The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

Goodyear is one of the world’s leading tire companies, with one of the most recognizable brand names and operations in most regions of the world. Goodyear develops, manufactures, markets and distributes tires for most applications. It also manufactures and markets rubber-related chemicals for various applications. Goodyear is one of the world’s largest operators of commercial truck service and tire retreading centers. In addition, it operates approximately 1,000 retail outlets where it offers its products for sale to consumer and commercial customers and provides repair and other services. Goodyear manufactures its products in 47 facilities in 21 countries. It has marketing operations in almost every country around the world. THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 www.goodyear.com ON THE COVER Top: Goodyear dealers and associates from across Latin America participated in the Latin America Dealer Conference and celebrated the 100th anniversary of Goodyear in Brazil. Bottom: (Left) The Goodyear Assurance WeatherReady passenger tire features soybean oil technology. (Center) Roll by Goodyear is one of the innovative retail formats Goodyear is testing to adapt to rapidly evolving consumer preferences. (Right) Drive-over reader technology for commercial truck fleets is a key service offering of Total Mobility Solutions in Europe and the Americas. Goodyear has invested in renewable tire technology, such as the use of soybean oil in tread compound. Goodyear’s patented soybean oil polymer reduces use of petroleum-based components and keeps the tread more pliable, helping maintain and enhance tread grip in winter conditions. Soybean oil is currently used in the Goodyear Assurance WeatherReady (pictured), Eagle Enforcer All Weather and Eagle Exhilarate tires and will be used in the new Assurance ComfortDrive line, being launched in 2020. FINANCIAL OVERVIEW YEAR ENDED DEC. 31 YEAR ENDED DEC. 31 (in millions, except per share and associates) 2019 2018 Net Sales $ 14,745 $ 15,475 Gross Profit $ 3,143 $ 3,514 (311) $ 693 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) $ 2.89 (1.33) $ – Per Diluted Share $ Weighted Average Shares Outstanding – Basic 233 237 – Diluted 233 239 Segment Operating Income $ 1,274 Segment Operating Margin 6.4% 8.2% Gross Margin 21.3% 22.7% Return on Sales (2.1%) 4.5% 811 Capital Expenditures $ 770 $ Research and Development Expenditures $ 430 $ 424 Tire Units Sold 155.3 159.2 945 $ Total Assets $ 17,185 $ 16,872 5,763 Total Debt* $ 5,663 $ Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity $ 4,351 $ 4,864 5,070 Total Shareholders’ Equity $ 4,545 $ Debt to Debt and Equity 55.5% 53.2% 148 $ 138 Common Stock Dividends Paid $ Number of Associates 63,000 64,000 35.76 Price Range of Common Stock: – High $ 19.30 22.17 $ – Low $ 10.74 $ * Total debt includes Notes payable and overdrafts, Long term debt and finance leases due within one year, and Long term debt and finance leases. CONTENTS To Our Shareholders Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Forward-Looking Information Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Consolidated Financial Statements Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Supplementary Data (unaudited) Selected Financial Data General Information Regarding Our Segments Performance Graph Directors and Officers Facilities Shareholder Information 2 6 28 30 32 39 105 106 109 111 112 113 114 115 116 1 This Annual Report contains a number of forward-looking statements. For more information, please see pages 28-29. TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS IN 2019, both The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and the global tire industry faced challenges. Most of the challenges were external and many were similar to those we have experienced in the past. Even though our results were affected by these conditions, our team delivered significant accomplishments that will strengthen our business over the coming years and position us to lead in the new mobility ecosystem. PAST 12 MONTHS Richard J. Kramer Goodyear Chairman, Chief Executive Officer & President Accomplishments during 2019 included: • In the U.S., our consumer replacement tire business grew 4 percent for the year and surpassed industry growth in the high-margin, large-rim-diameter segment. Likewise, our commercial truck tire business grew faster than the industry, and our portfolio of fleet service offerings continued to be the best in the business. • In Latin America, our consumer replacement business continued to grow, primarily in Mexico and Brazil, despite a difficult economic environment in the region. • We delivered better results during the second half of the year in the Asia Pacific region, especially in China where consumer replacement and OE shipments finished the year on an uptick. • In our Europe, Middle East and Africa business, our Goodyear Total Mobility commercial fleet solutions offering continued to add fleets, strengthening our commercial truck business for the future. 2 Likewise, our commercial truck tire business is delivering best-in-class products around the world. Our complete tire lineup for long-haul, regional and mixed service applications is supported by diagnostic tools, tire management services and around-the-clock roadside assistance to help fleets operate more efficiently. In addition to helping our fleet partners with tires, we are also providing services to enable greater efficiency for their commercial truck operations. We are expanding our Total Mobility Solutions offering to include new tools to handle maintenance and monitor tire performance in real time. Finally, we are offering an e-commerce platform for commercial truck tire sales in the U.S., following our successful consumer tire sales option through goodyear.com. During the year, we adapted our plans to meet shifting market conditions. We invested in modernizing two manufacturing facilities in Germany and announced a plan to adjust production in one of our U.S. plants to reflect the changing needs of our markets. In addition, we renewed our commitment to effectively managing our working capi- tal. As a result, we improved our cash flow from operations significantly, delivering a 32 percent increase over a year ago. One of the brightest spots across all our regions is our product portfolio. Our lineup of consumer and commercial tires for both original equipment and replacement segments is clearly the best in our history. On the consumer side, the highest growth segment is premium, large-rim-diameter tires. Over the past year, we outpaced the industry in this high-margin segment in the U.S. In many of our most important markets – including the U.S., Europe and China – our consumer products have won honors from third-party tests, consumer surveys and influential magazine rankings. Though OE sales were down during the past year, we are working closer with automakers than ever, helping them solve their most complex challenges on new vehicles. In 2019, we continued to be successful on a higher percentage of our OE fitment bids than in the recent past. Importantly, nearly 25 percent of our OE wins were on electric or hybrid vehicles. 3 POSITIONED FOR THE FUTURE During the past decade, the trends shaping the direction of transportation and mobility became clearer. Electric vehicles gained acceptance as battery technology improved and mileage range increased. Ride sharing services enhanced their reliability and provided an alternative to individual vehicle ownership. New passenger vehicles were designed with technology that enabled connectivity to mobile devices, other vehicles and the environment around them. And as total miles driven continued to increase (and are still on the rise), expectations for sustainability, renewable resources and better fuel efficiency became greater. Seeing these trends early prompted us to adjust our plans, forge new partnerships and begin positioning Goodyear for future success. Evidence of our response to meeting consumer preferences was the introduction of Roll, a new retail format that makes tire shopping, buying and installation more convenient. Consumer response to the new platform has been very positive. Our leadership and experience with commercial fleets gives Goodyear a competitive advantage in the rapidly growing consumer fleet segment. In early 2020, we unveiled AndGo by Goodyear, a fully integrated, digital vehicle servicing platform combining predictive software with our trusted national service network to keep passenger fleets on the road and ready to go. More than providing and servicing tires, AndGo will cover vehicle maintenance, reduce cost per mile and increase uptime for fleet vehicles. It is important to note that forward-looking platforms such as AndGo are not at the expense of what’s needed to operate more efficiently today. At the end of 2019, Goodyear acquired Raben Tire, a major commercial truck tire customer in the midwestern United States. The acquisition will further strengthen our aligned distribution and our ability to serve fleets better. Improving our distribution for both consumer and commercial customers will be a priority in Europe over the next year. 4 Our commitment to sustainability has never been stronger. While we continue to reduce waste and consumption of natural resources, we are expanding our use of renewable resources. The clear example is the Goodyear Assurance WeatherReady consumer tire, which includes soybean oil in the tread compound. In addition to using a plant-based alternative to a petroleum compound, we increased the tread’s pliability, enhancing its performance in cold, wet and snowy conditions. What began with a grant from the United Soybean Board in 2011 became a game-changing innovation. Whether we work with traditional customers such as automakers and commercial fleets, or new partners such as technology companies and suppliers of sustainable resources, our goal is the same: we want to enable mobility; make it easy for consumers to buy, own and recommend our brand; and make it easier for Goodyear and its partners and customers to grow profitably. LEADING WITH CONFIDENCE As we manage our business through the current cycle of challenges and external pressures, we are looking forward to a wealth of opportunities ahead. We will make the necessary decisions to run our company as efficiently as possible now without losing sight of the changes in mobility that are happening around us. We believe those changes play to Goodyear’s strengths. Our product lineup – consumer, commercial and off- highway, OE and replacement – has never been better. We are incorporating technology in new ways to enhance our products and services and make the experience of buying and owning Goodyear easier than ever. We’re building partnerships to help us deliver for customers today and enable new forms of mobility for tomorrow. We’re exploring new sustainable materials and processes to reduce our burden on the environment. As always, the heartbeat of our confidence is our people. The power of the Goodyear brand around the world is strengthened by our associates, our customers and, you, our investors. We are looking forward to sharing a bright future with everyone who is a part of the Goodyear family. Thank you for your continued support, confidence and trust. Respectfully submitted, Richard J. Kramer Chairman, Chief Executive Officer & President 5 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS. OVERVIEW The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of tires, with one of the most recognizable brand names in the world and operations in most regions of the world. We have a broad global footprint with 47 manufacturing facilities in 21 countries, including the United States. We operate our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Asia Pacific. This management’s discussion and analysis provides comparisons of material changes in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. For a comparison of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Results of Operations In 2019, challenging macro-economic industry conditions persisted throughout much of the year, including higher raw material costs, foreign currency headwinds due to a strong U.S. dollar, lower OE industry volumes, softening demand in Europe, weak market conditions in China, and economic volatility in Latin America, particularly in Brazil. These headwinds were partially offset by continued strength in U.S. consumer replacement sales. In order to continue to drive growth in our business and address the challenging economic environment, we remain focused on our key strategies by: • Developing great products and services that anticipate and respond to the needs of consumers; • Building the value of our brand, helping our customers win in their markets, and becoming consumers’ preferred choice; and • Improving our manufacturing efficiency and creating an advantaged supply chain focused on reducing our total delivered costs, optimizing working capital levels and delivering best in industry customer service. Our 2019 results reflect a 2.4% decrease in tire unit shipments compared to 2018. In 2019, we realized approximately $199 million of cost savings, including raw material cost saving measures of approximately $93 million, which exceeded the impact of general inflation. Our raw material costs, including cost saving measures, increased by approximately 4% in 2019 compared to 2018. Net sales were $14,745 million in 2019, compared to $15,475 million in 2018. Net sales decreased in 2019 primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency translation, primarily in EMEA, lower volume, primarily in EMEA, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses, primarily due to a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products in Americas, partially offset by improvements in price and product mix, primarily in EMEA and Americas. Goodyear net loss in 2019 was $311 million, or $1.33 per diluted share, compared to Goodyear net income of $693 million, or $2.89 per diluted share, in 2018. The decrease in Goodyear net income in 2019 was primarily driven by lower segment operating income, the net gain recognized on the TireHub transaction in 2018, higher income tax expense and higher rationalization expense. Our total segment operating income for 2019 was $945 million, compared to $1,274 million in 2018. The $329 million, or 25.8%, decrease in segment operating income was primarily due to the impact of higher raw material costs of $185 million, primarily in Americas and EMEA, lower volume of $81 million, primarily in EMEA, higher selling, administrative and general expense (“SAG”) of $47 million, primarily due to higher wages and benefits driven by higher incentive compensation, lower income in other tire-related businesses of $38 million, driven by lower third-party chemical sales in Americas, the impact of unfavorable foreign currency translation of $38 million, and higher conversion costs of $36 million, primarily in EMEA and Asia Pacific. These decreases more than offset improvements in price and product mix of $120 million, primarily in Americas and EMEA. Refer to “Results of Operations — Segment Information” for additional information. 6 Liquidity At December 31, 2019, we had $908 million in Cash and cash equivalents as well as $3,578 million of unused availability under our various credit agreements, compared to $801 million and $3,151 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018. Cash flows from operating activities of $1,207 million, which are driven by the profitability of our strategic business units (“SBUs”) and changes in working capital, were used to fund capital expenditures of $770 million, dividends paid on our common stock of $148 million, and net debt repayments of $119 million. Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information. Outlook We expect to continue to experience challenging global industry conditions in 2020, including lower global OE industry demand, particularly in Europe and Asia, foreign currency headwinds, weak consumer replacement demand in Europe, and volatility in emerging markets. We anticipate our consumer OE tire unit volume to decline by about 2.0 million units in 2020, primarily in Asia Pacific. We also expect that the changes we plan to pursue to our distribution network in Europe could reduce our consumer replacement tire unit volume by up to 1.5 million units in 2020. In 2020, we expect to continue to see benefits from pricing actions that we implemented to recover raw material cost increases and continued strong performance in our sales of 17-inch and above consumer replacement tires. For the full year of 2020, we expect our raw material costs will be essentially flat compared to 2019, excluding transactional foreign currency and raw material cost saving measures. Natural and synthetic rubber prices and other commodity prices historically have been volatile, and this estimate could change significantly based on fluctuations in the cost of these and other key raw materials. We are continuing to focus on price and product mix, to substitute lower cost materials where possible, to work to identify additional substitution opportunities, to reduce the amount of material required in each tire, and to pursue alternative raw materials. The recent coronavirus outbreak in China has caused the temporary closure of many businesses in China, including our Pulandian manufacturing facility, which has limited business activity and automotive production. Given the dynamic nature of this situation, our outlook does not currently include any impact from the coronavirus since that impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. Refer to “Risk Factors” for a discussion of the factors that may impact our business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity and “Forward-Looking Information — Safe Harbor Statement” for a discussion of our use of forward-looking statements. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — CONSOLIDATED All per share amounts are diluted and refer to Goodyear net income (loss). Goodyear net loss in 2019 was $311 million, or $1.33 per share, compared to Goodyear net income of $693 million, or $2.89 per share, in 2018. The decrease in Goodyear net income in 2019 was driven by lower segment operating income, the net gain recognized on the TireHub transaction in 2018, higher income tax expense and higher rationalization expense. Net Sales Net sales in 2019 of $14,745 million decreased $730 million, or 4.7%, compared to $15,475 million in 2018, primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency translation of $451 million, primarily in EMEA, lower volume of $307 million, primarily in EMEA, and lower sales in other tire-related businesses of $168 million, primarily due to a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products in Americas, partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $196 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas. Goodyear worldwide tire unit net sales were $12,524 million and $13,060 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Consumer and commercial net sales were $8,835 million and $2,953 million, in 2019. Consumer and commercial net sales were $9,167 million and $3,002 million, respectively, in 2018. respectively, 7 The following table presents our tire unit sales for the periods indicated: (In millions of tires) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 % Change Replacement Units United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International 40.3 74.7 38.9 76.2 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.0 115.1 OE Units United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . International Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 29.1 40.3 13.2 30.9 44.1 Goodyear worldwide tire units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3 159.2 3.6% (2.0) (0.1) (15.2) (5.8) (8.5) (2.4) The decrease in worldwide tire unit sales of 3.9 million units, or 2.4%, compared to 2018, included a decrease of 0.1 million replacement tire units, or 0.1%, comprised primarily of a decrease in EMEA partially offset by an increase in Americas. OE tire units decreased by 3.8 million units, or 8.5%, primarily due to lower vehicle production globally. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2019 were 141.9 million and 11.7 million, respectively. Consumer and commercial unit sales in 2018 were 145.5 million and 11.8 million, respectively. Cost of Goods Sold Cost of goods sold (“CGS”) was $11,602 million in 2019, decreasing $359 million, or 3.0%, from $11,961 million in 2018. CGS was 78.7% of sales in 2019 compared to 77.3% of sales in 2018. CGS in 2019 decreased due to foreign currency translation of $345 million, primarily in EMEA and Americas, lower volume of $226 million, primarily in EMEA, lower costs in other tire-related businesses of $130 million, driven by lower third-party chemical sales in Americas, and lower start-up costs of $36 million associated with our new plant in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. These decreases were partially offset by higher raw material costs of $185 million, primarily in Americas and EMEA, higher costs related to product mix of $76 million, primarily in EMEA and Asia Pacific, the year-over-year impact of favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $42 million, and higher conversion costs of $36 million, primarily in EMEA and Asia Pacific. CGS in 2019 included pension expense of $14 million compared to $15 million in 2018. CGS in 2019 and 2018 also included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $20 million and $41 million, respectively. CGS in 2019 included accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $15 million ($12 million after-tax and minority) and favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $11 million ($7 million after-tax and minority) and in the U.S. of $6 million ($5 million after-tax and minority). CGS in 2018 included accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $4 million ($3 million after-tax and minority) and favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $53 million, of which $51 million ($39 million after-tax and minority) related to years prior to 2018, and in the U.S. of $4 million ($3 million after-tax and minority). Selling, Administrative and General Expense SAG was $2,323 million in 2019, increasing $11 million, or 0.5%, from $2,312 million in 2018. SAG was 15.8% of sales in 2019 compared to 14.9% of sales in 2018. The increase in SAG was primarily due to higher wages and benefits of $65 million, primarily due to higher incentive compensation, and higher information technology expense of $11 million, partially offset by foreign currency translation of $68 million. SAG in 2019 included pension expense of $15 million compared to $17 million in 2018. SAG in 2019 and 2018 also included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $17 million and $34 million, respectively. Rationalizations We recorded net rationalization charges of $205 million ($165 million after-tax and minority) in 2019. Net rationalization charges include $115 million in EMEA, primarily related to a plan to modernize two of our 8 manufacturing facilities in Germany, and $90 million in Americas, primarily related to a plan to curtail production of tires for declining, less profitable segments of the tire market at our Gadsden, Alabama manufacturing facility. We recorded net rationalization charges of $44 million ($32 million after-tax and minority) in 2018. Net rationalization charges included charges of $31 million related to global plans to reduce SAG headcount, $16 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in EMEA, and $15 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Net rationalization charges in 2018 also included reversals of $19 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Upon completion of the 2019 plans, we estimate that annual segment operating income will benefit from an improvement in CGS of approximately $140 million. The savings realized in 2019 from rationalization plans totaled $37 million ($20 million CGS and $17 million SAG). For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs. Interest Expense Interest expense was $340 million in 2019, increasing $19 million from $321 million in 2018. The increase was primarily due to higher average debt balances of $6,408 million in 2019 compared to $6,218 million in 2018 and a higher average interest rate of 5.31% in 2019 compared to 5.16% in 2018. Other (Income) Expense Other (Income) Expense in 2019 was expense of $98 million, compared to income of $174 million in 2018. The $272 million change in Other (Income) Expense was primarily driven by the gain, net of transaction costs, of $272 million ($207 million after-tax and minority) recognized on the TireHub transaction in 2018, a decrease in interest income on favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $30 million, and charges of $25 million ($25 million after-tax and minority) related to flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility in 2019. These increases in expense were partially offset by an increase in net gains on asset sales of $15 million, $12 million ($12 million after-tax and minority) in expenses related to hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2018, and a net gain on insurance recoveries of $4 million ($3 million after-tax and minority) in 2019. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense of $118 million in 2019 includes pension settlement charges of $5 million ($4 million after-tax and minority). Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits expense of $121 million in 2018 includes pension settlement charges of $22 million ($17 million after-tax and minority) and a one-time charge of $9 million ($7 million after-tax and minority) related to the adoption of the new accounting standards update which no longer allows non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost to be capitalized in inventory. Net (gains) losses on asset sales were a gain of $16 million ($15 million after-tax and minority) in 2019 as compared to a gain of $1 million ($1 million after-tax and minority) in 2018. Other (Income) Expense in 2019 included interest income on favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $8 million ($5 million after-tax and minority), compared to interest income on favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $38 million ($29 million after-tax and minority) in 2018. Other (Income) Expense in 2019 included charges of $5 million ($4 million after-tax and minority), compared to charges of $4 million ($3 million after-tax and minority) in 2018, for non-asbestos legal claims related to discontinued products. Other (Income) Expense in 2019 also included a net gain of $2 million ($2 million after-tax and minority) related to an acquisition and $2 million ($2 million after-tax and minority) of favorable foreign currency translation on indirect tax items. For further information, refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 5, Other (Income) Expense. Income Taxes Income tax expense in 2019 was $474 million on income before income taxes of $177 million. In 2019, income tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments totaling $386 million ($386 million after 9 minority interest). Discrete adjustments were due to non-cash charges of $334 million related to an acceleration of royalty income in the U.S. from the sale of certain European royalty payments to Luxembourg and $150 million related to an increase in our valuation allowance on tax losses in Luxembourg, which were partially offset by a non-cash tax benefit of $98 million related to a reduction of our U.S. valuation allowance for foreign tax credits. At December 31, 2019, our valuation allowance on certain of our U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $13 million, primarily related to state tax loss and credit carryforwards, and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $969 million. At December 31, 2018, our valuation allowance on certain U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $113 million and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $204 million. Foreign source taxable income for the fourth quarter of 2019 includes accelerated royalty income in the U.S. of $2.1 billion received from Luxembourg as payment for the purchase of the right to receive technology royalties from our European operations for a period of 12 years. External specialists assisted management with this transaction. The royalty sale transaction resulted in a U.S. tax charge of $334 million and a deferred tax asset and offsetting valuation allowance of $576 million in Luxembourg. Foreign source taxable income for the fourth quarter of 2019 also includes $320 million of accelerated cross- border sales of inventory from the U.S. to Canada, resulting in a U.S. tax charge of approximately $70 million that was offset by the establishment of a deferred tax asset. The federal portion of the tax charges related to both the royalty acceleration and Canadian prepayment transactions was fully offset by the utilization of foreign tax credits of approximately $310 million. In addition, as a result of these transactions, we released an existing U.S. valuation allowance on foreign tax credits of $98 million. We considered our current forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our remaining net foreign tax credits of $403 million. These forecasts include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as raw material prices, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including raw material prices, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future foreign source income will not be sufficient to fully utilize these foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with three significant sources of foreign income as described in “Critical Accounting Policies” provide us sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that our foreign tax credits, net of remaining valuation allowances, will be fully utilized prior to their various expiration dates. Income tax expense in 2018 was $303 million on income before income taxes of $1,011 million. In 2018, income tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of $65 million ($65 million after minority interest). Discrete adjustments were primarily due to charges totaling $135 million related to deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits, including the establishment of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits of $98 million, partially offset by a tax benefit of $88 million related to a worthless stock deduction created by permanently ceasing operations of our Venezuelan subsidiary during the fourth quarter of 2018. Income tax expense in 2018 also included net charges of $18 million for various other discrete tax adjustments, including those related to finalizing our accounting for certain provisional items related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that was enacted on December 22, 2017 (the “Tax Act”). Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of our net deferred tax assets. In Luxembourg, we maintained a valuation allowance on all deferred tax assets with limited lives. As a result of recent negative evidence, including cumulative losses in the most recent three-year period and a forecast of continued losses for 2020, we increased our valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets in Luxembourg to now include losses with unlimited lives, resulting in a non-cash tax charge of $150 million. Each reporting period we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release 10 valuation allowances having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months. For further information, refer to “Critical Accounting Policies” and Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes. Minority Shareholders’ Net Income Minority shareholders’ net income was $14 million in 2019, compared to $15 million in 2018. Minority shareholders’ net income in 2019 includes $7 million ($7 million after-tax and minority) of expense related to an indirect tax settlement in Turkey. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SEGMENT INFORMATION Segment competition and are segmented on a regional basis. information reflects our SBUs, which are organized to meet customer requirements and global Results of operations are measured based on net sales to unaffiliated customers and segment operating income. Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Segment operating income is computed as follows: Net Sales less CGS (excluding asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges) and SAG (including certain allocated corporate administrative expenses). Segment operating income also includes certain royalties and equity in earnings of most affiliates. Segment operating income does not include net rationalization charges (credits), asset sales and certain other items. Total segment operating income was $945 million in 2019, and $1,274 million in 2018. Total segment operating margin (segment operating income divided by segment sales) in 2019 was 6.4%, compared to 8.2% in 2018. Management believes that total segment operating income is useful because it represents the aggregate value of income created by our SBUs and excludes items not directly related to the SBUs for performance evaluation purposes. Total segment operating income is the sum of the individual SBUs’ segment operating income. Refer to the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 8, Business Segments, for further information and for a reconciliation of total segment operating income to Income before Income Taxes. Americas (In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Tire Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 $ 7,922 550 6.9% 70.9 $ 8,168 654 8.0% 70.9 $ 8,212 847 10.3% Americas unit sales in 2019 decreased 0.5 million units, or 0.7%, to 70.4 million units. Replacement tire volume increased 1.3 million units, or 2.5%, primarily in our consumer business in the United States driven by growth in 17-inch and above rim size tires. OE tire volume decreased 1.8 million units, or 10.6%, primarily in our consumer business in the United States, driven by lower vehicle production, including the impact resulting from a strike at a major OE customer, and our OE selectivity strategy. Net sales in 2019 were $7,922 million, decreasing $246 million, or 3.0%, compared to $8,168 million in 2018. The decrease in net sales was driven by a decrease in other tire-related businesses of $160 million, primarily due to a decrease in third-party sales of chemical products, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $105 million, primarily related to the Argentine peso and the Brazilian real, and a decrease in volume of $41 million. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $58 million, driven by an increase in pricing. Operating income in 2019 was $550 million, decreasing $104 million, or 15.9%, from $654 million in 2018. The decrease in operating income was due to increased raw material costs of $108 million, which more than offset 11 favorable price and product mix of $70 million, a decrease in favorable indirect tax settlements in Brazil of $42 million, higher SAG of $35 million, primarily due to higher wages and benefits driven by higher incentive compensation, lower income in other tire-related businesses of $33 million, primarily due to lower third-party chemical sales driven by lower global demand by tire manufacturers, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $11 million, and lower volume of $8 million. Income in other tire-related businesses included a $7 million negative impact related to flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility. These decreases were partially offset by lower start-up costs of $36 million associated with our new plant in San Luis Potosi, Mexico and lower conversion costs of $29 million, reflecting a benefit from overhead absorption. Conversion costs included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $14 million. Operating income in 2019 excluded rationalization charges of $90 million and accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $13 million. Operating income in 2018 excluded the net gain recognized on the TireHub transaction of $272 million, rationalization charges of $3 million and net gains on asset sales of $3 million. Price and product mix improvements include TireHub equity losses of $33 million and $15 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. These losses reflect higher than expected start-up expenses and additional costs incurred to build out TireHub’s distribution footprint for future growth. We expect to continue to incur our share of these losses as TireHub transitions through its start-up phase, however these losses are expected to moderate in 2020. Americas’ results are highly dependent upon the United States, which accounted for 81% of Americas’ net sales in both 2019 and 2018. Results of operations in the United States are expected to continue to have a significant impact on Americas’ future performance. Europe, Middle East and Africa (In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Tire Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 $ 4,708 202 4.3% 57.8 $ 5,090 363 7.1% 57.1 $ 4,928 367 7.4% Europe, Middle East and Africa unit sales in 2019 decreased 2.7 million units, or 4.6%, to 55.1 million units. Replacement tire volume decreased 1.4 million units, or 3.3%, primarily in our consumer business, driven by increased competition and decreased industry demand. OE tire volume decreased 1.3 million units, or 8.5%, primarily in our consumer business, driven by lower vehicle production and our exit of declining, less profitable market segments. Net sales in 2019 were $4,708 million, decreasing $382 million, or 7.5%, compared to $5,090 million in 2018. Net sales decreased primarily due to unfavorable foreign currency translation of $287 million, driven by the weakening of the euro, Turkish lira, South African rand and Polish zloty, and lower volume of $217 million. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $117 million, driven by our continued focus on 17-inch and above rim size consumer tires and price increases on commercial replacement tire sales. Operating income in 2019 was $202 million, decreasing $161 million, or 44.4%, compared to $363 million in 2018. Operating income decreased due to lower volume of $59 million, higher raw material costs of $57 million, higher conversion costs of $43 million, driven by inflation, unfavorable foreign currency translation of $19 million, higher SAG of $15 million, primarily due to inflation, higher research and development costs of $6 million, $5 million of start-up costs, primarily at our new plant in Luxembourg, and higher transportation costs of $5 million. These decreases in operating income were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $64 million. SAG and conversion costs included incremental savings from rationalization plans of $15 million and $6 million, respectively. Operating income in 2019 excluded net rationalization charges of $115 million, net gains on asset sales of $16 million, and accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $2 million. Operating income in 2018 excluded 12 net rationalization charges of $36 million, accelerated depreciation and asset write-offs of $4 million, and net losses on asset sales of $2 million. EMEA’s results are highly dependent upon Germany, which accounted for 21% and 33% of EMEA’s net sales in 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decline in sales reported in Germany is primarily related to a business reorganization that centralized our OE sales for EMEA in Luxembourg. Results of operations in Germany are expected to continue to have a significant impact on EMEA’s future performance. Asia Pacific (In millions) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Tire Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.8 $ 2,115 193 9.1% 30.5 $ 2,217 257 11.6% 31.2 $ 2,237 342 15.3% Asia Pacific unit sales in 2019 decreased 0.7 million units, or 2.3%, to 29.8 million units. OE tire volume decreased 0.7 million units, or 5.5%, primarily in our consumer business in India and China as a result of lower vehicle production. Replacement tire volume remained consistent. Net sales in 2019 were $2,115 million, decreasing $102 million, or 4.6%, from $2,217 million in 2018. Net sales decreased due to unfavorable foreign currency translation of $59 million, primarily related to the weakening of the Australian dollar, Chinese yuan and Indian rupee, lower volume of $49 million, and lower sales in other tire- related businesses of $15 million, primarily in the retail business. These decreases were partially offset by improvements in price and product mix of $21 million. Operating income in 2019 was $193 million, decreasing $64 million, or 24.9%, from $257 million in 2018. Operating income decreased due to higher conversion costs of $22 million, primarily due to the impact of lower tire production on overhead absorption, higher raw material costs of $20 million, lower volume of $14 million, and unfavorable price and product mix of $14 million. Operating income in 2018 excluded net rationalization charges of $3 million. Asia Pacific’s results are highly dependent upon China and Australia. China accounted for 26% and 27% of Asia Pacific’s net sales in 2019 and 2018, respectively. Australia accounted for 27% of Asia Pacific’s net sales in both 2019 and 2018. Results of operations in China and Australia are expected to continue to have a significant impact on Asia Pacific’s future performance. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the financial statements. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates, based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect our results of operations and financial position in future periods. Our critical accounting policies relate to: • general and product liability and other litigation, • workers’ compensation, • recoverability of goodwill, • deferred tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain income tax positions, and • pensions and other postretirement benefits. General and Product Liability and Other Litigation. We have recorded liabilities totaling $293 million, including related legal fees expected to be incurred, for potential product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, at December 31, 2019. General and product liability and other litigation liabilities are recorded based on management’s assessment that a loss arising from these matters is probable. If the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record the 13 amount of the estimated loss. If the loss is estimated within a range and no point within the range is more probable than another, we record the minimum amount in the range. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Loss ranges are based upon the specific facts of each claim or class of claims and are determined after review by counsel. Court rulings on our cases or similar cases may impact our assessment of the probability and our estimate of the loss, which may have an impact on our reported results of operations, financial position and liquidity. We record receivables for insurance recoveries related to our litigation claims when it is probable that we will receive reimbursement from the insurer. Specifically, we are a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain products previously manufactured by us or present in certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in federal and state courts. We periodically, and at least annually, update, using actuarial analyses, our existing reserves for pending claims, including a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable insurance recoveries. In determining the estimate of our asbestos liability, we evaluated claims over the next ten-year period. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or changed circumstances arising in the future may result in an increase in the recorded obligation, and that increase may be significant. We had recorded gross liabilities for both asserted and unasserted asbestos claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $153 million at December 31, 2019. We maintain certain primary and excess insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements, and also have additional excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery. This determination is based on consultation with our outside legal counsel and takes into consideration agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers, and other relevant factors. As of December 31, 2019, we recorded a receivable related to asbestos claims of $95 million, and we expect that approximately 60% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance through the period covered by the estimated liability. Of this amount, $13 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts Receivable at December 31, 2019. The recorded receivable consists of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary and excess insurance carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our other excess insurance carriers. Although we believe these amounts are collectible under primary and certain excess policies today, future disputes with insurers could result in significant charges to operations. Workers’ Compensation. We had recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, of $198 million for anticipated costs related to U.S. workers’ compensation claims at December 31, 2019. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. The liability is discounted using the risk-free rate of return. For further information on general and product liability and other litigation, and workers’ compensation, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. Recoverability of Goodwill. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present. Goodwill totaled $565 million at December 31, 2019. We test goodwill for impairment on at least an annual basis, with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not (defined as a likelihood of more than 50%) that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, 14 then an impairment charge is recorded for that difference, not to exceed the total goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Our policy is to perform a quantitative assessment at least once every five years. As a result of industry conditions, the decrease in our market capitalization and the length of time since the last quantitative assessment was performed for all reporting units, management performed a quantitative assessment as of October 31, 2019, the date of our annual goodwill impairment testing. Based upon the results of our assessment, there were no impairments of the Company’s goodwill. Fair values substantially exceeded the carrying amounts for each reporting unit tested, except for the EMEA reporting unit discussed below. In addition, we assessed the period from October 31, 2019 to December 31, 2019 and determined there were no factors that caused us to change our conclusions as of October 31, 2019. We determine the estimated fair value for each reporting unit based on discounted cash flow projections and market values for comparable businesses. Our estimates of future cash flows include assumptions concerning future operating performance and economic conditions and may differ from actual future cash flows. Under the discounted cash flow approach, fair value is calculated as the sum of the projected discounted cash flows of the reporting unit over the next five years and the terminal value at the end of those five years and is dependent on estimates for future revenue, operating margin, capital expenditures, rationalization activities and working capital changes, as well as expected long-term growth rates for cash flows and an appropriate discount rate. The risk adjusted discount rate used is consistent with the weighted average cost of capital for companies in the tire industry and is intended to represent a rate of return that would be expected by a market participant. Under the market value approach, market multiples are derived from market prices of stocks of companies that are in the tire industry. The appropriate multiple is applied to the forecasted revenues and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization of the reporting unit to obtain an estimated fair value. As of December 31, 2019, goodwill of $411 million is allocated to the EMEA reporting unit. As of the October 31, 2019 measurement date, EMEA had an estimated fair value that exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill, by approximately 10%. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value of the EMEA reporting unit are the projected long term operating margin, discount rate, and the selection of market multiples. The projected long term operating margin utilized in our fair value estimates is consistent with the reporting unit operating plan and is dependent on the successful execution of our business plan, overall industry growth rates and the competitive environment. As a result, the long term operating margin could be adversely impacted by our ability to execute our business plan as well as by volatile macroeconomic factors such as raw material prices, industry conditions or competition. Our business plan includes rationalization programs, aligned distribution actions, and recovering past raw material cost increases by improving price and product mix, including through continued focus on higher margin tires. The discount rate could be adversely impacted by changes in the macroeconomic environment and volatility in the equity and debt markets. Although management believes its estimate of fair value is reasonable, if the EMEA reporting unit’s future financial performance falls below our expectations or there are negative revisions to significant assumptions, or if our market capitalization declines further, and if such a decline becomes indicative that the fair value of our reporting units has declined below their carrying values, we may need to record a material, non-cash goodwill impairment charge in a future period. Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowances and Uncertain Income Tax Positions. At December 31, 2019, our valuation allowance on certain of our U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $13 million, primarily related to state tax loss and credit carryforwards, and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $969 million. At December 31, 2018, our valuation allowance on certain U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $113 million and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $204 million. We record a reduction to the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not such assets will not be realized. The valuation of deferred tax assets requires judgment in assessing future profitability and the tax consequences of events that have been recognized in either our financial statements or tax returns. We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and 15 cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. We give operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. We typically only consider forecasts of future profitability when positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (such as tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. We consider tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. At December 31, 2019, our net deferred tax assets include $403 million of foreign tax credits, net of a valuation allowance of $3 million, as compared to $637 million, net of a valuation allowance of $103 million, at December 31, 2018. If not utilized, these foreign tax credits will expire from 2022 to 2028. These credits were generated primarily from the receipt of foreign dividends. Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence to utilize these credits, despite the negative evidence of their limited carryforward periods. Those sources of foreign income are (1) 100% of our domestic profitability can be re-characterized as foreign source income under current U.S. tax law to the extent domestic losses have offset foreign source income in prior years, (2) annual net foreign source income, exclusive of dividends, primarily from royalties, and (3) tax planning strategies, including capitalizing research and development costs, accelerating income on cross border sales of inventory or raw materials to our interest expense by, for example, reducing intercompany loans through subsidiaries and reducing U.S. repatriating current year earnings of foreign subsidiaries, all of which would increase our domestic profitability. We considered our current forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our remaining net foreign tax credits. These forecasts include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as raw material prices, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including raw material prices, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future foreign source income will not be sufficient to fully utilize these foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with the three significant sources of foreign income described above provide us sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that our foreign tax credits, net of remaining valuation allowances, will be fully utilized prior to their various expiration dates. We recognize the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances in the period in which legislation is enacted. We remeasure existing deferred tax assets and liabilities considering the tax rates at which they will be realized. We also consider the effects of enacted tax laws in our analysis of the need for valuation allowances. Effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act subjects a U.S. parent to current tax on its “global intangible low-taxed income” (“GILTI”). To the extent that we incur expense under the GILTI provisions, we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred. The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations, including those for transfer pricing. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize income tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. We derecognize income tax benefits when, based on new information, we determine that it is no longer more likely than not that our position will be sustained. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or determine we need to derecognize tax benefits recorded in prior periods, our results of operations and effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash, and lead to recognition of expense to the extent the settlement amount exceeds recorded liabilities, resulting in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. To reduce our risk of an 16 unfavorable transfer price settlement, the Company applies consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, supports pricing with economic studies and seeks advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction of expense to the extent the settlement amount is lower than recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, would result in a reduction in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. We report interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions as income tax expense. For additional information regarding uncertain income tax positions and valuation allowances, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes. Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits. We have recorded liabilities for pension and other postretirement benefits of $684 million and $241 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019. Our recorded liabilities and net periodic costs for pensions and other postretirement benefits are based on a number of assumptions, including: • life expectancies, • retirement rates, • discount rates, • long term rates of return on plan assets, • inflation rates, • future compensation levels, • future health care costs, and • maximum company-covered benefit costs. Certain of these assumptions are determined with the assistance of independent actuaries. Assumptions about life expectancies, retirement rates, future compensation levels and future health care costs are based on past experience and anticipated future trends. The discount rate for our U.S. plans is based on a yield curve derived from a portfolio of corporate bonds from issuers rated AA or higher as of December 31 and is reviewed annually. Our expected benefit payment cash flows are discounted based on spot rates developed from the yield curve. The mortality assumption for our U.S. plans is based on actual historical experience, an assumed long term rate of future improvement based on published actuarial tables, and current government regulations related to lump sum payment factors. The long term rate of return on U.S. plan assets is based on estimates of future long term rates of return similar to the target allocation of substantially all fixed income securities. Actual U.S. pension fund asset allocations are reviewed on a monthly basis and the pension fund is rebalanced to target ranges on an as-needed basis. These assumptions are reviewed regularly and revised when appropriate. Changes in one or more of them may affect the amount of our recorded liabilities and net periodic costs for these benefits. Other assumptions involving demographic factors such as retirement age and turnover are evaluated periodically and are updated to reflect our experience and expectations for the future. If actual experience differs from expectations, our financial position, results of operations and liquidity in future periods may be affected. The weighted average discount rate used in estimating the total liability for our U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit plans was 3.22% and 3.14%, respectively, at December 31, 2019, compared to 4.24% and 4.16%, respectively, at December 31, 2018. The decrease in the discount rate at December 31, 2019 was due primarily to lower yields on highly rated corporate bonds. Interest cost included in our U.S. net periodic pension cost was $173 million in 2019, compared to $157 million in 2018 and $160 million in 2017. Interest cost included in our worldwide net periodic other postretirement benefits cost was $11 million in 2019, compared to $12 million in 2018 and $13 million in 2017. 17 The following table presents the sensitivity of our U.S. projected pension benefit obligation, accumulated other postretirement benefits obligation, and annual expense to the indicated increase/decrease in key assumptions: (Dollars in millions) Pensions: Assumption: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Postretirement Benefits: Assumption: Discount rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care cost trends — total cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + / - Change at December 31, 2019 Change PBO/ABO Annual Expense +/- 0.5% $ 267 $ 4 +/- 0.5% +/- 1.0% $ 4 1 $ — — Changes in general interest rates and corporate (AA or better) credit spreads impact our discount rate and thereby our U.S. pension benefit obligation. Our U.S. pension plans are invested in a portfolio of substantially all fixed income securities designed to offset the impact of future discount rate movements on liabilities for these plans. If corporate (AA or better) interest rates increase or decrease in parallel (i.e., across all maturities), the investment portfolio described above is designed to mitigate a substantial portion of the expected change in our U.S. pension benefit obligation. For example, if corporate (AA or better) interest rates increased or decreased by 0.5%, the investment portfolio described above would be expected to mitigate more than 85% of the expected change in our U.S. pension benefit obligation. At December 31, 2019, our net actuarial loss included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (“AOCL”) related to global pension plans was $3,162 million, $2,380 million of which related to our U.S. pension plans. The net actuarial loss included in AOCL related to our U.S. pension plans is a result of declines in U.S. discount rates and plan asset losses that occurred prior to 2015, plus the impact of prior increases in estimated life expectancies. For purposes of determining our 2019 U.S. pension total benefits cost, we recognized $112 million of the net actuarial losses in 2019. We will recognize approximately $110 million of net actuarial losses in 2020 U.S. net periodic pension cost. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2019, actuarial loss recognition over the next few years will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2020 before it begins to gradually decline. In addition, if annual lump sum payments from a pension plan exceed annual service and interest cost for that plan, accelerated recognition of net actuarial losses will be required through a settlement in total benefits cost. The actual rate of return on our U.S. pension fund was 15.90%, (1.90%) and 8.70% in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as compared to the expected rate of 5.25%, 4.58% and 5.08% in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We use the fair value of our pension assets in the calculation of pension expense for all of our U.S. pension plans. The weighted average amortization period for our U.S. pension plans is approximately 17 years. Service cost of pension plans was recorded in CGS, as part of the cost of inventory sold during the period, or SAG in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, based on the specific roles (i.e., manufacturing vs. non-manufacturing) of employee groups covered by each of our pension plans. In 2019, 2018 and 2017, approximately 45% and 55% of service cost was included in CGS and SAG, respectively. Non-service related net periodic pension costs were recorded in Other (Income) Expense. Globally, we expect our 2020 net periodic pension cost to be approximately $110 million to $130 million, including approximately $35 million of service cost, compared to $132 million in 2019, which included $29 million of service cost. The decrease in expected net periodic pension cost is primarily due to lower interest cost for our U.S. pension plans from decreases in interest rates. We experienced a decrease in our U.S. discount rate at the end of 2019 and a large portion of the $30 million net actuarial loss included in AOCL for our worldwide other postretirement benefit plans as of December 31, 2019 is a result of the overall decline in U.S. discount rates over time. For purposes of determining 2019 worldwide net periodic other postretirement benefits cost, we recognized $3 million of net actuarial losses in 2019. We will 18 recognize approximately $4 million of net actuarial losses in 2020. If our future experience is consistent with our assumptions as of December 31, 2019, actuarial loss recognition over the next few years will remain at an amount near that to be recognized in 2020 before it begins to gradually decline. For further information on pensions and other postretirement benefits, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from our operating and financing activities. Our cash flows from operating activities are driven primarily by our operating results and changes in our working capital requirements and our cash flows from financing activities are dependent upon our ability to access credit or other capital. In the first quarter of 2019, we amended and restated our European revolving credit facility. Significant changes include extending the maturity to March 27, 2024, increasing the available commitments from €550 million to €800 million, decreasing the interest rate margin by 25 basis points and decreasing the annual commitment fee by 5 basis points. For further information on the other strategic initiatives we pursued in 2019, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview.” At December 31, 2019, we had $908 million of Cash and Cash Equivalents, compared to $801 million at December 31, 2018. The increase in cash and cash equivalents of $107 million was primarily due to cash flows from operating activities of $1,207 million, driven by segment operating income of $945 million and cash from working capital of $82 million. These sources of cash were partially offset by cash used in investing activities of $800 million, primarily reflecting capital expenditures of $770 million, and cash used in financing activities of $307 million, primarily due to cash used for dividends of $148 million and net debt repayments of $119 million. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had $3,578 million and $3,151 million, respectively, of unused availability under our various credit agreements. The table below provides unused availability by our significant credit facilities as of December 31: (In millions) First lien revolving credit facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European revolving credit facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexican credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other domestic and international debt Notes payable and overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 2018 $ 1,662 899 290 — 338 389 $ 1,633 629 199 140 221 329 $ 3,578 $ 3,151 We have deposited our cash and cash equivalents and entered into various credit agreements and derivative contracts with financial institutions that we considered to be substantial and creditworthy at the time of such transactions. We seek to control our exposure to these financial institutions by diversifying our deposits, credit agreements and derivative contracts across multiple financial institutions, by setting deposit and counterparty credit limits based on long term credit ratings and other indicators of credit risk such as credit default swap spreads, and by monitoring the financial strength of these financial institutions on a regular basis. We also enter into master netting agreements with counterparties when possible. By controlling and monitoring exposure to financial loss due to nonperformance by a financial institution. However, we cannot provide assurance that we will not experience losses or delays in accessing our deposits or lines of credit due to the nonperformance of a financial institution. Our inability to access our cash deposits or make draws on our lines of credit, or the inability of a counterparty to institutions in this manner, we believe that we effectively manage the risk of 19 fulfill its contractual obligations to us, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations in the period in which it occurs. We expect our 2020 cash flow needs to include capital expenditures of approximately $800 million. We also interest expense to range between $350 million and $375 million, restructuring payments to be expect $125 million to $150 million, dividends on our common stock to be approximately $150 million, and contributions to our funded non-U.S. pension plans to be $25 million to $50 million. We expect working capital to be a use of cash of $50 million to $100 million in 2020. We intend to operate the business in a way that allows us to address these needs with our existing cash and available credit if they cannot be funded by cash generated from operations. We believe that our liquidity position is adequate to fund our operating and investing needs and debt maturities in 2020 and to provide us with flexibility to respond to further changes in the business environment. Our ability to service debt and operational requirements is also dependent, in part, on the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions of cash to various other entities in our consolidated group, whether in the form of dividends, loans or otherwise. In certain countries where we operate, such as China and South Africa, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans, advances or payments to third-party or affiliated suppliers are generally or periodically subject to certain requirements, such as obtaining approval from the foreign government and/or currency exchange board before net assets can be transferred out of the country. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments limit the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make distributions of cash. Thus, we would have to repay and/or amend these credit agreements and other debt instruments in order to use this cash to service our consolidated debt. Because of the inherent uncertainty of satisfactorily meeting these requirements or limitations, we do not consider the net assets of our subsidiaries, including our Chinese and South African subsidiaries, which are subject to such requirements or limitations, to be integral to our liquidity or our ability to service our debt and operational requirements. At December 31, 2019, approximately $711 million of net assets, including $102 million of cash and cash equivalents, were subject to such requirements. The requirements we must comply with to transfer funds out of China and South Africa have not adversely impacted our ability to make transfers out of those countries. Cash Position At December 31, 2019, significant concentrations of cash and cash equivalents held by our international subsidiaries included the following amounts: • $337 million or 37% in Asia Pacific, primarily China, India and Japan ($278 million or 35% at December 31, 2018), • $214 million or 24% in EMEA, primarily Belgium ($261 million or 33% at December 31, 2018), and • $190 million or 21% in Americas, primarily Brazil, Canada and Chile ($134 million or 17% at December 31, 2018). Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities was $1,207 million in 2019, increasing $291 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $916 million in 2018. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities was driven by an increase in cash provided by working capital of $202 million and lower cash payments for rationalizations of $115 million, reflecting cash payments made during 2018 related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Also, cash flows from operating activities were favorably impacted by an increase in Balance Sheet accruals for Compensation and Benefits of $210 million, primarily due to higher wages and benefits, including higher incentive compensation, and a lower decrease in Other Current Liabilities in 2019 as compared to 2018 providing a net benefit of $131 million, primarily due to changes in indirect taxes. These impacts were partially offset by a decrease in operating income from our SBUs of $329 million. Working capital was a source of cash of $82 million in 2019 as compared to a use of cash of $120 million in 2018, reflecting the Company’s continued focus on reducing working capital, including actions taken with our 20 vendors and customers related to accounts payable and accounts receivable and managing production levels, as well as the impact of moderating raw material prices during 2019. Investing Activities Net cash used by investing activities was $800 million in 2019, compared to $867 million in 2018. Capital expenditures were $770 million in 2019, compared to $811 million in 2018. Beyond expenditures required to sustain our facilities, capital expenditures in 2019 and 2018 primarily related to investments in additional 17-inch and above capacity around the world. Financing Activities Net cash used by financing activities was $307 million in 2019, compared to $243 million in 2018. Financing activities in 2019 included net debt repayments of $119 million. Financing activities in 2018 included net borrowings of $135 million. We paid dividends on our common stock of $148 million and $138 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. We repurchased $220 million of our common stock in 2018 and did not repurchase any shares in 2019. Credit Sources In aggregate, we had total credit arrangements of $9,078 million available at December 31, 2019, of which $3,578 million were unused, compared to $8,971 million available at December 31, 2018, of which $3,151 million were unused. At December 31, 2019, we had long term credit arrangements totaling $8,320 million, of which $3,189 million were unused, compared to $8,212 million and $2,822 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2019, we had short term committed and uncommitted credit arrangements totaling $758 million, of which $389 million were unused, compared to $759 million and $329 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018. The continued availability of the short term uncommitted arrangements is at the discretion of the relevant lender and may be terminated at any time. Outstanding Notes At December 31, 2019, we had $3,311 million of outstanding notes, compared to $3,314 million at December 31, 2018. $2.0 Billion Amended and Restated First Lien Revolving Credit Facility due 2021 Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility is available in the form of loans or letters of credit, with letter of credit availability limited to $800 million. Availability under the facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based primarily on (i) eligible accounts receivable and inventory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and certain of its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries, (ii) the value of our principal trademarks, and (iii) certain cash in an amount not to exceed $200 million. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable and inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under the facility may decrease below $2.0 billion. In addition, if the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess. As of December 31, 2019, our borrowing base, and therefore our availability, under the facility was $301 million below the facility’s stated amount of $2.0 billion. Based on our current liquidity, amounts drawn under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 125 basis points, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 30 basis points. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had no borrowings and $37 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility. During 2016, we began entering into bilateral letter of credit agreements. At December 31, 2019, we had $351 million in letters of credit issued under bilateral credit agreements. Amended and Restated Second Lien Term Loan Facility due 2025 Our amended and restated second lien term loan facility matures on March 7, 2025. The term loan bears interest, at our option, at (i) 200 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 100 basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher 21 of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). In addition, if the Total Leverage Ratio is equal to or less than 1.25 to 1.00, we have the option to further reduce the spreads described above by 25 basis points. “Total Leverage Ratio” has the meaning given it in the facility. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the amounts outstanding under this facility were $400 million. €800 Million Amended and Restated Senior Secured European Revolving Credit Facility due 2024 On March 27, 2019, we amended and restated our European revolving credit facility. Significant changes to the European revolving credit facility include extending the maturity to March 27, 2024, increasing the available commitments thereunder from €550 million to €800 million, decreasing the interest rate margin by 25 basis points and decreasing the annual commitment fee by 5 basis points to 25 basis points. Loans will now bear interest at LIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in U.S. dollars or pounds sterling and EURIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in euros. The European revolving credit facility consists of (i) a €180 million German tranche that is available only to Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH (“GDTG”) and (ii) a €620 million all-borrower tranche that is available to Goodyear Europe B.V. (“GEBV”), GDTG and Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A. Up to €175 million of swingline loans and €75 million in letters of credit are available for issuance under the all-borrower tranche. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to €200 million. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no borrowings and no letters of credit outstanding under the European revolving credit facility. Each of our first lien revolving credit facility and our European revolving credit facility have customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2015 under the first lien facility and December 31, 2018 under the European facility. Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities (On-Balance Sheet) GEBV and certain other of our European subsidiaries are parties to a pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility that expires in 2023. The terms of the facility provide the flexibility to designate annually the maximum amount of funding available under the facility in an amount of not less than €30 million and not more than €450 million. For the period from October 18, 2018 through October 15, 2020, the designated maximum amount of the facility is €320 million. The facility involves the ongoing daily sale of substantially all of the trade accounts receivable of certain GEBV subsidiaries. These subsidiaries retain servicing responsibilities. Utilization under this facility is based on eligible receivable balances. The funding commitments under the facility will expire upon the earliest to occur of: (a) September 26, 2023, (b) the non-renewal and expiration (without substitution) of all of the back-up liquidity commitments, (c) the early termination of the facility according to its terms (generally upon an Early Amortisation Event (as defined in the facility), which includes, among other things, events similar to the events of default under our senior secured credit facilities; certain tax law changes; or certain changes to law, regulation or accounting standards), or (d) our request for early termination of the facility. The facility’s current back-up liquidity commitments will expire on October 15, 2020. At December 31, 2019, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $327 million (€291 million). At December 31, 2018, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $335 million (€293 million). The program does not qualify for sale accounting, and accordingly, these amounts are included in Long Term Debt and Finance Leases. 22 Accounts Receivable Factoring Facilities (Off-Balance Sheet) We have sold certain of our trade receivables under off-balance sheet programs. For these programs, we have concluded that there is generally no risk of loss to us from non-payment of the sold receivables. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the amount of receivables sold was $548 million and $568 million, respectively. Supplier Financing We have entered into payment processing agreements with several financial institutions. Under these agreements, the financial institution acts as our paying agent with respect to accounts payable due to our suppliers. These agreements also allow our suppliers to sell their receivables to the financial institutions at the sole discretion of both the supplier and the financial institution on terms that are negotiated between them. We are not always notified when our suppliers sell receivables under these programs. Our obligations to our suppliers, including the amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by our suppliers’ decisions to sell their receivables under the program. Agreements for such supplier financing programs totaled up to $500 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Further Information After 2021, it is unclear whether banks will continue to provide LIBOR submissions to the administrator of LIBOR, and no consensus currently exists as to what benchmark rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR. In the United States, efforts to identify a set of alternative U.S. dollar reference interest rates include proposals by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee that has been convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Additionally, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. launched a consultation on technical issues related to new benchmark fallbacks for derivative contracts that reference certain interbank offered rates, including LIBOR. We cannot currently predict the effect of the discontinuation of, or other changes to, LIBOR or any establishment of alternative reference rates in the United States, the European Union or elsewhere on the global capital markets. The uncertainty regarding the future of LIBOR, as well as the transition from LIBOR to any alternative reference rate or rates, could have adverse impacts on floating rate obligations, loans, deposits, derivatives and other financial instruments that currently use LIBOR as a benchmark rate. We are in the process of evaluating our financing obligations and other contracts that refer to LIBOR. Our second lien term loan facility and our European revolving credit facility, which constitute the most significant of our LIBOR-based debt obligations that mature after 2021, contain “fallback” provisions that address the potential discontinuation of LIBOR and facilitate the adoption of an alternate rate of interest. Our first lien revolving credit facility matures in 2021 and we have not issued any long term floating rate notes. Our first lien revolving credit facility and second lien term loan facility also contain express provisions for the use, at our option, of an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). We do not believe that the discontinuation of LIBOR, or its replacement with an alternative reference rate or rates, will have a material impact on our results of operations, financial position or liquidity. For a further description of the terms of our outstanding notes, first lien revolving credit facility, second lien term loan facility, European revolving credit facility and pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments. Covenant Compliance Our first and second lien credit facilities and some of the indentures governing our notes contain certain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, incur liens, sell assets, incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, enter into affiliate transactions, engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. Our first and second lien credit facilities and the indentures governing our notes also have customary defaults, including cross-defaults to material indebtedness of Goodyear and its subsidiaries. 23 We have additional financial covenants in our first and second lien credit facilities that are currently not applicable. We only become subject to these financial covenants when certain events occur. These financial covenants and related events are as follows: • We become subject to the financial covenant contained in our first lien revolving credit facility when the aggregate amount of our Parent Company (The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company) and guarantor subsidiaries cash and cash equivalents (“Available Cash”) plus our availability under our first lien revolving credit facility is less than $200 million. If this were to occur, our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense may not be less than 2.0 to 1.0 for the most recent period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. As of December 31, 2019, our availability under this facility of $1,662 million plus our Available Cash of $211 million totaled $1,873 million, which is in excess of $200 million. • We become subject to a covenant contained in our second lien credit facility upon certain asset sales. The covenant provides that, before we use cash proceeds from certain asset sales to repay any junior lien, senior unsecured or subordinated indebtedness, we must first offer to use such cash proceeds to prepay borrowings under the second lien credit facility unless our ratio of Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness to EBITDA (Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio) for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is equal to or less than 3.0 to 1.0. In addition, our European revolving credit facility contains non-financial covenants similar to the non-financial covenants in our first and second lien credit facilities that are described above and a financial covenant applicable only to GEBV and its subsidiaries. This financial covenant provides that we are not permitted to allow GEBV’s ratio of Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness to Consolidated GEBV EBITDA for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters to be greater than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter. Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness is determined net of the sum of cash and cash equivalents in excess of $100 million held by GEBV and its subsidiaries, cash and cash equivalents in excess of $150 million held by the Parent Company and its U.S. subsidiaries, and availability under our first lien revolving credit facility if the ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense described above is not applicable and the conditions to borrowing under the first lien revolving credit facility are met. Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness also excludes loans from other consolidated Goodyear entities. This financial covenant is also included in our pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility. At December 31, 2019, we were in compliance with this financial covenant. Our credit facilities also state that we may only incur additional debt or make restricted payments that are not otherwise expressly permitted if, after giving effect to the debt incurrence or the restricted payment, our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense for the prior four fiscal quarters would exceed 2.0 to 1.0. Certain of our senior note indentures have substantially similar limitations on incurring debt and making restricted payments. Our credit facilities and indentures also permit the incurrence of additional debt through other provisions in those agreements without regard to our ability to satisfy the ratio-based incurrence test described above. We believe that these other provisions provide us with sufficient flexibility to incur additional debt necessary to meet our operating, investing and financing needs without regard to our ability to satisfy the ratio- based incurrence test. Covenants could change based upon a refinancing or amendment of an existing facility, or additional covenants may be added in connection with the incurrence of new debt. As of December 31, 2019, we were in compliance with the currently applicable material covenants imposed by our principal credit facilities and indentures. The terms “Available Cash,” “EBITDA,” “Consolidated Interest Expense,” “Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness,” “Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio,” “Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness” and “Consolidated GEBV EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the respective credit facilities. Potential Future Financings In addition to our previous financing activities, we may seek to undertake additional financing actions which could include restructuring bank debt or capital markets transactions, possibly including the issuance of 24 additional debt or equity. Given the inherent uncertainty of market conditions, access to the capital markets cannot be assured. Our future liquidity requirements may make it necessary for us to incur additional debt. However, a substantial portion of our assets are already subject to liens securing our indebtedness. As a result, we are limited in our ability to pledge our remaining assets as security for additional secured indebtedness. In addition, no assurance can be given as to our ability to raise additional unsecured debt. Dividends and Common Stock Repurchase Program Under our primary credit facilities and some of our note indentures, we are permitted to pay dividends on and repurchase our capital stock (which constitute restricted payments) as long as no default will have occurred and be continuing, additional indebtedness can be incurred under the credit facilities or indentures following the payment, and certain financial tests are satisfied. During 2019, 2018 and 2017 we paid cash dividends of $148 million, $138 million and $110 million, respectively, on our common stock. On January 14, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors (or a duly authorized committee thereof) declared cash dividends of $0.16 per share of our common stock, or approximately $37 million in the aggregate. The cash dividend will be paid on March 2, 2020 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 3, 2020. Future quarterly dividends are subject to Board approval. On September 18, 2013, the Board of Directors approved our common stock repurchase program and, from time to time, approved increases in the amount authorized to be purchased under that program. The program expired on December 31, 2019. During 2019, we did not repurchase any shares under this program. Since 2013, we repurchased 52,905,959 shares at an average price, including commissions, of $28.99 per share, or $1,534 million in the aggregate. The restrictions imposed by our credit facilities and indentures did not affect our ability to pay the dividends on or repurchase our capital stock as described above, and are not expected to affect our ability to pay similar dividends or make similar repurchases in the future. Asset Dispositions The restrictions on asset sales imposed by our material indebtedness have not affected our ability to divest non-core businesses, and those divestitures have not affected our ability to comply with those restrictions. 25 COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Contractual Obligations The following table presents our contractual obligations and commitments to make future payments as of December 31, 2019: (In millions) Total 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 $ $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Obligations(1) Finance Lease Obligations(2) . . . . . . . . . Interest Payments(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Obligations(4) . . . . . . . Pension Benefits(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Postretirement Benefits(6) . . . . . . Workers’ Compensation(7) . . . . . . . . . . . Binding Commitments(8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uncertain Income Tax Positions(9) $ 5,444 249 1,670 1,124 310 153 261 2,405 8 $ 907 4 270 242 62 17 39 1,310 2 250 15 218 192 62 17 23 390 4 391 2 205 141 62 16 18 181 — $ 1,648 1 190 109 62 16 14 152 — $ 85 2 129 81 62 15 11 130 — Beyond 2024 $ 2,163 225 658 359 NA 72 156 242 2 $ 11,624 $ 2,853 $ 1,171 $ 1,016 $ 2,192 $ 515 $ 3,877 (1) Debt obligations include Notes Payable and Overdrafts, and excludes the impact of deferred financing fees and unamortized discounts. (2) The minimum lease payments for finance lease obligations are $813 million. (3) These amounts represent future interest payments related to our existing debt obligations and finance leases based on fixed and variable interest rates specified in the associated debt and lease agreements. The amounts provided relate only to existing debt obligations and do not assume the refinancing or replacement of such debt or future changes in variable interest rates. (4) Operating lease obligations have not been reduced by minimum sublease rentals of $13 million, $9 million, $6 million, $4 million, $2 million and $4 million in each of the periods above, respectively, for a total of $38 million. Payments, net of minimum sublease rentals, total $1,086 million. The present value of the net operating lease payments, including sublease rentals, is $834 million. The operating leases relate to, among other things, real estate, vehicles, data processing equipment and miscellaneous other assets. No asset is leased from any related party. (5) The obligation related to pension benefits is actuarially determined and is reflective of obligations as of December 31, 2019. Although subject to change, the amounts set forth in the table represent the mid-point of the range of our expected contributions for funded U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, plus expected cash funding of direct participant payments to our U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans. We made significant contributions to fully fund our U.S. pension plans in 2013 and 2014. We have no minimum funding requirements for our funded U.S. pension plans under current ERISA law or the provisions of our USW collective bargaining agreement, which requires us to maintain an annual ERISA funded status for the hourly U.S. pension plan of at least 97%. Future U.S. pension contributions will be affected by our ability to offset changes in future interest rates with asset returns from our fixed income portfolio and any changes to ERISA law. For further information on the U.S. pension investment strategy, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans. Future non-U.S. contributions are affected by factors such as: • • future interest rate levels, the amount and timing of asset returns, and 26 • how contributions in excess of the minimum requirements could impact the amount and timing of future contributions. (6) (7) (8) (9) The payments presented above are expected payments for the next 10 years. The payments for other postretirement benefits reflect the estimated benefit payments of the plans using the provisions currently in effect. Under the relevant summary plan descriptions or plan documents we have the right to modify or terminate the plans. The obligation related to other postretirement benefits is actuarially determined on an annual basis. The payments for workers’ compensation obligations are based upon recent historical payment patterns on claims. The present value of anticipated claims payments for workers’ compensation is $198 million. Binding commitments are for raw materials, capital expenditures, utilities, and various other types of contracts. The obligations to purchase raw materials include supply contracts at both fixed and variable prices. Those with variable prices are based on index rates for those commodities at December 31, 2019. These amounts primarily represent expected payments with interest for uncertain income tax positions as of December 31, 2019. We have reflected them in the period in which we believe they will be ultimately settled based upon our experience with these matters. Additional other long term liabilities include items such as general and product liabilities, environmental liabilities and miscellaneous other long term liabilities. These other liabilities are not contractual obligations by nature. We cannot, with any degree of reliability, determine the years in which these liabilities might ultimately be settled. Accordingly, these other long term liabilities are not included in the above table. In addition, pursuant to certain long term agreements, we will purchase varying amounts of certain raw materials and finished goods at agreed upon base prices that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in raw material costs and market price adjustments, or in quantities that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in our or our suppliers’ production levels. These contingent contractual obligations, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, are not included in the table above. We do not engage in the trading of commodity contracts or any related derivative contracts. We generally purchase raw materials and energy through short term, intermediate and long term supply contracts at fixed prices or at formula prices related to market prices or negotiated prices. We may, however, from time to time, enter into contracts to hedge our energy costs. At December 31, 2019, we had an agreement to provide a revolving loan commitment to TireHub of $50 million. No amounts were drawn on that commitment as of December 31, 2019. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements An off-balance sheet arrangement is any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity under which a company has: • made guarantees, • retained or held a contingent interest in transferred assets, • undertaken an obligation under certain derivative instruments, or • undertaken any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the company, or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development arrangements with the company. We have entered into certain arrangements under which we have provided guarantees that are off-balance sheet arrangements. Those guarantees totaled approximately $74 million at December 31, 2019. For further information about our guarantees, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. 27 FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION — SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT Certain information in this Annual Report (other than historical data and information) may constitute forward- looking statements regarding events and trends that may affect our future operating results and financial position. The words “estimate,” “expect,” “intend” and “project,” as well as other words or expressions of similar meaning, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. Such statements are based on current expectations and assumptions, are inherently uncertain, are subject to risks and should be viewed with caution. Actual results and experience may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including: • if we do not successfully implement our strategic initiatives, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity may be materially adversely affected; • we face significant global competition and our market share could decline; • deteriorating economic conditions in any of our major markets, or an inability to access capital markets or third-party financing when necessary, may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity; • raw material and energy costs may materially adversely affect our operating results and financial condition; • if we experience a labor strike, work stoppage or other similar event our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected; • our international operations have certain risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity; • we have foreign currency translation and transaction risks that may materially adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and liquidity; • our long term ability to meet our obligations, to repay maturing indebtedness or to implement strategic initiatives may be dependent on our ability to access capital markets in the future and to improve our operating results; • financial difficulties, work stoppages, supply disruptions or economic conditions affecting our major OE customers, dealers or suppliers could harm our business; • our capital expenditures may not be adequate to maintain our competitive position and may not be implemented in a timely or cost-effective manner; • we have a substantial amount of debt, which could restrict our growth, place us at a competitive disadvantage or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial health; • any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of our debt instruments, or a material reduction in the borrowing base under our revolving credit facility, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations; • our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly; • we have substantial fixed costs and, as a result, our operating income fluctuates disproportionately with changes in our net sales; • we may incur significant costs in connection with our contingent liabilities and tax matters; • our reserves for contingent to various uncertainties, the outcome of which may result in our actual costs being significantly higher than the amounts recorded; recorded insurance assets are subject liabilities and our 28 • we are subject to extensive government regulations that may materially adversely affect our operating results; • we may be adversely affected by any disruption in, or failure of, our information technology systems due to computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attack, natural disasters or other similar disruptions; • if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel, our business could be materially adversely affected; and • we may be impacted by economic and supply disruptions associated with events beyond our control, such as war, acts of terror, political unrest, public health concerns, labor disputes or natural disasters. It is not possible to foresee or identify all such factors. We will not revise or update any forward-looking statement or disclose any facts, events or circumstances that occur after the date hereof that may affect the accuracy of any forward-looking statement. 29 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. We utilize derivative financial instrument contracts and nonderivative instruments to manage interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity price risks. We have established a control environment that includes policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative financial instrument activities. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Commodity Price Risk The raw materials costs to which our operations are principally exposed include the cost of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, carbon black, fabrics, steel cord and other petrochemical-based commodities. Approximately two-thirds of our raw materials are petroleum-based, the cost of which may be affected by fluctuations in the price of oil. We currently do not hedge commodity prices. We do, however, use various strategies to partially offset cost increases for raw materials, including centralizing purchases of raw materials through our global procurement organization in an effort to leverage our purchasing power, expanding our capabilities to substitute lower-cost raw materials, and reducing the amount of material required in each tire. Interest Rate Risk We continuously monitor our fixed and floating rate debt mix. Within defined limitations, we manage the mix using refinancing. At December 31, 2019, 32% of our debt was at variable interest rates averaging 3.81% compared to 33% at an average rate of 4.92% at December 31, 2018. The following table presents information about long term fixed rate debt, excluding finance leases, at December 31: (In millions) 2019 2018 Carrying amount — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pro forma fair value — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 3,434 3,558 3,629 3,609 3,443 3,583 The pro forma information assumes a 100 basis point decrease in market interest rates at December 31 of each year, and reflects the estimated fair value of fixed rate debt outstanding at that date under that assumption. The sensitivity of our fixed rate debt to changes in interest rates was determined using current market pricing models. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk We enter into foreign currency contracts in order to reduce the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results of operations and future foreign currency-denominated cash flows. These contracts reduce exposure to currency movements affecting existing foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, firm commitments and forecasted transactions resulting primarily from trade purchases and sales, equipment acquisitions, intercompany loans and royalty agreements. Contracts hedging short term trade receivables and payables normally have no hedging designation. The following table presents foreign currency derivative information at December 31: (In millions) 2019 2018 Fair value — asset (liability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pro forma decrease in fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contract maturities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (8) (199) 1/20 - 12/21 $ 11 (152) 1/19 - 12/20 The pro forma decrease in fair value assumes a 10% adverse change in underlying foreign exchange rates at December 31 of each year, and reflects the estimated change in the fair value of contracts outstanding at that date under that assumption. The sensitivity of our foreign currency positions to changes in exchange rates was determined using current market pricing models. 30 Fair values are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31 as follows: (In millions) Current asset (liability): Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long term asset (liability): Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other long term liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 2018 $ $ $ $ 10 (18) 1 (1) 16 (7) 2 — For further information on foreign currency contracts, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments. Refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion of our management of counterparty risk. 31 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (In millions, except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Net Sales (Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of Goods Sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, Administrative and General Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rationalizations (Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest Expense (Note 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (Income) Expense (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,745 11,602 2,323 205 340 98 $ 15,475 11,961 2,312 44 321 (174) $ 15,377 11,680 2,279 135 335 70 Income before Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States and Foreign Tax Expense (Note 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 474 (297) 14 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (311) $ 1,011 303 708 15 693 $ 878 513 365 19 346 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) — Per Share of Common Stock Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.33) $ 2.92 $ 1.39 Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Note 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 237 249 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.33) $ 2.89 $ 1.37 Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Note 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 239 253 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 32 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (In millions) Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Comprehensive Income (Loss): Foreign currency translation, net of tax of $4 in 2019 (($10) in 2018, $39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in 2017) Defined benefit plans: Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost, net of tax of $33 in 2019 ($34 in 2018, $40 in 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Increase)/decrease in net actuarial losses, net of tax of ($42) in 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ (297) $ 708 $ 365 5 (264) 257 104 105 77 ($1 in 2018, ($37) in 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (169) Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements, and divestitures, net of tax of $2 in 2019 ($5 in 2018, $14 in 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service credit (cost) from plan amendments, net of tax of $1 in 2019 (($3) in 2018, ($2) in 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred derivative gains (losses), net of tax of $0 in 2019 ($3 in 2018, ($8) in 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income, net of tax of $0 in 2019 ($0 in 2018, $1 in 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 10 (14) (59) Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (356) 16 20 (12) 9 7 (119) 589 (100) 27 (4) (20) 1 238 603 Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 (4) 35 Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (371) $ 593 $ 568 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 33 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In millions, except share data) Assets: Current Assets: Cash and Cash Equivalents (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Receivable (Note 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories (Note 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill (Note 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible Assets (Note 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes (Note 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets (Note 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets (Note 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plant and Equipment (Note 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2019 2018 908 $ 1,941 2,851 234 5,934 565 137 1,527 959 855 7,208 801 2,030 2,856 238 5,925 569 136 1,847 1,136 — 7,259 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,185 $ 16,872 Liabilities: Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable — Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Compensation and Benefits (Notes 17 and 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Payable and Overdrafts (Note 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year (Note 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year (Notes 14 and 15) . . . . . . . . 2,908 $ 536 734 348 199 562 Total Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities (Note 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Finance Leases (Notes 14 and 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits (Notes 17 and 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes (Note 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Long Term Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,287 668 4,753 1,334 90 508 2,920 471 737 410 — 243 4,781 — 5,110 1,345 95 471 Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,640 11,802 Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (Note 19) Shareholders’ Equity: Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity: Common Stock, no par value: Authorized, 450 million shares, Outstanding shares — 233 million (232 million in 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Surplus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Note 21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 2,141 6,113 (4,136) 232 2,111 6,597 (4,076) Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,351 4,864 Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Nonredeemable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 206 Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,545 5,070 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,185 $ 16,872 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 34 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY Common Stock Shares Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Non- Redeemable Total Shareholders’ Equity (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) Balance at December 31, 2016 (after deducting 26,866,893 common treasury shares) . . 251,596,534 $ 252 $ 2,645 $ 5,808 $ (4,198) $ 4,507 $ 218 $ 4,725 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation (net of tax of $39) . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $40) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in net actuarial losses (net of tax of ($37)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service cost from plan amendments (net of tax of ($2)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred derivative losses (net of tax of ($8)) . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of $1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common 24 346 346 240 19 17 240 77 77 365 257 77 (99) (99) (1) (100) 27 (4) (20) 1 27 (4) (20) 1 222 568 24 (400) (110) 14 27 (4) (20) 1 238 603 24 (400) (116) 14 16 35 (6) stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (12,755,547) (13) (387) Dividends declared . . . . . . . . . Common stock issued from treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313,615 1 13 (110) Balance at December 31, 2017 (after deducting 38,308,825 common treasury shares) . . 240,154,602 $ 240 $ 2,295 $ 6,044 $ (3,976) $ 4,603 $ 247 $ 4,850 We declared and paid cash dividends of $0.44 per common share for the year ended December 31, 2017. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 35 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY — (Continued) Common Stock Shares Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Non- Redeemable Total Shareholders’ Equity (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) Balance at December 31, 2017 (after deducting 38,308,825 common treasury shares) . . 240,154,602 $ 240 $ 2,295 $ 6,044 $ (3,976) $ 4,603 $ 247 $ 4,850 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation (net of tax of ($10)) . . . . Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $34) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in net actuarial losses (net of tax of $1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $5) . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service cost from plan amendments (net of tax of ($3)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred derivative gains (net of tax of $3) . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of $0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of new accounting standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repurchase of common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends declared . . . . . . . . . Common stock issued from treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of minority shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 693 (245) 15 (19) 105 16 (245) 105 16 20 20 (12) (12) 9 7 9 7 (100) 593 (1) 19 (220) (139) 4 5 (19) (4) (8) (29) (1) (139) 19 (8,936,302) (9) (211) 952,743 1 3 5 708 (264) 105 16 20 (12) 9 7 (119) 589 (1) 19 (220) (147) 4 (24) Balance at December 31, 2018 (after deducting 46,292,384 common treasury shares) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,171,043 $ 232 $ 2,111 $ 6,597 $ (4,076) $ 4,864 $ 206 $ 5,070 We declared and paid cash dividends of $0.58 per common share for the year ended December 31, 2018. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 36 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY — (Continued) Common Stock Shares Amount Capital Surplus Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Non- Redeemable Total Shareholders’ Equity (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts) Balance at December 31, 2018 (after deducting 46,292,384 common treasury shares) . . . 232,171,043 $ 232 $ 2,111 $ 6,597 $ (4,076) $ 4,864 $ 206 $ 5,070 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation (net of tax of $4) . . . . . . . Amortization of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses included in total benefit cost (net of tax of $33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase in net actuarial losses (net of tax of ($42)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures (net of tax of $2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior service credit from plan amendments (net of tax of $1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred derivative gains (net of tax of $0) . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in income (net of tax of $0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adoption of new accounting standard (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividends declared . . . . . . . . . Common stock issued from treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of minority shares . . . Balance at December 31, 2019 (after deducting 45,813,109 (311) (311) 4 14 1 4 104 104 (169) (169) 4 1 10 (14) 4 1 10 (14) (60) (371) (23) 29 (150) 1 1 1 15 (5) (22) (23) (150) 29 1 479,275 1 (297) 5 104 (169) 4 1 10 (14) (59) (356) (23) 29 (155) 1 (21) common treasury shares) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,650,318 $ 233 $ 2,141 $ 6,113 $ (4,136) $ 4,351 $ 194 $ 4,545 We declared and paid cash dividends of $0.64 per common share for the year ended December 31, 2019. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 37 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 $ (297) $ 708 $ 365 (In millions) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income (Loss) to Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Depreciation and Amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization and Write-Off of Debt Issuance Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Provision for Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Pension Curtailments and Settlements (Note 17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Rationalization Charges (Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rationalization Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Gains on Asset Sales (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Expense (Note 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Payments (Note 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pension Contributions and Direct Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities, Net of Asset Acquisitions and Dispositions: Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Payable — Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets and Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 15 323 6 205 (59) (16) — 292 (267) (79) 71 6 5 184 (50) 73 Total Cash Flows from Operating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,207 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset Dispositions (Note 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Issued (Note 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Repurchased (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Dividends Paid (Note 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at End of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (770) 12 (113) 106 (7) (28) (800) 1,880 (1,933) 5,942 (6,008) 1 — (148) (26) (15) (307) 1 101 873 974 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 38 778 15 131 22 44 (174) (1) (272) — — (74) (172) (171) 223 (26) (181) 66 916 (811) 2 (68) 68 (55) (3) (867) 1,944 (1,795) 6,455 (6,469) 4 (220) (138) (31) 7 (243) (43) (237) 781 21 366 19 135 (154) (14) — — — (90) (147) (44) 85 (65) (76) (24) 1,158 (881) 12 (83) 83 — (10) (879) 1,054 (1,046) 6,463 (6,342) 14 (400) (110) (7) (41) (415) 57 (79) 1,110 1,189 $ 873 $ 1,110 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Accounting Policies A summary of the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows: Basis of Presentation Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted an accounting standards update with new guidance intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations relating to leases. The new guidance requires lessees to recognize a liability to make lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The standards update retained a dual model for lease classification, requiring leases to be classified as finance or operating leases to determine recognition in the statements of operations and cash flows; however, substantially all leases are now required to be recognized on the balance sheet. The standards update also requires quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding key information about leasing arrangements. We elected the optional transition method and applied the new guidance at the date of adoption, without adjusting the comparative periods presented. We also elected the practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance that retain the lease classification and initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to adoption of the standard, and we have elected to not evaluate land easements that existed as of, or expired before, adoption of the new standard. In addition, we did not reassess whether any contracts entered into prior to adoption are leases. The adoption of this standards update had a material impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and related disclosures. In addition to recognizing right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for our operating leases, we recorded $23 million as a cumulative effect adjustment to decrease Retained Earnings as a result of using the modified retrospective adoption approach. The adoption of this standards update did not have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows. The cumulative effect of the changes made to our January 1, 2019 balance sheet for the adoption of the standards update was as follows: (In millions) Balance at December 31, 2018 Adjustment for New Standard Balance at January 1, 2019 Deferred Income Taxes — Asset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plant and Equipment, less Accumulated Depreciation . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Long Term Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,847 — 7,259 — — 5,110 471 6,597 $ 7 882 (16) 204 684 14 (6) (23) $ 1,854 882 7,243 204 684 5,124 465 6,574 Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted an accounting standards update, intended to reduce complexity in hedge accounting and make hedge results easier to understand. This includes simplifying how hedge results are presented and disclosed in the financial statements, expanding the types of hedging strategies allowed and providing relief around the documentation and assessment requirements. The adoption of this standards update did not materially impact our consolidated financial statements. Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted an accounting standards update that allows an optional one-time reclassification from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (“AOCL”) to Retained Earnings for the stranded tax effects resulting from the new corporate tax rate under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) that was enacted on December 22, 2017 in the United States. We have elected not to reclassify the income tax 39 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES effects of the Tax Act from AOCL to Retained Earnings. As such, the adoption of this standards update did not impact our consolidated financial statements. Our policy is to utilize an item-by-item approach to release stranded income tax effects from AOCL. Under this approach, the stranded income tax effects are released from AOCL when the related item ceases to exist. Effective October 31, 2019, in conjunction with our annual impairment testing, we early adopted an accounting standards update with new guidance intended to simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The standards update eliminates the requirement for an entity to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, an entity will perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment testing by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recording an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, not to exceed the total goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The adoption of this standards update did not impact our consolidated financial statements. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In January 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an accounting standards update with clarifying guidance on the application of the measurement alternative for certain equity securities and the scoping assessment for forward contracts and purchased options on certain securities. The standards update is effective prospectively for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of this standards update on our consolidated financial statements. In December 2019, the FASB issued an accounting standards update with new guidance that changes the accounting for certain income tax transactions. The standards update is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this update related to separate financial statements of legal entities that are not subject to tax should be applied on a retrospective basis for all periods presented. The amendments related to changes in ownership of foreign equity method investments or foreign subsidiaries should be applied on a modified retrospective basis. The amendments related to franchise taxes that are partially based on income should be applied on either a retrospective basis for all periods presented or a modified retrospective basis. All other amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. We are currently assessing the impact of this standards update on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued an accounting standards update with new guidance requiring a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow existing internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as an asset. The standards update is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted, and may be applied retrospectively or as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The adoption of this standards update will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In June 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standards update with new guidance on accounting for credit losses on financial instruments. The new guidance includes an impairment model for estimating credit losses that is based on expected losses, rather than incurred losses. The standards update is effective prospectively for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standards update will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all legal entities in which we hold a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest generally arises from our ownership of a majority of the voting shares of our subsidiaries. We would also hold a controlling financial interest in variable interest entities if we are considered to be the primary beneficiary. Investments in companies in which we do not own a majority interest and we have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in other companies are carried at cost. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. 40 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and related notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. On an ongoing basis, management reviews its estimates, including those related to: • general and product liabilities and other litigation, • workers’ compensation, • recoverability of intangibles and other long-lived assets, • deferred tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain income tax positions, • pension and other postretirement benefits, and • various other operating allowances and accruals, based on currently available information. Changes in facts and circumstances may alter such estimates and affect results of operations and financial position in future periods. Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable Valuation Sales are recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied and control is transferred. This generally occurs with shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the underlying contract, or when services have been rendered. Sales are measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The amount of consideration we receive and sales we recognize can vary due to changes in sales incentives, rebates, rights of return or other items we offer our customers, for which we estimate the expected amounts based on an analysis of historical experience, or as the most likely amount in a range of possible outcomes. Payment terms with customers vary by region and customer, but are generally 30-90 days or at the point of sale for our consumer retail locations. Net sales exclude sales, value added and other taxes. Costs to obtain contracts are generally expensed as incurred due to the short term nature of individual contracts. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense as incurred. We have elected to recognize the costs incurred for transportation of products to customers as a component of cost of goods sold (“CGS”). Appropriate provisions are made for uncollectible accounts based on historical loss experience, portfolio duration, economic conditions and credit risk, considering both expected future losses as well as current incurred losses. The adequacy of the allowances are assessed quarterly. Research and Development Costs Research and development costs include, among other things, materials, equipment, compensation and contract services. These costs are expensed as incurred and included as a component of CGS. Research and development expenditures were $430 million, $424 million and $406 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Warranty Warranties are provided on the sale of certain of our products and services and an accrual for estimated future claims is recorded at the time revenue is recognized. Tire replacement under most of the warranties we offer is on a prorated basis. Warranty reserves are based on past claims experience, sales history and other considerations. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. Environmental Cleanup Matters We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. Expenditures that extend the life of the related property or 41 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. We determine our liability on a site by site basis and record a liability at the time when it is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Our estimated liability is reduced to reflect the anticipated participation of other potentially responsible parties in those instances where it is probable that such parties are legally responsible and financially capable of paying their respective shares of the relevant costs. Our estimated liability is not discounted or reduced for possible recoveries from insurance carriers. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. Legal Costs We record a liability for estimated legal and defense costs related to pending general and product liability claims, environmental matters and workers’ compensation claims. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. Advertising Costs Costs incurred for producing and communicating advertising are generally expensed when incurred as a component of selling, administrative and general expense (“SAG”). Costs incurred under our cooperative advertising programs with dealers and franchisees are generally recorded as reductions of sales as related revenues are recognized. Advertising costs, including costs for our cooperative advertising programs with dealers and franchisees, were $353 million, $345 million and $320 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Rationalizations We record costs for rationalization actions implemented to reduce excess and high-cost manufacturing capacity and operating and administrative costs. Associate-related costs include severance, supplemental unemployment compensation and benefits, medical benefits, pension curtailments, postretirement benefits, and other termination benefits. For ongoing benefit arrangements, a liability is recognized when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For one-time benefit arrangements, a liability is incurred and must be accrued at the date the plan is communicated to employees, unless they will be retained beyond a minimum retention period. In this case, the liability is calculated at the date the plan is communicated to employees and is accrued ratably over the future service period. For voluntary benefit arrangements, a liability is not estimable and is not recognized until eligible associates apply for the benefit and we accept the applications. Other costs generally include non-cancelable lease costs, contract terminations and relocation costs. A liability for these costs is recognized in the period in which the liability is incurred. Rationalization charges related to accelerated depreciation and asset impairments are recorded in CGS or SAG. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs. Income Taxes Income taxes are recognized during the year in which transactions enter into the determination of financial statement income, with deferred taxes being provided for temporary differences between carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and such carrying values as measured under applicable tax laws. The effect on deferred tax assets or liabilities of a change in the tax law or tax rate is recognized in the period the change is enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The calculation of our tax liabilities also involves considering uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for uncertain income tax positions based on our estimate of whether it is more likely than not that additional taxes will be required and we report related interest and penalties as income taxes. To the extent that we incur expense under the global intangible low-taxed income provisions we will treat it as a component of income tax expense in the period incurred. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 6, Income Taxes. Cash and Cash Equivalents / Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and marketable securities with original maturities of three months or less. Substantially all of our cash and short-term investment securities are held with investment grade 42 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES rated counterparties. At December 31, 2019, our cash investments with any single counterparty did not exceed $170 million. Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments designated as hedges of identifiable transactions or events are classified in the same category as the cash flows from the related hedged items. Cash flows associated with derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are classified as operating activities. Bank overdrafts, if any, are recorded within Notes Payable and Overdrafts. Cash flows associated with bank overdrafts are classified as financing activities. Customer prepayments for products and government grants received that predominately relate to operations are reported as operating activities. Government grants received that are predominately related to capital expenditures are reported as investing activities. The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are presented net of finance leases of $36 million, $6 million and $5 million originating in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Cash flows from investing activities in 2019 exclude $243 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2019, and include payment for $266 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2018. Cash flows from investing activities in 2018 exclude $266 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2018, and include payment for $265 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2017. Cash flows from investing activities in 2017 exclude $265 million of accrued capital expenditures remaining unpaid at December 31, 2017, and include payment for $264 million of capital expenditures that were accrued and unpaid at December 31, 2016. Restricted Cash The following table provides a reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash as reported within the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows: (In millions) December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Cash and Cash Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 908 66 $ 801 72 $ 1,043 67 Total Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 974 $ 873 $ 1,110 Restricted Cash, which is included in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, primarily represents amounts required to be set aside in connection with accounts receivable factoring programs. The restrictions lapse when cash from factored accounts receivable is remitted to the purchaser of those receivables. Restricted Net Assets In certain countries where we operate, transfers of funds into or out of such countries by way of dividends, loans or advances are generally or periodically subject to various governmental regulations. In addition, certain of our credit agreements and other debt instruments limit the ability of foreign subsidiaries to make cash distributions. At December 31, 2019, approximately $711 million of net assets were subject to such regulations or limitations. Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out or the average cost method. Costs include direct material, direct labor and applicable manufacturing and engineering overhead. We allocate fixed manufacturing overheads based on normal production capacity and recognize abnormal manufacturing costs as period costs. We determine a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based on management’s review of inventories on hand compared to estimated future usage and sales. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 10, Inventories. 43 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill is recorded when the cost of acquired businesses exceeds the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized but are assessed for impairment annually with the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible to its carrying amount. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value is less than the carrying amount, then an impairment loss will be recorded for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value, limited to the carrying amount of goodwill. We perform a quantitative assessment at least once every five years. In addition to annual testing, impairment testing is conducted when events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives would be written down to fair value if considered impaired. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized to their estimated residual values over such finite lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 11, Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Investments Investments in marketable securities are stated at fair value. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices at the end of the reporting period and, when appropriate, exchange rates at that date. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable equity securities are recorded in earnings. Unrealized gains and losses on marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale are recorded in AOCL, net of tax. Our investment in TireHub is accounted for under the equity method. We regularly review our investments to determine whether a decline in fair value below their recorded amount is other than temporary. If the decline in fair value is judged to be other than temporary, the investment is written down to fair value and the amount of the write-down is included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 12, Other Assets and Investments, No. 16, Fair Value Measurements, and No. 21, Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method. Additions and improvements that substantially extend the useful life of property, plant and equipment, and interest costs incurred during the construction period of major projects are capitalized. Government grants to us that are predominately related to capital expenditures are recorded as reductions of the cost of the associated assets. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated to their estimated residual values over their estimated useful lives, and reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances warrant such a review. Depreciation expense for property, plant and equipment was $793 million, $776 million and $779 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 4, Interest Expense, and No. 13, Property, Plant and Equipment. Foreign Currency Translation The functional currency for most subsidiaries outside the United States is the local currency. Financial statements of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate at each balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and a weighted average exchange rate for each period for revenues, expenses, gains and losses. The U.S. dollar is used as the functional currency in countries with a history of high inflation and in countries that predominantly sell into the U.S. dollar export market. For all operations, gains or losses from remeasuring foreign currency transactions into the functional currency are included in Other (Income) Expense. Translation adjustments are recorded in AOCL. Income taxes are generally not provided for foreign currency translation adjustments. 44 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities To qualify for hedge accounting, hedging instruments must be designated as hedges and meet defined correlation and effectiveness criteria. These criteria require that the anticipated cash flows and/or changes in fair value of the hedging instrument substantially offset those of the position being hedged. Derivative contracts are reported at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts Receivable, Other Assets, Other Current Liabilities or Other Long Term Liabilities. Deferred gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are recorded net of tax in AOCL. Interest Rate Contracts — Gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are initially deferred and recorded in AOCL. Amounts are transferred from AOCL and recognized in income as Interest Expense in the same period that the hedged item is recognized in income. Gains and losses on contracts designated as fair value hedges are recognized in income in the current period as Interest Expense. Gains and losses on contracts with no hedging designation are recorded in the current period in Other (Income) Expense. Foreign Currency Contracts — Gains and losses on contracts designated as cash flow hedges are initially deferred and recorded in AOCL. Amounts are transferred from AOCL and recognized in income in the same period and on the same line that the hedged item is recognized in income. Gains and losses on contracts designated as fair value hedges, excluding premiums and discounts, are recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. Gains and losses on contracts with no hedging designation are also recorded in Other (Income) Expense in the current period. We do not include premiums or discounts on forward currency contracts in our assessment of hedge effectiveness. Premiums and discounts on contracts designated as hedges are recorded in AOCL. The amounts are recognized in the Statement of Operations on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract on the same line that the hedged item is recognized in the Statement of Operations. Net Investment Hedging — Nonderivative instruments denominated in foreign currencies are used from time to time to hedge net investments in foreign subsidiaries. Gains and losses on these instruments are deferred and recorded in AOCL as Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments. These gains and losses are only recognized in income upon the complete or partial sale of the related investment or the complete liquidation of the investment. Termination of Contracts — Gains and losses (including deferred gains and losses in AOCL) are recognized in Other (Income) Expense when contracts are terminated concurrently with the termination of the hedged position. To the extent that such position remains outstanding, gains and losses are amortized to Interest Expense or to Other (Income) Expense over the remaining life of that position. Gains and losses on contracts that we temporarily continue to hold after the early termination of a hedged position, or that otherwise no longer qualify for hedge accounting, are recognized in Other (Income) Expense. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments. Stock-Based Compensation We measure compensation cost arising from the grant of stock-based awards to employees at fair value and recognize such cost in income over the period during which the service is provided, usually the vesting period. We recognize compensation expense using the straight-line approach. Stock-based awards to employees include grants of performance share units, restricted stock units and stock options. We measure the fair value of grants of performance share units and restricted stock units based primarily on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant, modified as appropriate to take into account the features of such grants. We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Assumptions used to estimate compensation expense are determined as follows: • Expected term represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding based on our historical experience of option exercises; 45 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES • Expected volatility is measured using the weighted average of historical daily changes in the market price of our common stock over the expected term of the award and implied volatility calculated for our exchange traded options with an expiration date greater than one year; • Risk-free interest rate is equivalent to the implied yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds with a remaining maturity equal to the expected term of the awards; and • Forfeitures are based substantially on the history of cancellations of similar awards granted in prior years. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 18, Stock Compensation Plans. Earnings Per Share of Common Stock Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share primarily reflects the dilutive impact of outstanding stock options and other stock based awards. All earnings per share amounts in these notes to the consolidated financial statements are diluted, unless otherwise noted. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 7, Earnings Per Share. Fair Value Measurements Valuation Hierarchy Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified using the following hierarchy, which is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation as of the measurement date. • Level 1 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. • Level 2 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, or other inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. • Level 3 — Valuation is based upon other unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement. The classification of fair value measurements within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement. Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows: Investments Where quoted prices are available in an active market, investments are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include highly liquid government bonds, certain mortgage products and exchange- traded equities. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are estimated using quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the security, and would be classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities would be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative Financial Instruments Exchange-traded derivative financial instruments that are valued using quoted prices would be classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative financial instruments valued using internally-developed models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. Derivative financial instruments that are valued based upon models with significant unobservable market parameters, and that are normally traded less actively, would be classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. Refer to Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 15, Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments, and No. 16, Fair Value Measurements. 46 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Reclassifications and Adjustments Certain items previously reported in specific financial statement captions have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Note 2. Net Sales The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2019: (In millions) Tire unit sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other tire and related sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail services and service related sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Europe, Middle East and Africa $ 4,300 363 39 — 6 Americas $ 6,300 659 535 403 25 Asia Pacific $ 1,924 117 70 — 4 Total $ 12,524 1,139 644 403 35 Net Sales by reportable segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,922 $ 4,708 $ 2,115 $ 14,745 The following table shows disaggregated net sales from contracts with customers by major source for the year ended December 31, 2018: (In millions) Tire unit sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other tire and related sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail services and service related sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Europe, Middle East and Africa $ 4,670 379 34 — 7 Americas $ 6,381 656 564 554 13 Asia Pacific $ 2,009 127 77 — 4 Total $ 13,060 1,162 675 554 24 Net Sales by reportable segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,168 $ 5,090 $ 2,217 $ 15,475 Tire unit sales consist of consumer, commercial, farm and off-the-road tire sales, including the sale of new Company-branded tires through Company-owned retail channels. Other tire and related sales consist of aviation, race, motorcycle and all-terrain vehicle tire sales, retread sales and other tire related sales. Sales of tires in this category are not included in reported tire unit information. Retail services and service related sales consist of automotive services performed for customers through our Company-owned retail channels, and includes service related products. Chemical sales relate to the sale of synthetic rubber and other chemicals to third parties, and exclude intercompany sales. Other sales include items such as franchise fees and ancillary tire parts. When we receive consideration from a customer prior to transferring goods or services under the terms of a sales contract, we record deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability. Deferred revenue included in Other Current Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $23 million and $39 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Deferred revenue included in Other Long Term Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets totaled $31 million and $39 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We recognize deferred revenue after we have transferred control of the goods or services to the customer and all revenue recognition criteria are met. 47 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents the balances of deferred revenue related to contracts with customers, and changes during the years ended December 31: (In millions) 2018 2019 Balance at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue deferred during period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue recognized during period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 78 155 (179) — $ 121 116 (159) — Balance at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 54 $ 78 Note 3. Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs In order to maintain our global competitiveness, we have implemented rationalization actions over the past several years to reduce high-cost and excess manufacturing capacity and associate headcount. The following table presents the roll-forward of the liability balance between periods: (In millions) Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 charges(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $25 million and $1 million, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversed to the Statement of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 charges(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $(3) million and $0 million, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversed to the Statement of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 charges(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incurred, net of foreign currency translation of $(2) million and $0 million, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversed to the Statement of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Associate-Related Costs Other Costs $ 214 103 (94) (13) $ 210 47 (158) (19) $ 80 185 (41) (4) $ 5 32 (34) — $ 3 17 (19) — $ 1 19 (20) — Total $ 219 135 (128) (13) $ 213 64 (177) (19) $ 81 204 (61) (4) Balance at December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 220 $ — $ 220 (1) Charges of $204 million, $64 million and $135 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, exclude $5 million, $(1) million and $13 million, respectively, of benefit plan curtailments and settlements recorded in Rationalizations in the Statement of Operations. On March 18, 2019, we approved a plan to modernize two of our tire manufacturing facilities in Germany. The plan is in furtherance of our strategy to strengthen the competitiveness of our manufacturing footprint and increase production of premium, large-rim diameter consumer tires. The plan will result in approximately 1,100 job reductions as a result of changes to the layout of the plants, efficiency gains from new equipment and a reduction in the production of tires for declining, less profitable market segments. We have $100 million accrued related to this plan at December 31, 2019, which is expected to be substantially paid through 2022. On September 16, 2019, we approved a plan primarily to offer voluntary buy-outs to certain associates at our Gadsden, Alabama manufacturing facility, as part of our strategy to strengthen the competitiveness of our manufacturing footprint by curtailing production of tires for declining, less profitable segments of the tire market. 48 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Approximately 740 eligible associates submitted buy-out applications between October 1 and November 1, 2019, which have been accepted by us. We have $69 million accrued related to this plan at December 31, 2019, which is expected to be substantially paid in 2020. The remainder of the accrual balance at December 31, 2019 is expected to be substantially utilized in the next 12 months and includes $24 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”), $16 million related to global plans to reduce SAG headcount and $7 million related to a plan to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in Americas. The following table shows net rationalization charges included in Income before Income Taxes: (In millions) 2019 2018 2017 Current Year Plans Associate severance and other related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit plan curtailment and special termination benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other exit and non-cancelable lease costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 183 5 11 Current Year Plans—Net Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 199 Prior Year Plans Associate severance and other related costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefit plan curtailment and special termination benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other exit and non-cancelable lease costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prior Year Plans—Net Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (2) — 8 6 Total Net Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 205 Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 15 $ $ 40 — — 40 $ (11) (1) 16 4 44 4 $ $ $ $ $ 81 — 2 83 9 13 30 52 $ 135 $ 40 Substantially all of the new charges in 2019 related to future cash outflows. Current year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2019 include $105 million related to the plan to modernize two of our manufacturing facilities in Germany, $76 million related to the Gadsden, Alabama plan, and $18 million related to separate plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in Americas and EMEA. Prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2019 include $10 million primarily related to EMEA manufacturing plans. Prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2019 also include reversals of $4 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Ongoing rationalization plans had approximately $930 million in charges through 2019 and approximately $50 million is expected to be incurred in future periods. Approximately 2,100 associates will be released under new plans initiated in 2019, of which approximately 800 were released through December 31, 2019. In 2019, approximately 400 associates were released under plans initiated in prior years. Approximately 1,450 associates remain to be released under all ongoing rationalization plans. At December 31, 2019, approximately 850 former associates of the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility have asserted wrongful termination or other claims against us. Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 19, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges in 2019 primarily related to the curtailment of production at our Gadsden, Alabama manufacturing facility. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges for all periods were recorded in CGS. 49 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Rationalization activities initiated in 2018 include current year charges of $28 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount and $13 million related to plans to reduce manufacturing headcount and improve operating efficiency in EMEA. Current year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2018 also include reversals of $1 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2018 include charges of $15 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $3 million related to a plan to reduce manufacturing headcount in EMEA, and $3 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount. Prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2018 also include reversals of $18 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Rationalization activities initiated in 2017 include current year charges of $30 million related to reductions in manufacturing headcount in EMEA, $25 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount, $20 million related to SAG headcount reductions in EMEA, and $8 million related to a plan to improve operating efficiency in EMEA. Current year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2017 also include reversals of $1 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Prior year plan charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2017 include charges of $35 million related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany, $16 million related to manufacturing headcount reductions in EMEA, and $12 million related to a global plan to reduce SAG headcount. Prior year plan charges for the year ended December 31, 2017 also include reversals of $12 million for actions no longer needed for their originally intended purposes. Asset write-off and accelerated depreciation charges in 2017 and 2018 primarily related to the closure of our tire manufacturing facility in Philippsburg, Germany. Note 4. Interest Expense Interest expense includes interest and the amortization of deferred financing fees and debt discounts, less amounts capitalized, as follows: (In millions) 2019 2018 2017 Interest expense before capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capitalized interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 351 (11) $ 335 (14) $ 358 (23) $ 340 $ 321 $ 335 Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized, were $324 million, $331 million and $314 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Note 5. Other (Income) Expense (In millions) 2019 2018 2017 Gain on TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits costs . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income on indirect tax settlements in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing fees and financial instruments expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net foreign currency exchange (gains) losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General and product liability expense—discontinued products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Royalty income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net (gains) losses on asset sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ (272) 121 (38) 36 (16) 9 (20) (1) (16) 23 118 (8) 34 (22) 11 (19) (16) (18) 18 $ — 62 — 55 (7) — (32) (14) (13) 19 $ 98 $ (174) $ 70 50 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Gain on TireHub transaction represents the difference between the fair value of the equity interest received and the net book value of the assets and liabilities contributed in connection with the formation of TireHub, LLC (“TireHub”), a distribution joint venture in the United States, net of transaction costs. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we recognized a gain of $286 million and incurred transaction costs of $14 million. Non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost consists primarily of the interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization components of net periodic cost, as well as curtailments and settlements which are not related to rationalization plans. For further information, refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 17, Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans. We previously filed claims with the Brazilian tax authorities challenging the legality of the calculation of certain indirect taxes for the years 2001 through 2018. During 2018, we received favorable rulings related to these claims. As a result of the rulings, we recorded a gain of $53 million in CGS and related interest income of $38 million in Other (Income) Expense for the year ended December 31, 2018. During 2019, there were additional favorable rulings related to these claims. As a result, we recorded an additional gain of $11 million in CGS and related interest income of $8 million in Other (Income) Expense. Financing fees and financial instruments expense consists of commitment fees and charges incurred in connection with financing transactions. Financing fees and financial instruments expense in 2017 included a premium of $25 million related to the redemption of our $700 million 7% senior notes due 2022 in May 2017. Miscellaneous expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 includes expenses of $25 million incurred by the Company as a direct result of flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility during the third quarter of 2019. Miscellaneous expense in 2018 and 2017 includes $12 million and $14 million, respectively, related to expenses incurred by the Company as a direct result of hurricanes Harvey and Irma during 2017. Other (Income) Expense also includes net foreign currency exchange (gains) and losses; general and product liability expense—discontinued products, which consists of charges for claims against us related primarily to asbestos personal injury claims, net of probable insurance recoveries; royalty income which is derived primarily from licensing arrangements; net (gains) and losses on asset sales; and interest income. Note 6. Income Taxes The components of Income before Income Taxes follow: (In millions) 2019 2018 2017 U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (39) 216 $ 439 572 $ 394 484 $ 177 $ 1,011 $ 878 51 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES A reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. statutory rate to United States and Foreign Tax Expense follows: (In millions) 2019 2018 2017 U.S. federal income tax expense at the statutory rate of 21% (35% for 2017) . . . . . . . Federal and state tax on accelerated royalty income transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net establishment (release) of foreign valuation allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net establishment (release) of U.S. valuation allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net foreign losses (income) with no tax due to valuation allowances . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. charges (benefits) related to foreign tax credits, R&D and foreign derived intangible deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustment for foreign income taxed at different rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net establishment (resolution) of uncertain tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax impact of enacted tax rate and law changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of U.S. federal benefit Provision for undistributed foreign earnings, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transition tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Domestic production activities deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 37 334 140 (98) 48 (17) 16 7 3 (1) — — — 5 $ 212 — (5) 25 7 $ 307 — 1 5 (7) 20 30 18 — (1) (9) 8 (1) (1) (23) (55) (6) 389 9 (162) 77 (16) (6) United States and Foreign Tax Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 474 $ 303 $ 513 The components of United States and Foreign Tax Expense by taxing jurisdiction, follow: (In millions) 2019 2018 2017 Current: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ (15) 188 (1) 134 17 $ (22) 166 3 151 172 147 133 153 37 323 120 6 5 131 389 (8) (15) 366 United States and Foreign Tax Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 474 $ 303 $ 513 Income tax expense in 2019 was $474 million on income before income taxes of $177 million. In 2019, income tax expense was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments totaling $386 million. Discrete adjustments were due to non-cash charges of $334 million related to an acceleration of royalty income in the U.S. from the sale of certain European royalty payments to Luxembourg and $150 million related to an increase in our valuation allowance on tax losses in Luxembourg, which were partially offset by a non-cash tax benefit of $98 million related to a reduction of our U.S. valuation allowance for foreign tax credits. At December 31, 2019, our valuation allowance on certain of our U.S. federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $13 million, primarily related to state tax loss and credit carryforwards, and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $969 million. At December 31, 2018, our valuation allowance on certain U.S. 52 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES federal, state and local deferred tax assets was $113 million and our valuation allowance on our foreign deferred tax assets was $204 million. We consider both positive and negative evidence when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. The weight given to the evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it may be objectively verified. Current and cumulative financial reporting results are a source of objectively verifiable evidence. We give operating results during the most recent three-year period a significant weight in our analysis. We typically only consider forecasts of future profitability when positive cumulative operating results exist in the most recent three-year period. We perform scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize our deferred tax assets with limited lives (such as tax loss carryforwards and tax credits) prior to their expiration. We consider tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is not required to the extent that, in our judgment, positive evidence exists with a magnitude and duration sufficient to result in a conclusion that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. At December 31, 2019, our net deferred tax assets include approximately $403 million of foreign tax credits, net of a valuation allowance of $3 million, as compared to $637 million, net of a valuation allowance of $103 million, at December 31, 2018. If not utilized, these foreign tax credits will expire from 2022 to 2028. These credits were generated primarily from the receipt of foreign dividends. Our earnings and forecasts of future profitability along with three significant sources of foreign income provide us sufficient positive evidence to utilize these credits, despite the negative evidence of their limited carryforward periods. Those sources of foreign income are (1) 100% of our domestic profitability can be re-characterized as foreign source income under current U.S. tax law to the extent domestic losses have offset foreign source income in prior years, (2) annual net foreign source income, exclusive of dividends, primarily from royalties, and (3) tax planning strategies, including capitalizing research and development costs, accelerating income on cross border sales of inventory or raw materials to our subsidiaries and reducing U.S. interest expense by, for example, reducing intercompany loans through repatriating current year earnings of foreign subsidiaries, all of which would increase our domestic profitability. Foreign source taxable income for the fourth quarter of 2019 includes accelerated royalty income in the U.S. of $2.1 billion received from Luxembourg as payment for the purchase of the right to receive technology royalties from our European operations for a period of 12 years. External specialists assisted management with this transaction. The royalty sale transaction resulted in a U.S. tax charge of $334 million and a deferred tax asset and offsetting valuation allowance of $576 million in Luxembourg. Foreign source taxable income for the fourth quarter of 2019 also includes $320 million of accelerated cross- border sales of inventory from the U.S. to Canada, resulting in a U.S. tax charge of approximately $70 million that was offset by the establishment of a deferred tax asset. The federal portion of the tax charges related to both the royalty acceleration and Canadian prepayment transactions was fully offset by the utilization of foreign tax credits of approximately $310 million. In addition, as a result of these transactions, we released an existing U.S. valuation allowance on foreign tax credits of $98 million. We considered our current forecasts of future profitability in assessing our ability to realize our remaining net foreign tax credits. These forecasts include the impact of recent trends, including various macroeconomic factors such as raw material prices, on our profitability, as well as the impact of tax planning strategies. Macroeconomic factors, including raw material prices, possess a high degree of volatility and can significantly impact our profitability. As such, there is a risk that future foreign source income will not be sufficient to fully utilize these foreign tax credits. However, we believe our forecasts of future profitability along with the three significant sources of foreign income described above provide us sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that our foreign tax credits, net of remaining valuation allowances, will be fully utilized prior to their various expiration dates. 53 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Our losses in various foreign taxing jurisdictions in recent periods represented sufficient negative evidence to require us to maintain a full valuation allowance against certain of our net deferred tax assets. In Luxembourg, we maintained a valuation allowance on all deferred tax assets with limited lives. As a result of recent negative evidence, including cumulative losses in the most recent three-year period and a forecast of continued losses for 2020, we increased our valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets in Luxembourg to now include losses with unlimited lives, resulting in a non-cash tax charge of $150 million. Each reporting period we assess available positive and negative evidence and estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize these existing deferred tax assets. We do not believe that sufficient positive evidence required to release valuation allowances having a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations will exist within the next twelve months. income tax expense of $303 million was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of In 2018, $65 million. Discrete adjustments were primarily due to charges totaling $135 million related to deferred tax assets for foreign tax credits, including the establishment of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits of $98 million, partially offset by a tax benefit of $88 million related to a worthless stock deduction created by permanently ceasing operations of our Venezuelan subsidiary during the fourth quarter of 2018. Income tax expense in 2018 also included net charges of $18 million for various other discrete tax adjustments, including those related to finalizing our accounting for certain provisional items related to the Tax Act. In 2017, income tax expense of $513 million was unfavorably impacted by net discrete adjustments of $294 million, due to a net non-cash charge of $299 million related to the enactment of the Tax Act and a net benefit of $5 million for other miscellaneous discrete tax items. Temporary differences and carryforwards giving rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31 follow: (In millions) 2019 2018 Tax loss carryforwards and credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,159 576 Prepaid royalty income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Capitalized research and development expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Accrued expenses deductible as paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Postretirement benefits and pensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Rationalizations and other provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Vacation and sick pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Deferred interest deductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,473 — 404 261 207 26 23 40 111 Valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property basis differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,886 (982) 1,904 (466) (1) 2,545 (317) 2,228 (475) (1) Total net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,437 $ 1,752 At December 31, 2019, we had $611 million of tax assets for net operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards related to certain foreign subsidiaries. These carryforwards are primarily from countries with unlimited carryforward periods, but include $63 million of tax credit carryforwards in various European countries that are subject to expiration from 2020 to 2029. On December 31, 2019, deferred taxes included $576 million for the prepaid royalty income in Luxembourg, as further described above. A valuation allowance totaling $969 million has been recorded against these and other deferred tax assets where recovery of the asset or carryforward is uncertain. In addition, we had $489 million of federal and $59 million of state tax assets for net 54 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The federal carryforwards consist of $406 million of foreign tax credits that are subject to expiration from 2022 to 2028 and $83 million of tax assets related to research and development credits and other federal credits that are subject to expiration from 2030 to 2039. The state carryforwards are subject to expiration from 2020 to 2034. A valuation allowance of $13 million has been recorded against federal and state deferred tax assets where recovery is uncertain. At December 31, 2019, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $82 million that if recognized, would have a favorable impact on our tax expense of $56 million. We had accrued interest of $1 million as of December 31, 2019. If not favorably settled, $6 million of the unrecognized tax benefits and all of the accrued interest would require the use of our cash. We do not expect changes during 2020 to our unrecognized tax benefits to have a significant impact on our financial position or results of operations. Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits (In millions) 2019 2018 2017 Balance at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases related to prior year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decreases related to prior year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increases related to current year tax positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse of statute of limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 71 24 — (11) (2) — — $ Balance at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 82 $ 52 9 (1) (2) (5) 21 (3) 71 $ $ 63 2 (2) (8) — — (3) 52 We are open to examination in the United States for 2019 and in Germany from 2016 onward. Generally, for our remaining tax jurisdictions, years from 2014 onward are still open to examination. We have undistributed earnings and profits of our foreign subsidiaries totaling approximately $2.4 billion at December 31, 2019. We have concluded that no provision for tax in the United States is required because substantially all of the remaining undistributed earnings and profits have been or will be reinvested in property, plant and equipment and working capital outside of the United States. A foreign withholding tax charge of approximately $80 million (net of foreign tax credits) would be required if these earnings and profits were to be distributed to the United States. Net cash payments for income taxes were $142 million, $178 million and $144 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Note 7. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are calculated to reflect the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts were exercised or converted into common stock. 55 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Basic and diluted earnings per common share are calculated as follows: (In millions, except per share amounts) Earnings (loss) per share — basic: 2019 2018 2017 Goodyear net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (311) $ 693 $ 346 Weighted average shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 237 249 Earnings (loss) per common share — basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.33) $ 2.92 $ 1.39 Earnings (loss) per share — diluted: Goodyear net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (311) $ 693 $ 346 Weighted average shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dilutive effect of stock options and other dilutive securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 — 233 237 2 239 249 4 253 Earnings (loss) per common share — diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.33) $ 2.89 $ 1.37 Weighted average shares outstanding — diluted for 2019 excludes the dilutive effect of approximately 3 million equivalent shares, related primarily to options with exercise prices less than the average market price of our common shares (i.e., “in-the-money” options), as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive due to the loss. Additionally, weighted average shares outstanding — diluted for 2019 excludes Goodyear net approximately 2 million equivalent shares related to options with exercise prices greater than the average market price of our common shares (i.e., “underwater” options). There were approximately 2 million and 1 million equivalent shares related to options with exercise prices greater than the average market price of our common shares for 2018 and 2017, respectively. Note 8. Business Segments Segment information reflects our strategic business units (“SBUs”), which are organized to meet customer requirements and global competition. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we operated our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa; and Asia Pacific. Segment information is reported on the basis used for reporting to our Chief Executive Officer. Each of the three regional business segments is involved in the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires. Certain of the business segments also provide related products and services, which include retreads and automotive and commercial truck maintenance and repair services. Each segment also exports tires to other segments. Americas manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment, aircraft, and for various other applications throughout North, Central and South America. Americas also provides related products and services including retreaded tires, tread rubber, and automotive and commercial truck maintenance and repair services, as well as sells chemical and natural rubber products to our other business segments and to unaffiliated customers. EMEA manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, motorcycles, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa. EMEA also sells retreaded aviation tires, retreading and related services for commercial truck and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment, and automotive maintenance and repair services. Asia Pacific manufactures and sells tires for automobiles, trucks, aircraft, farm, and earthmoving, mining and industrial equipment throughout the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific also provides related products and services including retreaded truck and aviation tires, tread rubber, and automotive maintenance and repair services. 56 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents segment sales and operating income, and the reconciliation of segment operating income to Income before Income Taxes: (In millions) Sales 2019 2018 2017 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 7,922 4,708 2,115 8,168 5,090 2,217 $ 8,212 4,928 2,237 Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,745 $ 15,475 $ 15,377 Segment Operating Income Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total Segment Operating Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (income) expense (1) Asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate incentive compensation plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained expenses of divested operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 202 193 945 205 340 98 15 50 10 50 $ $ 654 363 257 847 367 342 1,274 1,556 44 321 (174) 4 13 9 46 135 335 70 40 33 13 52 878 Income before Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 177 $ 1,011 $ (1) Refer to Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 5, Other (Income) Expense. (2) Primarily represents unallocated corporate costs and the elimination of $17 million, $18 million and $30 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of royalty income attributable to the strategic business units. The following table presents segment assets at December 31: (In millions) Assets Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Total Segment Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 2018 7,606 4,724 2,711 15,041 2,144 $ 7,160 4,809 2,602 14,571 2,301 $ 17,185 $ 16,872 (1) Corporate includes substantially all of our U.S. net deferred tax assets. Results of operations are measured based on net sales to unaffiliated customers and segment operating income. Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Segment operating income is computed as follows: Net sales less CGS (excluding asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation charges) and SAG (including certain allocated corporate administrative expenses). Segment operating income 57 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES also includes certain royalties and equity in earnings of most affiliates. Segment operating income does not include net rationalization charges, asset sales, and certain other items. The following table presents geographic information. Net sales by country were determined based on the location of the selling subsidiary. Long-lived assets consisted of property, plant and equipment. Besides Germany, management did not consider the net sales of any other individual countries outside the United States to be significant to the consolidated financial statements. For long-lived assets, only China was considered to be significant. (In millions) Net Sales 2019 2018 2017 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,489 979 7,277 $ 6,692 1,691 7,092 $ 6,678 1,874 6,825 $ 14,745 $ 15,475 $ 15,377 Long-Lived Assets United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 2,681 722 3,805 2,734 762 3,763 $ 7,208 $ 7,259 (1) The 2018 and 2019 decrease in net sales primarily related to a business reorganization that centralized our OE sales for EMEA in Luxembourg. At December 31, 2019, significant concentrations of cash and cash equivalents held by our international subsidiaries included the following amounts: • $337 million or 37% in Asia Pacific, primarily China, India and Japan ($278 million or 35% at December 31, 2018), • $214 million or 24% in EMEA, primarily Belgium ($261 million or 33% at December 31, 2018), and • $190 million or 21% in Americas, primarily Brazil, Canada and Chile ($134 million or 17% at December 31, 2018). Rationalizations, as described in Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 3, Costs Associated with Rationalization Programs, net (gains) losses on asset sales, as described in Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 5, Other (Income) Expense, and asset write-offs and accelerated depreciation were not charged (credited) to the SBUs for performance evaluation purposes but were attributable to the SBUs as follows: (In millions) Rationalizations 2019 2018 2017 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 90 115 — Total Segment Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 205 Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — $ 205 58 $ $ $ 3 36 3 42 2 44 $ 6 111 2 $ 119 16 $ 135 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Net (Gains) Losses on Asset Sales 2019 2018 2017 Americas(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ (275) 2 (16) $ (4) (10) Total Segment Asset Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (16) $ (273) $ (14) (1) Americas Net (Gains) Losses on Asset Sales for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes the gain of $272 million related to the TireHub transaction, net of transaction costs. (In millions) 2019 2018 2017 Asset Write-offs and Accelerated Depreciation Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Segment Asset Write-offs and Accelerated Depreciation . . . . . . $ $ 13 2 15 $ — $ — 40 4 $ 4 $ 40 The following tables present segment capital expenditures and depreciation and amortization: (In millions) Capital Expenditures 2019 2018 2017 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 369 227 141 $ 406 180 188 Total Segment Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 737 $ 774 $ Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 37 $ 770 $ 811 $ 525 159 164 848 33 881 (In millions) Depreciation and Amortization 2019 2018 2017 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 430 197 133 $ 414 201 131 Total Segment Depreciation and Amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 760 $ 746 $ Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 32 $ 795 $ 778 $ 398 191 124 713 68 781 The following table presents segment equity in the net income of investees accounted for by the equity method: (In millions) Equity in (Income) Loss 2019 2018 2017 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Segment Equity in (Income) Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 32 — 32 $ $ 11 (1) 10 $ $ (5) — (5) 59 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Note 9. Accounts Receivable (In millions) 2019 2018 Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,052 $ 2,143 (113) Allowance for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (111) Note 10. (In millions) Inventories $ 1,941 $ 2,030 2019 2018 Raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Work in process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finished goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 143 2,178 $ 569 152 2,135 $ 2,851 $ 2,856 Note 11. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill allocated by segment, and changes during 2019: (In millions) Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 91 415 63 $ 569 Acquisitions Divestitures Translation Balance at December 31, 2019 $ — 2 1 $ 3 $ — — — $ — $ — (6) (1) $ (7) $ 91 411 63 $ 565 The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill allocated by segment, and changes during 2018: (In millions) Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2017 $ 91 437 67 $ 595 The following table presents information about intangible assets: 2019 Balance at December 31, 2018 $ 91 415 63 $ 569 Acquisitions Divestitures Translation $ — 2 — $ 2 $ — — — $ — $ — (24) (4) $ (28) 2018 (In millions) Gross Carrying Amount(1) Accumulated Amortization(1) Net Carrying Amount Gross Carrying Amount(1) Accumulated Amortization(1) Intangible assets with indefinite lives . . . . $ 124 24 Trademarks and patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Other intangible assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (6) (19) (11) $ 118 5 14 $ 124 23 23 $ (6) (19) (9) $ 173 $ (36) $ 137 $ 170 $ (34) Net Carrying Amount $ 118 4 14 $ 136 (1) Includes impact of foreign currency translation. Intangible assets are primarily comprised of the rights to use the Dunlop brand name and related trademarks and certain other brand names and trademarks. 60 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Amortization expense for intangible assets totaled $2 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017. We estimate that annual amortization expense related to intangible assets will be approximately $2 million in 2020 through 2022, and $1 million in 2023 and 2024. The weighted average remaining amortization period is approximately 20 years. Our annual impairment analyses for 2019, 2018 and 2017 indicated no impairment of goodwill or intangible assets with indefinite lives. Our quantitative goodwill analysis as of October 31, 2019 concluded that the fair values substantially exceeded the carrying amounts for each reporting unit tested, except for the EMEA reporting unit. There were no events or circumstances that indicated the quantitative impairment tests should be re-performed for goodwill or for intangible assets with indefinite lives for any reporting unit at December 31, 2019. We determine the estimated fair value for each reporting unit based on discounted cash flow projections and market values for comparable businesses. EMEA had an estimated fair value that exceeded its carrying value, including goodwill, by approximately 10%. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value of the EMEA reporting unit are the projected long term operating margin, discount rate and the selection of market multiples. If we make adverse revisions to our significant assumptions, including as a result of business performance or market conditions, or if our market capitalization declines further and if such a decline becomes indicative that the fair value of our reporting units has declined below their carrying values, we may need to record a material, non-cash goodwill impairment charge in a future period. Note 12. Other Assets and Investments Dividends received from our consolidated subsidiaries were $43 million, $608 million and $558 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Dividends received in 2019 were primarily from Singapore and Brazil and paid to the United States. Dividends received in 2018 were primarily from Singapore and Japan and paid to the United States. Dividends received in 2017 were primarily from Luxembourg and paid to the United States. Dividends received from our affiliates accounted for using the equity method were $4 million, $5 million and $5 million in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The balance of our investment in TireHub was $262 million and $270 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was included in Other Assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our investment in TireHub is accounted for under the equity method of accounting and, as such, includes our 50% share of the net losses of TireHub, which totaled $33 million and $15 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. In 2019, we contributed a loan receivable from TireHub of $30 million to their equity, which increased our investment in TireHub. Note 13. Property, Plant and Equipment (In millions) Property, plant and equipment, at cost: 2019 Finance Leases Owned Total Owned 2018 Capital Leases Total Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machinery and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction in progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 425 2,431 13,624 681 $ Accumulated depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spare parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,161 (10,438) 6,723 276 1 227 30 1 259 (50) 209 — $ 426 2,658 13,654 682 $ 427 2,564 13,440 654 $ — $ 29 43 1 427 2,593 13,483 655 17,420 (10,488) 17,085 (10,128) 6,932 276 6,957 262 73 (33) 40 — 17,158 (10,161) 6,997 262 $ 6,999 $ 209 $ 7,208 $ 7,219 $ 40 $ 7,259 (1) Includes finance lease obligations related to our Global and Americas Headquarters at December 31, 2019 as a result of the adoption of the new lease accounting standard. 61 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The range of useful lives of property used in arriving at the annual amount of depreciation are as follows: buildings and improvements, 3 to 45 years; and machinery and equipment, 3 to 40 years. Note 14. Leases We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. We enter into leases primarily for our distribution facilities, manufacturing equipment, administrative offices, retail stores, vehicles and data processing equipment under varying terms and conditions. Our leases have remaining lease terms of less than 1 year to approximately 50 years. Most of our leases include options to extend the lease, with renewal terms ranging from 1 to 50 years or more, and some include options to terminate the lease within 1 year. If it is reasonably certain that an option to extend or terminate a lease will be exercised, that option is considered in the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet, and we recognize short-term lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Certain of our lease agreements include variable lease payments, generally based on consumer price indices. Variable lease payments that are assigned to an index are determined based on the initial index at commencement, and the variability based on changes in the index is accounted for as it changes. The variable portion of payments is not included in the initial measurement of the right-of-use asset or lease liability due to the uncertainty of the payment amount and are recorded as lease expense in the period incurred. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. Operating leases are included in Operating Lease Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Assets, Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year and Operating Lease Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases are included in Property, Plant and Equipment, Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year, and Long Term Debt and Finance Leases on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Generally, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments, unless there is a rate stated in the lease agreement. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The components of lease expense included in Income before Income Taxes for the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows: (In millions) Operating Lease Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance Lease Expense: Amortization of ROU assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest on lease liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Lease Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable Lease Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sublease Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 $ 292 11 21 6 7 (15) Total Lease Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 322 Net rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is comprised of the following: (In millions) Gross rental expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sublease rental income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 2017 $ 333 (16) $ 332 (17) $ 317 $ 315 62 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the year ended December 31, 2019 is as follows: (In millions) Cash Paid for Amounts Included in the Measurement of Lease Liabilities Operating Cash Flows for Operating Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Cash Flows for Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing Cash Flows for Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ ROU Assets Obtained in Exchange for Lease Obligations Operating Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases as of December 31, 2019 is as follows: (In millions, except lease term and discount rate) Operating Leases Operating Lease ROU Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities due Within One Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ Total Operating Lease Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Finance Leases Property, Plant and Equipment, at cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plant and Equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year Long Term Debt and Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ $ Total Finance Lease Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 267 21 7 197 34 855 199 668 867 259 (50) 209 6 243 249 Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term Operating Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 years 31.6 years Weighted Average Discount Rate Operating Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.69% 8.46% 63 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Future maturities of our lease liabilities, excluding subleases, as of December 31, 2019 are as follows: (In millions) Operating Leases Finance Leases 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Lease Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Imputed Interest $ 242 192 141 109 81 359 1,124 257 $ 25 35 22 21 20 690 813 564 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 867 $ 249 As of December 31, 2019, we have additional operating leases that have not yet commenced for which the present value of lease payments over the respective lease terms totals $48 million. Accordingly, these leases are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2019. These operating leases will commence in 2020 with lease terms of 10 years to 15 years. Note 15. Financing Arrangements and Derivative Financial Instruments At December 31, 2019, we had total credit arrangements of $9,078 million, of which $3,578 million were unused. At that date, 32% of our debt was at variable interest rates averaging 3.81%. Notes Payable and Overdrafts, Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year and Short Term Financing Arrangements At December 31, 2019, we had short term committed and uncommitted credit arrangements totaling $758 million, of which $389 million were unused. These arrangements are available primarily to certain of our foreign subsidiaries through various banks at quoted market interest rates. The following table presents amounts due within one year: (In millions) Chinese credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other domestic and foreign debt Notes Payable and Overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.75% note due 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other domestic and foreign debt (including finance leases) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 $ 118 230 $ 348 $ 4.92% 95 280 187 $ 122 288 $ 410 $ 8.03% 32 — 211 Long Term Debt and Finance Leases due Within One Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 562 $ 243 Weighted average interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.58% 4.57% Total obligations due within one year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 910 $ 653 Long Term Debt and Finance Leases and Financing Arrangements At December 31, 2019, we had long term credit arrangements totaling $8,320 million, of which $3,189 million were unused. 64 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents long term debt and finance leases, net of unamortized discounts, and interest rates: (In millions) Notes: December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Amount Interest Rate Amount Interest Rate 8.75% due 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.125% due 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.75% Euro Notes due 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% due 2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.875% due 2027 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7% due 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 280 1,000 281 900 700 150 Credit Facilities: First lien revolving credit facility due 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second lien term loan facility due 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European revolving credit facility due 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pan-European accounts receivable facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mexican credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese credit facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other foreign and domestic debt(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unamortized deferred financing fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finance lease obligations(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less portion due within one year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 3.97% — 0.98% 3.44% 4.87% 4.02% — 400 — 327 200 195 661 5,094 (28) 5,066 249 5,315 (562) $ 278 1,000 286 900 700 150 — 400 — 335 200 219 884 5,352 (36) 5,316 37 5,353 (243) $ 4,753 $ 5,110 — 4.46% — 1.01% 4.30% 5.03% 5.35% (1) (2) Interest rates are weighted average interest rates related to various foreign credit facilities with customary terms and conditions. Includes finance lease obligations related to our Global and Americas Headquarters at December 31, 2019. NOTES $282 million 8.75% Senior Notes due 2020 At December 31, 2019, $282 million aggregate principal amount of 8.75% notes due 2020 were outstanding. These notes had an effective yield of 9.20% at issuance. These notes are unsecured senior obligations, are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below, and will mature on August 15, 2020. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount of these notes or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on these notes, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus 50 basis points, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur secured debt, (ii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (iii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. 65 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES $1.0 billion 5.125% Senior Notes due 2023 At December 31, 2019, $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due 2023 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on November 15, 2023. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price of 101.281% and 100% during the 12-month periods commencing on November 15, 2019 and 2020 and thereafter, respectively, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit the ability of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, including Goodyear Europe B.V. (“GEBV”), to (i) incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, (ii) pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, (iii) incur liens, (iv) sell assets, (v) incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, (vi) enter into affiliate transactions, (vii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (viii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. For example, if these notes are assigned an investment grade rating by Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s and no default has occurred and is continuing, certain covenants will be suspended and we may elect to suspend the subsidiary guarantees. The indenture has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries. €250 million 3.75% Senior Notes due 2023 of GEBV At December 31, 2019, €250 million aggregate principal amount of GEBV’s 3.75% senior notes due 2023 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on December 15, 2023. These notes are unsecured senior obligations of GEBV and are guaranteed, on an unsecured senior basis, by the Company and our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price of 100.938% and 100% during the 12-month periods commencing on December 15, 2019 and 2020 and thereafter, respectively, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The indenture for these notes includes covenants that are substantially similar to those contained in the indenture governing our 5.125% senior notes due 2023, described above. $900 million 5% Senior Notes due 2026 At December 31, 2019, $900 million aggregate principal amount of 5% senior notes due 2026 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on May 31, 2026. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time on or after May 31, 2021 at a redemption price of 102.5%, 101.667%, 100.833% and 100% during the 12-month periods commencing on May 31, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 and thereafter, respectively, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. Prior to May 31, 2021, we may redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a make-whole premium and accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The indenture for these notes includes covenants that are substantially similar to those contained in the indenture governing our 5.125% senior notes due 2023, described above. $700 million 4.875% Senior Notes due 2027 At December 31, 2019, $700 million aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2027 were outstanding. These notes were sold at 100% of the principal amount and will mature on March 15, 2027. These 66 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES notes are unsecured senior obligations and are guaranteed by our U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that also guarantee our obligations under our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described below. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time prior to their maturity. If we elect to redeem the notes prior to December 15, 2026, we will pay a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments on the notes redeemed, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus 50 basis points, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. If we elect to redeem the notes on or after December 15, 2026, we will pay a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur certain liens, (ii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (iii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. $150 million 7% Senior Notes due 2028 At December 31, 2019, $150 million aggregate principal amount of 7% notes due 2028 were outstanding. These notes are unsecured senior obligations and will mature on March 15, 2028. We have the option to redeem these notes, in whole or in part, at any time at a redemption price equal to the greater of 100% of the principal amount thereof or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments thereon, discounted using a defined treasury rate plus 15 basis points, plus in either case accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date. The terms of the indenture for these notes, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur secured debt, (ii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (iii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. CREDIT FACILITIES $2.0 billion Amended and Restated First Lien Revolving Credit Facility due 2021 Our amended and restated first lien revolving credit facility is available in the form of loans or letters of credit, with letter of credit availability limited to $800 million. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to $250 million. Amounts drawn under this facility bear interest at LIBOR plus 125 basis points, based on our current liquidity as described below. Our obligations under the facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries. Our obligations under the facility and our subsidiaries’ obligations under the related guarantees are secured by first priority security interests in collateral that includes, subject to certain exceptions: • U.S. and Canadian accounts receivable and inventory; • certain of our U.S. manufacturing facilities; • equity interests in our U.S. subsidiaries and up to 65% of the equity interests in our directly owned foreign subsidiaries; and • substantially all other tangible and intangible assets, including equipment, contract rights and intellectual property. Availability under the facility is subject to a borrowing base, which is based primarily on (i) eligible accounts receivable and inventory of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and certain of its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries, after adjusting for customary factors that are subject to modification from time to time by the administrative agent or the majority lenders at their discretion (not to be exercised unreasonably), (ii) the value of 67 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES our principal trademarks, and (iii) certain cash in an amount not to exceed $200 million. Modifications are based on the results of periodic collateral and borrowing base evaluations and appraisals. To the extent that our eligible accounts receivable, inventory and other components of the borrowing base decline in value, our borrowing base will decrease and the availability under the facility may decrease below $2.0 billion. In addition, if the amount of outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the facility exceeds the borrowing base, we are required to prepay borrowings and/or cash collateralize letters of credit sufficient to eliminate the excess. As of December 31, 2019, our borrowing base, and therefore our availability, under this facility was $301 million below the facility’s stated amount of $2.0 billion. The facility, which matures on April 7, 2021, contains certain covenants that, among other things, limit our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to (i) incur additional debt or issue redeemable preferred stock, (ii) pay dividends, repurchase shares or make certain other restricted payments or investments, (iii) incur liens, (iv) sell assets, (v) incur restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or to make other payments to us, (vi) enter into affiliate transactions, (vii) engage in sale and leaseback transactions, and (viii) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to significant exceptions and qualifications. In addition, in the event that the availability under the facility plus the aggregate amount of our Available Cash is less than $200 million, we will not be permitted to allow our ratio of EBITDA to Consolidated Interest Expense to be less than 2.0 to 1.0 for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters. “Available Cash,” “EBITDA” and “Consolidated Interest Expense” have the meanings given them in the facility. The facility has customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2015. The facility also has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries. If Available Cash (as defined in the facility) plus the availability under the facility is greater than $1.0 billion, amounts drawn under the facility will bear interest, at our option, at (i) 125 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 25 basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points), and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 30 basis points. If Available Cash plus the availability under the facility is equal to or less than $1.0 billion, then amounts drawn under the facility will bear interest, at our option, at (i) 150 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 50 basis points over an alternative base rate, and undrawn amounts under the facility will be subject to an annual commitment fee of 25 basis points. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had no borrowings and $37 million of letters of credit issued under the revolving credit facility. Amended and Restated Second Lien Term Loan Facility due 2025 Our amended and restated second lien term loan facility matures on March 7, 2025. The term loan bears interest, at our option, at (i) 200 basis points over LIBOR or (ii) 100 basis points over an alternative base rate (the higher of (a) the prime rate, (b) the federal funds effective rate or the overnight bank funding rate plus 50 basis points or (c) LIBOR plus 100 basis points). In addition, if the Total Leverage Ratio is equal to or less than 1.25 to 1.00, we have the option to further reduce the spreads described above by 25 basis points. “Total Leverage Ratio” has the meaning given it in the facility. Our obligations under our second lien term loan facility are guaranteed by most of our wholly-owned U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries and are secured by second priority security interests in the same collateral securing the $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility. The facility contains covenants, representations, warranties and defaults similar to those in the $2.0 billion first lien revolving credit facility. In addition, if our Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio (the ratio of Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness to EBITDA) for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is greater 68 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES than 3.0 to 1.0, before we may use cash proceeds from certain asset sales to repay any junior lien, senior unsecured or subordinated indebtedness, we must first offer to use such cash proceeds to prepay borrowings under the second lien term loan facility. “Pro Forma Senior Secured Leverage Ratio,” “Consolidated Net Secured Indebtedness” and “EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the facility. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the amounts outstanding under this facility were $400 million. €800 million Amended and Restated Senior Secured European Revolving Credit Facility due 2024 On March 27, 2019, we amended and restated our European revolving credit facility. Significant changes to the European revolving credit facility include extending the maturity to March 27, 2024, increasing the available commitments thereunder from €550 million to €800 million, decreasing the interest rate margin by 25 basis points and decreasing the annual commitment fee by 5 basis points to 25 basis points. Loans will now bear interest at LIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in U.S. dollars or pounds sterling and EURIBOR plus 150 basis points for loans denominated in euros. The European revolving credit facility consists of (i) a €180 million German tranche that is available only to Goodyear Dunlop Tires Germany GmbH (“GDTG”) and (ii) a €620 million all-borrower tranche that is available to GEBV, GDTG and Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations S.A. Up to €175 million of swingline loans and €75 million in letters of credit are available for issuance under the all-borrower tranche. Subject to the consent of the lenders whose commitments are to be increased, we may request that the facility be increased by up to €200 million. GEBV and certain of its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, France and Germany provide guarantees to support the facility. GEBV’s obligations under the facility and the obligations of its subsidiaries under the related guarantees are secured by security interests in collateral that includes, subject to certain exceptions: • the capital stock of the principal subsidiaries of GEBV; and • a substantial portion of the tangible and intangible assets of GEBV and certain of its subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, France and Germany, including real property, equipment, inventory, contract rights, intercompany receivables and cash accounts, but excluding accounts receivable and certain cash accounts in subsidiaries that are or may become parties to securitization or factoring transactions. The German guarantors secure the German tranche on a first-lien basis and the all-borrower tranche on a second- lien basis. GEBV and its other subsidiaries that provide guarantees secure the all-borrower tranche on a first-lien basis and generally do not provide collateral support for the German tranche. The Company and its U.S. and Canadian subsidiaries that guarantee our U.S. senior secured credit facilities described above also provide unsecured guarantees in support of the facility. The facility contains covenants similar to those in our first lien revolving credit facility, with additional limitations applicable to GEBV and its subsidiaries. In addition, under the facility, GEBV’s ratio of Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness to Consolidated GEBV EBITDA for a period of four consecutive fiscal quarters is not permitted to be greater than 3.0 to 1.0 at the end of any fiscal quarter. “Consolidated Net GEBV Indebtedness” and “Consolidated GEBV EBITDA” have the meanings given them in the facility. The facility has customary representations and warranties including, as a condition to borrowing, that all such representations and warranties are true and correct, in all material respects, on the date of the borrowing, including representations as to no material adverse change in our business or financial condition since December 31, 2018. The facility also has customary defaults, including a cross-default to material indebtedness of Goodyear and our subsidiaries. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no borrowings and no letters of credit outstanding under the European revolving credit facility. 69 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Accounts Receivable Securitization Facilities (On-Balance Sheet) GEBV and certain other of our European subsidiaries are parties to a pan-European accounts receivable securitization facility that expires in 2023. The terms of the facility provide the flexibility to designate annually the maximum amount of funding available under the facility in an amount of not less than €30 million and not more than €450 million. For the period from October 18, 2018 through October 15, 2020, the designated maximum amount of the facility is €320 million. The facility involves an ongoing daily sale of substantially all of the trade accounts receivable of certain GEBV subsidiaries. These subsidiaries retain servicing responsibilities. Utilization under this facility is based on eligible receivable balances. The funding commitments under the facility will expire upon the earliest to occur of: (a) September 26, 2023, (b) the non-renewal and expiration (without substitution) of all of the back-up liquidity commitments, (c) the early termination of the facility according to its terms (generally upon an Early Amortisation Event (as defined in the facility), which includes, among other things, events similar to the events of default under our senior secured credit facilities; certain tax law changes; or certain changes to law, regulation or accounting standards), or (d) our request for early termination of the facility. The facility’s current back-up liquidity commitments will expire on October 15, 2020. At December 31, 2019, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $327 million (€291 million). At December 31, 2018, the amounts available and utilized under this program totaled $335 million (€293 million). The program does not qualify for sale accounting, and accordingly, these amounts are included in Long Term Debt and Finance Leases. Accounts Receivable Factoring Facilities (Off-Balance Sheet) We have sold certain of our trade receivables under off-balance sheet programs. For these programs, we have concluded that there is generally no risk of loss to us from non-payment of the sold receivables. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the amount of receivables sold was $548 million and $568 million, respectively. Other Foreign Credit Facilities A Mexican subsidiary and a U.S. subsidiary have a revolving credit facility in Mexico. At December 31, 2019, the amounts available and utilized under this facility was $200 million. The facility ultimately matures in 2022, has covenants relating to the Mexican and U.S. subsidiary, and has customary representations and warranties and default provisions relating to the Mexican and U.S. subsidiary’s ability to perform its respective obligations under the facility. At December 31, 2018, the subsidiaries had several financing arrangements in Mexico, and the amounts available and utilized under these facilities were $340 million and $200 million, respectively. A Chinese subsidiary has several financing arrangements in China. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the amounts available under these facilities were $735 million and $672 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019, the amount utilized under these facilities was $313 million, of which $118 million represented notes payable and $195 million represented long term debt. At December 31, 2019, $95 million of the long term debt was due within a year. At December 31, 2018, the amount utilized under these facilities was $341 million, of which $122 million represented notes payable and $219 million represented long term debt. At December 31, 2018, $32 million of the long term debt was due within a year. The facilities contain covenants relating to the Chinese subsidiary and have customary representations and warranties and defaults relating to the Chinese subsidiary’s ability to perform its obligations under the facilities. Certain of the facilities can only be used to finance the expansion of our manufacturing facility in China and, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, the unused amounts available under these restricted facilities were $106 million and $116 million, respectively. Debt Maturities The annual aggregate maturities of our debt (excluding the impact of deferred financing fees and unamortized discounts) and finance leases for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2019 are presented below. Maturities 70 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES of debt credit agreements have been reported on the basis that the commitments to lend under these agreements will be terminated effective at the end of their current terms. (In millions) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 283 628 $ 1 264 $ 166 227 $ 998 651 $ — 87 $ 911 $ 265 $ 393 $ 1,649 $ 87 DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS We utilize derivative financial instrument contracts and nonderivative instruments to manage interest rate, foreign exchange and commodity price risks. We have established a control environment that includes policies and procedures for risk assessment and the approval, reporting and monitoring of derivative financial instrument activities. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Foreign Currency Contracts We enter into foreign currency contracts in order to manage the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on our consolidated results of operations and future foreign currency-denominated cash flows. These contracts may be used to reduce exposure to currency movements affecting existing foreign currency-denominated assets, liabilities, firm commitments and forecasted transactions resulting primarily from trade purchases and sales, equipment acquisitions, term trade receivables and payables normally have no hedging designation. intercompany loans and royalty agreements. Contracts hedging short The following table presents the fair values for foreign currency hedge contracts that do not meet the criteria to be accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments: (In millions) Fair Values — Current asset (liability): December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1 (15) $ 7 (6) At December 31, 2019 and 2018, these outstanding foreign currency derivatives had notional amounts of $1,707 million and $1,240 million, respectively, and were primarily related to intercompany loans. Other (Income) Expense included net transaction gains on derivatives of $22 million and $80 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. These amounts were substantially offset in Other (Income) Expense by the effect of changing exchange rates on the underlying currency exposures. The following table presents fair values for foreign currency hedge contracts that meet the criteria to be accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments: (In millions) Fair Values — Current asset (liability): December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Accounts Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair Values — Long term asset (liability): Other Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Long Term Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9 (3) $ 1 (1) $ 9 (1) $ 2 — At December 31, 2019 and 2018, these outstanding foreign currency derivatives had notional amounts of $365 million and $347 million, respectively, and primarily related to U.S. dollar denominated intercompany transactions. 71 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES We enter into master netting agreements with counterparties. The amounts eligible for offset under the master netting agreements are not material and we have elected a gross presentation of foreign currency contracts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table presents the classification of changes in fair values of foreign currency contracts that meet the criteria to be accounted for as cash flow hedging instruments (before tax and minority): (In millions) Amount of gains (losses) deferred to AOCL(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in CGS(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2019 $ 10 (14) 2018 $ 12 7 (1) Excluded components deferred to AOCL and excluded components reclassified from AOCL to CGS for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were not material. The estimated net amount of the deferred gains at December 31, 2019 that is expected to be reclassified to earnings within the next twelve months is $3 million. The counterparties to our foreign currency contracts were considered by us to be substantial and creditworthy financial institutions that were recognized market makers at the time we entered into those contracts. We seek to control our credit exposure to these counterparties by diversifying across multiple counterparties, by setting counterparty credit limits based on long term credit ratings and other indicators of counterparty credit risk such as credit default swap spreads, and by monitoring the financial strength of these counterparties on a regular basis. We also enter into master netting agreements with counterparties when possible. By controlling and monitoring exposure to counterparties in this manner, we believe that we effectively manage the risk of loss due to nonperformance by a counterparty. However, the inability of a counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations to us could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position or results of operations in the period in which it occurs. Note 16. Fair Value Measurements The following table presents information about assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31: (In millions) 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Total Carrying Value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Assets: Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign Exchange Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11 11 $ 10 18 $ 11 — $ 10 — $ — $ — $ — $ — — — 18 11 Total Assets at Fair Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22 $ 28 $ 11 $ 10 $ 11 $ 18 $ — $ — Liabilities: Foreign Exchange Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19 Total Liabilities at Fair Value . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19 $ $ 7 7 $ — $ — $ 19 $ — $ — $ 19 $ $ 7 7 $ — $ — $ — $ — 72 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents supplemental fair value information about long term fixed rate and variable rate debt, excluding finance leases, at December 31: (In millions) December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Fixed Rate Debt(1): Carrying amount — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variable Rate Debt(1): Carrying amount — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value — liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,434 3,558 $ 1,632 1,632 $ 3,609 3,443 $ 1,707 1,689 (1) Excludes Notes Payable and Overdrafts of $348 million and $410 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, of which $143 million and $230 million, respectively, are at fixed rates and $205 million and $180 million, respectively, are at variable rates. The carrying value of Notes Payable and Overdrafts approximates fair value due to the short term nature of the facilities. Long term debt with fair values of $3,808 million and $3,496 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were estimated using quoted Level 1 market prices. The carrying value of the remaining long term debt approximates fair value since the terms of the financing arrangements are similar to terms that could be obtained under current lending market conditions. Note 17. Pension, Other Postretirement Benefits and Savings Plans We provide employees with defined benefit pension or defined contribution savings plans. Our hourly U.S. pension plans are frozen and provide benefits based on length of service. The principal salaried U.S. pension plans are frozen and provide benefits based on final five-year average earnings formulas. Salaried employees who made voluntary contributions to these plans receive higher benefits. We also provide certain U.S. employees and employees at certain non-U.S. subsidiaries with health care benefits or life insurance benefits upon retirement. Substantial portions of the health care benefits for U.S. salaried retirees are not insured and are funded from operations. During 2019, we recognized settlement charges of $6 million in Other (Income) Expense primarily related to certain of our U.S. pension plans. The settlement charges resulted from total lump sum payments exceeding annual service and interest cost of the applicable plans. During 2019, we also recognized curtailment and special termination benefit charges of $5 million in Rationalizations, primarily related to the acceptance of voluntary buy-outs at our tire manufacturing facility in Gadsden, Alabama. During 2018, we recognized settlement charges of $13 million in Other (Income) Expense for our frozen U.K. pension plan. These settlement charges related primarily to an offer of lump sum payments over a limited time during 2018 to non-retiree participants of the plan. Lump sum payments of $103 million, primarily related to this offer, were made from existing plan assets in 2018. As a result, total lump sum payments related to this plan exceeded annual interest cost for 2018. During 2018, we recognized settlement charges of $8 million in Other (Income) Expense related to certain of our U.S. pension plans. The settlement charges resulted from total lump sum payments exceeding annual service and interest cost for the applicable plans. During 2018, we increased the obligation for our U.K. pension plan by $13 million to recognize the estimated impact to our plan from an October 2018 court ruling, involving a plan with similar features to ours that was sponsored by another company, that required equal guaranteed minimum pension benefits for males and females. The increase was recognized in AOCL as prior service cost from plan amendments. The actual impact to our U.K. pension plan is still subject to the finalization of plan amendments in response to the court ruling and potential future judicial decisions. 73 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES During 2018, the Brazil pension regulator approved our plan to replace certain benefits in our Brazil retiree medical plan with an increase in benefits in our Brazil pension plan. The changes were effective in the fourth quarter of 2019 and resulted in an increase to our pension obligation of $16 million and a decrease in our other postretirement benefits obligation of $14 million at December 31, 2018. The increase to the pension obligation and decrease to the other postretirement benefits obligation were recognized in AOCL as prior service cost and prior service credit, respectively. During 2017, we recognized settlement charges of $32 million, primarily related to our frozen salaried U.S. pension plan. The settlement charges resulted from total lump sum benefit payments exceeding annual interest cost. Of the total settlement charges, $19 million was recorded in Other (Income) Expense and $13 million was included in Rationalizations for employees who terminated service as a result of ongoing rationalization plans. 74 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Total benefits cost (credit) and amounts recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss follows: (In millions) 2019 U.S. 2018 Pension Plans Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits 2017 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 3 12 — (8) 4 $ 4 13 (1) (29) 6 Benefits cost (credit): Service cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected return on plan 3 173 $ 4 157 $ 4 160 $ 26 69 $ 28 69 $ 31 71 $ 2 11 $ assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (223) (219) (241) (59) (70) (80) — Amortization of prior service cost (credit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net losses . . . . — 112 — 112 — 111 Net periodic cost (credit) Net curtailments/settlements/ . . $ 65 $ 54 $ 34 $ termination benefits . . . . . . . 8 8 29 2 29 67 3 Total benefits cost — 29 — 32 (9) 3 $ 56 $ 54 $ 7 $ 11 $ (7) 13 3 — — — (credit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 73 $ 62 $ 63 $ 70 $ 69 $ 57 $ 7 $ 11 $ (7) Recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss before tax and minority: Prior service cost (credit) from plan amendments . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ — $ (2) $ 31 $ 3 $ — $ (16) $ 3 Increase (decrease) in net actuarial losses . . . . . . . . . . . 4 14 128 201 (18) 25 Amortization of prior service (cost) credit in net periodic cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amortization of net losses in — — — (2) — — 6 9 (14) (15) 8 29 net periodic cost . . . . . . . . . . (112) (112) (111) (29) (30) (29) (3) (5) (6) Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements, and divestitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss before tax and minority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total recognized in total benefits cost (credit) and other comprehensive (income) loss before tax and minority . . . . . . . . . . $ (5) (11) (29) (3) (14) (12) 2 — — (113) (109) (12) 165 (31) (13) 14 (27) 11 (40) $ (47) $ 51 $ 235 $ 38 $ 44 $ 21 $ (16) $ 4 75 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Service cost is recorded in CGS or SAG. Other components of net periodic cost (credit) are recorded in Other (Income) Expense. Net curtailments, settlements and termination benefits are recorded in Other (Income) Expense or Rationalizations if related to a rationalization plan. We use the fair value of pension assets in the calculation of pension expense for all plans. Total benefits cost (credit) for our other postretirement benefits was $3 million, $4 million and $(17) million for our U.S. plans in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $4 million, $7 million and $10 million for our non-U.S. plans in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The estimated net actuarial loss and prior service cost for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from AOCL into benefits cost in 2020 is approximately $110 million and $0 million, respectively, for our U.S. plans and approximately $38 million and $2 million, respectively, for our non-U.S. plans. The estimated prior service credit and net actuarial loss for the other postretirement benefit plans that will be amortized from AOCL into benefits cost in 2020 are a benefit of $9 million and expense of $4 million, respectively. The Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act provides plan sponsors a federal subsidy for certain qualifying prescription drug benefits covered under the sponsor’s postretirement health care plans. Our other postretirement benefits cost is presented net of this subsidy, which is less than $1 million annually. 76 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The change in benefit obligation and plan assets for 2019 and 2018 and the amounts recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows: Pension Plans U.S. Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits (In millions) 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Change in benefit obligation: Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newly adopted plans . . . . . . . . . . . Service cost — benefits earned . . . Interest cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actuarial (loss) gain . . . . . . . . . . . Participant contributions . . . . . . . . Curtailments/settlements/ termination benefits . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . Benefit payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in plan assets: Beginning balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newly adopted plans . . . . . . . . . . . Actual return on plan assets . . . . . Company contributions to plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash funding of direct participant payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Participant contributions . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . Benefit payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ending balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funded status at end of year . . . . . . . $ $ $ $ $ (4,734) — (3) (173) — (477) — $ (5,331) — (4) (157) — 315 — $ (2,774) (19) (26) (69) 2 (381) (2) $ (3,109) — (28) (69) (29) 40 (2) 12 — 366 25 — 418 5 (62) 131 113 177 133 (5,009) $ (4,734) $ (3,195) $ (2,774) 4,445 — 696 $ 4,978 — (110) $ 2,464 19 252 $ 2,806 — 4 — — 39 36 20 — (15) — (366) 17 — (22) — (418) 20 2 (5) 80 (131) 21 2 (112) (160) (133) $ (234) — (2) (11) — (6) (12) (2) (5) 31 (241) 3 — — — 16 12 — — (31) $ $ $ $ 4,780 $ 4,445 $ 2,740 $ 2,464 $ — $ $ (286) — (3) (12) 14 19 (13) — 15 32 (234) 4 — — 2 16 13 — — (32) 3 (229) $ (289) $ (455) $ (310) $ (241) $ (231) Other postretirement benefits unfunded status was $106 million and $112 million for our U.S. plans at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and $135 million and $119 million for our non-U.S. plans at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 77 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The funded status recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consists of: (In millions) 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Pension Plans U.S. Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits Noncurrent assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncurrent liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ — $ 237 (20) (672) (20) (269) (16) (213) $ 325 (20) (615) $ — $ — (17) (214) (16) (225) Net amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (229) $ (289) $ (455) $ (310) $ (241) $ (231) The amounts recognized in AOCL, net of tax, consist of: Pension Plans U.S. Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits (In millions) 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 Prior service (credit) cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net actuarial loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Gross amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority shareholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . (3) 2,380 2,377 (50) — $ (3) 2,493 2,490 (77) — $ 25 782 $ 31 611 $ 807 (135) (1) 642 (105) (1) (23) 30 7 (22) — $ (32) 25 (7) (19) — Net amount recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,327 $ 2,413 $ 671 $ 536 $ (15) $ (26) The following table presents significant weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31: Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefits 2019 2018 2019 2018 Discount rate: — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.22% 1.98 4.24% 2.69 3.14% 4.39 4.16% 5.03 Rate of compensation increase: — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A 2.92 N/A 2.91 N/A N/A N/A N/A 78 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents significant weighted average assumptions used to determine benefits cost for the years ended December 31: Pension Plans Other Postretirement Benefits 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017 Discount rate for determining interest cost: — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected long term return on plan assets: 3.85% 3.09% 3.18% 3.79% 2.99% 3.02% 2.84 6.13 6.25 5.98 2.70 2.56 — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.25 2.95 Rate of compensation increase: — U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N/A 2.91 — Non-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.58 3.02 N/A 2.91 5.08 3.12 N/A 3.18 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A For 2019, a weighted average discount rate of 3.85% was used to determine interest cost for the U.S. pension plans. This rate was derived from spot rates along a yield curve developed from a portfolio of bonds from issuers rated AA or higher by established rating agencies as of December 31, 2018, applied to our expected benefit payment cash flows. For our non-U.S. locations, a weighted average discount rate of 2.84% was used. This rate was developed based on the nature of the liabilities and local environments, using available bond indices, yield curves, projected cash flows, and long term inflation. For 2019, an assumed weighted average long term rate of return of 5.25% was used for the U.S. pension plans. In developing the long term rate of return, we evaluated input from our pension fund consultant on asset class return expectations, including determining the appropriate rate of return for our plans, which are primarily invested in fixed income securities. For our non-U.S. locations, an assumed weighted average long term rate of return of 2.95% was used. Input from local pension fund consultants concerning asset class return expectations and long term inflation form the basis of this assumption. The U.S. pension plan mortality assumption is based on our actual historical experience and expected future mortality improvements based on published actuarial tables. For our non-U.S. locations, mortality assumptions are based on published actuarial tables which include projections of future mortality improvements. The following table presents estimated future benefit payments from the plans as of December 31, 2019. Benefit payments for other postretirement benefits are presented net of retiree contributions and Medicare Part D Subsidy Receipts: (In millions) Pension Plans U.S. Non-U.S. Other Postretirement Benefits 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025-2029 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 437 390 373 359 346 1,623 $ 133 124 128 130 138 721 $ 17 17 16 16 15 72 79 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents selected information on our pension plans: (In millions) All plans: U.S. Non-U.S. 2019 2018 2019 2018 Accumulated benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,994 $ 4,725 $ 3,097 $ 2,688 Plans not fully-funded: Projected benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated benefit obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fair value of plan assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,009 4,994 4,780 $ 4,732 4,723 4,443 $ 1,059 991 370 $ 908 852 281 Certain non-U.S. subsidiaries maintain unfunded pension plans consistent with local practices and requirements. At December 31, 2019, these plans accounted for $247 million of our accumulated pension benefit obligation, $277 million of our projected pension benefit obligation, and $82 million of our AOCL adjustment. At December 31, 2018, these plans accounted for $218 million of our accumulated pension benefit obligation, $244 million of our projected pension benefit obligation, and $59 million of our AOCL adjustment. We expect to contribute approximately $25 million to $50 million to our funded non-U.S. pension plans in 2020. Assumed health care cost trend rates at December 31 follow: 2019 2018 6.3% Health care cost trend rate assumed for the next year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2025 6.5% 5.0 2025 A 1% change in the assumed health care cost trend would have increased (decreased) the accumulated other postretirement benefits obligation at December 31, 2019 and the aggregate service and interest cost for the year then ended as follows: (In millions) 1% Increase 1% Decrease Accumulated other postretirement benefits obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate service and interest cost $ 13 1 $ (10) (1) Our pension plan weighted average investment allocation at December 31, by asset category, follows: U.S. Non-U.S. 2019 2018 2019 2018 Cash and short term securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2% 6 92 — 2% 6 92 — 1% 3 96 — 1% 4 94 1 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100% 100% 100% 100% Our pension investment policy recognizes the long term nature of pension liabilities, and is primarily designed to offset the future impact of discount rate movements on the funded status for our plans. All assets are managed externally according to target asset allocation guidelines we have established. Manager guidelines prohibit the use of any type of investment derivative without our prior approval. Portfolio risk is controlled by having managers comply with guidelines, establishing the maximum size of any single holding in their portfolios, and using managers with different investment styles. We periodically undertake asset and liability modeling studies to determine the appropriateness of the investments. 80 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The portfolio of our U.S. pension plan assets includes holdings of global high quality and high yield fixed income securities, short term interest bearing deposits, and private equities. The target asset allocation of our U.S. pension plans is 94% in duration-matched fixed income securities and 6% in equity securities. Actual U.S. pension fund asset allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis and the pension funds are rebalanced to target ranges on an as needed basis. The portfolios of our non-U.S. pension plans include holdings of U.S. and non-U.S. equities, global high quality and high yield fixed income securities, hedge funds, currency derivatives, insurance contracts, repurchase agreements, and short term interest bearing deposits. The weighted average target asset allocation of the non-U.S. pension funds is approximately 95% fixed income and 5% equities. 81 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The fair values of our pension plan assets at December 31, 2019, by asset category are as follows: U.S. Non-U.S. Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In millions) Total Cash and Short Term Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 47 $ 47 $ — $ — $ 33 $ 29 $ 4 $ — Equity Securities Common and Preferred Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Securities Corporate Bonds . . . . . . . . . . Government Bonds . . . . . . . . Repurchase Agreements . . . . Asset Backed Securities . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives — — — 2,577 1,120 — 283 — Insurance Contracts . . . . . . . . Other Investments . . . . . . . . . 2 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,576 1,120 — 282 — — 2 — — — 1 — — 1 — 2 — 24 36 5 190 2,271 (511) 74 19 22 (4) 24 36 5 10 60 — 5 9 — — — — — 180 2,211 (511) 69 10 — (5) — — — — — — — — 22 1 4,031 $ 47 $ 3,980 $ 4 2,159 $ 178 $ 1,958 $ 23 Total Investments in the Fair Value Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . Investments Measured at Net Asset Value, as Practical Expedient: Equity Securities Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership Interests . . . . . . . Debt Securities Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . Alternatives Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . 9 — 267 141 310 67 — Total Investments . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,825 (45) Total Plan Assets . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,780 82 69 11 — 7 604 4 6 2,860 (120) $ 2,740 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The fair values of our pension plan assets at December 31, 2018, by asset category are as follows: U.S. Non-U.S. Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) (In millions) Total Cash and Short Term Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 48 $ 48 $ — $ — $ 29 $ 26 $ 3 $ — — — — 2,344 968 — 63 — 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,344 968 — 63 — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — 19 14 4 171 2,158 (641) 67 18 19 6 19 14 4 17 62 — 5 8 — — — — — 154 2,096 (641) 62 10 — 4 — — — — — — — — 19 2 3,425 $ 48 $ 3,375 $ 2 1,864 $ 155 $ 1,688 $ 21 Equity Securities Common and Preferred Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Securities Corporate Bonds . . . . . . . . . . Government Bonds . . . . . . . . Repurchase Agreements . . . . Asset Backed Securities . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternatives Insurance Contracts . . . . . . . . Other Investments . . . . . . . . . Total Investments in the Fair Value Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . Investments Measured at Net Asset Value, as Practical Expedient: Equity Securities Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partnership Interests . . . . . . . Debt Securities Mutual Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . Alternatives Commingled Funds . . . . . . . . 11 — 247 90 603 59 — 56 7 — 7 638 7 5 2,584 (120) $ 2,464 Total Investments . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,435 10 Total Plan Assets . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,445 At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Plans did not directly hold any of our common stock. 83 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The classification of fair value measurements within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement. Investments that are measured at Net Asset Value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient to estimate fair value are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. Under the practical expedient approach, the NAV is based on the fair value of the underlying investments held by each fund less its liabilities. This practical expedient would not be used when it is determined to be probable that the fund will sell the investment for an amount different than the reported NAV. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total plan assets. Valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value are as follows: • Cash and Short Term Securities: Cash and cash equivalents consist of U.S. and foreign currencies. Foreign currencies are reported in U.S. dollars based on currency exchange rates readily available in active markets. Short term securities held in commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by the investment manager. • Equity Securities: Common and preferred stock, which are held in non-U.S. companies, are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded. Commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by a pricing vendor or the fund family. Mutual funds are valued at the NAV of shares held at year end, as determined by the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or a pricing vendor or the fund family if an active market is not available. Partnership interests are priced based on valuations using the partnership’s available financial statements coinciding with our year end and the plan’s percent ownership, adjusted for any cash transactions which occurred between the date of those financial statements and our year end. • Debt Securities: Corporate and government bonds, including asset backed securities, are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or based on institutional bid evaluations using proprietary models if an active market is not available. Repurchase agreements are valued at the contract price plus accrued interest. These secured borrowings are collateralized by government bonds held by the non-U.S. plans and have maturities less than one year. Commingled funds are valued at the NAV of units held at year end, as determined by a pricing vendor or the fund family. Mutual funds are valued at the NAV of shares held at year end, as determined by the closing price reported on the active market on which the individual securities are traded, or a pricing vendor or the fund family if an active market is not available. • Alternatives: Commingled funds are valued based on the NAV as determined by the fund manager using the most recent financial information available. Other investments primarily include derivative financial instruments, which are valued using independent pricing sources which utilize industry standard derivative valuation models. Directed insurance contracts are valued as reported by the issuer. The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date. 84 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table sets forth a summary of changes in fair value of the pension plan investments classified as Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2019: (In millions) Balance, beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized (losses) gains relating to instruments still held at the reporting date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (net) Non-U.S. Insurance Contracts Other $ 19 $ 2 1 2 — (1) Balance, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22 $ 1 The following table sets forth a summary of changes in fair value of the pension plan investments classified as Level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2018: (In millions) Non-U.S. Insurance Contracts Real Estate Equity Securities— Commingled Funds Balance, beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Realized gains (losses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases, sales, issuances and settlements (net) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18 — 2 (1) $ 4 — (4) — $ 131 (1) (128) (2) Other $ 3 — (1) — Balance, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19 $ — $ — $ 2 Other postretirement benefits plan assets at December 31, 2018, which relate to a non-U.S. plan, are invested primarily in mutual funds, which are traded on an active market, and are considered a Level 1 investment. Savings Plans Substantially all employees in the U.S. and employees of certain non-U.S. locations are eligible to participate in a defined contribution savings plan. Expenses recognized for contributions to these plans were $110 million, $111 million and $111 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Note 18. Stock Compensation Plans Our stock compensation plans (collectively, the “Plans”) permit the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), performance share units, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards to employees and directors. Our current stock compensation plan, the 2017 Performance Plan, was adopted on April 10, 2017 and expires on April 9, 2027. A total of 18 million shares of our common stock may be issued in respect of grants made under the 2017 Performance Plan. Any shares of common stock that are subject to awards of stock options or SARs will be counted as one share for each share granted for purposes of the aggregate share limit and any shares of common stock that are subject to any other awards will be counted as 2 shares for each share granted for purposes of the aggregate share limit. In addition, shares of common stock that are subject to awards issued under the 2017 Performance Plan or certain prior stock compensation plans that expire according to their terms or are forfeited, terminated, canceled or surrendered or are settled, or can be paid, only in cash, or are surrendered in payment of taxes associated with such awards (other than stock options or SARs) will be available for issuance pursuant to a new award under the 2017 Performance Plan. Shares issued under our stock compensation plans are usually issued from shares of our common stock held in treasury. Stock Options Grants of stock options and SARs (collectively referred to as “options”) under the Plans generally have a graded vesting period of four years whereby one-fourth of the awards vest on each of the first four anniversaries of the 85 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES grant date, an exercise price equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the date of grant (i.e., the closing market price on that date) and a contractual term of ten years. The exercise of tandem SARs cancels an equivalent number of stock options and, conversely, the exercise of stock options cancels an equivalent number of tandem SARs. Option grants are cancelled on, or 90 days following, termination of employment unless termination is due to retirement, death or disability under certain circumstances, in which case, all outstanding options vest fully and remain outstanding for a term set forth in the related grant agreement. The following table summarizes the activity related to options during 2019: Outstanding at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options cancelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options 5,580,452 — (240,237) (73,556) (268,638) Outstanding at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,998,021 Vested and expected to vest at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,966,300 Exercisable at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,709,647 Available for grant at December 31 . . . . . . . . . 12,305,582 Weighted Average Exercise Price Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In millions) $ 20.14 — 8.07 12.08 24.11 20.61 20.53 19.83 $ 3 7 6 7 3.7 3.7 3.5 In addition, the aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised in 2018 and 2017 was $9 million and $18 million, respectively. Significant option groups outstanding at December 31, 2019 and related weighted average exercise price and remaining contractual term information follows: Grant Date Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Exercise Price Remaining Contractual Term (Years) 2/27/2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/22/2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/23/2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/24/2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/28/2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/27/2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/22/2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/23/2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564,976 549,546 493,730 381,617 913,705 729,530 530,288 322,387 512,242 378,284 $ 35.26 29.90 459,160 27.16 493,730 26.44 381,617 12.98 913,705 12.94 729,530 13.91 530,288 322,387 12.74 500,946 7.2 6.2 5.2 4.2 3.2 2.2 1.1 0.1 (1) (1) 4,998,021 4,709,647 (1) Options in the “All other” category had exercise prices ranging from $9.54 to $32.72. The weighted average exercise price for options outstanding and exercisable in that category was $20.27 and $20.00, respectively, while the remaining weighted average contractual term was 3.7 and 3.6, respectively. 86 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Weighted average grant date fair values of stock options and the assumptions used in estimating those fair values are as follows: Weighted average grant date fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black-Scholes model assumptions(1): 2017 $ 12.05 Expected term (years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.20 2.13% 33.63% 1.13% (1) We review the assumptions used in our Black-Scholes model in conjunction with estimating the grant date fair value of grants of options by our Board of Directors. There were no stock options granted during 2019 or 2018. Performance Share Units Performance share units granted under the Plans are earned over a three-year period beginning January 1 of the year of grant. Total units earned for grants made in 2019, 2018 and 2017 may vary between 0% and 200% of the units granted based on the attainment of performance targets during the related three-year period and continued service. The performance targets are established by the Board of Directors. All of the units earned will be settled through the issuance of an equivalent number of shares of our common stock and are equity classified. The following table summarizes the activity related to performance share units during 2019: Unvested at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units vested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value $ 32.30 18.01 36.78 27.24 Units 333,196 453,795 (123,681) (75,310) Unvested at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588,000 20.98 We measure the fair value of grants of performance share units based primarily on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant, modified as appropriate to take into account the features of such grants. Restricted Stock Units Restricted stock units granted under the Plans typically vest over a three-year period beginning on the date of grant. Restricted stock units will be settled through the issuance of an equivalent number of shares of our common stock and are equity classified. 87 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table summarizes the activity related to restricted stock units during 2019: Unvested at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units vested and settled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Units forfeited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,388,433 1,883,570 (280,593) (256,935) Units Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value $ 29.81 19.05 29.64 25.49 Unvested at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,734,475 23.21 We measure the fair value of grants of restricted stock units based on the closing market price of a share of our common stock on the date of the grant. Other Information Stock-based compensation expense, cash payments made to settle SARs and cash received from the exercise of stock options follows: (In millions) 2018 2019 2017 Stock-based compensation expense recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 27 (7) $ 16 (4) $ 22 (6) After-tax stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20 $ 12 $ 16 Cash payments to settle SARs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash received from stock option exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — $ $ 2 $ 1 9 $ 1 $ 19 As of December 31, 2019, unearned compensation cost related to the unvested portion of all stock-based awards was approximately $36 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period of the respective grants, through the fourth quarter of 2022. Note 19. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities Environmental Matters We have recorded liabilities totaling $48 million and $45 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for anticipated costs related to various environmental matters, primarily the remediation of numerous waste disposal sites and certain properties sold by us. Of these amounts, $13 million and $10 million was included in Other Current Liabilities at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The costs include legal and consulting fees, site studies, the design and implementation of remediation plans, post-remediation monitoring and related activities, and will be paid over several years. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may be affected by several uncertainties, primarily the ultimate cost of required remediation and the extent to which other responsible parties contribute. We have limited potential insurance coverage for future environmental claims. Since many of the remediation activities related to environmental matters vary substantially in duration and cost from site to site and the associated costs for each vary depending on the mix of unique site characteristics, in some cases we cannot reasonably estimate a range of possible losses. Although it is not possible to estimate with certainty the outcome of all of our environmental matters, management believes that potential losses in excess of current reserves for environmental matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. Workers’ Compensation We have recorded liabilities, on a discounted basis, totaling $198 million and $224 million for anticipated costs related to workers’ compensation at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of these amounts, $39 million 88 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES and $42 million were included in Current Liabilities as part of Compensation and Benefits at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The costs include an estimate of expected settlements on pending claims, defense costs and a provision for claims incurred but not reported. These estimates are based on our assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience, and current cost trends. The amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We periodically, and at least annually, update our loss development factors based on actuarial analyses. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the liability was discounted using a risk-free rate of return. At December 31, 2019, we estimate that it is reasonably possible that the liability could exceed our recorded amounts by approximately $25 million. General and Product Liability and Other Litigation We have recorded liabilities totaling $293 million and $322 million, including related legal fees expected to be incurred, for potential product liability and other tort claims, including asbestos claims, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Of these amounts, $43 million and $57 million were included in Other Current Liabilities at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The amounts recorded were estimated based on an assessment of potential liability using an analysis of available information with respect to pending claims, historical experience and, where available, recent and current trends. Based upon that assessment, at December 31, 2019, we do not believe that estimated reasonably possible losses associated with general and product liability claims in excess of the amounts recorded will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. However, the amount of our ultimate liability in respect of these matters may differ from these estimates. We have recorded an indemnification asset within Accounts Receivable of $3 million and within Other Assets of $22 million for Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd.’s (“SRI”) obligation to indemnify us for certain product liability claims related to products manufactured by a formerly consolidated joint venture entity, subject to certain caps and restrictions. Asbestos. We are a defendant in numerous lawsuits alleging various asbestos-related personal injuries purported to result from alleged exposure to asbestos in certain products manufactured by us or present in certain of our facilities. Typically, these lawsuits have been brought against multiple defendants in state and federal courts. To date, we have disposed of approximately 152,200 claims by defending, obtaining a dismissal thereof, or entering into a settlement. The sum of our accrued asbestos-related liability and gross payments to date, including legal costs, by us and our insurers totaled approximately $554 million and $545 million through December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. A summary of recent approximate asbestos claims activity follows. Because claims are often filed and disposed of by dismissal or settlement in large numbers, the amount and timing of settlements and the number of open claims during a particular period can fluctuate significantly. (Dollars in millions) 2019 2018 2017 Pending claims, beginning of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . New claims filed during the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claims settled/dismissed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,100 1,500 (5,000) 54,300 1,300 (12,500) 64,400 1,900 (12,000) Pending claims, end of year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,600 43,100 54,300 Payments(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22 $ 18 $ 16 (1) Represents cash payments made during the period by us and our insurers on asbestos litigation defense and claim resolution. We periodically, and at least annually, review our existing reserves for pending claims, including a reasonable estimate of the liability associated with unasserted asbestos claims, and estimate our receivables from probable 89 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES insurance recoveries. We recorded gross liabilities for both asserted and unasserted claims, inclusive of defense costs, totaling $153 million and $166 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In determining the estimate of our asbestos liability, we evaluated claims over the next ten-year period. Due to the difficulties in making these estimates, analysis based on new data and/or a change in circumstances arising in the future may result in an increase in the recorded obligation, and that increase could be significant. We maintain certain primary and excess insurance coverage under coverage-in-place agreements, and also have additional excess liability insurance with respect to asbestos liabilities. After consultation with our outside legal counsel and giving consideration to agreements with certain of our insurance carriers, the financial viability and legal obligations of our insurance carriers and other relevant factors, we determine an amount we expect is probable of recovery from such carriers. We record a receivable with respect to such policies when we determine that recovery is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of a particular recovery. We recorded an insurance receivable related to asbestos claims of $95 million and $108 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We expect that approximately 60% of asbestos claim related losses would be recoverable through insurance during the ten-year period covered by the estimated liability. Of these amounts, $13 million was included in Current Assets as part of Accounts Receivable at both December 31, 2019 and 2018. The recorded receivable consists of an amount we expect to collect under coverage-in-place agreements with certain primary and excess insurance carriers as well as an amount we believe is probable of recovery from certain of our other excess insurance carriers. We believe that, at December 31, 2019, we had approximately $555 million in excess level policy limits applicable to indemnity and defense costs for asbestos products claims under coverage-in-place agreements. We also had additional unsettled excess level policy limits potentially applicable to such costs. In addition, we had coverage under certain primary policies for indemnity and defense costs for asbestos products claims under remaining aggregate limits pursuant to a coverage-in-place agreement, as well as coverage for indemnity and defense costs for asbestos premises claims pursuant to coverage-in-place agreements. We believe that our reserve for asbestos claims, and the receivable for recoveries from insurance carriers recorded in respect of these claims, reflects reasonable and probable estimates of these amounts. The estimate of the liabilities and assets related to pending and expected future asbestos claims and insurance recoveries is subject to numerous uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in: • the litigation environment, • federal and state law governing the compensation of asbestos claimants, • recoverability of receivables due to potential insolvency of insurance carriers, • our approach to defending and resolving claims, and • the level of payments made to claimants from other sources, including other defendants and 524(g) trusts. As a result, with respect to both asserted and unasserted claims, it is reasonably possible that we may incur a material amount of cost in excess of the current reserve; however, such amounts cannot be reasonably estimated. Coverage under insurance policies is subject to varying characteristics of asbestos claims including, but not limited to, the type of claim (premise vs. product exposure), alleged date of first exposure to our products or premises and disease alleged. Recoveries may also be limited by insurer insolvencies or financial difficulties. Depending upon the nature of these characteristics or events, as well as the resolution of certain legal issues, some portion of the insurance may not be accessible by us. Amiens Labor Claims Approximately 850 former employees of the closed Amiens, France manufacturing facility have asserted wrongful termination or other claims totaling €140 million ($157 million) against Goodyear France SAS (formerly known as Goodyear Dunlop Tires France). We intend to vigorously defend ourselves against these 90 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES claims, and any additional claims that may be asserted against us, and cannot estimate the amounts, if any, that we may ultimately pay in respect of such claims. Other Actions We are currently a party to various claims, indirect tax assessments and legal proceedings in addition to those noted above. If management believes that a loss arising from these matters is probable and can reasonably be estimated, we record the amount of the loss, or the minimum estimated liability when the loss is estimated using a range and no point within the range is more probable than another. As additional information becomes available, any potential liability related to these matters is assessed and the estimates are revised, if necessary. Based on currently available information, management believes that the ultimate outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or overall trends in results of operations. Our recorded liabilities and estimates of reasonably possible losses for the contingent liabilities described above are based on our assessment of potential liability using the information available to us at the time and, where applicable, any past experience and recent and current trends with respect to similar matters. Our contingent liabilities are subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable judicial or administrative decisions could occur which we did not anticipate. Such an unfavorable decision could include monetary damages, fines or other penalties or an injunction prohibiting us from taking certain actions or selling certain products. If such an unfavorable decision were to occur, it could result in a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations in the period in which the decision occurs or in future periods. Income Tax Matters The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. We recognize liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We also recognize income tax benefits to the extent that it is more likely than not that our positions will be sustained when challenged by the taxing authorities. We derecognize income tax benefits when based on new information we determine that it is no longer more likely than not that our position will be sustained. To the extent we prevail in matters for which liabilities have been established, or determine we need to derecognize tax benefits recorded in prior periods, our results of operations and effective tax rate in a given period could be materially affected. An unfavorable tax settlement would require use of our cash, and lead to recognition of expense to the extent the settlement amount exceeds recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, result in an increase in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. A favorable tax settlement would be recognized as a reduction of expense to the extent the settlement amount is lower than recorded liabilities and, in the case of an income tax settlement, would result in a reduction in our effective tax rate in the period of resolution. While the Company applies consistent transfer pricing policies and practices globally, supports transfer prices through economic studies, seeks advance pricing agreements and joint audits to the extent possible and believes its transfer prices to be appropriate, such transfer prices, and related interpretations of tax laws, are occasionally challenged by various taxing authorities globally. We have received various tax assessments challenging our interpretations of applicable tax laws in various jurisdictions. Although we believe we have complied with applicable tax laws, have strong positions and defenses and have historically been successful in defending such claims, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected in the case we are unsuccessful in the defense of existing or future claims. Binding Commitments and Guarantees At December 31, 2019, we had binding commitments for raw materials, capital expenditures, utilities and various other types of contracts. Total commitments on contracts that extend beyond 2020 are expected to total 91 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES approximately $1,600 million. In addition, we have other contractual commitments, the amounts of which cannot be estimated, pursuant to certain long term agreements under which we will purchase varying amounts of certain raw materials and finished goods at agreed upon base prices that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in raw material costs and market price adjustments, or in quantities that may be subject to periodic adjustments for changes in our or our suppliers’ production levels. We have off-balance sheet financial guarantees and other commitments totaling approximately $74 million and $73 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We issue guarantees to financial institutions or other entities on behalf of certain of our affiliates, lessors or customers. We generally do not receive a separate premium as consideration for, and do not require collateral in connection with, the issuance of these guarantees. In 2017, we issued a guarantee of approximately PLN 165 million ($47 million) in connection with an indirect tax assessment in EMEA. As of December 31, 2019, this guarantee amount has been increased to PLN 181 million ($48 million). We have concluded our performance under this guarantee is not probable and, therefore, have not recorded a liability for this guarantee. In 2015, as a result of the dissolution of the global alliance with SRI, we issued a guarantee of approximately $46 million to an insurance company related to SRI’s obligation to pay certain outstanding workers’ compensation claims of a formerly consolidated joint venture entity. As of December 31, 2019, this guarantee amount has been reduced to $26 million. We have concluded the probability of our performance to be remote and, therefore, have not recorded a liability for this guarantee. While there is no fixed duration of this guarantee, we expect the amount of this guarantee to continue to decrease over time as the formerly consolidated joint venture entity pays its outstanding claims. If our performance under these guarantees is triggered by non-payment or another specified event, we would be obligated to make payment to the financial institution or the other entity, and would typically have recourse to the affiliate, lessor, customer, or SRI. Except for the workers’ compensation guarantee described above, the guarantees expire at various times through 2021. We are unable to estimate the extent to which our affiliates’, lessors’, customers’, or SRI’s assets would be adequate to recover any payments made by us under the related guarantees. At December 31, 2019, we had an agreement to provide a revolving loan commitment to TireHub of $50 million. No amounts were drawn on that commitment as of December 31, 2019. Indemnifications At December 31, 2019, we were a party to various agreements under which we had assumed obligations to indemnify the counterparties from certain potential claims and losses. These agreements typically involve standard commercial activities undertaken by us in the normal course of business; the sale of assets by us; the formation or dissolution of joint venture businesses to which we had contributed assets in exchange for ownership interests; and other financial transactions. Indemnifications provided by us pursuant to these agreements relate to various matters including, among other things, environmental, tax and shareholder matters; intellectual property rights; government regulations; employment-related matters; and dealer, supplier and other commercial matters. Certain indemnifications expire from time to time, and certain other indemnifications are not subject to an expiration date. In addition, our potential liability under certain indemnifications is subject to maximum caps, while other indemnifications are not subject to caps. Although we have been subject to indemnification claims in the past, we cannot reasonably estimate the number, type and size of indemnification claims that may arise in the future. Due to these and other uncertainties associated with the indemnifications, our maximum exposure to loss under these agreements cannot be estimated. We have determined that there are no indemnifications or guarantees other than liabilities for which amounts are already recorded or reserved in our consolidated financial statements under which it is probable that we have incurred a liability. Warranty We recorded $22 million and $18 million for potential claims under warranties offered by us at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, the majority of which are recorded in Other Current Liabilities. 92 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents changes in the warranty reserve during 2019 and 2018: (In millions) 2019 2018 Balance at January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments made during the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expense recorded during the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Translation adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 18 (25) 29 — Balance at December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22 $ 17 (26) 28 (1) 18 Note 20. Capital Stock Dividends During 2019, 2018 and 2017 we paid cash dividends of $148 million, $138 million and $110 million, respectively, on our common stock. This amount excludes dividends earned on stock based compensation plans of $2 million for 2019 and $1 million for 2018. On January 14, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors (or a duly authorized committee thereof) declared cash dividends of $0.16 per share on our common stock, or approximately $37 million in the aggregate. The cash dividend will be paid on March 2, 2020 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 3, 2020. Future quarterly dividends are subject to Board approval. Common Stock Repurchases On September 18, 2013, the Board of Directors approved our common stock repurchase program and, from time to time, approved increases in the amount authorized to be purchased under that program. The program expired on December 31, 2019. During 2019, we did not repurchase any shares under this program. Since 2013, we repurchased 52,905,959 shares at an average price, including commissions, of $28.99 per share, or $1,534 million in the aggregate. In addition, we may repurchase shares delivered to us by employees as payment for the exercise price of stock options and the withholding taxes due upon the exercise of stock options or the vesting or payment of stock awards. During 2019, we did not repurchase any shares from employees. 93 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Note 21. Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss The following table presents changes in AOCL by component, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, after tax and minority interest: (In millions) Income (Loss) Balance at December 31, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance at December 31, 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) before Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment Unrecognized Net Actuarial Losses and Prior Service Costs Deferred Derivative Gains (Losses) Total $ (1,155) $ (3,053) $ 10 $ (4,198) 240 — (103) 104 (20) 1 117 105 $ (915) $ (3,052) $ (9) $ (3,976) reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (245) Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 4 125 Balance at December 31, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1,160) $ (2,923) $ 4 — (168) 108 9 7 7 10 (14) (232) 132 $ (4,076) (154) 94 Balance at December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1,156) $ (2,983) $ 3 $ (4,136) (1) Includes an increase to AOCL of $32 million in 2019 to adjust the 2018 obligation of our frozen U.K. pension plan. 94 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCL for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017: (In millions) (Income) Expense 2019 2018 2017 Year Ended December 31, Component of AOCL Amortization of prior service cost and Amount Reclassified from AOCL Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations unrecognized gains and losses . . . . . . . . $ 137 $ 139 $ 117 Other (Income) Expense Immediate recognition of prior service cost and unrecognized gains and losses due to curtailments, settlements and divestitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 25 41 Other (Income) Expense / Rationalizations Unrecognized Net Actuarial Losses and Prior Service Costs, before tax . . . . . . $ 143 (35) Tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 164 (39) $ 158 (54) United States and Foreign Taxes Net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 108 $ 125 $ 104 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) Deferred Derivative (Gains) Losses, before tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (14) — Tax effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (14) $ 7 — 7 $ $ 2 Cost of Goods Sold (1) United States and Foreign Taxes 1 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) Total reclassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94 $ 132 $ 105 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) 95 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Note 22. Consolidating Financial Information Certain of our subsidiaries have guaranteed our obligations under the $282 million outstanding principal amount of 8.75% notes due 2020, the $1.0 billion outstanding principal amount of 5.125% senior notes due 2023, the $900 million outstanding principal amount of 5% senior notes due 2026 and the $700 million outstanding principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2027 (collectively, the “notes”). The following presents the condensed consolidating financial information separately for: (i) The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (the “Parent Company”), the issuer of the guaranteed obligations; (ii) Guarantor subsidiaries, on a combined basis, as specified in the indentures related to Goodyear’s obligations under the notes; (iii) Non-guarantor subsidiaries, on a combined basis; (iv) Consolidating entries and eliminations representing adjustments to (a) eliminate intercompany transactions between or among the Parent Company, the guarantor subsidiaries and the non-guarantor subsidiaries, (b) eliminate the investments in our subsidiaries, and (c) record consolidating entries; and (v) The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and Subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. Each guarantor subsidiary is 100% owned by the Parent Company at the date of each balance sheet presented. The notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each guarantor subsidiary. The guarantees of the guarantor subsidiaries are subject to release in limited circumstances only upon the occurrence of certain customary conditions. Each entity in the consolidating financial information follows the same accounting policies as described in the consolidated financial statements, except for the use by the Parent Company and guarantor subsidiaries of the equity method of accounting to reflect ownership interests in subsidiaries which are eliminated upon consolidation. Changes in intercompany receivables and payables related to operations, such as intercompany sales or service charges, are included in cash flows from operating activities. Intercompany transactions reported as investing or financing activities include the sale of capital stock, loans and other capital transactions between members of the consolidated group. Certain non-guarantor subsidiaries of the Parent Company are limited in their ability to remit funds to it by means of dividends, advances or loans due to required foreign government and/or currency exchange board approvals or limitations in credit agreements or other debt instruments of those subsidiaries. 96 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet December 31, 2019 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Assets: Current Assets: Cash and Cash Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Receivable From Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plant and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 165 644 2,176 1,425 74 4,484 24 116 1,736 468 3,564 534 2,428 46 105 — 59 321 531 — 1 19 56 393 11 443 $ 697 1,192 — 1,398 332 3,619 418 20 272 2,376 — 310 4,358 $ — $ — (2,176) (31) (493) (2,700) 123 — (500) (1,941) (3,957) — (21) 908 1,941 — 2,851 234 5,934 565 137 1,527 959 — 855 7,208 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13,354 $ 1,454 $ 11,373 $ (8,996) $ 17,185 Liabilities: Current Liabilities: $ Accounts Payable — Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Payable to Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Payable and Overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities Due Within One Year . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Finance Leases Due Within One Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Long Term Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and Contingent Liabilities Shareholders’ Equity: Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity: Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Nonredeemable . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943 — 326 857 — 107 283 2,516 437 3,313 485 — 2,252 9,003 233 4,118 4,351 — 4,351 134 24 14 6 — 5 — 183 7 167 98 — 7 462 — 992 992 — 992 $ 1,831 2,152 196 365 348 87 279 5,258 224 1,273 751 90 174 7,770 — 3,409 3,409 194 3,603 $ — $ (2,176) — (494) — — — (2,670) — — — — (1,925) (4,595) — (4,401) (4,401) — (4,401) 2,908 — 536 734 348 199 562 5,287 668 4,753 1,334 90 508 12,640 233 4,118 4,351 194 4,545 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . $ 13,354 $ 1,454 $ 11,373 $ (8,996) $ 17,185 97 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet December 31, 2018 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Assets: Current Assets: Cash and Cash Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts Receivable From Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodwill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intangible Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investments in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plant and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 127 672 294 1,425 76 2,594 24 117 1,422 524 3,758 — 2,482 30 110 280 71 3 494 1 — 27 48 445 — 430 $ 644 1,248 — 1,387 155 3,434 420 19 395 564 — — 4,371 $ — $ — (574) (27) 4 (597) 124 — 3 — (4,203) — (24) 801 2,030 — 2,856 238 5,925 569 136 1,847 1,136 — — 7,259 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10,921 $ 1,445 $ 9,203 $ (4,697) $ 16,872 Liabilities: Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable — Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Accounts Payable to Affiliates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Payable and Overdrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities Due Within One Year . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Finance Leases Due Within One Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Current Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Lease Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt and Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred Income Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Long Term Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commitments and Contingent Liabilities Shareholders’ Equity: Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity: Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minority Shareholders’ Equity — Nonredeemable . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 — 286 310 25 — 2 1,583 — 3,550 569 — 355 6,057 232 4,632 4,864 — 4,864 $ 131 — 14 (4) — — — 141 — 167 93 — 8 409 — 1,036 1,036 — 1,036 $ 1,829 574 171 431 385 — 241 3,631 — 1,393 683 95 108 5,910 — 3,087 3,087 206 3,293 $ — $ (574) — — — — — (574) — — — — — (574) — (4,123) (4,123) — (4,123) 2,920 — 471 737 410 — 243 4,781 — 5,110 1,345 95 471 11,802 232 4,632 4,864 206 5,070 Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . $ 10,921 $ 1,445 $ 9,203 $ (4,697) $ 16,872 98 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidating Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2019 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,165 $ 1,403 1,303 Cost of Goods Sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Selling, Administrative and General Expense . . . . . . . — Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Other (Income) Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,765 1,101 86 222 29 $ 9,178 7,565 1,189 119 129 (18) $ (3,001) $ 14,745 11,602 2,323 205 340 98 (3,031) (1) — (39) 72 Income (Loss) before Income Taxes and Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States and Foreign Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (38) (289) (562) (311) — Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (311) $ 23 6 (28) (11) — (11) 194 254 — (60) 14 (74) $ Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (371) $ (43) $ (193) Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 15 (2) 503 590 85 — 85 251 — $ $ 177 474 — (297) 14 (311) (356) 15 $ $ Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . $ (371) $ (43) $ (208) $ 251 $ (371) 99 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidating Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2018 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,382 $ 1,320 1,270 Cost of Goods Sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Selling, Administrative and General Expense . . . . . . . 1 Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Other (Income) Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,947 1,042 3 221 (320) $ 9,567 7,616 1,235 40 105 30 $ (2,794) $ 15,475 11,961 2,312 44 321 (174) (2,872) — — (28) 104 (21) (6) 47 32 — 32 28 — 28 541 179 — 362 15 347 143 $ $ 2 1 (380) (379) — $ $ (379) $ (175) $ 1,011 303 — 708 15 693 589 (4) — (4) $ 147 $ (175) $ 593 Income (Loss) before Income Taxes and Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States and Foreign Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 129 333 693 — Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 693 $ Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 $ — Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . $ 593 $ 100 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Consolidating Statements of Operations Year Ended December 31, 2017 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated (In millions) Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,378 $ 1,186 1,125 Cost of Goods Sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Selling, Administrative and General Expense . . . . . . . 1 Rationalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Interest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Other (Income) Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,774 980 20 254 (60) $ 9,499 7,537 1,265 114 122 (12) $ (2,686) $ 15,377 11,680 2,279 135 335 70 (2,756) — — (51) 130 4 (2) 39 45 — 45 62 — 62 473 101 — 372 19 353 656 35 $ $ (9) (3) (392) (398) — $ $ (398) $ (683) $ — $ 621 $ (683) $ 878 513 — 365 19 346 603 35 568 Income (Loss) before Income Taxes and Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States and Foreign Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equity in Earnings of Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 417 353 346 — Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 346 $ Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Less: Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Minority Shareholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 $ — Goodyear Comprehensive Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . $ 568 $ 101 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Total Cash Flows from Operating Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2019 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,541 $ (273) $ 82 $ (2,143) $ 1,207 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (288) — — — (3,286) 269 (7) (18) (40) — — — — — — — (442) 12 (113) 106 (320) — — (2,110) — — — — 3,606 (269) — 2,100 (770) 12 (113) 106 — — (7) (28) Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3,330) (40) (2,867) 5,437 (800) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred . . . . . . . Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions . . . . . . Total Cash Flows from Financing 398 (423) 2,981 (2,983) 1 — (148) — — — — (1) — — — — — — — 388 (57) (3) — — 1,482 (1,510) 2,961 (3,025) — — — 3,218 (212) (40) (26) (14) — — — — — — — (3,606) 269 43 — — 1,880 (1,933) 5,942 (6,008) 1 — (148) — — — (26) (15) Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (175) 328 2,834 (3,294) (307) Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at — 36 Beginning of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 1 16 30 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at — 49 675 — — — 1 101 873 End of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 204 $ 46 $ 724 $ — $ 974 102 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Total Cash Flows from Operating Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2018 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,771 $ 32 $ (279) $ (608) $ 916 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (307) — — — (1,205) 282 (55) 1 (61) 2 — — — 88 — — Total Cash Flows from Investing (443) — (68) 68 (283) 430 — (4) — — — — 1,488 (800) — — (811) 2 (68) 68 — — (55) (3) Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,284) 29 (300) 688 (867) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred . . . . . . . Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions . . . . . . 965 (940) 3,200 (3,260) 4 (220) (138) 283 (430) — — 16 — — 15 — — — — 67 (77) (65) — — Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (520) (60) Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (33) (3) (2) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 32 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at 979 (855) 3,240 (3,209) — — — 1,138 (293) (543) (31) (9) 417 (40) (202) 877 — — — — — — — (1,488) 800 608 — — 1,944 (1,795) 6,455 (6,469) 4 (220) (138) — — — (31) 7 (80) (243) — — — (43) (237) 1,110 End of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 168 $ 30 $ 675 $ — $ 873 103 THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES (In millions) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Total Cash Flows from Operating Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2017 Parent Company Guarantor Subsidiaries Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries Consolidating Entries and Eliminations Consolidated Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,192 $ 67 $ 577 $ (678) $ 1,158 Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Capital Expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asset Dispositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Acquired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short Term Securities Redeemed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Notes Receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (305) 1 — — (79) 76 — (3) (136) 1 — — — — — — (442) 10 (83) 83 (292) 563 — (7) 2 — — — 371 (639) — — (881) 12 (83) 83 — — — (10) Total Cash Flows from Investing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (310) (135) (168) (266) (879) Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Incurred . . . . . . . Short Term Debt and Overdrafts Paid . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Incurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Term Debt Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Issued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Repurchased . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common Stock Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital Contributions and Loans Incurred . . . . . . . Capital Redemptions and Loans Paid . . . . . . . . . . . Intercompany Dividends Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transactions with Minority Interests in Subsidiaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Debt Related Costs and Other Transactions . . . . . . 420 (420) 3,062 (3,151) 14 (400) (110) 292 (563) — — (35) Total Cash Flows from Financing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (891) Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — 204 (52) — — — 66 (48) (128) — — 42 3 Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9) (23) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at Beginning of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 55 Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash at 634 (626) 3,197 (3,139) — — — 13 (28) (548) (7) (6) — — — — — — — (371) 639 676 — — 1,054 (1,046) 6,463 (6,342) 14 (400) (110) — — — (7) (41) (510) 944 (415) 54 (47) 924 — — — 57 (79) 1,189 End of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 201 $ 32 $ 877 $ — $ 1,110 104 MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. Because of its inherent internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, Management conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 using the framework specified in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such assessment, management has concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2019. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is presented in this Annual Report. 105 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes and financial statement schedule, of The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as listed in the index appearing under Item 8 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO. Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases as of January 1, 2019. Basis for Opinions The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting 106 includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect Because of its inherent misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. limitations, Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Income Taxes—Utilization of Foreign Tax Credits As described in Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements, during the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company’s foreign source income included accelerated royalty income (the “transaction”). The transaction, in combination with other tax planning, resulted in the utilization of foreign tax credits of $310 million in 2019, a significant portion of which related to the transaction. Management performs scheduling exercises to determine if sufficient taxable income of the appropriate character exists in the periods required in order to realize these foreign tax credits prior to their expiration and considers tax planning strategies available to accelerate taxable amounts if required to utilize expiring foreign tax credits. The utilization of foreign tax credits requires judgment in assessing the tax consequences of events that have been recognized in either the Company’s financial statements or tax returns. The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the utilization of foreign tax credits is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management in evaluating the including determining the appropriate application of tax law to the tax consequences of the transaction, transaction and a high degree of estimation uncertainty relative to the numerous and complex tax laws. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating the appropriateness of the application of tax law, including evaluating the implications of specific tax actions executed to accelerate recognition of royalty income in the U.S. Also, the evaluation of audit evidence available to support the application of tax law to the transaction is complex and required significant auditor judgment as the nature of the evidence is often highly subjective, and the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating the audit evidence obtained. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the income tax process, specifically the controls related to management’s assessment of the utilization of foreign tax credits. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing the information used to determine the tax gain from the transaction, including reading of intercompany agreements and (ii) evaluating management’s assessment of the technical merits of the transaction, tax opinions. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the transaction and application of the relevant tax law. including evaluation of external 107 Goodwill Impairment Assessment—EMEA Reporting Unit As described in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $565 million as of December 31, 2019, and the goodwill associated with the Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) reporting unit was $411 million. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if an indicator of impairment is present. Management performed a quantitative assessment for the EMEA reporting unit as of October 31, 2019, the date of its annual goodwill impairment testing. Management tests goodwill for impairment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit including goodwill. Management determines the estimated fair value for each reporting unit based on discounted cash flow projections and market values for comparable businesses. The most critical assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value of the EMEA reporting unit are the projected long term operating margin, discount rate, and the selection of market multiples. to its carrying amount, The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessment of the EMEA reporting unit is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management when developing the fair value measurement of the reporting unit. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate management’s fair value estimate and significant assumptions, including the projected long term operating margin, discount rate, and the selection of market multiples. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained. Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Company’s EMEA reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of the EMEA reporting unit, (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model and market approach, (iii) testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of underlying data used in the models, and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management, including the projected long term operating margin, discount rate, and the selection of market multiples. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the projected long term operating margin involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit, (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s discounted cash flow model and certain significant assumptions, including the discount rate and the selection of market multiples. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Cleveland, Ohio February 11, 2020 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1898. 108 Supplementary Data (Unaudited) Quarterly Data Quarter (In millions, except per share amounts) First Second Third Fourth Year 2019 Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Gross Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income $ 3,598 719 (44) 3,632 $ 777 56 3,802 $ 837 90 3,713 810 (399) $ 14,745 3,143 (297) (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2 2 (7) 14 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (61) $ 54 $ 88 $ (392) $ (311) Goodyear Net Income (Loss)—Per Share of Common Stock:* — Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (0.26) $ 0.23 $ 0.38 $ (1.68) $ (1.33) — Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (0.26) $ 0.23 $ 0.38 $ (1.68) $ (1.33) Weighted Average Shares Outstanding — Basic . . . . — Diluted . . . Dividends Declared per Share of Common Stock . . . . $ Selected Balance Sheet Items at Quarter-End: 232 232 0.16 $ 233 234 0.16 $ 233 234 0.16 $ 234 234 0.16 $ 233 233 0.64 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18,273 6,506 Total Debt and Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,808 Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,031 Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18,470 $ 18,299 $ 17,185 5,663 4,351 4,545 6,737 4,847 5,049 6,676 4,835 5,035 * Due to the anti-dilutive impact of potentially dilutive securities on periods with a Goodyear net loss, as well as weighted average shares changing throughout the year, the quarterly earnings per share amounts may not add to the full year. All numbers presented below are after-tax and minority. The first quarter of 2019 included rationalization charges of $85 million, net charges of $17 million related to indirect tax items, net discrete tax charges of $6 million, and legal claims related to discontinued operations of $4 million. The first quarter of 2019 also included net gains on asset sales of $4 million and a gain of $2 million for hurricane-related net insurance recoveries. The second quarter of 2019 included net discrete tax charges of $6 million, rationalization charges of $3 million, and accelerated depreciation of $1 million. The second quarter of 2019 also included favorable indirect tax items of $6 million. The third quarter of 2019 included rationalization charges of $17 million, charges of $5 million related to flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility, and accelerated depreciation of $1 million. The third quarter of 2019 also included a net discrete tax benefit of $6 million. The fourth quarter of 2019 included net discrete tax charges of $380 million, rationalization charges of $60 million, charges of $20 million related to flooding at our Beaumont, Texas chemical facility, accelerated depreciation of $10 million, and pension settlement charges of $4 million. The fourth quarter of 2019 also included favorable indirect tax items of $24 million, net gains on asset sales of $11 million, and a gain related to an acquisition of $2 million. 109 Quarter (In millions, except per share amounts) First Second Third Fourth Year 2018 Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . $ $ 3,830 854 80 5 3,841 892 164 7 $ 3,928 900 354 3 $ 3,876 868 110 — $ 15,475 3,514 708 15 Goodyear Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 75 $ 157 $ 351 $ 110 $ 693 Goodyear Net Income—Per Share of Common Stock:* — Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted Average Shares Outstanding — Basic . . . . . — Diluted . . . Dividends Declared per Share of Common Stock . . . . Selected Balance Sheet Items at Quarter-End: $ $ $ 0.31 0.31 240 244 0.14 $ $ $ 0.66 0.65 239 241 0.14 $ $ $ 1.49 1.48 236 238 0.14 $ $ $ 0.47 0.47 233 235 0.16 $ $ $ 2.92 2.89 237 239 0.58 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Debt and Capital Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,580 6,259 4,737 4,962 $ 17,355 6,347 4,637 4,844 $ 17,591 6,520 4,800 5,000 $ 16,872 5,763 4,864 5,070 * Due to the anti-dilutive impact of potentially dilutive securities on periods with a Goodyear net loss, as well as weighted average shares changing throughout the year, the quarterly earnings per share amounts may not add to the full year. All numbers presented below are after-tax and minority. The first quarter of 2018 included rationalization charges of $26 million, net discrete tax charges of $7 million, a charge of $7 million related to a one-time expense from the adoption of the new accounting standards update which no longer allows non-service related pension and other postretirement benefits cost to be capitalized in inventory, costs of $3 million related to the TireHub transaction, charges of $3 million for hurricane-related expenses, and accelerated depreciation of $1 million. The second quarter of 2018 included net discrete tax benefits of $28 million, a benefit of $1 million related to the recovery of past costs from one of our asbestos insurers, and net gains on asset sales of $1 million. The second quarter of 2018 also included costs of $8 million related to the TireHub transaction, charges of $8 million for hurricane-related expenses, losses of $5 million as a result of the national transportation strike in Brazil, and pension settlement charges of $2 million. The third quarter of 2018 included a net gain of $219 million on the TireHub transaction and a benefit of $17 million related to a favorable indirect tax settlement in Brazil. The third quarter of 2018 also included net discrete income tax charges of $31 million, pension settlement charges of $8 million, rationalization charges of $4 million, legal claims related to discontinued operations of $3 million, and charges of $2 million for hurricane- related expenses. The fourth quarter of 2018 included benefits of $56 million related to favorable indirect tax items. The fourth quarter of 2018 also included discrete income tax charges of $55 million, pension settlement charges of $7 million, rationalization charges of $2 million, and accelerated depreciation of $2 million. 110 SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA. (In millions, except per share amounts) 2019(2) 2018(2) 2017(2) 2016(2) 2015(2) Year Ended December 31,(1) Net Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,745 $ 15,475 $ 15,377 $ 15,158 $ 16,443 376 Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Less: Minority Shareholders’ Net Income . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,284 20 (297) 14 708 15 365 19 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (311) $ 693 $ 346 $ 1,264 $ 307 Goodyear Net Income (Loss) — Per Share of Common Stock: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.33) $ 2.92 $ 1.39 $ 4.81 $ 1.14 Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (1.33) $ 2.89 $ 1.37 $ 4.74 $ 1.12 Cash Dividends Declared per Common Share . . . . . . . . . . . $ 0.64 $ 0.58 $ 0.44 $ 0.31 $ 0.25 Total Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 17,185 $ 16,872 $ 17,064 $ 16,511 $ 16,391 585 Long Term Debt and Finance Leases Due Within One Year . . . 5,074 Long Term Debt and Finance Leases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,920 Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,142 Total Shareholders’ Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 4,753 4,351 4,545 436 4,798 4,507 4,725 391 5,076 4,603 4,850 243 5,110 4,864 5,070 (1) (2) Refer to “Basis of Presentation” and “Principles of Consolidation” in the Note to the Consolidated Financial Statements No. 1, Accounting Policies. Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted, using the modified retrospective adoption approach, an accounting standards update with new guidance relating to leases. Our adoption of this standards update resulted in adjustments that increased Total Assets by $873 million, increased Long Term Debt and Finance Leases by $14 million, and decreased Goodyear Shareholders’ Equity and Total Shareholders’ Equity by $23 million. Periods prior to 2019 have not been restated for the adoption of this standards update. 111 GENERAL INFORMATION REGARDING OUR SEGMENTS For the year ended December 31, 2019, we operated our business through three operating segments representing our regional tire businesses: Americas; Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and Asia Pacific. Our principal business is the development, manufacture, distribution and sale of tires and related products and services worldwide. We manufacture and market numerous lines of rubber tires for: • automobiles • trucks • buses • aircraft • motorcycles • earthmoving and mining equipment • farm implements • industrial equipment, and • various other applications. In each case, our tires are offered for sale to vehicle manufacturers for mounting as original equipment (“OE”) and for replacement worldwide. We manufacture and sell tires under the Goodyear, Dunlop, Kelly, Debica, Sava and Fulda brands and various other Goodyear owned “house” brands, and the private-label brands of certain customers. In certain geographic areas we also: • retread truck, aviation and off-the-road (“OTR”) tires, • manufacture and sell tread rubber and other tire retreading materials, • sell chemical products, and/or • provide automotive and commercial repair services and miscellaneous other products and services. Our principal products are new tires for most applications. Approximately 85% of our sales in 2019, 84% in 2018 and 87% in 2017 were for tire units. Sales of chemical products and natural rubber to unaffiliated customers were 3% in 2019, 4% in 2018 and 3% in 2017 of our consolidated sales (5%, 7% and 6% of Americas total sales in 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively). The percentages of each segment’s sales attributable to tire units during the periods indicated were: Tire Unit Sales Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 2017 Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Europe, Middle East and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asia Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80% 91 91 78% 92 91 81% 94 90 Each segment exports tires to other segments. The financial results of each segment exclude sales of tires exported to other segments, but include operating income derived from such transactions. Goodyear does not include motorcycle, aviation, race or all-terrain vehicle tires in reported tire unit sales. 112 PERFORMANCE GRAPH The graph below compares the cumulative total shareholder returns of Goodyear Common Stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Index (the “S&P 500”), the Standard & Poor’s Midcap 400 Index (the “S&P Midcap 400”) and the Dow Jones US Auto Parts Index (the “Dow Auto Parts”) at each December 31 during the period beginning December 31, 2014 and ending December 31, 2019. The graph assumes the investment of $100 on December 31, 2014 in Goodyear Common Stock, in the S&P 500, in the S&P Midcap 400 and in the Dow Auto Parts. Total shareholder return was calculated on the basis that in each case all dividends were reinvested. During 2019, Goodyear Common Stock was added to the S&P Midcap 400 and removed from the S&P 500. As a result, the Company intends to use the S&P Midcap 400 as its comparable broad equity market index in the future. COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN* Among The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, the S&P 500 Index, the S&P Midcap 400 Index and the Dow Auto Parts Index $200 $180 $160 $140 $120 $100 $80 $60 $40 $20 $0 12/14 12/15 12/16 12/17 12/18 12/19 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company S&P 500 S&P Midcap 400 Dow Auto Parts * $100 invested on 12/31/14 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31. 113 DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS BOARD OF DIRECTORS James A. Firestone, 65 Retired Executive Vice President and President, Corporate Strategy and Asia Operations Xerox Corporation Elected 2007 1, 4, 6 Werner Geissler, 66 Retired Vice Chairman, Global Operations The Procter & Gamble Company Elected 2011 1, 3, 6 Peter S. Hellman, 70 Retired President Nordson Corporation Elected 2010 1, 4, 6 Laurette T. Koellner, 65 Retired President Boeing International Elected 2015 2, 4, 6 Richard J. Kramer, 56 Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Elected 2010 6 W. Alan McCollough, 70 Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Circuit City Stores, Inc. Elected 2007 2, 5 John E. McGlade, 66 Retired Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Elected 2012 2, 5, 6 Roderick A. Palmore, 68 Retired Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Chief Compliance and Risk Management Officer and Secretary General Mills, Inc. Elected 2012 4, 5, 6 Hera Kitwan Siu, 60 Chief Executive Officer, Greater China, Cisco Systems, Inc. Elected 2019 3, 4 Stephanie A. Streeter, 62 Retired Chief Executive Officer Libbey Inc. Elected 2008 2, 5 Thomas H. Weidemeyer, 72 Retired Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer United Parcel Service, and President, UPS Airlines Elected 2004 1, 3 Michael R. Wessel, 60 President The Wessel Group Inc. Elected 2005 3 Thomas L. Williams, 61 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Parker-Hannifin Corporation Elected 2019 1, 3 1 Audit Committee 2 Compensation Committee 3 Committee on Corporate Responsibility and Compliance 4 Finance Committee 5 Governance Committee 6 Executive Committee CORPORATE OFFICERS BUSINESS UNIT OFFICERS Richard J. Kramer, 56* David E. Phillips, 44 Christopher R. Delaney, 58 Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President 20 years of service, officer since 2000 Senior Vice President and General Counsel Eight years of service, officer since 2019 Darren R. Wells, 54 Gary S. VanderLind, 57 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 15 years of service, officer since 2018 Senior Vice President, Global Human Resources 34 years of service, officer since 2019 Jonathan Bellissimo, 64 Peter R. Rapin, 65 President, Europe, Middle East and Africa Four years of service, officer since 2016 Stephen R. McClellan, 54 President, Americas 32 years of service, officer since 2008 Ryan G. Patterson, 46 President, Asia Pacific 17 years of service, officer since 2017 Senior Vice President, Global Operations and Technology 42 years of service, officer since 2019 Laura P. Duda, 50 Senior Vice President, Global Communications Four years of service, officer since 2019 Christopher P. Helsel, 54 Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer 23 years of service, officer since 2018 Vice President, Tax and Treasurer Five years of service, officer since 2015 Evan M. Scocos, 49 Vice President and Controller 15 years of service, officer since 2016 Daniel T. Young, 52 Secretary and Associate General Counsel 12 years of service, officer since 2016 * Also a director 114 ASIA PACIFIC China Pulandian Development Center, Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires Shanghai Asia Pacific Headquarters India Aurangabad Consumer Tires Ballabgarh Commercial Tires, Agricultural Tires Indonesia Bogor Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires, Agricultural Tires, OTR Tires Japan Tatsuno OTR Tires Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires, Agricultural Tires, OTR Tires Singapore Singapore Natural Rubber Purchasing Thailand Bangkok Consumer Tires, Aircraft Tires, Aircraft Tire Retreading, Test Fleet Center FACILITIES AMERICAS United States Akron, Ohio Global Headquarters, Americas Headquarters, Innovation Center, Tire Proving Grounds, Airship Operations, Chemicals, Racing Tires, Tire Test Lab Bayport, Texas Chemicals Beaumont, Texas Synthetic Rubber Carson, California Airship Operations Danville, Virginia Aircraft Tires, Commercial Tires Fayetteville, North Carolina Consumer Tires Gadsden, Alabama Consumer Tires Hebron, Ohio Development Center Houston, Texas Synthetic Rubber Kingman, Arizona Aircraft Tire Retreading Lawton, Oklahoma Consumer Tires Niagara Falls, New York Chemicals Pompano Beach, Florida Airship Operations San Angelo, Texas Tire Proving Grounds Social Circle, Georgia Tread Rubber Statesville, North Carolina Tire Molds Stockbridge, Georgia Aircraft Tire Retreading Sunnyvale, California Innovation Lab Topeka, Kansas Commercial Tires, OTR Tires Brazil Americana Tire Proving Grounds, Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires, OTR Tires Santa Barbara Retread Materials Sao Paulo Aircraft Tire Retreading Canada Medicine Hat, Alberta Consumer Tires Napanee, Ontario Consumer Tires Valleyfield, Quebec Mixing Center Chile Santiago Consumer Tires Colombia Cali Commercial Tires, OTR Tires Mexico San Luis Potosi Consumer Tires Peru Lima Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST and AFRICA Belgium Brussels Europe, Middle East and Africa Headquarters Finland Ivalo (Saariselka) Tire Proving Grounds France Amiens Consumer Tires Mireval Tire Proving Grounds Montlucon Consumer Tires, Motorcycle Tires, Racing Tires Riom Retreading Germany Furstenwalde Consumer Tires Fulda Consumer Tires Hanau Development Center, Consumer Tires, Tire Test Lab Riesa Consumer Tires Wittlich Tire Proving Grounds, Commercial Tires, Retreading Luxembourg Colmar-Berg Innovation Center, Tire Proving Grounds, Commercial Tires, Regional Calendering Center, OTR Tires, Tire Molds, Tire Test Lab Netherlands Tilburg Aircraft Tire Retreading Poland Debica Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires Slovenia Kranj Consumer Tires, Commercial Tires South Africa Uitenhage Consumer Tires, OTR Tires Turkey Adapazari Consumer Tires Izmit Commercial Tires 115 SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION CORPORATE OFFICES The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 (330) 796-2121 www.goodyear.com GOODYEAR COMMON STOCK The principal market for Goodyear common stock is the Nasdaq Global Select Market (symbol GT). On February 11, 2020, there were 12,280 shareholders of record of Goodyear common stock. The closing price of Goodyear common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on February 11, 2020, was $11.56. The quarterly cash dividend on our common stock is currently $0.16 per share, which represents an annual rate of $0.64 per share. ANNUAL MEETING 4:30 p.m., Monday, April 6, 2020 Hilton Akron-Fairlawn 3180 W. Market Street Akron, Ohio 44333 Please direct meeting inquiries to: Office of the Secretary, Dept. 822 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 SHAREHOLDER INQUIRIES Transfer Agent and Registrar: Computershare Trust Company, N.A. P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 (800) 317-4445 www.computershare.com Inquiries concerning the issuance or transfer of stock certificates or share account information should be directed to Computershare. Provide Social Security number, account number and Goodyear’s ID, GTR. Hearing-impaired shareholders can communicate directly with Computershare via a TDD by calling (800) 952-9245. Other shareholder inquiries should be directed to: Investor Relations, Dept. 635 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 (330) 796-3751 E-mail: goodyear.investor.relations@goodyear.com FORM 10-K AND OTHER REPORTS Paper copies of Goodyear’s Annual Report on Form 10-K are available upon request. Quarterly reports on Form 10-Q are also available on request. Copies of any of the above or Goodyear’s Proxy Statement may be obtained without charge from: Investor Relations, Dept. 635 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 200 Innovation Way Akron, Ohio 44316-0001 (330) 796-3751 Copies of these reports may also be obtained from the company’s Investor Website http://investor.goodyear.com. Goodyear has included as Exhibits 31.1, 31.2 and 32.1 to its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, certificates of Goodyear’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer with respect to the Form 10-K. CD COPY A CD copy of the 2019 Annual Report is available for visually impaired shareholders by contacting Goodyear Investor Relations at (330) 796-3751. COMPUTERSHARE INVESTMENT PLAN Computershare sponsors and administers a direct stock purchase and dividend reinvestment plan for current shareholders and new investors in Goodyear common stock. A brochure explaining the program may be obtained by contacting: Computershare c/o Shareholder Services P.O. Box 505000 Louisville, KY 40233-5000 (800) 317-4445 www.computershare.com/investor INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP 200 Public Square, 19th Floor Cleveland, Ohio 44114-2301 OTHER INFORMATION Persons seeking information about Goodyear’s corporate responsibility initiatives can access the company’s Corporate Responsibility Website at: www.goodyear.com/responsibility. Persons seeking general information about Goodyear or its products can access the company’s Corporate Website at: www.goodyear.com/ corporate. Media representatives seeking information about Goodyear or contact information for spokespersons can access the company’s Media Website at: www.goodyearnewsroom.com. 116 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above