TowerStream Corporation
Annual Report 2010

Plain-text annual report

TOWERSTREAM CORP FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 03/17/11 for the Period Ending 12/31/10 Address Telephone CIK Symbol SIC Code 55 HAMMARLUND WAY MIDDLETOWN, RI 02842 (401) 848-5848 0001349437 TWER 4899 - Communications Services, Not Elsewhere Classified Industry Communications Services Sector Fiscal Year Services 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2011, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use.  UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K (Mark One) For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 OR For the transition period from_______to_______ Commission file number 001-33449 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (401) 848-5848 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes (cid:1) No  Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes (cid:1) No  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes (cid:1) No (cid:1) Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. (cid:1) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes (cid:1) No  The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $46,467,089. As of March 15, 2011, there were 42,364,543 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding.  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 (cid:1) TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Delaware 20-8259086 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 55 Hammarlund Way 02842 Middletown, Rhode Island (Zip Code) (Address of principal executive offices) Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share The NASDAQ Capital Market Large accelerated filer (cid:1) Accelerated filer (cid:1) Non-accelerated filer (cid:1) (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company   TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION Table of Contents Page PART I Item 1. Business. 3 Item 1A. Risk Factors. 8 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. 17 Item 2. Properties. 17 Item 3. Legal Proceedings. 17 Item 4. (Removed and Reserved). 17 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. 18 Item 6. Selected Financial Data. 19 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. 19 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. 25 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. 26 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. 47 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. 47 Item 9B. Other Information. 48 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. 49 Item 11. Executive Compensation. 53 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. 55 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. 57 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. 57 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. 58 2  PART I Forward-Looking Statements Forward-looking statements in this report, including without limitation, statements related to Towerstream Corporation’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, intentions and adequacy of resources, are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Investors are cautioned that such forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties including without limitation the following: (i) Towerstream Corporation’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations and intentions are subject to change at any time at the discretion of Towerstream Corporation; (ii) Towerstream Corporation’s plans and results of operations will be affected by Towerstream Corporation’s ability to manage growth and competition; and (iii) other risks and uncertainties indicated from time to time in Towerstream Corporation’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as ‘‘may,’’ ‘‘will,’’ ‘‘should,’’ ‘‘could,’’ ‘‘expects,’’ ‘‘plans,’’ ‘‘intends,’’ ‘‘anticipates,’’ ‘‘believes,’’ ‘‘estimates,’’ ‘‘predicts,’’ ‘‘potential,’’ or ‘‘continue’’ or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of such statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We are under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this report. Factors that might affect our forward-looking statements include, among other things: Item 1. Business. Towerstream Corporation (“Towerstream”, “we”, “us”, “our” or the “Company”) provides broadband services to commercial customers and delivers access over a wireless network transmitting over both regulated and unregulated radio spectrum. Our service supports bandwidth on demand, wireless redundancy, virtual private networks (“VPNs”), disaster recovery, bundled data and video services. We provide service to business customers in New York City, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Miami, Dallas-Fort Worth, Philadelphia, Nashville, Providence and Newport, Rhode Island. The Company’s website address is http://www.towerstream.com . Information contained on the Company’s website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports are available free of charge through the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) website at http://www.sec.gov as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. ● overall economic and business conditions; ● the demand for our goods and services; ● competitive factors in the industries in which we compete; ● emergence of new technologies which compete with our service offerings; ● changes in tax requirements (including tax rate changes, new tax laws and revised tax law interpretations); ● the outcome of litigation and governmental proceedings; ● interest rate fluctuations and other changes in borrowing costs; ● other capital market conditions, including availability of funding sources; ● potential impairment of our indefinite-lived intangible assets and/or our long-lived assets; and ● changes in government regulations related to the broadband and Internet protocol industries. 3  Our Networks Our broadband network is constructed in a significantly different manner than the legacy service providers. In each of our markets, we enter into lease agreements with building owners which we refer to as Company Locations. At these locations, we install a significant amount of equipment on the building rooftop in order to connect numerous customers to the Internet. We also connect to the Internet at some of these locations by entering into either IP transit agreements or peering arrangements with a national service provider. These connection points are referred to as Points of Presence, or PoPs. Each PoP is “linked” to one or more other PoPs to enhance redundancy and make sure that there is no single point of failure. We refer to the core connectivity of all of our PoPs as a “Wireless Ring in the Sky.” Each PoP has a coverage area averaging of six miles although the exact distance can be affected by numerous factors, most significantly, how clear the line of sight is between the PoP and the customer location. We also install equipment at each customer location which we refer to as Customer Locations. Equipment installed at both Company and Customer Locations includes receivers and antennas. A wireless connection is established between each Customer Location to one or more PoPs through which Internet service is provided on a wireless basis. Markets We intend to grow our business by deploying our service more broadly and seeking to rapidly increase our customer base. We intend to deploy our wireless broadband network broadly both in terms of geography and categories of commercial and business customers. We intend to increase the number of geographic markets we serve by expanding into new markets and through strategic acquisitions. We also plan to service a wide range of commercial customers ranging from small businesses to large enterprises. We determine which geographic markets to enter by assessing a number of criteria in four broad categories. First, we evaluate our ability to deploy our service in a given market, taking into consideration our spectrum position, the availability of towers and zoning constraints. Second, we assess the market by evaluating the number of competitors, existing price points, demographic characteristics and distribution channels. Third, we evaluate the economic potential of the market, focusing on our forecasts of revenue growth opportunities and capital requirements. Finally, we look at market clustering opportunities and other cost efficiencies that might be realized. Based on this approach, as of December 31, 2010, we offered wireless broadband connectivity in nine markets in the top 20 metropolitan statistical areas covering 64% of small and medium business (5 to 249 employees). We believe there are significant market opportunities beyond the eleven markets in which we are currently offering our services. Our long-term plan is to expand nationally into other top metropolitan markets in the United States. However, given the difficult economic environment over the past few years, we have been focusing our efforts on the acquisition of other wireless internet service providers in both existing and new markets. We believe there are significant opportunities to acquire smaller, locally based service providers. Many of these operators have built a solid network and a stable customer base. However, the significant capital requirements associated with building and maintaining a wireless network, combined with a long recession, have adversely impacted the financial strength and liquidity of these companies. We believe the cost of acquiring these companies can be less than achieving the same relative growth organically. During 2010, we completed two acquisitions and we expect to complete additional acquisitions in 2011. Our decision to organically expand into new markets will depend upon many factors including the timing and frequency of acquisitions, national and local economic conditions, and the opportunity to leverage existing customer relationships in new markets. Sales and Marketing We employ an inside direct sales force model to sell our services to business customers. As of December 31, 2010, we employed 47 direct sales people. We generally compensate these employees on a salary plus commission basis. The tenure of our sales force has improved in recent years. Approximately 68% of our sales personnel had been with the Company for more than two years as of December 31, 2010 as compared to 67% and 8% as of December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Our sales force staffing levels peaked in July 2008 when we employed 128 direct sales personnel. In June 2009, we reduced our direct sales force by 34% in response to a growing emphasis on Internet based marketing initiatives. This change reflected an increasing awareness of the need to capture customer demand rather than trying to create customer demand. Most companies secure their bandwidth service under contracts ranging in length from one to three years. As a result, customer buying decisions generally occur when their existing contracts are drawing closer to expiring. We believe that many buyers of information technology services search the internet to learn about industry trends and developments, as well as competitive service offerings. Our reduction in staffing levels has enabled us to cost effectively increase spending on Internet based marketing initiatives, increase sales productivity, and reduce total sales and marketing expenses. 4  We contract with a limited number of indirect sales channels including integrators, resellers, and online operators. We pay an initial sales commissions on such sales, and in some cases, a modest residual. Sales through indirect channels comprise less than 5% of our total sales. Competition The market for broadband services is highly competitive, and includes companies that offer a variety of services using a number of different technology platforms including cable networks, digital subscriber lines (“DSL”), third-generation cellular, satellite, wireless Internet service and other emerging technologies. We compete with these companies on the basis of the portability, ease of use, speed and price of our services. Competitors to our wireless broadband services include: Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers and Common Local Exchange Carriers We face competition from traditional wireline operators in terms of price, performance, discounted rates for bundles of services, breadth of service, reliability, network security, and ease of access and use. In particular, we face competition from Verizon Communications Inc. and AT&T Inc. which are referred to as ‘‘incumbent local exchange carriers,’’ or (“ILECS”), as well as TelePacific Communications, MegaPath Networks Inc., and EarthLink, Inc. which are referred to as ‘‘common local exchange carriers,’’ or (“CLECS”). Cable Modem and DSL Services We compete with companies that provide Internet connectivity through cable modems or DSL. Principal competitors include cable companies, such as Comcast Corporation, and incumbent telephone companies, such as AT&T Inc. or Verizon Communications Inc. Both the cable and telephone companies deploy their services over wired networks initially designed for voice and one-way data transmission that have subsequently been upgraded to provide for additional services. Cellular and PCS Services Cellular and personal communications service (“PCS”) carriers are seeking to expand their capacity to provide data and voice services that are superior to ours. These providers have substantially broader geographic coverage than we have and, for the foreseeable future, than we expect to have. If one or more of these providers can deploy technologies that compete effectively with our services, the mobility and coverage offered by these carriers will provide even greater competition than we currently face. Moreover, more advanced cellular and PCS technologies, such as third generation mobile technologies, currently offer broadband service with packet data transfer speeds of up to 2,000,000 bits per second for fixed applications, and slower speeds for mobile applications. We expect that third generation technology will be improved to increase connectivity speeds to make it more suitable for a range of advanced applications. Wireless Broadband Service Providers We also face competition from other wireless broadband service providers that use licensed and unlicensed spectrum. In connection with our merger and acquisition activities, we have determined that most of our current and planned markets already have one or more locally based companies providing wireless broadband Internet services. In addition to these commercial operators, many local governments, universities and other governmental or quasi-governmental entities are providing or subsidizing ‘‘WiFi’’ networks over unlicensed spectrum, in some cases at no cost to the user. There exist numerous small local urban and rural wireless operations offering local services that could compete with us in our present or planned geographic markets. Satellite Satellite providers, such as WildBlue Communications, Inc. and Hughes Network Systems, LLC, offer broadband data services that address a niche market, mainly less densely populated areas that are unserved or underserved by competing service providers. Although satellite offers service to a large geographic area, latency caused by the time it takes for the signal to travel to and from the satellite may challenge a satellite provider’s ability to provide some services, such as Voice over Internet Protocol (“VoIP”), which reduces the size of the addressable market. 5  Other We believe other emerging technologies may also seek to enter the broadband services market. For example, we are aware that several power generation and distribution companies are seeking to develop or have already offered commercial broadband Internet services over existing electric power lines. Competitive Strengths Even though we face substantial existing and prospective competition, we believe that we have a number of competitive advantages that will allow us to retain existing customers and attract new customers over time. Reliability Our network was designed specifically to support wireless broadband services. The networks of cellular, cable and DSL companies rely on infrastructure that was originally designed for non-broadband purposes. We also connect the customer to our Wireless Ring in the Sky, which has no single point of failure. This ring is fed by multiple lead Internet providers located at opposite ends of our service cities and connected to our national ring which is fed by multiple leading carriers. We believe that we are the only wireless broadband provider that offers true separate egress for true redundancy. With DSL and cable offerings, the wireline connection can be terminated by one backhoe swipe or switch failure. Our Wireless Ring in the Sky is backhoe-proof and weather-proof. As a result, our network has historically experienced reliability rates of approximately 99%. Flexibility Our wireless infrastructure and service delivery enables us to respond quickly to changes in a customer’s broadband requirements. We offer bandwidth options ranging from 0.5 megabits per second up to 1.5 gigabit per second. We can usually adjust a customer’s bandwidth remotely and without having to visit the customer location to modify or install new equipment. Changes can often be made on a same day basis. Timeliness In many cases, we can install a new customer and begin delivering Internet connectivity within 3 to 5 business days after receiving a customer’s order. Many of the larger telecommunications companies can take 30 to 60 days to complete an installation. As businesses conduct more of their business operations through the Internet, the timeliness of service delivery has become more important. Value We own our entire network which enables us to price our services lower than most of our competitors. Specifically, we are able to offer competitive prices because we do not have to buy a local loop charge from the telephone company. Efficient Economic Model Our economic model is characterized by low fixed capital and operating expenditures relative to other wireless and wireline broadband service providers. We own our entire network, thereby eliminating costs involved in using lines owned by telephone or cable companies. Our network is modular. Coverage is directly related to the height of the facility we are on. The average area covered by a Point of Presence is a six mile radius. Experienced Management Team We have an experienced executive management team with more than 50 years of combined experience as company leaders. Our President and Chief Executive Officer, Jeffrey M. Thompson, is a founder of the Company and has more than 20 years experience in the data communications industry. Our Chief Financial Officer, Joseph P. Hernon, has been the chief financial officer for three publicly traded companies. Our Chief Operating Officer, Mel Yarbrough, has more than 10 years experience leading direct sales organizations. 6  Corporate History We were organized in the State of Nevada in June 2005. In January 2007, we merged with and into a wholly-owned Delaware subsidiary, for the sole purpose of changing our state of incorporation to Delaware. In January 2007, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours merged with and into a private company, Towerstream Corporation, with Towerstream Corporation being the surviving company. Upon closing of the merger, we discontinued our former business and succeeded to the business of Towerstream Corporation as our sole line of business. At the same time, we also changed our name to Towerstream Corporation and, our subsidiary, Towerstream Corporation, changed its name to Towerstream I, Inc. Regulatory Matters Wireless broadband services are subject to regulation by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”). At the federal level, the FCC has jurisdiction over wireless transmissions over the electromagnetic spectrum and all interstate telecommunications services. State regulatory commissions have jurisdiction over intrastate communications. Municipalities may regulate limited aspects of our business by, for example, imposing zoning requirements and requiring installation permits. Telecommunications Regulation Our wireless broadband systems can be used to provide Internet access service and VPNs. In a March 2007 decision, the FCC classified wireless broadband Internet access service as an interstate information service that is regulated under Title I of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended. Accordingly, most regulations that apply to telephone companies and other common carriers do not apply to our wireless broadband Internet access service. For example, we are not currently required to contribute a percentage of gross revenues from our Internet access services to universal service funds used to support local telephone service and advanced telecommunications services for schools, libraries and rural health care facilities (‘‘USF Fees’’). We are not required to file tariffs with the FCC, setting forth the rates, terms, and conditions of our Internet access service. The FCC, however, is currently considering whether to impose various consumer protection obligations, similar to Title II obligations, on wireless broadband Internet access providers. These requirements may include obligations related to truth-in-billing, slamming, discontinuing service, customer proprietary network information and federal universal service funds mechanisms. Internet access providers are currently subject to applicable state consumer protection laws enforced by each state’s Attorney General and general Federal Trade Commission consumer protection rules. On August 5, 2005, the FCC adopted an Order finding that facilities-based broadband Internet access providers are subject to the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”), which requires service providers covered by that statute to build certain law enforcement surveillance assistance capabilities into their communications networks. The FCC required facilities-based broadband Internet access providers to comply with CALEA requirements by May 14, 2007. We have complied with such CALEA requirements. On May 3, 2006, the FCC adopted an additional Order addressing CALEA compliance obligations of these providers. In that order, the FCC: (i) affirmed the May 14, 2007 compliance deadline; (ii) indicated compliance standards are to be developed by the industry within the telecommunications standards-setting bodies working together with law enforcement; (iii) permitted the use of certain third parties to satisfy CALEA compliance obligations; (iv) restricted the availability of compliance extensions; (v) concluded that facilities-based broadband Internet access providers are responsible for any CALEA development and implementation costs; (vi) declared that the FCC may pursue enforcement action, in addition to remedies available through the courts, against any non-compliant provider; and (vii) adopted interim progress report filing requirements. Broadband Internet-related and Internet protocol-services regulatory policies are continuing to develop, and it is possible that our broadband Internet access could be subject to additional regulations in the future. The extent of the regulations that will ultimately be applicable to these services and the impact of such regulations on the ability of providers to compete are currently unknown. Spectrum Regulation The FCC routinely reviews its spectrum policies and may change its position on spectrum allocations from time to time. We believe that the FCC is committed to allocating spectrum to support wireless broadband deployment throughout the United States and will continue to modify its regulations to foster such deployment, which will help us implement our existing and future business plans. 7  Internet Taxation The Internet Tax Freedom Act, which was signed into law in October 2007, extended a moratorium on taxes on Internet access and multiple, discriminatory taxes on electric commerce. This moratorium had previously expired in November 2007, and as with the preceding Internet Tax Freedom Act, ‘‘grandfathered’’ states that taxed Internet access prior to October 1998 to allow them to continue to do so. Certain states have enacted various taxes on Internet access or electronic commerce, and selected states’ taxes are being contested on a variety of bases. However, state tax laws may not be successfully contested, and future state and federal laws imposing taxes or other regulations on Internet access and electronic commerce may arise, any of which could increase the cost of providing Internet services, which could, in turn, materially adversely affect our business. Employees As of December 31, 2010, we had 131 employees, of whom 129 are full-time employees and 2 are part-time employees. As of February 28, 2011, we had 132 employees, of whom 131 are full-time employees and 1 is a part-time employee. We believe our employee relations are good. Three employees are considered members of executive management. Item 1A. Risk Factors. Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Prospective investors should carefully consider the risks described below and other information contained in this annual report, including our financial statements and related notes before purchasing shares of our common stock. There are numerous and varied risks, known and unknown, that may prevent us from achieving our goals. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be materially adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and investors in our common stock could lose all or part of their investment. Risks Relating to Our Business We may be unable to successfully execute any of our identified business opportunities or other business opportunities that we determine to pursue. In order to pursue business opportunities, we will need to continue to build our infrastructure and strengthen our operational capabilities. Our ability to do any of these successfully could be affected by any one or more of the following factors: • the ability of our equipment, our equipment suppliers or our service providers to perform as we expect; • the ability of our services to achieve market acceptance; • our ability to manage third party relationships effectively; • our ability to identify suitable locations and then negotiate acceptable agreements with building owners so that we can establish Points of Presence (“POPs”) on their rooftop; • our ability to work effectively with new customers to secure approval from their landlord to install our equipment; • our ability to effectively manage the growth and expansion of our business operations without incurring excessive costs, high employee turnover or damage to customer relationships; • our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel which may be affected by the significant competition in our industry for individuals experienced in network operations and engineering; • equipment failure or interruption of service which could adversely affect our reputation and our relations with our customers; • our ability to accurately predict and respond to the rapid technological changes in our industry and the evolving demands of the markets we serve; and 8  Our failure to adequately address any one or more of the above factors could have a significant adverse impact on our ability to execute our business plan and the long term viability of our business. We depend on the continued availability of leases and licenses for our communications equipment. We have constructed proprietary networks in each of the markets we serve by installing antennae on rooftops, cellular towers and other structures pursuant to lease and license agreements to send and receive wireless signals necessary for the operation of our network. We typically seek five year initial terms for our leases with three to five year renewal options. Such renewal options are generally exercisable at our discretion before the expiration of the current term. If these leases are terminated or if the owners of these structures are unwilling to continue to enter into leases or licenses with us in the future, we would be forced to seek alternative arrangements with other providers. If we are unable to continue to obtain or renew such leases on satisfactory terms, our business would be harmed. Our business depends on a strong brand, and if we do not maintain and enhance our brand, our ability to attract and retain customers may be impaired and our business and operating results may be harmed. We believe that our brand is a critical part of our business. Maintaining and enhancing our brand may require us to make substantial investments with no assurance that these investments will be successful. If we fail to promote and maintain the “Towerstream” brand, or if we incur significant expenses in this effort, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition may be harmed. We anticipate that maintaining and enhancing our brand will become increasingly important, difficult and expensive. We are pursuing acquisitions that we believe complement our existing operations but which involve risks that could adversely affect our business. Acquisitions involve risks that could adversely affect our business including the diversion of management time from operations and difficulties integrating the operations and personnel of acquired companies. In addition, any future acquisition could result in significant costs, the incurrence of additional debt or the issuance of equity securities to fund the acquisition, and the assumption of contingent or undisclosed liabilities, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In connection with any future acquisition, we generally will seek to minimize the impact of contingent and undisclosed liabilities by obtaining indemnities and warranties from the seller. However, these indemnities and warranties, if obtained, may not fully cover the liabilities due to their limited scope, their amount or duration, the financial limitations of the indemnitor or warrantor, or for other reasons. We continue to consider strategic acquisitions, some of which may be larger than those previously completed and which could be material acquisitions. Integrating acquisitions is often costly and may require significant attention from management. Delays or other operational or financial problems that interfere with our operations may result. If we fail to implement proper overall business controls for companies or assets we acquire or fail to successfully integrate these acquired companies or assets in our processes, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, it is possible that we may incur significant expenses in the evaluation and pursuit of potential acquisitions that may not be successfully completed. We have a history of operating losses and expect to continue incurring losses for the foreseeable future. Our current business was launched in 1999 and has incurred losses in each year of operation. Through December 31, 2007, we incurred cumulative operating losses totaling $16,714,727, of which $8,213,002 were recapitalized at the time of our S-corporation revocation. We recorded a net loss of $13,377,419 in 2008, $8,625,250 in 2009 and $5,603,007 in 2010. We cannot anticipate when, if ever, our operations will become profitable. We expect to incur significant net losses as we develop our network, expand our markets, undertake acquisitions, acquire spectrum and pursue our business strategy. We intend to invest significantly in our business before we expect cash flow from operations to be adequate to cover our operating expenses. If we are unable to execute our business strategy and grow our business, either as a result of the risks identified in this section or for any other reason, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected. • our ability to raise additional capital to fund our growth and to support our operations until we reach profitability. 9  Cash and cash equivalents represent one of our largest assets and in light of the recent market turmoil among financial institutions and related liquidity issues, we may be at risk of being uninsured for a large portion of such assets or having timing problems accessing such assets. The market turmoil experienced over the past few years, including the failure or insolvency of several large financial institutions and the credit crunch affecting the short term debt markets, has caused liquidity problems for companies and institutions across the country. As of December 31, 2010, we had approximately $23,000,000 in cash and cash equivalents with one large financial banking institution. Although the present regulatory response in the United States for when a large institution becomes insolvent generally has been to have the failing institution merge or transfer assets to more solvent entities, thereby avoiding failures, it is possible that any financial institution could become insolvent or fail. At times, our cash and cash equivalents may be uninsured or in deposit accounts that exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. If the institution at which we have placed our funds were to become insolvent or fail, we could be at risk for losing a substantial portion of our cash deposits, or incur significant time delays in obtaining access to such funds. In light of the limited amount of federal insurance for deposits, even if we were to spread our cash assets among several institutions, we would remain at risk for the amount not covered by insurance. Our business may require additional capital for continued growth, and our growth may be slowed if we do not have sufficient capital. The continued growth and operation of our business may require additional funding for working capital, debt service, the enhancement and upgrade of our network, the build-out of infrastructure to expand our coverage, possible acquisitions and possible bids to acquire spectrum licenses. We may be unable to secure such funding when needed in adequate amounts or on acceptable terms, if at all. To execute our business strategy, we may issue additional equity securities in public or private offerings, potentially at a price lower than the market price of our common stock at the time of such issuance. Similarly, we may seek debt financing and may be forced to incur significant interest expense. If we cannot secure sufficient funding, we may be forced to forego strategic opportunities or delay, scale back or eliminate network deployments, operations, acquisitions, spectrum bids and other investments. Many of our competitors are better established and have resources significantly greater than we have, which may make it difficult to attract and retain customers. The market for broadband and related services is highly competitive, and we compete with several other companies within each of our markets. Many of our competitors are well established with larger and better developed networks and support systems, longer relationships with customers and suppliers, greater name recognition and greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we have. Our competitors may subsidize competing services with revenue from other sources and, thus, may offer their products and services at prices lower than ours. Our competitors may also reduce the prices of their services significantly or may offer broadband connectivity packaged with other products or services. We may not be able to reduce our prices or otherwise combine our services with other products or services, which may make it more difficult to attract and retain customers. In addition, businesses which are presently focused on providing services to residential customers may expand their target base and begin offering service to business customers. We expect existing and prospective competitors to adopt technologies or business plans similar to ours, or seek other means to develop services competitive with ours, particularly if our services prove to be attractive in our target markets. This competition may make it difficult to retain existing customers and attract new customers. We may experience difficulties in constructing, upgrading and maintaining our network, which could adversely affect customer satisfaction, increase customer turnover and reduce our revenues. Our success depends on developing and providing products and services that give customers high quality Internet connectivity. If the number of customers using our network and the complexity of our products and services increase, we will require more infrastructure and network resources to maintain the quality of our services. Consequently, we may be required to make substantial investments to construct and improve our facilities and equipment, and to upgrade our technology and network infrastructure. If we do not implement these developments successfully, or if we experience inefficiencies, operational failures or unforeseen costs during implementation, the quality of our products and services could decline. We may experience quality deficiencies, cost overruns and delays in implementing our network improvements and expansion, in maintenance and upgrade projects, including the portions of those projects not within our control or the control of our contractors. Our network requires the receipt of permits and approvals from numerous governmental bodies, including municipalities and zoning boards. Such bodies often limit the expansion of transmission towers and other construction necessary for our business. Failure to receive approvals in a timely fashion can delay system rollouts and raise the cost of completing projects. In addition, we typically are required to obtain rights from land, building or tower owners to install our antennae and other equipment to provide service to our customers. We may not be able to obtain, on terms acceptable to us, or at all, the rights necessary to construct our network and expand our services. 10  We also face challenges in managing and operating our network. These challenges include operating, maintaining and upgrading network and customer premise equipment to accommodate increased traffic or technological advances, and managing the sales, advertising, customer support, billing and collection functions of our business while providing reliable network service at expected speeds and quality. Our failure in any of these areas could adversely affect customer satisfaction, increase customer churn, increase our costs and decrease our revenues. If we do not obtain and maintain rights to use licensed spectrum in one or more markets, we may be unable to operate in these markets which could negatively impact our ability to execute our business strategy. To the extent we secure licensed spectrum, we face increased operational costs, greater regulatory scrutiny and may become subject to arbitrary government decision making. Since we provide our services in some markets by using licensed spectrum, we must secure and maintain sufficient rights to use licensed spectrum by obtaining licenses or long-term leases in those markets. Obtaining licensed spectrum can be a long and difficult process that can be costly and require a disproportionate amount of our management resources, and may require us to incur significant debt or secure additional capital. We may not be successful in our efforts to secure financing and may not be deemed a qualified bidder due to our relatively small size or our creditworthiness, or be able to acquire, lease or maintain the spectrum necessary to execute our strategy. Licensed spectrum, whether owned or leased, poses additional risks, including: We utilize unlicensed spectrum which is subject to intense competition, low barriers of entry and slowdowns due to multiple users. We presently utilize unlicensed spectrum to provide service to certain customers. Unlicensed or “free” spectrum is available to multiple users and may suffer bandwidth limitations, interference and slowdowns if the number of users exceeds traffic capacity. The availability of unlicensed spectrum is not unlimited and others do not need to obtain permits or licenses to utilize the same unlicensed spectrum that we currently or may utilize in the future. The inherent limitations of unlicensed spectrum could potentially threaten our ability to reliably deliver our services. Moreover, the prevalence of unlicensed spectrum creates low barriers of entry in our industry which naturally creates the potential for increased competition. • inability to satisfy build-out or service deployment requirements upon which spectrum licenses or leases are, or may be, conditioned; • increases in spectrum acquisition costs or complexity; • competitive bids, pre-bid qualifications and post-bid requirements for spectrum acquisitions, in which we may not be successful leading to, among other things, increased competition; • adverse changes to regulations governing spectrum rights; • the risk that acquired or leased spectrum will not be commercially usable or free of damaging interference from licensed or unlicensed operators in our or adjacent bands; • contractual disputes with, or the bankruptcy or other reorganization of, the license holders, which could adversely affect control over the spectrum subject to such licenses; • failure of the FCC or other regulators to renew spectrum licenses as they expire; and • invalidation of authorization to use all or a significant portion of our spectrum. 11  Interruption or failure of our information technology and communications systems could impair our ability to provide services which could damage our reputation and adversely affect our operating results. Our services depend on the continuing operation of our information technology and communications systems. We have experienced service interruptions in the past and may experience service interruptions or system failures in the future. Any unscheduled service interruption adversely affects our ability to operate our business and could result in an immediate loss of revenues. If we experience frequent or persistent system or network failures, our reputation could be permanently harmed. We may need to make significant capital expenditures to increase the reliability of our systems, however, these capital expenditures may not achieve the results we expect. Excessive customer churn may adversely affect our financial performance by slowing customer growth, increasing costs and reducing revenues. The successful implementation of our business plan depends upon controlling customer churn. Customer churn is a measure of customers who stop using our services. Customer churn could increase as a result of: An increase in customer churn can lead to slower customer growth, increased costs and a reduction in revenues. If our strategy is unsuccessful, we will not be profitable and our stockholders could lose their investment. There is no prior history of other companies that have successfully pursued our strategy of delivering fixed wireless bandwidth services to businesses. Many fixed wireless companies have failed and there is no guarantee that our strategy will be successful or profitable. If our strategy is unsuccessful, the value of our company may decrease and our stockholders could lose their entire investment. We may not be able to effectively control and manage our growth which would negatively impact our operations. If our business and markets continue to grow and develop, it will be necessary for us to finance and manage expansion in an orderly fashion. In addition, we may face challenges in managing expanding product and service offerings, and in integrating acquired businesses. Such events would increase demands on our existing management, workforce and facilities. Failure to satisfy increased demands could interrupt or adversely affect our operations and cause backlogs and administrative inefficiencies. The success of our business depends on the continuing contributions of key personnel and our ability to attract, train and retain highly qualified personnel. We are highly dependent on the continued services of our Chairman, Philip Urso, and our President and Chief Executive Officer, Jeffrey M. Thompson. In December 2007, we entered into a two-year employment agreement with Jeffrey M. Thompson. The agreement automatically renews for additional one year periods unless terminated by written notice no later than 60 days prior to the expiration of the then current term. We cannot guarantee that any of these persons will stay with us for any definite period. Loss of the services of any of these individuals could adversely impact our operations. We do not maintain policies of “key man” insurance on our executives. • interruptions to the delivery of services to customers over our network; • the availability of competing technology, such as cable modems, DSL, third-generation cellular, satellite, wireless Internet service and other emerging technologies, some of which may be less expensive or technologically superior to those offered by us; • billing errors and/or general reduction in the quality of our customer service; • changes in promotions and new marketing or sales initiatives; and • new competitors entering the markets in which we offer service. 12  In addition, we must be able to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled and experienced technical employees in order to successfully introduce our services in new markets and grow our business in existing markets. Qualified technical employees often are in great demand and may be unavailable in the time frame required to satisfy our business requirements. We may not be able to attract and retain sufficient numbers of highly skilled technical employees in the future. The loss of technical personnel or our inability to hire or retain sufficient technical personnel at competitive rates of compensation could impair our ability to successfully grow our business and retain our existing customer base. Any acquisitions we make could result in integration difficulties that could lead to substantial costs, delays or other operational or financial difficulties. We may seek to expand by acquiring competing businesses, including those operating in our current business markets or those operating in other geographic markets. We cannot accurately predict the timing, size and success of our acquisition efforts and the associated capital commitments that might be required. We expect to encounter competition for acquisitions which may limit the number of potential acquisition opportunities and may lead to higher acquisition prices. We may not be able to identify, acquire or profitably manage additional businesses or successfully integrate acquired businesses, if any, without substantial costs, delays or other operational or financial difficulties. In addition, such acquisitions involve a number of other risks, including: Client dissatisfaction with, or performance problems of, a single acquired business could negatively affect our reputation. The inability to acquire businesses on reasonable terms or successfully integrate and manage acquired companies, or the occurrence of performance problems at acquired companies, could result in dilution, unfavorable accounting treatment or one-time charges and difficulties in successfully managing our business. Our inability to obtain capital, internally generate cash, secure debt financing, or use shares of our common stock to finance future acquisitions could impair the growth and expansion of our business. The extent to which we will be able or willing to use shares of our common stock to consummate acquisitions will depend on (i) the market value of our securities which can fluctuate considerably, (ii) liquidity of our common stock and (iii) the willingness of potential sellers to accept shares of our common stock as full or partial payment for their business. Using shares of our common stock for acquisitions may result in significant dilution to existing stockholders. To the extent that we are unable to use common stock to make future acquisitions, our ability to grow through acquisitions may be limited by the extent to which we are able to raise capital through debt or equity financings. We may not be able to obtain the necessary capital to finance any acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms, we may be required to reduce the scope of expansion or redirect resources committed to internal purposes. Our inability to use shares of our common stock to make future acquisitions may hinder our ability to actively pursue our acquisition program. We rely on a limited number of third party suppliers that manufacture network equipment, and install and maintain our network sites. If these companies fail to perform or experience delays, shortages or increased demand for their products or services, we may face shortage of components, increased costs, and may be required to suspend our network deployment. We depend on a limited number of third party suppliers to produce and deliver products required for our networks. We also depend on a limited number of third parties to install and maintain our network facilities. We do not maintain any long term supply contracts with these manufacturers. If a manufacturer or other provider does not satisfy our requirements, or if we lose a manufacturer or any other significant provider, we may have insufficient network equipment for delivery to customers and for installation or maintenance of our infrastructure. Such developments could force us to suspend the deployment of our network and the installation of new customers, thus impairing future growth. • failure of the acquired businesses to achieve expected results; • diversion of management’s attention and resources to acquisitions; • failure to retain key customers or personnel of the acquired businesses; • disappointing quality or functionality of the acquired network and personnel; and • risks associated with unanticipated events, liabilities or contingencies. 13  If our data security measures are breached, customers may perceive that our network is not secure which may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers and expose us to liability. Network security and the authentication of a customer’s credentials are designed to protect unauthorized access to data on our network. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or to sabotage networks change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate or implement adequate preventive measures against unauthorized access or sabotage. Consequently, unauthorized parties may overcome our encryption and security systems, and obtain access to data on our network. In addition, because we operate and control our network and our customers’ Internet connectivity, unauthorized access or sabotage of our network could result in damage to our network and to the computers or other devices used by our customers. An actual or perceived breach of network security, regardless of whether the breach is our fault, could harm public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures, adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, expose us to significant liability and adversely affect our business prospects. The delivery of our services we could infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, which may cause us to engage in costly litigation and, if we do not prevail, could also cause us to pay substantial damages and prohibit us from selling our services. Third parties may assert infringement or other intellectual property claims against us. We may have to pay substantial damages, including damages for past infringement if it is ultimately determined that our services infringe a third party’s proprietary rights. Further, we may be prohibited from selling or providing some of our services before we obtain additional licenses, which, if available at all, may require us to pay substantial royalties or licensing fees. Even if claims are determined to be without merit, defending a lawsuit takes significant time, may be expensive and may divert management’s attention from our other business concerns. Any public announcements related to litigation or interference proceedings initiated or threatened against us could cause our business to be harmed and our stock price to decline. Risks Relating to Our Industry An economic or industry slowdown may materially and adversely affect our business. Slowdowns in the economy or in the wireless or broadband industry may impact demand for our services. Customers may reduce the amount of bandwidth that they purchase from us during economic downturns which will directly affect our revenues and operating results. An economic or industry slowdown may cause other businesses or industries to delay or abandon implementation of new systems and technologies, including wireless broadband services. Further, political uncertainties, including acts of terrorism and other unforeseen events, may impose additional risks upon and adversely affect the wireless or broadband industry generally, and our business, specifically. The wireless broadband industry is continually evolving which makes it difficult to forecast our future prospects and increases the risk of an investment in our securities. Our services may become obsolete and we may not be able to develop competitive products or services on a timely basis or at all. The broadband and wireless services industries are characterized by rapid technological change, competitive pricing, frequent new service introductions, and evolving industry standards and regulatory requirements. We believe that our success depends on our ability to anticipate and adapt to these challenges and to offer competitive services on a timely basis. We face a number of difficulties and uncertainties such as: • competition from service providers using more efficient, less expensive technologies, including products not yet invented or developed; • responding successfully to advances in competing technologies in a timely and cost-effective manner; • migration toward standards-based technology, requiring substantial capital expenditures; and • existing, proposed or undeveloped technologies that may render our wireless broadband services less profitable or obsolete. 14  As the services offered by us and our competitors develop, businesses and consumers may not accept our services as a commercially viable alternative to other means of delivering wireless broadband services. As a result, our services may become obsolete and we may be unable to develop competitive products or services on a timely basis, or at all. We are subject to extensive regulation that could limit or restrict our activities. If we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, both monetary and non-monetary, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our business activities, including the acquisition, lease, maintenance and use of spectrum licenses, are extensively regulated by federal, state and local governmental authorities. A number of federal, state and local privacy, security, and consumer laws also apply to our business. These regulations and their application are subject to continual change as new legislation, regulations or amendments to existing regulations are periodically implemented by governmental or regulatory authorities, including as a result of judicial interpretations of such laws and regulations. Current regulations directly affect the breadth of services we are able to offer and may impact the rates, terms and conditions of our services. Regulation of companies that offer competing services such as cable and DSL providers, and telecommunications carriers also affects our business. We believe that we are not required to register with the Universal Service Administrative Company (“USAC”) as a seller of telecommunications, nor are we required to collect Universal Service Fund (“USF”) Fees from our customers or to pay USF Fees directly. However, the FCC could assert that we are a seller of telecommunications and that we are required to register and pay USF Fees on some or all of our gross revenues. Although we would contest any such assertion, we could become obligated to pay USF Fees, interest and penalties to USAC related to past and/or future revenues and we may be unable to retroactively bill our customers for past USF Fees. In addition, the FCC or other regulatory authorities could restrict our ability to manage customers’ use of our network, thereby limiting our ability to prevent or address customers’ excessive bandwidth demands. To maintain the quality of our network and user experience, we may manage the bandwidth used by our customers’ applications, in part by restricting the types of applications that may be used over our network. If the FCC or other regulatory authorities were to adopt regulations that constrain our ability to employ bandwidth management practices, excessive use of bandwidth-intensive applications would likely reduce the quality of our services for all customers. Such decline in the quality of our services could harm our business. The breach of a license or applicable law, even accidentally, can result in the revocation, suspension, cancellation or reduction in the term of a license or the imposition of fines. In addition, regulatory authorities may grant new licenses to third parties, resulting in greater competition in territories where we already have rights to licensed spectrum. In order to promote competition, licenses may also require that third parties be granted access to our bandwidth, frequency capacity, facilities or services. We may not be able to obtain or retain any required license, and we may not be able to renew a license on favorable terms, or at all. Wireless broadband services may become subject to greater state or federal regulation in the future. The scope of the regulations that may apply to companies like us and the impact of such regulations on our competitive position are presently unknown and could be detrimental to our business and prospects. Risks Relating to Our Organization Our certificate of incorporation allows for our board to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our stockholders which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock. Our board of directors has the authority to fix and determine the relative rights and preferences of preferred stock. Our board of directors also has the authority to issue preferred stock without further stockholder approval. As a result, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that would grant to such holders (i) the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, (ii) the right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to the holders of common stock and (iii) the right to the redemption of the shares, together with a premium, prior to the redemption of our common stock. In addition, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that has greater voting power than our common stock or that is convertible into our common stock, which could decrease the relative voting power of our common stock or result in dilution to our existing common stockholders. Any of the actions described in the proceeding paragraph could significantly adversely affect the investment made by holders of our common stock. Holders of common stock could potentially not receive dividends that they might otherwise have received. In addition, holders of our common stock could receive less proceeds in connection with any future sale of the Company, whether in liquidation or on any other basis. 15  Our officers and directors own a substantial amount of our common stock and, therefore, exercise significant control over our corporate governance and affairs which may result in their taking actions with which other shareholders do not agree. Our executive officers and directors, and entities affiliated with them, control approximately 19% of our outstanding common stock (including shares of common stock underlying exercisable stock options). These shareholders, if they act together, may be able to exercise substantial influence over the outcome of all corporate actions requiring approval of our shareholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, which may result in corporate action with which other shareholders do not agree. This concentration of ownership may also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control which might be in other shareholders’ best interest but which might negatively affect the market price of our common stock. We are subject to extensive financial reporting and related requirements for which our accounting and other management systems and resources may not be adequately prepared. We are subject to reporting and other obligations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Section 404 requires us to conduct an annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. These reporting and other obligations will place significant demands on our management, administrative, operational and accounting resources. We anticipate that we may need to (i) upgrade our systems, (ii) implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures, (iii) implement an internal audit function, and (iv) hire additional accounting, internal audit and finance staff. If we are unable to accomplish these objectives in a timely and effective manner, our ability to comply with our financial reporting requirements and other rules that apply to reporting companies could be impaired. Any failure to maintain effective internal controls could have a negative impact on our ability to manage our business and on our stock price. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock We may fail to qualify for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market which could make it more difficult for investors to sell their shares. In May 2007, our common stock was approved for listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market and our common stock continues to be listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market. There can be no assurance that trading of our common stock on such market will be sustained or that we can meet NASDAQ’s continued listing standards. In the event that our common stock fails to qualify for continued inclusion, our common stock could thereafter only be quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board which is commonly referred to as the “pink sheets.” Under such circumstances, shareholders may find it more difficult to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations, for our common stock, and our common stock would become substantially less attractive to certain purchasers such as financial institutions, hedge funds and other similar investors. Our common stock may be affected by limited trading volume and price fluctuations which could adversely impact the value of our common stock. Trading in our common stock can fluctuate significantly and there can be no assurance that an active trading market will either develop or be maintained. Our common stock is expected to continue to experience significant price and volume fluctuations. This trading activity could adversely affect the market price of our common stock without regard to our operating performance. In addition, we believe that factors such as quarterly fluctuations in our financial results and changes in the overall economy or the condition of the financial markets could cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially. These fluctuations may also cause short sellers to periodically enter the market in the belief that our stock price will decline in the future. We cannot predict the actions of market participants or the stock market as a whole. We can offer no assurances that the market for our common stock will be stable or that our stock price will fluctuate in a manner that is consistent with our operating results. We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future. Any return on an investment in our common stock is expected to be limited to an increase in the value of the common stock. We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on our earnings, financial condition, and other business and economic factors as our board of directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on a shareholder’s investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates. 16  We adopted a Rights Plan in 2010 which may discourage third parties from attempting to acquire control of our company and have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock. In November 2010, we adopted a rights plan (“the Rights Plan”) and declared a dividend distribution of one preferred share purchase right for each outstanding share of common stock as of the record date on November 14, 2010. Each right, when exercisable, entitles the registered holder to purchase from us one-hundredth (1/100 th ) of a share of Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per shares of the Company (the “Preferred Stock”) at a purchase price of $18.00 per one-hundredth (1/100 th ) of a share of the Preferred Stock, subject to certain adjustments. The rights will generally separate from the common stock and become exercisable if any person or group acquires or announces a tender offer to acquire 15% or more of our outstanding common stock without the consent of our board of directors. Because the rights may substantially dilute the stock ownership of a person or group attempting to take us over without the approval of our board of directors, our Rights Plan could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us (or a significant percentage of our outstanding capital stock) without first negotiating with our board of directors. In addition, we are governed by provisions of Delaware law that may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us. The provisions in our charter, bylaws, Rights Plan and under Delaware law related to the foregoing could discourage takeover attempts that our stockholders would otherwise favor, or otherwise reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for our common stock in the future. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. Not applicable. Item 2. Properties. Our executive offices are currently located in Middletown, Rhode Island, where we lease approximately 42,137 square feet of space, consisting of a 17,137 square feet building at 55 Hammarlund Way for our administrative, engineering, information technology and customer care offices and a 25,000 square feet building at 88 Silva Lane for our sales call center. Our annual rent payments totaled approximately $557,000 in 2010 and will remain at that level through May 2012, before increasing to approximately $590,000 through the end of the lease. Our lease expires on October 1, 2013 with an option to renew for an additional five-year term. We do not own any real property. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. There are no significant legal proceedings pending, and we are not aware of any material proceeding contemplated by a governmental authority, to which we are a party or any of our property is subject. Item 4. (Removed and Reserved). 17  PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market Information Our common stock was quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board from January 12, 2007 through May 30, 2007 under the symbol TWER.OB. Since May 31, 2007, our common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol TWER. Prior to January 12, 2007, there was no active market for our common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market. The quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission, and may not represent actual transactions. The last reported sales price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market on December 31, 2010 was $4.06 and on March 15, 2011, the last reported sales price was $4.41. According to the records of our transfer agent, as of March 15, 2011, there were approximately 50 holders of record of our common stock. Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Rather, we expect to retain future earnings (if any) to fund the operation and expansion of our business and for general corporate purposes. Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans As of December 31, 2010, securities issued and securities available for future issuance under our 2008 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan, our 2007 Equity Compensation Plan and our 2007 Incentive Stock Plan were as follows: Equity Compensation Plan Information Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities None. FISCAL YEAR 2010 HIGH LOW First Quarter $ 2.30 $ 1.40 Second Quarter $ 1.95 $ 1.36 Third Quarter $ 2.39 $ 1.43 Fourth Quarter $ 4.25 $ 1.94 FISCAL YEAR 2009 HIGH LOW First Quarter $ 1.29 $ 0.68 Second Quarter $ 0.99 $ 0.67 Third Quarter $ 2.00 $ 0.84 Fourth Quarter $ 2.00 $ 1.32 Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 3,706,885 $ 1.74 1,937,895 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders - $ - - Total 3,706,885 $ 1.74 1,937,895 18  Item 6. Selected Financial Data. Not applicable. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Overview We provide broadband services to commercial customers and deliver access over a wireless network transmitting over both regulated and unregulated radio spectrum. Our service supports bandwidth on demand, wireless redundancy, virtual private networks (“VPNs”), disaster recovery, bundled data and video services. We provide service to business customers in New York City, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Miami, Dallas-Fort Worth, Philadelphia, Nashville, Providence and Newport, Rhode Island. On April 15, 2010, we completed the acquisition of the customer contracts, network infrastructure and related assets of the Chicago, Illinois and Nashville, Tennessee networks of Sparkplug Chicago, Inc. (“Sparkplug”). The aggregate consideration for the acquisition was (i) $1,170,000 in cash and (ii) 275,700 shares of our common stock (the “Shares”) with a fair value of $430,000. A registration statement covering the Shares on Form S-3 was declared effective by the SEC on May 5, 2010. The acquisition of Sparkplug was a business combination accounted for under the acquisition method. On December 15, 2010, we completed the acquisition of the customer contracts, network assets and related assets of Pipeline Wireless, LLC (“Pipeline”), which was primarily based in the greater Boston area. The aggregate consideration for the acquisition includes (i) approximately $1.6 million in cash, (ii) 411,523 unregistered shares of common stock with a fair value of approximately $1.5 million (iii) approximately $0.6 million of deferred cash payments over a 36 month period beginning June 2011, and (iv) approximately $0.2 million in assumed liabilities. The acquisition of Pipeline was a business combination accounted for under the acquisition method. Characteristics of our Revenues and Expenses We offer our services under agreements having terms of one, two or three years. Pursuant to these agreements, we bill customers on a monthly basis, in advance, for each month of service. Payments received in advance of services performed are recorded as deferred revenues and recognized as revenue ratably over the service period. Costs of revenues consists of expenses that are directly related to providing services to our customers, including Core Network expenses (tower and roof rent expense and utilities, bandwidth costs, Points of Presence (“PoP”) maintenance and other) and Customer Network expenses (customer maintenance, non-installation fees and other customer specific expenses). We collectively refer to Core Network and Customer Network as our “Network,” and Core Network costs and Customer Network costs as “Network Costs.” When we first enter a new market, or expand in an existing market, we are required to incur up-front costs in order to be able to provide wireless broadband services to commercial customers. We refer to these activities as establishing a “Network Presence.” These costs include building PoPs which are Company Locations where we install a substantial amount of equipment in order to connect numerous customers to the Internet. The costs to build PoPs are capitalized and expensed over a five year period. In addition to building PoPs, we also enter tower and roof rental agreements, secure bandwidth and incur other Network Costs. Once we have established a Network Presence in a new market or expanded our Network Presence in an existing market, we are capable of servicing a significant number of customers through that Network Presence. The variable cost to add new customers is relatively modest, especially compared to the upfront cost of establishing or expanding our Network Presence. As a result, our gross margins in a market normally increase over time as we add new customers in that market. However, we may experience variability in gross margins during periods in which we are expanding our Network Presence in a market. Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of the salaries, benefits, travel and other costs of our sales and marketing teams, as well as marketing initiatives and business development expenses. Customer support services includes salaries and related payroll costs associated with our customer support services, customer care, and installation and operations staff. General and administrative expenses include costs attributable to corporate overhead and the overall support of our operations. Salaries and other related payroll costs for executive management, finance, administration and information systems personnel are included in this category. Other costs include rent, utilities and other facility costs, accounting, legal and other professional services, and other general operating expenses. 19  Market Information We operate in one segment which is the business of wireless broadband services. Although we provide services in multiple markets, these operations have been aggregated into one reportable segment based on the similar economic characteristics among all markets, including the nature of the services provided and the type of customers purchasing such services. While we operate in only one business segment, we recognize that providing information on the revenues and costs of operating in each market can provide useful information to investors regarding our operating performance. As of December 31, 2010, we operated in eleven markets across the United States including New York, Boston, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Miami, Seattle, Dallas-Fort Worth, Philadelphia, Nashville and Providence. The markets were launched at different times, and as a result, may have different operating metrics based on their size and stage of maturation. We incur significant up-front costs in order to establish a Network Presence in a new market. These costs include building PoPs and Network Costs. Other material costs include hiring and training sales and marketing personnel who will be dedicated to securing customers in that market. Once we have established a Network Presence in a new market, we are capable of servicing a significant number of customers. The rate of customer additions varies from market to market, and we are unable to predict how many customers will be added in a market during any specific period. We believe that providing operating information regarding each of our markets provides useful information to shareholders in understanding the leveraging potential of our business model, the operating performance of our mature markets, and the long-term potential for our newer markets. Set forth below is a summary of our operating performance on a per-market basis, and a description of how each category is determined. Revenues : Revenues are allocated based on which market each customer is located in. Costs of Revenues : Includes payroll, Core Network costs and Customer Network costs that can be specifically allocated to a specific market. Costs that can not be allocated to a specific market are classified as Centralized Costs. Operating Costs : Costs which can be specifically allocated to a market include direct sales personnel, certain direct marketing expenses, certain customer support and installation payroll expenses and third party commissions. Centralized Costs : Represents costs incurred to support activities across all of our markets that are not allocable to a specific market. This principally consists of payroll costs for customer care representatives, customer support engineers, sales support, marketing and certain installations personnel. These individuals service customers across all markets rather than being dedicated to any specific market. Corporate expenses : Includes costs attributable to corporate overhead and the overall support of our operations. Salaries and related payroll costs for executive management, finance, administration and information systems personnel are included in this category. Other costs include office rent, utilities and other facilities costs, professional services and other general operating expenses. Adjusted Market EBITDA : Represents a market’s net income (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and other income (expense). We believe this metric provides useful information regarding the cash flow being generated in a market. We began providing broadband services in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 2010. The Sparkplug acquisition in April 2010 expanded and strengthened our presence in Chicago and also brought us into the Nashville, Tennessee market. The Pipeline acquisition in December 2010 expanded and strengthened our operations in the greater Boston area. 20  Year ended December 31, 2010 Year ended December 31, 2009 Year Ended December 31, 2010 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2009 Revenues . Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $19,645,893 compared to $14,915,435 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $4,730,458, or 32%. This increase was driven by a 48% increase in our customer base during 2010. The effect of the increase in our customer base was partially offset by a decrease of 5% in average revenue per user (“ARPU”) during the 2010 period as compared to the 2009 period. Market Revenues Cost of Revenues Gross Margin Operating Costs Adjusted Market EBITDA New York $ 5,782,616 $ 1,160,437 $ 4,622,179 $ 1,187,005 $ 3,435,174 Boston 4,509,905 728,428 3,781,477 689,102 3,092,375 Los Angeles 3,178,027 611,541 2,566,486 1,098,552 1,467,934 Chicago 2,452,568 798,457 1,654,111 604,367 1,049,744 San Francisco 1,161,016 246,348 914,668 361,730 552,938 Miami 987,144 317,548 669,596 360,991 308,605 Providence/Newport 494,784 161,921 332,863 112,231 220,632 Seattle 510,516 217,624 292,892 126,704 166,188 Nashville 59,084 29,400 29,684 17,563 12,121 Dallas-Fort Worth 492,963 315,287 177,676 225,604 (47,928 ) Philadelphia 17,270 54,139 (36,869 ) 183,920 (220,789 ) Total $ 19,645,893 $ 4,641,130 $ 15,004,763 $ 4,967,769 $ 10,036,994 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measure to GAAP Financial Measure Adjusted market EBITDA $ 10,036,994 Centralized costs (2,916,682 ) Corporate expenses (6,626,608 ) Depreciation and amortization (5,770,335 ) Stock-based compensation (771,812 ) Other income (expense) 445,436 Net loss $ (5,603,007 ) Market Revenues Cost of Revenues Gross Margin Operating Costs Adjusted Market EBITDA New York $ 5,217,784 $ 929,245 $ 4,288,539 $ 1,247,292 $ 3,041,247 Boston 3,982,954 656,243 3,326,711 734,876 2,591,835 Los Angeles 1,930,581 340,334 1,590,247 1,042,984 547,263 San Francisco 984,556 217,722 766,834 414,438 352,396 Providence/Newport 529,642 150,535 379,107 200,180 178,927 Chicago 951,277 391,047 560,230 460,528 99,702 Miami 589,608 258,941 330,667 381,528 (50,861 ) Seattle 430,776 233,014 197,762 258,759 (60,997 ) Dallas-Fort Worth 298,257 261,310 36,947 403,672 (366,725 ) Total $ 14,915,435 $ 3,438,391 $ 11,477,044 $ 5,144,257 $ 6,332,787 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measure to GAAP Financial Measure Adjusted market EBITDA $ 6,332,787 Centralized costs (2,786,123 ) Corporate expenses (6,140,130 ) Depreciation (4,035,267 ) Stock-based compensation (802,956 ) Other income (expense) (1,193,561 ) Net loss $ (8,625,250 ) 21  Sequential revenue growth for the year ended December 31, 2010 was 32% compared to 40% for the year ended December 31, 2009. ARPU as of December 31, 2010 totaled $682 compared to $715 as of December 31, 2009, representing a decrease of $33, or 5%. The decrease relates to new customers purchasing lower ARPU products during the economic recession. The customers acquired from Sparkplug in April 2010 had an ARPU of $463 compared to $703 for our customer base which had the effect of lowering our post-acquisition ARPU by $29. The customers acquired from Pipeline in December 2010 had an ARPU of $704 compared to $680 for our customer base which had the effect of increasing our post-acquisition ARPU by $2. Customer churn, calculated as a percent of revenue lost on a monthly basis from customers terminating service or reducing their service level, totaled 1.35% for the year ended December 31, 2010 compared to 1.67% for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing a 19% decrease on a percentage basis. The lower churn in the 2010 period reflects the results of our efforts to improve customer service. Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $4,887,881 compared to $3,690,089 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $1,197,792, or 32%. Gross margins remained stable at 75% during both the 2010 and 2009 periods. Core Network costs increased by approximately $865,000 primarily related to higher tower rent and bandwidth expenses, which were partly related to the acquisition of Sparkplug. Customer Network costs increased by approximately $170,000 primarily related to the growth in our customer base. Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $5,770,335 compared to $4,035,267 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $1,735,068, or 43%. We recognized approximately $955,000 of amortization expense in the 2010 period primarily associated with customer contracts acquired through the Sparkplug acquisition. In addition, we continued to invest in our Network to support the growth in our customer base and expansion in existing markets. Gross fixed assets at December 31, 2010 totaled $32,608,306 compared to $26,338,563 at December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $6,269,743, or 24%. Depreciation expense was $4,815,113 for the year ended December 31, 2010 compared to $4,035,267 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $779,846, or 19%. Customer Support Services. Customer support services expenses for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $2,549,615 compared to $2,132,968 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $416,647, or 20%. This increase was primarily related to additional personnel hired to support our growing customer base. Average department headcount increased by 18% from 40 in 2009 to 47 in 2010. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $5,088,085 compared to $5,545,714 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing a decrease of $457,629, or 8%. Payroll costs of direct sales personnel decreased by approximately $818,000 as headcount averaged 51 for the year ended December 31, 2010 compared with 73 for the same period in 2009, a decrease in average headcount of 30%. This decrease was offset by an increase in marketing and advertising expenses of approximately $172,000, primarily related to Internet based advertising programs. Beginning in the second half of 2009, our sales and marketing strategy evolved towards the enhanced use of Internet-based marketing programs which has both increased qualified leads and enabled us to reduce direct sales headcount. In addition, commissions and bonuses increased by approximately $268,000 in the 2010 period. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $7,398,420 compared to $6,943,086 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $455,334, or 7%. This increase was attributable to higher professional services fees of approximately $380,000, primarily related to acquisition activities, as well as an increase in bad debt expense of approximately $75,000. Interest Income. Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $4,411 compared to $26,605 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing a decrease of $22,194, or 83%. The decrease primarily relates to lower average cash balances and interest yields in the 2010 period compared with the 2009 period. Average cash balances decreased from approximately $19.4 million in the 2009 period to approximately $12.5 million in the 2010 period. Monthly interest yields averaged 0.11% in the 2009 period compared with 0.01% in the 2010 period. Interest Expense. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $489 compared to $740,409 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing a decrease of $739,920, or 100%. Interest expense for the 2009 period included $456,778 associated with the accretion of debt discount and $220,000 associated with the 8% coupon on outstanding debt. Outstanding debt of $2,750,000 was repaid on December 31, 2009. 22  Gain on Business Acquisition. Gain on business acquisition totaled $355,876 for the year ended December 31, 2010 compared with zero for the year ended December 31, 2009. The gain was recognized in connection with the acquisition of Sparkplug in April 2010 which was purchased at a discounted price due to the realignment of geographic markets by Sparkplug’s parent company. No acquisitions were completed during the 2009 period. Loss on Derivative Financial Instruments. Loss on derivative financial instruments totaled zero for the year ended December 31, 2010 compared with $478,544 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing a decrease of 100%. Our convertible debentures and certain of our warrants were classified as derivative instruments during the 2009 period, and accordingly, were valued at the end of each reporting period based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Changes in fair value were recognized as gain or loss on derivative financial instruments. Our debentures were repaid at the end of 2009 and reset provisions in certain warrants are no longer applicable as of January 1, 2010. As a result, there were no derivative instruments outstanding during the 2010 period. Net Loss. Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $5,603,007 compared to $8,625,250 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing a decrease of $3,022,243, or 35%. This decrease primarily related to an increase in revenues of $4,730,458, or 32%, offset by an increase in operating expenses of $3,347,212, or 15%. In addition, non-operating expense totaled $1,193,561 in the 2009 period compared to non-operating income of $445,436 during the 2010 period. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have historically met our liquidity and capital requirements primarily through the public sale and private placement of equity securities and debt financing. Cash and cash equivalents totaled $23,173,352 and $14,040,839 at December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively. The increase in cash and cash equivalents related to our operating, investing and financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2010, each of which is described below. At February 28, 2011, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling approximately $22,000,000. Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $593,802 compared to net cash used in operating activities of $2,979,757 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $3,573,569, or 120%. This improvement was directly related to the lower net loss reported in the 2010 period which decreased by $3,022,243, or 35%, as compared to the 2009 period. Net Cash Used in Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $8,413,012 compared to $4,944,326 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $3,468,686, or 70%. We paid $1,170,000 and $1,580,060 in cash for the acquisition of Sparkplug and Pipeline, respectively, in the 2010 period. In addition, our investment in property and equipment increased by $811,457, or 17%, from $4,848,245 to $5,659,702. The significant components of the increase included approximately $642,000 related to customer premise equipment and approximately $163,000 related to network and base station equipment. Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities . Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2010 totaled $16,951,723 compared to net cash used in financing activities of $2,775,346 for the year ended December 31, 2009, representing an increase of $19,727,069. The increase primarily related to gross proceeds of $18,400,000 resulting from the sale of 6,571,429 shares of common stock at $2.80 per share in November 2010. Net cash used in 2009 related to the repayment of $2,750,000 of senior convertible debentures in December 2009. Working Capital. As of December 31, 2010, we had working capital of $20,184,121. Based on our current operating activities and plans, we believe our existing working capital will enable us to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months. Acquisition of Sparkplug Chicago, Inc. On April 15, 2010, we completed the acquisition of the customer contracts, network infrastructure and related assets of the Chicago, Illinois and Nashville, Tennessee networks of Sparkplug. The aggregate consideration for the acquisition was (i) $1,170,000 in cash, and (ii) 275,700 shares of our common stock (the “Shares”) with a fair value of $430,000. A registration statement covering the Shares on Form S-3 was declared effective by the SEC on May 5, 2010. The acquisition of Sparkplug was a business combination accounted for under the acquisition method. Acquisition of Pipeline Wireless, LLC. On December 15, 2010, we completed the acquisition of the customer contracts, network assets and related assets of Pipeline, which was primarily based in the greater Boston area. The aggregate consideration for the acquisition includes (i) approximately $1.6 million in cash, (ii) 411,523 unregistered shares of our common stock with a fair value of approximately $1.5 million, (iii) approximately $0.6 million of deferred cash payments over a 36 month period beginning June 2011, and (iv) approximately $0.2 million in assumed liabilities. The acquisition of Pipeline was a business combination accounted for under the acquisition method. 23  Senior Convertible Debentures In January 2007, we sold $3,500,000 of senior convertible debentures. These debentures required quarterly interest payments of 8% per annum and matured on December 31, 2009. Holders of the debentures received five-year warrants to purchase an aggregate of 636,364 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.00 per share and five-year warrants to purchase an aggregate of 636,364 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.00 per share. In January 2008, a debenture holder converted $750,000 of debentures into common stock at a conversion price of $2.75 per share resulting in the issuance of 272,727 shares of common stock. The carrying value of the debentures on the date of the conversion was $676,607. Accordingly, we recognized the remaining debt discount of $73,393 as non-cash interest expense in connection with the conversion. In December 2009, we repaid our remaining principal amount of $2,750,000. For the year ended December 31, 2009, we paid $220,000 of interest associated with the principal amount. Impact of Inflation, Changing Prices and Economic Conditions Pricing for many technology products and services have historically decreased over time due to the effect of product and process improvements and enhancements. In addition, economic conditions can affect the buying patterns of customers. During most of 2010, the impact of the long economic recession caused many of our prospective customers to continue to either delay their buying decision or to purchase lower bandwidth services than normal. In addition, the number of general pricing levels for Internet services declined modestly during the year. During the fourth quarter, customers began to increase their bandwidth purchases which resulted in a 24% increase in ARPU of new customers compared to the average for the first three quarters of the year. In addition, the number of customer upgrades to higher bandwidth, which also increases ARPU, increased by more than 80% during the second half of 2010 as compared to the same period in 2009. We believe that our customers will continue to upgrade their bandwidth service if economic conditions improve and their Internet requirements increase. The continued migration of many business activities and functions to the Internet, and the growing use of cloud computing, should also result in increased bandwidth requirements over the long term. Critical Accounting Policies The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the amounts of revenues and expenses. Critical accounting policies are those that require the application of management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often because of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. In preparing the financial statements, we utilized available information, including our past history, industry standards and the current economic environment, among other factors, in forming our estimates and judgments, giving appropriate consideration to materiality. Actual results may differ from these estimates. In addition, other companies may utilize different estimates, which may impact the comparability of our results of operations to other companies in our industry. We believe that of our significant accounting policies, the following may involve a higher degree of judgment and estimation, or are fundamentally important to our business. Revenue Recognition. We normally enter into contractual agreements with our customers for periods ranging between one to three years. We recognize the total revenue provided under a contract ratably over the contract period, including any periods under which we have agreed to provide services at no cost. Deferred revenues are recognized as a liability when billings are issued in advance of the date when revenues are earned. We apply the revenue recognition principles set forth under Securities and Exchange Commission’s Staff Accounting Bulletin 104, (“SAB 104”) which provides for revenue to be recognized when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery or installation has been completed, (iii) the customer accepts and verifies receipt, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Long-Lived Assets . Long-lived assets with definitive lives consist primarily of property and equipment, and intangible assets. Long-lived assets are evaluated periodically for impairment or whenever events or circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. Conditions that would result in an impairment charge include a significant decline in the fair value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable. When such events or circumstances arise, an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows produced by the asset, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the asset’s carrying value to determine if impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured based on the excess of its carrying value over its fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying value or net realizable value. 24  Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in an acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized but rather is reviewed annually for impairment, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. A two-step test is performed at the reporting unit level to assess goodwill for impairment. First, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, the reporting unit is not impaired and no further testing is performed. The second step is performed if the carrying value exceeds the fair value. If the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss equal to the difference will be recorded. Asset Retirement Obligations. The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) guidance on asset retirement obligations addresses financial accounting and reporting for obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets and the associated costs. This guidance requires the recognition of an asset retirement obligation and an associated asset retirement cost when there is a legal obligation associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets. Our network equipment is installed on both buildings in which we have a lease agreement (“Company Locations”) and at customer locations. In both instances, the installation and removal of our equipment is not complicated and does not require structural changes to the building where the equipment is installed. Costs associated with the removal of our equipment at company or customer locations are not material, and accordingly, we have determined that we do not presently have asset retirement obligations under the FASB’s accounting guidance. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. We have no off-balance sheet arrangements, financings, or other relationships with unconsolidated entities known as ‘‘Special Purposes Entities.’’ Recent Accounting Pronouncements The FASB has issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2010-29, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations.” This amendment affects any public entity as defined by Topic 805, Business Combinations that enters into business combinations that are material on an individual or aggregate basis. The comparative financial statements should present and disclose revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period only. The amendments also expand the supplemental pro forma disclosures to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and earnings. The amendments are effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations. In December 2010, the FASB issued ASU 2010-28, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): When to Perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts.” ASU 2010-28 modifies Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test for reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts by requiring an entity to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test if it is more likely than not that a goodwill impairment exists. This update will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2010. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position and results of operations. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Not applicable. 25  Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 27 Consolidated Balance Sheets 28 Consolidated Statements of Operations 29 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity 30 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 31 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 33 26  Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Towerstream Corporation We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Towerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Towerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the consolidated results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. /s/ Marcum LLP Marcum LLP New York, New York March 17, 2011 27  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2010 2009 Assets Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents $ 23,173,352 $ 14,040,839 Accounts receivable, net 482,854 403,073 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 372,895 258,307 Total Current Assets 24,029,101 14,702,219 Property and equipment, net 15,266,056 13,634,685 Intangible assets, net 3,366,965 975,000 Goodwill 1,724,571 - Other assets 203,132 190,803 Total Assets $ 44,589,825 $ 29,502,707 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current Liabilities Accounts payable $ 909,548 $ 1,055,804 Accrued expenses 1,595,716 1,086,258 Deferred revenues 1,000,018 1,028,952 Current maturities of capital lease obligations 88,613 - Other 251,085 78,889 Total Current Liabilities 3,844,980 3,249,903 Long-Term Liabilities Capital lease obligations, net of current maturities 55,735 - Derivative liabilities - 566,451 Other 668,232 275,182 Total Long-Term Liabilities 723,967 841,633 Total Liabilities 4,568,947 4,091,536 Commitments (Note 16) Stockholders' Equity Preferred stock, par value $0.001; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued - - Common stock, par value $0.001; 70,000,000 shares authorized; 42,116,618 and 34,662,229 shares issued and outstanding, respectively 42,117 34,662 Additional paid-in-capital 75,332,969 55,127,710 Accumulated deficit (35,354,208 ) (29,751,201 ) Total Stockholders' Equity 40,020,878 25,411,171 Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity $ 44,589,825 $ 29,502,707 28  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. For the Years Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Revenues $ 19,645,893 $ 14,915,435 Operating Expenses Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation) 4,887,881 3,690,089 Depreciation and amortization 5,770,335 4,035,267 Customer support services 2,549,615 2,132,968 Sales and marketing 5,088,085 5,545,714 General and administrative 7,398,420 6,943,086 Total Operating Expenses 25,694,336 22,347,124 Operating Loss (6,048,443 ) (7,431,689 ) Other Income/(Expense) Interest income 4,411 26,605 Interest expense (489 ) (740,409 ) Gain on business acquisition 355,876 - Loss on derivative financial instruments - (478,544 ) Other income (expense), net 85,638 (1,213 ) Total Other Income/(Expense) 445,436 (1,193,561 ) Net Loss $ (5,603,007 ) $ (8,625,250 ) Net loss per common share – basic and diluted $ (0.16 ) $ (0.25 ) Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted 35,626,783 34,606,798 29  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY For the Years Ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. Common Stock Additional Shares Amount Paid-In- Capital Accumulated Deficit Total Balance at January 1, 2009 34,587,854 $ 34,588 $ 54,851,755 $ (21,879,144 ) $ 33,007,199 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - January 1, 2009 reclassification of equity-linked financial instruments to derivative liabilities (526,927 ) 753,193 226,266 Issuance of common stock for bonuses 32,687 32 42,493 42,525 Cashless exercise of options 41,688 42 (42 ) - Stock-based compensation 760,431 760,431 Net loss (8,625,250 ) (8,625,250 ) Balance at December 31, 2009 34,662,229 34,662 55,127,710 (29,751,201 ) 25,411,171 Issuance of common stock for bonuses 9,225 9 17,241 17,250 Issuance of common stock for business acquisitions 687,223 687 1,914,911 1,915,598 Net proceeds from issuance of common stock 6,571,429 6,572 16,951,361 16,957,933 Issuance of common stock for services 66,075 66 104,994 105,060 Cashless exercise of options 119,104 119 (119 ) - Exercise of options 1,333 2 918 920 Stock-based compensation 649,502 649,502 Reclassification of derivative liabilities to equity linked financial instruments 566,451 566,451 Net loss (5,603,007 ) (5,603,007 ) Balance at December 31, 2010 42,116,618 $ 42,117 $ 75,332,969 $ (35,354,208 ) $ 40,020,878 30  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. For the Years Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Cash Flows From Operating Activities Net loss $ (5,603,007 ) $ (8,625,250 ) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Provision for doubtful accounts 154,123 78,736 Depreciation and amortization 5,770,335 4,035,267 Stock-based compensation 771,812 802,956 Gain of business acquisition (355,876 ) - Accretion of debt discount - 456,778 Amortization of financing costs - 60,192 Loss on sale and disposition of property and equipment 74,533 57,413 Deferred rent (78,889 ) (52,554 ) Loss on derivative financial instruments - 478,544 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable 45,619 (202,410 ) Prepaid expenses and other current assets (30,885 ) 826 Accounts payable (200,379 ) (338,672 ) Accrued expenses 509,458 224,868 Other current liabilities (9,728 ) - Deferred revenues (453,314 ) 43,549 Total Adjustments 6,196,809 5,645,493 Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Operating Activities 593,802 (2,979,757 ) Cash Flows From Investing Activities Acquisitions of property and equipment (5,659,702 ) (4,848,245 ) Acquisition of Sparkplug Chicago, Inc. (1,170,000 ) - Acquisition of Pipeline Wireless LLC (1,580,060 ) - Proceeds from sale of property and equipment - 11,659 Acquisition of FCC license - (100,000 ) Change in security deposits (3,250 ) (7,740 ) Net Cash Used In Investing Activities (8,413,012 ) (4,944,326 ) Cash Flows From Financing Activities Repayment of capital leases (7,130 ) (25,346 ) Repayment of short-term debt - (2,750,000 ) Issuance of common stock upon exercise of options 920 - Net proceeds from sale of common stock 16,957,933 - Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Financing Activities 16,951,723 (2,775,346 ) Net Increase (Decrease) In Cash and Cash Equivalents 9,132,513 (10,699,429 ) Cash and Cash Equivalents – Beginning of year 14,040,839 24,740,268 Cash and Cash Equivalents – Ending of year $ 23,173,352 $ 14,040,839 31  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS – CONTINUED The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. For the Years Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information Cash paid during the periods for: Interest $ 489 $ 277,382 Taxes $ 12,263 $ 12,562 Non-cash investing and financing activities: Fair value of common stock issued in connection with acquisitions $ 1,915,598 $ - Acquisition of property and equipment under capital lease obligations $ 152,164 $ - 32  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Organization and Nature of Business Towerstream Corporation (referred to as ‘‘Towerstream’’ or the ‘‘Company’’) was formed on December 17, 1999, and was incorporated in Delaware. The Company provides broadband services to commercial customers and delivers access over a wireless network transmitting over both regulated and unregulated radio spectrum. The Company’s service supports bandwidth on demand, wireless redundancy, virtual private networks (“VPNs”), disaster recovery, bundled data and video services. The Company provides service to business customers in New York City, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Miami, Dallas-Fort Worth, Philadelphia, Nashville, Providence and Newport, Rhode Island. Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the amounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Concentration of Credit Risk. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. At times, our cash and cash equivalents may be uninsured or in deposit accounts that exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. As of December 31, 2010, the Company had cash and cash equivalent balances of approximately $15,158,000 in excess of the federally insured limit of $250,000. Under the FDIC’s Transaction Account Guarantee (“TAG”) program, noninterest-bearing transaction deposit accounts have full federal deposit insurance coverage through December 31, 2012. The Company has one noninterest-bearing transaction deposit account totaling approximately $500,000 that is covered under the TAG program. The Company also had approximately $7,765,000 invested in three institutional money market funds. These funds are protected under the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (‘‘SIPC’’), a nonprofit membership corporation which provides limited coverage up to $500,000. Accounts Receivable . Accounts receivable are stated at cost less an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects the Company’s estimate of accounts receivable that will be not collected. The allowance is based on the history of past write-offs, the aging of balances, collections experience and current credit conditions. Amounts determined to be uncollectible are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $118,825 at December 31, 2010 and $88,299 at December 31, 2009. Additions to the allowance for doubtful accounts, e.g. provision for bad debt, totaled $154,123 and $78,736 for 2010 and 2009, respectively. Deductions to the allowance for doubtful accounts, e.g. customer write-offs, totaled $123,597 and $57,087 for 2010 and 2009, respectively. Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost and include equipment, installation costs and materials. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the useful lives or the term of the respective lease. Network, base station and customer premise equipment are depreciated over estimated useful lives ranging from 5 to 7 years; furniture, fixtures and other from 3 to 7 years; computer equipment from 3 to 5 years and system software over 3 years. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs, which do not generally extend the useful life of the assets, are charged to expense as incurred. Gains or losses on disposal of property and equipment are reflected in general and administrative expenses in the statement of operations. 33  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED FCC Licenses . Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) licenses are initially recorded at cost and are considered to be intangible assets with an indefinite life because the Company is able to maintain the license indefinitely as long as it complies with certain FCC requirements. The Company intends to and has demonstrated an ability to maintain compliance with such requirements. The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) guidance on goodwill and other intangible assets states that an asset with an indefinite useful life is not amortized. However, as further described in the next paragraph, these assets are reviewed annually for impairment. Long-Lived Assets . Long-lived assets with definitive lives consist primarily of property and equipment, and intangible assets. Long-lived assets are evaluated periodically for impairment, or whenever events or circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. Conditions that would result in an impairment charge include a significant decline in the fair value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable. When such events or circumstances arise, an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows produced by the asset, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the asset’s carrying value to determine if impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured based on the excess of its carrying value over its fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying value or net realizable value. The Company has determined that there were no impairments of its property and equipment or its intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009. The FASB’s guidance on asset retirement obligations addresses financial accounting and reporting for obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets and the associated costs. This guidance requires the recognition of an asset retirement obligation and an associated asset retirement cost when there is a legal obligation associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets. The Company’s network equipment is installed on both buildings in which the Company has a lease agreement (“Company Locations”) and at customer locations. In both instances, the installation and removal of the Company’s equipment is not complicated and does not require structural changes to the building where the equipment is installed. Costs associated with the removal of the Company’s equipment at company or customer locations are not material, and accordingly, the Company has determined that it does not presently have asset retirement obligations under the FASB’s accounting guidance. Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in an acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized but rather is reviewed annually for impairment, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. A two-step test is performed at the reporting unit level to assess goodwill for impairment. First, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, the reporting unit is not impaired and no further testing is performed. The second step is performed if the carrying value exceeds the fair value. If the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, an impairment loss equal to the difference will be recorded. Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The Company has categorized its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy in accordance with the FASB’s guidance. Fair value is defined as an exit price, the amount that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid upon the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The degree of judgment utilized in measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities generally correlates to the level of pricing observability. Financial assets and liabilities with readily available, actively quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and require less judgment in measuring fair value. Conversely, financial assets and liabilities that are rarely traded or not quoted have less price observability and are generally measured at fair value using valuation models that require more judgment. These valuation techniques involve some level of management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent on the price transparency of the asset, liability or market and the nature of the asset or liability. See Note 15 for a further discussion regarding the Company’s measurement of financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Income Taxes. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in operations in the period enacted. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that a portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income and the reversal of deferred tax liabilities during the period in which related temporary differences become deductible. The benefit of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the Company’s income tax returns are recognized in the consolidated financial statements if such positions are more likely than not of being sustained. 34  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED Segment Information. The FASB has established standards for reporting information on operating segments of an enterprise in interim and annual financial statements. The Company operates in one segment which is the business of providing broadband services. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker reviews the Company’s operating results on an aggregate basis and manages the Company’s operations as a single operating segment. Revenue Recognition. The Company normally enters into contractual agreements with its customers for periods ranging between one to three years. The Company recognizes the total revenue provided under a contract ratably over the contract period, including any periods under which the Company has agreed to provide services at no cost. The Company applies the revenue recognition principles set forth under SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 104, (“SAB 104”) which provides for revenue to be recognized when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery or installation has been completed, (iii) the customer accepts and verifies receipt, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Deferred Revenues. Customers are billed monthly in advance. Deferred revenues are recognized for that portion of monthly charges not yet earned as of the end of the reporting period. Deferred revenues are also recognized for certain customers who pay for their services in advance. Advertising Costs. The Company charges advertising costs to expense as incurred. Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 were approximately $962,000 and $789,000, respectively, and are included in sales and marketing expenses in the statements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation. The Company accounts for stock-based awards issued to employees in accordance with FASB guidance. Such awards primarily consist of options to purchase shares of common stock. The fair value of stock-based awards is determined on the grant date using a valuation model. The fair value is recognized as compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight line basis over the service period, which is normally the vesting period. Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share. Basic and diluted net loss per share has been calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All potentially dilutive common shares have been excluded since their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share because they were anti-dilutive. The exercise of these common stock equivalents would dilute earnings per shares if the Company becomes profitable in the future. The exercise of the outstanding stock options and warrants could generate proceeds up to approximately $25,618,000. Reclassifications. Certain accounts in the prior year consolidated financial statements have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the presentation in the current year consolidated financial statements. These reclassifications have no effect on the previously reported net loss. Recent Accounting Pronouncements. The FASB has issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2010-29, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Disclosure of Supplementary Pro Forma Information for Business Combinations.” This amendment affects any public entity as defined by Topic 805, Business Combinations that enters into business combinations that are material on an individual or aggregate basis. The comparative financial statements should present and disclose revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period only. The amendments also expand the supplemental pro forma disclosures to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro forma revenue and earnings. The amendments are effective prospectively for business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2010. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. Years Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Stock options 3,706,885 3,738,638 Warrants 4,332,310 4,332,310 Total 8,039,195 8,070,948 35  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED In December 2010, the FASB issued ASU 2010-28, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): When to Perform Step 2 of the Goodwill Impairment Test for Reporting Units with Zero or Negative Carrying Amounts”. ASU 2010-28 modifies Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test for reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts by requiring an entity to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test if it is more likely than not that a goodwill impairment exists. This update will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2010. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. Subsequent Events . Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date of this filing. Note 3. Business Acquisitions Acquisition of Sparkplug Chicago, Inc On April 15, 2010, the Company completed the acquisition of the customer contracts, network infrastructure and related assets of the Chicago, Illinois and Nashville, Tennessee networks of Sparkplug Chicago, Inc. (“Sparkplug”). The acquisition expanded the Company’s presence in the Chicago market and introduced Nashville, Tennessee as the Company's 11 th market nationally. The Company obtained full control of Sparkplug in the acquisition. The Company has determined that the acquisition of Sparkplug was a business combination to be accounted for under the acquisition method. The following table summarizes the consideration transferred and the amounts of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date: The Company recognized a $355,876 gain on the business acquisition as a result of Sparkplug Chicago, Inc. being sold at a discounted price due to the realignment of its geographic markets by its parent company, Sparkplug Inc. The gain on business acquisition is included in other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company incurred approximately $282,000 of third-party costs in connection with the Sparkplug acquisition. These expenses are included in the general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition of Pipeline Wireless, LLC On December 15, 2010, the Company completed the acquisition of Pipeline Wireless, LLC (“Pipeline”). The acquisition strengthened and expanded the Company’s presence in the Boston market. The Company obtained full control of Pipeline in the acquisition. Fair value of consideration transferred: Cash $ 1,170,000 Common stock (275,700 shares) 430,000 1,600,000 Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: Customer contracts 1,483,000 Property and equipment 591,590 Accounts receivable 85,387 Security deposits 3,400 Prepaid expenses 844 Accounts payable (23,903 ) Deferred revenue (184,442 ) Total identifiable net assets 1,955,876 Gain on business acquisition $ 355,876 36  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED The Company has determined that the acquisition of Pipeline was a business combination to be accounted for under the acquisition method. The following table summarizes the consideration transferred and the amounts of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date: The Company allocated the purchase price of Pipeline to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based of their fair values on the date of acquisition. The Company recognized $1,724,571 of goodwill related to the acquisition, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the identifiable net assets. The Company expects the full balance of goodwill to be tax deductible for tax purposes. Deferred payments totaling $768,869 will be made to Pipeline beginning in June 2011 in 36 monthly installments of $21,357. Total gross payments of $768,869 were discounted at a 12% rate and recorded at $613,646 for acquisition purposes. Current and long-term balances totaled $136,439 and $477,207 at December 31, 2010, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company incurred approximately $337,000 of third-party costs in connection with the Pipeline acquisition. These expenses are included in the general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Pro Forma Information The following table reflects the unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations had the Sparkplug and Pipeline acquisitions taken place at the beginning of the 2010 and 2009 periods: The pro forma information presented above does not purport to present what actual results would have been had the acquisitions actually occurred at the beginning of 2009, nor does the information project results for any future period. Fair value of consideration transferred: Cash $ 1,580,060 Common stock (411,523 shares) 1,485,598 Deferred payments 613,646 Capital lease obligations assumed 152,164 3,831,468 Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: Customer contracts 1,864,187 Property and equipment 266,345 Accounts receivable 194,137 Security deposits 6,363 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 86,240 Accounts payable (30,219 ) Deferred revenue (239,939 ) Other current liabilities (40,217 ) Total identifiable net assets 2,106,897 Goodwill $ 1,724,571 Year Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Revenues $ 21,864,364 $ 18,339,663 Amortization expense 2,587,040 2,587,040 Total operating expenses 28,307,060 26,443,247 Net loss (5,997,260 ) (9,297,145 ) Basic net loss per share $ (0.17 ) $ (0.27 ) 37  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED Note 4. Property and Equipment, net The Company’s property and equipment, net is comprised of: Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 was $4,815,113 and $4,035,267, respectively. The Company sold or disposed of property and equipment with $254,444 of cost and $176,741 of accumulated depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2010. The Company sold or disposed of property and equipment with $315,264 of cost and $246,192 of accumulated depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2009. Property held under capital leases included within the Company’s property and equipment consists of the following: During 2009, the Company finished making lease payments on property held under capital leases with a gross value of $168,441 and accumulated depreciation of $130,515. The Company obtained clear title to the equipment, and accordingly, is no longer reporting these assets as property held under capital leases. Note 5. Intangible Assets, net The Company’s intangible assets, net are comprised of the following: Amortization expense for year ended December 31, 2010 was $955,222. The Company is amortizing the customer contracts acquired in the Sparkplug acquisition over a 14 month period and the customer contracts acquired in the Pipeline acquisition over a 17 month period. As of December 31, 2010, the average remaining amortization period was 11 months. Future amortization expense of intangible assets is expected to be approximately $1,899,000 for 2011 and $493,000 for 2012. No amortization expense is expected to be recognized after 2012. As further described in Note 2, FCC licenses are not subject to amortization as they have an indefinite useful life. December 31, 2010 2009 Network and base station equipment $ 16,278,966 $ 13,282,567 Customer premise equipment 12,496,065 9,324,444 Furniture, fixtures and other 1,541,675 1,525,980 Computer equipment 683,071 610,847 System software 833,109 819,305 Leasehold improvements 775,420 775,420 32,608,306 26,338,563 Less: accumulated depreciation 17,342,250 12,703,878 $ 15,266,056 $ 13,634,685 December 31, 2010 2009 Network and base station equipment $ 92,836 $ 168,441 Customer premise equipment 59,328 - 152,164 168,441 Less: accumulated depreciation 1,268 130,515 $ 150,896 $ 37,926 December 31, 2010 2009 Customer contracts $ 3,347,187 $ - FCC licenses 975,000 975,000 4,322,187 975,000 Less: accumulated amortization 955,222 - $ 3,366,965 $ 975,000 38  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED Note 6. Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consist of the following: Network expenses consist of expenses directly related to providing services to our customers. Note 7. Debt In January 2007, the Company issued $3,500,000 of 8% senior convertible debentures (the ‘‘Debentures’’). The Debentures matured on December 31, 2009 and were convertible, in whole or in part, into shares of common stock at an initial conversion price of $2.75 per share. In addition, holders of the Debentures received warrants to purchase an aggregate of 636,364 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.00 per share and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 636,364 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.00 per share. These warrants are exercisable until January 2012 and were calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The proceeds were allocated between the warrants ($526,927) and the Debentures ($2,973,073) based on their relative fair values. The initial, discounted carrying value of the Debentures of $2,973,073 was accreted to the maturity value over the term of the Debentures. The amount of accretion recorded in each period was recognized as non-cash interest expense. In January 2008, a Debenture holder converted $750,000 of Debentures into common stock at a conversion price of $2.75 per share resulting in the issuance of 272,727 shares of common stock. On December 31, 2009, the maturity date, the Company paid $2,750,000 to the holder of all outstanding Debentures. As further described in Note 8, a new accounting standard became effective on January 1, 2009 related to the accounting for derivative financial instruments indexed to a company’s own stock. In connection with its implementation, the Company was required to classify the conversion feature of the Debentures and the warrants issued with the Debentures as derivative liabilities. The cumulative effect of adopting this standard resulted in a decrease in the carrying value of the Debentures as of January 1, 2009 from $2,607,395 to $2,293,222. Interest expense totaled $676,778 during the year ended December 31, 2009 and included $220,000 associated with the 8% coupon and $456,778 associated with accretion of the discount. In connection with the Debentures, the Company incurred placement agent fees totaling approximately $140,000 and issued placement agent warrants to purchase up to 63,636 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.50 per share. The warrants are exercisable for five years and were valued at $34,750 using the Black-Scholes pricing model. These financing costs were amortized ratably through December 31, 2009. Note 8. Derivative Liabilities In June 2008, the FASB issued an accounting standard related to the accounting for derivative financial instruments indexed to a company’s own stock. Under this standard, instruments which do not have fixed settlement provisions are deemed to be derivative instruments. The fair value of these liabilities is re-measured at the end of every reporting period with the change in value reported in the statement of operations. December 31, 2010 2009 Payroll and related $ 595,710 $ 430,360 Property and equipment 338,763 140,566 Professional services 325,485 157,151 Network 111,055 57,688 Marketing 65,898 79,026 Offering costs 55,000 - Penalties - 95,726 Other 103,805 125,741 Total $ 1,595,716 $ 1,086,258 39  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED Certain of the Company’s warrants did not initially have fixed settlement provisions because their exercise price could have been lowered if the Company had issued securities at lower prices (“reset provisions”). Accordingly, these warrants were initially reported as derivative liabilities. As of January 1, 2010, the reset provisions were no longer applicable and the warrants were determined to have fixed settlement provisions. As a result, the fair value of the warrants were reclassified to equity as of January 1, 2010. The derivative liabilities were valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following assumptions: The risk-free interest rate was based on rates established by the Federal Reserve. Effective in the first quarter of 2008, the Company based expected volatility on the historical volatility for its common stock. Previously, the Company’s estimated volatility was based on the volatility of publicly-traded peers. The expected life of the Debentures’ conversion option was based on the maturity of the Debentures and the expected life of the warrants was based on their full term. The expected dividend yield of zero was based upon the fact that the Company has not historically paid dividends, and does not expect to pay dividends in the future. This new standard was implemented in the first quarter of 2009 and is reported as the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle. The cumulative effect on the accounting for the conversion feature and the warrants as of January 1, 2009 was as follows: The warrants were originally recorded at their relative fair value as an increase in additional paid-in-capital. Changes in the accumulated deficit upon the adoption of the new standard include $635,241 of interest expense associated with the accretion of additional discount recognized on the Debenture and $1,388,434 in gains resulting from decreases in the fair value of the derivative liabilities through December 31, 2008. The derivative liability amounts reflect the fair value of each derivative instrument as of the January 1, 2009 date of implementation. The Debenture amounts represent the additional discount recorded upon adoption of this new standard. This discount was recognized in 2009 as additional interest expense. On December 31, 2009, the Company repaid the Debentures. Therefore, as of December, 31, 2009, there was no value associated with the debenture conversion feature. December 31, 2009 January 1, 2009 January 18, 2007 Debenture conversion feature: Risk-free interest rate 0.4 % 4.7 % Expected volatility 74 % 60 % Expected life (in years) 1 3 Expected dividend yield - - Warrants: Risk-free interest rate 1.1 % 1.0 % 4.7 % Expected volatility 86 % 74 % 60 % Expected life (in years) 2 3 3 Expected dividend yield - - - Fair value: Debenture conversion feature $ - $ 11,838 $ 856,025 Warrants $ 566,451 $ 76,069 $ 620,316 Derivative Instrument Additional Paid-In-Capital Accumulated Deficit Derivative Liability Debenture Conversion feature $ - $ (277,531 ) $ (11,838 ) $ 289,369 Warrants $ 526,927 $ (475,662 ) $ (76,069 ) $ 24,804 Total $ 526,927 $ (753,193 ) $ (87,907 ) $ 314,173 40  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED Note 9. Capital Stock The Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock at a par value of $0.001. There were no issuances of preferred stock as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The Company is authorized to issue 70,000,000 shares of common stock at a par value of $0.001. The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share. The holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared by the board of directors out of legally available funds. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets that are legally available for distribution. The holders of the Company’s common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of the Company’s common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock, which may be designated solely by action of the board of directors and issued in the future. In November 2010, the Company adopted a shareholder rights plan (the “Rights Plan”). The purpose of the Rights Plan is to protect the long-term value of the Company for its shareholders and to protect shareholders from various abusive takeover tactics. Under the Rights Plan, the Company issued one preferred share purchase right for each of the Company's common stock held by shareholders of record as of the close of business on November 24, 2010. In general, the rights would become exercisable if a person or group acquires 15% or more of the Company’s common stock or announces a tender offer or exchange offer for 15% or more of the Company’s common stock. Each holder of a right will be allowed to purchase one one-hundredth of a share of a newly created series of the Company’s preferred shares at an exercise price of $18.00. The rights will expire on November 8, 2020. The Company may redeem the rights for $0.001 each at any time until the tenth business day following public announcement that a person or group has acquired 15% or more of its outstanding common stock. In 2010, 9,225 shares of common stock were issued to executive officers as part of their quarterly bonuses. The Company recognized compensation expense totaling $17,250, which represented the fair value of the shares on the date of issuance. In 2009, 32,687 shares of common stock were issued to executive officers as part of their quarterly bonuses. The Company recognized compensation expense totaling $42,525, which represented the fair value of the shares on the date of issuance. During 2010, stock options were exercised on a cashless basis by current or former employees to purchase a total of 361,950 shares, resulting in the issuance of 119,104 shares. During 2009, stock options were exercised on a cashless basis by current or former employees to purchase a total of 144,177 shares, resulting in the issuance of 41,688 shares. Under a cashless exercise, the holder uses a portion of the shares that would otherwise be issuable upon exercise, rather than cash, as consideration for the exercise. The amount of net shares issuable in connection with a cashless exercise will vary based on the exercise price of the option or warrant compared to the current market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of exercise. During 2010, stock options were exercised on a cash basis by a current employee to purchase a total of 1,333 shares at an exercise price of $0.69 per share. In April 2010, the Company issued 275,700 shares of common stock to Sparkplug as part of the consideration paid for the acquisition. The fair value of the common stock issued was $430,000. In November 2010, the Company issued 6,571,429 shares of common stock in connection with an underwritten offering at $2.80 per share, resulting in gross proceeds of $18,400,000. The Company incurred costs of approximately $1,440,000 related to this underwritten offering. In December 2010, the Company issued 411,523 shares of common stock to Pipeline as part of the consideration paid for the acquisition. The fair value of the common stock issued was $1,485,598. Note 10. Share-Based Compensation The Company uses the Black-Scholes valuation model to value options granted to employees, directors and consultants. Compensation expense, including the effect of forfeitures, is recognized over the period of service, generally the vesting period. Stock-based compensation for the amortization of stock options granted under the Company’s stock option plans totaled $649,502 and $760,431 for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Stock-based compensation is included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. 41  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED The unamortized amount of stock options expense was $360,898 as of December 31, 2010 which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.99 years. The fair values of stock option grants were calculated on the dates of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following weighted average assumptions: The risk-free interest rate was based on rates established by the Federal Reserve. The Company’s expected volatility was based upon the historical volatility for its common stock. The expected life of the Company’s options was determined using the simplified method as a result of limited historical data regarding the Company’s activity. The dividend yield is based upon the fact that the Company has not historically paid dividends, and does not expect to pay dividends in the future. The Company recorded additional stock-based compensation related to the issuance of common stock to executive officers as a part of their bonus programs, which totaled $17,250 and $42,525 for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Total shares issued to executive officers were 9,225 and 32,687 for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. In the third quarter of 2010, the Company recorded stock-based compensation related to the issuance of common stock to a third party for services rendered. The fair value of the common stock issued was $105,060. The total shares issued as part of this consideration was 66,075. Note 11. Employee Benefit Plan The Company has established a 401(k) retirement plan (“401(k) plan”) which covers all eligible employees who have attained the age of twenty-one and have completed 30 days of employment with the Company. The Company can elect to match up to a certain amount of employees’ contributions to the 401(k) plan. No employer contributions were made during the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009. Note 12. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes using the statutory Federal tax rate as compared to the Company’s effective tax rate is summarized as follows: The Company files income tax returns for Towerstream Corporation and its subsidiaries in the United States with the Internal Revenue Service and with various state jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2010, the tax returns for Towerstream Corporation for the years 2007 through 2010 remain open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and various state authorities. Years Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Risk-free interest rate 1.0% - 3.3 % 0.2% - 2.9 % Expected volatility 73 % 79% - 88 % Expected life (in years) 2.5 – 6.1 0.1 - 6.8 Expected dividend yield 0 % 0 % For the Years Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Federal statutory rate (34.0 )% (34.0 )% State taxes (6.0 )% (6.0 )% Permanent differences (0.4 )% 3.9 % Valuation allowance 40.4 % 36.1 % Effective tax rate 0.0 % 0.0 % 42  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED Deferred tax assets (liabilities) consist of the following: Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes Effective January 1, 2007, the Company adopted the FASB’s guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. In accordance with this guidance, interest costs and related penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are required to be calculated, if applicable. No interest and penalties were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. As of December 31, 2010 and 2009, no liability for unrecognized tax benefits was required to be recorded. NOL Limitations The Company’s utilization of net operating loss ( “ NOL ” ) carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future as provided in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as well as similar state and foreign provisions. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of a corporation by more than fifty percentage points over a three-year period. Since its formation, the Company has raised capital through the issuance of capital stock and various convertible instruments which, combined with the purchasing shareholders’ subsequent disposition of these shares, has resulted in an ownership change as defined by Section 382, and also could result in an ownership change in the future upon subsequent disposition. The annual NOL limitation is determined by first multiplying the value of the Company’s stock at the time of ownership change by the applicable long-term tax exempt rate, and could then be subject to additional adjustments, as required. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the NOL carryforwards before utilization. The Company has not utilized any of its NOL carryforwards as it has never reported taxable income. The Company has applied a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets related to its NOL carryforwards. The Company had NOLs of approximately $32,235,000 and $27,809,000 for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. Federal NOLs will begin expiring in 2027. State NOLs will begin expiring in 2012. Valuation Allowance In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company has considered whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. In making this determination, under the applicable financial reporting standards, the Company is allowed to consider the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies. A full valuation allowance has been recorded for the deferred tax asset balance as of December 31, 2010 and 2009. The change in valuation allowance was $2,261,663 and $3,109,343, respectively for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009. A valuation allowance will be maintained until sufficient positive evidence exists to support the reversal of any portion or all of the valuation allowance. For the Years Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Net operating loss carryforward $ 12,894,080 $ 11,134,911 Stock-based compensation 1,074,190 894,420 Intangible assets 359,114 - Allowance for doubtful accounts 47,530 35,320 Other 24,170 16,195 Total deferred tax assets 14,399,084 12,080,846 Valuation allowance (12,986,730 ) (10,725,067 ) Net deferred tax assets 1,412,354 1,355,779 Depreciation (1,412,354 ) (1,301,223 ) Intangible assets - (54,556 ) Deferred tax liabilities (1,412,354 ) (1,355,779 ) Net $ - $ - 43  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED Note 13. Stock Option Plans In January 2007, the Company adopted the 2007 Equity Compensation Plan (the ‘‘2007 Plan’’). The 2007 Plan provides for the issuance of options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, bonus shares and dividend equivalents to officers and other employees, consultants and directors of the Company. The total number of shares of common stock issuable under the 2007 Plan is 2,403,922. A total of 2,112,974 stock options or common stock has been issued under the 2007 Plan as of December 31, 2010. In May 2007, the Board of Directors approved the adoption of the 2007 Incentive Stock Plan which provides for the issuance of up to 2,500,000 shares of common stock in the form of options or restricted stock (the ‘‘2007 Incentive Stock Plan’’). The 2007 Incentive Stock Plan was approved by the Company’s stockholders in May 2007. A total of 1,453,053 stock options or common stock has been issued under the 2007 Incentive Stock Plan as of December 31, 2010. Options granted under both the 2007 Plan and the 2007 Incentive Plan have terms up to ten years and are exercisable at a price per share not less than the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. The total number of shares of common stock that remain available for issuance as of December 31, 2010 under the 2007 Plan and the 2007 Incentive Stock Plan combined is 1,337,895 shares. In August 2008, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2008 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan (the “2008 Directors Plan”). Under the 2008 Directors Plan, an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares have been reserved for issuance. As of December 31, 2010, 400,000 stock options or common stock have been issued under this plan. Options granted under the 2008 Directors Plan have terms of up to five years and are exercisable at a price per share equal to the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. Transactions under the stock option plans during the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 were as follows: The weighted-average fair value of the options granted during 2010 and 2009 were $0.99 and $0.58, respectively. Outstanding options of 3,706,885 as of December 31, 2010 had exercise prices that ranged from $0.68 to $9.74 and had a weighted-average remaining contractual life of 5.80. Exercisable options of 3,218,413 as of December 31, 2010 had exercise prices that ranged from $0.68 to $9.74 and had a weighted-average remaining contractual life of 5.42. The intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable options totaled $9,426,350 and $8,155,462, respectively, as of December 31, 2010. The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the closing price of the Company’s common stock at December 31, 2010, which was $4.06 per share, and the exercise price of the options. The number of shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options, and the proceeds upon the exercise of such options, will be lower if an option holder elects to exercise on a cashless basis. Note 14. Stock Warrants Warrants outstanding and exercisable totaled 4,332,310 with a weighted-average exercise price of $4.61 (ranging between $4.00 and $6.00) as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009. The weighted-average remaining contractual life as of December 31, 2010 was 1.06 years. Number of Options Weighted Average Exercise Price Outstanding as of January 1, 2009 3,335,793 $ 1.82 Granted during 2009 690,526 0.86 Exercised (144,177 ) 1.27 Forfeited /expired (143,504 ) 1.27 Outstanding as of December 31, 2009 3,738,638 $ 1.69 Granted during 2010 375,000 1.80 Exercised (363,283 ) 1.37 Forfeited /expired (43,470 ) 0.95 Outstanding as of December 31, 2010 3,706,885 $ 1.74 44  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED The following table summarizes information concerning outstanding and exercisable warrants as of December 31, 2010: The intrinsic value associated with the Company’s warrants outstanding or exercisable totaled $56,182 and zero as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. The number of shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, and the proceeds upon the exercise of such warrants, will be lower if a warrant holder elects to exercise on a cashless basis. Note 15. Fair Value Measurement Valuation Hierarchy The FASB’s accounting standard for fair value measurements establishes a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs to valuation used to measure fair value. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following table provides the assets and liabilities carried at fair value measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively: Exercise Prices Number Outstanding Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years) Proceeds Upon Exercise Intrinsic Value Expiration Date $ 4.00 636,364 1.03 $ 2,545,456 $ 38,182 1/12/12 $ 4.00 300,000 1.45 1,200,000 18,000 6/11/12 $ 4.50 2,759,582 1.03 12,418,119 - 1/12/12 $ 6.00 636,364 1.03 3,818,184 - 1/12/12 4,332,310 1.06 $ 19,981,759 $ 56,182 Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2010 Total Carrying Value at December 31, 2010 Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Cash and cash equivalents $ 23,173,352 $ 23,173,352 $ - $ - Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2009 Total Carrying Value at December 31, 2009 Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) Significant other observable inputs (Level 2) Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) Cash and cash equivalents $ 14,040,839 $ 14,040,839 $ - $ - Derivative liabilities $ 566,451 $ - $ - $ 566,451 45  TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS- CONTINUED Cash and cash equivalents are measured at fair value using quoted market prices and are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. The carrying amounts of accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value due to their short maturities. The derivative liabilities are measured at fair value using quoted market prices and estimated volatility factors, and are classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. There were no changes in the valuation techniques during the year ended December 31, 2010. The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of our Level 3 financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis: Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies Lease Obligations. The Company has entered into operating leases related to roof rights, cellular towers, office space, and equipment leases under various non-cancelable agreements expiring through December 2020. As of December 31, 2010, total future lease commitments were as follows: Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 totaled approximately $3,280,000 and $2,614,000, respectively. In March 2007, the Company entered into a lease agreement for its corporate offices (the “Original Space”). In August 2007, the Company signed a lease amendment adding approximately 25,000 square feet (the “Additional Space”) and extending the lease term. The new lease term commenced in October 2007 and terminates six years from the date of commencement with an option to renew for an additional five-year term. The Company’s annual rent payments totaled approximately $557,000 in 2010 and will remain at that level through May 2012, before increasing to approximately $590,000 through the end of the lease. The landlord provided the Company with certain incentives as an inducement to enter the lease agreements. These incentives included (i) an allowance of $163,330 for leasehold improvements on the Original Space, (ii) an allowance of $200,000 for leasehold improvements on the Additional Space, and (iii) an initial six-month rent-free period on half of the Additional Space. Leasehold improvements funded by the landlord have been (i) capitalized and are being amortized over the remaining lease term and (ii) recognized as deferred rent and amortized ratably over the term of the lease. The economic value of the rent-free period is also recognized as deferred rent and amortized ratably over the term of the lease. Current and long term balances totaled $84,157 and $191,025 at December 31, 2010. Other Commitments and Contingencies . One of the purchase agreements related to FCC licenses includes a contingent payment depending on the status of the license with the FCC and whether the Company has obtained approval to broadcast terrestrially in the 3650 to 3700 MHz band. The contingent payment is due in May 2011 and payable in shares of common stock with a fair value of $275,000. The Company presently expects that it will make the contingent payment in May 2011. Years Ended December 31, 2010 2009 Fair value, beginning of period $ 566,451 $ 87,907 Reclassification of derivative liability to equity (566,451 ) - Net unrealized loss on derivative financial instruments - 478,544 Ending balance $ - $ 566,451 Year Ending December 31, 2011 $ 3,914,914 2012 3,523,107 2013 2,513,656 2014 1,445,535 2015 740,827 Thereafter 1,742,702 $ 13,880,741 46  Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Disclosure Controls and Procedures We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the ‘‘Exchange Act’’). Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective, as of December 31, 2010, in ensuring that material information that we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our system of internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2010 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by a company’s board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework. Based on our assessment, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2010, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. • pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; • provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and • provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 47  This annual report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permanently exempt smaller reporting companies. Item 9B. Other Information. None. 48  PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. Directors and Executive Officers The following table sets forth the names, ages, and positions of our current directors and executive officers. Our directors hold office for one-year terms until the following annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor has been elected and qualified or until the director’s earlier resignation or removal. Officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors (the “Board”) and serve at the discretion of the Board. The biographies below include information related to service by the persons below to Towerstream Corporation and our subsidiary, Towerstream I, Inc. On January 4, 2007, we merged with and into a wholly-owned Delaware subsidiary, for the sole purpose of changing our state of incorporation to Delaware. On January 12, 2007, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours completed a reverse merger with and into a private company, Towerstream Corporation, with Towerstream Corporation (the private company) being the surviving company and becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours. Upon closing of the merger, we discontinued our former business and succeeded to the business of Towerstream Corporation as our sole line of business. At the same time, we also changed our name from University Girls Calendar Ltd to Towerstream Corporation, and our newly acquired subsidiary, Towerstream Corporation, changed its name to Towerstream I, Inc. Jeffrey M. Thompson co-founded Towerstream I, Inc. in December 1999 with Philip Urso. Mr. Thompson has served as a director since inception and as chief operating officer from inception until November 2005 when Mr. Thompson became president and chief executive officer. Since becoming a public entity in January 2007, Mr. Thompson has been our president, chief executive officer and a director. In 1995, Mr. Thompson co-founded and was vice president of operations of EdgeNet Inc., a privately held Internet service provider (which was sold to Citadel Broadcasting Corporation in 1997 and became eFortress (“eFortress”)) through 1999. Mr. Thompson holds a B.S. degree from the University of Massachusetts. Mr. Thompson was appointed to the Board of Directors due to his significant experience in the wireless broadband industry, his familiarity with the Company, as well as his extensive business management expertise. Philip Urso co-founded Towerstream I, Inc. in December 1999 with Jeffrey M. Thompson. Mr. Urso has served as a director and chairman since inception and as chief executive officer from inception until November 2005. Since becoming a public entity in January 2007, Mr. Urso has been our chairman and a director. In 1995, Mr. Urso co-founded eFortress (previously EdgeNet Inc.) and served as its president through 1999. From 1983 until 1997, Mr. Urso owned and operated a group of radio stations. In addition, Mr. Urso co-founded the regional cell-tower company, MCF Communications, Inc. Mr. Urso was appointed to the Board of Directors due to his significant experience in the wireless broadband industry, his familiarity with the Company, as well as his extensive business management expertise. Joseph P. Hernon has been our chief financial officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer since joining the Company in May 2008. From November 2007 until May 2008, Mr. Hernon was a financial consultant to a high technology company. From November 2005 until October 2007, Mr. Hernon served as the chief financial officer of Aqua Bounty Technologies Inc., a biotechnology company dedicated to the improvement of productivity in the acquaculture industry through the application of biotechnology. From August 1996 until October 2005, Mr. Hernon served as vice president, chief financial officer and secretary of Boston Life Sciences Inc., a biotechnology company focused on developing therapeutics and diagnostics for central nervous system diseases. From January 1987 until August 1996, Mr. Hernon held various positions while employed at Price Waterhouse Coopers LLP, an international accounting firm. Mr. Hernon is a certified public accountant and holds a B.S. degree in Business Administration from the University of Lowell, Massachusetts and a M.S. degree in Accounting from Bentley College in Waltham, MA. Name Age Position Jeffrey M. Thompson 46 President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Philip Urso 51 Chairman of the Board of Directors Joseph P. Hernon 51 Chief Financial Officer Melvin L. Yarbrough, Jr. 45 Chief Operating Officer Howard L. Haronian, M.D. (1)(2)(3) 49 Director Paul Koehler (1)(3) 51 Director William J. Bush (1)(2) 45 Director (1) Member of our Audit Committee. (2) Member of our Compensation Committee. (3) Member of our Nominating Committee. 49  Melvin L. Yarbrough, Jr. has been our chief operating officer since November 2010. Mr. Yarbrough has been employed by the Company since April 2007, serving as Vice President of Sales until his appointment to Chief Revenue Officer in August 2008. In November 2010, Mr. Yarbrough was appointed to Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Yarbrough came to Towerstream from Hoovers (Dun and Bradstreet (“D&B”)), where he first served as Vice President of Business Development and then Vice President of Subscription Sales from 2005 until 2007. Prior to joining D&B, Mr. Yarbrough spent nearly a decade in several executive sales positions, including serving as Senior Vice President of Sales, Marketing and Alliance Channel at StarCite, an on-demand global meetings management company, and as Vice President of Sales at Handango, a handheld and wireless software solutions company. Mr. Yarbrough holds a B.A. degree in Economics and Business from Southern Methodist University and a J.D. degree from Vanderbilt University School of Law. Howard L. Haronian, M.D., has served as a director of Towerstream I, Inc. since inception in December 1999. Since becoming a public entity in January 2007, Dr. Haronian has been a director. Dr. Haronian is an interventional cardiologist and has been president of Cardiology Specialists, Ltd. of Rhode Island since 1994. Dr. Haronian has served on the clinical faculty of the Yale School of Medicine since 1994. Dr. Haronian has directed the cardiac catheterization program at Westerly Hospital since founding the program in 2003. Dr. Haronian was appointed to the Board of Directors based on his extensive knowledge of the Company’s operations since its founding and his executive level experience at other organizations. Paul Koehler has been a director since January 2007. Mr. Koehler has served as vice president of corporate development of Pacific Ethanol, Inc. (NasdaqGM: PEIX) since June 2005. Mr. Koehler has over twenty years of experience in the power and renewable fuels industries and in marketing, trading and project development. Prior to working for Pacific Ethanol Inc., from 2001 to 2005, Mr. Koehler developed wind power projects for PPM Energy Inc., a wind power producer and marketer. Mr. Koehler was president and co-founder of Kinergy Corporation, a consulting firm focused on renewable energy, project development and risk management from 1993 to 2003. During the 1990s, Mr. Koehler worked for Portland General Electric Company and Enron Corp. in marketing and origination of long- term transactions, risk management and energy trading. Mr. Koehler holds a B.A. degree from the Honors College at the University of Oregon. Mr. Koehler currently serves on the Board of Directors of Oregon College of Art and Craft, a private art college, and has been a director since 2009. Mr. Koehler also served on the Board of Directors of Oregon College of Art and Craft, from 2005 through 2007. Mr. Koehler was appointed to the Board of Directors based on his experience as an executive at other public companies and as a director of other organizations. William J. Bush has been a director since January 2007. Since January 2010, Mr. Bush has served as the chief financial officer of Borrego Solar Systems, Inc., which is one of the nation’s leading financiers, designers and installers of commercial and government grid-connected solar electric power systems. From October 2008 to December 2009, Mr. Bush served as the chief financial officer of Solar Semiconductor, Ltd., a private vertically integrated manufacturer and distributor of quality photovoltaic modules and systems targeted for use in industrial, commercial and residential applications with operations in India helping it reach $100 million in sales in its first 15 months of operation . From January 2006 through December 2007, Mr. Bush served as chief financial officer of ZVUE Corporation (formerly known as Handheld Entertainment, Inc. (Pink Sheets: ZVUE.PK)), a distributor of user generated content. From 2002 to 2005, Mr. Bush was the chief financial officer and secretary for International Microcomputer Software, Inc. (OTCBB: IMSI.OB), a developer and distributor of precision design software, content and on-line services. Prior to that he was a director of business development and corporate controller for Buzzsaw.com, Inc. Mr. Bush was one of the founding members of Buzzsaw.com, Inc., a privately held company spun off from Autodesk, Inc. in 1999, focusing on online collaboration, printing and procurement applications. From 1997 to 1999, Mr. Bush worked as corporate controller at Autodesk, Inc. (NasdaqGM: ADSK), the fourth largest software applications company in the world. Prior to that, Mr. Bush worked for seven years in public accounting, first with Ernst & Young, and later with Price Waterhouse in Munich, Germany. Mr. Bush holds a B.S. degree in Business Administration from U.C. Berkeley and is a certified public accountant. Mr. Bush currently serves on the Board of Directors of FindEx.com (OTCBB: FIND), a Bible study software provider and has been a director since 2007. Mr. Bush was appointed to the Board of Directors because he has significant experience and acumen as a finance professional. Directorships Except as otherwise reported above, none of our directors held directorships in other reporting companies and registered investment companies at any time during the past five years. 50  Family Relationships Except for Howard L. Haronian, M.D., and Philip Urso, who are cousins, there are no family relationships among our directors or executive officers. Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings To our knowledge, during the last ten years, none of our directors and executive officers (including those of our subsidiaries) has: Board Committees Since January 2007, the standing committees of our Board consist of an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating Committee. Each member of our committees is “independent” as such term is defined under and required by the federal securities laws and the rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market. The charters of each of the committees have been approved by our Board and are available on our website at www.towerstream.com . Audit Committee The Audit Committee is comprised of three directors: William J. Bush, Howard L. Haronian, M.D., and Paul Koehler. Mr. Bush is the Chairman of the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee’s duties are to recommend to our Board the engagement of independent auditors to audit our financial statements and to review our accounting and auditing principles. The Audit Committee reviews the scope, timing and fees for the annual audit and the results of audit examinations performed by independent public accountants, including their recommendations to improve the system of accounting and internal controls. The Audit Committee oversees the independent auditors, including their independence and objectivity. However, the committee members are not acting as professional accountants or auditors, and their functions are not intended to duplicate or substitute for the activities of management and the independent auditors. The Audit Committee is empowered to retain independent legal counsel and other advisors as it deems necessary or appropriate to assist the Audit Committee in fulfilling its responsibilities, and to approve the fees and other retention terms of the advisors. Each of our Audit Committee members possesses an understanding of financial statements and generally accepted accounting principles. Our Board has determined that Mr. Bush is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 407(d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K. Compensation Committee The Compensation Committee is comprised of Howard L. Haronian, M.D., and William J. Bush. Dr. Haronian is the Chairman of the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee has certain duties and powers as described in its charter, including but not limited to periodically reviewing and approving our salary and benefits policies, compensation of executive officers, administering our stock option plans, and recommending and approving grants of stock options under such plans. • Had a bankruptcy petition filed by or against any business of which such person was a general partner or executive officer either at the time of the bankruptcy or within two years prior to that time. • Been convicted in a criminal proceeding or been subject to a pending criminal proceeding, excluding traffic violations and other minor offenses. • Been subject to any order, judgment or decree, not subsequently reversed, suspended or vacated, of any court of competent jurisdiction, permanently or temporarily enjoining, barring, suspending or otherwise limiting his involvement in any type of business, securities or banking activities. • Been found by a court of competent jurisdiction (in a civil action), the SEC, or the Commodities Futures Trading Commission to have violated a federal or state securities or commodities law, and the judgment has not been reversed, suspended or vacated. • Been the subject to, or a party to, any sanction or order, not subsequently reverse, suspended or vacated, of any self-regulatory organization, any registered entity, or any equivalent exchange, association, entity or organization that has disciplinary authority over its members or persons associated with a member. 51  Nominating Committee The Nominating Committee is comprised of Howard L. Haronian, M.D., and Paul Koehler. Dr. Haronian is Chairman of the Nominating Committee. The Nominating Committee considers and makes recommendations on matters related to the practices, policies and procedures of the Board and takes a leadership role in shaping our corporate governance. As part of its duties, the Nominating Committee assesses the size, structure and composition of the Board and its committees, coordinates evaluation of Board performance and reviews Board compensation. The Nominating Committee also acts as a screening and nominating committee for candidates considered for election to the Board. Changes in Nominating Process There are no material changes to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to our Board. Compensation of Directors The following table summarizes the compensation awarded during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010 to our directors who are not named executive officers in the summary compensation table below: Pursuant to the 2008 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan, each non-employee director is entitled to receive five-year options to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant upon such non-employee director’s election or appointment to our Board and thereafter each year on the first business day in June, subject to such director remaining on the Board. Non-employee directors also receive $25,000 per annum in cash and an additional $1,000 per Board meeting attended in person or by telephone, and $500 per committee meeting attended in person or by telephone. Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) requires our executive officers and directors, and persons who beneficially own more than 10% of our equity securities, to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC. Based solely on our review of copies of such reports and representations from our executive officers and directors, we believe that our executive officers and directors complied with all Section 16(a) filing requirements during the year ended December 31, 2010, except that Jeffrey M. Thompson, our President, Chief Executive Officer and a director, failed to timely file a Form 4 reporting the issuance of common stock as bonus shares on February 2, 2010, Joseph P. Hernon, our Chief Financial Officer, failed to timely file a Form 4 reporting the issuance of common stock as bonus shares on February 2, 2010, and Melvin L. Yarbrough, Jr., our Chief Operating Officer, failed to timely file a Form 4 reporting the issuance of common stock as bonus shares on February 2, 2010. Name Fees Earned or Paid in Cash Option Awards (1)(2) Total Philip Urso $ 31,000 (3) $ 40,138 $ 71,138 Howard L. Haronian, M.D. $ 37,500 (4) $ 40,138 $ 77,638 Paul Koehler $ 33,500 (3) $ 40,138 $ 73,638 William Bush $ 37,500 (4) $ 40,138 $ 77,638 (1) Based upon the aggregate grant date fair value calculated in accordance with the Stock Compensation Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification. Our policy and assumptions made in the valuation of share-based payments are contained in Note 10 to our December 31, 2010 financial statements. (2) Information provided relates to the issuance in 2010 of options to purchase 50,000 shares each for Messrs. Urso, Koehler and Bush, and Dr. Haronian. (3) Includes $1,000 of fees earned during fiscal year 2010 that were not paid until fiscal year 2011. (4) Includes $2,000 of fees earned during fiscal year 2010 that were not paid until fiscal year 2011. 52  Code of Ethics Our Board has adopted a code of conduct and ethics that establishes the standards of ethical conduct applicable to all directors, officers, including our principal executive officer, principle financial officer, principle accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, and employees of Towerstream Corporation. The code addresses, among other things, conflicts of interest, compliance with disclosure controls and procedures, and internal control over financial reporting, corporate opportunities and confidentiality requirements. The Audit Committee is responsible for applying and interpreting our code of conduct and ethics in situations where questions are presented to it. There were no amendments or waivers to this code in fiscal year 2010. Our code of ethics is available for review on our website at www.towerstream.com . We will provide a copy of our code of ethics free of charge to any person who so requests. Requests should be directed by e-mail to Philip Mongada, our Vice President of Human Resources, at pmongada@towerstream.com, by mail to Towerstream Corporation, 55 Hammarlund Way, Middletown, Rhode Island 02842, or by telephone at (401) 848-5848. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The following table summarizes the annual and long-term compensation paid to our chief executive officer and our two other most highly compensated executive officers who were serving at the end of 2010, whom we refer to collectively in this annual report on Form 10-K as the “named executive officers”: Summary Compensation Table Name and Principal Position Year Salary Bonus Option Awards(1) Total Jeffrey M. Thompson 2010 $ 250,227 $ 205,931 (2) $ - $ 456,158 President and Chief Executive Officer 2009 $ 236,250 $ 114,374 (3) $ 74,480 (4) $ 425,104 Joseph P. Hernon 2010 $ 198,188 $ 131,168 (5) $ - $ 329,356 Chief Financial Officer 2009 $ 190,000 $ 78,788 (6) $ 59,584 (7) $ 328,372 Melvin L. Yarbrough, Jr. 2010 $ 198,188 $ 125,473 (8) $ - $ 323,661 Chief Operating Officer 2009 $ 190,000 $ 62,133 (9) $ 59,584 (7) $ 311,717 (1) Based upon the aggregate grant date fair value calculated in accordance with the Stock Compensation Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification. Our policy and assumptions made in the valuation of share-based payments are contained in Note 10 to our December 31, 2010 financial statements. (2) Of this $205,931 cash bonus, Mr. Thompson was awarded $126,803 in 2010 in recognition of services performed during 2010 and Mr. Thompson was awarded $79,128 in February 2011 in recognition of services performed in 2010. (3) Consists of $78,782 paid in cash and $35,592 paid in common stock. Mr. Thompson was awarded $41,506 in cash and $23,167 in common stock in 2009 in recognition of services performed during 2009 and Mr. Thompson was awarded $37,276 in cash and $12,425 in common stock in February 2010 in recognition of services performed during 2009. (4) Represents a ten-year option to purchase 125,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.78 per share granted on May 6, 2009 in recognition of services performed during 2009. Such option vests quarterly over an 18 month period beginning on August 6, 2009. (5) Of this $131,168 cash bonus, Mr. Hernon was awarded $81,477 in 2010 in recognition of services performed during 2010 and Mr. Hernon was awarded $49,691 in February 2011 in recognition of services performed in 2010. (6) Consists of $59,091 paid in cash and $19,697 paid in common stock. Mr. Hernon was awarded $31,969 in cash and $10,656 in common stock in 2009 in recognition of services performed during 2009 and Mr. Hernon was awarded $27,122 in cash and $9,041 in common stock in February 2010 in recognition of services performed during 2009. 53  Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End The following table summarizes the outstanding equity awards to our named executive officers as of December 31, 2010: (7) Represents a ten-year option to purchase 100,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.78 per share granted on May 6, 2009 in recognition of services performed during 2009. Such option vests quarterly over an 18 month period beginning on August 6, 2009. (8) Of this $125,473 cash bonus, Mr. Yarbrough was awarded $77,409 in 2010 in recognition of services performed during 2010 and Mr. Yarbrough was awarded $48,064 in February 2011 in recognition of services performed in 2010. (9) Consists of $46,600 paid in cash and $15,533 paid in common stock. Mr. Yarbrough was awarded $26,104 in cash and $8,701 in common stock in 2009 in recognition of services performed during 2009 and Mr. Yarbrough was awarded $20,496 in cash and $6,832 in common stock in February 2010 in recognition of services performed during 2009. Option Awards Name Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable Option Exercise Price Option Expiration Date Jeffrey M. Thompson 280,309 (1) − $ 0.78 2/27/13 175,193 (2) − $ 1.14 12/14/14 175,193 (3) − $ 1.43 4/28/15 75,000 (4) − $ 9.74 2/13/12 12,010 (5) − $ 2.00 12/2/17 7,354 (6) 3,678 $ 2.00 3/2/18 50,000 (7) 25,000 $ 0.69 12/30/18 18,406 (8) − $ 0.77 3/30/19 125,000 (9) − $ 0.78 5/5/19 Joseph P. Hernon 100,000 (10) 50,000 $ 1.45 6/1/18 16,666 (7) 8,334 $ 0.69 12/30/18 19,797 (8) − $ 0.77 3/30/19 100,000 (9) - $ 0.78 5/5/19 Melvin L. Yarbrough, Jr. 135,000 (11) - $ 7.05 5/9/17 135,000 (12) - $ 3.70 6/28/17 43,332 (10) 21,668 $ 1.45 6/1/18 33,333 (7) 16,667 $ 0.69 12/30/18 18,683 (8) − $ 0.77 3/30/19 100,000 (9) - $ 0.78 5/5/19 (1) Such option vested as to one-third of the shares subject to the option annually, commencing February 28, 2004. (2) Such option was fully vested and exercisable on December 15, 2004, the date of grant. (3) Such option was fully vested and exercisable on April 29, 2005, the date of grant. (4) Such option vested in equal quarterly installments over a two-year period commencing April 1, 2007. (5) Such option was fully vested and exercisable on December 3, 2007, the date of grant. (6) Such option vests as to one-third of the shares subject to the option annually, commencing March 3, 2009. (7) Such option vests as to one-third of the shares subject to the option annually, commencing December 31, 2009. (8) Such option was fully vested and exercisable on March 31, 2009, the date of grant. 54  Employment Agreements and Change-in-Control Agreements On December 21, 2007, we entered into an employment agreement with Jeffrey M. Thompson, our principal executive officer. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, Mr. Thompson served as our chief executive officer and president and is now on automatic one-year renewals, subject to either party electing not to renew. Mr. Thompson’s initial base salary was $225,000 per annum, which may be increased annually by our Board in its discretion, but which increase shall not be less than the greater of (i) the annual increase in the consumer price index or (ii) 5%. Effective January 1, 2010, Mr. Thompson’s base salary was $248,063. Effective December 16, 2010, Mr. Thompson’s base salary was increased to $300,000. Mr. Thompson is eligible for a bonus of up to 75% of his base salary, as determined by our Board. In addition, we will pay 100% of all costs associated with Mr. Thompson’s employee benefits, including without limitation health insurance. If Mr. Thompson’s employment is terminated (i) by us without “cause,” (ii) by him for “good reason” or (iii) by us within two years of a “change of control” (as such terms are defined in the agreement), then (a) we will be required to pay Mr. Thompson twenty-four months base salary in monthly installments, (b) any unvested options to purchase shares of our common stock would immediately vest and become exercisable and any restrictions on restricted stock would immediately lapse, and (c) we must continue to provide employee benefits, including without limitation health insurance, to Mr. Thompson for a period of five years following such termination. During Mr. Thompson’s employment with us, and for a period of twelve months following his termination (the “Restricted Period”), except for a termination by Mr. Thompson for “good reason,” he is prohibited from engaging in any line of business in which we were engaged or had a formal plan to enter during the period of his employment with us. We will continue to pay Mr. Thompson his base salary then in effect, in accordance with our customary payroll practices for the duration of any such Restricted Period in the event that Mr. Thompson’s employment is terminated voluntarily by him, except for “good reason,” or by us for “cause.” In May 2008, Joseph P. Hernon joined the Company as Chief Financial Officer. His employment offer provided for a base annual salary of $190,000 and bonus payments up to 58% of base salary, as determined by the Board. Effective April 1, 2010, Mr. Hernon’s base salary was increased to $199,500. Effective December 16, 2010, Mr. Hernon’s base salary was increased to $225,000. Upon joining the Company, Mr. Hernon was granted options to purchase 150,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.45 per share, vesting in three annual installments commencing upon the first anniversary of the grant. He has received subsequent awards and is eligible to receive additional stock-based awards at the discretion of the Board and as provided under the Company’s stock-based incentive plans. He is also eligible to participate in the Company’s health and other employee benefit plans. The Company pays 100% of Mr. Hernon’s health insurance. Mr. Hernon is an employee at will. In April 2007, Mel Yarbrough joined the Company as Vice President of Sales. His employment offer provided for a base annual salary of $165,000 and bonus payments up to 61% of base salary, as determined by the Chief Executive Officer. Effective April 1, 2010, Mr. Yarbrough’s base salary was increased to $199,500. In November 2010, Mr. Yarbrough was appointed to the position of Chief Operating Officer. Effective December 16, 2010, Mr. Yarbrough’s base salary was increased to $225,000. Upon joining the Company, Mr. Yarbrough was granted options to purchase 135,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $7.05 per share, vesting in three annual installments commencing upon the first anniversary of the grant. He has received subsequent awards and is eligible to receive additional stock-based awards at the discretion of the Board and as provided under the Company’s stock based incentive plans. The Company pays 100% of Mr. Yarbrough’s health insurance. He is also eligible to participate in the Company’s health and other employee benefit plans. Mr. Yarbrough is an employee at will. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 15, 2011 by: (9) Such option vested in equal quarterly installments over an 18 month period commencing August 6, 2009. (10) Such option vests as to one-third of the shares subject to the option annually, commencing June 2, 2009. (11) Such option vests as to one-third of the shares subject to the option annually, commencing May 10, 2008. (12) Such option vests as to one-third of the shares subject to the option annually, commencing June 29, 2008. • each person known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock (based solely on our review of SEC filings); • each of our directors; 55  The percentages of common stock beneficially owned are reported on the basis of regulations of the SEC governing the determination of beneficial ownership of securities. Under the rules of the SEC, a person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power, which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of the security, or investment power, which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of, with respect to the security. Except as indicated in the footnotes to this table, each beneficial owner named in the table below has sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares beneficially owned and each person’s address is c/o Towerstream Corporation, 55 Hammarlund Way, Middletown, Rhode Island 02842, unless otherwise indicated. * Less than 1%. • each of our named executive officers; and • all of our directors and executive officers as a group. Name and Address of Beneficial Owner Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership(1) Percent of Class(1) 5% Stockholders: Joel Lusman (2) 5,000,000 12 % c/o Lusman Capital Management, LLC 717 Fifth Avenue, 14 th Floor New York, NY 10022 Directors and Named Executive Officers: Philip Urso 3,744,528 (3) 8.7 % William J. Bush 167,500 (4) * Howard L. Haronian 1,124,370 (5) 2.6 % Paul Koehler 158,650 (6) * Jeffrey M. Thompson 2,689,654 (7) 6.2 % Joseph P. Hernon 259,384 (8) * Melvin L. Yarbrough, Jr. 482,482 (9) 1.1 % All directors and executive officers as a group (7 persons) 8,626,568 (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) 19.3 % (1) Shares of common stock beneficially owned and the respective percentages of beneficial ownership of common stock assumes the exercise of all options, warrants and other securities convertible into common stock beneficially owned by such person or entity currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2010. Shares issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options and warrants exercisable within 60 days are deemed outstanding and held by the holder of such options or warrants for computing the percentage of outstanding common stock beneficially owned by such person, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of outstanding common stock beneficially owned by any other person. As of March 15, 2011, there were 42,364,543 shares of our common stock outstanding. (2) Based on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on November 24, 2010. Includes 5,000,000 shares held by Lusman Capital Management, LLC. Joel Lusman, as Managing Member of Lusman Capital Management, LLC, may be deemed to have shared power to vote or direct the vote of, and to dispose or direct the disposition of, the securities of the Company held by Lusman Capital Management, LLC. (3) Includes 248,386 shares of common stock held by Mr. Urso’s minor children, for whom Mr. Urso and his wife are the trustees, and 512,886 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. (4) Includes 162,500 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. (5) Includes 175,039 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. (6) Includes 158,650 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. 56  Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. Related parties can include any of our directors or executive officers, certain of our stockholders and their immediate family members. Each year, we prepare and require our directors and executive officers to complete Director and Officer Questionnaires identifying any transactions with us in which the officer or director or their family members have an interest. This helps us identify potential conflicts of interest. A conflict of interest occurs when an individual’s private interest interferes, or appears to interfere, in any way with the interests of the company as a whole. Our code of ethics requires all directors, officers and employees who may have a potential or apparent conflict of interest to immediately notify our Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which is responsible for considering and reporting to the Board any questions of possible conflicts of interest of Board members. Our code of ethics further requires pre-clearance before any employee, officer or director engages in any personal or business activity that may raise concerns about conflict, potential conflict or apparent conflict of interest. Copies of our code of ethics and the Audit Committee charter are posted on the corporate governance section of our website at www.towerstream.com . At no time during the last two fiscal years has any executive officer, director or any member of these individuals’ immediate families, any corporation or organization with whom any of these individuals is an affiliate or any trust or estate in which any of these individuals serves as a trustee or in a similar capacity or has a substantial beneficial interest been indebted to the Company or was involved in any transaction in which the amount exceeded $120,000 and such person had a direct or indirect material interest. In evaluating related party transactions and potential conflicts of interest, our compliance officer and independent directors apply the same standards of good faith and fiduciary duty they apply to their general responsibilities. They will approve a related party transaction only when, in their good faith judgment, the transaction is in the best interest of the Company. Director Independence Each of Howard L. Haronian, Paul Koehler and William Bush are independent directors, as provided in NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 5605(a)(2). Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. The following table sets forth the fees that the Company accrued or paid to Marcum LLP during fiscal 2010 and fiscal 2009. (7) Includes 922,143 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. (8) Includes 200,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. (9) Includes 270,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. 2010 2009 Audit Fees(1) $ 178,561 $ 172,519 Audit-Related Fees(2) - - Tax Fees(3) - - All Other Fees - - Total $ 178,561 $ 172,519 (1) Audit fees relate to professional services rendered in connection with the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements and internal control over financial reporting, quarterly review of financial statements included in the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and audit services provided in connection with other statutory and regulatory filings. (2) Audit-related fees relate to professional services rendered in connection with assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of the Company’s financial statements, including due diligence. (3) Tax fees relate to professional services rendered for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning for the Company. The Company does not engage Marcum LLP to perform personal tax services for its executive officers. 57  Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures The Audit Committee pre-approves all audit and non-audit services performed by the Company’s auditor and the fees to be paid in connection with such services in order to assure that the provision of such services does not impair the auditor’s independence. PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. Exhibit No. Description 2.1 Agreement of Merger and Plan of Reorganization, dated January 12, 2007, by and among University Girls Calendar, Ltd., Towerstream Acquisition, Inc. and Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of University Girls Calendar, Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of University Girls Calendar, Ltd. filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 5, 2007). 3.2 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of University Girls Calendar, Ltd., changing the Company’s name to Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 3.3 Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 12, 2010). 3.4 By-Laws of Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 3.5 Amendment No. 1 to the By-Laws of Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 30, 2007). 4.1 Rights Agreement dated as of November 9, 2010 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 12, 2010). 10.1* Towerstream Corporation 2007 Equity Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 10.2* Form of 2007 Equity Compensation Plan Incentive Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 10.3* Form of 2007 Equity Compensation Plan Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 10.4 Form of Directors and Officers Indemnification Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 10.5* Towerstream Corporation 2007 Incentive Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (File No. 333-142032) of Towerstream Corporation initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 11, 2007). 10.6 Form of Placement Agent Agreement for June 2007 Offering (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (333-142032) of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 11, 2007). 10.7 Form of Subscription Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (333-142032) of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 11, 2007). 10.8** Employment Agreement, dated December 21, 2007, between Towerstream Corporation and Jeffrey M. Thompson (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 31, 2007). 10.9 Office Lease Agreement dated March 21, 2007 between Tech 2, 3, & 4 LLC (Landlord) and Towerstream Corporation (Tenant). 10.10 First Amendment to Office Lease dated August 8, 2007, amending Office Lease Agreement dated March, 21 2007. 10.11* 2008 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan. 58  * Management compensatory plan ** Management contract 14.1 Code of Ethics and Business Conduct. 21.1 List of Subsidiaries. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 on Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009). 23.1 Consent of Marcum LLP. 31.1 Section 302 Certification of Principal Executive Officer. 31.2 Section 302 Certification of Principal Financial Officer. 32.1 Section 906 Certification of Principal Executive Officer. 32.2 Section 906 Certification of Principal Financial Officer. 59  SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION Date: March 17, 2011 By: /s/ Jeffrey M. Thompson Jeffrey M. Thompson President and Chief Executive Officer Name Capacity Date /s/ Jeffrey M. Thompson Director and Chief Executive Officer March 17, 2011 Jeffrey M. Thompson (President and Principal Executive Officer) /s/ Joseph P. Hernon Chief Financial Officer March 17, 2011 Joseph P. Hernon (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) / s/ Philip Urso Director - Chairman of the Board of Directors March 17, 2011 Philip Urso /s/ Howard L. Haronian, M.D. Director March 17, 2011 Howard L. Haronian, M.D. /s/ William J. Bush Director March 17, 2011 William J. Bush /s/ Paul Koehler Director March 17, 2011 Paul Koehler 60  EXHIBIT INDEX Exhibit No. Description 2.1 Agreement of Merger and Plan of Reorganization, dated January 12, 2007, by and among University Girls Calendar, Ltd., Towerstream Acquisition, Inc. and Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of University Girls Calendar, Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of University Girls Calendar, Ltd. filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 5, 2007). 3.2 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of University Girls Calendar, Ltd., changing the Company’s name to Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 3.3 Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 12, 2010). 3.4 By-Laws of Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 3.5 Amendment No. 1 to the By-Laws of Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 30, 2007). 4.1 Rights Agreement dated as of November 9, 2010 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 12, 2010). 10.1* Towerstream Corporation 2007 Equity Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 10.2* Form of 2007 Equity Compensation Plan Incentive Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 10.3* Form of 2007 Equity Compensation Plan Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 10.4 Form of Directors and Officers Indemnification Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007). 10.5* Towerstream Corporation 2007 Incentive Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (File No. 333-142032) of Towerstream Corporation initially filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 11, 2007). 10.6 Form of Placement Agent Agreement for June 2007 Offering (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (333-142032) of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 11, 2007). 10.7 Form of Subscription Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (333-142032) of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 11, 2007). 10.8** Employment Agreement, dated December 21, 2007, between Towerstream Corporation and Jeffrey M. Thompson (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 31, 2007). 10.9 Office Lease Agreement dated March 21, 2007 between Tech 2, 3, & 4 LLC (Landlord) and Towerstream Corporation (Tenant). 10.10 First Amendment to Office Lease dated August 8, 2007, amending Office Lease Agreement dated March, 21 2007. 10.11* 2008 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan. 14.1 Code of Ethics and Business Conduct. 21.1 List of Subsidiaries. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 on Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2009). 23.1 Consent of Marcum LLP. 31.1 Section 302 Certification of Principal Executive Officer. 31.2 Section 302 Certification of Principal Financial Officer. 32.1 Section 906 Certification of Principal Executive Officer. 32.2 Section 906 Certification of Principal Financial Officer.  * Management compensatory plan ** Management contract  EXHIBIT 14.1 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION CODE OF ETHICS AND BUSINESS CONDUCT This Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (this "Code") describes the standards of ethical and business conduct expected of directors, officers and employees (collectively referred to herein as the “Employees”) of Towerstream Corporation (the "Company"). All Employees will be required to attest annually to their awareness and acceptance of this Code, and to affirm their compliance with its provisions. This Code provides guidelines for ethical and professional conduct. Employees must exercise sound judgment and common sense in interpreting and applying these standards in any given situation. In cases of doubt, Employees should consult with an Officer of the Company. The Company is committed to creating a work environment and a business culture grounded in ethical behavior in every respect. The Company is committed to (i) fostering an environment of honesty and fairness, (ii) providing a safe and healthy environment free from the fear of retribution, and (iii) respecting the dignity due everyone. The Company is committed to pursuing sound growth and earnings objectives and to exercising prudence in the use of its assets and resources. The Company is committed to fair competition and the sense of responsibility required of a good customer and service provider. The Company is committed to the recruitment, training, development and retention of competent staff. All employment decisions, including hiring, promotion and transfer, must be made solely on merit, experience and other work-related criteria. Employees want and deserve a workplace where they feel respected and appreciated. The Company respects cultural diversity and will not tolerate harassment or discrimination of any kind – whether involving race, color, religion, gender, age, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, veteran or marital status. I. POLICY STATEMENT II. GUIDELINES A. ETHICAL BEHAVIOR B. POSITIVE WORK ENVIRONMENT  Providing an environment that supports honesty, integrity, respect, trust, responsibility, and citizenship permits the opportunity to achieve excellence in the workplace. While all employees must contribute to creating and maintaining such an environment, supervisors, mangers, and other senior level personnel assume special responsibility for fostering a work environment that brings out the best in all employees. Supervisors must be careful in words and conduct to avoid placing, or seeming to place, pressure on subordinates that could cause them to deviate from acceptable ethical behavior. Each employee is responsible for maintaining accurate and complete records in their respective area of operations (finance, sales, information technology, customer service, engineering, human resources, etc.). All transactions must be approved and executed in accordance with internal control procedures and must be recorded in such a manner that facilitates the preparation of accurate financial statements. Employees may not manipulate financial/customer/vendor accounts, records or reports or take any action or cause any person to take any action to influence, coerce, manipulate or mislead auditors for the purpose of rendering the financial statements misleading. Employees may not knowingly alter, destroy, mutilate, conceal, cover up, falsify or make a false entry in any record, document or tangible object. Employees may not obstruct, impede, direct or influence the investigation or proper administration of any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States. Employees who prepare, maintain or have custody of the Company's records and reports should endeavor to ensure that these documents are: (i) accurate and complete; (ii) safeguarded from loss or destruction; (iii) retained for specified periods of time in accordance with state and federal requirements: and (iv) maintained in confidence. As required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Company has established a process by which employees can report any complaints or concerns regarding the Company’s business practices. This includes the Company's disclosure controls and procedures, and internal controls over financial reporting, to the extent relevant to their area of responsibility. Please refer to the Complaint Notification Policy for additional information. C. ACCURATE AND COMPLETE RECORDS  Towerstream conducts its business in accordance with the applicable laws, rules and regulations of the cities and states where it does business. Ignorance of such laws, rules or regulations will not serve as a defense for non-compliance. Compliance with the law does not comprise our entire ethical responsibility. Rather, it is a minimum standard of performance of our duties. Employees must comply with antitrust laws which prohibit practices that restrain trade such as price fixing and boycotting suppliers or customers. They also bar pricing intended to drive a competitor out of business; disparaging, misrepresenting, or harassing a competitor; stealing trade secrets; bribery; and kickbacks. Towerstream is a publicly-held company subject to the rules of NASDAQ, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and other federal and state government agencies and statutes such as the Sarbanes Oxley Act. These entities have issued specific rules governing transactions in the Company’s securities. The Company has developed an Insider Trading Policy which provides guidance. Please refer to that document for further information. Employees have an obligation to give their complete loyalty to the best interests of the Company. They should avoid any action that may involve, or may appear to involve, a conflict of interest with the Company. A "conflict of interest" exists when a person's private interests interfere in any way with the interests of the Company. Examples of conflict of interest include: D. OBEY THE LAW E. AVOID CONFLICTS OF INTEREST • Employment with a current or potential competitor while employed by the Company. • Acceptance of gifts, payment, or services from those seeking to do business with the Company. • Placement of business with a firm owned or controlled by an Employee or their family. • Ownership of, or substantial interest in, a company that is a competitor, client or supplier. • Acting as a consultant to a customer, client or supplier.  Employees must report in writing any circumstances which constitute or could create a conflict of interest. If a potential conflict of interest exists, it must be reported in writing to the Company's Chief Executive Officer or the Chief Financial Officer for approval. Potential conflicts of interests involving executive officers or directors must be reported to the Audit Committee for approval. For the purposes of this Code, the term "investment" or “ownership” means any investment beneficially owned by the Employee, their family member, nominee, or other person through which the Employee derives an economic benefit. However, the term "investment" shall not mean any beneficial ownership of up to five percent (5%) of the outstanding securities of a publicly-held company that is a customer, supplier, contractor, or competitor of the Company. Employees should not (i) take any business, commercial or other opportunities for themselves that are discovered in performing their job with the Company and /or through the use of Company property, information or position; (ii) use Company property, information, or position for personal gain; or (iii) directly compete with the Company. Employees owe a duty to the Company to advance its legitimate interests when the opportunity to do so arises. Officers and employees should avoid outside employment or activities that impair effective performance of their obligations to the Company, either because of excessive demands on their time or because the outside commitments constitute a drain away from the Company of their talents and creative energies. Reasonable participation in a trade association, professional society or charitable institution will not be considered a violation. The Company strives to outperform its competitors fairly and honestly. The Company will work diligently to gain a competitive advantage. However, employees must always compete ethically and fairly. Practices such as industrial espionage, theft, bribery, or forgery are prohibited. Employees shall not seek confidential information from a new employee who recently worked for a competitor, or misrepresent their identity in the hopes of getting confidential information from a competitor. Any form of questionable intelligence gathering is prohibited. F. CORPORATE OPPORTUNITY G. OUTSIDE ACTIVITIES H. COMPETE ETHICALLY AND FAIRLY  Employees should respect the rights of and deal fairly with the Company's customers, suppliers and competitors. Employees should never take advantage of anyone through manipulation, concealment, abuse of privileged information, misrepresentation of material facts or through any other intentionally unfair business practices. The purpose of business entertainment and gifts in a commercial setting is to create goodwill and build effective working relationships. The sale and marketing of our services should be free from perceptions that favorable treatment was sought, received, or given in exchange for gifts or favors. No gift or favor should be given, provided or accepted by any Employee, family members or agents unless it: (1) is consistent with customary business practices, (2) is not excessive in value, (3) cannot be construed as a bribe or payoff and (4) does not violate any laws or regulations. Employees may accept small gifts or favors that would be considered common business courtesies, however, no Employee should accept a gift or favor that might be intended to influence, or appear to influence, a business decision. Employees must report to their supervisor whenever a gift or favor is received. An Employee shall never accept travel or vacation arrangements, or similar favors or gratuities. Attending sports or theatrical events with and as a guest of a supplier or receiving sports or theatre tickets for personal use is acceptable if kept within reasonable limits. What is acceptable practice in the commercial business environment may be against the law or the policies of federal, state or local governments. Therefore, no gifts or business entertainment of any kind may be given to any government employee except for items of nominal value (i.e., pens, coffee mugs, etc.). In addition, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) prohibits the Company or anyone acting on its behalf from making a payment or giving a gift to a non-U.S. government official for purposes of obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA applies to the Company everywhere in the world where we do business, whether directly or indirectly, and even applies if you are not a U.S. citizen. Business integrity is a key standard for the selection and retention of consultants, agents, and representatives (collectively, “Third Parties”). Third Parties should be informed that the Company conducts business with high ethical standards, and that it expects the Third Parties to conduct themselves in a similar manner when working on behalf of the Company. When deemed appropriate or required, Third Parties should be provided with a copy of the Company’s Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, and required to certify that they will work with or on behalf of the Company in accordance with its provisions. I. AVOID ILLEGAL AND QUESTIONABLE GIFTS OR FAVORS J. MAINTAIN THE INTEGRITY OF CONSULTANTS, AGENTS, AND REPRESENTATIVES  All information about the Company, including its business, operations and processes, stockholders, customers and suppliers should be considered confidential unless the information is already known to the public. This includes, but is not limited to, confidential technology, proprietary information, trade secrets, business plans, documents, pricing and records. Employees should not, without prior written authorization, acquire, use, access, copy, remove, modify, alter or disclose to any Third Parties, any confidential information for any purpose. Suppliers, customers and competitors may divulge information that is proprietary to their business. The confidential nature of this information must be respected. Similarly, all Employees must respect the confidentiality of any former employer's proprietary information, and should not divulge or use such information unless written permission has been obtained. Confidential information or materials must be returned to the Company upon termination of employment or association with the Company. All information developed or invented in connection with your employment, whether directly or indirectly, is owned by the Company. Unauthorized disclosure of confidential information by an Employee will result in disciplinary action including employment termination and/or prosecution under applicable law. Proper use of Company property, information, resources, material, facilities and equipment is your responsibility. Use and maintain these assets with care and respect, guarding against waste and abuse, and never borrow or remove Company property without management's permission. Company assets must be returned upon termination of employment. Any discovery, improvement, or invention made or conceived by an employee, either solely or jointly with others, during the term of employment with the Company, shall be the exclusive property of the Company whether or not patentable or copyrightable. K. PROTECT PROPRIETARY INFORMATION L. OBTAIN AND USE COMPANY ASSETS WISELY  The Company encourages employees to become involved in civic affairs and to participate in political activities. However, any involvement and participation must be on an individual basis, on your own time and at your own expense. Contacts with governmental officials, whether direct or indirect, shall at all times be maintained as proper business relationships. Federal law prohibits corporations from donating funds, goods, or services, directly or indirectly, to candidates for federal offices — this includes employees' work time. Local and state laws also govern political contributions and activities as they apply to their respective jurisdictions. The Audit Committee has authority to enforce this Code of Ethics and Business Conduct as appropriate. The Audit Committee will report to the Board of Directors regarding this Code of Ethics and Business Conduct as appropriate. It can sometimes be difficult to determine if a violation has occurred. Employees are encouraged to discuss the situation and seek guidance from their supervisor or manager. Violations, suspected violations or good faith concerns, should be reported immediately to either the Chairman of the Audit Committee or to an executive officer. All Employees are expected to cooperate in internal investigations. Retaliation against an Employee who reports violations will not be tolerated. The provisions of this Code shall be strictly enforced. The Company views this Code as an integral part of conducting its business. The Company shall enforce the Code through appropriate means of discipline. The disciplinary measures can range from counseling to termination of employment. Employees may also be subject to disciplinary action if they (i) fail to use reasonable care to detect a violation, (ii) fail to divulge or withhold material information and (iii) approve or condone the violations or (iv) attempt to retaliate against those reporting violations. M. POLITICAL AFFAIRS AND CIVIC ACTIVITIES N. BOARD OVERSIGHT O. REPORTING AND COMPLIANCE 1. REPORTING OF VIOLATIONS 2. PROHIBITION AGAINST RETALIATION 3. ENFORCEMENT P. DISCIPLINARY MEASURES  EXHIBIT 23.1 INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM’S CONSENT We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements of Towerstream Corporation on Amendment No.1 to Form S-3 (File No. 333-166239), Amendment No.1 to Form S-3 ( File No. 333-161135), Amendment No. 3 to Form SB-2 on Form S-3 (File No. 333-141405), Form S-8 (File No. 333-161180) and Form S-8 (File No. 333-151306) of our report dated March 17, 2011 , with respect to our audits of the consolidated financial statements of Towerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2010 and 2009 and for the years then ended, which report is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2010. /s/ Marcum LLP Marcum LLP New York, New York March 17, 2011  EXHIBIT 31.1 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Jeffrey M. Thompson, certify that: Date: March 17, 2011 (1) I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010; (2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; (3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; (4) The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in the report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of the annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. (5) The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ Jeffrey M. Thompson Jeffrey M. Thompson President and Chief Executive Officer  EXHIBIT 31.2 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Joseph P. Hernon, certify that: Date: March 17, 2011 (1) I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010; (2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; (3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; (4) The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in the report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of the annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. (5) The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ Joseph P. Hernon Joseph P. Hernon Chief Financial Officer  EXHIBIT 32.1 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S. C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Towerstream Corporation, (the ‘‘Company’’) on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2010 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the ‘‘Report’’), I, Jeffrey M. Thompson, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge: Date: March 17, 2011 (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Jeffrey M. Thompson Jeffrey M. Thompson President and Chief Executive Officer  EXHIBIT 32.2 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Towerstream Corporation, (the ‘‘Company’’) on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the ‘‘Report’’), I, Joseph P. Hernon, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge: Date: March 17, 2011 (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Joseph P. Hernon Joseph P. Hernon Chief Financial Officer 

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