More annual reports from TowerStream Corporation:
2017 ReportPeers and competitors of TowerStream Corporation:
TowerStream CorporationTOWERSTREAM CORP FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 03/18/16 for the Period Ending 12/31/15 Address Telephone CIK Symbol SIC Code 88 SILVA LANE MIDDLETOWN, RI 02842 (401) 848-5848 0001349437 TWER 4899 - Communications Services, Not Elsewhere Classified Industry Communications Services Sector Fiscal Year Services 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2016, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549Form 10-K (Mark One)☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015OR☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period from_______to_______ Commission file number 001-33449 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)20-8259086(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 88 Silva Lane Middletown, Rhode Island(Address of principal executive offices)02842(Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (401) 848-5848 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:Title of each className of each exchange on which registeredCommon Stock, par value $0.001 per shareThe NASDAQ Capital Market Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during thepreceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for thepast 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to besubmitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that theregistrant was required to submit and post such files).Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not becontained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or anyamendment to this Form 10-K. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See thedefinitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ☐Accelerated filer ☒Non-accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equitywas last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $108,303,532. As of March 14, 2016, there were 66,810,149 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the fiscal yearended December 31, 2015 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report. TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES Table of Contents Page PART I Item 1. Business.2 Item 1A. Risk Factors.8 Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.18 Item 2. Properties.18 Item 3. Legal Proceedings.18 Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.18 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.19 Item 6. Selected Financial Data.22 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.23 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.34 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.35 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.59 Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.59 Item 9B. Other Information.61 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.62 Item 11. Executive Compensation.62 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.62 Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.62 Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.62 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.63 i PART I Forward-Looking Statements Forward-looking statements in this report, including without limitation, statements related to Towerstream Corporation’s plans, strategies, objectives,expectations, intentions and adequacy of resources, are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.Investors are cautioned that such forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties including , without limitation , the following: (i) TowerstreamCorporation’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations and intentions are subject to change at any time at the discretion of Towerstream Corporation; (ii)Towerstream Corporation’s plans and results of operations will be affected by Towerstream Corporation’s ability to manage growth and competition; and (iii) otherrisks and uncertainties indicated from time to time in Towerstream Corporation’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,”“anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” or “continue” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology. Although we believethat the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance orachievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of such statements. Readers are cautioned notto place too much reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We are under no duty to update any of the forward-lookingstatements after the date of this report. Factors that might affect our forward-looking statements include, among other things: ●overall economic and business conditions; ●the demand for our services; ●competitive factors in the industries in which we compete; ●emergence of new technologies which compete with our service offerings; ●changes in tax requirements (including tax rate changes, new tax laws and revised tax law interpretations); ●the outcome of litigation and governmental proceedings; ●interest rate fluctuations and other changes in borrowing costs; ●other capital market conditions, including availability of funding sources; ●potential impairment of our indefinite-lived intangible assets and/or our long-lived assets; and ●changes in government regulations related to the broadband and Internet protocol industries. Item 1. Business. Towerstream Corporation (“Towerstream”, “we”, “us”, “our” or the “Company”) is primarily a provider of fixed wireless services to businesses in twelvemajor urban markets across the U.S. The Company was incorporated in December 1999. Fixed Wireless Services During its first decade of operations, the Company's business activities were focused on delivering fixed wireless broadband services to commercial customersover a wireless network transmitting over both regulated and unregulated radio spectrum. The Company's fixed wireless service supports bandwidth on demand,wireless redundancy, virtual private networks, disaster recovery, bundled data and video services. The Company provides services to business customers in NewYork City, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Miami, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Philadelphia, Las Vegas-Reno and Providence-Newport.The Company's "Fixed Wireless Services Business" ("Fixed Wireless" or "FW") has historically grown both organically and through the acquisition of five otherfixed wireless broadband providers in various markets. 2 Beginning in the first half of 2014, the Company has shifted its sales and marketing strategy to focus on its On-Net platform. Traditionally, the Company hasconnected, or “lit”, individual customers in a building with bandwidth for internet connectivity. Under its On-Net platform, the Company is able to connect, or“light”, the entire building at once and at a cost similar to what was traditionally required for one high bandwidth customer requiring point-to-point equipment. Thiscan be accomplished, in part, because the capabilities of the equipment have improved even as the cost has decreased. As a result, Towerstream is able to leveragethe initial installation cost to serve the entire building tenant base. In place of a wireless install for every single customer, Towerstream now only has to install thewireless portion of the install once. Subsequent customers are connected by simply running a wire to the common space in the building where the wireless serviceterminates. Towerstream also benefits by not having to incur additional antenna rental costs at its Points-of-Presence (“PoP”). Instead of having multiple antennason both the customer building and the PoP, there generally needs to be only one antenna on each location. Currently Towerstream is offering 20M, 50M, 100M up to 1000M bandwidth denominations. This unique portfolio of bandwidth services is able to go up anddown existing markets from small business to fortune 500 companies. Shared Wireless Infrastructure Services In January 2013, the Company incorporated a wholly-owned subsidiary, Hetnets Tower Corporation (“Hetnets”), to operate a new business designed toleverage its fixed wireless network in urban markets to provide other wireless technology solutions and services. Hetnets built a carrier-class network which offereda shared wireless infrastructure platform, primarily for (i) co-location of customer owned antenna and related equipment and (ii) Wi-Fi access and offloading. TheCompany referred to this as its “Shared Wireless Infrastructure” or “Shared Wireless” business. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company determined to exitthis business and curtailed activities in its smaller markets. The remaining network, located in New York City (or “NYC”), was the largest and had a lease accesscontract with a major cable company. As a result, the Company explored opportunities during the fourth quarter of 2015 and continuing into the first quarter of2016 to sell the New York City network. As further described in Note 18 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, on March 9, 2016, the Companycompleted a sale and transfer of certain assets to the major cable company (the “Buyer”). The Asset Purchase Agreement provided that the Buyer would assumecertain rooftop leases in NYC and acquire ownership of the Wi-Fi access points and related equipment associated with operating the network. The Companyretained ownership of all backhaul and related equipment and the parties entered into a backhaul services agreement under which the Company will providebandwidth to the Buyer at the locations governed by the leases. The agreement is for a three year period with two, one year renewals and is cancellable by theBuyer on sixty days’ notice. The operating results and cash flows for Hetnets have been presented as discontinued operating results in these consolidated financialstatements. Assets associated with the New York City network have been presented as Assets Held for Sale. Our Networks The foundation of our networks consist of Points of Presence (or "PoPs" or "Company Locations") which are generally located on very tall buildings in eachurban market. We enter into long term lease agreements with the owners of these buildings which provide us with the right to install communications equipment onthe rooftop. We deploy this equipment in order to connect customers to the Internet or to pass small cell signals to carriers and other service providers. Each PoP is"linked" to one or more other PoPs to enhance redundancy and ensure that there is no single point of failure in the network. One or more of our PoPs are located inbuildings where national Internet service providers such as Cogent or Level 3 are located, and we enter into IP transit or peering arrangements with theseorganizations in order to connect to the Internet. We refer to the core connectivity of all of our PoPs as a “Wireless Ring in the Sky.” Each PoP has a coverage areaaveraging approximately six miles although the distance can be affected by numerous factors, most significantly, how clear the line of sight is between the PoP anda customer location. Our Points of Presence are utilized by both our Fixed Wireless and Shared Wireless Infrastructure segments. We install additional equipment at other locations for each of our business segments. We install equipment on the rooftops of the buildings in which our fixedwireless segment customers operate and refer to these as "Customer Locations". This equipment includes receivers and antennas, and a wireless connection isestablished between the Customer Location to one or more of our PoPs. We also install equipment, including access points, receivers and antennas, on the streetlevel rooftops leased by our Shared Wireless segment. This equipment enables us to operate our Wi-Fi network which we own and control, as well as equipment tobackhaul data traffic off of the rooftop to our core network. We expect that customers that want to utilize our street level rooftops to deploy small cell technologieswill bring their own equipment and connect it to our network. Our network does not depend on traditional copper wire or fiber connections which are the backbone of many of our competitors' networks. We believe thisprovides us with an advantage because we may not be significantly affected by events such as natural disasters and power outages. Conversely, our competitors areat greater risk as copper and fiber connections are typically installed at or below ground level and more susceptible to network service issues during disasters andoutages. Markets We launched our fixed wireless business in April 2001 in the Boston and Providence markets. In June 2003, we launched service in New York City andfollowed that with our entry into the Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Miami and Dallas-Fort Worth markets at various times through April 2008. Philadelphiawas our last market launch in November 2009. We entered the Seattle, Las Vegas-Reno, and Houston markets through acquisitions of service providers based inthose markets. We also expanded our market coverage and presence in Boston, Providence, and Los Angeles through acquisitions. Our acquisitions include (i)Sparkplug Chicago, Inc., operating in Chicago, Illinois, (ii) Pipeline Wireless, LLC, operating in Boston, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island, (iii) OneVelocity, Inc., operating in Las Vegas and Reno, Nevada (iv) Color Broadband Communications, Inc. (“Color Broadband”), operating in Los Angeles, California,and (v) Delos Internet, operating in Houston, Texas which we completed in February 2013. We determine which geographic markets to enter by assessing criteria in four broad categories. First, we evaluate our ability to deploy our service in a givenmarket after taking into consideration our spectrum position, the availability of towers and zoning constraints. Second, we assess the market by evaluating thenumber of competitors, existing price points, demographic characteristics and distribution channels. Third, we evaluate the economic potential of the market,focusing on our forecasts of revenue opportunities and capital requirements. Finally, we look at market clustering opportunities and other cost efficiencies thatmight be realized. Based on this approach, as of December 31, 2015, we offered wireless broadband connectivity in 12 markets, of which 10 are in the top 20metropolitan areas in the United States based on the number of small to medium businesses in each market. These 10 markets cover approximately 60% of smalland medium businesses (5 to 249 employees) in the United States. 3 We believe there are market opportunities beyond the 12 markets in which we are currently offering our services. Our long-term plan is to expand nationallyinto other top metropolitan markets in the United States. We believe that acquisitions represent a more cost effective manner to expand into new markets ratherthan to build our own infrastructure. Since 2010, we have completed five acquisitions, of which two were in new markets and three expanded our presence inexisting markets. We have paid for these acquisitions through a combination of cash and equity, and believe that future acquisitions will be paid in a similarmanner. Our decision to expand into new markets will depend upon many factors including the timing and frequency of acquisitions, national and local economicconditions, and the opportunity to leverage existing customer relationships in new markets. Sales and Marketing We employ an inside direct sales force model to sell our services to business customers. As of December 31, 2015, we employed 43 direct sales people. Wegenerally compensate these employees on a salary plus commission basis. Approximately 44% of our sales personnel had been with the Company for more thantwo years as of December 31, 2015, as compared to 66% and 56% as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. This tenure metric can fluctuate from period toperiod, especially because the size of the direct sales force is relatively small. The Company believes that a tenure metric between 60% to 75% constitutes anexperienced sales force. In March 2015, we opened a second sales center in Boca Raton, Florida where a number of telecommunications and call center companies are based. As ofDecember 31, 2015 we employed a total of 20 direct sales people in our Boca Raton facility which accounts for approximately 47% of our total sales personnel. Allof these employees have been with the Company for less than a year as of December 31, 2015. We believe that being able to recruit talented professionals from asecond geographic area will enable us to maintain a sales force of 40 to 50 experienced and productive account executives. A larger sales force should have apositive effect on new customer additions. We generally expect that new account executives will need approximately nine months of training and on-the-jobexperience before their sales pipelines become robust and they begin generating new sales levels comparable to existing account executives. We continued to spend significantly on Internet based marketing initiatives designed to capture customer demand rather than trying to create customerdemand. Most companies secure their bandwidth service under contracts ranging in length from one to three years. As a result, customer buying decisions generallyoccur when their existing contracts are close to expiring. We believe that many buyers of information technology services search the Internet to learn about industrytrends and developments, as well as competitive service offerings. Spending on Internet based marketing initiatives totaled $758,750, $953,459, and $1,030,916during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Sales through indirect channels comprised 34.1% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with 22.7% for the year endedDecember 31, 2014 and 19.6% for the year ended December 31, 2013. Our channel program provides for recurring monthly residual payments ranging from 8% to20%. Competition The market for broadband services is highly competitive, and includes companies that offer a variety of services using a number of different technologyplatforms including cable networks, digital subscriber lines (“DSL”), third-generation cellular, satellite, wireless Internet service and other emerging technologies.We compete with these companies on the basis of the portability, ease of use, speed of installation and price. Competitors to our wireless broadband servicesinclude: Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers and Competitive Local Exchange Carriers We face competition from traditional wireline operators in terms of price, performance, discounted rates for bundles of services, breadth of service, reliability,network security, and ease of access and use. In particular, we face competition from Verizon Communications Inc. and AT&T Inc. which are referred to as“incumbent local exchange carriers,” or (“ILECS”), as well as “competitive local exchange carriers,” or (“CLECS”), such as TelePacific Communications,MegaPath Networks, and EarthLink, Inc. Cable Modem and DSL Services We compete with companies that provide Internet connectivity through cable modems or DSL. Principal competitors include cable companies, such asComcast Corporation, Time Warner Cable, Charter, Cox Communications and incumbent telephone companies, such as AT&T Inc. or Verizon CommunicationsInc. Both the cable and telephone companies deploy their services over wired networks initially designed for voice and one-way data transmission that havesubsequently been upgraded to provide for additional two-way voice, video and broadband services. 4 Cellular and CMRS Services Cellular and other Commercial Mobile Radio Service (“CMRS”) carriers are seeking to expand their capacity to provide data and voice services that aresuperior to ours. These providers have substantially broader geographic coverage than we have and, for the foreseeable future, than we expect to have. If one ormore of these providers can deploy technologies that compete effectively with our services, the mobility and coverage offered by these carriers will provide evengreater competition than we currently face. Moreover, more advanced cellular and CMRS technologies, such as fourth generation Long Term Evolution (“LTE”)mobile technologies, currently offer broadband service with packet data transfer speeds of up to 2,000,000 bits per second for fixed applications, and slower speedsfor mobile applications. We expect that LTE technology will be improved to increase connectivity speeds to make it more suitable for a range of advancedapplications. Wireless Broadband Service Providers We also face competition from other wireless broadband service providers that use licensed and unlicensed spectrum. In connection with our merger andacquisition activities, we have determined that most of our current and planned markets already have one or more locally based companies providing wirelessbroadband Internet services. In addition, many local governments, universities and other related entities are providing or subsidizing Wi-Fi networks overunlicensed spectrum, in some cases at no cost to the user. There exist numerous small urban and rural wireless operations offering local services that could competewith us in our present or planned geographic markets. Satellite Satellite providers, such as WildBlue Communications, Inc. and Hughes Network Systems, LLC, offer broadband data services that address a niche market,mainly less densely populated areas that are unserved or underserved by competing service providers. Although satellite offers service to a large geographic area,latency caused by the time it takes for the signal to travel to and from the satellite may challenge a satellite provider’s ability to provide some services, such asVoice over Internet Protocol (“VoIP”), which reduces the size of the addressable market. Other We believe other emerging technologies may also seek to enter the broadband services market. For example, we are aware that several power generation anddistribution companies are seeking to develop or have already offered commercial broadband Internet services over existing electric power lines. Competitive Strengths Even though we face substantial existing and prospective competition, we believe that we have a number of competitive advantages that will allow us to retainexisting customers and attract new customers over time. Reliability Our network was designed specifically to support wireless broadband services. The networks of cellular, cable and DSL companies rely on infrastructure thatwas originally designed for non-broadband purposes. We also connect our customers to our Wireless Ring in the Sky which has no single point of failure. This ringis fed by multiple national Internet providers located at opposite ends of our service cities and connected to our national ring which is fed by multiple leadingcarriers. We believe that we are the only wireless broadband provider that offers true separate egress for true redundancy. With DSL and cable offerings, thewireline connection can be terminated by one backhoe swipe or switch failure. Our Wireless Ring in the Sky is not likely to be affected by backhoe or other below-ground accidents or severe weather. As a result, our network has historically experienced reliability rates of approximately 99%. Flexibility Our wireless infrastructure and service delivery enables us to respond quickly to changes in a customer’s broadband requirements. We offer bandwidth optionsranging from 0.5 megabits per second up to 1.5 gigabit per second. We can usually adjust a customer’s bandwidth remotely and without having to visit thecustomer location to modify or install new equipment. Changes can often be made on a same day basis. Timeliness In many cases, we can install a new customer and begin delivering Internet connectivity within 3 to 5 business days after receiving a customer’s order. Manyof the larger telecommunications companies can take 30 to 60 days to complete an installation. The timeliness of service delivery has become more important asbusinesses conduct more of their business operations through the Internet. 5 Value We own our entire network which enables us to price our services lower than most of our competitors. Specifically, we are able to offer competitive pricesbecause we do not have to buy a local loop charge from the telephone company. Efficient Economic Model Our economic model is characterized by low fixed capital and operating expenditures relative to other wireless and wireline broadband service providers. Weown our entire network which eliminates costs involved with using leased lines owned by telephone or cable companies. Our network is modular. Coverage isdirectly related to various factors including the height of the facility we are on and the frequencies we utilize. The average area covered by a PoP is a six mileradius. Prime Real Estate Locations We have secured long term lease agreements for prime real estate locations in the twelve markets in which we have built our fixed wireless network. Theselocations are some of the tallest buildings in each city which facilitates our ability to deliver Internet connectivity to customer locations where line of sight is notavailable to our competitors. Corporate History We were organized in the State of Nevada in June 2005. In January 2007, we merged with and into a wholly-owned Delaware subsidiary for the sole purposeof changing our state of incorporation to Delaware. In January 2007, a wholly-owned subsidiary of ours merged with and into a private company, TowerstreamCorporation, with Towerstream Corporation being the surviving company. Upon closing of the merger, we discontinued our former business and succeeded to thebusiness of Towerstream Corporation as our sole line of business. At the same time, we also changed our name to Towerstream Corporation and our subsidiary,Towerstream Corporation, changed its name to Towerstream I, Inc. Regulatory Matters The Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the “Communications Act”), and the regulations and policies of the Federal Communications Commission(“FCC”) impact significant aspects of our wireless Internet service business which is also subject to other regulation by federal, state and local authorities underapplicable laws and regulations. Spectrum Regulation We provide wireless broadband Internet access services using both licensed and unlicensed fixed point-to-point systems. The FCC has jurisdiction over themanagement and licensing of the electromagnetic spectrum for all commercial users. The FCC routinely reviews its spectrum policies and may change its positionon spectrum use and allocations from time to time. We believe that the FCC is committed to allocating spectrum to support wireless broadband deploymentthroughout the United States and will continue to modify its regulations to foster such deployment, which will help us implement our existing and future businessplans. Broadband Internet Service Regulation Our wireless broadband network can be used to provide Internet access service and Virtual Private Networks (“VPNs”). In 2002, the FCC ruled that Internetservices are interstate information services that are not subject to regulation as a telecommunications service under federal law or to state or local utility regulation.Our broadband Internet services, therefore, have traditionally not been subject to many of the regulatory requirements imposed on wireless and wirelinetelecommunications service providers. For example, we have not been required to contribute a percentage of gross revenues from our Internet access services to theuniversal service funds used to support local telephone service and advanced telecommunications services for schools, libraries and rural health care facilities. Ourwireless broadband Internet services are, however, subject to a number of federal regulatory requirements, including but not limited to, the CommunicationsAssistance for Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”) requirement that high-speed Internet service providers implement certain network capabilities to assist lawenforcement in conducting surveillance of persons suspected of criminal activity. On February 26, 2015, the FCC adopted an Open Internet order in which fixed and mobile broadband services is reclassified as a telecommunications servicesgoverned by Title II of the Communications Act. This reclassification includes forbearance from applying many sections of the Communications Act and theFCC’s rules to broadband service providers. The Open Internet order also adopted rules prohibiting broadband service providers from: (1) blocking access to legalcontent, applications, services or non-harmful devices; (2) impairing or degrading lawful Internet traffic on the basis, content, applications or services; or (3)favoring certain Internet traffic over other traffic in exchange for consideration. 6 In addition, Internet service providers are subject to a wide range of other federal regulations and statutes including, for example, regulations and policiesrelating to consumer protection, consumer privacy, and copyright protections. States and local government authorities may also regulate limited aspects of ourbusiness by, for example, imposing consumer protection and consumer privacy regulations, zoning requirements, and requiring installation permits. Zoning and Permitting Issues States and local governments have the right to regulate the siting and permitting of Towerstream's antennas and equipment used to provide broadband serviceover Wi-Fi and small cell technologies. State and local regulation over the siting of wireless facilities can be time-consuming, require burdensome documentation,and involve per site fees, which may have a limiting effect on Towerstream's broadband business that depends on placing and operating wireless antennas andrelated equipment. In October 2014, the FCC adopted an order addressing the delays and burdens that wireless broadband providers may experience due to stateand local siting and permitting regulations, and, among other decisions, clarified that if a state or local government fails to act on eligible modification requestswithin a prescribed time frame, the request will ultimately be “deemed granted” by the Commission. This decision and the other rules adopted in the October ordermay ultimately facilitate Towerstream's deployment and modification of Wi-Fi and small cell antennas and equipment, which may be beneficial to its broadbandbusiness. Other FAA Interference Issue In August 2013, the FCC released a Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture ("NAL") alleging that Towerstream caused harmful interference to dopplerweather radar systems in New York and Florida, and proposing a fine for the alleged rule violations. In November 2013, after consultation with regulatory counsel,Towerstream filed a response denying the FCC's allegations. This matter remains outstanding with the FCC. License KA306 in DeSoto, Texas In May 2007, Towerstream acquired a license to operate an Earth Station in DeSoto, Texas. The license provided the Earth Station with the right tocommunicate with the Intelsat satellites in certain frequency bands. The Earth Station license also provided interference protection from any terrestrial-based 3650MHz band operator within a 150km protection zone surrounding the Earth Station. The original license rights, or authorization, was referred to as Call Sign KA306,or KA306. The FCC is currently considering major changes in the 3.5 GHz band including a reduction to the protection zone. These regulatory changes would makefuture operation of both the earth station and 3650 MHz band licenses in the DeSoto area uncertain and potentially costly. As a result, the Company has determinedto relinquish any rights to KA306. An impairment charge of $534,555 was recognized in the fourth quarter of 2015 to write off the carrying value of the license. We are subject to extensive regulation that could limit or restrict our activities. If we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, bothmonetary and non-monetary, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, including regulation by the FCC, which risks are morefully described under the heading “Risk Factors.” Rights Plan In November 2010, we adopted a rights plan (the “Rights Plan”) and declared a dividend distribution of one preferred share purchase right for each outstandingshare of common stock as of the record date on November 14, 2010. Each right, when exercisable, entitles the registered holder to purchase one-hundredth (1/100th ) of a share of Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per shares of the Company at a purchase price of $18.00 per one-hundredth (1/100 th ) of a share of theSeries A Preferred Stock, subject to certain adjustments. The rights will generally separate from the common stock and become exercisable if any person or groupacquires or announces a tender offer to acquire 15% or more of our outstanding common stock without the consent of our Board of Directors. Because the rightsmay substantially dilute the stock ownership of a person or group attempting to take us over without the approval of our Board of Directors, our Rights Plan couldmake it more difficult for a third party to acquire us (or a significant percentage of our outstanding capital stock) without first negotiating with our Board ofDirectors. In addition, we are governed by provisions of Delaware law that may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of ouroutstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us. 7 The provisions in our charter, bylaws, Rights Plan and under Delaware law related to the foregoing could discourage takeover attempts that our stockholderswould otherwise favor, or otherwise reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for our common stock in the future. Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had 154 employees, of whom 153 were full-time employees and one was a part-time employee. As of March 4, 2016, we had131 employees, of whom 129 were full-time employees and 2 were part-time employees. We believe our employee relations are good. Three employees areconsidered members of executive management. Our Corporate Information Our principal executive offices are located at 88 Silva Lane, Middletown, Rhode Island, 02842. Our telephone number is (401) 848-5848. The Company’swebsite address is http://www.towerstream.com . Information contained on the Company’s website is not incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports are available free of chargethrough the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) website at http://www.sec.gov as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports are electronicallyfiled with or furnished to the SEC. These reports are also available on the Company's website. Item 1A. Risk Factors. Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Prospective investors should carefully consider the risks described below and other informationcontained in this annual report, including our financial statements and related notes before purchasing shares of our common stock. There are numerous andvaried risks, known and unknown, that may prevent us from achieving our goals. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results ofoperations may be materially adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and investors in our common stock could lose allor part of their investment. Risks Relating to Fixed Wireless Services We may be unable to successfully execute any of our current or future business strategies. In order to pursue business strategies, we will need to continue to build our infrastructure and strengthen our operational capabilities. Our ability to do thesesuccessfully could be affected by any one or more of the following factors: ●the ability of our equipment, our equipment suppliers or our service providers to perform as we expect; ●the ability of our services to achieve market acceptance; ●our ability to manage third party relationships effectively; ●our ability to identify suitable locations and then negotiate acceptable agreements with building owners so that we can establish POPs on their rooftop; ●our ability to work effectively with new customers to secure approval from their landlord to install our equipment; ●our ability to effectively manage the growth and expansion of our business operations without incurring excessive costs, high employee turnover ordamage to customer relationships; ●our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, especially individuals experienced in network operations and engineering; ●equipment failure or interruption of service which could adversely affect our reputation and our relations with our customers; ●our ability to accurately predict and respond to the rapid technological changes in our industry; and ●our ability to raise additional capital to fund our growth and to support our operations until we reach profitability. Our failure to adequately address any one or more of the above factors could have a significant adverse impact on our ability to execute our business strategyand the long term viability of our business. 8 We depend on the continued availability of leases and licenses for our communications equipment. We have constructed proprietary networks in each of the markets we serve by installing antennae on rooftops, cellular towers and other structures pursuant tolease or license agreements to send and receive wireless signals necessary for the operation of our network. We typically seek initial five year terms for our leaseswith three to five year renewal options. Such renewal options are generally exercisable at our discretion before the expiration of the current term. If these leases areterminated or if the owners of these structures are unwilling to continue to enter into leases or licenses with us in the future, we would be forced to seek alternativearrangements with other providers. If we are unable to continue to obtain or renew such leases on satisfactory terms, our business would be harmed. We may not be able to attract and retain customers if we do not maintain and enhance our brand. We believe that our brand is critical part to our success. Maintaining and enhancing our brand may require us to make substantial investments with noassurance that these investments will be successful. If we fail to promote and maintain the “Towerstream” brand, or if we incur significant expenses in this effort,our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition may be harmed. We anticipate that maintaining and enhancing our brand will become increasinglyimportant, difficult and expensive. We may pursue acquisitions that we believe complement our existing operations but which involve risks that could adversely affect our business. Acquisitions involve risks that could adversely affect our business including the diversion of management time and focus from operations and difficultiesintegrating the operations and personnel of acquired companies. In addition, any future acquisition could result in significant costs, the incurrence of additional debtto fund the acquisition, and the assumption of contingent or undisclosed liabilities, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditionand results of operations. In connection with any future acquisition, we generally will seek to minimize the impact of contingent and undisclosed liabilities by obtaining indemnities andwarranties from the seller. However, these indemnities and warranties, if obtained, may not fully cover the liabilities due to their limited scope, amount or duration,as well as the financial limitations of the indemnitor or warrantor. We may continue to consider strategic acquisitions, some of which may be larger than those previously completed and which could be materialtransactions. Integrating acquisitions is often costly and may require significant attention from management. Delays or other operational or financial problems thatinterfere with our operations may result. If we fail to implement proper overall business controls for companies or assets we acquire or fail to successfully integratethese acquired companies or assets in our processes, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, it is possible that wemay incur significant expenses in the evaluation and pursuit of potential acquisitions that may not be successfully completed. We have a history of operating losses and expect to continue incurring losses for the foreseeable future. Our fixed wireless segment was launched in 2000 and has incurred losses in each year of operation. We cannot anticipate when, if ever, our operations willbecome profitable. We expect to incur significant net losses as we develop our network, expand our markets, undertake acquisitions, acquire spectrum and pursueour business strategy. We intend to invest significantly in our business before we expect cash flow from operations to be adequate to cover our operating expenses.If we are unable to execute our business strategy and grow our business, either as a result of the risks identified in this section or for any other reason, our business,prospects, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected. Cash and cash equivalents represent one of our largest assets and we may be at risk of being uninsured for a large portion of such assets. As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $15,100,000 in cash and cash equivalents with two large financial banking institutions. At times, our cashand cash equivalents may be uninsured or in deposit accounts that exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits. If the institution atwhich we have placed our funds were to become insolvent or fail, we could be at risk for losing a substantial portion of our cash deposits, or incur significant timedelays in obtaining access to such funds. In light of the limited amount of federal insurance for deposits, even if we were to spread our cash assets among severalinstitutions, we would remain at risk for the amount not covered by insurance. Our growth may be slowed if we do not have sufficient capital. The continued growth and operation of our business may require additional funding for working capital, debt service, the enhancement and upgrade of ournetwork, the build-out of infrastructure to expand our coverage, possible acquisitions and possible bids to acquire spectrum licenses. We may be unable to securesuch funding when needed in adequate amounts or on acceptable terms, if at all. To execute our business strategy, we may issue additional equity securities inpublic or private offerings, potentially at a price lower than the market price at the time of such issuance. Similarly, we may seek debt financing and may be forcedto incur significant interest expense. If we cannot secure sufficient funding, we may be forced to forego strategic opportunities or delay, scale back or eliminatenetwork deployments, operations, acquisitions, spectrum bids and other investments. 9 Many of our competitors are better established and have significantly greater resources which may make it difficult for us to attract and retain customers. The market for broadband and related services is highly competitive, and we compete with several other companies within each of our markets. Many of ourcompetitors are well established with larger and better developed networks and support systems, longer relationships with customers and suppliers, greater namerecognition and greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we have. Our competitors may subsidize competing services with revenue from othersources and, thus, may offer their products and services at prices lower than ours. Our competitors may also reduce the prices of their services significantly or mayoffer broadband connectivity packaged with other products or services. We may not be able to reduce our prices or otherwise combine our services with otherproducts or services which may make it more difficult to attract and retain customers. In addition, businesses which are presently focused on providing services toresidential customers may expand their target base and begin offering service to business customers. We expect existing and prospective competitors to adopt technologies or business plans similar to ours, or seek other means to develop competitive services,particularly if our services prove to be attractive in our target markets. This competition may make it difficult to attract new customers and retain existingcustomers. We may experience difficulties constructing, upgrading and maintaining our network which could increase customer turnover and reduce our revenues. Our success depends on developing and providing products and services that provide customers with high quality Internet connectivity. If the number ofcustomers using our network increases, we will require more infrastructure and network resources to maintain the quality of our services. Consequently, we may berequired to make substantial investments to improve our facilities and equipment, and to upgrade our technology and network infrastructure. If we do not completethese improvements successfully, or if we experience inefficiencies, operational failures or unforeseen costs during implementation then the quality of our productsand services could decline. We may experience quality deficiencies, cost overruns and delays in implementing network improvements and completing maintenance and upgrade projects.Portions of these projects may not be within our control or the control of our contractors. Our network requires the receipt of permits and approvals from numerousgovernmental bodies including municipalities and zoning boards. Such bodies often limit the expansion of transmission towers and other construction necessary forour business. Failure to receive approvals in a timely fashion can delay system rollouts and raise the cost of completing projects. In addition, we are typicallyrequired to obtain rights from land, building or tower owners to install antennae and other equipment to provide service to our customers. We may not be able toobtain, on terms acceptable to us, or at all, the rights necessary to construct our network and expand our services. We also face challenges in managing and operating our network. These challenges include operating, maintaining and upgrading network and customerpremise equipment to accommodate increased traffic or technological advances, and managing the sales, advertising, customer support, billing and collectionfunctions of our business while providing reliable network service at expected speeds and quality. Our failure in any of these areas could adversely affect customersatisfaction, increase customer turnover or churn, increase our costs and decrease our revenues. We may be unable to operate in certain markets if we are unable to obtain and maintain rights to use licensed spectrum. We provide our services in some markets by using spectrum obtained through licenses or long-term leases. Obtaining licensed spectrum can be a long anddifficult process that can be costly and require substantial management resources. Securing licensed spectrum may subject us to increased operational costs, greaterregulatory scrutiny and arbitrary government decision making. Licensed spectrum, whether owned or leased, poses additional risks, including: ●inability to satisfy build-out or service deployment requirements upon which spectrum licenses or leases may be conditioned; ●increases in spectrum acquisition costs or complexity; ●competitive bids, pre-bid qualifications and post-bid requirements for spectrum acquisitions, in which we may not be successful leading to, among otherthings, increased competition; 10 ●adverse changes to regulations governing spectrum rights; ●the risk that acquired or leased spectrum will not be commercially usable or free of damaging interference from licensed or unlicensed operators in thelicensed or adjacent bands; ●contractual disputes with, or the bankruptcy or other reorganization of, the license holders which could adversely affect control over the spectrum; ●failure of the FCC or other regulators to renew spectrum licenses as they expire; and ●invalidation of authorization to use all or a significant portion of our spectrum. We utilize unlicensed spectrum in all of our markets which is subject to intense competition, low barriers of entry and slowdowns due to multiple users. We presently utilize unlicensed spectrum in all of our markets to provide our service offerings. Unlicensed or “free” spectrum is available to multiple usersand may suffer bandwidth limitations, interference and slowdowns if the number of users exceeds traffic capacity. The availability of unlicensed spectrum is notunlimited and others do not need to obtain permits or licenses to utilize the same unlicensed spectrum that we currently utilize or may utilize in the future. Theinherent limitations of unlicensed spectrum could potentially threaten our ability to reliably deliver our services. Moreover, the prevalence of unlicensed spectrumcreates low barriers of entry in our industry which naturally creates the potential for increased competition. Interruption or failure of our information technology and communications systems could impair our ability to provide services which could damage ourreputation. Our services depend on the continuing operation of our information technology and communications systems. We have experienced service interruptions in thepast and may experience service interruptions or system failures in the future. Any unscheduled service interruption adversely affects our ability to operate ourbusiness and could result in an immediate loss of revenues and adversely impact our operating results. If we experience frequent or persistent system or networkfailures, our reputation could be permanently harmed. We may need to make significant capital expenditures to increase the reliability of our systems, however,these capital expenditures may not achieve the results we expect. Excessive customer churn may adversely affect our financial performance by slowing customer growth, increasing costs and reducing revenues. The successful implementation of our business plan depends upon controlling customer churn. Customer churn is a measure of customers who cancel theirservices agreement. Customer churn could increase as a result of: ●interruptions to the delivery of services to customers over our network; ●the availability of competing technology such as cable modems, DSL, third-generation cellular, satellite, wireless Internet service and other emergingtechnologies, some of which may be less expensive or technologically superior to those offered by us; ●changes in promotions and new marketing or sales initiatives; ●new competitors entering the markets in which we offer service; and ●a reduction in the quality of our customer service billing errors. An increase in customer churn can lead to slower customer growth, increased costs and a reduction in revenues. If our business strategy is unsuccessful, we will not be profitable and our stockholders could lose their investment. There is no prior history of other companies that have successfully pursued our strategy of delivering fixed wireless bandwidth services to businesses. Manyfixed wireless companies have failed and there is no guarantee that our strategy will be successful or profitable. If our strategy is unsuccessful, the value of ourcompany may decrease and our stockholders could lose their entire investment. 11 We may not be able to effectively control and manage our growth which would negatively impact our operations. If our business and markets continue to grow and develop, it will be necessary for us to finance and manage expansion in an orderly fashion. In addition, wemay face challenges in managing expanding product and service offerings, and in integrating acquired businesses. Such events would increase demands on ourexisting management, workforce and facilities. Failure to satisfy increased demands could interrupt or adversely affect our operations and cause backlogs andadministrative inefficiencies. The success of our business depends on the contributions of key personnel and our ability to attract, train and retain highly qualified personnel. We are highly dependent on the continued services of our key personnel across all facets of operations. We do not have an employment agreement with any ofthese individuals. We cannot guarantee that any of these persons will stay with us for any definite period. Loss of the services of any of these individuals couldadversely impact our operations. We do not maintain policies of "key man" insurance on our executives. In addition, we must be able to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled and experienced technical employees in order to successfully introduce ourservices in new markets and grow our business in existing markets. Qualified technical employees often are in great demand and may be unavailable in the timeframe required to satisfy our business requirements. We may not be able to attract and retain sufficient numbers of highly skilled technical employees in the future.The loss of technical personnel or our inability to hire or retain sufficient technical personnel at competitive rates of compensation could impair our ability to growour business and retain our existing customer base. We could encounter difficulties integrating acquisitions which could result in substantial costs, delays or other operational or financial difficulties. Since 2010, we have completed five acquisitions. We may seek to acquire other fixed wireless businesses, including those operating in our current businessmarkets or those operating in other geographic markets. We cannot accurately predict the timing, size and success of our acquisition efforts and the associatedcapital commitments that might be required. We expect to encounter competition for acquisitions which may limit the number of potential acquisition opportunitiesand may lead to higher acquisition prices. We may not be able to identify, acquire or profitably manage additional businesses or successfully integrate acquiredbusinesses, if any, without substantial costs, delays or other operational or financial difficulties. In addition, such acquisitions involve a number of other risks, including: ●failure of the acquired businesses to achieve expected results; ●integration difficulties could increase customer churn and negatively affect our reputation; ●diversion of management’s attention and resources to acquisitions; ●failure to retain key personnel of the acquired businesses; ●disappointing quality or functionality of acquired equipment and personnel; and ●risks associated with unanticipated events, liabilities or contingencies. The inability to successfully integrate and manage acquired companies could result in the incurrence of substantial costs to address the problems and issuesencountered. Our inability to finance acquisitions could impair the growth and expansion of our business. The extent to which we will be able or willing to use shares of our common stock to consummate acquisitions will depend on (i) the market value of oursecurities which will vary, (ii) liquidity which can fluctuate, and (iii) the willingness of potential sellers to accept shares of our common stock as full or partialpayment. Using shares of our common stock for acquisitions may result in significant dilution to existing stockholders. To the extent that we are unable to usecommon stock to make future acquisitions, our ability to grow through acquisitions may be limited by the extent to which we are able to raise capital through debtor equity financings. We may not be able to obtain the necessary capital to finance any acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain additional capital on acceptableterms, we may be required to reduce the scope of expansion or redirect resources committed to internal purposes. Our inability to use shares of our common stockto make future acquisitions may hinder our ability to actively pursue our acquisition program. 12 We rely on a limited number of third party suppliers that manufacture network equipment, and install and maintain our network sites. We depend on a limited number of third party suppliers to produce and deliver products required for our networks. If these companies fail to perform orexperience delays, shortages or increased demand for their products or services, we may face a shortage of components, increased costs, and may be required tosuspend our network deployment and our service introduction. We also depend on a limited number of third parties to install and maintain our network facilities.We do not maintain any long term supply contracts with these manufacturers. If a manufacturer or other provider does not satisfy our requirements, or if we lose amanufacturer or any other significant provider, we may have insufficient network equipment for delivery to customers and for installation or maintenance of ourinfrastructure. Such developments could force us to suspend the deployment of our network and the installation of new customers thus impairing future growth. Customers may perceive that our network is not secure if our data security controls are breached which may adversely affect our ability to attract andretain customers and expose us to liability. Network security and the authentication of a customer’s credentials are designed to protect unauthorized access to data on our network. Because techniquesused to obtain unauthorized access to or to sabotage networks change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable toanticipate or implement adequate preventive measures against unauthorized access or sabotage. Consequently, unauthorized parties may overcome our encryptionand security systems, and obtain access to data on our network. In addition, because we operate and control our network and our customers’ Internet connectivity,unauthorized access or sabotage of our network could result in damage to our network and to the computers or other devices used by our customers. An actual orperceived breach of network security, regardless of whether the breach is our fault, could harm public perception of the effectiveness of our security controls,adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, expose us to significant liability and adversely affect our business prospects. The delivery of our services could infringe on the intellectual property rights of others which may result in costly litigation, substantial damages andprohibit us from selling our services. Third parties may assert infringement or other intellectual property claims against us. We may have to pay substantial damages, including for past infringementif it is ultimately determined that our services infringe a third party’s proprietary rights. Further, we may be prohibited from selling or providing some of ourservices before we obtain additional licenses, which, if available at all, may require us to pay substantial royalties or licensing fees. Even if claims are determinedto be without merit, defending a lawsuit takes significant time, may be expensive and may divert management’s attention from our other business concerns. Anypublic announcements related to litigation or interference proceedings initiated or threatened against us could cause our business to be harmed and our stock priceto decline. Risks Related to Discontinued Operations We may incur additional charges in connection with our decision to exit the Shared Wireless infrastructure business , and any additional costs wouldadversely impact our cash flows. During the fourth quarter of 2015, we determined to exit the Shared Wireless infrastructure business and curtailed activity in our smaller markets. Inconnection with the foregoing, we recognized charges in the fourth quarter of 2015 aggregating approximately $5,359,000, consisting of approximately $3,284,000of estimated cost to settle our lease obligations, $1,618,000 to write-off network assets which could not be redeployed into the fixed wireless network and writingoff $456,000 of deferred acquisition costs and security deposits which are not expected to be recovered. We believe that we have recognized principally all of thecosts required to exit this business but can provide no assurance that additional costs will not be incurred. We may encounter difficulties or may not be able to sell Assets Held for Sale at December 31, 2015 which could adversely impact future profitability . The Shared Wireless Infrastructure business’ largest network was in New York City where it had a lease access agreement with a major cable company. As aresult, the Company explored opportunities during the fourth quarter of 2015 and continuing into the first quarter of 2016 to sell the New York City network. InMarch 2016, the Company completed a sale and transfer of certain assets to a major cable company customer. The Company is presently continuing efforts to sellthe remainder of the network in New York City. We cannot guarantee that any agreements for the sale of these assets will be on terms favorable to us or that wewill be able to sell such assets. If we are not able to sell these assets on favorable terms, if at all, our profitability could be adversely impacted and our stock pricecould decline. Risks Relating to the Wireless Industry An economic or industry slowdown may materially and adversely affect our business. Slowdowns in the economy or in the wireless or broadband industry may impact demand for our services. Customers may reduce the amount of bandwidththat they purchase from us during economic downturns which will directly affect our revenues and operating results. An economic or industry slowdown maycause other businesses or industries to delay or abandon implementation of new systems and technologies, including wireless broadband services. Further, politicaluncertainties, including acts of terrorism and other unforeseen events, may impose additional risks upon and adversely affect the wireless or broadband industrygenerally, and our business, specifically. We operate in an evolving industry which makes it difficult to forecast our future prospects as our services may become obsolete and we may not be able todevelop competitive products or services on a timely basis or at all. The broadband and wireless services industries are characterized by rapid technological change, competitive pricing, frequent new service introductions, andevolving industry standards and regulatory requirements. We believe that our success depends on our ability to anticipate and adapt to these challenges, and to offercompetitive services on a timely basis. We face a number of difficulties and uncertainties such as: 13 ●competition from service providers using more efficient, less expensive technologies including products not yet invented or developed; ●responding successfully to advances in competing technologies in a timely and cost-effective manner; ●migration toward standards-based technology which may require substantial capital expenditures; and ●existing, proposed or undeveloped technologies that may render our wireless broadband services less profitable or obsolete. As the services offered by us and our competitors develop, businesses and consumers may not accept our services as a commercially viable alternative to othermeans of delivering wireless broadband services. As a result, our services may become obsolete and we may be unable to develop competitive products or serviceson a timely basis, or at all. We are subject to extensive regulation that could limit or restrict our activities. Our business activities, including the acquisition, lease, maintenance and use of spectrum licenses, are extensively regulated by federal, state and localgovernmental authorities. A number of federal, state and local privacy, security, and consumer laws also apply to our business. These regulations and theirapplication are subject to continuous change as new legislation, regulations or amendments to existing regulations are periodically implemented by governmental orregulatory authorities, including as a result of judicial interpretations of such laws and regulations. Current regulations directly affect the breadth of services we areable to offer and may impact the rates, terms and conditions of our services. Regulation of companies that offer competing services such as cable and DSLproviders, and telecommunications carriers also affects our business. If we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be subject to penalties, both monetary andnonmonetary, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. On February 26, 2015, the FCC adopted an Open Internet order in which fixed and mobile broadband services is reclassified as telecommunications servicesgoverned by Title II of the Communications Act. This reclassification includes forbearance from applying many sections of the Communications Act and theFCC’s rules to broadband service providers. As part of the Title II reclassification, the FCC could adopt new regulations requiring broadband service providers toregister and pay Universal Service Fund (“USF”) fees as well as submit to a significant amount of other common carrier regulations. The Open Internet order also adopted rules prohibiting broadband service providers from: (1) blocking access to legal content, applications, services or non-harmful devices; (2) impairing or degrading lawful Internet traffic on the basis, content, applications or services; or (3) favoring certain Internet traffic over othertraffic in exchange for consideration. Depending on how the Open Internet rules are implemented, the Open Internet order could limit our ability to managecustomers’ use of our networks, thereby limiting our ability to prevent or address customers’ excessive bandwidth demands. To maintain the quality of our networkand user experience, we may manage the bandwidth used by our customers’ applications, in part by restricting the types of applications that may be used over ournetwork. The FCC Open Internet regulations may constrain our ability to employ bandwidth management practices. Excessive use of bandwidth-intensiveapplications would likely reduce the quality of our services for all customers. Such decline in the quality of our services could harm our business. The breach of a license or applicable law, even if accidentally, can result in the revocation, suspension, cancellation or reduction in the term of a license or theimposition of fines. In addition, regulatory authorities may grant new licenses to third parties, resulting in greater competition in territories where we already haverights to licensed spectrum. In order to promote competition, licenses may also require that third parties be granted access to our bandwidth, frequency capacity,facilities or services. We may not be able to obtain or retain any required license, and we may not be able to renew a license on favorable terms, or at all. Wireless broadband services may become subject to greater state or federal regulation in the future. The scope of the regulations that may apply to companieslike us and the impact of such regulations on our competitive position are presently unknown and could be detrimental to our business and prospects. Risks Related to Our Indebtedness Our cash flows and capital resources may be insufficient to make required payments on our indebtedness and future indebtedness. In October 2014, we entered into a loan agreement which provided us with a five-year $35 million term loan. The loan bears interest payable in cash at a rateequal to the greater of (i) the sum of the one month LIBOR rate on each payment date plus 7% or (ii) 8% per annum, and additional paid in kind (“PIK”), ordeferred, interest that accrues at 4% per annum. We paid $2,906,695 of interest and accrued $1,453,347 of PIK interest for the year ended December 31, 2015. 14 Our indebtedness could have important consequences to you. For example, it could: ●make it difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations; ●make us more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions; ●limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate requirements; ●expose us to interest rate fluctuations because the interest rate on our long-term debt is variable; ●require us to dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow foroperations and other purposes; ●limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and ●place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to competitors that may have proportionately less debt and greater financial resources. In addition, our ability to make scheduled payments or refinance our obligations depends on our successful financial and operating performance, cash flowsand capital resources, which in turn depend upon prevailing economic conditions and certain financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond ourcontrol. These factors include, among others: ●economic and demand factors affecting our industry; ●pricing pressures; ●increased operating costs; ●competitive conditions; and ●other operating difficulties. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sellmaterial assets or operations, obtain additional capital or restructure our debt. In the event that we are required to dispose of material assets or operations to meetour debt service and other obligations, the value realized on such assets or operations will depend on market conditions and the availability of buyers. Accordingly,any such sale may not, among other things, be for a sufficient dollar amount. Our obligations pursuant to our long-term debt agreement are secured by a securityinterest in all of our assets, exclusive of capital stock of the Company, certain capital leases, certain contracts and certain assets secured by purchase money securityinterests. The foregoing encumbrances may limit our ability to dispose of material assets or operations. We also may not be able to restructure our indebtedness onfavorable economic terms, if at all. Our long-term debt agreement contains various covenants limiting the discretion of our management in operating our business. Our long-term debt agreement contains, subject to certain carve-outs, various restrictive covenants that limit our management's discretion in operating ourbusiness. In particular, these instruments limit our ability to, among other things: ●incur additional debt; ●grant liens on assets; ●issue capital stock with certain features; ●sell or acquire assets outside the ordinary course of business; and ●make fundamental business changes. 15 If we fail to comply with the restrictions in our long-term debt agreement, a default may allow the lender under the relevant instruments to accelerate therelated debt and to exercise their remedies under these agreements, which will typically include the right to declare the principal amount of that debt, together withaccrued and unpaid interest and other related amounts, immediately due and payable, to exercise any remedies the lender may have to foreclose on assets that aresubject to liens securing that debt and to terminate any commitments they had made to supply further funds. The long-term debt agreement governing ourindebtedness also contains various covenants that may limit our ability to pay dividends. Risks Relating to Our Organization Our certificate of incorporation allows for our board of directors to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our stockholderswhich could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock. Our board of directors has the authority to fix and determine the relative rights and preferences of preferred stock. Our board of directors also has the authorityto issue preferred stock without further stockholder approval. As a result, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock thatwould grant to such holders (i) the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, (ii) the right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to theholders of common stock and (iii) the right to the redemption of the shares, together with a premium, prior to the redemption of our common stock. In addition, ourboard of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that has greater voting power than our common stock or that is convertible into ourcommon stock, which could decrease the relative voting power of our common stock or result in dilution to our existing common stockholders. Any of the actions described in the preceding paragraph could significantly adversely affect the investment made by holders of our common stock. Holders ofcommon stock could potentially not receive dividends that they might otherwise have received. In addition, holders of our common stock could receive lessproceeds in connection with any future sale of the Company, whether in liquidation or on any other basis. We are subject to extensive financial reporting and related requirements for which our accounting and other management systems and resources may notbe adequately prepared. We are subject to reporting and other obligations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including the requirements of Section 404 of theSarbanes-Oxley Act. Section 404 requires us to conduct an annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting.These reporting and other obligations place significant demands on our management, administrative, operational and accounting resources. In order to maintaincompliance with these requirements, we may need to (i) upgrade our systems, (ii) implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems andprocedures, (iii) implement an internal audit function, and (iv) hire additional accounting, internal audit and finance staff. If we are unable to accomplish theseobjectives in a timely and effective manner, our ability to comply with our financial reporting requirements and other rules that apply to reporting companies couldbe impaired. Any failure to maintain effective internal controls could have a negative impact on our ability to manage our business and on our stock price. We may be at risk to accurately report financial results or detect fraud if we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls. As directed by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the SEC adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report that contains anassessment by management on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting in their annual and quarterly reports on Form 10-K and 10-Q. While we areconsistently working on improvements and conducting rigorous reviews of our internal controls over financial reporting, our independent auditors may interpretSection 404 requirements and apply related rules and regulations differently. If our independent auditors are not satisfied with our internal control over financialreporting or with the level at which it is documented, operated or reviewed, they may decline to accept management’s assessment and not provide an attestationreport on our internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, if we are not able to meet all the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or withadequate compliance, we might be subject to sanctions or investigation by regulatory authorities such as the SEC. 16 We cannot assure you that significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting will not beidentified in the future. Also, future changes in our accounting, financial reporting, and regulatory environment may create new areas of risk exposure. Failure tomodify our existing control environment accordingly may impair our controls over financial reporting and cause our investors to lose confidence in the reliability ofour financial reporting which may adversely affect our stock price. Risks Relating to Our Common Stock We may fail to regain compliance for continued listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market and a delisting of our stock could make it more difficult forinvestors to sell their shares Our common stock was approved for listing on the NASDAQ Capital Market in May of 2007 where it continues to be listed. The listing Rules (the “Rules”) ofNASDAQ require the company to meet certain requirements. These continued listing standards include specifically enumerated criteria, such as: • a $1.00 minimum closing bid price;• stockholders’ equity of $2.5 million;• 500,000 shares of publicly-held common stock with a market value of at least $1 million;• 300 round-lot stockholders; and• compliance with NASDAQ’s corporate governance requirements, as well as additional or more stringent criteria that may be applied in the exercise ofNASDAQ’s discretionary authority. On November 24, 2015, NASDAQ informed the Company that it had failed to maintain a minimum bid price of $1 per share for more than 30 consecutivebusiness days. The Company can regain compliance if, at any time during the 180 day period ending May 23, 2016, the closing bid price of the common stock is atleast $1 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days. It is unknown at this time if we will be able to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirementwithin the time allowed in order to continue our common stock listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Continued listing during this period is also contingent on ourcontinued compliance with all listing requirements other than for the minimum bid price. While we hope to regain compliance in the ordinary course of business,we may consider a reverse stock split, if necessary to continue our listing, and have committed to NASDAQ to do so if necessary. However, even if we do effectsuch a reverse stock split, our stockholders may bring actions against us in connection with that reverse stock split that could divert management resources, causeus to incur significant expenses or cause our common stock to be further diluted. The Company reported stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2015 of $2,545,687, above the $2.5 million listing standard required by NASDAQ but it is likelythat our stockholders’ equity will be below $2.5 million at March 31, 2016. If we fail to comply with NASDAQ’s continued listing standards, we may be delisted and our common stock will trade, if at all, only on the over-the-countermarket, such as the OTC Bulletin Board or OTCQX market, and then only if one or more registered broker-dealer market makers comply with quotationrequirements. In addition, delisting of our common stock could depress our stock price, substantially limit liquidity of our common stock and materially adverselyaffect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Finally, delisting of our common stock would likely result in our common stock becoming a “penny stock” under the Securities Exchange Act. The principalresult or effect of being designated a “penny stock” is that securities broker-dealers cannot recommend the shares but must trade it on an unsolicited basis. Pennystock rules require a broker-dealer, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure documentprepared by the SEC, which specifies information about penny stocks and the nature and significance of risks of the penny stock market. A broker-dealer must alsoprovide the customer with bid and offer quotations for the penny stock, the compensation of the broker-dealer and sales person in the transaction, and monthlyaccount statements indicating the market value of each penny stock held in the customer’s account. In addition, the penny stock rules require that, prior to atransaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules; the broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitableinvestment for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written agreement to the transaction. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing thetrading activity in the secondary market for shares that become subject to those penny stock rules. Under such circumstances, shareholders may find it moredifficult to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations, for our common stock, and our common stock would become substantially less attractive to certain purchaserssuch as financial institutions, hedge funds and other similar investors. We could fail in future financing efforts or be delisted from The NASDAQ Capital Market if we fail to receive stockholder approval when needed. We are required under the NASDAQ rules to obtain stockholder approval for any issuance of additional equity securities that would comprise more than 20%of the total shares of our common stock outstanding before the issuance of such securities sold at a discount to the greater of book or market value in an offeringthat is not deemed to be a “public offering” by NASDAQ. Funding of our operations and potential acquisitions of assets may require issuance of additional equitysecurities that would comprise more than 20% of the total shares of our common stock outstanding, but we might not be successful in obtaining the requiredstockholder approval for such an issuance. If we are unable to obtain financing due to stockholder approval difficulties, such failure may have a material adverseeffect on our ability to continue operations. Our common stock may be affected by limited trading volume and price fluctuations which could adversely impact the value of our common stock. While there has been relatively active trading in our common stock over the past twelve months, there can be no assurance that an active trading market in ourcommon stock will be maintained. Our common stock has experienced, and is likely to experience in the future, significant price and volume fluctuations whichcould adversely affect the market price of our common stock without regard to our operating performance. In addition, we believe that factors such as quarterlyfluctuations in our financial results and changes in the overall economy or the condition of the financial markets could cause the price of our common stock tofluctuate substantially. These fluctuations may also cause short sellers to periodically enter the market in the belief that we will have poor results in the future. Wecannot predict the actions of market participants and, therefore, can offer no assurances that the market for our common stock will be stable or appreciate over time. 17 We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future. Any return on an investment in our common stock is expected to belimited to an increase in the value of the common stock. We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our commonstock will depend on our earnings, financial condition, and other business and economic factors as our board of directors may consider relevant. If we do not paydividends, our common stock may be considered less valuable because a return on a shareholder’s investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates. We adopted a Rights Plan in 2010 which may discourage third parties from attempting to acquire control of our company and have an adverse effect onthe price of our common stock. In November 2010, we adopted a rights plan (the “Rights Plan”) and declared a dividend distribution of one preferred share purchase right for each outstandingshare of common stock as of the record date on November 14, 2010. Each right, when exercisable, entitles the registered holder to purchase one-hundredth (1/100th ) of a share of Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per shares of the Company at a purchase price of $18.00 per one-hundredth (1/100 th ) of a share of theSeries A Preferred Stock, subject to certain adjustments. The rights will generally separate from the common stock and become exercisable if any person or groupacquires or announces a tender offer to acquire 15% or more of our outstanding common stock without the consent of our board of directors. Because the rightsmay substantially dilute the stock ownership of a person or group attempting to take us over without the approval of our board of directors, our Rights Plan couldmake it more difficult for a third party to acquire us (or a significant percentage of our outstanding capital stock) without first negotiating with our board ofdirectors. In addition, we are governed by provisions of Delaware law that may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of ouroutstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us. The provisions in our charter, bylaws, Rights Plan and under Delaware law related to the foregoing could discourage takeover attempts that our stockholderswould otherwise favor, or otherwise reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for our common stock in the future. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments. Not applicable. Item 2. Properties. We do not own any real property. Our executive offices are located at 88 Silva Lane in Middletown, Rhode Island, where we lease approximately 29,000 square feet of space. The majority ofour employees work at this location including our finance and administrative, engineering, information technology, customer care and retention, and sales andmarketing personnel. Rent payments totaled approximately $371,036 in 2015 and escalate by 3% annually reaching $416,970 for 2019. Our lease expires onDecember 31, 2019 with an option to renew for an additional five year term through December 31, 2024. In December 2014, the Company entered into a new lease agreement in Florida which includes 3,542 square feet for office space for a second sales center. Thelease commenced in February 2015 for 38 months with an option to renew for an additional 60 month period. Rent payments totaled approximately $40,731 in2015 and escalate by 3% annually. Item 3. Legal Proceedings. There are no significant legal proceedings pending, and we are not aware of any material proceeding contemplated by a governmental authority, to which weare a party or any of our property is subject. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. Not applicable 18 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. Market Information Our common stock was quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board from January 12, 2007 through May 30, 2007 under the symbol TWER.OB. Since May 31, 2007,our common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol TWER. Prior to January 12, 2007, there was no active market for ourcommon stock. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices as reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market. The quotations reflect inter-dealer prices,without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission, and may not represent actual transactions. FISCAL YEAR 2015 HIGH LOW First Quarter $2.55 $1.62 Second Quarter $2.29 $1.72 Third Quarter $2.15 $1.02 Fourth Quarter $1.10 $.28 FISCAL YEAR 2014 HIGH LOW First Quarter $3.36 $2.30 Second Quarter $2.49 $1.45 Third Quarter $2.06 $1.28 Fourth Quarter $1.95 $1.06 The last reported sales price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market on December 31, 2015 was $0.38 and on March 14, 2016, the last reportedsales price was $0.20. According to the records of our transfer agent, as of March 14, 2016, there were approximately 40 holders of record of our common stock. 19 Performance Graph On May 31, 2007, our shares of common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market. The chart below compares the annual percentage change in thecumulative total return on our common stock with the NASDAQ Capital Market Composite Index and the NASDAQ Telecom Index. The chart shows the value asof December 31, 2015, of $100 invested on May 31, 2007, the day our common stock was first publicly traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market, in our commonstock, the NASDAQ Capital Market Composite Index and the NASDAQ Telecom Index. The stock price performance below is not necessarily indicative of futureperformance. 12/10 12/11 12/12 12/13 12/14 12/15 Towerstream Corp. 100.00 52.22 80.05 72.91 45.57 9.36 NASDAQ Composite 100.00 100.52 116.55 165.43 187.63 198.29 NASDAQ Telecommunications 100.00 89.84 91.94 128.06 133.36 128.46 NASDAQ Capital Market Composite 100.00 77.02 87.44 119.44 112.75 93.62 Dividend Policy We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeablefuture. Rather, we expect to retain future earnings (if any) to fund the operation and expansion of our business and for general corporate purposes. 20 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans As of December 31, 2015, securities issued and securities available for future issuance under our 2008 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan, our 2007Equity Compensation Plan and our 2007 Incentive Stock Plan were as follows: Equity Compensation Plan Information Number ofsecuritiesto be issued uponexercise ofoutstanding options,warrants and rights Weighted averageexercise price ofoutstandingoptions, warrantsand rights Number ofsecuritiesremainingavailable for futureissuance underequitycompensationplans Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 4,340,042 $2.61 2,945,150 Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders - $- - Total 4,340,042 $2.61 2,945,150 Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities. There were no unregistered securities sold by us during the year ended December 31, 2015 that were not otherwise disclosed by us during the year in aQuarterly Report on Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K. Recent Repurchases of Securities. None. 21 Item 6. Selected Financial Data The annual financial information set forth below has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The information should be read in connectionwith, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, Management’s Discussion and Analysis, the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere inthis report and in our SEC filings. Years Ended December 31, 2011 201 2 201 3 201 4 2015 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONSDATA: Revenues $26,494,737 $32,279,430 $31,892,584 $29,936,181 $27,905,023 Operating Expenses Cost of revenues 7,472,849 15,376,136 9,874,066 10,299,906 10,603,845 Depreciation and amortization 9,138,318 13,634,294 11,842,794 9,681,631 9,643,583 Customer support services 4,274,387 5,712,463 4,113,459 4,127,294 4,425,764 Sales and marketing 5,362,103 6,134,020 5,477,922 5,341,178 5,864,267 General and administrative 9,411,608 12,168,183 10,364,431 9,767,404 9,957,538 Total Operating Expenses 35,659,265 53,025,096 41,672,672 39,217,413 40,494,997 Operating Loss (9,164,528) (20,745,666) (9,780,088) (9,281,232) (12,589,974)Other Income/(Expense) Interest Income (expense), net 35,486 (63,714) (217,741) (1,672,846) (6,652,786)Gain (loss) on business acquisitions 2,231,534 (40,079) 1,004,099 - - Other expenses, net (9,581) (13,860) - - - Total Other Income/ (Expense) 2,257,439 (117,653) 786,358 (1,672,846) (6,652,786)Loss before income taxes (6,907,089) (20,863,319) (8,993,730) (10,954,078) (19,242,760)(Provision) benefit for income taxes (118,018) (126,256) (78,531) (78,532) 37,562 Loss from continuing operations (7,025,107) (20,989,575) (9,072,261) (11,032,610) (19,205,198)Loss from discontinued operations - - (15,703,028) (16,559,140) (21,277,604)Net Loss $(7,025,107) $(20,989,575) $(24,775,289) $(27,591,750) $(40,482,802) Loss per share – basic and diluted Continuing $(0.15) $(0.39) $(0.14) $(0.16) $(0.28)Discontinued - - (0.24) (0.25) (0.32)Net loss per share – basic and diluted $(0.15) $(0.39) $(0.38) $(0.41) $(0.60)Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic anddiluted 47,505,861 54,434,173 65,181,310 66,803,767 67,931,666 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS DATA (atDecember 31,): Cash and cash equivalents $44,672,587 $15,152,226 $28,181,531 $38,027,509 $15,116,531 Property, plant and equipment, net 27,531,273 41,982,210 25,682,211 23,146,977 21,235,384 Assets held for sale - - 7,784,980 7,875,241 5,315,107 Current assets of discontinued operations - - 747,594 1,336,139 1,248,569 Total assets 83,636,896 67,109,714 74,917,467 82,321,838 48,721,260 Working capital 40,231,504 10,087,917 23,697,158 42,942,393 13,506,611 Stockholder’s equity 77,144,910 57,803,908 66,093,941 41,962,027 2,545,687 OTHER FINANCIAL DATA: Capital expenditures Cash $13,620,180 $20,722,510 $7,143,376 $7,306,942 $6,727,288 Accrued expenses 658,144 1,240,774 867,311 524,280 178,134 Capital leases 769,882 2,915,580 80,894 339,652 810,026 Other - 18,679 - - - Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 702,518 (8,078,493) (9,484,438) (13,413,128) (15,253,754)Net cash used in investing activities (18,218,729) (21,343,128) (7,562,464) (7,036,756) (6,683,405)Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $39,015,446 $(98,740) $30,076,207 $30,295,862 $(973,819) 22 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Segment Information Upon its formation in 2013, the Company determined that the Shared Wireless Infrastructure business represented a separate business segment which wasreported as the "Shared Wireless Infrastructure" or "Shared Wireless" segment. The Company's existing business which provides fixed wireless services tobusinesses was reported as the "Fixed Wireless" business segment. The Company also established a Corporate Group so that centralized operating activities whichsupported both business segments could be reported separately. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company determined to exit the Shared Wireless infrastructure business. As a result, the operating results of the SharedWireless business are reported as discontinued operations in these financial statements. The operating results of the Fixed Wireless segment are also referred to asContinuing Operations. Costs associated with the Corporate Group are included in continuing operations. Overview – Fixed Wireless We provide fixed wireless broadband services to commercial customers and deliver access over a wireless network transmitting over both licensed andunlicensed radio spectrum. Our service supports bandwidth on demand, wireless redundancy, virtual private networks, disaster recovery, bundled data and videoservices. We currently provide service to business customers in twelve metropolitan markets. In February 2013, we completed the acquisition of certain customer relationships, network infrastructure and related assets of Delos Internet (“Delos”), whichis based in Houston, Texas. The aggregate consideration for the acquisition included (i) approximately $0.2 million in cash, (ii) 385,124 shares of our commonstock with a fair value of approximately $1.0 million, and (iii) approximately $0.2 million in assumed liabilities. The acquisition of Delos was a businesscombination accounted for under the acquisition method. In June 2013, we finalized the purchase price of Delos. The final purchase price of $1,341,918 was$83,183, or 6%, lower than the initially reported purchase price of $1,425,101. The purchase price adjustment resulted in a decrease in the number of shares ofcommon stock issued to Delos of 48,549 from 433,673 to 385,124 shares. We recognized a gain on business acquisition of approximately $1.0 million. Characteristics of our Revenues and Expenses Our Fixed Wireless segment offers broadband services under agreements for periods normally ranging between one to three years. Pursuant to theseagreements, we bill customers on a monthly basis, in advance, for each month of service. Payments received in advance of services performed are recorded asdeferred revenues and recognized as revenue ratably over the service period. Our Shared Wireless Infrastructure segment offers to rent space, channels, and portson our street level rooftops at a fixed monthly rent. Costs of revenues consists of expenses that are directly related to providing services to our customers, including Core Network expenses (tower and street levelrooftop rent and utilities, bandwidth costs, maintenance and other) and Customer Network expenses (customer maintenance, non-installation fees and othercustomer specific expenses). We collectively refer to Core Network and Customer Network as our “Network,” and Core Network costs and Customer Networkcosts as “Network Costs.” When we first enter a new market, or expand in an existing market, we are required to incur up-front costs in order to be able to provideservices to commercial customers. We refer to these activities as establishing a “Network Presence.” For the Fixed Wireless segment, these costs includeconstructing Points-of-Presence (“PoPs”) in buildings in which we have a lease agreement (“Company Locations”) where we install a substantial amount ofequipment in order to connect numerous customers to the Internet. For the Shared Wireless Infrastructure segment, these costs include installing numerous accesspoints, backhaul, and other equipment on street level rooftops that we refer to as “Hotzones.” The costs to build PoPs and construct Hotzones are capitalized andexpensed over a five year period. In addition, we also enter into tower and roof rental agreements, secure bandwidth and incur other Network Costs. Once we haveestablished a Network Presence in a new market or expanded our Network Presence in an existing market, we are capable of servicing a significant number ofcustomers through that Network Presence. The variable cost to add new customers is relatively modest, especially compared to the upfront cost of establishing orexpanding our Network Presence. However, we may experience variability in gross margins during periods in which we are expanding our Network Presence in amarket. Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of the salaries, benefits, travel and other costs of our sales and marketing teams, as well as marketing initiativesand business development expenses. Customer support services include salaries and related payroll costs associated with our customer support services, customer care, and installation andoperations staff. General and administrative expenses include costs attributable to corporate overhead and the overall support of our operations. Salaries and other relatedpayroll costs for executive management, finance, administration and information systems personnel are included in this category. Other costs include office rent,utilities and other facilities costs, accounting, legal and other professional services, and other general operating expenses. 23 Market Information As of December 31, 2015, we operated in twelve metropolitan markets consisting of New York, Boston, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Miami, Seattle,Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Philadelphia, Las Vegas-Reno and Providence-Newport. Although we provide services in multiple markets, these operations havebeen aggregated into one reportable segment based on the similar economic characteristics among all markets, including the nature of the services provided and thetype of customers purchasing such services. The markets were launched at different times, and as a result, may have different operating metrics based on their sizeand stage of maturation. We incur significant up-front costs in order to establish a Network Presence in a new market. These costs include building PoPs andNetwork Costs. Other material costs include hiring and training sales and marketing personnel who will be dedicated to securing customers in that market. Once wehave established a Network Presence in a new market, we are capable of servicing a significant number of customers. The rate of customer additions varies frommarket to market, and we are unable to predict how many customers will be added in a market during any specific period. We believe that providing operatinginformation regarding each of our markets provides useful information to shareholders in understanding the leveraging potential of our business model and theoperating performance of our mature markets. Set forth below is a summary of our operating performance on a per-market basis, and a description of how eachcategory is determined. Revenues : Revenues are allocated based on which market each customer is located in. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in the tables below. Costs of Revenues : Includes Core Network costs and Customer Network costs that can be allocated to a specific market. Operating Costs : Represents costs that can be specifically allocated to a market which include direct sales personnel, certain direct marketing expenses,certain customer support and installation payroll expenses and third party commissions. Adjusted Market EBITDA : Represents a market’s income (loss) before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, stock-based compensation, and other income(expense). We believe this metric provides useful information regarding the operating cash flow being generated in a market. Corporate : Includes corporate overhead and centralized activities which support our overall operations. Corporate overhead includes administrative personnel,including executive management, and other support functions such as information technology and facilities. Centralized operations include network operations,customer care, and the management of network assets. We exited the Nashville market effective March 31, 2014. Year Ended December 31, 2015Market Revenues Cost ofRevenues Gross Margin OperatingCosts AdjustedMarketEBITDA Los Angeles $7,994,736 $2,218,654 $5,776,082 $2,019,305 $3,756,777 New York 7,814,182 2,836,635 4,977,547 1,377,608 3,599,939 Boston 4,748,326 1,594,884 3,153,442 791,873 2,361,569 Chicago 2,442,022 1,233,989 1,208,033 601,164 606,869 San Francisco 1,032,721 467,406 565,315 209,984 355,331 Houston 748,941 305,657 443,284 193,752 249,532 Miami 1,190,563 503,794 686,769 565,788 120,981 Las Vegas-Reno 707,964 485,852 222,112 203,544 18,568 Seattle 242,588 177,287 65,301 60,891 4,410 Providence-Newport 210,145 200,102 10,043 10,134 (91)Philadelphia 108,157 111,722 (3,565) 45,749 (49,314)Dallas-Fort Worth 664,678 412,635 252,043 378,375 (126,332)Total $27,905,023 $10,548,617 $17,356,406 $6,458,167 $10,898,239 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measure to GAAP Financial Measure Adjusted market EBITDA $10,898,239 Non-market specific Other expenses (1,074,373)Depreciation and amortization (8,773,218)Loss from discontinued operations (21,277,604)Corporate (13,640,622)Other income (expense) (6,652,786)Provision for income taxes 37,562 Net loss $(40,482,802) 24 Year Ended December 31, 2014Market Revenues Cost ofRevenues Gross Margin OperatingCosts AdjustedMarketEBITDA Los Angeles $8,019,832 $2,259,611 $5,760,221 $1,932,611 $3,827,610 New York 7,810,019 2,616,041 5,193,978 1,328,111 3,865,867 Boston 5,663,256 1,598,896 4,064,360 823,425 3,240,935 Chicago 2,902,942 1,184,641 1,718,301 528,099 1,190,202 Miami 1,428,933 451,577 977,356 288,380 688,976 Las Vegas-Reno 988,565 491,875 496,690 136,356 360,334 Houston 697,467 265,819 431,648 104,549 327,099 San Francisco 1,103,604 480,409 623,195 304,406 318,789 Dallas-Fort Worth 637,831 390,615 247,216 151,347 95,869 Seattle 301,679 191,019 110,660 38,077 72,583 Providence-Newport 258,992 208,882 50,110 14,007 36,103 Nashville 1,903 12,642 (10,739) 2,331 (13,070)Philadelphia 121,158 99,602 21,556 55,696 (34,140)Total $29,936,181 $10,251,629 $19,684,552 $5,707,395 $13,977,157 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measure to GAAP Financial Measure Adjusted market EBITDA $13,977,157 Non-market specific Other expenses (1,141,850)Depreciation and amortization (8,697,630)Loss from discontinued operations (16,559,140)Corporate (13,418,909)Other income (expense) (1,672,846)Provision for income taxes (78,532)Net loss $(27,591,750) Year Ended December 31, 2013M arket Revenues Cost ofRevenues Gross Margin OperatingCosts AdjustedMarketEBITDA Los Angeles $8,197,925 $2,146,194 $6,051,731 $1,675,298 $4,376,433 Boston 6,508,812 1,460,425 5,048,387 917,559 4,130,828 New York 7,715,840 2,392,852 5,322,988 1,345,250 3,977,738 Chicago 3,273,174 1,161,474 2,111,700 488,619 1,623,081 Miami 1,553,933 433,818 1,120,115 417,986 702,129 Las Vegas-Reno 1,148,540 529,974 618,566 189,991 428,575 San Francisco 1,248,608 477,437 771,171 366,195 404,976 Houston 554,606 215,085 339,521 100,443 239,078 Providence-Newport 441,115 201,570 239,545 59,805 179,740 Seattle 389,839 192,561 197,278 101,929 95,349 Dallas-Fort Worth 681,812 399,465 282,347 257,212 25,135 Philadelphia 157,342 82,607 74,735 88,162 (13,427)Nashville 21,038 57,030 (35,992) 11,443 (47,435)Total $31,892,584 $9,750,492 $22,142,092 $6,019,892 $16,122,200 Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measure to GAAP Financial Measure Adjusted market EBITDA $16,122,200 Non-market specific Other expenses (958,432)Depreciation and amortization (11,062,809)Loss on discontinued operations (15,703,028)Corporate (13,881,047)Other income (expense) 786,358 Provision for income taxes (78,531)Net loss $(24,775,289) 25 Overview - Shared Wireless Infrastructure In January 2013, the Company incorporated a wholly-owned subsidiary, Hetnets Tower Corporation (“Hetnets”), to operate a new business designed toleverage its fixed wireless network in urban markets to provide other wireless technology solutions and services. Hetnets built a carrier-class network which offereda shared wireless infrastructure platform, primarily for (i) co-location of customer owned antenna and related equipment and (ii) Wi-Fi access and offloading. TheCompany referred to this as its “Shared Wireless Infrastructure” or “Shared Wireless” business. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company determined to exitthis business and curtailed activities in its smaller markets. The remaining network, located in New York City (or “NYC”), was the largest and had a lease accesscontract with a major cable company. As a result, the Company explored opportunities during the fourth quarter of 2015 and continuing into the first quarter of2016 to sell the New York City network. As further described in Note 18, on March 9, 2016, the Company completed a sale and transfer of certain assets to themajor cable company (the “Buyer”). The Asset Purchase Agreement provided that the Buyer would assume certain rooftop leases in NYC and acquire ownership ofthe Wi-Fi access points and related equipment associated with operating the network. The Company retained ownership of all backhaul and related equipment andthe parties entered into a backhaul services agreement under which the Company will provide bandwidth to the Buyer at the locations governed by the leases. Theagreement is for a three year period with two, one year renewals and is cancellable by the Buyer on sixty days’ notice. The operating results and cash flows forHetnets have been presented as discontinued operating results in these consolidated financial statements. Assets associated with the New York City network havebeen presented as Assets Held for Sale. Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014 Continuing Operations – Fixed Wireless Revenues. Revenues totaled $27,905,023 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $29,936,181 during the year ended December 31, 2014representing a decrease of $2,031,158, or 7%. The decrease principally related to a 7% decrease in the base of customers billed on a monthly recurring basis. InMarch 2015, we opened a second sales office in Florida and believe that our ability to recruit talent from an additional geographic area will increase the number ofaccount executives and improve sales productivity levels. Average revenue per user (“ARPU”) totaled $764 as of December 31, 2015 compared to $772 as of December 31, 2014 representing a decrease of $8, or 1%.ARPU for new customers totaled $640 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $639 during the year ended December 31, 2014 representing anincrease of $1, or less than 1%. ARPU for new customers can fluctuate from period to period. Customer churn, calculated as a percent of revenue lost on a monthly basis from customers terminating service or reducing their service level, totaled 1.88%during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 1.85% during the year ended December 31, 2014. Our goal is to maintain churn levels below industryaverages of approximately 2.00%. Churn levels can fluctuate from period to period depending upon whether customers move to a location not serviced by theCompany, go out of business, or a myriad of other reasons. Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues totaled $10,603,845 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $10,299,906 during the year ended December31, 2014 representing an increase of $303,939 or 3%. The increase primarily related to tower rents which increased by $428,863, or 5%. This increase was partiallyoffset by lower customer network costs which decreased by $131,251 or 18%. Gross margin for continuing operations totaled 62% for the 2015 period compared to66% for the 2014 period. Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization totaled $9,643,583 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $9,681,631 duringthe year ended December 31, 2014 representing a decrease of $38,048 or less than 1%. Depreciation expense totaled $9,251,312 during the year ended December31, 2015 compared to $8,792,662 during the year ended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $458,650, or 5%. The base of depreciable assets as ofDecember 31, 2015 increased approximately 10% compared to December 31, 2014, however, newly acquired assets will not have a full year of depreciation in theyear of acquisition which lessens the impact of a higher base on depreciation expense. The increase in the depreciable base during the year ended December 31,2015 primarily reflects continued investment in our network which totaled approximately $7.0 million. 26 Amortization expense totaled $392,272 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $888,969 during the year ended December 31, 2014representing a decrease of $496,697, or 56%. Amortization expense relates to customer related intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions and canfluctuate significantly from period to period depending upon the timing of acquisitions, the relative amounts of intangible assets recorded, and the amortizationperiods. The decrease related entirely to amortization associated with the Color Broadband acquisition which became fully amortized in April 2014. Customer Support Services. Customer support services totaled $4,425,764 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $4,127,294 during the yearended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $298,470 or 7%. The increase was primarily related to higher payroll costs as average headcount totaled 71during the 2015 period as compared to 69 during the 2014 period representing an increase of 2, or 3%. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses totaled $5,864,267 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $5,341,178 during the yearended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $523,089, or 10%. Compensation related costs, including sales commissions, totaled $4,034,985 during the2015 period as compared to $3,619,262 during the 2014 period representing an increase of $415,723, or 11%. Average headcount totaled 57 during the 2015 periodcompared to 37 during the 2014 period representing an increase of 20, or 53%. The increase in headcount related to hires in our new sales office in South Floridawhich opened during the first quarter of 2015 resulting in higher compensation costs. Channel commissions totaled $603,529 during the 2015 period as comparedto $440,281 during the 2014 period representing an increase of $163,248, or 37%. Sales through the channel comprised 34.1% of our total revenues in 2015compared to 22.7% in 2014 which resulted in higher channel commissions. Advertising costs totaled $1,052,623 during the 2015 period as compared to $1,122,246during the 2014 period representing a decrease of $69,623, or 6%. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses totaled $9,957,538 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $9,767,404during the year ended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $190,134, or 2%. Payroll costs totaled $2,923,290 during the 2015 period as compared to$3,350,728 during the 2014 period representing a decrease of $427,438, or 13%. Information technology support costs decreased to $1,044,683 during the 2015period compared to $1,363,271 during the 2014 period representing a decrease of $318,588, or 23%, as the Company internally absorbed certain functions thatwere previously provided by third parties. The Company recorded a charge of $534,555 in 2015 in connection with the carrying value of an FCC license that wasnot renewed due to an increased focus on the largest urban markets. Acquisition costs can vary from period to period based on activity levels and totaled $166,561in 2015 compared to $22,919 in 2014 representing an increase of $143,642. Facilities costs, including office expense, totaled $1,070,492 in the 2015 periodcompared to $904,327 in the 2014 period representing an increase of $166,165, or 18%. The Company opened a new sales office in South Florida in the firstquarter of 2015. Insurance expense totaled $545,705 in the 2015 period compared to $468,583 in the 2014 period, representing an increase of $77,122, or 16%,primarily related to higher workers’ compensation premiums. Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net totaled $6,652,786 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $1,672,846 during the year endedDecember 31, 2014 representing an increase of $4,979,940, or greater than 100%. The increase related to a full year of interest expense on the $35 million securedterm loan which closed in October 2014. Cash and non-cash interest expense in 2015 totaled $2,906,695 and $3,533,471, respectively. Non-cash interest expenseincluded payment-in-kind interest, and the amortization of (i) debt issuance costs, and (ii) discounts associated with (a) original issuance pricing and (b) fair valueof warrants issued in connection with the financing. Loss from Continuing Operations . Loss from continuing operations totaled $19,205,198 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $11,032,610during the year ended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $8,172,588, or 74%. Interest expense on our long term debt represented $4,979,940, or 61%,of the increased loss. Revenues decreased by $2,031,158 in 2015 which represented 25% of the increased loss. Higher operating expenses in 2015, which occurredacross all functional categories, represented $1,277,584, or 16%, of the increased loss. Discontinued Operations – Shared Wireless Revenues . Revenues for the Shared Wireless segment totaled $3,370,181 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $3,099,972 during the yearended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $270,209 or 9%. The increase was primarily related to higher revenues generated through a large cablecompany customer contract. Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues totaled $17,751,033 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $14,220,122 during the year ended December31, 2014 representing an increase of $3,530,911 or 25%. The increase related solely to higher rooftop rental expense in the 2015 period. Depreciation . . Depreciation totaled $4,032,219 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $3,957,784 during the year ended December 31, 2014representing an increase of $74,435 or 2%. 27 Customer Support Services. Customer support services totaled $710,368 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $683,208 during the yearended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $27,160 or 4%. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses totaled $145,954 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $229,013 during the year endedDecember 31, 2014 representing a decrease of $83,059, or 36%. The decrease related to certain sales management personnel who were employed for all of 2014but only part of 2015. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses totaled $2,008,211 during the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $568,985 duringthe year ended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $1,439,226, or greater than 100%. The Company recognized a loss of $1,618,540 on the disposal ofproperty and equipment in connection with the termination of business activities in certain markets. These costs were partially offset by a decrease in networkdevelopment payroll costs of $99,210 and the absence of bad debt charges as compared to $80,000 in the 2014 period. Loss from Discontinued Operations. Loss from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $21,277,604 compared to $16,559,140for the year ended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $4,718,464, or 28%. Cost of revenues represented $3,530,911, or 75%, of the increase related tohigher rooftop rental expenses. A loss of on the disposal of property and equipment in 2015, in connection with the termination of business activities in certainmarkets, represented $1,618,540, or 34%, of the increase. Higher revenues in the 2015 period offset these increases by 6%. Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2013 Continuing Operations – Fixed Wireless Revenues. Revenues totaled $29,936,181 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $31,892,584 during the year ended December 31, 2013representing a decrease of $1,956,403, or 6%. The decrease principally related to an 8% decrease in the base of customers billed on a monthly recurring basis. Newcustomer additions were adversely impacted by a 14% decrease in the number of account executives which averaged 31 during the year ended December 31, 2014compared to 36 during the year ended December 31, 2013. In March 2015, we opened a second sales office in Florida and believe that our ability to recruit talentfrom an additional geographic area will increase the number of account executives and improve sales productivity levels. Average revenue per user (“ARPU”) for the Fixed Wireless segment totaled $772 as of December 31, 2014 compared to $761 as of December 31, 2013representing an increase of $11, or 1%. The increase in ARPU primarily related to customers upgrading to higher bandwidth service which generates highermonthly recurring revenue. ARPU for new customers totaled $639 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $663 during the year ended December31, 2013 representing a decrease of $24, or 4%. Customer churn, calculated as a percent of revenue lost on a monthly basis from customers terminating service or reducing their service level, totaled 1.85%during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to 1.86% during the year ended December 31, 2013. Our goal is to maintain churn levels between 1.40% and1.70% which we believe is below industry averages of approximately 2.00%. Churn levels can fluctuate from period to period depending upon whether customersmove to a location not serviced by the Company, go out of business, or a myriad of other reasons. Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues totaled $10,299,906 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $9,874,066 during the year ended December31, 2013 representing an increase of $425,840 or 4%. The increase related to higher tower rents which increased by $602,034, or 9% partially offset by customermaintenance costs which decreased by $103,490 and lower network lease expenses which decreased by $55,937. Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization totaled $9,681,631 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $11,842,794 duringthe year ended December 31, 2013 representing a decrease of $2,161,163 or 18%. Depreciation expense totaled $8,792,662 during the year ended December 31,2014 compared to $8,748,977 during the year ended December 31, 2013 representing an increase of $43,685, or less than 1%. The base of depreciable assetsincreased approximately 10% during 2014, however, newly acquired assets will not have a full year of depreciation in the year of acquisition which lessens theimpact of a higher base on depreciation expense. The increase in the depreciable base during the year ended December 31, 2014 reflects continued growth in ournetwork (approximately $5,871,000), and additions resulting from other expenditures (approximately $384,000). Amortization expense totaled $888,969 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $3,093,817 during the year ended December 31, 2013representing a decrease of $2,204,848, or 71%. Amortization expense relates to customer related intangible assets recorded in connection with acquisitions and canfluctuate significantly from period to period depending upon the timing of acquisitions, the relative amounts of intangible assets recorded, and the amortizationperiods. The decrease was related to two acquisitions which had modest or no amortization in the 2014 period but full amortization in the 2013 period. Werecognized zero and $819,093 of amortization expense in the 2014 and 2013 periods, respectively, related to intangible assets associated with One Velocity whichbecame fully amortized in November 2013. In addition, we recognized $496,697 and $1,947,830 of amortization expense in the 2014 and 2013 periods,respectively, related to intangible assets associated with Color Broadband which became fully amortized in April 2014. These decreases were partially offset byhigher amortization expense associated with the Delos acquisition which was completed in February 2013, and for which $392,272 was recorded in the 2014 periodcompared to $326,894 in the 2013 period. 28 Customer Support Services. Customer support services totaled $4,127,294 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $4,113,459 during the yearended December 31, 2013 representing an increase of $13,745 or less than 1%. The decrease was primarily related to lower payroll costs as average headcountdecreased 3% to 69 during 2014 as compared to 71 during 2013. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses totaled $5,341,178 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $5,477,922 during the yearended December 31, 2013 representing a decrease of $136,744, or 2%. Compensation related costs, including sales commissions, totaled $3,815,222 during the2014 period as compared to $4,170,511 during the 2013 period representing a decrease of $355,289, or 9%. Average headcount totaled 41 during the 2014 periodcompared to 48 during the 2013 period representing a decrease of 7, or 15%. Channel commissions totaled $440,281 during the 2014 period as compared to$385,049 during the 2013 period representing an increase of $55,232, or 14%. Advertising costs totaled $1,132,845 during the 2014 period as compared to$1,100,353 during the 2013 period representing an increase of $32,492, or 3%. Other costs, including travel, entertainment, dues, and subscriptions totaled$181,843 during the 2014 period as compared to $123,588 during the 2013 period representing an increase of $58,255, or 47%. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses totaled $9,767,404 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $10,364,431during the year ended December 31, 2013 representing a decrease of $597,027, or 6%. Payroll costs totaled $3,350,728 during 2014 compared to $3,599,967 during2013 representing a decrease of $249,239, or 7%. Average headcount totaled 34 during the 2014 period compared to 37 during the 2013 period representing adecrease of 3, or 8%. Stock-based compensation totaled $960,490 during 2014 compared to $1,253,661 during 2013 representing a decrease of $293,171 or 23%.Stock-based compensation can fluctuate significantly from period to period depending on the timing, quantity and valuation of stock option grants. Facilitiesexpense totaled $408,490 during the 2014 period compared to $654,613 during the 2013 period representing a decrease of $246,123, or 38%. Office expensetotaled $495,837 during the 2014 period compared to $582,355 during the 2013 period representing a decrease of $86,518, or 15%. The Company consolidated itscorporate offices from two buildings to one building which has lowered its facilities costs and office expenses. Insurance expense totaled $468,583 during the 2014period compared to $278,899 during the 2013 period representing an increase of $189,684, or 68%. The increase primarily related to higher workers' compensationpremiums. Bad debt expense totaled $322,000 during the 2014 period compared to $85,000 during the 2013 period representing an increase of $237,000, or greaterthan 100%. Approximately two thirds of the increase related to a temporary link customer and one third related to a shared wireless customer which had paid forfifteen months of service prior to ceasing operations. Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net totaled $1,672,846 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $217,741 during the year endedDecember 31, 2013 representing an increase of $1,455,105, or greater than 100%. The increase related to the $35 million secured term loan which closed inOctober 2014. Cash and non-cash interest expense in 2014 totaled $591,111 and $877,460, respectively. Non-cash interest expense included payment-in-kindinterest, and the amortization of (i) debt issuance costs, and (ii) discounts associated with (a) original issuance pricing and (b) fair value of warrants issued inconnection with the financing. Gain on Business Acquisition. There was no gain on business acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $1,004,099 during the yearended December 31, 2013. The gain recognized in the 2013 period related to the acquisition of Delos in February 2013. We were able to acquire the customerrelationships and wireless network of Delos at a discounted price as the challenging economic environment during this period made it difficult for smallercompanies to raise capital to sustain their growth. Loss from Continuing Operations . Loss from continuing operations totaled $11,032,610 for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $9,072,261 forthe year ended December 31, 2013 representing an increase of $1,960,349, or 22%. Revenues decreased by $1,956,403 in 2014 which represented 100% of theincreased loss. Operating expenses decreased by $2,455, 259 in 2014 but this benefit was offset by interest expense which increased by $1,455,105 in 2014 and theabsence of gains on business acquisition which totaled $1,004,099 in 2013. Discontinued Operations – Shared Wireless Revenues. Revenues for the Shared Wireless segment totaled $3,099,972 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $1,540,700 during the yearended December 31, 2013 representing an increase of $1,559,272 or greater than 100%. The increase was primarily related to a full year of revenues recognized in2014 under a large cable company customer contract which commenced in July 2013. Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues totaled $14,220,122 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $11,980,097 during the year ended December31, 2013 representing an increase of $2,240,025 or 19%. Rents for street level rooftops for the Shared Wireless segment increased by approximately $2,282,000.The number of street level rooftops for the Shared Wireless segment were approximately 12% higher at December 31, 2014 compared to December 31, 2013. 29 Depreciation. Depreciation totaled $3,957,784 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $3,508,647 during the year ended December 31, 2013representing an increase of $449,137 or 13%. The base of depreciable assets increased approximately 10% during 2014. Customer Support Services. Customer support services totaled $683,208 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $784,780 during the yearended December 31, 2013 representing a decrease of $101,572 or 13%. Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses totaled $229,013 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $301,578 during the year endedDecember 31, 2013 representing a decrease of $72,565, or 24%. General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses totaled $568,985 during the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $668,626 duringthe year ended December 31, 2013 representing a decrease of $99,641, or 15%. Loss from Discontinued Operations. Loss from discontinued operations totaled $16,559,140 for the year ended December 31, 2014 compared to $15,703,028for the year ended December 31, 2013 representing an increase of $856,112, or 5%. Revenues increased by $1,559, 272 in 2015 but were offset by cost of revenueswhich increased by $2,240,025 in 2015. The net effect of these two items totaled $680,753 which represented 80% of the increased loss in 2015. Liquidity and Capital Resources We have historically met our liquidity and capital requirements primarily through the public sale and private placement of equity securities and debt financing.Changes in capital resources during the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 are described below. At February 28, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalentstotaling approximately $11,411,000. Net Cash Used In Operating Activities. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $15,253,754 compared to$13,413,128 for the year ended December 31, 2014 representing an increase of $1,840,626, or 14%. Revenues generated from continuing operations decreased to$27,905,023 in 2015 from $29,936,181 in 2014, representing a decrease of $2,031,158 which adversely impacted cash flows available to support operatingactivities. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 totaled $13,413,128 compared to $9,484,438 for the year ended December 31,2013 representing an increase of $3,928,690, or 41%. Revenues from continuing operations decreased to $29,936,181 in 2014 from $31,892,584 in 2013,representing a decrease of $1,956,403. Cost of revenues from discontinuing operations increased to $14,220,122 in 2014 from $11,980,097 in 2013, representing anincrease of $2,240,025. Net Cash Used in Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $6,683,405 compared to $7,036,756for the year ended December 31, 2014 representing a decrease of $353,351 or 5%. Cash capital expenditures from continuing operations increased to $6,487,040 inthe 2015 period from $5,086,298 in the 2014 period representing an increase of $1,400,742, or 28%. Cash capital expenditures from discontinued operationsdecreased to $240,248 in 2015 from $2,220,644 in the 2014 period. Capital expenditures can fluctuate from period to period depending upon the number ofcustomer additions and upgrades, network construction activity related to increasing capacity or coverage, and other related reasons. In addition, we received anincentive payment of $380,000 in the 2014 period from our landlord in connection with entering a new lease agreement for our corporate offices. These funds wereused to pay for qualified leasehold improvements to the facility. Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 totaled $7,036,756 compared to $7,562,464 for the year ended December 31, 2013representing a decrease of $525,708 or 7%. Cash capital expenditures for continuing operations decreased from $5,878,483 in the 2013 period to $5,086,298 in the2014 period representing a decrease of $792,185, or 13%. Cash capital expenditures for discontinued operations increased from $1,264,893 in the 2013 period to$2,220,644 in the 2014 period, representing an increase of $955,751, or 76%. Capital expenditures can fluctuate from period to period depending upon the numberof customer additions and upgrades, network construction activity related to increasing capacity or coverage, and other related reasons. In addition, we received anincentive payment of $380,000 in the 2014 period from our landlord in connection with entering a new lease agreement for our corporate offices. These funds wereused to pay for qualified leasehold improvements to the facility. Finally, we paid cash of $225,000 for the acquisition of Delos in the 2013 period. There were noacquisitions in the 2014 period. Net Cash (Used In) Provided by Financing Activities . Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $973,819 comparedto net cash provided by financing activities of $30,295,862 for the year ended December 31, 2014, representing a decrease of $31,269,681, or greater than 100%.We received net proceeds of $31,056,260 in the fourth quarter of 2014 in connection with a debt financing. 30 Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 totaled $30,295,862 compared to $30,076,207 for the year ended December31, 2013, representing an increase of $219,655, or 1%. We received net proceeds of $31,056,260 in the fourth quarter of 2014 in connection with a debt financing.We received net proceeds of $30,499,336 in the first quarter of 2013 in connection with the sale of 11,000,000 shares of our common stock at a public offeringprice of $3.00 per share. Acquisition of Delos. In February 2013, we completed the acquisition of Delos which was based in Houston, Texas. The aggregate consideration for theacquisition included (i) approximately $225,000 in cash, (ii) 385,124 shares of common stock with a fair value of approximately $951,000 based on the marketprice of our common stock on the closing date, and (iii) approximately $166,000 in assumed liabilities. The acquisition of Delos was a business combinationaccounted for under the acquisition method. Discontinued Operations . In January 2013, the Company incorporated a wholly-owned subsidiary, Hetnets Tower Corporation (“Hetnets”), to operate a newbusiness designed to leverage its fixed wireless network in urban markets to provide other wireless technology solutions and services. Hetnets built a carrier-classnetwork which offered a shared wireless infrastructure platform, primarily for (i) co-location of customer owned antenna and related equipment and (ii) Wi-Fiaccess and offloading. The Company referred to this as its “Shared Wireless Infrastructure” or “Shared Wireless” business. During the fourth quarter of 2015, theCompany determined to exit this business and curtailed activities in its smaller markets. The remaining network, located in New York City (or “NYC”), was thelargest and had a lease access contract with a major cable company. As a result, the Company explored opportunities during the fourth quarter of 2015 andcontinuing into the first quarter of 2016 to sell the New York City network. On March 9, 2016, the Company completed a sale and transfer of certain assets to amajor cable company (the “Buyer”). The Asset Purchase Agreement provided that the Buyer would assume certain rooftop leases in NYC and acquire ownership ofthe Wi-Fi access points and related equipment associated with operating the network. The Company retained ownership of all backhaul and related equipment andthe parties entered into a backhaul services agreement under which the Company will provide internet bandwidth to the Buyer at the locations governed by theleases. The agreement is for a three year period with two, one year renewals and is cancellable by the Buyer on sixty days’ notice. The operating results and cashflows for Hetnets have been presented as discontinued operating results in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The net effect of the Buyer (i)assuming certain rooftop leases, (ii) entering into a backhaul services agreement, and (iii) terminating the access agreement is projected to result in a net reductionin cash requirements of approximately $6 million annually. Underwritten Offering. In the first quarter of 2013, we completed an underwritten offering of 11,000,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering priceof $3.00 per share. The total gross proceeds were $33,000,000 and net proceeds were approximately $30,499,336, after underwriting discounts, commissions andoffering expenses. Debt Financing . In October 2014, we entered into a loan agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Melody Business Finance, LLC (the “Lender”). The Lenderprovided us with a five-year $35 million secured term loan (the “Financing”). The Financing was issued at a 3% discount and the Company incurred $2,893,739 indebt issuance costs. Net proceeds were $31,056,260. The loan bears interest at a rate equal to the greater of (i) the sum of the most recently effective one month LIBOR as in effect on each payment date plus 7%or (ii) 8% per annum, and additional paid in kind (“PIK”), or deferred, interest that accrues at 4% per annum. The aggregate principal amount outstanding plus all accrued and unpaid interest is due in October 2019. The Company has the option of making principalpayments (i) on or before October 16, 2016 (the “Second Anniversary”) but only for the full amount outstanding and (ii) after the Second Anniversary in minimumamount(s) of $5 million. In connection with the Loan Agreement and pursuant to a Warrant and Registration Rights Agreement, we issued warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase 3.6million shares of common stock of which two-thirds have an exercise price of $1.26 and one-third have an exercise price of $0.01, subject to standard anti-dilutionprovisions. The Warrants have a term of seven and a half years. We have agreed to include the shares of common stock underlying the Warrants in a registrationstatement that must be filed no later than December 31, 2016. Capital Resources. At December 31, 2015, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $15.1 million and working capital of approximately$13.5 million. Based on (i) current projections for revenues for its continuing operations, (ii) operating costs to support its continuing operations including theeffect of cost reduction measures that are being implemented, and (iii) capital expenditures to support the network infrastructure, the Company believes that itscurrent cash balances are sufficient to maintain operations and fulfill working capital requirements for the next twelve months from the date of filing this annualreport. The Company has historically financed operations through private and public placement of equity securities, as well as debt financings and capital leases.The Company's ability to fund its longer term cash requirements is subject to multiple risks, many of which are beyond its control. Should additional funding berequired, the Company may need to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or debt securities. There can be no assurances that the Company would besuccessful in raising additional capital. Contractual Obligations and Commitments The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and other commitments as of December 31, 2015: Payments due by period Total 2016 2017 2018 2019 20 20 Thereafter Operating leases $47,735,336 $19,885,917 $15,252,943 $8,286,819 $3,199,264 $741,907 $368,486 Long-term debt 36,748,903 - - - 36,748,903 - - Capital leases 2,092,035 1,110,428 837,811 143,796 - - - Total $86,576,274 $20,996,345 $16,090,754 $8,430,615 $39,948,167 $741,907 $368,486 Operating Leases. We have entered into operating leases related to roof rights, cellular towers, office space, and equipment leases under various non-cancelable agreements expiring through April 2025. Certain of these operating leases include extensions, at our option, for additional terms ranging from 1 to 25years. Amounts associated with the extension periods have not been included in the table above as it is not presently determinable which options, if any, we willelect to exercise. 31 Long-Term Debt . We have entered into a loan agreement with Melody Business Finance, LLC. The $35 million term loan becomes due in October 2019. Wehad $1,453,347 of accrued PIK interest as of December 31, 2015. Capital Leases. We have entered into capital leases to acquire network, rooftop tower site and customer premise equipment expiring through June 2018. Impact of Inflation, Changing Prices and Economic Conditions Pricing for many technology products and services have historically decreased over time due to the effect of product and process improvements andenhancements. In addition, economic conditions can affect the buying patterns of customers. In 2015, our customer base continued to upgrade to higher bandwidthproducts as business conditions and the general economy continued to improve. Customers continued to place a premium on value and performance. Pricing ofservices continued to be a focus for prospective buyers with multi-point and midrange product pricing remaining steady while competition for high capacity linksintensified. In part, pressure on high capacity links was due to decreased costs for equipment and some competitors willing to sacrifice margins. We believe thatour customers will continue to upgrade their bandwidth service. The continued migration of many business activities and functions to the Internet, and growing useof cloud computing should also result in increased bandwidth requirements over the long term. Inflation has remained relatively modest and has not had a materialimpact on our business in recent years. Critical Accounting Policies The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management tomake estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the amounts ofrevenues and expenses. Critical accounting policies are those that require the application of management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, oftenbecause of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. In preparing the financialstatements, we utilize available information, including our past history, industry standards and the current economic environment, among other factors, in formingour estimates and judgments, giving appropriate consideration to materiality. Actual results may differ from these estimates. In addition, other companies mayutilize different estimates which may impact the comparability of our results of operations to other companies in our industry. We believe that of our significantaccounting policies, the following may involve a higher degree of judgment and estimation, or are fundamentally important to our business. Revenue Recognition. We normally enter into contractual agreements with our customers for periods normally ranging between one to three years. Werecognize the total revenue provided under a contract ratably over the contract period including any periods under which we have agreed to provide services at nocost. Deferred revenues are recognized as a liability when billings are issued in advance of the date when revenues are earned. We recognize revenue when (i)persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery or installation has been completed, (iii) the customer accepts and verifies receipt, and (iv) collectabilityis reasonably assured. Long-Lived Assets . Long-lived assets with definite lives consist primarily of property and equipment, and intangible assets such as acquired customerrelationships. Long-lived assets are evaluated periodically for impairment or whenever events or circumstances indicate their carrying value may not berecoverable. Conditions that would result in an impairment charge include a significant decline in the fair value of an asset, a significant change in the extent ormanner in which an asset is used, or a significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable.When such events or circumstances arise, an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows produced by the asset, or the appropriate grouping of assets, iscompared to the asset’s carrying value to determine if impairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured based on theexcess of its carrying value over its fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying value or net realizable value. Business Acquisitions . Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the fair value of theconsideration transferred on the acquisition date. When we acquire a business, we assess the acquired assets and liabilities assumed for the appropriateclassification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions at the acquisition date. The excess of thetotal consideration transferred over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. If the total consideration is lower than thefair value of the identifiable net assets acquired, the difference is recognized as a gain on business acquisition. Acquisition costs are expensed and included ingeneral and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. The highest level of judgment and estimation involved in accounting for business acquisitions relates to determining the fair value of the customerrelationships and network assets acquired. In each of the five acquisitions completed over the past four years, the highest asset value has been allocated to thecustomer relationships acquired. Determining the fair value of customer relationships involves judgments and estimates regarding how long the customers willcontinue to contract services with us. During the course of completing five acquisitions, we have developed a database of historical experience from prioracquisitions to assist us in preparing future estimates of cash flows. Similarly, we have used our historical experience in building networks to prepare estimatesregarding the fair value of the network assets that we acquire. 32 Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in an acquisition. Goodwill isnot amortized but rather is reviewed annually for impairment, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Weinitially perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill which considers macro-economic conditions, industry and market trends, and the current and projectedfinancial performance of the reporting unit. No further analysis is required if it is determined that there is a less than 50 percent likelihood that the carrying value isgreater than the fair value. Asset Retirement Obligations. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance on asset retirement obligations addresses financial accountingand reporting for obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets and the associated costs. This guidance requires the recognition of an assetretirement obligation and an associated asset retirement cost when there is a legal obligation associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets. Ournetwork equipment is installed on both buildings in which we have a lease agreement (“Company Locations”) and at customer locations. In both instances, theinstallation and removal of our equipment is not complicated and does not require structural changes to the building where the equipment is installed. Costsassociated with the removal of our equipment at Company or customer locations are not material, and accordingly, we have determined that we do not presentlyhave asset retirement obligations under the FASB’s accounting guidance. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. We have no off-balance sheet arrangements, financings, or other relationships with unconsolidated entities known as“Special Purposes Entities.” Recent Accounting Pronouncements In April 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-08 (“ASU 2014-08”), “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) andProperty, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity.” Under the newguidance, only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations should be presented as discontinued operations. Those strategic shifts should have a majoreffect on the organization’s operations and financial results. The new standard was effective for us on January 1, 2015. During the fourth quarter of 2015, wedetermined to exit the shared wireless infrastructure business. We concluded that this represented a strategic shift in operations, and accordingly, have presentedthe operating results and cash flows for this business as a discontinued operation in our consolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which requires an entity to recognize revenuerepresenting the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the company expects to receive in exchangefor those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 is intended to establish principles for reporting useful information to users of financial statements about the nature,amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 will replace most existing revenuerecognition guidance in GAAP when it becomes effective. The new standard is effective for us on January 1, 2018. Early application is only permitted as ofJanuary 1, 2017. We are currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12 (“ASU 2014-12”), “Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That aPerformance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period,” which requires a performance target that affects vesting, and that could be achievedafter the requisite service period, be treated as a performance condition. ASU 2014-12 states that the performance target should not be reflected in estimating thegrant date fair value of the award. ASU 2014-12 clarifies that compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that theperformance target will be achieved and should represent the periods for which the requisite service has already been rendered. The new standard is effective for uson January 1, 2016. We do not expect adoption of ASU 2014-12 to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014–15 (“ASU 2014-15”), “Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern.” ASU 2014-15 providesGAAP guidance on management’s responsibility in evaluating whether there is substantial doubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern andabout related footnote disclosures. For each reporting period, management will be required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantialdoubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date the financial statements are issued. The new standard is effective forus on January 1, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2014–15 to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03 (“ASU 2015-03”), “Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation ofDebt Issuance Costs.” ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deductionfrom the carrying amount of the related debt liability, consistent with debt discounts, instead of being presented as an asset. ASU 2015-03 is effective for us onJanuary 1, 2016. Once adopted, entities are required to apply the new guidance retrospectively to all prior periods presented. The retrospective applicationrepresents a change in accounting principle. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. We are currently evaluatingthe effect that ASU 2015-03 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-07 (“2015-07”), “Fair Value Measurement.” ASU 2015-07 removes the requirement to categorize within thefair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments also remove therequirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. ASU2015-07 is effective for us on January 1, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2015–07 to have a significant impact on ourconsolidated financial statements. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16 (“ASU 2015-16”), “Business Combinations (Topic 805), Simplifying the Accounting forMeasurement-Period Adjustments”. The update requires that the acquirer in a business combination recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that areidentified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined (not retrospectively as with prior guidance).Additionally, the acquirer must record in the same period’s financial statements the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other incomeeffects as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the time of acquisition. The acquiring entity isrequired to disclose, on the face of the financial statements or in the footnotes to the financial statements, the portion of the amount recorded in current periodearnings, by financial statement line item, that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had beenrecognized as of the acquisition date. ASU 2015-16 is effective for us on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impacton our consolidated financial statements. 33 In November 2015, the FASB has issued an update to ASU No. 2015-17 (“ASU 2015-17”) “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification ofDeferred Taxes.” The update requires a company to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The update of ASU 2015-17 is effective for us onJanuary 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption of the update of ASU 2015–17 to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 (“ASU 2016-01”), “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10)”. ASU 2016-01 updates certainaspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The new guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2018. We do notexpect the adoption of ASU 2016–01 to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02), “Leases (Topic 842).” ASU 2016-02 requires a lessee to recognize a lease liability for theobligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. ASU 2016-02 is effective for us on January 1,2019. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-02 will have on our consolidated financial statements and relateddisclosures. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Market Rate Risk Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices. Our primary market risk relates to interest rates. At December 31,2015, all cash and cash equivalents are immediately available cash balances. A portion of our cash and cash equivalents are held in institutional money marketfunds. Interest Rate Risk Our interest rate risk exposure is to a decline in interest rates which would result in a decline in interest income. Due to our current market yields, a furtherdecline in interest rates would not have a material impact on earnings. Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk We do not have any material foreign currency exchange rate risk. 34 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESIndex to Consolidated Financial Statements PageReport of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm36 Consolidated Balance Sheets37 Consolidated Statements of Operations38 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity39 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows40 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements41 35 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Audit Committee of theBoard of Directors and Shareholders ofTowerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Towerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2015 and2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Thesefinancial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on ouraudits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that weplan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit also includesexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significantestimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for ouropinion. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Towerstream Corporation andSubsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and2013 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Towerstream Corporation andSubsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issuedby the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013 and our report dated, March 18, 2016, expressed an unqualified opinion onthe effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ Marcum LLPMarcum LLPNew York, NYMarch 18, 2016 36 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS As of December 31, 2015 2014 Assets Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents $15,116,531 $38,027,509 Accounts receivable, net 308,551 587,078 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 474,029 314,129 Current assets of discontinued operations 1,248,569 1,336,139 Current assets held for sale 5,315,107 7,875,241 Total Current Assets 22,462,787 48,140,096 Property and equipment, net 21,235,384 23,146,977 Intangible assets, net 1,273,030 2,199,858 Goodwill 1,674,281 1,674,281 Other assets 2,075,778 2,989,208 Long-term assets of discontinued operations - 4,171,418 Total Assets $48,721,260 $82,321,838 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current Liabilities Accounts payable $877,134 $757,208 Accrued expenses 1,629,218 1,955,878 Deferred revenues 1,486,754 1,384,846 Current maturities of capital lease obligations 992,690 845,668 Current liabilities of discontinued operations 3,907,368 196,861 Other 63,012 57,242 Total Current Liabilities 8,956,176 5,197,703 Long-Term Liabilities Long-term debt, net of debt discount of $2,053,520 and $3,194,147, respectively 34,695,383 32,101,409 Capital lease obligations, net of current maturities 932,826 1,285,858 Other 1,591,188 1,774,841 Total Long-Term Liabilities 37,219,397 35,162,108 Total Liabilities 46,175,573 40,359,811 Commitments (Note 16) Stockholders' Equity Preferred stock, par value $0.001; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued - - Common stock, par value $0.001; 200,000,000 and 95,000,000 shares authorized, respectively; 66,810,149 and66,656,789 shares issued and outstanding, respectively 66,810 66,657 Additional paid-in-capital 158,697,608 157,631,299 Accumulated deficit (156,218,731) (115,735,929)Total Stockholders' Equity 2,545,687 41,962,027 Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity $48,721,260 $82,321,838 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements 37 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenues $27,905,023 $29,936,181 $31,892,584 Operating Expenses Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation) 10,603,845 10,299,906 9,874,066 Depreciation and amortization 9,643,583 9,681,631 11,842,794 Customer support services 4,425,764 4,127,294 4,113,459 Sales and marketing 5,864,267 5,341,178 5,477,922 General and administrative 9,957,538 9,767,404 10,364,431 Total Operating Expenses 40,494,997 39,217,413 41,672,672 Operating Loss (12,589,974) (9,281,232) (9,780,088)Other Income/(Expense) Interest expense, net (6,652,786) (1,672,846) (217,741)Gain on business acquisition - - 1,004,099 Total Other Income/(Expense) (6,652,786) (1,672,846) 786,358 Loss before income taxes (19,242,760) (10,954,078) (8,993,730)(Provision) benefit for income taxes 37,562 (78,532) (78,531)Loss from continuing operations (19,205,198) (11,032,610) (9,072,261)Loss from discontinued operations (21,277,604) (16,559,140) (15,703,028)Net Loss $(40,482,802) $(27,591,750) $(24,775,289) Loss per share – basic and diluted Continuing $(0.28) $(0.16) $(0.14)Discontinued (0.32) (0.25) (0.24)Net loss per share – basic and diluted $(0.60) $(0.41) $(0.38) Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted 67,931,666 66,803,767 65,181,310 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 38 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITYFor the Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Common Stock Additional Shares Amount Paid-In- Capital Accumulated Deficit Total Balance at December 31, 2012 $54,670,712 $54,671 $121,118,127 (63,368,890) $57,803,908 Cashless exercise of options 37,770 38 (38) - - Exercise of options 284,688 285 292,104 - 292,389 Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 31,267 31 80,687 - 80,718 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stockawards 15,000 15 (15) - - Net proceeds from issuance of common stock 11,000,000 11,000 30,488,336 - 30,499,336 Issuance of common stock for business acquisition 385,124 385 950,871 - 951,256 Stock-based compensation for options - - 1,182,523 - 1,182,523 Stock-based compensation for restricted stock - - 59,100 - 59,100 Net loss - - - (24,775,289) (24,775,289)Balance at December 31, 2013 66,424,561 66,425 154,171,695 (88,144,179) 66,093,941 Cashless exercise of options 192,270 192 (192) - - Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 24,958 25 46,903 - 46,928 Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stockawards 15,000 15 (15) - - Stock-based compensation for options - - 953,470 - 953,470 Fair value of options repurchased - - (3,793) - (3,793)Debt discount associated with warrants issued in connection withissuance of debt - - 2,463,231 - 2,463,231 Net loss - - - (27,591,750) (27,591,750)Balance at December 31, 2014 66,656,789 66,657 157,631,299 (115,735,929) 41,962,027 Cashless exercise of options 96,594 96 (96) - - Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 56,766 57 49,700 - 49,757 Stock-based compensation for options - - 1,016,705 - 1,016,705 Net loss - - - (40,482,802) (40,482,802)Balance at December 31, 2015 66,810,149 $66,810 $158,697,608 $(156,218,731) $2,545,687 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 39 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESCONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the Years Ended December 31, 201 5 201 4 2013 Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net Loss $(40,482,802) $(27,591,750) $(24,775,289)Loss from discontinued operations 21,277,604 16,559,140 15,703,028 Loss from continuing operations (19,205,198) (11,032,610) (9,072,261)Adjustments to reconcile loss from continuing operations to net cash used inoperating activities: Provision (benefit) for income taxes (37,562) 78,532 78,531 Provision for doubtful accounts 132,000 322,000 85,000 Depreciation for property, plant and equipment 9,251,311 8,792,662 8,748,977 Amortization for customer based intangibles 392,272 888,969 3,093,817 Amortization of debt issuance costs 939,498 262,820 - Amortization of debt discount 1,140,627 319,084 - Accrued interest 1,453,347 295,556 - Stock-based compensation 1,024,246 960,490 1,253,661 Impairment of intangible assets 534,555 - - Gain on business acquisition - - (1,004,099)Loss on sale and disposition of property and equipment - - 120,644 Deferred rent (139,430) 376,860 575,541 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable 146,527 (514,043) 208,506 Prepaid expenses and other current assets (159,901) 80,377 (513,247)Other assets (70,841) 4,144 1,935,801 Account payable 119,925 (278,408) (157,359)Accrued expenses 19,486 (598,586) (1,913,078)Deferred revenues 101,908 (11,934) (120,659)Total Adjustments 14,847,968 10,978,523 12,392,036 Net Cash (Used In) Provided By Continuing Operating Activities (4,357,230) (54,087) 3,319,775 Net Cash Used In Discontinued Operating Activities (10,896,524) (13,359,041) (12,804,213)Net Cash Used In Operating Activities (15,253,754) (13,413,128) (9,484,438) Cash Flows From Investing Activities Acquisitions of property and equipment (6,487,040) (5,086,298) (5,878,483)Lease incentive payment from landlord 10,626 380,000 - Acquisition of a business, net of cash acquired - - (222,942)Proceeds from sale of property and equipment - - 18,365 (Payments) refund of security deposits (7,950) (44,618) 359,358 Deferred acquisition payments (11,517) (67,246) (162,987)Net Cash Used in Continuing Investing Activities (6,495,881) (4,818,162) (5,886,689) Net Cash Used In Discontinued Investing Activities (187,524) (2,218,594) (1,675,775)Net Cash Used In Investing Activities (6,683,405) (7,036,756) (7,562,464) Cash Flows From Financing Activities Payments on capital leases (1,016,035) (796,513) (784,198)Proceeds upon exercise of options - - 292,389 Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 42,216 39,908 68,680 Net proceeds from debt financing - 31,056,260 - Fair value of options repurchased - (3,793) - Net proceeds from sale of common stock - - 30,499,336 Net Cash (Used In) Provided By Continuing Financing Activities (973,819) 30,295,862 30,076,207 Net Cash (Used In) Provided By Discontinued Financing Activites - - - Net Cash (Used In) Provided By Financing Activities (973,819) 30,295,862 30,076,207 Net (Decrease) Increase In Cash and Cash Equivalents Continuing Operations (11,826,930) 25,423,613 27,509,293 Discontinued Operations (11,084,048) (15,577,635) (14,479,988) Net (Decrease) Increase In Cash and Cash Equivalents (22,910,978) 9,845,978 13,029,305 Cash and Cash Equivalents – Beginning of year 38,027,509 28,181,531 15,152,226 Cash and Cash Equivalents – Ending of year $15,116,531 $38,027,509 $28,181,531 Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information Cash paid during the periods for: Interest $3,163,976 $833,364 $220,634 Taxes $24,028 $24,609 $21,619 Non-cash investing and financing activities: Fair value of common stock issued for an acquisition $- $- $951,256 Acquisition of property and equipment: Under capital leases $810,026 $339,652 $80,894 Included in accrued expenses $178,134 $524,280 $867,311 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 40 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1. Organization and Nature of Business Towerstream Corporation (referred to as “Towerstream” or the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware in December 1999. During its first decade ofoperations, the Company’s business activities were focused on delivering fixed wireless broadband services to commercial customers over a wireless networktransmitting over both licensed and unlicensed radio spectrum. The Company’s fixed wireless service supports bandwidth on demand, wireless redundancy, virtualprivate networks, disaster recovery, bundled data and video services. The Company provides services to business customers in New York City, Boston, Chicago,Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Miami, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Philadelphia, Las Vegas-Reno and Providence-Newport. The Company’s “FixedWireless business” has historically grown both organically and through the acquisition of five other fixed wireless broadband providers in various markets. In January 2013, the Company incorporated a wholly-owned subsidiary, Hetnets Tower Corporation (“Hetnets”), to operate a new business designed toleverage its fixed wireless network in urban markets to provide other wireless technology solutions and services. Hetnets built a carrier-class network which offereda shared wireless infrastructure platform, primarily for (i) co-location of customer owned antenna and related equipment and (ii) Wi-Fi access and offloading. TheCompany referred to this as its “Shared Wireless Infrastructure” or “Shared Wireless” business. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company determined to exitthis business and curtailed activities in its smaller markets. The remaining network, located in New York City (or “NYC”), was the largest and had a lease accesscontract with a major cable company. As a result, the Company explored opportunities during the fourth quarter of 2015 and continuing into the first quarter of2016 to sell the New York City network. As further described in Note 18, on March 9, 2016, the Company completed a sale and transfer of certain assets to themajor cable company (the “Buyer”). The Asset Purchase Agreement provided that the Buyer would assume certain rooftop leases in NYC and acquire ownership ofthe Wi-Fi access points and related equipment associated with operating the network. The Company retained ownership of all backhaul and related equipment andthe parties entered into a backhaul services agreement under which the Company will provide bandwidth to the Buyer at the locations governed by the leases. Theagreement is for a three year period with two, one year renewals and is cancellable by the Buyer on sixty days’ notice. The operating results and cash flows forHetnets have been presented as discontinued operating results in these consolidated financial statements. Assets associated with the New York City network havebeen presented as Assets Held for Sale. Note 2. Liquidity and Management Plans At December 31, 2015, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $15.1 million and working capital of approximately $13.5 million. Basedon (i) current projections for revenues for its continuing operations, (ii) operating costs to support its continuing operations including the effect of cost reductionmeasures that are being implemented, and (iii) capital expenditures to support the network infrastructure, the Company believes that its current cash balances aresufficient to maintain operations and fulfill working capital requirements for the next twelve months from the date of filing this annual report. The Company hashistorically financed operations through private and public placement of equity securities, as well as debt financings and capital leases. The Company's ability tofund its longer term cash requirements is subject to multiple risks, many of which are beyond its control. Should additional funding be required, the Company mayneed to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or debt securities. There can be no assurances that the Company would be successful in raising additionalcapital. Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompanybalances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requiresmanagement to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and theamounts of revenues and expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Key estimates include fair value of certain financial instruments, carrying valueof intangible assets, reserves for accounts receivable and accruals for liabilities. Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cashequivalents. Concentration of Credit Risk. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and cashequivalents. At times, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents may be uninsured or in deposit accounts that exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(“FDIC”) insurance limits. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had cash and cash equivalent balances of approximately $14,596,000 in excess of the federallyinsured limit of $250,000. 41 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Accounts Receivable . Accounts receivable are stated at cost less an allowance for doubtful accounts which reflects the Company’s estimate of balances thatwill not be collected. The allowance is based on the history of past write-offs, the aging of balances, collections experience and current credit conditions. Additionsinclude provisions for doubtful accounts and deductions include customer write-offs. Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts were as follows: For the Years Ended December 31, 201 5 201 4 2013 Beginning $59,273 $81,009 $190,109 Additions 132,000 322,000 85,000 Deductions (98,410) (343,736) (194,100)Ending $92,863 $59,273 $81,009 Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost and include equipment, installation costs and materials. Depreciation is calculated on astraight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the useful lives or the term of therespective lease. Network, base station, shared wireless infrastructure and customer premise equipment are depreciated over estimated useful lives of 5 years;furniture, fixtures and other from 3 to 5 years and information technology from 3 to 5 years. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs which do not extend the useful life of the assets are charged to expense as incurred. Gains or losses on disposals ofproperty and equipment are reflected in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. FCC Licenses. Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) licenses are initially recorded at cost and are considered to be intangible assets with anindefinite life because the Company is able to maintain the license indefinitely as long as it complies with certain FCC requirements. The Company intends to andhas demonstrated an ability to maintain compliance with such requirements. The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) guidance on goodwill andother intangible assets states that an asset with an indefinite useful life is not amortized. However, as further described in the next paragraph, these assets arereviewed annually for impairment. Long-Lived Assets . Long-lived assets with definitive lives consist primarily of property and equipment, and certain intangible assets. Long-lived assets areevaluated periodically for impairment, or whenever events or circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. Conditions that would result in animpairment charge include a significant decline in the fair value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or a significantadverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets is not recoverable. When such events or circumstances arise, an estimateof the future undiscounted cash flows produced by the asset, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the asset’s carrying value to determine ifimpairment exists. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured based on the excess of its carrying value over its fair value. Assets tobe disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying value or net realizable value. The FASB’s guidance on asset retirement obligations addresses financial accounting and reporting for obligations associated with the retirement of tangiblelong-lived assets and the associated costs. This guidance requires the recognition of an asset retirement obligation and an associated asset retirement cost whenthere is a legal obligation associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets. The Company’s network equipment is installed on both buildings in whichthe Company has a lease agreement (“Company Locations”) and at customer locations. In both instances, the installation and removal of the Company’s equipmentis not complicated and does not require structural changes to the building where the equipment is installed. Costs associated with the removal of the Company’sequipment at company or customer locations are not material, and accordingly, the Company has determined that it does not presently have asset retirementobligations under the FASB’s accounting guidance. Business Acquisitions . Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the fair value of theconsideration transferred on the acquisition date. When the Company acquires a business, it assesses the acquired assets and liabilities assumed for the appropriateclassification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions at the acquisition date. The excess of thetotal consideration transferred over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. If this consideration is lower than the fairvalue of the identifiable net assets acquired, the difference is recognized as a gain on business acquisition. Acquisition costs are expensed and included in generaland administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The highest level of judgment and estimation involved in accounting for business acquisitions relates to determining the fair value of the customerrelationships and network assets acquired. In each of the five acquisitions completed over the past four years, the highest asset value has been allocated to thecustomer relationships acquired. Determining the fair value of customer relationships involves judgments and estimates regarding how long the customers willcontinue to contract services with the Company. During the course of completing five acquisitions, the Company has developed a database of historical experiencefrom prior acquisitions to assist in preparing future estimates of cash flows. Similarly, the Company has used its historical experience in building networks toprepare estimates regarding the fair value of the network assets that it acquires. 42 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in an acquisition. Goodwill isnot amortized but rather is reviewed annually for impairment, or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. TheCompany initially performs a qualitative assessment of goodwill which considers macro-economic conditions, industry and market trends, and the current andprojected financial performance of the reporting unit. No further analysis is required if it is determined that there is a less than 50 percent likelihood that thecarrying value is greater than the fair value. The Company completed a qualitative and quantitative assessment and determined that there was no impairment ofgoodwill as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Fair Value of Financial Instruments. The Company has categorized its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy inaccordance with the FASB’s guidance. Fair value is defined as an exit price, the amount that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid upon the transferof a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The degree of judgment utilized in measuring the fair value of assetsand liabilities generally correlates to the level of pricing observability. Financial assets and liabilities with readily available, actively quoted prices or for which fairvalue can be measured from actively quoted prices in active markets generally have more pricing observability and require less judgment in measuring fair value.Conversely, financial assets and liabilities that are rarely traded or not quoted have less price observability and are generally measured at fair value using valuationmodels that require more judgment. These valuation techniques involve some level of management estimation and judgment, the degree of which is dependent onthe price transparency of the asset, liability or market and the nature of the asset or liability. Income Taxes. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future taxconsequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, andoperating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the yearsin which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognizedin operations in the period enacted. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that a portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income and the reversal of deferred tax liabilities during the periodin which related temporary differences become deductible. The benefit of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the Company’s income tax returns arerecognized in the consolidated financial statements if such positions are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. Revenue Recognition. The Company normally enters into contractual agreements with its customers for periods ranging between one to three years. TheCompany recognizes the total revenue provided under a contract ratably over the contract period, including any periods under which the Company has agreed toprovide services at no cost. The Company applies the revenue recognition principles set forth under the United States Securities and Exchange Commission StaffAccounting Bulletin 104, (“SAB 104”) which provides for revenue to be recognized when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) delivery orinstallation has been completed, (iii) the customer accepts and verifies receipt, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Deferred Revenues. Customers are billed monthly in advance. Deferred revenues are recognized for that portion of monthly charges not yet earned as of theend of the reporting period. Deferred revenues are also recognized for certain customers who pay for their services in advance. Advertising Costs. The Company charges advertising costs to expense as incurred. Advertising costs for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013were approximately $1,058,000, $1,133,000 and $1,100,000, respectively, and are included in sales and marketing expenses in the Company’s consolidatedstatements of operations. Stock-Based Compensation. The Company accounts for stock-based awards issued to employees in accordance with FASB guidance. Such awards primarilyconsist of options to purchase shares of common stock. The fair value of stock-based awards is determined on the grant date using a valuation model. The fair valueis recognized as compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight line basis over the service period which is normally the vesting period. Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share. Basic and diluted net loss per share has been calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average number ofcommon shares outstanding during the period. All potentially dilutive common shares have been excluded since their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share because they were anti-dilutive. Theexercise of these common stock equivalents would dilute earnings per shares if the Company becomes profitable in the future. Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Stock options 4,340,042 3,997,695 4,055,016 Warrants 2,850,000 2,850,000 450,000 Total 7,190,042 6,847,695 4,505,016 43 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Reclassifications. Certain accounts in the prior years’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to thepresentation in the current year’s consolidated financial statements. These reclassifications have no effect on the previously reported net loss. Segments . The Company determined that the Shared Wireless Infrastructure and Fixed Wireless businesses represented separate business segments. Inaddition, the Company established a Corporate Group so that centralized operating and administrative activities which supported both businesses could be reportedseparately. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company determined to exit the Shared Wireless Infrastructure business. As a result, its operating results for allperiods presented are being reported as discontinued operations in these financial statements. The operating results of the Fixed Wireless business are beingreported as continuing operations. Costs associated with the Corporate Group are included in continuing operations. Recent Accounting Pronouncements. In April 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-08 (“ASU 2014-08”), “Presentation ofFinancial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals ofComponents of an Entity.” Under the new guidance, only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations should be presented as discontinued operations.Those strategic shifts should have a major effect on the organization’s operations and financial results. The new standard was effective for the Company on January1, 2015. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company determined to exit the shared wireless infrastructure business. The Company concluded that thisrepresented a strategic shift in operations, and accordingly, has presented the operating results and cash flows for this business as a discontinued operation in theseconsolidated financial statements. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which requires an entity to recognize revenuerepresenting the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the company expects to receive in exchangefor those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 is intended to establish principles for reporting useful information to users of financial statements about the nature,amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 will replace most existing revenuerecognition guidance in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) when it becomes effective. The new standard is effective for the Company onJanuary 1, 2018. Early application is only permitted as of January 1, 2017. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on itsconsolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12 (“ASU 2014-12”), “Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That aPerformance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period,” which requires a performance target that affects vesting, and that could be achievedafter the requisite service period, be treated as a performance condition. ASU 2014-12 states that the performance target should not be reflected in estimating thegrant date fair value of the award. ASU 2014-12 clarifies that compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that theperformance target will be achieved and should represent the periods for which the requisite service has already been rendered. The new standard is effective forthe Company on January 1, 2016. The Company does not expect adoption of ASU 2014-12 to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014–15 (“ASU 2014-15”), “Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern.” ASU 2014-15 providesGAAP guidance on management’s responsibility in evaluating whether there is substantial doubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern andabout related footnote disclosures. For each reporting period, management will be required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantialdoubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date the financial statements are issued. The new standard is effective forthe Company on January 1, 2017. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2014–15 to have a significant impact on its consolidated financialstatements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03 (“ASU 2015-03”), “Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation ofDebt Issuance Costs.” ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deductionfrom the carrying amount of the related debt liability, consistent with debt discounts, instead of being presented as an asset. ASU 2015-03 is effective for theCompany on January 1, 2016. Once adopted, entities are required to apply the new guidance retrospectively to all prior periods presented. The retrospectiveapplication represents a change in accounting principle. Early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. The Company iscurrently evaluating the effect that ASU 2015-03 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-07 (“2015-07”), “Fair Value Measurement.” ASU 2015-07 removes the requirement to categorize within thefair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments also remove therequirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. ASU2015-07 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2015–07 to have asignificant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16 (“ASU 2015-16”), “Business Combinations (Topic 805), Simplifying the Accounting forMeasurement-Period Adjustments”. The update requires that the acquirer in a business combination recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that areidentified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined (not retrospectively as with prior guidance).Additionally, the acquirer must record in the same period’s financial statements the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other incomeeffects as a result of the change to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the time of acquisition. The acquiring entity isrequired to disclose, on the face of the financial statements or in the footnotes to the financial statements, the portion of the amount recorded in current periodearnings, by financial statement line item, that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had beenrecognized as of the acquisition date. ASU 2015-16 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have amaterial impact on its consolidated financial statements. 44 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16 (“ASU 2015-16”), “Business Combinations (Topic 805), Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments”. The update requires that the acquirer in a business combination recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during themeasurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined (not retrospectively as with prior guidance). Additionally, the acquirermust record in the same period’s financial statements the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects as a result of thechange to the provisional amounts, calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the time of acquisition. The acquiring entity is required to disclose, on theface of the financial statements or in the footnotes to the financial statements, the portion of the amount recorded in current period earnings, by financial statementline item, that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date.ASU 2015-16 is effective for the Company on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financialstatements. In November 2015, the FASB has issued an update to ASU No. 2015-17 (“ASU 2015-17”) “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification ofDeferred Taxes.” The update requires a company to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent. The update of ASU 2015-17 is effective for theCompany on January 1, 2018. The Company does not expect the adoption of the update of ASU 2015–17 to have a significant impact on its consolidated financialstatements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 (“ASU 2016-01”), “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10)”. ASU 2016-01 updates certainaspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The new guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2018. The Companydoes not expect the adoption of ASU 2016–01 to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02), “Leases (Topic 842).” ASU 2016-02 requires a lessee to recognize a lease liability for theobligation to make lease payments and a right-to-use asset for the right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. ASU 2016-02 is effective for the Company onJanuary 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-02 will have on its consolidated financial statements. Note 4. Business Acquisitions Delos Internet In February 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of Delos Internet (“Delos”). The Company obtained full control of Delos and determined that theacquisition was a business combination to be accounted for under the acquisition method. The following table summarizes the consideration transferred and theamounts of identified assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date. The number of shares issued was determined based on the closing price of theCompany’s common stock on the February 28, 2013 closing date which was $2.47. Original Adjustments Final Fair value of consideration transferred: Cash $225,000 $- $225,000 Common stock 1,071,172 (119,916) 951,256 Other liabilities assumed - 36,733 36,733 Capital lease obligations assumed 128,929 - 128,929 Total consideration transferred 1,425,101 (83,183) 1,341,918 Fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed: Cash 2,058 - 2,058 Accounts receivable 80,524 1,286 79,238 Property and equipment 826,524 18,824 807,700 Security deposits 1,993 - 1,993 Accounts payable (26,970) 2,566 (29,536)Deferred revenue (62,110) (2,135) (59,975)Other liabilities (89,930) - (89,930)Total identifiable net tangible assets 732,089 20,541 711,548 Customer relationships 1,634,469 - 1,634,469 Total identifiable net assets 2,366,558 20,541 2,346,017 Gain on business acquisition $941,457 $62,642 $1,004,099 The Company recognized a gain on business acquisition of $1,004,099 which is included in other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statementsof operations for the year ended December 31, 2013. The challenging economic environment during 2012 made it difficult for smaller companies like Delos toraise sufficient capital to sustain their growth. As a result, the Company was able to acquire the customer relationships and wireless network of Delos at adiscounted price. In May 2013, the Company finalized the purchase price of Delos which resulted in a reduction of approximately $21,000 of identifiable net assets and anincrease in the gain on business acquisition of approximately $63,000. The purchase price adjustment resulted in a decrease in the number of shares of commonstock issued to Delos of 48,549 from 433,673 to 385,124 shares. The results of operations of Delos have been included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations since the completion of the acquisition inFebruary 2013. Revenues generated from customers acquired from Delos totaled approximately $517,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company incurred approximately $99,000 of third-party costs in connection with the Delos acquisition. Theseexpenses are included in the general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. 45 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUEDPro Forma Information The following table reflects the unaudited pro forma results from continuing operations had the Delos acquisition taken place at the beginning of the 2013period: Year EndedDecember 31, 2013 Revenues $32,005,154 Amortization expense 3,159,196 Total operating expenses 41,844,651 Net loss (9,131,670)Basic net loss per share $(0.14) The pro forma information presented above does not purport to present what actual results would have been had the Delos acquisition actually occurred at thebeginning of 2013 nor does the information project results for any future period. Note 5. Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale In January 2013, the Company incorporated a wholly-owned subsidiary, Hetnets Tower Corporation (“Hetnets”), to operate a new business designed toleverage its fixed wireless network in urban markets to provide other wireless technology solutions and services. Hetnets built a carrier-class network which offereda shared wireless infrastructure platform, primarily for (i) co-location of customer owned antenna and related equipment and (ii) Wi-Fi access and offloading. TheCompany referred to this as its “Shared Wireless Infrastructure” or “Shared Wireless” business. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company determined to exitthis business and curtailed activities in its smaller markets, and recognized charges of $3,284,466 representing the estimated cost to settle lease obligations,$1,618,540 to write-off network assets which could not be redeployed into the fixed wireless network, $45,114 related to security deposits which are not expectedto be recovered, and $410,991 related to the accelerated expensing of deferred acquisition costs. The remaining network, located in New York City (or “NYC”),was the largest and had a lease access contract with a major cable company. As a result, the Company explored opportunities during the fourth quarter of 2015 andcontinuing into the first quarter of 2016 to sell the New York City network. As further described in Note 18, on March 9, 2016, the Company completed a sale andtransfer of certain assets to the major cable company (the “Buyer”). The Asset Purchase Agreement provided that the Buyer would assume certain rooftop leases inNYC and acquire ownership of the Wi-Fi access points and related equipment associated with operating the network. The Company retained ownership of allbackhaul and related equipment and the parties entered into a backhaul services agreement under which the Company will provide internet bandwidth to the Buyerat the locations governed by the leases. The agreement is for a three year period with two, one year renewals and is cancellable by the Buyer on sixty days’ notice.The operating results and cash flows for Hetnets have been presented as discontinued operating results in these consolidated financial statements. Assets associatedwith the New York City network have been presented as Assets Held for Sale. Discontinued Operations A more detailed presentation of loss from discontinued operations is set forth below. There has been no allocation of consolidated interest expense todiscontinued operations. General and administrative expenses for 2015 includes $1,618,540 to write-off network assets which could not be deployed. Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenues $3,370,181 $3,099,972 $1,540,700 Operating expenses: Cost of revenues 17,751,033 14,220,122 11,980,097 Depreciation and amortization 4,032,219 3,957,784 3,508,647 Customer support services 710,368 683,208 784,780 Sales and marketing 145,954 229,013 301,578 General and administrative 2,008,211 568,985 668,626 Total operating expenses 24,647,785 19,659,112 17,243,728 Loss from discontinued operations $(21,277,604) $(16,559,140) $(15,703,028) 46 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED The components of the balance sheet accounts presented as discontinued operations were as follows: As of December 31, 2015 2014 Assets: Accounts receivable, net $715,993 $723,569 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 278,891 612,570 Deferred acquisitions costs 253,685 - Total Current Assets $1,248,569 $1,336,139 Long-Term Assets: Property and equipment - 3,233,486 Deferred acquisitions costs - 879,518 Security deposits - 58,414 Total Long Term Assets $- $4,171,418 Liabilities: Accounts payable $556,800 $114,042 Accrued expenses 66,101 82,819 Accrued expenses - network 3,284,467 - Total C urrent Liabilities $3,907,368 $196,861 Assets Held for Sale The components of the balance sheet accounts presented as Assets Held for Sale were as follows: As of December 31, 2015 2014 Security deposits $356,108 $350,418 Wi-Fi and back-end equipment, net 4,958,999 7,524,823 Current assets held for sale $5,315,107 $7,875,241 Note 6. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is comprised of: As of December 31, 2015 2014 Network and base station equipment $38,351,119 $35,836,469 Customer premise equipment 30,910,874 26,511,691 Information technology 4,810,865 4,628,555 Furniture, fixtures and other 1,713,722 1,669,340 Leasehold improvements 1,623,559 1,599,393 77,410,139 70,245,448 Less: accumulated depreciation 56,174,755 47,098,471 Property and equipment, net $21,235,384 $23,146,977 Property acquired through capital leases included within the Company’s property and equipment consists of the following: As of December 31, 2015 2014 Network and base station equipment $2,620,898 $2,234,180 Customer premise equipment 669,792 246,484 Information technology 1,860,028 1,860,028 5,150,718 4,340,692 Less: accumulated depreciation 3,114,968 2,135,534 Property acquired through capital leases, net $2,035,750 $2,205,158 47 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Note 7. Intangible Assets Intangible assets consist of the following: As of December 31, 2015 2014 Goodwill $1,674,281 $1,674,281 Customer relationships $11,856,126 $11,856,127 Less: accumulated amortization of customer relationships 11,333,096 10,940,824 Customer relationships, net 523,030 915,303 FCC licenses 1,284,555 1,284,555 Impairment charge (534,555) - FCC licenses, net 750,000 1,284,555 Intangible assets, net $1,273,030 $2,199,858 Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $392,272, $888,969 and $3,093,817, respectively. The customer contractsacquired in May 2011 for the One Velocity, Inc. acquisition were amortized over a 30 month period ending November 2013. The customer contracts acquired in theColor Broadband Communications acquisition were amortized over a 28 month period ending April 2014. The customer contracts acquired in the Delos acquisitionare being amortized over a 50 month period ending April 2017. As of December 31, 2015, the remaining amortization period for the Delos acquisition was 16months. Balances related to the Company’s other acquisitions have been fully amortized. Future amortization expense is as follows: Years Ending December 31, 2016 392,272 2017 130,758 $523,030 FCC licenses have an indefinite life but are subject to periodic renewal. The Company recognized an impairment charge of $534,555 in 2015 related to aspectrum license. The Company determined that changes being considered by the FCC would make commercial use of the spectrum uncertain and costly, and thatthe coverage area of the spectrum was not consistent with its focus on dense urban markets. The expense is included in general and administrative expenses in thestatement of operations. Based on prices paid at recent spectrum auctions, the Company believes that the remaining spectrum has a fair value higher than the costbasis at which it is reported in these financial statements. Note 8. Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses consist of the following: As of December 31, 2015 2014 Payroll and related $551,448 $661,496 Professional services 427,932 256,534 Other 339,680 280,413 Property and equipment 176,614 506,883 Network 133,544 187,440 Marketing - 63,112 Total $1,629,218 $1,955,878 Network represents costs incurred to provide services to the Company’s customers including tower rentals, bandwidth, troubleshooting and gear removal. Note 9. Other Liabilities Other liabilities consist of the following: As of December 31, 2015 2014 Current Deferred rent $63,012 $46,058 Deferred acquisition payments - 11,184 Total $63,012 $57,242 Long-Term Deferred rent $1,227,414 $1,373,163 Deferred acquisition payments - 341 Deferred taxes 363,774 401,337 Total $1,591,188 $1,774,841 Deferred acquisition payments related to Delos totaled $11,525 at December 31, 2014 and bore interest at a rate of 7%. 48 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Note 10. Long-Term Debt In October 2014, the Company entered into a loan agreement (the "Loan Agreement") with Melody Business Finance, LLC (the "Lender") which provided theCompany with a five-year $35 million term loan (the "Financing" or "Note"). The Note was issued at a 3% discount totaling $1,050,000 which is being amortizedover the term of the Note. The Company recognized interest expense of $340,899 and $95,365 in connection with the amortization of this discount for the yearsended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The unamortized balance totaled $613,736 and $954,635 at December 31, 2015 and 2014 respectively. The loan bears interest payable in cash at a rate equal to the greater of (i) the sum of the one month Libor rate on each payment date plus 7% or (ii) 8% perannum, and additional paid in kind (“PIK”), or deferred, interest that accrues at 4% per annum. The Company paid $2,906,695 of interest and accrued $1,453,347of PIK interest for the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company paid $591,111 of interest and accrued $295,556 of PIK interest for the year ended December31, 2014. PIK interest is included in Interest expense, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. In October 2019, the Company must repay the principal amount outstanding plus all accrued interest. The Company has the option of prepaying the loan (i) onor before October 16, 2016 (the “Second Anniversary”), but only in full, and (ii) at any time after the Second Anniversary, in the minimum principal amount of$5,000,000 or in full if the balance outstanding is less. All optional prepayments are subject to certain premiums. Mandatory prepayments are required upon theoccurrence of certain events, including but not limited to the (i) sale, lease, conveyance or transfer of certain assets, (ii) issuance or incurrence of indebtedness otherthan certain permitted debt, (iii) issuance of capital stock redeemable for cash or convertible into debt securities and (iv) any change of control. As further set forthin a security agreement (the “Security Agreement”), repayment of the loan is secured by a first priority lien and security interest in all of the assets of the Companyand its subsidiaries, excluding capital stock of the Company, and certain capital leases, contracts and assets secured by purchase money security interests. The Loan Agreement also contains representations and warranties by the Company and the Lender, certain indemnification provisions in favor of the Lender andcustomary covenants (including limitations on other debt, liens, acquisitions, investments and dividends), and events of default (including payment defaults,breaches of covenants, a material impairment in the Lender’s security interest or in the collateral, and events relating to bankruptcy or insolvency). Upon theoccurrence of an event of default, an additional 5% interest rate will be applied to the outstanding loan balances, and the Lender may terminate its lendingcommitment, declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable, and take such other actions as set forth in the Loan Agreement. As of December 31,2015, the Company was in compliance with all of the debt covenants. In connection with the Loan Agreement and pursuant to a Warrant and Registration Rights Agreement, the Company issued warrants (the “Warrants”) topurchase 3,600,000 shares of common stock of which two-thirds have an exercise price of $1.26 and one-third have an exercise price of $0.01, subject to customaryadjustments under certain circumstances. The Warrants have a term of seven and a half years. The fair value of the warrants granted to the Lender of $2,463,231was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and recorded as a debt discount. The debt discount is being amortized over the term of the Note usingthe effective interest rate. The Company recognized interest expense of $799,727 and $223,719 in connection with the amortization of this discount for the yearsended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The unamortized balance totaled $1,439,785 and $2,239,512 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The warrant holders have piggyback registration rights requiring the inclusion of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants (the“Warrant Shares”) in any registration statement filed by the Company. In addition, the Company has agreed to file a registration statement to register for resale allof the Warrant Shares and cause the registration statement to become effective by December 31, 2016 (the “Required Registration Statement”). If the RequiredRegistration Statement is not declared effective by the required date, then the Company shall pay the holders liquidated damages in the aggregate amount of $5,000per month, up to $50,000 in total, until both the Required Registration Statement has become effective and the Warrant Shares are listed. The Company incurred costs, primarily professional services, of approximately $2,900,000 related to the Loan Agreement. These costs were recorded as otherassets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and are being amortized over the term of the Loan Agreement using the effective interest rate. Amortizationexpense totaled $939,498 and $262,820 for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The unamortized balance totaled $1,691,421 and$2,630,919 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. 49 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Note 11. Capital Stock The Company is authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock at a par value of $0.001. The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote pershare. The holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared by the board of directors out of legally availablefunds. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets that are legally availablefor distribution. The holders of the Company’s common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. The rights, preferences andprivileges of holders of the Company’s common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock,which may be designated solely by action of the board of directors and issued in the future. At the Company’s annual meeting in August 2015, the shareholdersapproved an increase in the number of authorized shares of common stock from 95,000,000 to 200,000,000. In November 2010, the Company adopted a shareholder rights plan (the “Rights Plan”). Under the Rights Plan, the Company issued one preferred sharepurchase right for each share of the Company's common stock held by shareholders of record as of the close of business on November 24, 2010. In general, therights will become exercisable if a person or group acquires 15% or more of the Company’s common stock or announces a tender offer or exchange offer for 15%or more of the Company’s common stock. Each holder of a right will be allowed to purchase one one-hundredth of a share of a newly created series of theCompany’s preferred shares at an exercise price of $18.00. The rights will expire on November 8, 2020. The Company may redeem the rights for $0.001 each atany time until the tenth business day following public announcement that a person or group has acquired 15% or more of its outstanding common stock. Stock options were exercised by current or former employees as follows: For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Cash basis: Total options exercised - - 284,688 Total proceeds received $- $- $292,389 Cashless basis: Total options exercised 426,530 340,906 135,471 Net issuance of common stock 96,594 192,270 37,770 Under a cashless exercise, the holder uses a portion of the shares that would otherwise be issuable upon exercise, rather than cash, as consideration for theexercise. The amount of net shares issuable in connection with a cashless exercise will vary based on the exercise price of the option or warrant compared to thecurrent market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of exercise. In February and March 2013, the Company completed an underwritten offering at $3.00 per share which resulted in gross proceeds of $33,000,000 and theissuance of 11,000,000 shares. The Company incurred costs of approximately $2,501,000 related to the offering. In February 2013, the Company issued 433,673 shares of common stock to Delos as part of the consideration paid for the acquisition. The fair value of thecommon stock issued was $1,071,172. In May 2013, the Company reduced the number of shares of common stock issued to Delos by 48,549 as a result of anadjustment to the purchase price. The reduction of common stock had a fair value of $119,916. Note 12. Stock Option Plans and Warrants Stock Options Plans The 2007 Equity Compensation Plan (the “2007 Plan”) became effective in January 2007 and provides for the issuance of options, restricted stock and otherstock-based instruments to officers and employees, consultants and directors of the Company. The total number of shares of common stock issuable under the 2007Plan is 2,403,922. A total of 2,136,849 stock options or common stock have been issued under the 2007 Plan as of December 31, 2015. The 2007 Incentive Stock Plan became effective in May 2007 and provides for the issuance of up to 2,500,000 shares of common stock in the form of optionsor restricted stock (the “2007 Incentive Stock Plan”). Shareholders approved an increase in the number of authorized shares of common stock issuable under the2007 Incentive Stock Plan from 2,500,000 to 5,000,000 in November 2012. A total of 2,949,423 stock options, common stock or restricted stock have been issuedunder the 2007 Incentive Stock Plan as of December 31, 2015. 50 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Options granted under both the 2007 Plan and the 2007 Incentive Plan have terms up to ten years and are exercisable at a price per share not less than the fairvalue of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. The total number of shares of common stock that remain available for issuance as of December 31,2015 under the 2007 Plan and the 2007 Incentive Stock Plan combined is 2,317,650 shares. The 2008 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan (the “2008 Directors Plan”) became effective in August 2008 and provides for the issuance of up to1,000,000 shares of common stock in the form of options or restricted stock. In November 2013, shareholders approved an increase in the number of shares ofcommon stock issuable under the 2008 Directors Plan to 2,000,000. A total of 1,372,500 stock options or common stock have been issued under the 2008 DirectorsPlan as of December 31, 2015. Options granted under the 2008 Directors Plan have terms of up to ten years and are exercisable at a price per share equal to the fairvalue of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. The total number of shares of common stock that remain available for issuance as of December 31,2015 under the 2008 Directors Plan is 627,500 shares. The Company uses the Black-Scholes model to value options granted to employees, directors and consultants. Compensation expense, including the effect offorfeitures, is recognized over the period of service, generally the vesting period. The Company bases its forfeiture rate on past experience with a higher forfeiturerate applied in the initial years of the vesting period and lower rates applied in the later years of the vesting period. Stock-based compensation for the amortizationof stock options granted under the Company’s stock option plans totaled $1,016,705, $953,470, and $1,182,523 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and2013, respectively. Stock-based compensation is included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The unamortized amount of stock options expense was $585,688 as of December 31, 2015 which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.8year. The fair values of stock option grants were calculated on the dates of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and the following weighted averageassumptions: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013Risk-free interest rate 1.5%-1.7% 1.1%-1.8% 0.8%-1.9%Expected volatility 58%-77% 47%-60% 65%-68%Expected life (in years) 4.1-4.2 4.1-5.3 5.0-6.5 Expected dividend yield 0% 0% 0% The risk-free interest rate was based on rates established by the Federal Reserve. The Company’s expected volatility was based upon the historical volatilityfor its common stock. The expected life of the Company’s options was determined using the simplified method as a result of limited historical data regarding theCompany’s activity. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company began utilizing its historical data regarding the Company’s activity as it relates to theexpected life of stock options. The dividend yield is based upon the fact that the Company has not historically paid dividends, and does not expect to pay dividendsin the foreseeable future. The Company reviews its forfeiture rate annually to update its assumption for recent experience. Forfeiture rates used in 2015 rangedfrom 3% to 10%. During the first quarter of 2011, the Company issued 90,000 shares of restricted stock to two executives. The fair value of $354,600 was based on the closingmarket price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The restricted stock vested over a three year period, of which 60,000 shares were vested and30,000 shares of restricted stock were forfeited due to the resignation of an executive in November 2012. Stock-based compensation for restricted stock totaled$59,100 for the year ended December 31, 2013 and was also the period in which the restricted stock was fully vested. 51 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Option transactions under the stock option plans during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows: Number of Options WeightedAverage Exercise Price Outstanding as of January 1, 2013 3,916,045 $2.85 Granted during 2013 950,000 2.40 Exercised (420,159) 1.23 Forfeited /expired (390,870) 5.07 Outstanding as of December 31, 2013 4,055,016 2.70 Granted during 2014 737,073 1.42 Exercised (340,906) 0.74 Forfeited /expired (453,488) 1.78 Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 3,997,695 2.73 Granted during 2015 878,751 1.46 Exercised (426,530) 1.58 Forfeited /expired (109,874) 1.94 Outstanding as of December 31, 2015 4,340,042 $2.61 Exercisable as of December 31, 2015 3,372,743 $2.68 Grants under the stock option plans were as follows: For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Annual grants to outside directors 200,000 200,000 200,000 Executive grants 231,251 172,073 125,000 Employee grants 447,500 315,000 625,000 Non-employee grants - 50,000 - Total 878,751 737,073 950,000 All options granted during the reporting period had a ten year term and were issued at an exercise price equal to the fair value on the date of grant. Directorgrants vest over a one year period from the date of issuance. Executive grants vesting periods range from vesting immediately upon issuance to vesting monthly orquarterly over a one or two year period from the date of issuance. Employee grants range from vesting immediately upon issuance to vesting over a one to threeyear period from the date of issuance. Non-employee grants vesting periods range from vesting immediately upon issuance to vesting over one year from the dateof issuance. Forfeited or expired options under the stock option plans were as follows: For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Employee terminations 82,374 185,208 390,870 Expired 27,500 254,030 - Repurchased - 14,250 - Total 109,874 453,488 390,870 The weighted-average fair values of the options granted during 2015, 2014, and 2013 were $0.68, $0.67, and $1.44, respectively. Outstanding options of4,340,042 as of December 31, 2015 had exercise prices that ranged from $0.46 to $5.25 and had a weighted-average remaining contractual life of 6.8 years.Exercisable options of 3,372,743 as of December 31, 2015 had exercise prices that ranged from $0.68 to $5.25 and had a weighted-average remaining contractuallife of 6.3 years. As of December 31, 2015, there was no aggregate intrinsic value associated with the outstanding and exercisable options. The closing price of the Company’scommon stock at December 31, 2015, was $0.38 per share. The Company calculates the intrinsic value of stock options and warrants as the difference between theclosing price of the Company’s common stock at the end of the reporting period and the exercise price of the stock options and warrants. Stock Warrants Warrant transactions during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 were as follows: Number ofWarrants WeightedAverageExercise Price Outstanding as of December 31, 2013 450,000 $5.00 Granted during 2014 3,600,000 $0.84 Outstanding as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 4,050,000 $1.31 In October 2014, the Company issued 3,600,000 warrants to purchase shares of common stock under the Company’s Financing of which 1,200,000 warrantshad an exercise price of $0.01 per share and 2,400,000 warrants had an exercise price of $1.26 per share. As of December 31, 2015, all warrants were exercisable and had a weighted average remaining contractual life of 5.7 years. The aggregate intrinsic value associated with the warrants outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2015 was $444,000. The closing price of theCompany’s common stock at December 31, 2015 was $0.38 per share. 52 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Note 13. Employee Benefit Programs The Company has established a 401(k) retirement plan (“401(k) plan”) which covers all eligible employees who have attained the age of twenty-one and havecompleted 30 days of employment with the Company. The Company can elect to match up to a certain amount of employees’ contributions to the 401(k) plan. Noemployer contributions were made during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013. Under the Company’s 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP Plan”), participants can purchase shares of the Company’s stock at a 15% discount. Amaximum of 200,000 shares of common stock can be issued under the ESPP Plan of which 168,346 shares have been issued to date and 31,654 shares are availablefor future issuance. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, a total of 56,766, 24,958, and 31,267 shares were issued under the ESPP Plan witha fair value of $49,757, $46,928 and $80,718 respectively. The Company recognized $7,541, $7,020, and $12,038 of stock-based compensation related to the 15%discount for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 respectively. Note 14. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes consists of the following: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Current Federal $- $- $- State - - - Total current - - - Deferred Federal (6,521,134) (3,694,966) (2,994,771)State (1,150,789) (652,053) (528,489)Change in valuation allowance 7,634,360 4,425,551 3,601,792 Total deferred (37,562) 78,532 78,531 Provision for income taxes $(37,562) $78,532 $78,531 The provision for income taxes using the U.S. Federal statutory tax rate as compared to the Company’s effective tax rate is summarized as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 U.S. Federal statutory rate (34.0)% (34.0)% (34.0)%State taxes (6.0)% (6.0)% (6.0)%Permanent differences 0.1% 0.1% 0.3%Valuation allowance 39.8% 40.2% 40.0%Effective tax rate (0.1)% 0.3% 0.3% The Company files income tax returns for Towerstream Corporation and its subsidiaries in the U.S. federal and various state principle jurisdictions. As ofDecember 31, 2015, the tax returns for Towerstream Corporation for the years 2012 through 2015 remain open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service andvarious state authorities. The Company’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) consisted of the effects of temporary differences attributable to the following: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 Deferred tax assets Net operating loss carryforwards $56,202,470 $43,362,260 Stock-based compensation 2,426,886 2,094,946 Intangible assets 2,481,960 2,583,348 Debt discount 695,259 252,788 Allowance for doubtful accounts 37,145 23,710 Other 1,388,166 32,716 Total deferred tax assets 63,231,886 48,349,768 Valuation allowance (61,340,847) (45,195,445)Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance 1,891,039 3,154,323 Deferred tax liabilities Depreciation (1,891,039) (3,154,323)Intangible assets (363,774) (401,337)Total deferred tax liabilities (2,254,813) (3,555,660)Net deferred tax liabilities $(363,774) $(401,337) 53 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes ASC Topic 740 clarifies the accounting and reporting for uncertainties in income tax law. ASC Topic 740 prescribes a comprehensive model for the financialstatement recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. The guidance alsoprovides direction on derecogntion, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company has evaluated and concluded that there were no material uncertain tax positions requiring recognition in theCompany’s financial statements. The Company’s policy is to classify assessments, if any, for tax related interest as interest expense and penalties as general andadministrative expenses. No interest and penalties were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. The Company does not expect itsunrecognized tax benefit position to change during the next twelve months. NOL Limitations The Company’s utilization of net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards is subject to an annual limitation due to ownership changes that have occurredpreviously or that could occur in the future as provided in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, as well as similar state provisions. Section 382 limits theutilization of NOLs when there is a greater than 50% change of ownership as determined under the regulations. Since its formation, the Company has raised capitalthrough the issuance of capital stock and various convertible instruments which, combined with the purchasing shareholders’ subsequent disposition of theseshares, has resulted in an ownership change as defined by Section 382, and also could result in an ownership change in the future upon subsequent disposition. As of December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company had approximately $140,506,000, $108,398,000, and $84,417,000, respectively, of federal and stateNOL carryovers. Federal NOLs will begin expiring in 2027. State NOLs began expiring in 2012. Valuation Allowance In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company has considered whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred taxassets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in whichthose temporary differences become deductible. In making this determination, under the applicable financial reporting standards, the Company has considered thescheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies. Since both goodwill and the FCC licenses are consideredto be assets with indefinite lives for financial reporting purposes, the related deferred tax liabilities cannot be used as a source of future taxable income for purposesof determining the need for a valuation allowance. Based upon this evaluation, a full valuation allowance has been recorded as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.The change in valuation allowance was $16,145,402 and $11,049,207, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 of which $8,511,042 and$6,623,656, respectively, pertains to discontinued operations. Note 15. Fair Value Measurement Valuation Hierarchy The FASB’s accounting standard for fair value measurements establishes a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs to valuation used to measure fairvalue. This hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectlythrough market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s ownassumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. A financial asset or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowestlevel input that is significant to the fair value measurement. 54 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Cash and cash equivalents are measured at fair value using quoted market prices and are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. The carryingamounts of accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value due to their short maturities. The carrying value of theCompany’s long-term debt is carried at cost as the related interest rate is at terms that approximate rates currently available to the Company. There were no changesin the valuation techniques during the year ended December 31, 2015. TotalCarryingValue Quoted pricesin activemarkets(Level 1) Significant otherobservable inputs(Level 2) Significantunobservableinputs (Level 3) December 31, 2015 $15,116,531 $15,116,531 $- $- December 31, 2014 $38,027,509 $38,027,509 $- $- Note 16. Commitments Operating Lease Obligations. The Company has entered into operating leases related to roof rights, cellular towers, office space, and equipment leases under various non-cancelableagreements expiring through April 2025. Certain of these operating leases include extensions, at the Company's option, for additional terms ranging from 1 to 25years. Amounts associated with the extension periods have not been included in the table below as it is not presently determinable which options, if any, theCompany will elect to exercise. As of December 31, 2015, total future operating lease obligations were as follows: Years Ending December 31, 2016 $19,885,917 2017 15,252,943 2018 8,286,819 2019 3,199,264 2020 741,907 Thereafter 368,486 $47,735,336 Rent expenses were as follows: Year Ended December 31 , 2015 2014 2013 Points of Presence $8,180,389 $7,746,573 $7,128,778 Street level rooftops 16,707,445 13,183,209 11,067,316 Corporate offices 382,234 336,437 518,245 Other 414,618 362,281 437,718 $25,684,686 $21,628,500 $19,152,057 Rent expenses related to Points of Presence, street level rooftops and other were included in cost of revenues in the Company’s consolidated statements ofoperations. Rent expense related to the Company’s corporate offices was included in general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidatedstatements of operations. The Company accrued $3,284,466 representing the estimated cost to settle lease obligations for street level rooftops in certain markets. In September 2013, the Company entered into a new lease agreement for its corporate offices and new warehouse space. The lease commenced on January 1,2014 and expires on December 31, 2019 with an option to renew for an additional five year term through December 31, 2024. The Company spent approximately$600,000 in leasehold improvements in connection with consolidating its corporate based employees from two buildings into one building. The Landlord agreed tocontribute $380,000 in funding towards qualified leasehold improvements and made such payment to the Company in February 2014. Total annual rent paymentsbegin at $359,750 for 2014 and escalate by 3% annually reaching $416,970 for 2019. In December 2014, the Company entered into a new lease agreement in Florida, primarily for a second sales center. The lease commenced in February 2015for 38 months with an option to renew for an additional 60 month period. Total annual rent payments begin at $53,130 and escalate by 3% annually. 55 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Capital Lease Obligations The Company has entered into capital leases to acquire property and equipment expiring through June 2018. As of December 31, 2015, total future capitallease obligations were as follows: Years Ending December 31, 2016 1,110,428 2017 837,811 2018 143,796 $2,092,035 Less: Interest expense 166,519 Total capital lease obligations $1,925,516 Current $992,690 Long-Term $932,826 56 TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIESNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - CONTINUED Note 17. Quarterly Financial Information (unaudited) Quarterly financial information for each quarter for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 is set forth below. Additional information regardingthe net loss from discontinued operations for the quarter ended December 31, 2015 is included in Note 5. Three Months Ended March 31,2015 June 30,2015 September 30,2015 December 31,2015 Revenues $7,172,467 $7,030,908 $6,947,467 $6,754,181 Operating Expenses 10,168,913 10,014,564 9,837,277 10,474,243 Operating Loss (2,996,446) (2,983,656) (2,889,810) (3,720,062)Other income (expense), net (1,664,264) (1,670,428) (1,665,682) (1,652,412)Net Loss from continuing operations (4,660,710) (4,654,084) (4,555,493) (5,372,473)Net Loss from discontinued operations (4,262,356) (4,196,727) (3,953,933) (8,864,588) Net Loss per common share – basic and diluted Continuing Operations (0.07) (0.07) (0.07) (0.08)Discontinued Operations (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.13)Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic and diluted 67,856,789 67,924,379 67,966,261 67,977,529 Three Months Ended March 31,2014 June 30,2014 September 30,2014 December 31,2014 Revenues $7,639,557 $7,526,478 $7,507,640 $7,262,506 Operating Expenses 10,097,304 9,709,394 9,539,442 9,871,273 Operating Loss (2,457,747) (2,182,916) (2,031,802) (2,608,767)Other income (expense), net (63,052) (59,488) (43,970) (1,506,336)Net Loss from continuing operations (2,520,799) (2,242,404) (2,075,772) (4,115,103)Net Loss from discontinued operations (3,989,008) (4,152,202) (4,178,301) (4,239,629) Net Loss per common share – basic and diluted Continuing Operations (0.04) (0.03) (0.03) (0.06)Discontinued Operations (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06)Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic and diluted 66,439,061 66,478,686 66,643,804 67,642,056 Three Months Ended March 31,2013 June 30,2013 September 30,2013 December 31,2013 Revenues $8,140,747 $8,015,667 $7,864,728 $7,871,442 Operating Expenses 10,834,621 10,348,511 10,228,784 10,260,756 Operating Loss (2,693,874) (2,332,844) (2,364,056) (2,389,314)Other income (expense), net 905,843 3972 (59,613) (63,844)Net Loss from continuing operations (1,788,031) (2,328,872) (2,423,668) (2,453,160)Net Loss from discontinued operations (3,838,275) (3,902,278) (3,719,725) (4,242,750) Net Loss per common share – basic and diluted Continuing Operations (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04)Discontinued Operations (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.06)Weighted average number of shares outstanding - basic and diluted 61,464,706 66,370,789 66,402,499 66,419,380 57 Note 18 . Subsequent Events On March 9, 2016, the Company completed a sale and transfer of certain assets pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement (the "Agreement") with a large cablecompany (the "Buyer"). Under the terms of the Agreement, the Buyer assumed certain rooftop leases and acquired ownership of and the right to operate the WiFiaccess point and related equipment associated with such leases. The Company retained ownership of all backhaul and related equipment, and the parties enteredinto a three year agreement under which the Company will provide backhaul services to the Buyer. The previous access agreement between the parties wasterminated. The net effect of the Buyer (i) assuming certain rooftop leases, (ii) entering into a backhaul services agreement, and (iii) terminating the accessagreement is projected to result in a net reduction in cash requirements of approximately $6 million annually. 58 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure. None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures. Disclosure Controls and Procedures We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financialofficer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed toensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to theissuer’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timelydecisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controlsand procedures are effective, as of December 31, 2015, in ensuring that material information that we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit underthe Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting There were no changes in our system of internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2015 that havematerially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting isdefined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive andprincipal financial officers and effected by a company’s board of directors, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding thereliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Ourinternal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: ●pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; ●provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management anddirectors; and ●provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have amaterial effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance withthe policies or procedures may deteriorate. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, managementused the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework in2013. Based on our assessment, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2015, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based onthose criteria. 59 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM ONINTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING To the Audit Committee of theBoard of Directors and Shareholders ofTowerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries We have audited Towerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries' (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. The Company'smanagement is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control overfinancial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express anopinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we planand perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Ouraudit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a materialweakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performingsuch other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and thepreparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financialreporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactionsand dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financialstatements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance withauthorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorizedacquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation ofeffectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that degree of compliance with thepolicies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Towerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries maintained, in all material aspects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31,2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commissionin 2013. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets as ofDecember 31, 2015 and 2014 and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2015and 2014 and 2013 of the Company and our report dated March 18, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements. /s/ Marcum LLPMarcum LLPNew York, NYMarch 18, 2016 60 Item 9B. Other Information. None. 61 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance. The information required by this item will be set forth in the proxy statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, and is incorporated by reference from our proxystatement. Item 11. Executive Compensation. The information required by this item will be set forth in the proxy statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, and is incorporated by reference from our proxystatement. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters. The information required by this item will be set forth in the proxy statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, and is incorporated by reference from our proxystatement. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence. The information required by this item will be set forth in the proxy statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, and is incorporated by reference from our proxystatement. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services. The information required by this item will be set forth in the proxy statement for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report on Form 10-K, and is incorporated by reference from our proxystatement. 62 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules. Exhibit No. Description2.1 Agreement of Merger and Plan of Reorganization, dated January 12, 2007, by and among University Girls Calendar, Ltd., TowerstreamAcquisition, Inc. and Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K ofTowerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007).3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of University Girls Calendar, Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-Kof University Girls Calendar, Ltd. filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 5, 2007).3.2 Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of University Girls Calendar, Ltd., changing the Company’s name toTowerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filedwith the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007).3.3 Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series A Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 tothe Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 12, 2010).3.4 By-Laws of Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of TowerstreamCorporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007).3.5 Amendment No. 1 to the By-Laws of Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 30, 2007).3.6 Amendment No. 1 to the Certificate of Incorporation of Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the CurrentReport on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 8, 2012).3.7 Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to theCurrent Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Coporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 25, 2015).4.1 Rights Agreement dated as of November 9, 2010 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K ofTowerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 12, 2010).10.1* Towerstream Corporation 2007 Equity Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K ofTowerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007).10.2* Form of 2007 Equity Compensation Plan Incentive Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to the CurrentReport on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007).10.3* Form of 2007 Equity Compensation Plan Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to theCurrent Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007).10.4 Form of Directors and Officers Indemnification Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Current Report on Form 8-Kof Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 19, 2007).10.5* Towerstream Corporation 2007 Incentive Stock Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit B to the Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A ofTowerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2012).10.6 Employment Agreement, dated December 21, 2007, between Towerstream Corporation and Jeffrey M. Thompson (Incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on December 31, 2007).10.7 Office Lease Agreement dated March 21, 2007 between Tech 2, 3, & 4 LLC (Landlord) and Towerstream Corporation (Tenant)(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on March 18, 2009). 10.8 First Amendment to Office Lease dated August 8, 2007, amending Office Lease Agreement dated March, 21 2007 (Incorporated byreference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on March 18, 2009).10.9** 2008 Non-Employee Directors Compensation Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit B to the Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A ofTowerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 14, 2010).10.10** Amendment to Employment Agreement of Jeffrey M. Thompson (Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed withthe Securities and Exchange Commission on December 9, 2011).10.11** Amendment to Employment Agreement of Jeffrey M. Thompson (Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filedwith the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 13, 2012).10.12** 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A of TowerstreamCorporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 14, 2010).10.13 Second Amendment to Office Lease Agreement dated September 12, 2013, amending Office Lease Agreement dated March, 21 2007(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on March 17, 2014).10.14 Loan Agreement dated October 16, 2014 by and among Towerstream Corporation, Towerstream I, Inc. and Hetnets Tower Corporation, asBorrowers, the financial institutions named therein as Lenders and Melody Business Finance, LLC, as Administrative Agent (Incorporatedby reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on March 12, 2015). 63 10.15 Security Agreement dated October 16, 2014 by and among Towerstream Corporation, Towerstream I, Inc., Hetnets Tower Corporation,Alpha Communications Corp., Omega Communications Corp., and Towerstream Houston, Inc., as Grantors, in favor of Melody BusinessFinance LLC, as Administrative Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of TowerstreamCorporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2015).10.16 Warrant and Registration Rights Agreement dated October 16, 2014 by and among Towerstream Corporation and the warrant holdersnamed therein (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with theSecurities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2015).10.17 Form of A-Warrant Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of TowerstreamCorporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2015).10.18 Form of B-Warrant Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of TowerstreamCorporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2015).10.19** Second Amendment to Employment Agreement of Jeffrey M. Thompson (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Annual Reporton Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2015).10.20 Office Lease Agreement dated December 12, 2014 between 6800 Broken Sound LLC (Landlord) and Towerstream Corporation(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on March 12, 2015).10.21 Third Amendment to Employment Agreement of Jeffrey M. Thompson (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report onForm 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 29, 2015).10.22 Separation Agreement by and between Jeffrey M. Thompson and Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 tothe Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2016). Separation Agreement by andbetween Jeffrey M. Thompson and Towerstream Corporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 17, 2016).10.23 Asset Purchase Agreement dated March 9, 2016, by and among Towerstream Corporation, Towerstream I, Inc. and Time Warner CableEnterprises, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on March 15, 2016).10.24 Backhaul Agreement dated March 9, 2016, dated March 9, 2016, by and among Towerstream Corporation, Towerstream I, Inc. and TimeWarner Cable Enterprises, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on March 15, 2016). ****10.25 Mutual Termination Agreement dated March 9, 2016 by and between Time Warner Cable Enterprises, LLC and Hetnets TowerCorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and ExchangeCommission on March 15, 2016).10.26 Consent and Release dated March 9, 2016, by and among Towerstream Corporation, Towerstream I, Inc., Hetnets Tower Corporation,Alpha Communications Corp., Omega Communications Corp., Towerstream Houston, Inc., and Melody Business Finance, LLC(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission onMarch 15, 2016).10.27 Amendment No. 1 to Warrant and Registration Rights Agreement dated March 9, 2016, by and between Towerstream Corporation andMelody Business Finance, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the Securities andExchange Commission on March 15, 2016).14.1 Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of TowerstreamCorporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2011).21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of TowerstreamCorporation filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 17, 2014).23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. ***31.1 Section 302 Certification of Principal Executive Officer. ***31.2 Section 302 Certification of Principal Financial Officer. ***32.1 Section 906 Certification of Principal Executive Officer. ***32.2 Section 906 Certification of Principal Financial Officer. ***99.1 Unaudited Pro Forma Condensed Financial Information (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K,filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 15, 2016).101.INS***** XBRL Instance101.SCH***** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema101.CAL***** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation101.DEF***** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition101.LAB***** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels101.PRE***** XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation *Management compensatory plan**Management contract***Filed herewith****A redacted version of this exhibit was filed with the Current Report on Form 8-K. filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March15, 2016 An un-redacted version of this Exhibit has been separately filed with the Commission pursuant to an application for confidentialtreatment. The confidential portions of the Exhibit have been omitted and are marked as such.*****XBRL information is furnished and not filed or a part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of sections 11 or 12 of the SecuritiesAct of 1933, as amended, is deemed not filed for purposes of section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise is notsubject to liability under these sections. 64 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalfby the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. TOWERSTREAM CORPORATION Date: March 18, 2016By:/s/ Philip Urso Philip Urso Chairman and Interim Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) By:/s/ Joseph P. Hernon Joseph P. Hernon Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on thedates indicated. Name Capacity Date /s/ Philip Urso Director - Chairman of Board of Directors and Interim Chief ExecutiveOfficer Philip Urso (Principal Executive Officer) March 18, 2016 /s/ Joseph P. Hernon Chief Financial Officer March 18, 2016Joseph P. Hernon (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ Howard L. Haronian, M.D. Director March 18, 2016Howard L. Haronian, M.D. /s/ William J. Bush Director March 18, 2016William J. Bush /s/ Paul Koehler Director March 18, 2016Paul Koehler 65EXHIBIT 23.1 INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM’S CONSENT We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement of Towerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries on Form S-3, as amended (File No. 333-187548, File No. 333-166239, File No. 333-141405, File No. 333-178868, and File No. 333-204581) and on Form S-8 (File No. 333-161180, File No. 333-151306,and File No. 333-174107) of our report dated March 18, 2015, with respect to our audits of the consolidated financial statements of Towerstream Corporation andSubsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and our report dated March 18, 2016 with respect toour audit of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Towerstream Corporation as of December 31, 2015, which reports are included in thisAnnual Report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation and Subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2015. /s/ Marcum LLP Marcum LLPNew York, NYMarch 18, 2016EXHIBIT 31.1 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Philip Urso, certify that: (1) I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2015; (2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material factnecessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleadingwith respect to the period covered by this report; (3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in allmaterial respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periodspresented in this report; (4) The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls andprocedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as definedin Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed underour supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is madeknown to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designedunder our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation offinancial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusionsabout the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based onsuch evaluation; and d) Disclosed in the report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during theregistrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of the annual report) that has materiallyaffected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. (5) The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control overfinancial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or personsperforming the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reportingwhich are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financialinformation; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in theregistrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 18, 2016 /s/ Philip Urso Philip Urso President and Interim Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) EXHIBIT 31.2 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 I, Joseph P. Hernon, certify that: (1) I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Towerstream Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2015; (2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material factnecessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleadingwith respect to the period covered by this report; (3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in allmaterial respects, the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periodspresented in this report; (4) The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls andprocedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as definedin Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed underour supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is madeknown to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to bedesigned under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and thepreparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusionsabout the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based onsuch evaluation; and d) Disclosed in the report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during theregistrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of the annual report) that has materiallyaffected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. (5) The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control overfinancial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or personsperforming the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reportingwhich are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financialinformation; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in theregistrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 18, 2016 /s/ Joseph P. Hernon Joseph P. Hernon Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal AccountingOfficer) EXHIBIT 32.1 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S. C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Towerstream Corporation, (the “Company’’) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2015 as filedwith the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report’’), I, Philip Urso, Interim President and Chief Executive Officer of theCompany, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations ofthe Company. Date: March 18, 2016 /s/ Philip Urso Philip Urso Interim President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) EXHIBIT 32.2 CERTIFICATION OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Towerstream Corporation, (the “Company’’) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2015, as filedwith the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report’’), I, Joseph P. Hernon, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify,pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations ofthe Company. Date: March 18, 2016 /s/ Joseph P. Hernon Joseph P. Hernon Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal AccountingOfficer)
Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above