% of sales in 2017. CGS in 2018 increased due to higher costs related to product mix of $238 million, higher raw material costs of $186 million, higher costs in other tire-related businesses of $50 million, driven by an increase in raw material prices related to third-party chemical sales in Americas, higher transportation costs of $18 million, and higher research and development costs of $14 million. These increases were partially offset by foreign currency translation of $104 million, primarily in Americas, favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $53 million, of which $51 million ($39 million after-tax and minority) is related to prior years, and lower conversion costs of $42 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas. CGS in 2018 included pension expense of $15 million compared to $16 million in 2017. CGS in 2018 and 2017 also included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $41 million and $49 million, respectively. CGS in 2018 included accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $4 million ($3 million after-tax and minority). CGS in 2017 included accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $40 million ($28 million after-tax and minority), primarily related to the closure of our manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Selling, Administrative and General Expense SAG was $2,312 million in 2018, increasing $33 million, or 1.4%, from $2,279 million in 2017. SAG was 14.9% of sales in 2018 compared to 14.8% of sales in 2017. The increase in SAG was primarily due to inflation, higher advertising costs of $19 million, and higher product liability costs of $14 million. These increases were partially offset by lower wages and benefits of $48 million, primarily related to lower incentive compensation and savings from rationalization plans. SAG in 2018 included pension expense of $17 million compared to $19 million in 2017. SAG in 2018 and 2017 also included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $34 million and $42 million, respectively. Rationalizations We recorded net rationalization charges of $44 million ($32 million after-tax and minority) in 2018. Net rationalization charges include charges of $31 million related to global plans to reduce SAG headcount, 8 $13 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in EMEA, and $15 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Net rationalization charges in 2018 included reversals of $19 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. We recorded net rationalization charges of $135 million ($93 million after-tax and minority) in 2017. Net rationalization charges include charges of $46 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount in EMEA, $35 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $32 million related to global plans to reduce SAG headcount, and $20 million related to a separate plan to reduce SAG headcount in EMEA. Upon completion of the 2018 plans, we estimate that annual segment operating income will improve by approximately $38 million ($28 million SAG and $10 million CGS), primarily related to our global plans to reduce SAG headcount. The savings realized in 2018 from rationalization plans totaled $75 million ($41 million CGS and $34 million SAG). For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs. Interest Expense Interest expense was $321 million in 2018, decreasing $14 million from $335 million in 2017. The decrease was due primarily to a decrease in the average interest rate to 5.16% in 2018 compared to 5.58% in 2017. This decrease was partially offset by higher average debt balances of $6,218 million in 2018 compared to $6,001 million in 2017. Interest expense in 2017 included $6 million ($4 million after-tax and minority) of expense related to the write-off of deferred financing fees and unamortized discounts related to the redemption of our $700 million 7% senior notes due 2022. Other (Income) Expense Other (Income) Expense in 2018 was income of $174 million, compared to expense of $70 million in 2017. The $244 million change in Other (Income) Expense was primarily due to the net gain recognized on the TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs, of $272 million ($206 million after-tax and minority) and interest income on favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $38 million ($29 million after-tax and minority). These gains were partially offset by an increase in non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense of $59 million, driven by lower expected returns on pension plan assets of $32 million. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense of $121 million in 2018 includes pension settlement charges of $22 million ($17 million after-tax and minority) and a one-time charge of $9 million ($7 million after-tax and minority) related to the adoption of the new accounting standards update which no longer allows non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost to be capitalized in inventory. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense of $62 million in 2017 includes pension settlement charges of $19 million ($13 million after-tax and minority). Financing fees and financial instruments expense in 2017 includes a premium of $25 million ($15 million after-tax and minority) related to the redemption of our $700 million 7% senior notes due 2022. General and product liability (income) expense—discontinued products in 2018 includes a benefit of $3 million ($3 million after-tax and minority) as compared to a benefit in 2017 of $5 million ($3 million after-tax and minority) for the recovery of past costs from certain asbestos insurers. Net (gains) losses on asset sales were a gain of $1 million ($1 million after-tax and minority) in 2018 as compared to a gain of $14 million ($13 million after-tax and minority) in 2017. Net gains (losses) on asset sales in 2017 included a gain of $6 million related to the sale of a former wire plant site in Luxembourg. Other (Income) Expense in 2018 included charges of $12 million ($12 million after-tax and minority), compared to charges of $14 million ($11 million after-tax and minority) in 2017, for hurricane related expenses. Other 9 (Income) Expense in 2018 also included $4 million ($3 million after-tax and minority) for legal claims related to discontinued operations. For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 5, Other (Income) Expense. Income Taxes Income tax expense in 2018 was $303 million on income before income taxes of $1,011 million. In 2018, income tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of $65 million ($65 million after minority interest). Discrete adjustments were primarily due to charges totaling $135 million related to deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits, partially offset by a tax benefit of $88 million related to a worthless stock deduction created by permanently ceasing operations of our Venezuelan subsidiary during the fourth quarter of 2018. Income tax expense in 2018 also included net charges of $18 million for various other discrete tax adjustments, including those related to finalizing our accounting for certain provisional items related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that was enacted on December 22, 2017 (the “Tax Act”) as discussed below. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we wrote off $37 million in deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits that expired during the year and established a valuation allowance of $98 million against foreign tax credits expiring primarily in 2021, as we have now concluded that it is not more likely than not that we will be able to utilize these credits prior to their expiration. These charges reflect the recognition of the $88 million discrete tax benefit related to our Venezuelan subsidiary that reduced taxable income that otherwise would have utilized foreign tax credits. We also considered our forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our foreign tax credits. These forecasts were prepared in connection with our annual budgeting process and include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as rising raw material prices, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including raw material prices, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future foreign source income will not be sufficient to fully utilize these foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that the remaining foreign tax credits of $637 million will be fully utilized, despite the negative evidence of their limited carryforward periods. For further information regarding our foreign source income, refer to Critical Accounting Policies. The Tax Act established a corporate income tax rate of 21%, replacing the former 35% rate, and created a territorial tax system rather than a worldwide system, which generally eliminated the U.S. federal income tax on dividends from foreign subsidiaries. The transition to the territorial system included a one-time transition tax on certain of our foreign earnings previously untaxed in the United States (the “transition tax”). The Securities and Exchange Commission provided up to a one-year measurement period for companies to finalize the accounting for the impacts of this new legislation. As required, we finalized our accounting for items previously considered provisional during 2018. At December 31, 2017, we recorded an initial non-cash net charge to tax expense of $299 million related to the enactment of the Tax Act. Our final accounting has adjusted this non-cash net charge to $298 million. This net charge includes a deferred tax charge of $384 million primarily from revaluing our net U.S. deferred tax assets to reflect the new U.S. corporate tax rate. No measurement period adjustment was necessary and this calculation is complete. The net charge also originally included a provisional deferred tax benefit of $162 million to reverse reserves maintained for the taxation of undistributed foreign earnings under prior law, net of reserves established for foreign withholding taxes consistent with our revised indefinite reinvestment assertion. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we finalized our accounting and increased the provisional amount by $9 million to $171 million to reflect U.S. tax guidance issued during the year and to reflect our final indefinite reinvestment assertion. We were able to reasonably estimate the transition tax and recorded an initial provisional tax obligation of $77 million at December 31, 2017. In general, the transition tax imposed by the Tax Act results in the taxation of our accumulated foreign earnings and profits (“E&P”) at a 15.5% rate on liquid assets and 8% on the remaining unremitted foreign E&P, both net of foreign tax credits. Adjusted for U.S. tax guidance issued during 2018 and the impact of changes to E&P of our subsidiaries resulting from the filing of our 2017 corporate income tax return during the fourth quarter of 2018, we have now finalized our accounting 10 and recognized an additional measurement period adjustment of $8 million, resulting in a total transition tax obligation of $85 million. On January 15, 2019, the IRS finalized regulations that govern the transition tax. We are in the process of analyzing these regulations. We do not expect any material impact to our financial statements as a consequence of the final regulations. Income tax expense in 2017 was $513 million on income before income taxes of $878 million. In 2017, tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of $294 million due primarily to the net non-cash tax charge of $299 million related to the enactment of the Tax Act as described above. At December 31, 2018, our valuation allowance on certain of our U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $113 million, primarily related to deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits as described above, and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $204 million. Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of our net deferred tax assets. Each reporting period we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release all or a significant portion of these valuation allowances will exist within the next twelve months. For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes. Minority Shareholders’ Net Income Minority shareholders’ net income was $15 million in 2018, compared to $19 million in 2017. 2017 Compared to 2016 Goodyear net income in 2017 was $346 million, or $1.37 per share, compared to $1,264 million, or $4.74 per share, in 2016. The decrease in Goodyear net income in 2017 was driven by an increase in income tax expense, primarily due to recognition of discrete tax charges in 2017 in connection with changes in U.S. income tax law compared to the recognition of discrete tax benefits in 2016, primarily due to the release of certain valuation allowances, and lower segment operating income, primarily in Americas and EMEA. These items were partially offset by a decrease in rationalization charges and lower corporate SAG, primarily due to lower incentive compensation. Net Sales Net sales in 2017 of $15,377 million increased $219 million, or 1.4%, compared to $15,158 million in 2016 due to an increase in price and product mix of $521 million, primarily driven by the impact of higher raw material costs on pricing, favorable foreign currency translation of $178 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas, and higher sales in other tire-related businesses of $89 million, driven by higher prices for third-party chemical sales in Americas. These increases were partially offset by lower tire unit volume of $569 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas. Goodyear worldwide tire unit net sales were $12,958 million and $12,832 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Consumer and commercial net sales were $9,285 million and $2,928 million, respectively, in 2017. Consumer and commercial net sales were $9,414 million and $2,806 million, respectively, in 2016. 11 The following table presents our tire unit sales for the periods indicated: (In millions of tires) Year Ended December 31, 2017 2016 % Change Replacement Units United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International 38.3 75.2 39.2 78.1 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.5 117.3 (2.3)% (3.7)% (3.3)% OE Units United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 32.0 45.7 15.7 33.1 48.8 (12.7)% (3.3)% (6.4)% Goodyear worldwide tire units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.2 166.1 (4.2)% The decrease in worldwide tire unit sales of 6.9 million units, or 4.2%, compared to 2016, included a decrease of 3.8 million replacement tire units, or 3.3%, comprised primarily of decreases in EMEA and Americas. OE tire units decreased 3.1 million units, or 6.4%, comprised primarily of decreases in Americas and EMEA. The overall volume decreases in EMEA and Americas were primarily related to lower consumer tire sales, driven by increased competition and changes in OEM production. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2017 were 145.9 million and 11.5 million, respectively. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2016 were 153.0 million and 11.6 million, respectively. Cost of Goods Sold CGS was $11,680 million in 2017, increasing $745 million, or 6.8%, from $10,935 million in 2016. CGS was 76.0% of sales in 2017 compared to 72.1% of sales in 2016. CGS in 2017 increased due to higher raw material costs of $618 million, foreign currency translation of $141 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas, higher conversion costs of $129 million, primarily due to increased under-absorbed overhead resulting from lower production volumes in Americas and EMEA, higher costs in other tire-related businesses of $107 million, driven by an increase in raw material prices related to third-party chemical sales in Americas, and higher costs related to product mix of $101 million. These increases were partially offset by lower volume of $403 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas. CGS in 2017 included pension expense of $16 million compared to $15 million in 2016. CGS in 2017 included accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $40 million ($28 million after-tax and minority), primarily related to our plan to close our manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Accelerated depreciation was $20 million ($20 million after-tax and minority) in 2016, primarily related to our plan to close our manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany and our plan to close our Wolverhampton, U.K. mixing and retreading facility. Selling, Administrative and General Expense SAG was $2,279 million in 2017, decreasing $130 million, or 5.4%, from $2,409 million in 2016. SAG was 14.8% of sales in 2017 compared to 15.9% of sales in 2016. The decrease in SAG was due to lower wages and benefits of $105 million, primarily related to lower incentive compensation and savings from rationalization plans, and lower advertising costs of $49 million. These decreases were partially offset by foreign currency translation of $27 million, primarily in EMEA, and increases due to general inflation. SAG in 2017 and 2016 included pension expense of $19 million for each year. Rationalizations We recorded net rationalization charges of $135 million ($93 million after-tax and minority) in 2017. Net rationalization charges include charges of $46 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount in 12 EMEA, $35 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $32 million related to global plans to reduce SAG headcount, and $20 million related to SAG headcount reductions in EMEA. We recorded net rationalization charges of $210 million ($198 million after-tax and minority) in 2016. Net rationalization charges included charges of $116 million related to the plan to close our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $34 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount, and $25 million related to manufacturing headcount reductions in EMEA. For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 2, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs. Interest Expense Interest expense was $335 million in 2017, decreasing $37 million from $372 million in 2016. The decrease was due primarily to a decrease in the average interest rate to 5.58% in 2017 compared to 6.23% in 2016. This decrease was partially offset by higher average debt balances of $6,001 million in 2017 compared to $5,972 million in 2016. Interest expense in 2017 and 2016 included $6 million ($4 million after-tax and minority) and $12 million ($8 million after-tax and minority), respectively, of expense related to the write-off of deferred financing fees and unamortized discounts related to the redemption of various debt instruments. Other (Income) Expense Other (Income) Expense in 2017 was expense of $70 million, compared to expense of $25 million in 2016. The $45 million change in Other (Income) Expense was primarily due to lower gains on general and product liability (income) expense—discontinued products of $27 million, higher non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense of $27 million, and lower gains on asset sales of $17 million. These increases were partially offset by lower financing fees and financial instruments expense of $28 million. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense was $62 million in 2017, including pension settlement charges of $19 million ($13 million after-tax and minority), compared to $35 million in 2016, including pension settlement charges of $17 million ($14 million after-tax and minority). The increase in 2017 compared to 2016 was due primarily to lower expected returns on pension plan assets of $22 million and lower amortization of other postretirement benefits prior service credits of $16 million, which was partially offset by lower pension interest cost of $13 million. General and product liability (income) expense—discontinued products in 2017 included a benefit of $5 million ($3 million after-tax and minority) for the recovery of past costs from certain asbestos insurers, as compared to a benefit in 2016 of $24 million ($15 million after-tax and minority) for the recovery of past costs from certain asbestos insurers and a benefit of $10 million related to changes in assumptions for probable insurance recoveries for asbestos claims in future periods. Net (gains) losses on asset sales were a gain of $14 million ($13 million after-tax and minority) in 2017 as compared to a gain of $31 million ($26 million after-tax and minority) in 2016. Net (gains) losses on asset sales in 2017 included a gain of $6 million related to the sale of a former wire plant site in Luxembourg. Net (gains) losses on asset sales in 2016 included a gain of $16 million related to the sale of the former wire plant site and a gain of $9 million related to the sale of our interest in a supply chain logistics company. Financing fees and financial instruments expense in 2017 included a premium of $25 million ($15 million after-tax and minority) related to the redemption of our $700 million 7% senior notes due 2022, as compared to premiums of $53 million ($37 million after-tax and minority) in 2016 related to the redemption of our $900 million 6.5% senior notes due 2021 and our €250 million 6.75% senior notes due 2019. Other (Income) Expense in 2017 included charges of $14 million ($11 million after-tax and minority) for hurricane related expenses. For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 5, Other (Income) Expense. 13 Income Taxes Income tax expense in 2017 was $513 million on income before income taxes of $878 million. In 2017, tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of $294 million due primarily to the net tax charge of $299 million related to the enactment of the Tax Act. For 2016, the income tax benefit was $77 million on income before income taxes of $1,207 million. The net tax benefit in 2016 was driven by net discrete adjustments of $458 million ($459 million after minority interest), due primarily to a tax benefit of $331 million from the December 31, 2016 release of the valuation allowances on certain subsidiaries in England, France, Luxembourg and New Zealand. The release of the valuation allowances on these subsidiaries is net of 2016 tax law changes that reduced deferred tax assets by $23 million. The 2016 income tax benefit also included a $163 million tax benefit resulting from changing our election for our 2009, 2010 and 2012 U.S. tax years from deducting foreign taxes to crediting foreign taxes. The 2016 income tax benefit was net of a $39 million tax charge to establish a valuation allowance in the U.S. on deferred tax assets related to receivables from our deconsolidated Venezuelan subsidiary. For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes. Minority Shareholders’ Net Income Minority shareholders’ net income was $19 million in 2017, compared to $20 million in 2016. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SEGMENT INFORMATION Segment information reflects our strategic business units (“SBUs”), which are organized to meet customer requirements and global competition and are segmented on a regional basis. Results of operations are measured based on net sales to unaffiliated customers and segment operating income. Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Segment operating income is computed as follows: Net Sales less CGS (excluding asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges) and SAG (including certain allocated corporate administrative expenses). Segment operating income also includes certain royalties and equity in earnings of most affiliates. Segment operating income does not include net rationalization charges (credits), asset sales and certain other items. Total segment operating income was $1,274 million in 2018, $1,556 million in 2017 and $1,996 million in 2016. Total segment operating margin (segment operating income divided by segment sales) in 2018 was 8.2%, compared to 10.1% in 2017 and 13.2% in 2016. Management believes that total segment operating income is useful because it represents the aggregate value of income created by our SBUs and excludes items not directly related to the SBUs for performance evaluation purposes. Total segment operating income is the sum of the individual SBUs’ segment operating income. Refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 8, Business Segments, for further information and for a reconciliation of total segment operating income to Income before Income Taxes. Americas (In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Tire Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.9 $8,168 654 8.0% 70.9 $8,212 847 10.3% 74.1 $8,172 1,151 14.1% 2018 Compared to 2017 Americas unit sales in 2018 remained consistent with 2017. Replacement tire volume increased 0.3 million units, or 0.6%, primarily in our consumer business in the United States driven by growth in the wholesale distribution 14 channel as well as growth in retail, supported by increased sell out. These increases were partially offset by the impacts of the TireHub transition and the national transportation strike in Brazil in May. OE tire volume decreased 0.3 million units, or 1.7%, primarily in our consumer business in the United States driven by increased competition, partially offset by an increase in our consumer business in Brazil, despite the impact of the national transportation strike. Net sales in 2018 were $8,168 million, decreasing $44 million, or 0.5%, compared to $8,212 million in 2017. The decrease in net sales was driven by unfavorable foreign currency translation of $144 million, primarily related to the Brazilian real. This decrease was partially offset by higher sales in other tire-related businesses of $61 million, primarily driven by an increase in third-party sales of chemical products, and improvements in price and product mix of $36 million, driven by increased customer demand for our 17-inch and above rim size tires. Operating income in 2018 was $654 million, decreasing $193 million, or 22.8%, from $847 million in 2017. The decrease in operating income was due to increased raw material costs of $113 million, lower price and product mix of $72 million, higher SAG of $36 million, primarily driven by higher product liability costs and advertising expense, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $25 million, and lower income in other tire-related businesses of $10 million, primarily in the race tire business. These decreases were partially offset by favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil totaling $53 million, of which $51 million related to prior years, and favorable conversion costs of $14 million. SAG included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $15 million. During 2018, Americas operating income was negatively impacted by about $7 million ($5 million after-tax and minority) as a result of the national transportation strike in Brazil. Operating income in 2018 excluded the net gain recognized on the TireHub transaction of $272 million, rationalization charges of $3 million and net gains on asset sales of $3 million. Operating income in 2017 excluded rationalization charges of $6 million and net gains on asset sales of $4 million. Americas’ results are highly dependent upon the United States, which accounted for approximately 81% of Americas’ net sales in both 2018 and 2017. Results of operations in the United States are expected to continue to have a significant impact on Americas’ future performance. 2017 Compared to 2016 Americas unit sales in 2017 decreased 3.2 million units, or 4.4%, to 70.9 million units. OE tire volume decreased 1.7 million units, or 9.0%, primarily in consumer OE in the United States, driven by changes in OEM production. Replacement tire volume decreased 1.5 million units, or 2.8%, primarily in consumer replacement in the United States, Mexico and Canada. Declines in consumer replacement volumes in the United States were primarily driven by increased competition and lower volumes in 16-inch and below rim size tires. Net sales in 2017 were $8,212 million, increasing $40 million, or 0.5%, compared to $8,172 million in 2016. The increase in net sales was driven by improvements in price and product mix of $168 million, primarily due to the impact of higher raw material costs on pricing, higher sales in other tire-related businesses of $104 million, primarily driven by an increase in price for third-party sales of chemical products, and favorable foreign currency translation of $49 million, primarily in Brazil. These increases in net sales were partially offset by lower tire volume of $281 million. Operating income in 2017 was $847 million, decreasing $304 million, or 26.4%, from $1,151 million in 2016. The decrease in operating income was due to increased raw material costs of $266 million, which more than offset improvements in price and product mix of $131 million, unfavorable conversion costs of $98 million, primarily due to increased under-absorbed overhead resulting from lower production volumes, lower tire unit volume of $79 million, and incremental start-up costs of $28 million associated with our new plant in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. These decreases in operating income were partially offset by the impact of an out of period adjustment in 2016 of $24 million of expense related to the elimination of intracompany profit, primarily related to the years 2012 to 2015, with the majority attributable to 2012, and lower SAG of $16 million, primarily related to lower incentive compensation and lower advertising expense. SAG included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $23 million. During the third quarter of 2017, several Company facilities were directly 15 impacted by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, which negatively impacted Americas operating income by about $6 million in 2017. Operating income in 2017 excluded rationalization charges of $6 million and net gains on asset sales of $4 million. Operating income in 2016 excluded rationalization charges of $15 million, net gains on asset sales of $4 million and accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $1 million. Europe, Middle East and Africa (In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Tire Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.8 $5,090 363 7.1% 57.1 $4,928 367 7.4% 61.1 $4,880 472 9.7% 2018 Compared to 2017 Europe, Middle East and Africa unit sales in 2018 increased 0.7 million units, or 1.3%, to 57.8 million units. Replacement tire volume increased 1.5 million units, or 3.7%, primarily in our consumer business driven by increased industry demand in the 17-inch and above rim size segment. OE tire volume decreased 0.8 million units, or 4.9%, primarily in our consumer business, driven by declines in the 16-inch and below rim size segment as a result of the continuation of our OE selectivity strategy and changes in market demand. Net sales in 2018 were $5,090 million, increasing $162 million, or 3.3%, compared to $4,928 million in 2017. Net sales increased due to improvements in price and product mix of $125 million, mainly due to increased customer demand for our 17-inch and above rim size tires, higher tire unit volume of $65 million, and favorable foreign currency translation of $22 million, primarily related to the strengthening of the euro, partially offset by the weakening of the Turkish lira. These increases were partially offset by lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $53 million mainly due to retread and race tire sales. Operating income in 2018 was $363 million, decreasing $4 million, or 1.1%, compared to $367 million in 2017. Operating income decreased due to lower income in other tire-related businesses of $35 million, primarily due to lower intercompany sales, higher costs of $22 million, primarily related to transportation and research and development, and foreign currency translation of $6 million. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $59 million, which more than offset the impact of higher raw material costs of $50 million, lower conversion costs of $23 million, primarily related to better plant utilization following the closure of our manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, higher volume of $19 million, and lower SAG of $8 million. SAG and conversion costs included savings from rationalization plans of $19 million and $41 million, respectively. Operating income in 2018 excluded net rationalization charges of $36 million, accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $4 million, and net losses on asset sales of $2 million. Operating income in 2017 excluded net rationalization charges of $111 million, accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $40 million, and net gains on asset sales of $10 million. EMEA’s results are highly dependent upon Germany, which accounted for approximately 37% and 38% of EMEA’s net sales in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Results of operations in Germany are expected to continue to have a significant impact on EMEA’s future performance. 2017 Compared to 2016 Europe, Middle East and Africa unit sales in 2017 decreased 4.0 million units, or 6.5%, to 57.1 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 2.4 million units, or 5.5%, primarily in our consumer business caused by decreased industry demand for 16-inch and below rim size tires and increased competition. OE tire volume 16 decreased 1.6 million units, or 9.0%, primarily in our consumer business, driven by 16-inch and below rim size tires, as a result of the continuation of our OE selectivity strategy, increased competition and reduced OEM production due to certain customers managing inventory levels. Net sales in 2017 were $4,928 million, increasing $48 million, or 1.0%, compared to $4,880 million in 2016. Net sales increased due to improvements in price and product mix of $244 million, due to our increased focus on 17-inch and above rim size tires and the impact of higher raw material costs on pricing, and favorable foreign currency translation of $112 million, primarily related to the strengthening of the euro. These increases were partially offset by the impact of lower tire unit volume of $303 million. Operating income in 2017 was $367 million, decreasing $105 million, or 22.2%, compared to $472 million in 2016. Operating income decreased due to higher raw material costs of $229 million, which more than offset improvements in price and product mix of $176 million, lower sales volume of $91 million and higher conversion costs of $31 million, primarily related to under-absorbed overhead due to lower production levels. These decreases were partially offset by lower SAG of $59 million, primarily driven by lower advertising costs, lower wages and benefits due to restructuring savings and lower incentive compensation, and favorable foreign currency translation of $9 million, primarily related to the strengthening of the euro. SAG and conversion costs included savings from rationalization plans of $19 million and $49 million, respectively. Operating income in 2017 excluded net rationalization charges of $111 million, accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $40 million, and net gains on asset sales of $10 million. Operating income in 2016 excluded net rationalization charges of $184 million, accelerated depreciation of $19 million, and net gains on asset sales of $17 million. Asia Pacific (In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Tire Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.5 $2,217 257 11.6% 31.2 $2,237 342 15.3% 30.9 $2,106 373 17.7% 2018 Compared to 2017 Asia Pacific unit sales in 2018 decreased 0.7 million units, or 2.3%, to 30.5 million units. OE tire volume decreased 0.5 million units, or 4.5%, primarily in our consumer business in China as a result of reduced OEM production. Replacement tire volume decreased 0.2 million units, or 0.8%, primarily in our consumer business in China. Net sales in 2018 were $2,217 million, decreasing $20 million, or 0.9%, from $2,237 million in 2017. Net sales decreased due to lower tire unit volume of $48 million, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $17 million, primarily related to the weakening of the Indian rupee, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $11 million, primarily in the retail business. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $56 million. Operating income in 2018 was $257 million, decreasing $85 million, or 24.9%, from $342 million in 2017. Operating income decreased due to higher raw material costs of $23 million, lower volume of $15 million, higher SAG of $12 million, higher research and development costs of $10 million, charges of $10 million related to a voluntary recall of consumer tires by an OE customer, lower price and product mix of $8 million, and lower income in other tire-related businesses of $8 million, primarily in the retail business. Operating income in 2018 excluded net rationalization charges of $3 million. Operating income in 2017 excluded net rationalization charges of $2 million. 17 Asia Pacific’s results are highly dependent upon China and Australia. China accounted for approximately 27% and 28% of Asia Pacific’s net sales in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Australia accounted for approximately 27% of Asia Pacific’s net sales in both 2018 and 2017. Results of operations in China and Australia are expected to continue to have a significant impact on Asia Pacific’s future performance. 2017 Compared to 2016 Asia Pacific unit sales in 2017 increased 0.3 million units, or 0.7%, to 31.2 million units. Replacement tire volume increased 0.1 million units, or 0.5%, primarily due to growth in the consumer business, partially offset by lower volumes in the commercial business. OE tire volume increased 0.2 million units, or 1.1%, primarily due to growth in India, partially offset by lower volumes in China. Net sales in 2017 were $2,237 million, increasing $131 million, or 6.2%, from $2,106 million in 2016. Net sales increased by $109 million due to improvements in price and product mix, primarily due to the impact of higher raw material costs on pricing, $17 million due to favorable foreign currency translation, and $15 million due to higher tire volume. These increases were partially offset by lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $11 million, primarily in retail. Operating income in 2017 was $342 million, decreasing $31 million, or 8.3%, from $373 million in 2016. Operating income decreased due to higher raw material costs of $123 million, which more than offset improvements in price and product mix of $113 million, a decrease in incentives recognized for the expansion of our factory in China of $13 million, and lower income in other tire-related businesses of $9 million, primarily in retail. These decreases were partially offset by higher volume of $4 million. Operating income in 2017 excluded net rationalization charges of $2 million. Operating income in 2016 excluded net gains on asset sales of $1 million and net rationalization charges of $1 million. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the financial statements. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates, based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect our results of operations and financial position in future periods. Our critical accounting policies relate to: • general and product liability and other litigation, • workers’ compensation, • • • recoverability of goodwill, deferred tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain income tax positions, and pensions and other postretirement benefits. General and Product Liability and Other Litigation. We have recorded liabilities totaling $322 million, including related legal fees expected to be incurred, for potential product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, at December 31, 2018. General and product liability and other litigation liabilities are recorded based on management’s assessment that a loss arising from these matters is probable. If the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record the amount of the estimated loss. If the loss is estimated within a range and no point within the range is more probable than another, we record the minimum amount in the range. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Loss ranges are based upon the specific facts of each claim or class of claims and are determined after review by counsel. Court rulings on our cases or similar cases may impact our assessment of the probability and our estimate of the loss, which may have an impact on our reported results of operations, financial position and liquidity. We record receivables for insurance recoveries related to our litigation claims when it is probable that we will receive reimbursement from the insurer. Specifically, we are a defendant in 18 numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain products previously manufactured by us or present in certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in federal and state courts. We periodically, and at least annually, update, using actuarial analyses, our existing reserves for pending claims, including a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable insurance recoveries. In determining the estimate of our asbestos liability, we evaluated claims over the next ten-year period. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or changed circumstances arising in the future may result in an increase in the recorded obligation, and that increase may be significant. We had recorded gross liabilities for both asserted and unasserted asbestos claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $166 million at December 31, 2018. We maintain certain primary and excess insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements, and also have additional excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery. This determination is based on consultation with our outside legal counsel and taking into consideration agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers and other relevant factors. As of December 31, 2018, we recorded a receivable related to asbestos claims of $108 million, and we expect that approximately 65% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance through the period covered by the estimated liability. Of this amount, $13 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts Receivable at December 31, 2018. The recorded receivable consists of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary and excess insurance carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our other excess insurance carriers. Although we believe these amounts are collectible under primary and certain excess policies today, future disputes with insurers could result in significant charges to operations. Workers’ Compensation. We had recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, of $224 million for anticipated costs related to U.S. workers’ compensation claims at December 31, 2018. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. The liability is discounted using the risk-free rate of return. For further information on general and product liability and other litigation, and workers’ compensation, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. Recoverability of Goodwill. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present. Goodwill totaled $569 million at December 31, 2018. We test goodwill for impairment on at least an annual basis, with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not (defined as a likelihood of more than 50%) that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the amount of the impairment loss, if any, must be measured. At October 31, 2018, after considering changes to assumptions used in our most recent quantitative annual testing for each reporting unit, including the capital markets environment, economic conditions, tire industry competition and trends, changes in our results of operations, the magnitude of the excess of fair value over the carrying amount of each reporting unit as determined in our most recent quantitative annual testing, and other factors, we concluded that it was not more likely than not that the fair values of our reporting units were less than their respective carrying values and, therefore, did not perform a quantitative analysis. 19 Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowances and Uncertain Income Tax Positions. At December 31, 2018, we had valuation allowances aggregating $317 million against certain of our U.S. federal, state and local and foreign net deferred tax assets. We record a reduction to the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing future profitability and the tax consequences of events that have been recognized in either our financial statements or tax returns. We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. We give operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. We typically only consider forecasts of future profitability when positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. We consider tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. Our net deferred tax assets include approximately $637 million of foreign tax credits, net of valuation allowances of $103 million, generated primarily from the receipt of foreign dividends. Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence to utilize these credits, despite the negative evidence of their limited carryforward periods. Those sources of foreign income are (1) 100% of our domestic profitability can be re-characterized as foreign source income under current U.S. tax law to the extent domestic losses have offset foreign source income in prior years, (2) annual net foreign source income, exclusive of dividends, primarily from royalties and (3) if necessary, we can enact tax planning strategies, including the ability to capitalize research and development costs annually, accelerate income on cross border sales of inventory or raw materials to our subsidiaries and reduce U.S. interest expense by, for example, reducing intercompany loans through repatriating current year earnings of foreign subsidiaries, all of which would increase our domestic profitability. We considered our forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our foreign tax credits. These forecasts were prepared in connection with our annual budgeting process and include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as rising raw material prices, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including raw material prices, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future foreign source income will not be sufficient to fully utilize these foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with the three significant sources of foreign income described above provide us sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that the remaining foreign tax credits will be fully utilized prior to their various expiration dates. We recognize the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances in the period in which legislation is enacted. We remeasure existing deferred tax assets and liabilities considering the tax rates at which they will be realized. We also consider the effects of enacted tax laws in our analysis of the need for valuation allowances. Effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act subjects a U.S. parent to current tax on its “global intangible low-taxed income” (“GILTI”). We do not anticipate incurring a GILTI liability, however, to the extent that we incur expense under the GILTI provisions we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations, including those for transfer pricing. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that 20 payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize income tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. We derecognize income tax benefits when, based on new information, we determine that it is no longer more likely than not that our position will be sustained. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or determine we need to derecognize tax benefits recorded in prior periods, our results of operations and effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash, and lead to recognition of expense to the extent the settlement amount exceeds recorded liabilities, resulting in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. To reduce our risk of an unfavorable transfer price settlement, the Company applies consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, supports pricing with economic studies and seeks advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction of expense to the extent the settlement amount is lower than recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, would result in a reduction in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. We report interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions as income taxes. For additional information regarding uncertain income tax positions, valuation allowances and the impact of the Tax Act, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits. We have recorded liabilities for pension and other postretirement benefits of $599 million and $231 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018. Our recorded liabilities and net periodic costs for pensions and other postretirement benefits are based on a number of assumptions, including: • • • • • • • life expectancies, retirement rates, discount rates, long term rates of return on plan assets, inflation rates, future compensation levels, future health care costs, and • maximum company-covered benefit costs. Certain of these assumptions are determined with the assistance of independent actuaries. Assumptions about life expectancies, retirement rates, future compensation levels and future health care costs are based on past experience and anticipated future trends. The discount rate for our U.S. plans is based on a yield curve derived from a portfolio of corporate bonds from issuers rated AA or higher as of December 31 and is reviewed annually. Our expected benefit payment cash flows are discounted based on spot rates developed from the yield curve. The mortality assumption for our U.S. plans is based on actual historical experience, an assumed long term rate of future improvement based on published actuarial tables, and current government regulations related to lump sum payment factors. The long term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is based on estimates of future long term rates of return similar to the target allocation of substantially all fixed income securities. Actual U.S. pension fund asset allocations are reviewed on a monthly basis and the pension fund is rebalanced to target ranges on an as-needed basis. These assumptions are reviewed regularly and revised when appropriate. Changes in one or more of them may affect the amount of our recorded liabilities and net periodic costs for these benefits. Other assumptions involving demographic factors such as retirement age and turnover are evaluated periodically and are updated to reflect our experience and expectations for the future. If the actual experience differs from expectations, our financial position, results of operations and liquidity in future periods may be affected. The weighted average discount rate used in estimating the total liability for our U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans was 4.24% and 4.16%, respectively, at December 31, 2018, compared to 3.56% and 3.44%, respectively, at December 31, 2017. The increase in the discount rate at December 31, 2018 was due 21 primarily to higher yields on highly rated corporate bonds. Interest cost included in our U.S. net periodic pension cost was $157 million in 2018, compared to $160 million in 2017 and $164 million in 2016. Interest cost included in our worldwide net periodic other postretirement benefits cost was $12 million in 2018, compared to $13 million in 2017 and $12 million in 2016. The following table presents the sensitivity of our U.S. projected pension benefit obligation, accumulated other postretirement benefits obligation, and annual expense to the indicated increase/decrease in key assumptions: + / - Change at December 31, 2018 (Dollars in millions) Change PBO/ABO Annual Expense Pensions: Assumption: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Postretirement Benefits: Assumption: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care cost trends — total cost +/- 0.5% $240 $ 3 +/- 0.5% +/- 1.0% $ 4 1 $ — — Changes in general interest rates and corporate (AA or better) credit spreads impact our discount rate and thereby our U.S. pension benefit obligation. Our U.S. pension plans are invested in a portfolio of substantially all fixed income securities designed to offset the impact of future discount rate movements on liabilities for these plans. If corporate (AA or better) interest rates increase or decrease in parallel (i.e., across all maturities), the investment portfolio described above is designed to mitigate a substantial portion of the expected change in our U.S. pension benefit obligation. For example, if corporate (AA or better) interest rates increased or decreased by 0.50%, the investment portfolio described above would be expected to mitigate more than 85% of the expected change in our U.S. pension benefit obligation. At December 31, 2018, our net actuarial loss included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (“AOCL”) related to global pension plans was $3,104 million, $2,493 million of which related to our U.S. pension plans. The net actuarial loss included in AOCL related to our U.S. pension plans is a result of declines in U.S. discount rates and plan asset losses that occurred prior to 2015, plus the impact of prior increases in estimated life expectancies. For purposes of determining our 2018 U.S. pension total benefits cost, we recognized $120 million of the net actuarial losses in 2018. We will recognize approximately $114 million of net actuarial losses in 2019 U.S. net periodic pension cost. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2018, actuarial loss recognition over the next few years will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2019 before it begins to gradually decline. In addition, if annual lump sum payments from a pension plan exceed annual service and interest cost for that plan, accelerated recognition of net actuarial losses will be required through a settlement in total benefits cost. The actual rate of return on our U.S. pension fund was (1.9%), 8.7% and 6.9% in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, as compared to the expected rate of 4.58%, 5.08% and 5.33% in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We use the fair value of our pension assets in the calculation of pension expense for all of our U.S. pension plans. The weighted average amortization period for our U.S. pension plans is approximately 18 years. Service cost of pension plans was recorded in CGS, as part of the cost of inventory sold during the period, or SAG in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, based on the specific roles (i.e., manufacturing vs. non-manufacturing) of employee groups covered by each of our pension plans. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, approximately 45% and 55% of service cost was included in CGS and SAG, respectively. Non-service related net periodic pension costs were recorded in Other (Income) Expense in line with the accounting standards update issued by the FASB to improve the financial statement presentation of pension and postretirement benefits cost. Refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 1, Accounting Policies. 22 Globally we expect our 2019 net periodic pension cost to be approximately $125 million to $150 million, including approximately $30 million of service cost, compared to $110 million in 2018, which included $32 million of service cost. The increase in expected net periodic pension cost is primarily due to higher interest cost for our U.S. pension plans from increases in interest rates and lower expected returns on plan assets for our non-U.S. pension plans due to an increase in investments allocated to fixed income securities. We experienced an increase in our U.S. discount rate at the end of 2018 but a large portion of the net actuarial loss included in AOCL of $25 million for our worldwide other postretirement benefit plans as of December 31, 2018 is a result of the overall decline in U.S. discount rates over time. For purposes of determining 2018 worldwide net periodic other postretirement benefits cost, we recognized $4 million of net actuarial losses in 2018. We will recognize approximately $4 million of net actuarial losses in 2019. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2018, actuarial loss recognition over the next few years will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2019 before it begins to gradually decline. For further information on pensions and other postretirement benefits, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from our operating and financing activities. Our cash flows from operating activities are driven primarily by our operating results and changes in our working capital requirements and our cash flows from financing activities are dependent upon our ability to access credit or other capital. On March 7, 2018, we amended and restated our $400 million second lien term loan facility. As a result of the amendment, the term loan now matures on March 7, 2025 and continues to bear interest at 200 basis points over LIBOR. On September 28, 2018, certain of our European subsidiaries amended and restated the definitive agreements for our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility, extending the term through 2023. On October 9, 2018, we announced an increase in the quarterly cash dividend on our common stock, from $0.14 per share to $0.16 per share, beginning with the December 3, 2018 payment date. For further information on the other strategic initiatives we pursued in 2018, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview.” At December 31, 2018, we had $801 million of Cash and Cash Equivalents, compared to $1,043 million at December 31, 2017. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $242 million was primarily due to cash used for investing activities of $867 million, primarily related to capital expenditures of $811 million; and cash used for financing activities of $243 million, primarily related to common stock repurchases of $220 million and common stock dividends of $138 million, partially offset by net borrowings of $135 million. These uses of cash were partially offset by cash flows from operating activities of $916 million, driven by the profitability of our operating segments. 23 At December 31, 2018 and 2017 we had $3,151 million and $3,196 million, respectively, of unused availability under our various credit agreements. The table below provides unused availability by our significant credit facilities as of December 31: (In millions) First lien revolving credit facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European revolving credit facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexican credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other domestic and international debt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes payable and overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $1,633 629 199 140 221 329 $1,667 659 217 — 298 355 $3,151 $3,196 We have deposited our cash and cash equivalents and entered into various credit agreements and derivative contracts with financial institutions that we considered to be substantial and creditworthy at the time of such transactions. We seek to control our exposure to these financial institutions by diversifying our deposits, credit agreements and derivative contracts across multiple financial institutions, by setting deposit and counterparty credit limits based on long term credit ratings and other indicators of credit risk such as credit default swap spreads, and by monitoring the financial strength of these financial institutions on a regular basis. We also enter into master netting agreements with counterparties when possible. By controlling and monitoring exposure to financial loss due to nonperformance by a financial institution. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not experience losses or delays in accessing our deposits or lines of credit due to the nonperformance of a financial institution. Our inability to access our cash deposits or make draws on our lines of credit, or the inability of a counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations to us, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations in the period in which it occurs. institutions in this manner, we believe that we effectively manage the risk of We expect our 2019 cash flow needs to include capital expenditures of approximately $900 million. We also expect interest expense to range between $325 million and $350 million, restructuring payments to be approximately $50 million, dividends on our common stock to be approximately $150 million, and contributions to our funded non-U.S. pension plans to be approximately $25 million to $50 million. We expect working capital to be a use of cash of less than $100 million in 2019. We intend to operate the business in a way that allows us to address these needs with our existing cash and available credit if they cannot be funded by cash generated from operations. We believe that our liquidity position is adequate to fund our operating and investing needs and debt maturities in 2019 and to provide us with flexibility to respond to further changes in the business environment. Our ability to service debt and operational requirements is also dependent, in part, on the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions of cash to various other entities in our consolidated group, whether in the form of dividends, loans or otherwise. In certain countries where we operate, such as China and South Africa, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans, advances or payments to third-party or affiliated suppliers are generally or periodically subject to certain requirements, such as obtaining approval from the foreign government and/or currency exchange board before net assets can be transferred out of the country. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments limit the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make distributions of cash. Thus, we would have to repay and/or amend these credit agreements and other debt instruments in order to use this cash to service our consolidated debt. Because of the inherent uncertainty of satisfactorily meeting these requirements or limitations, we do not consider the net assets of our subsidiaries, including our Chinese and South African subsidiaries, which are subject to such requirements or limitations, to be integral to our liquidity or our ability to service our debt and operational requirements. At December 31, 2018, approximately $697 million of net assets, including $98 million of cash and cash equivalents, were subject to 24 such requirements. The requirements we must comply with to transfer funds out of China and South Africa have not adversely impacted our ability to make transfers out of those countries. Cash Position At December 31, 2018, significant concentrations of cash and cash equivalents held by our international subsidiaries included the following amounts: • • • $278 million or 35% in Asia Pacific, primarily India, China and Japan ($344 million or 33% at December 31, 2017), $261 million or 33% in Europe, Middle East and Africa, primarily Belgium ($355 million or 34% at December 31, 2017), and $134 million or 17% in Americas, primarily Chile, Canada and Brazil ($169 million or 16% at December 31, 2017). Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities was $916 million in 2018, compared to $1,158 million in 2017 and $1,557 million in 2016. Net cash provided by operating activities in 2018 decreased $242 million compared to 2017, primarily due to a $282 million decrease in segment operating income. Cash used for working capital in 2018 was $120 million compared to $106 million in 2017. Cash used for inventory increased $127 million, while cash provided by accounts payable increased $138 million; both reflecting the impact of higher raw material costs, causing the balances of each remaining on our year-end balance sheet to be higher compared to the prior year. Net cash provided by operating activities in 2017 decreased $399 million compared to 2016 primarily due to a $440 million decrease in segment operating income. Cash used for working capital in 2017 was $106 million compared to $117 million in 2016. Cash used for working capital in 2017 reflects the impacts of higher raw materials on our costs and pricing, driving year-over- year increases in cash used for accounts receivable of $358 million and cash provided by accounts payable of $241 million. Cash used for inventory decreased $128 million during 2017 as the impacts of higher raw materials were more than offset by the impact of reduced production levels. Investing Activities Net cash used by investing activities was $867 million in 2018, compared to $879 million in 2017 and $979 million in 2016. Capital expenditures were $811 million in 2018, compared to $881 million in 2017 and $996 million in 2016. Beyond expenditures required to sustain our facilities, capital expenditures primarily related to the construction, expansion and modernization of manufacturing capacity in the United States, China, India and Thailand in 2018; the United States, Mexico, China and India in 2017; and the United States, Brazil, China and Mexico in 2016. Financing Activities Net cash used by financing activities was $243 million, $415 million and $876 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Financing activities in 2018 and 2017 included net borrowings of $135 million and $129 million, respectively. Financing activities in 2016 included net debt repayments of $256 million. We repurchased $220 million, $400 million and $500 million of our common stock in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We paid dividends on our common stock of $138 million, $110 million and $82 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We do not expect to make a significant amount of share repurchases in 2019. Credit Sources In aggregate, we had total credit arrangements of $8,971 million available at December 31, 2018, of which $3,151 million were unused, compared to $8,963 million available at December 31, 2017, of which 25 $3,196 million were unused. At December 31, 2018, we had long term credit arrangements totaling $8,212 million, of which $2,822 million were unused, compared to $8,346 million and $2,841 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. At December 31, 2018, we had short term committed and uncommitted credit arrangements totaling $759 million, of which $329 million were unused, compared to $617 million and $355 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. The continued availability of the short term uncommitted arrangements is at the discretion of the relevant lender and may be terminated at any time. Outstanding Notes At December 31, 2018, we had $3,314 million of outstanding notes, compared to $3,325 million at December 31, 2017. $2.0 Billion Amended and Restated First Lien Revolving Credit Facility due 2021 Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility is available in the form of loans or letters of credit, with letter of credit availability limited to $800 million. Availability under the facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based primarily on (i) eligible accounts receivable and inventory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and certain of its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries, (ii) the value of our principal trademarks, and (iii) certain cash in an amount not to exceed $200 million. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable and inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under the facility may decrease below $2.0 billion. In addition, if the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess. As of December 31, 2018, our borrowing base, and therefore our availability, under the facility was $330 million below the facility’s stated amount of $2.0 billion. Based on our current liquidity, amounts drawn under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 125 basis points, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 30 basis points. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had no borrowings and $37 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility. During 2016, we began entering into bilateral letter of credit agreements. At December 31, 2018, we had $343 million in letters of credit issued under these agreements. Amended and Restated Second Lien Term Loan Facility due 2025 In March 2018, we amended and restated our second lien term loan facility. As a result of the amendment, the term loan, which previously matured on April 30, 2019, now matures on March 7, 2025. The term loan bears interest, at our option, at (i) 200 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 100 basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). In addition, if the Total Leverage Ratio is equal to or less than 1.25 to 1.00, we have the option to further reduce the spreads described above by 25 basis points. “Total Leverage Ratio” has the meaning given it in the facility. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the amounts outstanding under this facility were $400 million. €550 Million Amended and Restated Senior Secured European Revolving Credit Facility due 2020 Our amended and restated €550 million European revolving credit facility consists of (i) a €125 million German tranche that is available only to Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH (“GDTG”) and (ii) a €425 million all-borrower tranche that is available to Goodyear Dunlop Tires Europe B.V. (“GDTE”), GDTG and Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A. Up to €150 million of swingline loans and €50 million in letters of credit are available for issuance under the all-borrower tranche. Amounts drawn under the facility will bear interest at LIBOR plus 175 basis points for loans denominated in U.S. dollars or pounds sterling and EURIBOR plus 175 basis points for loans denominated in euros, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 30 basis points. 26 At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had no borrowings and no letters of credit issued under the European revolving credit facility. Each of our first lien revolving credit facility and our European revolving credit facility have customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2015 under the first lien facility and December 31, 2014 under the European facility. Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities (On-Balance Sheet) In September 2018, GDTE and certain other of our European subsidiaries amended and restated the definitive agreements for our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility, extending the term through 2023. The terms of the facility provide the flexibility to designate annually the maximum amount of funding available under the facility in an amount of not less than €30 million and not more than €450 million. For the period from October 16, 2017 to October 17, 2018, the designated maximum amount of the facility was €275 million. Effective October 18, 2018, the designated maximum amount of the facility was increased to €320 million. The facility involves the ongoing daily sale of substantially all of the trade accounts receivable of certain GDTE subsidiaries. These subsidiaries retain servicing responsibilities. Utilization under this facility is based on eligible receivable balances. The funding commitments under the facility will expire upon the earliest to occur of: (a) September 26, 2023, (b) the non-renewal and expiration (without substitution) of all of the back-up liquidity commitments, (c) the early termination of the facility according to its terms (generally upon an Early Amortisation Event (as defined in the facility), which includes, among other things, events similar to the events of default under our senior secured credit facilities; certain tax law changes; or certain changes to law, regulation or accounting standards), or (d) our request for early termination of the facility. The facility’s current back-up liquidity commitments will expire on October 17, 2019. At December 31, 2018, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $335 million (€293 million). At December 31, 2017, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $224 million (€187 million). The program does not qualify for sale accounting, and accordingly, these amounts are included in Long Term Debt and Capital Leases. Accounts Receivable Factoring Facilities (Off-Balance Sheet) We have sold certain of our trade receivables under off-balance sheet programs. For these programs, we have concluded that there is generally no risk of loss to us from non-payment of the sold receivables. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the amount of receivables sold was $568 million and $572 million, respectively. Supplier Financing We have entered into payment processing agreements with several financial institutions. Under these agreements, the financial institution acts as our paying agent with respect to accounts payable due to our suppliers. These agreements also allow our suppliers to sell their receivables to the financial institutions at the sole discretion of both the supplier and the financial institution on terms that are negotiated between them. We are not always notified when our suppliers sell receivables under these programs. Our obligations to our suppliers, including the amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by our suppliers’ decisions to sell their receivables under the program. Agreements for such supplier financing programs totaled up to $500 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017. Further Information For a further description of the terms of our outstanding notes, first lien revolving credit facility, second lien term loan facility, European revolving credit facility and pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility, 27 refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments. Covenant Compliance Our first and second lien credit facilities and some of the indentures governing our notes contain certain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, incur liens, sell assets, incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, enter into affiliate transactions, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. Our first and second lien credit facilities and the indentures governing our notes also have customary defaults, including cross-defaults to material indebtedness of Goodyear and its subsidiaries. We have additional financial covenants in our first and second lien credit facilities that are currently not applicable. We only become subject to these financial covenants when certain events occur. These financial covenants and related events are as follows: • We become subject to the financial covenant contained in our first lien revolving credit facility when the aggregate amount of our Parent Company (The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company) and guarantor subsidiaries cash and cash equivalents (“Available Cash”) plus our availability under our first lien revolving credit facility is less than $200 million. If this were to occur, our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense may not be less than 2.0 to 1.0 for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. As of December 31, 2018, our availability under this facility of $1,633 million plus our Available Cash of $157 million totaled $1,790 million, which is in excess of $200 million. • We become subject to a covenant contained in our second lien credit facility upon certain asset sales. The covenant provides that, before we use cash proceeds from certain asset sales to repay any junior lien, senior unsecured or subordinated indebtedness, we must first offer to use such cash proceeds to prepay borrowings under the second lien credit facility unless our ratio of Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness to EBITDA (Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio) for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is equal to or less than 3.0 to 1.0. In addition, our European revolving credit facility contains non-financial covenants similar to the non-financial covenants in our first and second lien credit facilities that are described above and a financial covenant applicable only to GDTE and its subsidiaries. This financial covenant provides that we are not permitted to allow GDTE’s ratio of Consolidated Net J.V. Indebtedness to Consolidated European J.V. EBITDA for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to be greater than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter. Consolidated Net J.V. Indebtedness is determined net of the sum of cash and cash equivalents in excess of $100 million held by GDTE and its subsidiaries, cash and cash equivalents in excess of $150 million held by the Parent Company and its U.S. subsidiaries and availability under our first lien revolving credit facility if the ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense described above is not applicable and the conditions to borrowing under the first lien revolving credit facility are met. Consolidated Net J.V. Indebtedness also excludes loans from other consolidated Goodyear entities. This financial covenant is also included in our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility. At December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with this financial covenant. Our credit facilities also state that we may only incur additional debt or make restricted payments that are not otherwise expressly permitted if, after giving effect to the debt incurrence or the restricted payment, our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense for the prior four fiscal quarters would exceed 2.0 to 1.0. Certain of our senior note indentures have substantially similar limitations on incurring debt and making restricted payments. Our credit facilities and indentures also permit the incurrence of additional debt through other provisions in those agreements without regard to our ability to satisfy the ratio-based incurrence test described above. We believe that these other provisions provide us with sufficient flexibility to incur additional debt necessary to meet our operating, investing and financing needs without regard to our ability to satisfy the ratio- based incurrence test. 28 Covenants could change based upon a refinancing or amendment of an existing facility, or additional covenants may be added in connection with the incurrence of new debt. As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the currently applicable material covenants imposed by our principal credit facilities and indentures. The terms “Available Cash,” “EBITDA,” “Consolidated Interest Expense,” “Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness,” “Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio,” “Consolidated Net J.V. Indebtedness” and “Consolidated European J.V. EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the respective credit facilities. Potential Future Financings In addition to our previous financing activities, we may seek to undertake additional financing actions that could include restructuring bank debt or capital markets transactions, possibly including the issuance of additional debt or equity. Given the challenges that we face and the uncertainties of the market conditions, access to the capital markets cannot be assured. Our future liquidity requirements may make it necessary for us to incur additional debt. However, a substantial portion of our assets are already subject to liens securing our indebtedness. As a result, we are limited in our ability to pledge our remaining assets as security for additional secured indebtedness. In addition, no assurance can be given as to our ability to raise additional unsecured debt. Dividends and Common Stock Repurchase Program Under our primary credit facilities and some of our note indentures, we are permitted to pay dividends on and repurchase our capital stock (which constitute restricted payments) as long as no default will have occurred and be continuing, additional indebtedness can be incurred under the credit facilities or indentures following the payment, and certain financial tests are satisfied. During 2018, 2017 and 2016 we paid cash dividends of $138 million, $110 million and $82 million, respectively, on our common stock. On January 14, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors (or a duly authorized committee thereof) declared cash dividends of $0.16 per share of our common stock, or approximately $37 million in the aggregate. The cash dividend will be paid on March 1, 2019 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 1, 2019. Future quarterly dividends are subject to Board approval. On September 18, 2013, the Board of Directors approved our common stock repurchase program. From time to time, the Board of Directors has approved increases in the amount authorized to be purchased under that program. On February 2, 2017, the Board of Directors approved a further increase in that authorization to $2.1 billion. This program expires on December 31, 2019, and is intended to be used, subject to our cash flow, to repurchase shares of common stock in open market transactions in order to offset new shares issued under equity compensation programs and to provide for additional shareholder returns. During 2018, we repurchased 8,936,302 shares at an average price, including commissions, of $24.62 per share, or $220 million in the aggregate. Since 2013, we repurchased 52,905,959 shares at an average price, including commissions, of $28.99 per share, or $1,534 million in the aggregate. We do not expect to make a significant amount of share repurchases in 2019. The restrictions imposed by our credit facilities and indentures did not affect our ability to pay the dividends on or repurchase our capital stock as described above, and are not expected to affect our ability to pay similar dividends or make similar repurchases in the future. Asset Dispositions The restrictions on asset sales imposed by our material indebtedness have not affected our strategy of divesting non-core businesses, and those divestitures have not affected our ability to comply with those restrictions. 29 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Contractual Obligations The following table presents our contractual obligations and commitments to make future payments as of December 31, 2018: (In millions) Total 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Debt Obligations (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Lease Obligations (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Payments (3) Operating Leases (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension Benefits (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Postretirement Benefits (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers’ Compensation (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Binding Commitments (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . Uncertain Income Tax Positions (9) $ 5,767 37 1,608 1,226 275 162 292 3,194 8 $ 648 5 292 266 75 18 42 1,846 4 $ 786 4 247 214 50 18 29 444 4 $204 15 205 161 50 17 22 302 — $105 2 195 110 50 17 18 145 — $1,651 1 191 84 50 16 15 127 — Beyond 2023 $2,373 10 478 391 N/A 76 166 330 — $12,569 $3,196 $1,796 $976 $642 $2,135 $3,824 (1) Debt obligations include Notes Payable and Overdrafts, and excludes the impact of deferred financing fees and unamortized discounts. (2) The minimum lease payments for capital lease obligations are $61 million. (3) These amounts represent future interest payments related to our existing debt obligations and capital leases based on fixed and variable interest rates specified in the associated debt and lease agreements. The amounts provided relate only to existing debt obligations and do not assume the refinancing or replacement of such debt or future changes in variable interest rates. (4) Operating lease obligations have not been reduced by minimum sublease rentals of $15 million, $12 million, $8 million, $5 million, $3 million and $6 million in each of the periods above, respectively, for a total of $49 million. Payments, net of minimum sublease rentals, total $1,177 million. The present value of the net operating lease payments is $914 million. The operating leases relate to, among other things, real estate, vehicles, data processing equipment and miscellaneous other assets. No asset is leased from any related party. (5) The obligation related to pension benefits is actuarially determined and is reflective of obligations as of December 31, 2018. Although subject to change, the amounts set forth in the table represent the mid-point of the range of our expected contributions for funded U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, plus expected cash funding of direct participant payments to our U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans. We made significant contributions to fully fund our U.S. pension plans in 2013 and 2014. We have no minimum funding requirements for our funded U.S. pension plans under current ERISA law or the provisions of our USW collective bargaining agreement, which requires us to maintain an annual ERISA funded status for the hourly U.S. pension plan of at least 97%. Future U.S. pension contributions will be affected by our ability to offset changes in future interest rates with asset returns from our fixed income portfolio and any changes to ERISA law. For further information on the U.S. pension investment strategy, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans. Future non-U.S. contributions are affected by factors such as: • • future interest rate levels, the amount and timing of asset returns, and 30 • how contributions in excess of the minimum requirements could impact the amount and timing of future contributions. (6) The payments presented above are expected payments for the next 10 years. The payments for other postretirement benefits reflect the estimated benefit payments of the plans using the provisions currently in effect. Under the relevant summary plan descriptions or plan documents we have the right to modify or terminate the plans. The obligation related to other postretirement benefits is actuarially determined on an annual basis. (7) The payments for workers’ compensation obligations are based upon recent historical payment patterns on claims. The present value of anticipated claims payments for workers’ compensation is $224 million. (8) Binding commitments are for raw materials, capital expenditures, utilities, and various other types of contracts. The obligations to purchase raw materials include supply contracts at both fixed and variable prices. Those with variable prices are based on index rates for those commodities at December 31, 2018. (9) These amounts primarily represent expected payments with interest for uncertain income tax positions as of December 31, 2018. We have reflected them in the period in which we believe they will be ultimately settled based upon our experience with these matters. Additional other long term liabilities include items such as general and product liabilities, environmental liabilities and miscellaneous other long term liabilities. These other liabilities are not contractual obligations by nature. We cannot, with any degree of reliability, determine the years in which these liabilities might ultimately be settled. Accordingly, these other long term liabilities are not included in the above table. In addition, pursuant to certain long term agreements, we will purchase varying amounts of certain raw materials and finished goods at agreed upon base prices that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in raw material costs and market price adjustments, or in quantities that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in our or our suppliers’ production levels. These contingent contractual obligations, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, are not included in the table above. We do not engage in the trading of commodity contracts or any related derivative contracts. We generally purchase raw materials and energy through short term, intermediate and long term supply contracts at fixed prices or at formula prices related to market prices or negotiated prices. We may, however, from time to time, enter into contracts to hedge our energy costs. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements An off-balance sheet arrangement is any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity under which a company has: • made guarantees, • • • retained or held a contingent interest in transferred assets, undertaken an obligation under certain derivative instruments, or undertaken any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the company, or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development arrangements with the company. We have entered into certain arrangements under which we have provided guarantees that are off-balance sheet arrangements. Those guarantees totaled approximately $73 million at December 31, 2018. For further information about our guarantees, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. 31 FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION — SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT Certain information in this Annual Report (other than historical data and information) may constitute forward- looking statements regarding events and trends that may affect our future operating results and financial position. The words “estimate,” “expect,” “intend” and “project,” as well as other words or expressions of similar meaning, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. Such statements are based on current expectations and assumptions, are inherently uncertain, are subject to risks and should be viewed with caution. Actual results and experience may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including: • if we do not successfully implement our strategic initiatives, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected; • we face significant global competition and our market share could decline; • • • • deteriorating economic conditions in any of our major markets, or an inability to access capital markets or third-party financing when necessary, may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity; raw material and energy costs may materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition; if we experience a labor strike, work stoppage or other similar event our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected; our international operations have certain risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity; • we have foreign currency translation and transaction risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity; • • • our long term ability to meet our obligations, to repay maturing indebtedness or to implement strategic initiatives may be dependent on our ability to access capital markets in the future and to improve our operating results; financial difficulties, work stoppages, supply disruptions or economic conditions affecting our major OE customers, dealers or suppliers could harm our business; our capital expenditures may not be adequate to maintain our competitive position and may not be implemented in a timely or cost-effective manner; • we have a substantial amount of debt, which could restrict our growth, place us at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial health; • • any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of our debt instruments, or a material reduction in the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations; our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly; • we have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income fluctuates disproportionately with changes in our net sales; • we may incur significant costs in connection with our contingent liabilities and tax matters; • to various our reserves for contingent uncertainties, the outcome of which may result in our actual costs being significantly higher than the amounts recorded; liabilities and our recorded insurance assets are subject 32 • we are subject to extensive government regulations that may materially adversely affect our operating results; • we may be adversely affected by any disruption in, or failure of, our information technology systems due to computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attack, natural disasters or other similar disruptions; • if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel, our business could be materially adversely affected; and • we may be impacted by economic and supply disruptions associated with events beyond our control, such as war, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters. It is not possible to foresee or identify all such factors. We will not revise or update any forward-looking statement or disclose any facts, events or circumstances that occur after the date hereof that may affect the accuracy of any forward-looking statement. 33 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. We utilize derivative financial instrument contracts and nonderivative instruments to manage interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity price risks. We have established a control environment that includes policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative financial instrument activities. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Commodity Price Risk The raw materials costs to which our operations are principally exposed include the cost of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, carbon black, fabrics, steel cord and other petrochemical-based commodities. Approximately two-thirds of our raw materials are petroleum-based, the cost of which may be affected by fluctuations in the price of oil. We currently do not hedge commodity prices. We do, however, use various strategies to partially offset cost increases for raw materials, including centralizing purchases of raw materials through our global procurement organization in an effort to leverage our purchasing power, expanding our capabilities to substitute lower-cost raw materials, and reducing the amount of material required in each tire. Interest Rate Risk We carefully monitor our fixed and floating rate debt mix. Within defined limitations, we manage the mix using refinancing. At December 31, 2018, 33% of our debt was at variable interest rates averaging 4.92% compared to 34% at an average rate of 4.42% at December 31, 2017. The following table presents information about long term fixed rate debt, excluding capital leases, at December 31: (In millions) 2018 2017 Carrying amount — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pro forma fair value — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,609 3,443 3,583 $3,616 3,786 3,908 The pro forma information assumes a 100 basis point decrease in market interest rates at December 31 of each year, and reflects the estimated fair value of fixed rate debt outstanding at that date under that assumption. The sensitivity of our fixed rate debt to changes in interest rates was determined using current market pricing models. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk We will enter into foreign currency contracts in order to manage the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results of operations and future foreign currency-denominated cash flows. These contracts reduce exposure to currency movements affecting existing foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, firm commitments and forecasted transactions resulting primarily from trade purchases and sales, equipment acquisitions, intercompany loans and royalty agreements. Contracts hedging short term trade receivables and payables normally have no hedging designation. The following table presents foreign currency derivative information at December 31: (In millions) 2018 2017 Fair value — asset (liability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pro forma decrease in fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11 (152) 1/19 - 12/20 $(15) (166) 1/18 - 12/19 The pro forma decrease in fair value assumes a 10% adverse change in underlying foreign exchange rates at December 31 of each year, and reflects the estimated change in the fair value of positions outstanding at that date under that assumption. The sensitivity of our foreign currency positions to changes in exchange rates was determined using current market pricing models. 34 Fair values are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31 as follows: (In millions) Current asset (liability): 2018 2017 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16 (7) $ 4 (17) Long term asset (liability): Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other long term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2 — $ — (2) For further information on foreign currency contracts, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments. Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion of our management of counterparty risk. 35 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (In millions, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Net Sales (Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of Goods Sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, Administrative and General Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rationalizations (Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Expense (Note 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (Income) Expense (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,475 11,961 2,312 44 321 (174) $15,377 11,680 2,279 135 335 70 $15,158 10,935 2,409 210 372 25 Income before Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States and Foreign Tax Expense (Benefit) (Note 6) Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,011 303 708 15 878 513 365 19 1,207 (77) 1,284 20 Goodyear Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 693 $ 346 $ 1,264 Goodyear Net Income — Per Share of Common Stock Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2.92 $ 1.39 $ 4.81 Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Note 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Note 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash Dividends Declared Per Common Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 2.89 239 0.58 249 1.37 253 0.44 263 4.74 266 0.31 $ $ $ $ $ $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 36 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (In millions) Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): Foreign currency translation net of tax of ($10) in 2018 ($39 in 2017, ($2) in Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 $ 708 $ 365 $1,284 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (264) 257 (221) Defined benefit plans: Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost net of tax of $34 in 2018 ($40 in 2017, $33 in 2016) . . . . . . . . 105 77 63 Decrease (increase) in net actuarial losses net of tax of $1 in 2018 (($37) in 2017, ($53) in 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures net of tax of $5 in 2018 ($14 in 2017, $0 in 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service (cost) credit from plan amendments net of tax of ($3) in 2018 (($2) 16 (100) (62) 20 27 17 in 2017, $0 in 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12) (4) — Deferred derivative gains (losses) net of tax of $3 in 2018 (($8) in 2017, $4 in 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income net of tax $0 in 2018 ($1 in 2017, ($1) in 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7 Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (119) Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . 589 (4) (20) 1 238 603 35 8 (5) (200) 1,084 8 Goodyear Comprehensive Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 593 $ 568 $1,076 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 37 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In millions, except share data) Assets Current Assets: Cash and Cash Equivalents (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Receivable (Note 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories (Note 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill (Note 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible Assets (Note 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes (Note 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets (Note 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plant and Equipment (Note 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 2017 801 2,030 2,856 238 5,925 569 136 1,847 1,136 7,259 $ 1,043 2,025 2,787 224 6,079 595 139 2,008 792 7,451 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,872 $17,064 Liabilities Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable-Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits (Notes 17 and 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Payable and Overdrafts (Note 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Capital Leases due Within One Year (Note 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,920 471 737 410 243 $ 2,807 539 1,026 262 391 Total Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Capital Leases (Note 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits (Notes 17 and 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes (Note 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Long Term Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,781 5,110 1,345 95 471 5,025 5,076 1,515 100 498 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,802 12,214 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 19) Shareholders’ Equity Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity Common Stock, no par value: Authorized, 450 million shares, Outstanding shares — 232 million (240 million in 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Surplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Note 21) Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Nonredeemable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 2,111 6,597 (4,076) 4,864 206 5,070 240 2,295 6,044 (3,976) 4,603 247 4,850 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,872 $17,064 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 38 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Common Stock Shares Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Non- Redeemable Total Shareholders’ Equity (Dollars in millions) Balance at December 31, 2015 (after deducting 11,445,445 common treasury shares) . . . 267,017,982 $267 $3,093 $4,570 $(4,010) $3,920 $222 $4,142 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation (net of tax of ($2)) . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in net actuarial losses (net of tax of ($53)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred derivative gains (net of tax of $4) . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustments for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of ($1)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of new accounting standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends declared to minority shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation plans (Note 18) . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common stock 24 (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (16,706,392) (17) (483) Dividends declared (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock issued from treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,284,944 2 11 Balance at December 31, 2016 (after deducting 26,866,893 1,264 1,264 (209) 20 (12) 1,284 (221) (209) 63 (62) 17 8 (5) 63 (62) 17 8 (5) (188) 1,076 56 24 (500) (82) 13 56 (82) 63 (62) 17 8 (5) (200) 1,084 56 (12) 24 (500) (82) 13 (12) 8 (12) common treasury shares) . . . 251,596,534 $252 $2,645 $5,808 $(4,198) $4,507 $218 $4,725 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 39 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY — (Continued) Common Stock Shares Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Non- Redeemable Total Shareholders’ Equity (Dollars in millions) Balance at December 31, 2016 (after deducting 26,866,893 common treasury shares) . . . 251,596,534 $252 $2,645 $5,808 $(4,198) $4,507 $218 $4,725 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation (net of tax of $39) . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $40) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in net actuarial losses (net of tax of ($37)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service costs from plan amendments (net of tax of ($2)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred derivative losses (net of tax of ($8)) . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of $1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends declared to minority shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation plans (Note 18) . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common stock 346 240 77 (99) 27 (4) (20) 1 24 (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12,755,547) (13) (387) Dividends declared (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock issued from treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313,615 1 13 (110) 346 240 77 (99) 27 (4) (20) 1 222 568 24 (400) (110) 14 19 17 365 257 77 (1) (100) 27 (4) (20) 1 238 603 (6) 24 (400) (110) 14 16 35 (6) Balance at December 31, 2017 (after deducting 38,308,825 common treasury shares) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,154,602 $240 $2,295 $6,044 $(3,976) $4,603 $247 $4,850 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 40 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY — (Continued) Common Stock Shares Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Non- Redeemable Total Shareholders’ Equity (Dollars in millions) Balance at December 31, 2017 (after deducting 38,308,825 common treasury shares) . . . 240,154,602 $240 $2,295 $6,044 $(3,976) $4,603 $247 $4,850 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation (net of tax of ($10)) . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $34) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in net actuarial losses (net of tax of $1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service cost from plan amendments (net of tax of ($3)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred derivative gains (net of tax of $3) . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of $0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of new accounting standards (Note 1) . . . . . . . . Dividends declared to minority shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation plans (Note 18) . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common stock 19 (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (8,936,302) (9) (211) Dividends declared (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common stock issued from treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of minority shares . . . Balance at December 31, 2018 (after deducting 46,292,384 952,743 1 3 5 (245) 105 16 20 (12) 9 7 693 (1) (139) 693 (245) 15 (19) 105 16 20 (12) 9 7 (100) 593 (1) 19 (220) (139) 4 5 (19) (4) (8) (29) 708 (264) 105 16 20 (12) 9 7 (119) 589 (1) (8) 19 (220) (139) 4 (24) common treasury shares) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,171,043 $232 $2,111 $6,597 $(4,076) $4,864 $206 $5,070 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 41 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In millions) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 708 $ 365 $ 1,284 Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income to Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Depreciation and Amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization and Write-Off of Debt Issuance Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Pension Curtailments and Settlements (Note 17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Rationalization Charges (Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rationalization Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Gains on Asset Sales (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension Contributions and Direct Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities, Net of Asset Acquisitions and Dispositions: Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Payable — Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets and Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 15 131 22 44 (174) (1) (272) (74) (172) (171) 223 (26) (181) 66 781 21 366 19 135 (154) (14) — (90) (147) (44) 85 (65) (76) (24) 727 29 (229) 17 210 (86) (31) — (89) 211 (172) (156) (50) (56) (52) Total Cash Flows from Operating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 1,158 1,557 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset Dispositions (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Issued (Note 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Repurchased (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Dividends Paid (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (811) 2 (68) 68 (55) (3) (867) 1,944 (1,795) 6,455 (6,469) 4 (220) (138) (31) 7 (243) (43) (237) 1,110 (881) 12 (83) 83 — (10) (879) 1,054 (1,046) 6,463 (6,342) 14 (400) (110) (7) (41) (415) 57 (79) 1,189 (996) 35 (72) 60 — (6) (979) 417 (228) 4,988 (5,433) 13 (500) (82) (11) (40) (876) (15) (313) 1,502 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 873 $ 1,110 $ 1,189 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 42 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Accounting Policies A summary of the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows: Basis of Presentation Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted an accounting standards update, and all related amendments, with new guidance on recognizing revenue from contracts with customers. The standards update outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to utilize to recognize revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that will be received in exchange for the goods or services. We applied the new guidance to all open contracts at the date of adoption using the modified retrospective method. We recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new guidance as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The cumulative effect of the changes made to our January 1, 2018 Consolidated Balance Sheet for the adoption of the standards update was as follows: (In millions) Balance at December 31, 2017 Adjustment for New Standard Balance at January 1, 2018 Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes — Asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Payable — Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,025 224 2,008 2,807 1,026 6,044 $ 3 7 1 7 7 (3) $2,028 231 2,009 2,814 1,033 6,041 The impact of the adoption of the standards update on our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2018 was an increase of $7 million to Net Sales and an increase of $5 million to Net Income. The impact of the adoption of the standards update on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2018 was as follows: (In millions) Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes — Asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Payable — Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As of December 31, 2018 As Reported $2,030 238 1,847 2,920 737 6,597 Balances Without Adoption Effect of Change $2,018 228 1,848 2,911 727 6,595 $12 10 (1) 9 10 2 We do not expect the impact of the adoption of this new standards update to be material to our consolidated financial statements on an ongoing basis. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted an accounting standards update intended to improve the financial statement presentation of pension and postretirement benefits cost. The new guidance requires employers that 43 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES offer defined benefit pension or other postretirement benefit plans to report service cost in the same income statement line as compensation costs and to report non-service related costs separately from service cost outside a sub-total of income from operations, if one is presented. In addition, the new guidance allows only service cost to be capitalized. We applied the new guidance using the retrospective method. In alignment with the new standards update, we reclassified $39 million and $37 million of expense from Cost of Goods Sold (“CGS”) and $23 million of expense and a $2 million benefit from Selling, Administrative and General Expense (“SAG”), including corporate related costs of $28 million and $24 million, to Other (Income) Expense for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The provision of the new standards update that allows only service cost to be capitalized resulted in an additional one-time charge of $9 million which was recorded in Other (Income) Expense for the year ended December 31, 2018. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted an accounting standards update with new guidance on the accounting for the income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory, including the elimination of the prohibition on recognition of current and deferred income taxes on such transfers. As a result of using the modified retrospective adoption approach, $2 million was recorded as a cumulative effect adjustment to increase Retained Earnings, with Deferred Income Taxes increasing by $7 million and Other Assets decreasing by $5 million. We do not expect the impact of the adoption of this new standards update to be material to our consolidated financial statements on an ongoing basis. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted an accounting standards update with new guidance to clarify when changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as a modification. The new guidance requires the application of modification accounting if the value, vesting conditions or classification of the award changes. The adoption of this standards update did not impact our consolidated financial statements. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting standards update with new guidance requiring a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow existing internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset. The standards update is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and may be applied retrospectively or as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The adoption of this accounting standards update is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued an accounting standards update that allows an optional one-time reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) to Retained Earnings for the stranded tax effects resulting from the new corporate tax rate under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The standards update is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, and may be applied retrospectively or as of the beginning of the period of adoption. Goodyear has elected not to adopt this optional reclassification. In August 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update with new guidance intended to reduce complexity in hedge accounting and make hedge results easier to understand. This includes simplifying how hedge results are presented and disclosed in the financial statements, expanding the types of hedge strategies allowed and providing relief around the documentation and assessment requirements. The standards update is effective using a modified retrospective approach, with the presentation and disclosure guidance required prospectively, for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this accounting standards update will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures. In January 2017, the FASB issued an accounting standards update with new guidance intended to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The standards update eliminates the requirement for an entity to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, an entity will perform its 44 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES annual, or interim, goodwill impairment testing by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recording an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. The standards update is effective prospectively for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing performed in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standards update is not expected to impact our consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update with new guidance intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations relating to leases. Lessees will be required to recognize a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The FASB retained a dual model for lease classification, requiring leases to be classified as finance or operating leases to determine recognition in the statements of operations and cash flows; however, substantially all leases will be required to be recognized on the balance sheet. The standards update will also require quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding key information about leasing arrangements. The standards update is effective using a modified retrospective approach for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after the standards update required December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. As originally issued, application at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented at the time of adoption. In July 2018, the FASB issued new guidance allowing entities the option to instead apply the provisions of the new leases guidance at the effective date, without adjusting the comparative periods presented. We plan to elect this optional transition method along with the practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance that will retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the standard. In addition, we will not reassess whether any contracts entered into prior to adoption are leases. We have substantially completed aggregating and evaluating our worldwide lease contracts and are in the final stages of implementing a new lease accounting system to support the accounting and disclosure requirements of this standards update. Upon adoption, we anticipate recording a right-of-use asset and lease liability on our Consolidated Balance Sheet similar in magnitude to the total present value of outstanding future minimum payments for operating leases as shown in Note 14; therefore, we expect this standards update will have a material impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and related disclosures. The adoption of this standards update is not expected to have a material impact on our Consolidated Statements of Operations or Statements of Cash Flows. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all legal entities in which we hold a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest generally arises from our ownership of a majority of the voting shares of our subsidiaries. We would also hold a controlling financial interest in variable interest entities if we are considered to be the primary beneficiary. Investments in companies in which we do not own a majority interest and we have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in other companies are carried at cost. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates, including those related to: • • recoverability of intangibles and other long-lived assets, deferred tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain income tax positions, • workers’ compensation, 45 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES • • • general and product liabilities and other litigation, pension and other postretirement benefits, and various other operating allowances and accruals, based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect results of operations and financial position in future periods. Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable Valuation Sales are recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied and control is transferred. This generally occurs with shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the underlying contract, or when services have been rendered. Sales are measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The amount of consideration we receive and sales we recognize can vary due to changes in sales incentives, rebates, rights of return or other items we offer our customers, for which we estimate the expected amounts based on an analysis of historical experience, or as the most likely amount in a range of possible outcomes. Payment terms with customers vary by region and customer, but are generally 30-90 days or at the point of sale for our consumer retail locations. Net sales exclude sales, value added and other taxes. Costs to obtain contracts are generally expensed as incurred due to the short term nature of individual contracts. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense as incurred. We have elected to recognize the costs incurred for transportation of products to customers as a component of CGS. Appropriate provisions are made for uncollectible accounts based on historical duration, economic conditions and credit risk. The adequacy of the allowances are assessed quarterly. loss experience, portfolio Research and Development Costs Research and development costs include, among other things, materials, equipment, compensation and contract services. These costs are expensed as incurred and included as a component of CGS. Research and development expenditures were $424 million, $406 million and $388 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Warranty Warranties are provided on the sale of certain of our products and services and an accrual for estimated future claims is recorded at the time revenue is recognized. Tire replacement under most of the warranties we offer is on a prorated basis. Warranty reserves are based on past claims experience, sales history and other considerations. Refer to Note 19. Environmental Cleanup Matters We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. Expenditures that extend the life of the related property or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. We determine our liability on a site by site basis and record a liability at the time when it is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Our estimated liability is reduced to reflect the anticipated participation of other potentially responsible parties in those instances where it is probable that such parties are legally responsible and financially capable of paying their respective shares of the relevant costs. Our estimated liability is not discounted or reduced for possible recoveries from insurance carriers. Refer to Note 19. Legal Costs We record a liability for estimated legal and defense costs related to pending general and product liability claims, environmental matters and workers’ compensation claims. Refer to Note 19. 46 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Advertising Costs Costs incurred for producing and communicating advertising are generally expensed when incurred as a component of SAG. Costs incurred under our cooperative advertising programs with dealers and franchisees are generally recorded as reductions of sales as related revenues are recognized. Advertising costs, including costs for our cooperative advertising programs with dealers and franchisees, were $345 million, $320 million and $355 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Rationalizations We record costs for rationalization actions implemented to reduce excess and high-cost manufacturing capacity and operating and administrative costs. Associate-related costs include severance, supplemental unemployment compensation and benefits, medical benefits, pension curtailments, postretirement benefits, and other termination benefits. For ongoing benefit arrangements, a liability is recognized when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For one-time benefit arrangements, a liability is incurred and must be accrued at the date the plan is communicated to employees, unless they will be retained beyond a minimum retention period. In this case, the liability is calculated at the date the plan is communicated to employees and is accrued ratably over the future service period. Other costs generally include non-cancelable lease costs, contract terminations, and relocation costs. A liability for these costs is recognized in the period in which the liability is incurred. Rationalization charges related to accelerated depreciation and asset impairments are recorded in CGS or SAG. Refer to Note 3. Income Taxes Income taxes are recognized during the year in which transactions enter into the determination of financial statement income, with deferred taxes being provided for temporary differences between carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such carrying values as measured under applicable tax laws. The effect on deferred tax assets or liabilities of a change in the tax law or tax rate is recognized in the period the change is enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The calculation of our tax liabilities also involves considering uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on our estimate of whether it is more likely than not that additional taxes will be required and we report related interest and penalties as income taxes. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was enacted on December 22, 2017, subjects a U.S. parent to current tax on its “global intangible low-taxed income,” or GILTI. We do not anticipate incurring a GILTI liability, however, to the extent that we incur expense under the GILTI provisions we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred. Refer to Note 6. Cash and Cash Equivalents / Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and marketable securities with original maturities of three months or less. Substantially all of our cash and short-term investment securities are held with investment grade- rated counterparties. At December 31, 2018, our cash investments with any single counterparty did not exceed $180 million. Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments designated as hedges of identifiable transactions or events are classified in the same category as the cash flows from the related hedged items. Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are classified as operating activities. Bank overdrafts, if any, are recorded within Notes Payable and Overdrafts. Cash flows associated with bank overdrafts are classified as financing activities. Customer prepayments for products and government grants received that are related to operations are reported as operating activities. Government grants received that are solely related to capital expenditures are reported as 47 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES investing activities. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are presented net of capital leases of $6 million, $5 million and $3 million originating in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Cash flows from investing activities in 2018 exclude $266 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2018, and include payment for $265 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2017. Cash flows from investing activities in 2017 exclude $265 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2017, and include payment for $264 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2016. Cash flows from investing activities in 2016 exclude $264 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2016, and include payment of $254 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2015. Restricted Cash The following table provides a reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash as reported within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: (In millions) Cash and Cash Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 $801 72 $873 2017 2016 $1,043 67 $1,132 57 $1,110 $1,189 Restricted Cash, which is included in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, primarily represents amounts required to be set aside in connection with accounts receivable factoring programs. The restrictions lapse when cash from factored accounts receivable is remitted to the purchaser of those receivables. Restricted Net Assets In certain countries where we operate, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans or advances are generally or periodically subject to various governmental regulations. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments limit the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make cash distributions. At December 31, 2018, approximately $697 million of net assets were subject to such regulations or limitations. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out or labor and applicable manufacturing and the average cost method. Costs include direct material, direct engineering overhead. We allocate fixed manufacturing overheads based on normal production capacity and recognize abnormal manufacturing costs as period costs. We determine a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based on management’s review of inventories on hand compared to estimated future usage and sales. Refer to Note 10. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill is recorded when the cost of acquired businesses exceeds the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are assessed for impairment annually with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible to its carrying amount. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value is less than the carrying amount, then the amount of the impairment loss, if any, must be measured. 48 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES In addition to annual testing, impairment testing is conducted when events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives would be written down to fair value if considered impaired. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over such finite lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review. Refer to Note 11. Investments Investments in marketable securities are stated at fair value. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices at the end of the reporting period and, when appropriate, exchange rates at that date. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable equity securities are recorded in earnings. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (“AOCL”), net of tax. We regularly review our investments to determine whether a decline in fair value below the cost basis is other than temporary. If the decline in fair value is judged to be other than temporary, the cost basis of the security is written down to fair value and the amount of the write-down is included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Notes 16 and 21. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method. Additions and improvements that substantially extend the useful life of property, plant and equipment, and interest costs incurred during the construction period of major projects are capitalized. Government grants to us that are solely related to capital expenditures are recorded as reductions of the cost of the associated assets. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated to their estimated residual values over their estimated useful lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review. Depreciation expense for property, plant and equipment was $776 million, $779 million and $726 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Refer to Notes 4 and 13. Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency for most subsidiaries outside the United States is the local currency. Financial statements of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and a weighted average exchange rate for each period for revenues, expenses, gains and losses. The U.S. dollar is used as the functional currency in countries with a history of high inflation and in countries that predominantly sell into the U.S. dollar export market. For all operations, gains or losses from remeasuring foreign currency transactions into the functional currency are included in Other (Income) Expense. Translation adjustments are recorded in AOCL. Income taxes are generally not provided for foreign currency translation adjustments. Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities To qualify for hedge accounting, hedging instruments must be designated as hedges and meet defined correlation and effectiveness criteria. These criteria require that the anticipated cash flows and/or changes in fair value of the hedging instrument substantially offset those of the position being hedged. Derivative contracts are reported at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts Receivable, Other Assets, Other Current Liabilities or Other Long Term Liabilities. Deferred gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are recorded net of tax in AOCL. Ineffectiveness in hedging relationships is recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. Interest Rate Contracts — Gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are initially deferred and recorded in AOCL. Amounts are transferred from AOCL and recognized in income as Interest Expense in the same period that the hedged item is recognized in income. Gains and losses on contracts designated as fair value 49 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES hedges are recognized in income in the current period as Interest Expense. Gains and losses on contracts with no hedging designation are recorded in the current period in Other (Income) Expense. Foreign Currency Contracts — Gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are initially deferred and recorded in AOCL. Amounts are transferred from AOCL and recognized in income in the same period and on the same line that the hedged item is recognized in income. Gains and losses on contracts designated as fair value hedges, excluding premiums and discounts, are recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. Gains and losses on contracts with no hedging designation are also recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. We do not include premiums or discounts on forward currency contracts in our assessment of hedge effectiveness. Premiums and discounts on contracts designated as hedges are recognized in Other (Income) Expense over the life of the contract. Net Investment Hedging — Nonderivative instruments denominated in foreign currencies are used from time to time to hedge net investments in foreign subsidiaries. Gains and losses on these instruments are deferred and recorded in AOCL as Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments. These gains and losses are only recognized in income upon the complete or partial sale of the related investment or the complete liquidation of the investment. Termination of Contracts — Gains and losses (including deferred gains and losses in AOCL) are recognized in Other (Income) Expense when contracts are terminated concurrently with the termination of the hedged position. To the extent that such position remains outstanding, gains and losses are amortized to Interest Expense or to Other (Income) Expense over the remaining life of that position. Gains and losses on contracts that we temporarily continue to hold after the early termination of a hedged position, or that otherwise no longer qualify for hedge accounting, are recognized in Other (Income) Expense. Refer to Note 15. Stock-Based Compensation We measure compensation cost arising from the grant of stock-based awards to employees at fair value and recognize such cost in income over the period during which the service is provided, usually the vesting period. We recognize compensation expense using the straight-line approach. Stock-based awards to employees include grants of performance share units, restricted stock units and stock options. We measure the fair value of grants of performance share units and restricted stock units based primarily on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant, modified as appropriate to take into account the features of such grants. We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Assumptions used to estimate compensation expense are determined as follows: • Expected term represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding based on our historical experience of option exercises; • Expected volatility is measured using the weighted average of historical daily changes in the market price of our common stock over the expected term of the award and implied volatility calculated for our exchange traded options with an expiration date greater than one year; • Risk-free interest rate is equivalent to the implied yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds with a remaining maturity equal to the expected term of the awards; and • Forfeitures are based substantially on the history of cancellations of similar awards granted in prior years. Refer to Note 18. Earnings Per Share of Common Stock Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share primarily reflects the dilutive impact of outstanding stock options and other stock 50 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES based awards. All earnings per share amounts in these notes to the consolidated financial statements are diluted, unless otherwise noted. Refer to Note 7. Fair Value Measurements Valuation Hierarchy Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified using the following hierarchy, which is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation as of the measurement date. • Level 1 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. • Level 2 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. • Level 3 — Valuation is based upon other unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement. The classification of fair value measurements within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement. Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows: Investments Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investments are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government bonds, certain mortgage products and exchange- traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are estimated using quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the security, and would be classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities would be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative Financial Instruments Exchange-traded derivative financial instruments that are valued using quoted prices would be classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative financial instruments valued using internally-developed models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative financial instruments that are valued based upon models with significant unobservable market parameters, and that are normally traded less actively, would be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Notes 15 and 16. Reclassifications and Adjustments Certain items previously reported in specific financial statement captions have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2016, we recorded an out of period adjustment of $24 million of expense related to the elimination of intracompany profit in Americas. The adjustment primarily relates to the years, and interim periods therein, of 2012 to 2015, with the majority attributable to 2012. The adjustment did not have a material effect on any of the periods impacted. 51 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Note 2. Net Sales The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2018: (In millions) Tire unit sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other tire and related sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail services and service related sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Americas $6,417 620 564 554 13 Net Sales by reportable segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,168 Europe, Middle East and Africa $4,771 278 34 — 7 $5,090 Asia Pacific $2,009 127 77 — 4 Total $13,197 1,025 675 554 24 $2,217 $15,475 Tire unit sales consist of consumer, commercial, farm and off-the-road tire sales, including the sale of new Company-branded tires through Company-owned retail channels. Other tire and related sales consist of aviation, race, motorcycle and all-terrain vehicle tire sales, retread sales and other tire related sales. Sales of tires in this category are not included in reported tire unit information. Retail services and service related sales consist of automotive services performed for customers through our Company-owned retail channels, and includes service related products. Chemical sales relate to the sale of synthetic rubber and other chemicals to third parties, and exclude intercompany sales. Other sales include items such as franchise fees and ancillary tire parts, such as tire rims, tire valves and valve stems. When we receive consideration from a customer prior to transferring goods or services under the terms of a sales contract, we record deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability. Deferred revenue included in Other Current Liabilities and Other Long Term Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet each totaled $39 million at December 31, 2018. We recognize deferred revenue after we have transferred control of the goods or services to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria are met. The following table presents the balance of deferred revenue related to contracts with customers, and changes during the year ended December 31, 2018: (In millions) Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue deferred during period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue recognized during period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 121 116 (159) — Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 78 Note 3. Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs In order to maintain our global competitiveness, we have implemented rationalization actions over the past several years to reduce excess and high-cost manufacturing capacity and to reduce associate costs. 52 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents the roll-forward of the liability balance between periods: (In millions) Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016 charges (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incurred, Net of Foreign Currency Translation of $(13) million and $0 million, respectively (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversed to the Statement of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 charges (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incurred, Net of Foreign Currency Translation of $25 million and $1 million, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversed to the Statement of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 charges (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incurred, Net of Foreign Currency Translation of $(3) million and $0 million, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversed to the Statement of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Associate-related Costs $ 96 202 (75) (9) $ 214 103 (94) (13) $ 210 47 (158) (19) $ 80 Other Costs $ 7 16 (18) — $ 5 32 (34) — $ 3 17 Total $ 103 218 (93) (9) $ 219 135 (128) (13) $ 213 64 (19) — (177) (19) $ 1 $ 81 (1) Charges of $64 million, $135 million and $218 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, exclude $(1) million, $13 million and $1 million of benefit plan curtailments and settlements recorded in Rationalizations in the Statement of Operations. (2) Incurred in 2016 of $93 million excludes $6 million of rationalization payments, primarily for labor claims relating to a previously closed facility in Greece. The accrual balance of $81 million at December 31, 2018 is expected to be substantially utilized in the next 12 months and includes $46 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) and $29 million related to global plans to reduce SAG headcount. The net rationalization charges included in Income before Income Taxes are as follows: (In millions) 2018 2017 2016 Current Year Plans Associate Severance and Other Related Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Exit and Non-Cancelable Lease Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current Year Plans — Net Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior Year Plans Associate Severance and Other Related Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit Plan Curtailments and Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Exit and Non-Cancelable Lease Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40 — $ 40 $(11) (1) 16 Prior Year Plans — Net Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 $ 81 2 $188 1 $ 83 $189 $ 9 13 30 52 $ 5 1 15 21 Total Net Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 44 $135 $210 Asset Write-off and Accelerated Depreciation Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4 $ 40 $ 20 53 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Substantially all of the new charges in 2018 related to future cash outflows. Net current year plan charges at December 31, 2018 include charges of $28 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount and $13 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in EMEA. Net current year plan charges at December 31, 2018 include reversals of $1 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Net prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2018 include charges of $15 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $3 million related to a plan to reduce manufacturing headcount in EMEA, and $3 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount. Net prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2018 include reversals of $18 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Ongoing rationalization plans had approximately $720 million in charges through 2018 and approximately $12 million is expected to be incurred in future periods. Approximately 500 associates will be released under new plans initiated in 2018, of which approximately 150 were released through December 31, 2018. In 2018, approximately 500 associates were released under plans initiated in prior years. Approximately 550 associates remain to be released under all ongoing rationalization plans. At December 31, 2018, approximately 850 former associates of the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility have asserted wrongful termination or other claims against us. Refer to Note 19. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges in 2018 primarily related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation for all periods were recorded in CGS. Rationalization activities initiated in 2017 consisted primarily of net charges of $30 million related to reductions in manufacturing headcount in EMEA, $25 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount, $20 million related to SAG headcount reductions in EMEA, and $8 million related to a plan to improve operating efficiency in EMEA. Net prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2017 include charges of $35 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $8 million related to manufacturing headcount reductions in EMEA, and $7 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges in 2017 primarily related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Rationalization activities initiated in 2016 consisted primarily of net charges of $116 million related to the plan to close our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $34 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount, and $25 million related to manufacturing headcount reductions in EMEA. Net prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2016 include charges of $12 million related to the closure of one of our manufacturing facilities in Amiens, France. Accelerated depreciation charges in 2016 primarily related to the closure of our Wolverhampton, U.K. mixing and retreading facility and the plan to close our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. 54 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Note 4. Interest Expense Interest expense includes interest and the amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discounts, less amounts capitalized, as follows: (In millions) 2018 2017 2016 Interest expense before capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized interest $335 (14) $358 (23) $398 (26) $321 $335 $372 Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized, were $331 million, $314 million and $351 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Note 5. Other (Income) Expense (In millions) Gain on TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income on indirect tax settlements in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing fees and financial instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royalty income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net foreign currency exchange (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and product liability (income) expense — discontinued products . . . Net (gains) losses on asset sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 $(272) 121 (38) 36 (20) (16) (16) 9 (1) 23 $ — $ — 35 — 83 (23) (15) (13) (27) (31) 16 62 — 55 (32) (13) (7) — (14) 19 $(174) $ 70 $ 25 On July 1, 2018, we formed a 50/50 joint venture with Bridgestone Americas, Inc. (“Bridgestone”) that combined our Company-Owned Wholesale Distribution (“COWD”) business and Bridgestone’s tire wholesale warehouse business to create TireHub, LLC (“TireHub”), a national tire distributor in the United States. Upon formation, we transferred certain assets and liabilities of the COWD business, with a net book value of $6 million, to TireHub. With the assistance of a third party valuation specialist, we determined the fair value of our equity interest in TireHub to be $292 million as of July 1, 2018, using a discounted cash flow method. As a result, we recognized a gain of $286 million, which represents the difference between the fair value of the equity interest received and the net book value of the assets and liabilities contributed. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we incurred transaction costs of $14 million in connection with the formation of the joint venture. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost, as well as curtailments and settlements which are not related to rationalization plans. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes expense of $9 million related to the adoption of the new accounting standards update which no longer allows non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost to be capitalized in inventory. Refer to Note 17. We have previously filed claims with the Brazilian tax authorities challenging the legality of the calculation of certain indirect taxes for the years 2001 through 2018. During 2018, we received favorable rulings related to these claims. As a result of the rulings, we have recorded a gain of $53 million in CGS and related interest income of $38 million in Other (Income) Expense in 2018. Financing fees and financial instruments expense consists of commitment fees and charges incurred in connection with financing transactions. Financing fees and financial instruments expense in 2017 included a 55 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES premium of $25 million related to the redemption of our $700 million 7% senior notes due 2022 in May 2017. Financing fees and financial instruments expense in 2016 included premiums of $53 million related to the redemption of our $900 million 6.5% senior notes due 2021 in June 2016 and our €250 million 6.75% senior notes due 2019 in January 2016. Royalty income is derived primarily from licensing arrangements related to divested businesses as well as other licensing arrangements. Interest income consists primarily of amounts earned on cash deposits. Foreign currency exchange in all periods reflects net gains and losses resulting from the effect of exchange rate changes on various foreign currency transactions worldwide. General and product liability (income) expense — discontinued products includes charges for claims against us related primarily to asbestos personal injury claims, net of probable insurance recoveries. General and product liability (income) expense — discontinued products in 2018, 2017 and 2016 includes a benefit of $3 million, $5 million and $24 million, respectively, for the recovery of past costs from certain asbestos insurers. General and product liability (income) expense — discontinued products in 2016 included a benefit of $10 million related to changes in assumptions for probable insurance recoveries for asbestos claims in future periods. Net (gains) losses on asset sales in 2017 included a gain of $6 million related to the sale of a former wire plant site in Luxembourg. Net (gains) losses on asset sales in 2016 included a gain of $16 million related to the sale of the former wire plant site and a gain of $9 million related to the sale of our interest in a supply chain logistics company. Miscellaneous expense in 2018 and 2017 includes $12 million and $14 million, respectively, related to expenses incurred by the Company as a direct result of hurricanes Harvey and Irma during 2017. Note 6. Income Taxes The components of Income before Income Taxes follow: (In millions) U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 $ 439 572 2017 $394 484 2016 $ 595 612 $1,011 $878 $1,207 56 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES A reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. statutory rate to United States and Foreign Tax Expense (Benefit) follows: (In millions) U.S. federal income tax expense at the statutory rate of 21% (35% for 2017 and 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment for foreign income taxed at different rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net establishment of U.S. valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. charges (benefits) related to foreign tax credits and R&D . . . . . . . . . . . Net establishment (resolution) of uncertain tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for undistributed foreign earnings, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transition tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net foreign losses (income) with no tax due to valuation allowances . . . . . . Net establishment (release) of foreign valuation allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of U.S. federal benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic production activities deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax impact of enacted tax rate and law changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 $212 30 25 20 18 (9) 8 7 (5) (1) (1) (1) — $ 307 (55) 5 (23) (6) (162) 77 (7) 1 9 (16) (6) 389 $ 422 (51) 39 (163) 3 — — 8 (354) 16 (3) 8 (2) United States and Foreign Tax Expense (Benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $303 $ 513 $ (77) The components of United States and Foreign Tax Expense (Benefit) by taxing jurisdiction, follow: (In millions) Current: 2018 2017 2016 Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (15) 188 (1) $ (22) 166 3 $ (25) 175 2 Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 147 152 120 6 5 131 389 (8) (15) 366 77 (328) 22 (229) United States and Foreign Tax Expense (Benefit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $303 $513 $ (77) In 2018, income tax expense of $303 million was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of $65 million. Discrete adjustments were primarily due to charges totaling $135 million related to deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits, partially offset by a tax benefit of $88 million related to a worthless stock deduction created by permanently ceasing operations of our Venezuelan subsidiary during the fourth quarter of 2018. Income tax expense in 2018 also included net charges of $18 million for various other discrete tax adjustments, including those related to finalizing our accounting for certain provisional items related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that was enacted on December 22, 2017 (the “Tax Act”) as discussed below. During the fourth quarter of 2018, we wrote off $37 million in deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits that expired during the year and established a valuation allowance of $98 million against foreign tax credits expiring primarily in 2021, as we have now concluded that it is not more likely than not that we will be able to utilize these credits prior to their expiration. These charges reflect the recognition of the $88 million discrete tax benefit related to our Venezuelan subsidiary that reduced taxable income that otherwise would have utilized foreign tax credits. We also considered our forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our foreign tax 57 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES credits. These forecasts were prepared in connection with our annual budgeting process and include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as rising raw material prices, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including raw material prices, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future foreign source income will not be sufficient to fully utilize these foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that the remaining foreign tax credits of $637 million will be fully utilized, despite the negative evidence of their limited carryforward periods. The Tax Act established a corporate income tax rate of 21%, replacing the former 35% rate, and created a territorial tax system rather than a worldwide system, which generally eliminated the U.S. federal income tax on dividends from foreign subsidiaries. The transition to the territorial system included a one-time transition tax on certain of our foreign earnings previously untaxed in the United States (the “transition tax”). The Securities and Exchange Commission provided up to a one-year measurement period for companies to finalize the accounting for the impacts of this new legislation. As required, we finalized our accounting for items previously considered provisional during 2018. At December 31, 2017, we recorded an initial non-cash net charge to tax expense of $299 million related to the enactment of the Tax Act. Our final accounting has adjusted this non-cash net charge to $298 million. This net charge includes a deferred tax charge of $384 million primarily from revaluing our net U.S. deferred tax assets to reflect the new U.S. corporate tax rate. No measurement period adjustment was necessary and this calculation is complete. The net charge also originally included a provisional deferred tax benefit of $162 million to reverse reserves maintained for the taxation of undistributed foreign earnings under prior law, net of reserves established for foreign withholding taxes consistent with our revised indefinite reinvestment assertion. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we finalized our accounting and increased the provisional amount by $9 million to $171 million to reflect U.S. tax guidance issued during the year and to reflect our final indefinite reinvestment assertion. We were able to reasonably estimate the transition tax and recorded an initial provisional tax obligation of $77 million at December 31, 2017. In general, the transition tax imposed by the Tax Act results in the taxation of our accumulated foreign earnings and profits (“E&P”) at a 15.5% rate on liquid assets and 8% on the remaining unremitted foreign E&P, both net of foreign tax credits. Adjusted for U.S. tax guidance issued during 2018 and the impact of changes to E&P of our subsidiaries resulting from the filing of our 2017 corporate income tax return during the fourth quarter of 2018, we have now finalized our accounting and recognized an additional measurement period adjustment of $8 million, resulting in a total transition tax obligation of $85 million. On January 15, 2019, the IRS finalized regulations that govern the transition tax. We are in the process of analyzing these regulations. We do not expect any material impact to our financial statements as a consequence of the final regulations. The Tax Act subjects a U.S. parent to current tax on its “global intangible low-taxed income” (“GILTI”). We do not anticipate incurring a GILTI liability, however, to the extent that we incur expense under the GILTI provisions we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred. income tax expense of $513 million was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of In 2017, $294 million, due to a net non-cash charge of $299 million related to the enactment of the Tax Act and a net benefit of $5 million for other miscellaneous discrete tax items. the income tax benefit of $77 million was favorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of In 2016, $458 million, due primarily to a tax benefit of $331 million from the December 31, 2016 release of the valuation allowance on certain subsidiaries in England, France, Luxembourg and New Zealand. As of December 31, 2016, these subsidiaries on which we had maintained a full valuation allowance achieved earnings of a duration and magnitude that they were in a position of cumulative profits for the most recent three-year period. As a consequence of this profitability and our future business plans forecasting sustainable profitability, we concluded that it was more likely than not that our deferred tax assets in these entities would be realized. The 2016 income 58 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES tax benefit also included a $163 million tax benefit resulting from changing our election for our 2009, 2010 and 2012 U.S. tax years from deducting foreign taxes to crediting foreign taxes, a $39 million tax charge related to establishing a valuation allowance in the United States on deferred tax assets related to receivables from our deconsolidated Venezuelan subsidiary which were contributed to its capital, and a $7 million tax benefit related to the release of a valuation allowance in Brazil due to the collection of a receivable that had previously been written off as uncollectible. Temporary differences and carryforwards giving rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 follow: (In millions) Tax loss carryforwards and credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized research and development expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses deductible as paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postretirement benefits and pensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred interest deductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rationalizations and other provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacation and sick pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment and receivables related to Venezuelan deconsolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property basis differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $1,473 404 261 207 40 26 23 — 111 2,545 (317) 2,228 (475) (1) $1,515 402 297 223 — 36 24 80 85 2,662 (318) 2,344 (414) (22) Total net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,752 $1,908 At December 31, 2018, we had $562 million of tax assets for net operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards related to certain foreign subsidiaries. These carryforwards are primarily from countries with unlimited carryforward periods, but include $60 million of tax credits in various European countries that are subject to expiration from 2019 to 2028. A valuation allowance totaling $204 million has been recorded against these and other deferred tax assets where recovery of the asset or carryforward is uncertain. In addition, we had $815 million of federal and $96 million of state tax assets for net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The federal carryforwards consist of $740 million of foreign tax credits that are subject to expiration from 2019 to 2028 and $75 million of tax assets related to research and development credits and other federal credits that are subject to expiration from 2030 to 2038. The state carryforwards are subject to expiration from 2019 to 2034. A valuation allowance of $113 million has been recorded against federal and state deferred tax assets, primarily federal carryforwards for foreign tax credits, where recovery is uncertain. At December 31, 2018, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $71 million that if recognized, would have a favorable impact on our tax expense of $71 million. We had accrued interest of $2 million as of December 31, 2018. If not favorably settled, $6 million of the unrecognized tax benefits and all of the accrued interest would require the use of our cash. We do not expect changes during 2019 to our unrecognized tax benefits to have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations. 59 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits (In millions) 2018 2017 2016 Balance at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases related to prior year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decreases related to prior year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases related to current year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse of statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $63 $52 2 9 (2) (1) (2) (8) (5) — — 21 (3) (3) Balance at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $71 $52 $54 19 (8) (8) 6 1 (1) $63 We are open to examination in the United States for 2018 and in Germany from 2013 onward. Generally, for our remaining tax jurisdictions, years from 2013 onward are still open to examination. We have undistributed earnings and profits of our foreign subsidiaries totaling approximately $2.2 billion at December 31, 2018 as compared to approximately $2.8 billion at December 31, 2017. During 2018, we repatriated approximately $900 million of undistributed earnings to the United States primarily representing dividends and return of capital from subsidiaries in Singapore, Luxembourg and Japan. As required, we finalized our indefinite reinvestment assertion under the Tax Act during the fourth quarter of 2018 and, as a consequence, concluded that no provision for tax in the United States is required because substantially all of the remaining undistributed earnings and profits have been or will be reinvested in property, plant and equipment and working capital outside of the United States. A foreign withholding tax charge of approximately $77 million (net of foreign tax credits) would be required if these earnings and profits were to be distributed to the United States. Net cash payments for income taxes were $178 million, $144 million and $153 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Note 7. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are calculated to reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts were exercised or converted into common stock. Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated as follows: (In millions, except per share amounts) Earnings per share — basic: 2018 2017 2016 Goodyear net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 693 $ 346 $1,264 Weighted average shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 249 263 Earnings per common share — basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2.92 $1.39 $ 4.81 Earnings per share — diluted: Goodyear net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 693 $ 346 $1,264 Weighted average shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dilutive effect of stock options and other dilutive securities . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 2 239 249 4 253 263 3 266 Earnings per common share — diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2.89 $1.37 $ 4.74 60 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted for 2018 excludes approximately 2 million equivalent shares related to options with exercise prices greater than the average market price of our common stock (i.e., “underwater” options). There were approximately 1 million equivalent shares related to options with exercise prices greater than the average market price of our common stock for 2017 and 2016. Note 8. Business Segments Segment information reflects our strategic business units (“SBUs”), which are organized to meet customer requirements and global competition. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we operated our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Asia Pacific. Segment information is reported on the basis used for reporting to our Chief Executive Officer. Each of the three regional business segments is involved in the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires. Certain of the business segments also provide related products and services, which include retreads and automotive and commercial truck maintenance and repair services. Each segment also exports tires to other segments. Americas manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment, aircraft, and for various other applications. Americas also provides related products and services including retreaded tires, tread rubber, automotive and commercial truck maintenance and repair services, as well as sells chemical and natural rubber products to our other business segments and to unaffiliated customers. Europe, Middle East and Africa manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, motorcycles, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa. EMEA also sells retreaded aviation tires, retreading and related services for commercial truck and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment, and automotive maintenance and repair services. Asia Pacific manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, aircraft, farm, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment throughout the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific also provides related products and services including retreaded truck and aviation tires, tread rubber, and automotive maintenance and repair services. 61 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents segment sales and operating income, and the reconciliation of segment operating income to Income before Income Taxes: (In millions) Sales 2018 2017 2016 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,168 5,090 2,217 $ 8,212 4,928 2,237 $ 8,172 4,880 2,106 Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,475 $15,377 $15,158 Segment Operating Income Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 654 363 257 $ 847 367 342 $ 1,151 472 373 Total Segment Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,274 1,556 1,996 Less: Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (income) expense (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate incentive compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany profit elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained expenses of divested operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 321 (174) 4 13 4 9 42 135 335 70 40 33 2 13 50 210 372 25 20 76 2 18 66 Income before Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,011 $ 878 $ 1,207 (1) Refer to Note 5. (2) Primarily represents unallocated corporate costs and the elimination of $18 million, $30 million and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, of royalty income attributable to the strategic business units. The following table presents segment assets at December 31: (In millions) Assets Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Segment Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate(1) 2018 2017 $ 7,160 4,809 2,602 14,571 2,301 $ 6,923 4,995 2,681 14,599 2,465 $16,872 $17,064 (1) Corporate includes substantially all of our U.S. net deferred tax assets. Results of operations are measured based on net sales to unaffiliated customers and segment operating income. Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Segment operating income is computed as follows: Net sales less CGS (excluding asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation charges) and SAG (including certain allocated corporate administrative expenses). Segment operating income 62 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES also includes certain royalties and equity in earnings of most affiliates. Segment operating income does not include net rationalization charges, asset sales, and certain other items. The following table presents geographic information. Net sales by country were determined based on the location of the selling subsidiary. Long-lived assets consisted of property, plant and equipment. Besides Germany, management did not consider the net sales of any other individual countries outside the United States to be significant to the consolidated financial statements. For long-lived assets, only China was considered to be significant. (In millions) Net Sales 2018 2017 2016 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,692 1,883 6,900 $ 6,678 1,874 6,825 $ 6,724 1,853 6,581 $15,475 $15,377 $15,158 Long-Lived Assets United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,734 762 3,763 $ 2,750 766 3,935 $ 7,259 $ 7,451 At December 31, 2018, significant concentrations of cash and cash equivalents held by our international subsidiaries included the following amounts: • • • $278 million or 35% in Asia Pacific, primarily India, China and Japan ($344 million or 33% at December 31, 2017), $261 million or 33% in Europe, Middle East and Africa, primarily Belgium ($355 million or 34% at December 31, 2017), and $134 million or 17% in Americas, primarily Chile, Canada and Brazil ($169 million or 16% at December 31, 2017). Rationalizations, as described in Note 3, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs, Net (gains) losses on asset sales, as described in Note 5, Other (Income) Expense, and asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation were not charged (credited) to the SBUs for performance evaluation purposes but were attributable to the SBUs as follows: (In millions) Rationalizations Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Segment Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 $ 3 36 3 42 2 $ 6 111 2 119 16 $ 15 184 1 200 10 $44 $135 $210 63 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Net (Gains) Losses on Asset Sales Americas (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Segment Asset Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 $(275) 2 — (273) — $ (4) (10) — (14) — $ (4) (17) (1) (22) (9) $(273) $(14) $(31) (1) Americas Net (Gains) Losses on Asset Sales for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes the gain of $272 million related to the TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs. (In millions) 2018 2017 2016 Asset Write-offs and Accelerated Depreciation Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ 1 19 40 4 Total Segment Asset Write-offs and Accelerated Depreciation . . . . . . $ 4 $ 40 $20 The following tables present segment capital expenditures and depreciation and amortization: (In millions) Capital Expenditures Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Segment Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (In millions) Depreciation and Amortization Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Segment Depreciation and Amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 $406 180 188 774 37 $525 159 164 848 33 $618 191 137 946 50 $811 $881 $996 2018 2017 2016 $414 201 131 746 32 $398 191 124 713 68 $366 192 120 678 49 $778 $781 $727 The following table presents segment equity in the net income of investees accounted for by the equity method: (In millions) Equity in (Income) 2018 2017 2016 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11 $ (5) (1) — $ — (1) Total Segment Equity in (Income) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10 $ (5) $ (1) 64 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Note 9. Accounts Receivable (In millions) 2018 2017 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,143 (113) $2,141 (116) Note 10. Inventories (In millions) $2,030 $2,025 2018 2017 Raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work in process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finished goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 569 152 2,135 $ 466 142 2,179 $2,856 $2,787 Note 11. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill allocated by reporting unit, and changes during 2018: (In millions) Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 91 437 67 $595 Acquisitions Divestitures Translation Balance at December 31, 2018 $ — 2 — $ 2 $ — — — $ — $ — (24) (4) $(28) $ 91 415 63 $569 The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill allocated by reporting unit, and changes during 2017: (In millions) Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 91 383 61 $535 The following table presents information about intangible assets: 2018 Acquisitions Divestitures Translation $ — 1 1 $ 2 $ — — — $ — $ — 53 5 $ 58 2017 Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 91 437 67 $595 (In millions) Intangible assets with indefinite lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trademarks and patents . . . . . . . . . . . . Other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross Carrying Amount (1) Accumulated Amortization (1) Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount (1) Accumulated Amortization (1) Net Carrying Amount $124 23 23 $170 $ (6) (19) (9) $(34) $118 4 14 $136 $124 26 24 $174 $ (6) (21) (8) $(35) $118 5 16 $139 (1) Includes impact of foreign currency translation. 65 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Intangible assets are primarily comprised of the rights to use the Dunlop brand name and related trademarks and certain other brand names and trademarks. Amortization expense for intangible assets totaled $2 million in both 2018 and 2017, and $1 million in 2016. We estimate that annual amortization expense related to intangible assets will be approximately $2 million in 2019 through 2021, and $1 million in 2022 and 2023. The weighted average remaining amortization period is approximately 21 years. Our annual impairment analyses for 2018, 2017 and 2016 indicated no impairment of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite lives. In addition, there were no events or circumstances that indicated the impairment tests should be re-performed for goodwill or for intangible assets with indefinite lives for any reporting unit at December 31, 2018. Note 12. Other Assets and Investments Dividends received from our consolidated subsidiaries were $608 million, $558 million and $66 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Dividends received in 2018 were primarily from subsidiaries in Singapore and Japan and paid to the United States. Dividends received in 2017 were primarily from a subsidiary in Luxembourg and paid to the United States. Dividends received from our affiliates accounted for using the equity method were $5 million, $5 million and $4 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Note 13. Property, Plant and Equipment (In millions) Owned Capital Leases Total Owned Capital Leases Total 2018 2017 Property, plant and equipment, at cost: Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machinery and equipment . . . . . . . Construction in progress . . . . . . . . Accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . Spare parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 427 2,564 13,440 654 17,085 (10,128) 6,957 262 $ — 29 43 1 73 (33) 40 — $ 427 2,593 13,483 655 $ 433 2,589 13,456 721 17,158 (10,161) 17,199 (10,047) 6,997 262 7,152 254 $ — 30 46 — 76 (31) 45 — $ 433 2,619 13,502 721 17,275 (10,078) 7,197 254 $ 7,219 $ 40 $ 7,259 $ 7,406 $ 45 $ 7,451 The range of useful lives of property used in arriving at the annual amount of depreciation are as follows: buildings and improvements, 3 to 45 years; machinery and equipment, 3 to 40 years. Note 14. Leased Assets Net rental expense comprised the following: (In millions) 2018 2017 2016 Gross rental expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sublease rental income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $333 (16) $332 (17) $332 (27) $317 $315 $305 66 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES We enter into leases primarily for our wholesale distribution facilities, administrative offices, retail stores, vehicles and data processing equipment under varying terms and conditions. Many of the leases require us to pay taxes assessed against leased property and the cost of insurance and maintenance. A portion of our retail distribution network is sublet to independent dealers. While substantially all subleases and some operating leases are cancelable for periods beyond 2019, management expects that in the normal course of its business nearly all of its independent dealer distribution network will be actively operated. As leases and subleases for existing locations expire, we would normally expect to evaluate such leases and either renew the leases or substitute another more favorable retail location. The following table presents future minimum lease payments: (In millions) Capital Leases 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 and Beyond Total Minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imputed interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 8 (3) 5 $ $ 7 (3) $ 18 (3) 4 $ 15 $ $ 3 (1) $ 2 (1) $ 23 (13) 2 $ 1 $ 10 $ $ 61 (24) 37 Operating Leases Minimum lease payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum sublease rentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $266 (15) $214 (12) $161 (8) $110 (5) $84 (3) $391 (6) $1,226 (49) Imputed interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Present value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (263) $ 914 $251 $202 $153 $105 $81 $385 $1,177 Note 15. Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments At December 31, 2018, we had total credit arrangements of $8,971 million, of which $3,151 million were unused. At that date, 33% of our debt was at variable interest rates averaging 4.92%. Notes Payable and Overdrafts, Long Term Debt and Capital Leases due Within One Year and Short Term Financing Arrangements At December 31, 2018, we had short term committed and uncommitted credit arrangements totaling $759 million, of which $329 million were unused. These arrangements are available primarily to certain of our foreign subsidiaries through various banks at quoted market interest rates. 67 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents amounts due within one year: (In millions) Chinese credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other domestic and foreign debt Notes payable and overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 $ 122 288 $ 410 $ — 262 $ 262 Weighted average interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.03% 5.00% Long term debt and capital leases due within one year: Chinese credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other domestic and foreign debt (including capital leases) . . . . . . . . . . Total long term debt and capital leases due within one year . . . . . . . . Weighted average interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total obligations due within one year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 32 211 $ 243 4.57% $ 653 $ 113 278 $ 391 6.86% $ 653 Long Term Debt and Capital Leases and Financing Arrangements At December 31, 2018, we had long term credit arrangements totaling $8,212 million, of which $2,822 million were unused. The following table presents long term debt and capital leases, net of unamortized discounts, and interest rates: (In millions) Notes: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Amount Interest Rate Amount Interest Rate 8.75% due 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.125% due 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.75% Euro Notes due 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% due 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.875% due 2027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7% due 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 278 1,000 286 900 700 150 Credit Facilities: $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility due 2021 . . . Second lien term loan facility due 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . €550 million revolving credit facility due 2020 . . . . . . . . . Pan-European accounts receivable facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexican credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign and domestic debt (1) Unamortized deferred financing fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital lease obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less portion due within one year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 400 — 335 200 219 884 5,352 (36) 5,316 37 5,353 (243) — 4.46% — 1.01% 4.30% 5.03% 5.35% $ 275 1,000 300 900 700 150 — 400 — 224 340 212 967 5,468 (41) 5,427 40 5,467 (391) $5,110 $5,076 — 3.50% — 0.90% 3.14% 4.87% 6.02% (1) Interest rates are weighted average interest rates related to various foreign credit facilities with customary terms and conditions and domestic debt related to our Global and Americas Headquarters. 68 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES $282 million 8.75% Senior Notes due 2020 At December 31, 2018, $282 million aggregate principal amount of 8.75% notes due 2020 were outstanding. These notes had an effective yield of 9.20% at issuance. These notes are unsecured senior obligations, are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below, and will mature on August 15, 2020. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount of these notes or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on these notes, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus 50 basis points, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur secured debt, (ii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (iii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. $1.0 billion 5.125% Senior Notes due 2023 At December 31, 2018, $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due 2023 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on November 15, 2023. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time on or after November 15, 2018 at a redemption price of 102.563%, 101.281% and 100% during the 12-month periods commencing on November 15, 2018, 2019 and 2020 and thereafter, respectively, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit the ability of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, including Goodyear Dunlop Tires Europe B.V. (“GDTE”), to (i) incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, (ii) pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, (iii) incur liens, (iv) sell assets, (v) incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, (vi) enter into affiliate transactions, (vii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (viii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. For example, if these notes are assigned an investment grade rating by Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s and no default has occurred and is continuing, certain covenants will be suspended and we may elect to suspend the subsidiary guarantees. The indenture has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries. €250 million 3.75% Senior Notes due 2023 of GDTE At December 31, 2018, €250 million aggregate principal amount of GDTE’s 3.75% senior notes due 2023 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on December 15, 2023. These notes are unsecured senior obligations of GDTE and are guaranteed, on an unsecured senior basis, by the Company and our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time on or after December 15, 2018 at a redemption price of 101.875%, 100.938% and 100% during the 12-month periods commencing on December 15, 2018, 2019 and 2020 and thereafter, respectively, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. 69 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The indenture for these notes includes covenants that are substantially similar to those contained in the indenture governing our 5.125% senior notes due 2023, described above. $900 million 5% Senior Notes due 2026 At December 31, 2018, $900 million aggregate principal amount of 5% senior notes due 2026 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on May 31, 2026. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time on or after May 31, 2021 at a redemption price of 102.5%, 101.667%, 100.833% and 100% during the 12-month periods commencing on May 31, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 and thereafter, respectively, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. Prior to May 31, 2021, we may redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. In addition, prior to May 31, 2019 we may redeem up to 35% of the original aggregate principal amount of these notes from net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 105% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The indenture for these notes includes covenants that are substantially similar to those contained in the indenture governing our 5.125% senior notes due 2023, described above. $700 million 4.875% Senior Notes due 2027 At December 31, 2018, $700 million aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2027 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on March 15, 2027. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to their maturity. If we elect to redeem the notes prior to December 15, 2026, we will pay a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on the notes redeemed, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus 50 basis points, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. If we elect to redeem the notes on or after December 15, 2026, we will pay a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur certain liens, (ii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (iii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. $150 million 7% Senior Notes due 2028 At December 31, 2018, $150 million aggregate principal amount of 7% notes due 2028 were outstanding. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and will mature on March 15, 2028. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount thereof or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments thereon, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus 15 basis points, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur secured debt, (ii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (iii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. 70 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CREDIT FACILITIES $2.0 billion Amended and Restated First Lien Revolving Credit Facility due 2021 Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility is available in the form of loans or letters of credit, with letter of credit availability limited to $800 million. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to $250 million. Amounts drawn under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 125 basis points, based on our current liquidity as described below. Our obligations under the facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries. Our obligations under the facility and our subsidiaries’ obligations under the related guarantees are secured by first priority security interests in collateral that includes, subject to certain exceptions: • U.S. and Canadian accounts receivable and inventory; • • • certain of our U.S. manufacturing facilities; equity interests in our U.S. subsidiaries and up to 65% of the equity interests in our directly owned foreign subsidiaries; and substantially all other tangible and intangible assets, intellectual property. including equipment, contract rights and Availability under the facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based primarily on (i) eligible accounts receivable and inventory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and certain of its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries, after adjusting for customary factors that are subject to modification from time to time by the administrative agent or the majority lenders at their discretion (not to be exercised unreasonably), (ii) the value of our principal trademarks, and (iii) certain cash in an amount not to exceed $200 million. Modifications are based on the results of periodic collateral and borrowing base evaluations and appraisals. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable, inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under the facility may decrease below $2.0 billion. In addition, if the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess. As of December 31, 2018, our borrowing base, and therefore our availability, under this facility was $330 million below the facility’s stated amount of $2.0 billion. The facility, which matures on April 7, 2021, contains certain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, (ii) pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, (iii) incur liens, (iv) sell assets, (v) incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, (vi) enter into affiliate transactions, (vii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (viii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. In addition, in the event that the availability under the facility plus the aggregate amount of our Available Cash is less than $200 million, we will not be permitted to allow our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense to be less than 2.0 to 1.0 for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. “Available Cash,” “EBITDA” and “Consolidated Interest Expense” have the meanings given them in the facility. The facility has customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2015. The facility also has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries. If Available Cash (as defined in the facility) plus the availability under the facility is greater than $1.0 billion, amounts drawn under the facility will bear interest, at our option, at (i) 125 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 25 71 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points), and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 30 basis points. If Available Cash plus the availability under the facility is equal to or less than $1.0 billion, then amounts drawn under the facility will bear interest, at our option, at (i) 150 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 50 basis points over an alternative base rate, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had no borrowings and $37 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility. Amended and Restated Second Lien Term Loan Facility due 2025 In March 2018, we amended our second lien term loan facility. As a result of the amendment, the term loan, which previously matured on April 30, 2019, now matures on March 7, 2025. The term loan bears interest, at our option, at (i) 200 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 100 basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). In addition, if the Total Leverage Ratio is equal to or less than 1.25 to 1.00, we have the option to further reduce the spreads described above by 25 basis points. “Total Leverage Ratio” has the meaning given it in the facility. Our obligations under our second lien term loan facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries and are secured by second priority security interests in the same collateral securing the $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility. The facility contains covenants, representations, warranties and defaults similar to those in the $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility. In addition, if our Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio (the ratio of Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness to EBITDA) for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is greater than 3.0 to 1.0, before we may use cash proceeds from certain asset sales to repay any junior lien, senior unsecured or subordinated indebtedness, we must first offer to use such cash proceeds to prepay borrowings under the second lien term loan facility. “Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio,” “Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness” and “EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the facility. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the amounts outstanding under this facility were $400 million. €550 million Amended and Restated Senior Secured European Revolving Credit Facility due 2020 Our amended and restated €550 million European revolving credit facility consists of (i) a €125 million German tranche that is available only to Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH (“GDTG”) and (ii) a €425 million all-borrower tranche that is available to GDTE, GDTG and Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A. Up to €150 million of swingline loans and €50 million in letters of credit are available for issuance under the all-borrower tranche. Amounts drawn under this facility will bear interest at LIBOR plus 175 basis points for loans denominated in U.S. dollars or pounds sterling and EURIBOR plus 175 basis points for loans denominated in euros, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 30 basis points. GDTE and certain of its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, France and Germany provide guarantees to support the facility. GDTE’s obligations under the facility and the obligations of its subsidiaries under the related guarantees are secured by security interests in collateral that includes, subject to certain exceptions: • • the capital stock of the principal subsidiaries of GDTE; and a substantial portion of the tangible and intangible assets of GDTE and certain of its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, France and Germany, including real property, equipment, inventory, contract rights, intercompany receivables and cash accounts, but excluding accounts receivable and certain cash accounts in subsidiaries that are or may become parties to securitization or factoring transactions. 72 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The German guarantors secure the German tranche on a first-lien basis and the all-borrower tranche on a second- lien basis. GDTE and its other subsidiaries that provide guarantees secure the all-borrower tranche on a first-lien basis and generally do not provide collateral support for the German tranche. The Company and its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that guarantee our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described above also provide unsecured guarantees in support of the facility. The facility, which matures on May 12, 2020, contains covenants similar to those in our first lien revolving credit facility, with additional limitations applicable to GDTE and its subsidiaries. In addition, under the facility, GDTE’s ratio of Consolidated Net J.V. Indebtedness to Consolidated European J.V. EBITDA for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is not permitted to be greater than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter. “Consolidated Net J.V. Indebtedness” and “Consolidated European J.V. EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the facility. The facility has customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2014. The facility also has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, we had no borrowings and no letters of credit issued under the European revolving credit facility. Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities (On-Balance Sheet) On September 28, 2018, GDTE and certain other of our European subsidiaries amended and restated the definitive agreements for our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility, extending the term through 2023. The terms of the facility provide the flexibility to designate annually the maximum amount of funding available under the facility in an amount of not less than €30 million and not more than €450 million. For the period beginning October 16, 2017 to October 17, 2018, the designated maximum amount of the facility was €275 million. Effective October 18, 2018, the designated maximum amount of the facility was increased to €320 million. The facility involves an ongoing daily sale of substantially all of the trade accounts receivable of certain GDTE subsidiaries. These subsidiaries retain servicing responsibilities. Utilization under this facility is based on eligible receivable balances. The funding commitments under the facility will expire upon the earliest to occur of: (a) September 26, 2023, (b) the non-renewal and expiration (without substitution) of all of the back-up liquidity commitments, (c) the early termination of the facility according to its terms (generally upon an Early Amortisation Event (as defined in the facility), which includes, among other things, events similar to the events of default under our senior secured credit facilities; certain tax law changes; or certain changes to law, regulation or accounting standards), or (d) our request for early termination of the facility. The facility’s current back-up liquidity commitments will expire on October 17, 2019. At December 31, 2018, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $335 million (€293 million). At December 31, 2017, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $224 million (€187 million). The program does not qualify for sale accounting, and accordingly, these amounts are included in Long Term Debt and Capital Leases. Accounts Receivable Factoring Facilities (Off-Balance Sheet) We have sold certain of our trade receivables under off-balance sheet programs. For these programs, we have concluded that there is generally no risk of loss to us from non-payment of the sold receivables. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the amount of receivables sold was $568 million and $572 million, respectively. 73 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Other Foreign Credit Facilities A Mexican subsidiary and a U.S. subsidiary have several financing arrangements in Mexico. At December 31, 2018, the amounts available and utilized under these facilities were $340 million and $200 million, respectively. At December 31, 2017, the amounts available and utilized under these facilities were $340 million. The facilities ultimately mature in 2020. The facilities contain covenants relating to the Mexican and U.S. subsidiary and have customary representations and warranties and default provisions relating to the Mexican and U.S. subsidiary’s ability to perform its respective obligations under the applicable facilities. A Chinese subsidiary has several financing arrangements in China. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the amounts available under these facilities were $672 million and $648 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018, the amount utilized under these facilities was $341 million, of which $219 million was long term debt and $122 million was notes payable. At December 31, 2018, $32 million of the long term debt was due within a year. At December 31, 2017, the amount utilized under these facilities was $212 million of long term debt, of which $113 million was due within a year. The facilities contain covenants relating to the Chinese subsidiary and have customary representations and warranties and defaults relating to the Chinese subsidiary’s ability to perform its obligations under the facilities. Certain of the facilities can only be used to finance the expansion of our manufacturing facility in China. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the unused amounts available under these facilities were $116 million and $217 million, respectively. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, restricted cash related to funds obtained under these credit facilities was $0 million and $7 million, respectively. Debt Maturities The annual aggregate maturities of our debt (excluding the impact of deferred financing fees and unamortized discounts) and capital leases for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2018 are presented below. Maturities of debt credit agreements have been reported on the basis that the commitments to lend under these agreements will be terminated effective at the end of their current terms. (In millions) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 26 627 $450 340 $ 1 218 $ 1 106 $1,001 651 $653 $790 $219 $107 $1,652 DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS We utilize derivative financial instrument contracts and nonderivative instruments to manage interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity price risks. We have established a control environment that includes policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative financial instrument activities. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Foreign Currency Contracts We enter into foreign currency contracts in order to manage the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results of operations and future foreign currency-denominated cash flows. These contracts may be used to reduce exposure to currency movements affecting existing foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, firm commitments and forecasted transactions resulting primarily from trade purchases and sales, equipment acquisitions, term trade receivables and payables normally have no hedging designation. intercompany loans and royalty agreements. Contracts hedging short 74 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents fair values for foreign currency hedge contracts that do not meet the criteria to be accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments: (In millions) Fair Values — Current asset (liability): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7 (6) $ 3 (9) At December 31, 2018 and 2017, these outstanding foreign currency derivatives had notional amounts of $1,240 million and $1,409 million, respectively, and were primarily related to intercompany loans. Other (Income) Expense included net transaction gains of $80 million and losses of $57 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively, on foreign currency derivatives. These amounts were substantially offset in Other (Income) Expense by the effect of changing exchange rates on the underlying currency exposures. The following table presents fair values for foreign currency hedge contracts that meet the criteria to be accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments: (In millions) Fair Values — Current asset (liability): December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair Values — Long term asset (liability): Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other long term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9 (1) $ 2 — $ 1 (8) $ — (2) At December 31, 2018 and 2017, these outstanding foreign currency derivatives had notional amounts of $347 million and $250 million, respectively, and primarily related to U.S. dollar denominated intercompany transactions. We enter into master netting agreements with counterparties. The amounts eligible for offset under the master netting agreements are not material and we have elected a gross presentation of foreign currency contracts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table presents the classification of changes in fair values of foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedging instruments (before tax and minority): (In millions) (Income) Expense Amounts deferred to AOCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amount of deferred loss (gain) reclassified from AOCL into CGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts excluded from effectiveness testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 $(12) 7 (3) $28 2 (2) The estimated net amount of the deferred gains at December 31, 2018 that is expected to be reclassified to earnings within the next twelve months is $5 million. The counterparties to our foreign currency contracts were considered by us to be substantial and creditworthy financial institutions that are recognized market makers at the time we entered into those contracts. We seek to control our credit exposure to these counterparties by diversifying across multiple counterparties, by setting counterparty credit limits based on long term credit ratings and other indicators of counterparty credit risk such as credit default swap spreads, and by monitoring the financial strength of these counterparties on a regular basis. We also enter into master netting agreements with counterparties when possible. By controlling and monitoring exposure to counterparties in this 75 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES manner, we believe that we effectively manage the risk of loss due to nonperformance by a counterparty. However, the inability of a counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position or results of operations in the period in which it occurs. Note 16. Fair Value Measurements The following table presents information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31: Total Carrying Value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In millions) 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 Assets: Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign Exchange Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Assets at Fair Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liabilities: Foreign Exchange Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Liabilities at Fair Value . . . . . . . . . . $10 18 $28 $ 7 $ 7 $11 4 $15 $19 $19 $ 10 — $ 10 $ 11 — $ 11 $ — $ — $ — $ — — — 18 4 $ 18 $ 4 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ $ — $ — $ 7 7 $ 19 $ — $ — $ 19 $ — $ — The following table presents supplemental fair value information about long term fixed rate and variable rate debt, excluding capital leases, at December 31: (In millions) December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017 Fixed Rate Debt (1): Carrying amount — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable Rate Debt(1): Carrying amount — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3,609 3,443 $1,707 1,689 $3,616 3,786 $1,811 1,811 (1) Excludes notes payable and overdrafts of $410 million and $262 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of which $230 million and $110 million, respectively, are at fixed rates and $180 million and $152 million, respectively, are at variable rates. The carrying value of notes payable and overdrafts approximates fair value due to the short term nature of the facilities. Long term debt with a fair value of $3,496 million and $3,857 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, was estimated using quoted Level 1 market prices. The carrying value of the remaining long term debt approximates fair value since the terms of the financing arrangements are similar to terms that could be obtained under current lending market conditions. Note 17. Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans We provide employees with defined benefit pension or defined contribution savings plans. Our hourly U.S. pension plans are frozen and provide benefits based on length of service. The principal salaried U.S. pension plans are frozen and provide benefits based on final five-year average earnings formulas. Salaried employees who made voluntary contributions to these plans receive higher benefits. We also provide certain U.S. employees 76 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES and employees at certain non-U.S. subsidiaries with health care benefits or life insurance benefits upon retirement. Substantial portions of the health care benefits for U.S. salaried retirees are not insured and are funded from operations. During 2018, we recognized settlement charges of $13 million in Other (Income) Expense for our frozen U.K. pension plan. These settlement charges related primarily to an offer of lump sum payments over a limited time during 2018 to non-retiree participants of the plan. Lump sum payments of $103 million, primarily related to this offer, were made from existing plan assets in 2018. As a result, total lump sum payments related to this plan exceeded annual interest cost for 2018. During 2018, we recognized settlement charges of $8 million in Other (Income) Expense related to certain of our U.S. pension plans. The settlement charges resulted from total lump sum payments exceeding annual service and interest cost for the applicable plans. During 2018, we increased the obligation for our U.K. pension plan by $13 million to recognize the estimated impact to our plan from an October 2018 court ruling, involving a plan with similar features to ours that was sponsored by another company, that required equal guaranteed minimum pension benefits for males and females. The increase was recognized in AOCL as prior service cost from plan amendments. The actual impact to our U.K. pension plan is still subject to the finalization of plan amendments in response to the court ruling and potential future judicial decisions. During 2018, the Brazil pension regulator approved our plan to replace certain benefits in our Brazil retiree medical plan with an increase in benefits in our Brazil pension plan. The changes are expected to be effective in the first quarter of 2019 and resulted in an increase to our pension obligation of $16 million and a decrease in our other postretirement benefits obligation of $14 million at December 31, 2018. The increase to the pension obligation and decrease to the other postretirement benefits obligation were recognized in AOCL as prior service cost and prior service credit, respectively. During 2017, we recognized settlement charges of $32 million, primarily related to our frozen salaried U.S. pension plan. The settlement charges resulted from total lump sum benefit payments exceeding annual interest cost. Of the total settlement charges, $19 million was recorded in Other (Income) Expense and $13 million was included in rationalization charges for employees who terminated service as a result of ongoing rationalization plans. During the second quarter of 2016, annuities were purchased from existing plan assets to fully settle $41 million in obligations of a separate pension plan in the U.K. which resulted in a settlement charge of $14 million recorded in Other (Income) Expense. 77 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Total benefits cost (credit) and amounts recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss follows: (In millions) Benefits cost (credit): Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service credit Amortization of net losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. 2017 2018 $ 4 157 (219) — 112 $ 4 160 (241) — 111 Pension Plans Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits 2016 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 $ 5 164 (255) $ 28 69 (70) $ 31 71 (80) — — — — 27 109 29 32 $ 3 $ 29 80 12 (88) — (8) 4 $ 3 $ 4 13 12 (1) — (45) (29) 5 6 Net periodic cost (credit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net curtailments/settlements/termination benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 8 34 29 23 56 54 48 11 (7) (25) — 13 3 16 — — 2 Total benefits cost (credit) . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 62 $ 63 $ 23 $ 69 $ 57 $ 64 $ 11 $ (7) $(23) Recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss before tax and minority: Prior service cost (credit) from plan amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — $ 31 (18) 128 81 14 Increase (decrease) in net actuarial losses . . . . Amortization of prior service credit in net $ 3 25 $ — $(16) $ 3 (15) (14) 35 $ — (1) periodic cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — 8 29 45 Amortization of net losses in net periodic cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (112) (111) (109) (30) (29) (27) (5) (6) (5) Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements, and divestitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recognized in other comprehensive (11) (29) — (14) (12) (17) — — — (income) loss before tax and minority . . . (109) (12) (28) (31) (13) (9) (27) 11 39 Total recognized in total benefits cost (credit) and other comprehensive (income) loss before tax and minority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (47) $ 51 $ (5) $ 38 $ 44 $ 55 $(16) $ 4 $ 16 Service cost is recorded in CGS or SAG. Other components of net periodic cost (credit) are recorded in Other (Income) Expense. Net curtailments, settlements and termination benefits are recorded in Other (Income) Expense or Rationalizations if related to a rationalization plan. We use the fair value of pension assets in the calculation of pension expense for all plans. Total benefits cost (credit) for our other postretirement benefits was $4 million, $(17) million and $(31) million for our U.S. plans in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and $7 million, $10 million and $8 million for our non-U.S. plans in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The estimated net actuarial loss and prior service cost for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from AOCL into benefits cost in 2019 is $114 million and $0 million, respectively, for our U.S. plans and $29 million and $2 million, respectively, for our non-U.S. plans. 78 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The estimated prior service credit and net actuarial loss for the other postretirement benefit plans that will be amortized from AOCL into benefits cost in 2019 are a benefit of $9 million and expense of $4 million, respectively. The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act provides plan sponsors a federal subsidy for certain qualifying prescription drug benefits covered under the sponsor’s postretirement health care plans. Our other postretirement benefits cost is presented net of this subsidy, which is approximately $1 million annually. The change in benefit obligation and plan assets for 2018 and 2017 and the amounts recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows: (In millions) Change in benefit obligation: Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost — benefits earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial gain (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participant contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curtailments/settlements/termination benefits . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension Plans U.S. Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 $(5,331) $(5,285) $(3,109) $(2,863) $(286) $(294) (4) (28) (13) (69) (3) (29) 15 40 (14) (2) — 113 (9) 177 36 133 (31) (71) (3) (29) (2) 21 (280) 149 (4) (160) — (303) — 55 — 366 (4) (157) — 315 — 25 — 418 (3) (12) 14 19 (13) — 15 32 Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(4,734) $(5,331) $(2,774) $(3,109) $(234) $(286) Change in plan assets: Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Company contributions to plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . Cash funding of direct participant payments . . . . . Participant contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,978 (110) — 17 — (22) — (418) $ 4,972 417 — 10 — (55) — (366) $ 2,806 4 36 21 2 (112) (160) (133) $ 2,507 146 56 24 2 (11) 231 (149) $ 4 — 2 16 13 — — (32) $ 4 — 2 20 14 — — (36) Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,445 $ 4,978 $ 2,464 $ 2,806 $ 3 $ 4 Funded status at end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (289) $ (353) $ (310) $ (303) $(231) $(282) Other postretirement benefits unfunded status was $112 million and $132 million for our U.S. plans at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $119 million and $150 million for our non-U.S. plans at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 79 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The funded status recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consists of: (In millions) Noncurrent assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncurrent liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension Plans U.S. Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 $ — $ — $ 325 (20) (615) (16) (337) (20) (269) $ 349 (21) (631) $ — $ — (20) (262) (17) (214) Net amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(289) $(353) $(310) $(303) $(231) $(282) The amounts recognized in AOCL, net of tax, consist of: (In millions) Prior service (credit) cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net actuarial loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension Plans U.S. Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 $ (3) $ 2,493 2,490 (77) — (4) $ 31 611 2,603 $ 4 669 $(32) $(27) 47 25 2,599 (103) — 642 (105) (1) 673 (109) 20 (7) (19) (26) (1) — — Net amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,413 $2,496 $ 536 $ 563 $(26) $ (6) The following table presents significant weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31: Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017 2018 2017 Discount rate: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — U.S. — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of compensation increase: 4.24% 3.56% 4.16% 3.44% 2.69 2.53 4.92 5.03 — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A 2.91 N/A 2.91 N/A N/A N/A N/A The following table presents significant weighted average assumptions used to determine benefits cost for the years ended December 31: Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefits 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016 Discount rate for determining interest cost: — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long term return on plan assets: 3.09% 3.18% 3.23% 2.99% 3.02% 2.98% 2.56 5.98 6.13 3.37 6.31 2.70 — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.58 3.02 Rate of compensation increase: — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A 2.91 — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.08 3.12 N/A 3.18 5.33 3.81 N/A 2.63 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 80 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES For 2018, a weighted average discount rate of 3.09% was used to determine interest cost for the U.S. pension plans. This rate was derived from spot rates along a yield curve developed from a portfolio of bonds from issuers rated AA or higher by established rating agencies as of December 31, 2017, applied to our expected benefit payment cash flows. For our non-U.S. locations, a weighted average discount rate of 2.56% was used. This rate was developed based on the nature of the liabilities and local environments, using available bond indices, yield curves, projected cash flows, and long term inflation. For 2018, an assumed weighted average long term rate of return of 4.58% was used for the U.S. pension plans. In developing the long term rate of return, we evaluated input from our pension fund consultant on asset class return expectations, including determining the appropriate rate of return for our plans, which are primarily invested in fixed income securities. For our non-U.S. locations, an assumed weighted average long term rate of return of 3.02% was used. Input from local pension fund consultants concerning asset class return expectations and long term inflation form the basis of this assumption. The U.S. pension plan mortality assumption is based on our actual historical experience and expected future mortality improvements based on published actuarial tables. For our non-U.S. locations, mortality assumptions are based on published actuarial tables which include projections of future mortality improvements. The following table presents estimated future benefit payments from the plans as of December 31, 2018. Benefit payments for other postretirement benefits are presented net of retiree contributions and Medicare Part D Subsidy Receipts: (In millions) Pension Plans U.S. Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024-2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 417 388 380 363 353 1,650 $123 120 122 128 130 693 $18 18 17 17 16 76 The following table presents selected information on our pension plans: (In millions) All plans: U.S. Non-U.S. 2018 2017 2018 2017 Accumulated benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,725 $5,320 $2,688 $3,017 Plans not fully-funded: Projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,732 4,723 4,443 $5,329 5,318 4,976 $ 908 852 281 $ 945 887 302 Certain non-U.S. subsidiaries maintain unfunded pension plans consistent with local practices and requirements. At December 31, 2018, these plans accounted for $218 million of our accumulated pension benefit obligation, $244 million of our projected pension benefit obligation, and $59 million of our AOCL adjustment. At December 31, 2017, these plans accounted for $227 million of our accumulated pension benefit obligation, $251 million of our projected pension benefit obligation, and $59 million of our AOCL adjustment. We expect to contribute approximately $25 million to $50 million to our funded non-U.S. pension plans in 2019. 81 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Assumed health care cost trend rates at December 31 follow: Health care cost trend rate assumed for the next year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) . . . . . . Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5% 6.5% 5.0 2025 5.0 2025 A 1% change in the assumed health care cost trend would have increased (decreased) the accumulated other postretirement benefits obligation at December 31, 2018 and the aggregate service and interest cost for the year then ended as follows: 2018 2017 (In millions) 1% Increase 1% Decrease Accumulated other postretirement benefits obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate service and interest cost $13 1 $(10) (1) Our pension plan weighted average investment allocation at December 31, by asset category, follows: U.S. Non-U.S. 2018 2017 2018 2017 Cash and short term securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% 6 92 — 2% 6 92 — 1% 1% 4 94 1 9 85 5 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% 100% Our pension investment policy recognizes the long term nature of pension liabilities, and is primarily designed to offset the future impact of discount rate movements on the funded status for our plans. All assets are managed externally according to target asset allocation guidelines we have established. Manager guidelines prohibit the use of any type of investment derivative without our prior approval. Portfolio risk is controlled by having managers comply with guidelines, establishing the maximum size of any single holding in their portfolios and using managers with different investment styles. We periodically undertake asset and liability modeling studies to determine the appropriateness of the investments. The portfolio of our U.S. pension plan assets includes holdings of global high quality and high yield fixed income securities, short term interest bearing deposits, and private equities. The target asset allocation of our U.S. pension plans is 94% in duration-matched fixed income securities and 6% in equity securities. Actual U.S. pension fund asset allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis and the pension funds are rebalanced to target ranges on an as needed basis. The portfolios of our non-U.S. pension plans include holdings of U.S. and non-U.S. equities, global high quality and high yield fixed income securities, hedge funds, currency derivatives, insurance contracts, repurchase agreements, and short term interest bearing deposits. The weighted average target asset allocation of the non-U.S. pension funds is approximately 5% equities and 95% fixed income. 82 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The fair values of our pension plan assets at December 31, 2018, by asset category are as follows: U.S. Non-U.S. Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In millions) Cash and Short Term Total Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48 $48 $ — $ — $ 29 $ 26 $ 3 $ — Equity Securities Common and Preferred Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Securities — — — — — — Corporate Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . 2,344 — 968 — Government Bonds . . . . . . . . . — — Repurchase Agreements . . . . . 63 — Asset Backed Securities . . . . . — — Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives Insurance Contracts . . . . . . . . . Other Investments . . . . . . . . . . Total Investments in the 2 — — — — — — 2,344 968 — 63 — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — 19 14 4 19 14 4 17 171 2,158 62 (641) — 5 8 67 18 19 — 6 — — — — 154 2,096 (641) 62 10 — 4 — — — — — — — — 19 2 Fair Value Hierarchy . . 3,425 $48 $3,375 $ 2 1,864 $155 $1,688 $ 21 Investments Measured at Net Asset Value, as Practical Expedient: Equity Securities Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership Interests . . . . . . . . Debt Securities Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities 11 — 247 90 603 Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . 59 Alternatives Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . — Total Investments . . . . . . . . . . . 4,435 10 Total Plan Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,445 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 7 — 7 638 7 5 2,584 (120) $2,464 83 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The fair values of our pension plan assets at December 31, 2017, by asset category are as follows: U.S. Non-U.S. Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In millions) Total Cash and Short Term Securities . . . . $ Equity Securities 55 $39 $ 16 $ — $ 20 $ 19 $ 1 $ — Common and Preferred Stock . . . . . Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — — — Debt Securities Corporate Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,699 — Government Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,033 — — — Repurchase Agreements . . . . . . . . . . 58 — Asset Backed Securities . . . . . . . . . . — — Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives Real Estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insurance Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 2 — — — Total Investments in the Fair — — — 2,698 1,033 — 58 — — — — — — — — 1 — — — — — — 2 — 24 148 5 24 17 5 14 156 2,358 73 (763) — 4 — 7 47 10 7 4 18 10 — — — — — — 142 2,285 (763) 43 10 — — — 7 — 131 — — — — — — — 4 18 3 Value Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . 3,847 $39 $3,805 $ 3 2,044 $163 $1,725 $156 Investments Measured at Net Asset Value, as Practical Expedient: Equity Securities Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Securities Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 — 238 111 682 67 — Total Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,999 (21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Total Plan Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,978 66 18 — 7 579 6 95 2,815 (9) $2,806 At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Plans did not directly hold any of our common stock. 84 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The classification of fair value measurements within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement. Investments that are measured at Net Asset Value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient to estimate fair value are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. Under the practical expedient approach, the NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held by each fund less its liabilities. This practical expedient would not be used when it is determined to be probable that the fund will sell the investment for an amount different than the reported NAV. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total plan assets. Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows: • Cash and Short Term Securities: Cash and cash equivalents consist of U.S. and foreign currencies. Foreign currencies are reported in U.S. dollars based on currency exchange rates readily available in active markets. Short term securities held in commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by the investment manager. • Equity Securities: Common and preferred stock, which are held in non-U.S. companies, are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. Commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by a pricing vendor or the fund family. Mutual funds are valued at the NAV of shares held at year end, as determined by the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or a pricing vendor or the fund family if an active market is not available. Partnership interests are priced based on valuations using the partnership’s available financial statements coinciding with our year end and the plan’s percent ownership, adjusted for any cash transactions which occurred between the date of those financial statements and our year end. • Debt Securities: Corporate and government bonds, including asset backed securities, are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or based on institutional bid evaluations using proprietary models if an active market is not available. Repurchase agreements are valued at the contract price plus accrued interest. These secured borrowings are collateralized by government bonds held by the non-U.S. plans and have maturities less than one year. Commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by a pricing vendor or the fund family. Mutual funds are valued at the NAV of shares held at year end, as determined by the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or a pricing vendor or the fund family if an active market is not available. • Alternatives: Commingled funds are invested in hedge funds and currency derivatives, which are valued based on the NAV as determined by the fund manager using the most recent financial information available. Participation in real estate funds are valued based on institutional bid evaluations as determined by the fund manager using the most recent financial information available. Other investments include derivative financial instruments, which are primarily valued using independent pricing sources which utilize industry standard derivative valuation models, and directed insurance contracts, which are valued as reported by the issuer. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date. 85 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table sets forth a summary of changes in fair value of the pension plan investments classified as Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2018: (In millions) Balance, beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Realized gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (net) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-U.S. Insurance Contracts Real Estate $18 — 2 (1) $19 $ 4 — (4) — $ — Equity Securities— Commingled Funds $ 131 (1) (128) (2) $ — Other $ 3 — (1) — $ 2 The following table sets forth a summary of changes in fair value of the pension plan investments classified as Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2017: (In millions) Non-U.S. Insurance Contracts Real Estate Equity Securities— Commingled Funds Balance, beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Realized gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized (losses) gains relating to instruments still held at the reporting date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (net) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $14 — — 2 2 $ 61 4 $118 2 1 (65) 3 18 (18) 11 Other $ 3 — — — — Balance, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $18 $ 4 $131 $ 3 Other postretirement benefits plan assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, which relate to a non-U.S. plan, are invested primarily in mutual funds, which are traded on an active market, and are considered a Level 1 investment. Savings Plans Substantially all employees in the U.S. and employees of certain non-U.S. locations are eligible to participate in a defined contribution savings plan. Expenses recognized for contributions to these plans were $111 million, $111 million and $122 million for 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Note 18. Stock Compensation Plans Our stock compensation plans (collectively, the “Plans”) permit the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), performance share units, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards to employees and directors. Our current stock compensation plan, the 2017 Performance Plan, was adopted on April 10, 2017 and expires on April 9, 2027. A total of 18 million shares of our common stock may be issued in respect of grants made under the 2017 Performance Plan. Any shares of common stock that are subject to awards of stock options or SARs will be counted as one share for each share granted for purposes of the aggregate share limit and any shares of common stock that are subject to any other awards will be counted as 2 shares for each share granted for purposes of the aggregate share limit. In addition, shares of common stock that are subject to awards issued under the 2017 Performance Plan or certain prior stock compensation plans that expire according to their terms or are forfeited, terminated, canceled or surrendered or are settled, or can be paid, only in cash, or 86 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES are surrendered in payment of taxes associated with such awards (other than stock options or SARs) will be available for issuance pursuant to a new award under the 2017 Performance Plan. Shares issued under our stock compensation plans are usually issued from shares of our common stock held in treasury. Stock Options Grants of stock options and SARs (collectively referred to as “options”) under the Plans generally have a graded vesting period of four years whereby one-fourth of the awards vest on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date, an exercise price equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the date of grant (i.e., the closing market price on that date) and a contractual term of ten years. The exercise of tandem SARs cancels an equivalent number of stock options and, conversely, the exercise of stock options cancels an equivalent number of tandem SARs. Option grants are cancelled on, or 90 days following, termination of employment unless termination is due to retirement, death or disability under certain circumstances, in which case, all outstanding options vest fully and remain outstanding for a term set forth in the related grant agreement. The following table summarizes the activity related to options during 2018: Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In millions) Outstanding at January 1 . . . . Options granted . . . . . . . . . Options exercised . . . . . . . Options expired . . . . . . . . . Options cancelled . . . . . . . Outstanding at Options 6,597,098 — (684,374) (72,205) (260,067) $19.91 — 14.43 23.46 28.57 December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . 5,580,452 20.14 Vested and expected to vest at December 31 . . . . . . . . . 5,485,525 19.93 Exercisable at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . 4,717,476 17.93 Available for grant at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . 16,211,852 4.5 4.5 4.0 $ 9 24 24 24 In addition, the aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised in 2017 and 2016 was $18 million and $14 million, respectively. 87 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Significant option groups outstanding at December 31, 2018 and related weighted average exercise price and remaining contractual term information follows: Grant Date Options Outstanding Options Exercisable 2/27/2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/22/2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/23/2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/24/2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/28/2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/27/2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/22/2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/23/2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/26/2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615,265 598,622 544,078 391,667 963,158 748,001 545,267 377,324 159,212 637,858 187,801 324,268 420,286 391,667 963,158 748,001 545,267 377,324 159,212 600,492 5,580,452 4,717,476 Remaining Contractual Term (Years) Exercise Price $35.26 29.90 27.16 26.44 12.98 12.94 13.91 12.74 4.81 8.2 7.2 6.2 5.2 4.2 3.2 2.1 1.1 0.2 (1) (1) (1) Options in the “All other” category had exercise prices ranging from $7.02 to $32.72. The weighted average exercise price for options outstanding and exercisable in that category was $19.31 and $18.58, respectively, while the remaining weighted average contractual term was 4.2 and 3.9, respectively. Weighted average grant date fair values of stock options and the assumptions used in estimating those fair values are as follows: Weighted average grant date fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black-Scholes model assumptions(1): 2017 2016 $12.05 $11.92 Expected term (years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.20 7.20 2.13% 1.45% 33.63% 40.78% 0.94% 1.13% (1) We review the assumptions used in our Black-Scholes model in conjunction with estimating the grant date fair value of the annual grants of options by our Board of Directors. There were no stock options granted during 2018. Performance Share Units Performance share units granted under the Plans are earned over a three-year period beginning January 1 of the year of grant. Total units earned for grants made in 2018, 2017 and 2016 may vary between 0% and 200% of the units granted based on the attainment of performance targets during the related three-year period and continued service. The performance targets are established by the Board of Directors. All of the units earned will be settled through the issuance of an equivalent number of shares of our common stock and are equity classified. 88 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table summarizes the activity related to performance share units during 2018: Unvested at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value $33.73 29.04 30.95 33.63 Units 342,307 195,583 (157,396) (47,298) Unvested at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333,196 32.30 We measure the fair value of grants of performance share units based primarily on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant, modified as appropriate to take into account the features of such grants. Restricted Stock Units Restricted stock units granted under the Plans typically vest over a three-year period beginning on the date of grant. Restricted stock units will be settled through the issuance of an equivalent number of shares of our common stock and are equity classified. The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted stock units during 2018: Unvested at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units vested and settled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value $30.15 28.54 28.06 28.15 Units 856,398 935,656 (207,542) (196,079) Unvested at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,388,433 29.81 We measure the fair value of grants of restricted stock units based on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant. Other Information Stock-based compensation expense, cash payments made to settle SARs and cash received from the exercise of stock options follows: (In millions) Stock-based compensation expense recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . After-tax stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash payments to settle SARs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash received from stock option exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 2016 $16 (4) $12 $ 1 $ 9 $22 (6) $16 $ 1 $19 $23 (8) $15 $ 1 $17 As of December 31, 2018, unearned compensation cost related to the unvested portion of all stock-based awards was approximately $29 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period of the respective grants, through the fourth quarter of 2022. 89 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Note 19. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities Environmental Matters We have recorded liabilities totaling $45 million and $46 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, for anticipated costs related to various environmental matters, primarily the remediation of numerous waste disposal sites and certain properties sold by us. Of these amounts, $10 million was included in Other Current Liabilities at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. The costs include legal and consulting fees, site studies, the design and implementation of remediation plans, post-remediation monitoring and related activities, and will be paid over several years. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may be affected by several uncertainties, primarily the ultimate cost of required remediation and the extent to which other responsible parties contribute. We have limited potential insurance coverage for future environmental claims. Since many of the remediation activities related to environmental matters vary substantially in duration and cost from site to site and the associated costs for each vary depending on the mix of unique site characteristics, in some cases we cannot reasonably estimate a range of possible losses. Although it is not possible to estimate with certainty the outcome of all of our environmental matters, management believes that potential losses in excess of current reserves for environmental matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. Workers’ Compensation We have recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, totaling $224 million and $243 million for anticipated costs related to workers’ compensation at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Of these amounts, $42 million and $45 million were included in Current Liabilities as part of Compensation and Benefits at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience, and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the liability was discounted using a risk-free rate of return. At December 31, 2018, we estimate that it is reasonably possible that the liability could exceed our recorded amounts by approximately $30 million. General and Product Liability and Other Litigation We have recorded liabilities totaling $322 million and $316 million, including related legal fees expected to be incurred, for potential product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Of these amounts, $57 million and $55 million were included in Other Current Liabilities at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The amounts recorded were estimated based on an assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and, where available, recent and current trends. Based upon that assessment, at December 31, 2018, we do not believe that estimated reasonably possible losses associated with general and product liability claims in excess of the amounts recorded will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, the amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We have recorded an indemnification asset within Accounts Receivable of $5 million and within Other Assets of $30 million for Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.’s (“SRI”) obligation to indemnify us for certain product liability claims related to products manufactured by a formerly consolidated joint venture entity, subject to certain caps and restrictions. Asbestos. We are a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain products previously manufactured by us or present in 90 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in state and federal courts. To date, we have disposed of approximately 147,200 claims by defending, obtaining a dismissal, or entering into a settlement. The sum of our accrued asbestos-related liability and gross payments to date, including legal costs, by us and our insurers totaled approximately $541 million and $529 million through December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. A summary of recent approximate asbestos claims activity follows. Because claims are often filed and disposed of by dismissal or settlement in large numbers, the amount and timing of settlements and the number of open claims during a particular period can fluctuate significantly. (Dollars in millions) 2018 2017 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pending claims, beginning of year New claims filed during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claims settled/dismissed during the year 54,300 1,300 (12,500) 64,400 1,900 (12,000) 67,400 1,900 (4,900) Pending claims, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,100 54,300 64,400 Payments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13 $ 16 $ 20 (1) Represents cash payments made during the period by us and our insurers on asbestos litigation defense and claim resolution. We periodically, and at least annually, update, using actuarial analyses, our existing reserves for pending claims, including a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable insurance recoveries. We recorded gross liabilities for both asserted and unasserted claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $166 million and $167 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In determining the estimate of our asbestos liability, we evaluated claims over the next ten-year period. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or a change in circumstances arising in the future may result in an increase in the recorded obligation, and that increase could be significant. We maintain certain primary and excess insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements, and also have additional excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. After consultation with our outside legal counsel and giving consideration to agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers and other relevant factors, we determine an amount we expect is probable of recovery from such carriers. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery. We recorded a receivable related to asbestos claims of $108 million and $113 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We expect that approximately 65% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance during the ten-year period covered by the estimated liability. Of these amounts, $13 million and $15 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts Receivable at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The recorded receivable consists of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary and excess insurance carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our other excess insurance carriers. We believe that, at December 31, 2018, we had approximately $565 million in excess level policy limits applicable to indemnity and defense costs for asbestos products claims under coverage-in-place agreements. We also had additional unsettled excess level policy limits potentially applicable to such costs. In addition, we had coverage under certain primary policies for indemnity and defense costs for asbestos products claims under remaining aggregate limits pursuant to a coverage-in-place agreement, as well as coverage for indemnity and defense costs for asbestos premises claims pursuant to coverage-in-place agreements. We believe that our reserve for asbestos claims, and the receivable for recoveries from insurance carriers recorded in respect of these claims, reflects reasonable and probable estimates of these amounts. The estimate of 91 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES the liabilities and assets related to pending and expected future asbestos claims and insurance recoveries is subject to numerous uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in: • • • • • the litigation environment, federal and state law governing the compensation of asbestos claimants, recoverability of receivables due to potential insolvency of carriers, our approach to defending and resolving claims, and the level of payments made to claimants from other sources, including other defendants and 524(g) trusts. As a result, with respect to both asserted and unasserted claims, it is reasonably possible that we may incur a material amount of cost in excess of the current reserve; however, such amounts cannot be reasonably estimated. Coverage under insurance policies is subject to varying characteristics of asbestos claims including, but not limited to, the type of claim (premise vs. product exposure), alleged date of first exposure to our products or premises and disease alleged. Recoveries may also be limited by insurer insolvencies or financial difficulties. Depending upon the nature of these characteristics or events, as well as the resolution of certain legal issues, some portion of the insurance may not be accessible by us. Amiens Labor Claims Approximately 850 former employees of the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility have asserted wrongful termination or other claims totaling €120 million ($137 million) against Goodyear Dunlop Tires France. We intend to vigorously defend ourselves against these claims, and any additional claims that may be asserted against us, and cannot estimate the amounts, if any, that we may ultimately pay in respect of such claims. Other Actions We are currently a party to various claims, indirect tax assessments and legal proceedings in addition to those noted above. If management believes that a loss arising from these matters is probable and can reasonably be estimated, we record the amount of the loss, or the minimum estimated liability when the loss is estimated using a range, and no point within the range is more probable than another. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Based on currently available information, management believes that the ultimate outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or overall trends in results of operations. Our recorded liabilities and estimates of reasonably possible losses for the contingent liabilities described above are based on our assessment of potential liability using the information available to us at the time and, where applicable, any past experience and recent and current trends with respect to similar matters. Our contingent liabilities are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions could occur which we did not anticipate. Such an unfavorable decision could include monetary damages, fines or other penalties or an injunction prohibiting us from taking certain actions or selling certain products. If such an unfavorable decision were to occur, it could result in a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations in the period in which the decision occurs or in future periods. Income Tax Matters The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is 92 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize income tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. We derecognize income tax benefits when based on new information we determine that it is no longer more likely than not that our position will be sustained. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or determine we need to derecognize tax benefits recorded in prior periods, our results of operations and effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash, and lead to recognition of expense to the extent the settlement amount exceeds recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, result in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction of expense to the extent the settlement amount is lower than recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, would result in a reduction in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. While the Company applies consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, supports transfer prices through economic studies, seeks advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible and believes its transfer prices to be appropriate, such transfer prices, and related interpretations of tax laws, are occasionally challenged by various taxing authorities globally. We have received various tax assessments challenging our interpretations of applicable tax laws in various jurisdictions. Although we believe we have complied with applicable tax laws, have strong positions and defenses and have historically been successful in defending such claims, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected in the case we are unsuccessful in the defense of existing or future claims. Binding Commitments and Guarantees At December 31, 2018, we had binding commitments for raw materials, capital expenditures, utilities and various other types of contracts. Total commitments on contracts that extend beyond 2019 are expected to total approximately $1,900 million. In addition, we have other contractual commitments, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, pursuant to certain long term agreements under which we will purchase varying amounts of certain raw materials and finished goods at agreed upon base prices that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in raw material costs and market price adjustments, or in quantities that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in our or our suppliers’ production levels. We have off-balance sheet financial guarantees and other commitments totaling approximately $73 million and $82 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We issue guarantees to financial institutions or other entities on behalf of certain of our affiliates, lessors or customers. We generally do not receive a separate premium as consideration for, and do not require collateral in connection with, the issuance of these guarantees. In 2017, we issued a guarantee of approximately $47 million in connection with an indirect tax assessment in EMEA. As of December 31, 2018, this guarantee amount has been reduced to $44 million. We have concluded our performance under this guarantee is not probable and, therefore, have not recorded a liability for this guarantee. In 2015, as a result of the dissolution of the global alliance with SRI, we issued a guarantee of approximately $46 million to an insurance company related to SRI’s obligation to pay certain outstanding workers’ compensation claims of a formerly consolidated joint venture entity. As of December 31, 2018, this guarantee amount has been reduced to $29 million. We have concluded the probability of our performance to be remote and, therefore, have not recorded a liability for this guarantee. While there is no fixed duration of this guarantee, we expect the amount of this guarantee to continue to decrease over time as the formerly consolidated joint venture entity pays its outstanding claims. If our performance under these guarantees is triggered by non-payment or another specified event, we would be obligated to make payment to the financial institution or the other entity, and would typically have recourse to the affiliate, lessor, customer, or SRI. Except for the workers’ compensation guarantee described above, the guarantees expire at various times through 2020. We are unable to estimate the extent to which our affiliates’, lessors’, customers’, or SRI’s assets would be adequate to recover any payments made by us under the related guarantees. 93 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Indemnifications At December 31, 2018, we were a party to various agreements under which we had assumed obligations to indemnify the counterparties from certain potential claims and losses. These agreements typically involve standard commercial activities undertaken by us in the normal course of business; the sale of assets by us; the formation or dissolution of joint venture businesses to which we had contributed assets in exchange for to these ownership interests; and other financial agreements relate to various matters including, among other things, environmental, tax and shareholder matters; intellectual property rights; government regulations; employment-related matters; and dealer, supplier and other commercial matters. transactions. Indemnifications provided by us pursuant Certain indemnifications expire from time to time, and certain other indemnifications are not subject to an expiration date. In addition, our potential liability under certain indemnifications is subject to maximum caps, while other indemnifications are not subject to caps. Although we have been subject to indemnification claims in the past, we cannot reasonably estimate the number, type and size of indemnification claims that may arise in the future. Due to these and other uncertainties associated with the indemnifications, our maximum exposure to loss under these agreements cannot be estimated. We have determined that there are no indemnifications or guarantees other than liabilities for which amounts are already recorded or reserved in our consolidated financial statements under which it is probable that we have incurred a liability. Warranty We recorded $18 million and $17 million for potential claims under warranties offered by us at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, the majority of which are recorded in Other Current Liabilities. The following table presents changes in the warranty reserve during 2018 and 2017: (In millions) Balance at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments made during the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense recorded during the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $ 17 (26) 28 (1) $ 19 (27) 24 1 Balance at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18 $ 17 Note 20. Capital Stock Dividends During 2018, 2017 and 2016 we paid cash dividends of $138 million, $110 million and $82 million, respectively, on our common stock. This amount excludes dividends earned on stock based compensation plans of $1 million for 2018. On January 14, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors (or a duly authorized committee thereof) declared cash dividends of $0.16 per share on our common stock, or approximately $37 million in the aggregate. The cash dividend will be paid on March 1, 2019 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 1, 2019. Future quarterly dividends are subject to Board approval. Common Stock Repurchases On September 18, 2013, the Board of Directors approved our common stock repurchase program. From time to time, the Board of Directors has approved increases in the amount authorized to be purchased under that program. On February 2, 2017, the Board of Directors approved a further increase in that authorization to $2.1 billion. This program expires on December 31, 2019, and is intended to be used, subject to our cash flow, to 94 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES repurchase shares of common stock in open market transactions in order to offset new shares issued under equity compensation programs and to provide for additional shareholder returns. During 2018, we repurchased 8,936,302 shares at an average price, including commissions, of $24.62 per share, or $220 million in the aggregate. Since 2013, we repurchased 52,905,959 shares at an average price, including commissions, of $28.99 per share, or $1,534 million in the aggregate. In addition, we may repurchase shares delivered to us by employees as payment for the exercise price of stock options and the withholding taxes due upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting or payment of stock awards. During 2018, we did not repurchase any shares from employees. Note 21. Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The following table presents changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL) by component, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: (In millions) Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment Unrecognized Net Actuarial Losses and Prior Service Costs Deferred Derivative Gains (Losses) Total Balance at December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (946) $(3,071) $ 7 $(4,010) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (209) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — (62) 80 8 (5) (263) 75 Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(1,155) $(3,053) $ 10 $(4,198) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 — (103) 104 (20) 1 117 105 Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (915) $(3,052) $ (9) $(3,976) Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (245) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 4 125 9 7 (232) 132 Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(1,160) $(2,923) $ 7 $(4,076) 95 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCL for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016: (In millions) Component of AOCL Amortization of prior service cost and Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Amount Reclassified from AOCL Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations unrecognized gains and losses . . . . . . . . . . $139 $117 $ 96 Other (Income) Expense Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments and settlements . . . . . . . . . . . 25 41 17 Other (Income) Expense / Rationalizations Unrecognized Net Actuarial Losses and Prior Service Costs, before tax . . . . . . . . Tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $164 (39) $158 (54) $113 (33) United States and Foreign Taxes Net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $125 $104 $ 80 Goodyear Net Income Deferred Derivative Losses (Gains), before tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7 — $ 2 (1) $ (6) Cost of Goods Sold 1 United States and Foreign Taxes Net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7 $ 1 $ (5) Goodyear Net Income Total reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $132 $105 $ 75 Goodyear Net Income Note 22. Consolidating Financial Information Certain of our subsidiaries have guaranteed our obligations under the $282 million outstanding principal amount of 8.75% notes due 2020, the $1.0 billion outstanding principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due 2023, the $900 million outstanding principal amount of 5% senior notes due 2026 and the $700 million outstanding principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2027 (collectively, the “notes”). The following presents the condensed consolidating financial information separately for: (i) The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (the “Parent Company”), the issuer of the guaranteed obligations; (ii) Guarantor subsidiaries, on a combined basis, as specified in the indentures related to Goodyear’s obligations under the notes; (iii) Non-guarantor subsidiaries, on a combined basis; (iv) Consolidating entries and eliminations representing adjustments to (a) eliminate intercompany transactions between or among the Parent Company, the guarantor subsidiaries and the non-guarantor subsidiaries, (b) eliminate the investments in our subsidiaries, and (c) record consolidating entries; and (v) The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and Subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Each guarantor subsidiary is 100% owned by the Parent Company at the date of each balance sheet presented. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each guarantor subsidiary. The guarantees of the guarantor subsidiaries are subject to release in limited circumstances only upon the occurrence information follows the same of certain customary conditions. Each entity in the consolidating financial 96 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES accounting policies as described in the consolidated financial statements, except for the use by the Parent Company and guarantor subsidiaries of the equity method of accounting to reflect ownership interests in subsidiaries which are eliminated upon consolidation. Changes in intercompany receivables and payables related to operations, such as intercompany sales or service charges, are included in cash flows from operating activities. Intercompany transactions reported as investing or financing activities include the sale of capital stock, loans and other capital transactions between members of the consolidated group. 97 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Certain non-guarantor subsidiaries of the Parent Company are limited in their ability to remit funds to it by means of dividends, advances or loans due to required foreign government and/or currency exchange board approvals or limitations in credit agreements or other debt instruments of those subsidiaries. (In millions) Assets: Current Assets: Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet December 31, 2018 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Cash and Cash Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Receivable From Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plant and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 672 294 1,425 76 2,594 24 117 1,422 524 3,758 2,482 $ 30 110 280 71 3 494 1 — 27 48 445 430 $ 644 1,248 — 1,387 155 3,434 420 19 395 564 — 4,371 $ — — (574) (27) 4 (597) 124 — 3 — (4,203) (24) $ 801 2,030 — 2,856 238 5,925 569 136 1,847 1,136 — 7,259 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,921 $1,445 $9,203 $(4,697) $16,872 Liabilities: Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable-Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Payable to Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Payable and Overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Capital Leases Due Within One Year . . Total Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Capital Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Long Term Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and Contingent Liabilities Shareholders’ Equity: Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity: Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Nonredeemable . . . . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 — 286 310 25 2 1,583 3,550 569 — 355 6,057 232 4,632 4,864 — 4,864 $ 131 — 14 (4) — — 141 167 93 — 8 409 — 1,036 1,036 — 1,036 $1,829 574 171 431 385 241 3,631 1,393 683 95 108 5,910 — 3,087 3,087 206 3,293 $ — (574) — — — — (574) — — — — (574) — (4,123) (4,123) — (4,123) $ 2,920 — 471 737 410 243 4,781 5,110 1,345 95 471 11,802 232 4,632 4,864 206 5,070 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . $10,921 $1,445 $9,203 $(4,697) $16,872 98 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet December 31, 2017 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Assets: Current Assets: Cash and Cash Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Receivable From Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plant and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 649 — 1,444 59 2,328 24 119 1,549 221 4,424 2,491 $ 32 116 254 43 3 448 1 — 35 51 503 420 $ 835 1,260 71 1,329 157 3,652 444 20 424 518 — 4,569 $ — — (325) (29) 5 (349) 126 — — 2 (4,927) (29) $ 1,043 2,025 — 2,787 224 6,079 595 139 2,008 792 — 7,451 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,156 $1,458 $9,627 $(5,177) $17,064 Liabilities: Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable-Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Payable to Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Payable and Overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Capital Leases Due Within One Year . . Total Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Capital Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Long Term Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927 325 322 323 — 60 1,957 3,544 682 — 370 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,553 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities Shareholders’ Equity: Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity: Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Nonredeemable . . . . . . . . . . . 240 4,363 4,603 — Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,603 $ 115 — 15 2 — — 132 152 109 1 8 402 — 1,056 1,056 — 1,056 $1,765 — 202 701 262 331 3,261 1,380 724 99 120 5,584 — 3,796 3,796 247 4,043 $ — (325) — — — — (325) — — — — (325) — (4,852) (4,852) — (4,852) $ 2,807 — 539 1,026 262 391 5,025 5,076 1,515 100 498 12,214 240 4,363 4,603 247 4,850 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . $11,156 $1,458 $9,627 $(5,177) $17,064 99 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Consolidating Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2018 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,382 5,947 Cost of Goods Sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,042 Selling, Administrative and General Expense . . . . . . . . . . 3 Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (320) Other (Income) Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,320 1,270 35 1 23 12 $9,567 7,616 1,235 40 105 30 $(2,794) (2,872) — — (28) 104 $15,475 11,961 2,312 44 321 (174) Income (Loss) before Income Taxes and Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States and Foreign Tax (Benefit) Expense . . . . . . Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . 489 129 333 693 — Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 693 Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 593 Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ $ Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . $ 593 $ (21) (6) 47 32 — 32 28 — 28 541 179 — 362 15 2 1 (380) (379) — $ 347 $ (379) $ 143 $ (175) $ $ 1,011 303 — 708 15 693 589 (4) — (4) $ 147 $ (175) $ 593 100 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Consolidating Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2017 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,378 5,774 Cost of Goods Sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980 Selling, Administrative and General Expense . . . . . . . 20 Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (60) Other (Income) Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,186 1,125 34 1 10 12 $9,499 7,537 1,265 114 122 (12) $(2,686) (2,756) — — (51) 130 $15,377 11,680 2,279 135 335 70 Income (Loss) before Income Taxes and Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States and Foreign Tax (Benefit) Expense . . . . Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income 410 417 353 346 — Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 346 Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 568 Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ $ Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . $ 568 $ 4 (2) 39 45 — 45 62 — 62 473 101 — 372 19 (9) (3) (392) (398) — $ 353 $ (398) $ 656 $ (683) $ $ 35 — 878 513 — 365 19 346 603 35 $ 621 $ (683) $ 568 (In millions) Consolidating Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2016 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non- Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $7,418 5,476 Cost of Goods Sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,079 Selling, Administrative and General Expense . . . . . . . . . . 20 Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (35) Other (Income) Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,265 1,212 37 — 12 8 $9,121 6,962 1,294 190 129 (35) $(2,646) (2,715) (1) — (45) 87 $15,158 10,935 2,409 210 372 25 Income (Loss) before Income Taxes and Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States and Foreign Tax (Benefit) Expense . . . . . . Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 104 766 Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . 1,264 — (4) (7) 122 125 — 581 (180) — 761 20 28 6 (888) (866) — 1,207 (77) — 1,284 20 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,264 $ 125 $ 741 $ (866) $ 1,264 Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,076 $ 55 $ 585 $ (632) $ 1,084 Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . $1,076 $ — 55 8 — 8 $ 577 $ (632) $ 1,076 101 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2018 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Total Cash Flows from Operating Activities . . $ 1,771 $ 32 $ (279) $ (608) $ 916 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions Received and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (307) — — — (1,205) 282 (55) 1 Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities . . . (1,284) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred . . . . . . . . Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions Received and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions . . . . . . . 965 (940) 3,200 (3,260) 4 (220) (138) 283 (430) — — 16 (61) 2 — — — 88 — — 29 — — 15 — — — — 67 (77) (65) — — Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities . . (520) (60) Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (33) (3) (2) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 32 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at (443) — (68) 68 (283) 430 — (4) (300) 979 (855) 3,240 (3,209) — — — 1,138 (293) (543) (31) (9) 417 (40) (202) 877 — — — — 1,488 (800) — — 688 — — — — — — — (1,488) 800 608 — — (80) — — — (811) 2 (68) 68 — — (55) (3) (867) 1,944 (1,795) 6,455 (6,469) 4 (220) (138) — — — (31) 7 (243) (43) (237) 1,110 End of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 168 $ 30 $ 675 $ — $ 873 102 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2017 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Total Cash Flows from Operating Activities . . $ 1,192 $ 67 $ 577 $(678) $ 1,158 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions Received and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (305) 1 — — (79) 76 (3) (136) 1 — — — — — Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities . . . (310) (135) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred . . . . . . . . Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions Received and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions . . . . . . . 420 (420) 3,062 (3,151) 14 (400) (110) — — 204 (52) — — — 292 (563) 66 (48) — (128) — (35) — — 42 3 Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities . . (891) Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9) (23) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 55 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at (442) 10 (83) 83 (292) 563 (7) (168) 634 (626) 3,197 (3,139) — — — 13 (28) (548) (7) (6) (510) 54 (47) 924 2 — — — 371 (639) — (266) — — — — — — — (371) 639 676 — — 944 — — — (881) 12 (83) 83 — — (10) (879) 1,054 (1,046) 6,463 (6,342) 14 (400) (110) — — — (7) (41) (415) 57 (79) 1,189 End of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 201 $ 32 $ 877 $ — $ 1,110 103 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2016 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Total Cash Flows from Operating Activities . . $ 609 $ 135 $ 885 $ (72) $ 1,557 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions Received and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (370) 11 — — (257) 163 — (107) — — — — — — Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities . . . (453) (107) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred . . . . . . . . Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions Received and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions . . . . . . . — — 2,896 (3,016) 13 (500) (82) 576 (148) — — (46) — — — — — — — 59 (80) (19) — — Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities . . (307) (40) Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — (525) 24 (72) 60 (576) 148 (6) (947) 417 (228) 2,092 (2,417) — — — 198 (83) (47) (11) 6 (73) (15) Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (151) (12) (150) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 67 1,074 6 — — — 833 (311) — 528 — — — — — — — (833) 311 66 — — (456) — — — (996) 35 (72) 60 — — (6) (979) 417 (228) 4,988 (5,433) 13 (500) (82) — — — (11) (40) (876) (15) (313) 1,502 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 210 $ 55 $ 924 $ — $ 1,189 104 MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, Management conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 using the framework specified in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is presented in this Annual Report. 105 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial December 31, 2018, statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, 106 accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, Cleveland, Ohio February 8, 2019 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1898. 107 Supplementary Data (Unaudited) Quarterly Data (In millions, except per share amounts) First Second Third Fourth Year Quarter 2018 Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Net Income — Per Share of Common Stock:* — Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Average Shares Outstanding — Basic . . . . . . . . . . — Diluted . . . . . . . . Dividends Declared per Share of Common Stock . . . . . . . . . Selected Balance Sheet Items at Quarter-End: $ 3,830 854 80 5 $ 3,841 892 164 7 $ 3,928 900 354 3 $ 3,876 868 110 — $15,475 3,514 708 15 $ $ $ $ 75 0.31 0.31 240 244 0.14 $ $ $ $ 157 0.66 0.65 239 241 0.14 $ $ $ $ 351 1.49 1.48 236 238 0.14 $ $ $ $ 110 0.47 0.47 233 235 0.16 $ $ $ $ 693 2.92 2.89 237 239 0.58 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Debt and Capital Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,580 6,259 4,737 4,962 $17,355 6,347 4,637 4,844 $17,591 6,520 4,800 5,000 $16,872 5,763 4,864 5,070 * Due to the anti-dilutive impact of potentially dilutive securities, as well as weighted average shares changing throughout the year, the quarterly earnings per share amounts do not add to the full year. All numbers presented below are after-tax and minority. The first quarter of 2018 included rationalization charges of $26 million, net discrete tax charges of $7 million, a charge of $7 million related to a one-time expense from the adoption of the new accounting standards update which no longer allows non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost to be capitalized in inventory, costs of $3 million related to the TireHub transaction, charges of $3 million for hurricane related expenses, and charges of $1 million related to accelerated depreciation. The second quarter of 2018 included net discrete tax benefits of $28 million, a benefit of $1 million related to the recovery of past costs from one of our asbestos insurers, and net gains on asset sales of $1 million. The second quarter of 2018 also included costs of $8 million related to the TireHub transaction, charges of $8 million for hurricane related expenses, losses of $5 million as a result of the national transportation strike in Brazil, and pension settlement charges of $2 million. The third quarter of 2018 included a net gain of $219 million on the TireHub transaction and a benefit of $17 million related to a favorable indirect tax settlement in Brazil. The third quarter of 2018 also included net discrete income tax charges of $31 million, pension settlement charges of $8 million, rationalization charges of $4 million, legal claims related to discontinued operations of $3 million, and charges of $2 million for hurricane related expenses. 108 The fourth quarter of 2018 included benefits of $56 million related to favorable indirect tax items. The fourth quarter of 2018 also included discrete income tax charges of $55 million, pension settlement charges of $7 million, rationalization charges of $2 million, and accelerated depreciation of $2 million. (In millions, except per share amounts) First Second Third Fourth Year 2017 Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross Profit Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,699 939 169 3 $ 3,686 901 154 7 $ 3,921 867 132 3 $ 4,071 990 (90) 6 $15,377 3,697 365 19 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 166 $ 147 $ 129 $ (96) $ 346 Quarter Goodyear Net Income (Loss) — Per Share of Common Stock:* — Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Average Shares Outstanding — Basic . . . . . . . . . . — Diluted . . . . . . . . Dividends Declared per Share of Common Stock . . . . . . . . . Selected Balance Sheet Items at Quarter-End: $ $ $ 0.66 0.65 252 256 0.10 $ $ $ 0.58 0.58 252 256 0.10 $ $ $ 0.52 $ (0.39) $ 1.39 0.50 $ (0.39) $ 1.37 250 254 0.10 244 244 0.14 249 253 0.44 $ $ Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Debt and Capital Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,194 5,933 4,733 4,960 $17,646 6,076 4,909 5,145 $17,852 6,391 4,882 5,121 $17,064 5,729 4,603 4,850 * Due to the anti-dilutive impact of potentially dilutive securities, as well as weighted average shares changing throughout the year, the quarterly earnings per share amounts do not add to the full year. All numbers presented below are after-tax and minority. The first quarter of 2017 included rationalization charges of $20 million and charges of $5 million related to accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs. The first quarter of 2017 also included discrete tax benefits of $2 million. The second quarter of 2017 included rationalization charges of $20 million, debt repayment charges of $19 million, and charges of $16 million related to accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs. The second quarter of 2017 also included net gains on asset sales of $12 million and discrete tax benefits of $13 million. The third quarter of 2017 included rationalization charges of $31 million, charges of $15 million for hurricane related expenses, pension settlement charges of $8 million, and charges of $7 million related to accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs. The third quarter of 2017 also included discrete tax benefits of $10 million and a benefit of $3 million related to the recovery of past costs from certain of our asbestos insurers. The fourth quarter of 2017 included discrete tax charges of $315 million primarily related to changes in U.S. tax law, rationalization charges of $22 million, pension settlement charges of $3 million, and charges of $1 million related to accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs. 109 SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA. Year Ended December 31, (1) (In millions, except per share amounts) 2018 (2) 2017 (3) 2016 (4) 2015 (5) 2014 (6) Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,475 708 15 $15,377 365 19 $15,158 1,284 20 $16,443 376 69 $18,138 2,521 69 Goodyear Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Preferred Stock Dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 693 — $ 346 — $ 1,264 — $ 307 — $ 2,452 7 Goodyear Net Income available to Common Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 693 $ 346 $ 1,264 $ 307 $ 2,445 Goodyear Net Income available to Common Shareholders — Per Share of Common Stock: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Capital Leases Due Within One Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Capital Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ 2.92 2.89 0.58 $ $ $ 1.39 1.37 0.44 $ $ $ 4.81 4.74 0.31 $ $ $ 1.14 1.12 0.25 $ $ $ 9.13 8.78 0.22 $16,872 $17,064 $16,511 $16,391 $18,000 243 5,110 4,864 5,070 391 5,076 4,603 4,850 436 4,798 4,507 4,725 585 5,074 3,920 4,142 148 6,172 3,610 3,845 (1) Refer to “Basis of Presentation” and “Principles of Consolidation” in the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 1, Accounting Policies. (2) Goodyear net income in 2018 included net gains after-tax and minority of $283 million resulting from the TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs; net favorable indirect tax settlements; insurance recoveries for claims related to discontinued operations; and net gains on asset sales. Goodyear net income in 2018 also included net charges after-tax and minority of $145 million resulting from net discrete income tax items; rationalization charges, including accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs; settlement charges related to pension plans; negative impacts related to hurricanes in the U.S.; the impacts of the adoption of new accounting standards; impacts of the national transportation strike in Brazil; and legal claims related to discontinued operations. (3) Goodyear net income in 2017 included net charges after-tax and minority of $460 million resulting from net discrete income tax items; rationalization charges, including accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs; charges related to the early repayment of debt; negative impacts related to hurricanes in the U.S.; and settlement charges related to pension plans. Goodyear net income in 2017 also included net gains after-tax and minority of $16 million resulting from net gains on asset sales; and insurance recoveries for claims related to discontinued products. (4) Goodyear net income in 2016 included net gains after-tax and minority of $499 million resulting from net discrete income tax items; net gains on asset sales; and insurance recoveries for claims related to discontinued products. Goodyear net income in 2016 also included net charges after-tax and minority of $301 million due to rationalization charges, including accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs; charges related to the early repayment of debt; settlement charges related to pension plans in EMEA; an out of period adjustment in Americas related to the elimination of intracompany profit; and legal claims unrelated to operations. 110 (5) Goodyear net income in 2015 included net charges after-tax and minority of $794 million due to the loss on the deconsolidation of our Venezuelan subsidiary; including accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs; settlement charges related to pension plans in Americas; charges related to the early repayment of debt; and charges related to labor claims with respect to a previously closed facility in Greece. Goodyear net income in 2015 also included net gains after-tax and minority of $195 million resulting from royalty income related to the termination of a licensing agreement; the net gain on the dissolution of the global alliance with Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. (“SRI”); the net gain on the sale of our investment in SRI’s shares; net discrete income tax items; insurance recoveries for claims related to discontinued products; and the net settlement of certain indirect tax claims in Americas. rationalization charges, (6) Goodyear net income in 2014 included net gains after-tax and minority of $1,985 million resulting from net discrete income tax items, including the release of substantially all of the valuation allowance on our net deferred U.S. tax assets; and net gains on asset sales. Goodyear net income in 2014 also included net charges after-tax and minority of $323 million due to changes in the exchange rate of the Venezuelan bolivar fuerte against the U.S. dollar; rationalization charges, including accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs; curtailment and settlement losses related to pension plans in the U.S. and the U.K.; charges related to labor claims with respect to a previously closed facility in Greece; charges related to a government investigation in Africa; and the settlement of certain indirect tax claims in Americas. 111 GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING OUR SEGMENTS For the year ended December 31, 2018, we operated our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and Asia Pacific. Our principal business is the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires and related products and services worldwide. We manufacture and market numerous lines of rubber tires for: • • • • automobiles trucks buses aircraft • motorcycles • • • • earthmoving and mining equipment farm implements industrial equipment, and various other applications. In each case, our tires are offered for sale to vehicle manufacturers for mounting as original equipment (“OE”) and for replacement worldwide. We manufacture and sell tires under the Goodyear, Dunlop, Kelly, Debica, Sava and Fulda brands and various other Goodyear owned “house” brands, and the private-label brands of certain customers. In certain geographic areas we also: • retread truck, aviation and off-the-road (“OTR”) tires, • manufacture and sell tread rubber and other tire retreading materials, • • sell chemical products, and/or provide automotive and commercial repair services and miscellaneous other products and services. Our principal products are new tires for most applications. Approximately 85% of our sales in 2018, and 87% of our sales in 2017 and 2016 were for new tires. Sales of chemical products and natural rubber to unaffiliated customers were 4% in 2018, and 3% in 2017 and 2016, of our consolidated sales (7%, 6% and 5% of Americas total sales in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively). The percentages of each segment’s sales attributable to new tires during the periods indicated were: Sales of New Tires By Year Ended December 31, 2018 2017 2016 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79% 94 91 81% 94 90 82% 94 89 Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Goodyear does not include motorcycle, aviation, race or all-terrain vehicle tires in reported tire unit sales. 112 PERFORMANCE GRAPH The graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder returns of Goodyear Common Stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Index (the “S&P 500”) and the Dow Jones US Auto Parts Index (the “Dow Auto Parts”) at each December 31 during the period beginning December 31, 2013 and ending December 31, 2018. The graph assumes the investment of $100 on December 31, 2013 in Goodyear Common Stock, in the S&P 500 and in the Dow Auto Parts. Total shareholder return was calculated on the basis that in each case all dividends were reinvested. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones US Auto Parts Index $180 $160 $140 $120 $100 $80 $60 $40 $20 $0 12/13 12/14 12/15 12/16 12/17 12/18 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company S&P 500 Dow Jones US Auto Parts * $100 invested on 12/31/13 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. 113 DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS BOARD OF DIRECTORS James A. Firestone, 64 Retired Executive Vice President and President, Corporate Strategy and Asia Operations Xerox Corporation Elected 2007 1, 4, 6 Werner Geissler, 65 Retired Vice Chairman, Global Operations The Procter & Gamble Company Elected 2011 1, 3, 6 Peter S. Hellman, 69 Retired President Nordson Corporation Elected 2010 1, 4, 6 Laurette T. Koellner, 64 Retired President Boeing International Elected 2015 2, 4 Richard J. Kramer, 55 Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Elected 2010 6 W. Alan McCollough, 69 Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Circuit City Stores, Inc. Elected 2007 2, 5, 6 John E. McGlade, 65 Retired Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Elected 2012 2, 5, 6 Michael J. Morell, 60 Retired Deputy Director Central Intelligence Agency Elected 2014 1, 3 Roderick A. Palmore, 67 Retired Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Compliance and Risk Management Officer and Secretary General Mills, Inc. Elected 2012 4, 5, 6 Stephanie A. Streeter, 61 Former Chief Executive Officer Libbey Inc. Elected 2008 2, 5 Thomas H. Weidemeyer, 71 Retired Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer United Parcel Service, and President, UPS Airlines Elected 2004 1, 3 Michael R. Wessel, 59 President The Wessel Group Inc. Elected 2005 3 Thomas L. Williams, 60 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Parker-Hannifin Corporation Elected 2019 1 Audit Committee 2 Compensation Committee 3 Committee on Corporate Responsibility and Compliance 4 Finance Committee 5 Governance Committee 6 Executive Committee CORPORATE OFFICERS BUSINESS UNIT OFFICERS Richard J. Kramer, 55* Laura K. Thompson, 54 Christopher R. Delaney, 57 Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President 19 years of service, officer since 2000 Darren R. Wells, 53 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 14 years of service, officer since 2018 Jonathan Bellissimo, 63 Senior Vice President, Global Operations and Technology 41 years of service, officer since 2019 David L. Bialosky, 61 Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Nine years of service, officer since 2009 Laura P. Duda, 49 Senior Vice President, Global Communications Three years of service, officer since 2019 Christopher P. Helsel, 53 Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer 22 years of service, officer since 2018 Executive Vice President 35 years of service, officer since 2008 Gary S. VanderLind, 56 Senior Vice President, Global Human Resources 33 years of service, officer since 2019 Peter R. Rapin, 64 Vice President and Treasurer Four years of service, officer since 2015 Evan M. Scocos, 47 Vice President and Controller 14 years of service, officer since 2016 Daniel L. Smytka, 55 President, Off-Highway Businesses 10 years of service, officer since 2010 Daniel T. Young, 51 Assistant Secretary and Senior Legal Counsel 11 years of service, officer since 2016 President, Europe, Middle East and Africa Three years of service, officer since 2016 Stephen R. McClellan, 53 President, Americas 31 years of service, officer since 2008 Ryan G. Patterson, 45 President, Asia Pacific 16 years of service, officer since 2017 * Also a director 114 ASIA PACIFIC China Pulandian Development Center, Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires Shanghai Asia Pacific Headquarters India Aurangabad Consumer Tires Ballabgarh Commercial Tires, Agricultural Tires Indonesia Bogor Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires, Agricultural Tires, OTR Tires Japan Tatsuno OTR Tires Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires, Agricultural Tires, OTR Tires Singapore Singapore Natural Rubber Purchasing Thailand Bangkok Consumer Tires, Aircraft Tires, Aircraft Tire Retreading, Test Fleet Center FACILITIES AMERICAS United States Akron, Ohio Global Headquarters, Americas Headquarters, Innovation Center, Tire Proving Grounds, Airship Operations, Chemicals, Racing Tires, Tire Test Lab Bayport, Texas Chemicals Beaumont, Texas Synthetic Rubber Carson, California Airship Operations Danville, Virginia Aircraft Tires, Commercial Tires Fayetteville, North Carolina Consumer Tires Gadsden, Alabama Consumer Tires Hebron, Ohio Development Center Houston, Texas Synthetic Rubber Kingman, Arizona Aircraft Tire Retreading Lawton, Oklahoma Consumer Tires Niagara Falls, New York Chemicals Pompano Beach, Florida Airship Operations San Angelo, Texas Tire Proving Grounds Social Circle, Georgia Tread Rubber Statesville, North Carolina Tire Molds Stockbridge, Georgia Aircraft Tire Retreading Sunnyvale, California Innovation Lab Topeka, Kansas Commercial Tires, OTR Tires Brazil Americana Tire Proving Grounds, Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires, OTR Tires Santa Barbara Retread Materials Sao Paulo Aircraft Tire Retreading Canada Medicine Hat, Alberta Consumer Tires Napanee, Ontario Consumer Tires Valleyfield, Quebec Mixing Center Chile Santiago Consumer Tires Colombia Cali Commercial Tires, OTR Tires Mexico San Luis Potosi Consumer Tires Peru Lima Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST and AFRICA Belgium Brussels Europe, Middle East and Africa Headquarters Finland Ivalo (Saariselka) Tire Proving Grounds France Amiens Consumer Tires Mireval Tire Proving Grounds Montlucon Consumer Tires, Motorcycle Tires, Racing Tires Riom Retreading Germany Furstenwalde Consumer Tires Fulda Consumer Tires Hanau Development Center, Consumer Tires, Tire Test Lab Riesa Consumer Tires Wittlich Tire Proving Grounds, Commercial Tires, Retreading Luxembourg Colmar-Berg Innovation Center, Tire Proving Grounds, Commercial Tires, Regional Calendering Center, OTR Tires, Tire Molds, Tire Test Lab Netherlands Tilburg Aircraft Tire Retreading Poland Debica Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires Slovenia Kranj Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires South Africa Uitenhage Consumer Tires, OTR Tires Turkey Adapazari Consumer Tires Izmit Commercial Tires 115 SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION CORPORATE OFFICES The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 (330) 796-2121 www.goodyear.com GOODYEAR COMMON STOCK The principal market for Goodyear common stock is the Nasdaq Global Select Market (symbol GT). On February 12, 2019, there were 13,003 shareholders of record of Goodyear common stock. The closing price of Goodyear common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on February 12, 2019, was $18.52. On October 9, 2018, we increased the quarterly cash dividend on our common stock to $0.16 per share from $0.14 per share, beginning on December 3, 2018. ANNUAL MEETING 4:30 p.m., Monday, April 8, 2019 Hilton Akron-Fairlawn 3180 W. Market Street Akron, Ohio 44333 Please direct meeting inquiries to: Office of the Secretary, Dept. 822 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 SHAREHOLDER INQUIRIES Transfer Agent and Registrar: Computershare Trust Company, N.A. P.O. Box 43078 Providence, RI 02940-3078 (800) 317-4445 www.computershare.com Inquiries concerning the issuance or transfer of stock certificates or share account information should be directed to Computershare. Provide Social Security number, account number and Goodyear’s ID, GTR. Hearing-impaired shareholders can communicate directly with Computershare via a TDD by calling (800) 952-9245. Other shareholder inquiries should be directed to: Investor Relations, Dept. 635 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 (330) 796-3751 E-mail: goodyear.investor.relations@goodyear.com FORM 10-K AND OTHER REPORTS Paper copies of Goodyear’s Annual Report on Form 10-K are available upon request. Quarterly reports on Form 10-Q are also available on request. Copies of any of the above or Goodyear’s Proxy Statement may be obtained without charge from: Investor Relations, Dept. 635 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 (330) 796-3751 Copies of these reports may also be obtained from the company’s Investor Website http://investor.goodyear.com. Goodyear has included as Exhibits 31.1, 31.2 and 32.1 to its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, certificates of Goodyear’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer with respect to the Form 10-K. CD COPY A CD copy of the 2018 Annual Report is available for visually impaired shareholders by contacting Goodyear Investor Relations at (330) 796-3751. COMPUTERSHARE INVESTMENT PLAN Computershare sponsors and administers a direct stock purchase and dividend reinvestment plan for current shareholders and new investors in Goodyear common stock. A brochure explaining the program may be obtained by contacting: Computershare c/o Shareholder Services P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 (800) 317-4445 www.computershare.com/investor INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 200 Public Square, 19th Floor Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2301 OTHER INFORMATION Persons seeking information about Goodyear’s corporate responsibility initiatives can access the company’s Corporate Responsibility Website at: www.goodyear.com/responsibility. Persons seeking general information about Goodyear or its products can access the company’s Corporate Website at: www.goodyear.com/ corporate. Media representatives seeking information about Goodyear or contact information for spokespersons can access the company’s Media Website at: www.goodyearnewsroom.com. 116