Union Pacific
Annual Report 2012

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 (Mark One) [X] [ ] OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from __________ to ____________ Commission File Number 1-6075 UNION PACIFIC CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) UTAH (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 13-2626465 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 1400 DOUGLAS STREET, OMAHA, NEBRASKA (Address of principal executive offices) 68179 (Zip Code) (402) 544-5000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each Class Common Stock (Par Value $2.50 per share)  Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes (cid:31) No             Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. (cid:31) Yes  No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes (cid:31) No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes (cid:31) No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer  Accelerated filer (cid:31) Non-accelerated filer (cid:31) Smaller reporting company (cid:31)  Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). (cid:31) Yes  No As of June 29, 2012, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Common Stock held by non-affiliates (using the New York Stock Exchange closing price) was $56.2 billion. The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock as of February 1, 2013 was 469,298,732. Documents Incorporated by Reference – Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 16, 2013, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. The registrant’s Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A. UNION PACIFIC CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS CEO’s Letter ........................................................................................................... 3 Directors and Senior Management ......................................................................... 4 PART I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. Business ................................................................................................................. 5 Risk Factors ............................................................................................................ 10 Unresolved Staff Comments ................................................................................... 13 Properties ................................................................................................................ 13 Legal Proceedings .................................................................................................. 16 Mine Safety Disclosures ......................................................................................... 18 Executive Officers of the Registrant and Principal Executive Officers of Subsidiaries ..................................................................................... 18 Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related PART II Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. Item 15. Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities .................... 19 Selected Financial Data .......................................................................................... 21 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ................................................................ 22 Critical Accounting Policies ..................................................................................... 42 Cautionary Information ............................................................................................ 47 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk .................................. 48 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ...................................................... 49 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm .................................... 50 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure ................................................................ 83 Controls and Procedures ........................................................................................ 83 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting ........................................................................................... 84 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm .................................... 85 Other Information .................................................................................................... 86 PART III Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance ..................................... 86 Executive Compensation ........................................................................................ 86 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters ............................................... 87 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence ..................................................................................... 87 Principal Accountant Fees and Services ................................................................. 87 PART IV Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules ................................................................ 88 Signatures ............................................................................................................... 89 Certifications ........................................................................................................... 99 2 February 8, 2013 Fellow Shareholders: Last year was a historic milestone for Union Pacific, marking 150 years of building America. It was our most profitable year on record, leading the U.S. rail industry in overall financial performance. Our 2012 results are a testament to the strength and diversity of our franchise and the dedication and commitment of our employees. For the first time, we achieved a sub-70 operating ratio of 67.8 percent, contributing to record earnings per share of $8.27, and a best-ever return on invested capital of 14.0 percent. Shareholders were rewarded with increased financial returns, including a 29 percent increase in dividends declared per share compared to 2011 and $1.5 billion in share repurchases. UP’s stock price reached new highs in 2012, increasing 19 percent and outpaced the S&P 500 by 5 points. Despite a challenging economic environment and a significantly weaker coal market, our diverse portfolio of business, including shale-related crude oil and frac sand moves, automotive shipments, chemicals, and domestic intermodal traffic, offset the 14 percent decline in coal volumes. Operationally, we successfully managed the shifts in business mix, improved network efficiency and fluidity, and operated a safer railroad. We achieved these record results by following a very straightforward strategy - an unrelenting focus on creating value for our customers by providing safe, efficient, and reliable service. In turn, customers rewarded us with record satisfaction ratings, clearly valuing our service offerings and the efficiencies we provide as part of their total supply chain. In addition, with our Total Safety Culture and The UP Way infused throughout the Company, employee injuries hit a record low in 2012, capping more than a decade of significant improvement. Our capital investments play a critical role in meeting the long-term demand for freight transportation in the U.S. In 2012, we invested a record $3.7 billion across our network, supported by our best-ever financial returns. Over half was spent on replacing and hardening our infrastructure to further enhance safety and reliability. The balance was invested to increase customer value, support business growth, and advance efforts on Positive Train Control (PTC) implementation, a federally mandated program. Through 2012, we have invested nearly $750 million dollars of our estimated $2 billion spend on PTC. A significant portion of our growth capital investment in 2012 was targeted to the southern region of our network to meet growing demand for new business, particularly in the shale-related energy arena. The increasing development of oil production in various domestic shale formations is providing an emerging market opportunity for rail with shipments of inbound frac sand and pipe, and outbound crude oil. In 2012, the impact was substantial - our crude oil shipments grew more than three fold compared to 2011. Going forward, we anticipate continued opportunities for growth in this market driven by our proven ability to provide an efficient and flexible transportation solution for growing demand. In an evolving marketplace, our franchise diversity remains an absolute core strength of Union Pacific. An increasing U.S. population base will stimulate long-term growth for many of the goods we carry. To meet this growing demand, we anticipate continued opportunities to convert freight from the highway, supported by our integrated network, competitive service offerings, and environmental advantages. We also play a vital role in the global supply chain, with international trade currently representing more than 30 percent of our revenue base. In particular, as the only railroad to serve all six major gateways to Mexico, we are in an excellent position to benefit from economic growth in that country. The men and women of Union Pacific are proud of the Company’s 150-year history, but we’re squarely focused on the opportunities the future presents, as well as its challenges. The results achieved in 2012 demonstrate the power and potential of our franchise as we continue to run an even safer railroad, help our country grow, create value for our customers, and increase financial returns for our shareholders. Our future is bright as we see even greater prospects in the years to come. President & Chief Executive Officer 3 DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT BOARD OF DIRECTORS Andrew H. Card, Jr. Acting Dean The Bush School of Government & Public Service, Texas A&M University Board Committees: Audit, Finance Erroll B. Davis, Jr. Superintendent Atlanta Public Schools Board Committees: Compensation and Benefits (Chair), Corporate Governance and Nominating Thomas J. Donohue President and Chief Executive Officer U.S. Chamber of Commerce Board Committees: Compensation and Benefits, Corporate Governance and Nominating Archie W. Dunham Retired Chairman ConocoPhillips Board Committees: Corporate Governance and Nominating, Finance SENIOR MANAGEMENT James R. Young Chairman Union Pacific Corporation and Union Pacific Railroad Company John J. Koraleski President and Chief Executive Officer Union Pacific Corporation and Union Pacific Railroad Company Eric L. Butler Executive Vice President- Marketing and Sales Union Pacific Railroad Company Diane K. Duren Executive Vice President Union Pacific Corporation Charles R. Eisele Senior Vice President–Strategic Planning Union Pacific Corporation Lance M. Fritz Executive Vice President– Operations Union Pacific Railroad Company Judith Richards Hope Distinguished Visitor from Practice and Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center Board Committees: Audit (Chair), Finance John J. Koraleski President and Chief Executive Officer Union Pacific Corporation and Union Pacific Railroad Company Charles C. Krulak General, USMC, Ret. President Birmingham – Southern College Board Committees: Audit, Finance Michael R. McCarthy Chairman McCarthy Group, LLC Board Committees: Audit, Finance Michael W. McConnell General Partner Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. Board Committees: Audit, Finance (Chair) Mary Sanders Jones Vice President and Treasurer Union Pacific Corporation D. Lynn Kelley Vice President–Continuous Improvement Union Pacific Railroad Company Robert M. Knight, Jr. Executive Vice President–Finance and Chief Financial Officer Union Pacific Corporation Joseph E. O’Connor, Jr. Vice President–Purchasing Union Pacific Railroad Company Patrick J. O’Malley Vice President–Taxes and General Tax Counsel Union Pacific Corporation Michael A. Rock Vice President–External Relations Union Pacific Corporation 4 Thomas F. McLarty III President McLarty Associates Board Committees: Compensation and Benefits, Corporate Governance and Nominating Steven R. Rogel Retired Chairman Weyerhaeuser Company Lead Independent Director Board Committees: Compensation and Benefits, Corporate Governance and Nominating (Chair) Jose H. Villarreal Advisor Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP Board Committees: Compensation and Benefits, Corporate Governance and Nominating James R. Young Chairman Union Pacific Corporation and Union Pacific Railroad Company Barbara W. Schaefer Senior Vice President–Human Resources and Secretary Union Pacific Corporation Lynden L. Tennison Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer Union Pacific Corporation Gayla L. Thal Senior Vice President–Law and General Counsel Union Pacific Corporation Jeffrey P. Totusek Vice President and Controller Union Pacific Corporation Robert W. Turner Senior Vice President– Corporate Relations Union Pacific Corporation William R. Turner Vice President–Labor Relations Union Pacific Railroad Company       Item 1. Business GENERAL PART I Union Pacific Railroad is the principal operating company of Union Pacific Corporation. One of America's most recognized companies, Union Pacific Railroad links 23 states in the western two-thirds of the country by rail, providing a critical link in the global supply chain. The Railroad’s diversified business mix includes Agricultural Products, Automotive, Chemicals, Coal, Industrial Products and Intermodal. Union Pacific serves many of the fastest-growing U.S. population centers, operates from all major West Coast and Gulf Coast ports to eastern gateways, connects with Canada's rail systems and is the only railroad serving all six major Mexico gateways. Union Pacific provides value to its roughly 10,000 customers by delivering products in a safe, reliable, fuel-efficient and environmentally responsible manner. Union Pacific Corporation was incorporated in Utah in 1969 and maintains its principal executive offices at 1400 Douglas Street, Omaha, NE 68179. The telephone number at that address is (402) 544-5000. The common stock of Union Pacific Corporation is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “UNP”. For purposes of this report, unless the context otherwise requires, all references herein to “UPC”, “Corporation”, “we”, “us”, and “our” shall mean Union Pacific Corporation and its subsidiaries, including Union Pacific Railroad Company, which we separately refer to as “UPRR” or the “Railroad”. Available Information – Our Internet website is www.up.com. We make available free of charge on our website (under the “Investors” caption link) our Annual Reports on Form 10-K; our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q; eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) documents; our current reports on Form 8- K; our proxy statements; Forms 3, 4, and 5, filed on behalf of directors and executive officers; and amendments to such reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). We also make available on our website previously filed SEC reports and exhibits via a link to EDGAR on the SEC’s Internet site at www.sec.gov. Additionally, our corporate governance materials, including By-Laws, Board Committee charters, governance guidelines and policies, and codes of conduct and ethics for directors, officers, and employees are available on our website. From time to time, the corporate governance materials on our website may be updated as necessary to comply with rules issued by the SEC and the NYSE or as desirable to promote the effective and efficient governance of our company. Any security holder wishing to receive, without charge, a copy of any of our SEC filings or corporate governance materials should send a written request to: Secretary, Union Pacific Corporation, 1400 Douglas Street, Omaha, NE 68179. We have included the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) certifications regarding our public disclosure required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 as Exhibits 31(a) and (b) to this report. References to our website address in this report, including references in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Item 7, are provided as a convenience and do not constitute, and should not be deemed, an incorporation by reference of the information contained on, or available through, the website. Therefore, such information should not be considered part of this report. OPERATIONS The Railroad, along with its subsidiaries and rail affiliates, is our one reportable operating segment. Although we provide revenue by commodity group, we analyze the net financial results of the Railroad as one segment due to the integrated nature of our rail network. Additional information regarding our business and operations, including revenue and financial information and data and other information regarding environmental matters, is presented in Risk Factors, Item 1A; Legal Proceedings, Item 3; Selected Financial Data, Item 6; Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Item 7; and the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Item 8 (which include information regarding revenues, statements of income, and total assets). 5   2012 Freight Revenue Operations – UPRR is a Class I railroad operating in the U.S. We have 31,868 route miles, linking Pacific Coast and Gulf Coast ports with the Midwest and eastern U.S. gateways and providing several corridors to key Mexican gateways. We serve the western two-thirds of the country and maintain coordinated schedules with other rail carriers to move freight to and from the Atlantic Coast, the Pacific Coast, the Southwest, Canada, and Mexico. Export and import traffic moves through Gulf Coast and Pacific Coast ports and across the Mexican and Canadian borders. Our freight traffic consists of bulk, manifest, and premium business. Bulk traffic is primarily coal, grain, rock, or soda ash in unit trains – trains transporting a single commodity from one source to one destination. Manifest traffic is individual carload or less than train-load business and includes commodities such as lumber, steel, paper, food and chemicals. The transportation of finished vehicles, intermodal containers and truck trailers is part of our premium business. In 2012, we generated freight revenues totaling $19.7 billion from the following six commodity groups: the Southeast, Agricultural – Transportation of grains, commodities produced from these grains, and food and beverage products generated 17% of the Railroad’s 2012 freight revenue. The Company accesses most major grain markets, linking the Midwest and western producing areas to export terminals in the Pacific Northwest and Gulf Coast ports, as well as Mexico. We also serve significant domestic markets, including grain processors, animal feeders and ethanol producers in the Midwest, West, South and Rocky Mountain states. Unit trains, which transport a single commodity between producers and export terminals or domestic markets, represent approximately 35% of agricultural shipments. Automotive – We are the largest automotive carrier west of the Mississippi River and operate or access over 40 vehicle distribution centers. The Railroad’s extensive franchise serves vehicle assembly plants and connects to West Coast ports and the Port of Houston to accommodate both import and export shipments. In addition to transporting finished vehicles, UP provides expedited handling of automotive parts in both boxcars and intermodal containers destined for Mexico, the U.S. and Canada. The automotive group generated 9% of Union Pacific’s freight revenue in 2012. Chemicals – Transporting chemicals generated 16% of our freight revenue in 2012. The Railroad’s unique franchise serves the chemical producing areas along the Gulf Coast, where roughly two-thirds of the Company’s chemical business originates, terminates or travels. Our chemical franchise also accesses chemical producers in the Rocky Mountains and on the West Coast. The Company’s chemical shipments include three broad categories: Petrochemicals, Fertilizer and Soda Ash. Petrochemicals include industrial chemicals, plastics and petroleum products, including crude oil and liquid petroleum gases. The petroleum products primarily originate from the Bakken shale formation in North Dakota and the Permian and Eagle Ford shale formations in Texas, which we also deliver to the Gulf Coast area. Fertilizer movements originate in the Gulf Coast region, the western part of the U.S. and Canada for delivery to major agricultural users in the Midwest, western U.S. and abroad. Soda ash originates in southwestern Wyoming and California, destined for chemical and glass producing markets in North America and abroad. Coal – Shipments of coal and petroleum coke accounted for 20% of our freight revenue in 2012. The Railroad’s network supports the transportation of coal and petroleum coke to utilities and industrial facilities throughout the U.S. Through interchange gateways and ports, UP’s reach extends to eastern U.S. utilities, Mexico, Europe and Asia. Water terminals allow the Railroad to move western U.S. coal east via the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, as well as the Great Lakes. Export coal moves through West Coast ports to Asia and through Mississippi River and Gulf Coast terminals to Europe. Coal traffic originating in the Southern Powder River Basin (SPRB) area of Wyoming is the largest segment of UP’s coal business. Industrial Products – Our extensive network facilitates the movement of numerous commodities between thousands of origin and destination points throughout North America. The Industrial Products commodity group consists of several categories, including construction products, metals, minerals, paper, consumer 6 goods, lumber and other miscellaneous products. In 2012, this group generated 18% of Union Pacific’s total freight revenue. Commercial and highway construction drives shipments of steel and construction products, consisting of rock, cement and roofing materials. Oil and gas drilling generates demand for raw steel, finished pipe, frac sand and drilling fluid products. Industrial manufacturing plants receive nonferrous metals and industrial minerals. Paper and consumer goods, including furniture and appliances, move to major metropolitan areas for consumers. Lumber shipments originate primarily in the Pacific Northwest and Canada and move throughout the U.S. for use in new home construction and repair and remodeling. Intermodal – Our Intermodal business includes two shipment categories: international and domestic. International business consists of imported and exported container traffic that mainly passes through West Coast ports served by UP’s extensive terminal network. Domestic business includes container and trailer traffic picked up and delivered within North America for intermodal marketing companies (primarily shipper agents and logistics companies), as well as truckload carriers. Less-than-truckload and package carriers with time-sensitive business requirements are also an important part of these domestic shipments. Together, international and domestic business generated 20% of UP’s 2012 freight revenue. Seasonality – Some of the commodities we carry have peak shipping seasons, reflecting either or both the nature of the commodity, such as certain agricultural and food products that have specific growing and harvesting seasons, and the demand cycle for the commodity, such as intermodal traffic, which generally has a peak shipping season during the third quarter to meet holiday-related demand for consumer goods during the fourth quarter. The peak shipping seasons for these commodities can vary considerably from year to year depending upon various factors, including the strength of domestic and international economies and currencies and the strength of harvests and market prices for agricultural products. In response to an annual request delivered by the Surface Transportation Board (STB) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to all of the Class I railroads operating in the U.S., we issue a publicly available letter during the third quarter detailing our plans for handling traffic during the third and fourth quarters and providing other information requested by the STB. Working Capital – At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had a working capital surplus. This reflects a strong cash position, which provides enhanced liquidity in an uncertain economic environment. In addition, we believe we have adequate access to capital markets to meet any foreseeable cash requirements, and we have sufficient financial capacity to satisfy our current liabilities. Competition – We are subject to competition from other railroads, motor carriers, ship and barge operators, and pipelines. Our main rail competitor is Burlington Northern Santa Fe LLC. Its rail subsidiary, BNSF Railway Company (BNSF), operates parallel routes in many of our main traffic corridors. In addition, we operate in corridors served by other railroads and motor carriers. Motor carrier competition exists for five of our six commodity groups (excluding coal). Because of the proximity of our routes to major inland and Gulf Coast waterways, barges can be particularly competitive, especially for grain and bulk commodities. In addition to price competition, we face competition with respect to transit times and quality and reliability of service. While we must build or acquire and maintain our rail system, trucks and barges are able to use public rights-of-way maintained by public entities. Any future improvements or expenditures materially increasing the quality or reducing the costs of these alternative modes of transportation, or legislation releasing motor carriers from their size or weight limitations, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Key Suppliers – We depend on two key domestic suppliers of high horsepower locomotives. Due to the capital intensive nature of the locomotive manufacturing business and sophistication of this equipment, potential new suppliers face high barriers of entry into this industry. Therefore, if one of these domestic suppliers discontinues manufacturing locomotives for any reason, including insolvency or bankruptcy, we could experience a significant cost increase and risk reduced availability of the locomotives that are necessary to our operations. Additionally, for a high percentage of our rail purchases, we utilize two suppliers (one domestic and one international) that meet our specifications. Rail is critical for both maintenance of our network and replacement and improvement or expansion of our network and facilities. Rail manufacturing also has high barriers of entry, and, if one of those suppliers discontinues operations for any reason, including insolvency or bankruptcy, we could experience cost increases and difficulty obtaining rail. Employees – Approximately 86% of our 45,928 full-time-equivalent employees are represented by 14 major rail unions. During the year, we concluded the most recent round of negotiations, which began in 7 2010, with the ratification of new agreements by several unions that continued negotiating into 2012. All of the unions executed similar multi-year agreements that provide for higher employee cost sharing of employee health and welfare benefits and higher wages. The current agreements will remain in effect until renegotiated under provisions of the Railway Labor Act. The next round of negotiations will begin in early 2015. Railroad Security – Our security efforts rely upon a wide variety of measures including employee training, cooperation with our customers, training of emergency responders, and partnerships with numerous federal, state, and local government agencies. While federal law requires us to protect the confidentiality of our security plans designed to safeguard against terrorism and other security incidents, the following provides a general overview of our security initiatives. UPRR Security Measures – We maintain a comprehensive security plan designed to both deter and to respond to any potential or actual threats as they arise. The plan includes four levels of alert status, each with its own set of countermeasures. We employ our own police force, consisting of more than 200 commissioned and highly-trained officers. Our employees also undergo recurrent security and preparedness training, as well as federally-mandated hazardous materials and security training. We regularly review the sufficiency of our employee training programs. We maintain the capability to move critical operations to back-up facilities in different locations. We have an emergency response management center, which operates 24 hours a day. The center receives reports of emergencies, dangerous or potentially dangerous conditions, and other safety and security issues from our employees, the public, and law enforcement and other government officials. In cooperation with government officials, we monitor both threats and public events, and, as necessary, we may alter rail traffic flow at times of concern to minimize risk to communities and our operations. We comply with the hazardous materials routing rules and other requirements imposed by federal law. We also design our operating plan to expedite the movement of hazardous material shipments to minimize the time rail cars remain idle at yards and terminals located in or near major population centers. Additionally, in compliance with Transportation Security Agency regulations, we deployed information systems and instructed employees in tracking and documenting the handoff of Rail Security Sensitive Material with customers and interchange partners. We also have established a number of our own innovative safety and security-oriented initiatives ranging from various investments in technology to The Officer on the Train program, which provides local law enforcement officers with the opportunity to ride with train crews to enhance their understanding of railroad operations and risks. Our staff of information security professionals continually assesses cyber security risks and implements mitigation programs that evolve with the changing technology threat environment. Cooperation with Federal, State, and Local Government Agencies – We work closely on physical and cyber security initiatives with government agencies that include the DOT and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), as well as local police departments, fire departments, and other first responders. In conjunction with DOT, DHS, and other railroads, we sponsor Operation Respond, which provides first responders with secure links to electronic railroad resources, including mapping systems, shipment records, and other essential information required by emergency personnel to respond to accidents and other situations. We also participate in the National Joint Terrorism Task Force, a multi- agency effort established by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to combat and prevent terrorism. We work with the Coast Guard, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and the Military Transport Management Command, which monitor shipments entering the UPRR rail network at U.S. border crossings and ports. We were the first railroad in the U.S. to be named a partner in CBP’s Customs- Trade Partnership Against Terrorism, a partnership designed to develop, enhance, and maintain effective security processes throughout the global supply chain. Cooperation with Customers and Trade Associations – Along with other railroads, we work with the American Chemistry Council to train approximately 200,000 emergency responders annually. We work with many of our chemical shippers to establish plant security plans, and we continue to take steps to more closely monitor and track hazardous materials shipments. In cooperation with the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and other interested groups, we are also working to develop additional improvements to tank car design that will further limit the risk of releases of hazardous materials. 8   GOVERNMENTAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION Governmental Regulation – Our operations are subject to a variety of federal, state, and local regulations, generally applicable to all businesses. (See also the discussion of certain regulatory proceedings in Legal Proceedings, Item 3.) The operations of the Railroad are also subject to the regulatory jurisdiction of the STB. The STB has jurisdiction over rates charged on certain regulated rail traffic; common carrier service of regulated traffic; freight car compensation; transfer, extension, or abandonment of rail lines; and acquisition of control of rail common carriers. In 2012, the STB continued its efforts to explore whether to expand rail regulation. The STB has requested parties to submit studies that describe and quantify the potential impact of expanded reciprocal switching or trackage rights arrangements on railroads. Although several bills involving railroad regulation expired during the last session of Congress, we continually monitor any legislative activity involving rail and transportation regulation. The operations of the Railroad also are subject to the regulations of the FRA and other federal and state agencies. On January 12, 2010, the FRA issued initial rules governing installation of Positive Train Control (PTC) by the end of 2015. The final regulation is still forthcoming. Although still under development, PTC is a collision avoidance technology intended to override locomotive controls and stop a train before an accident. Following the issuance of the initial rules, the FRA acknowledged that projected costs will exceed projected benefits by a ratio of at least 22 to one, and we estimate that our costs will be higher than those assumed by the FRA. In August 2012, the FRA provided Congress with a status report regarding implementation of PTC. This report indicated that the rail industry will likely achieve only partial deployment of PTC by the current deadline due to significant technical and other issues. Through 2012, we have invested nearly $750 million in the development of PTC. DOT, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and DHS, along with other federal agencies, have jurisdiction over certain aspects of safety, movement of hazardous materials and hazardous waste, emissions requirements, and equipment standards. The Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, among other things, revised hours of service rules for train and certain other railroad employees, mandated implementation of PTC, imposed passenger service requirements, addressed safety at rail crossings, increased the number of safety related employees of the FRA, and increased fines that may be levied against railroads for safety violations. Additionally, various state and local agencies have jurisdiction over disposal of hazardous waste and seek to regulate movement of hazardous materials in ways not preempted by federal law. Environmental Regulation – We are subject to extensive federal and state environmental statutes and regulations pertaining to public health and the environment. The statutes and regulations are administered and monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and by various state environmental agencies. The primary laws affecting our operations are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, regulating the management and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, regulating the cleanup of contaminated properties; the Clean Air Act, regulating air emissions; and the Clean Water Act, regulating waste water discharges. Information concerning environmental claims and contingencies and estimated remediation costs is set forth in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies – Environmental, Item 7 and Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. 9 Item 1A. Risk Factors The information set forth in this Item 1A should be read in conjunction with the rest of the information included in this report, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Item 7, and Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Item 8. We Must Manage Fluctuating Demand for Our Services and Network Capacity – If there is significant demand for our services that exceeds the designed capacity of our network, we may experience network difficulties, including congestion and reduced velocity, that could compromise the level of service we provide to our customers. This level of demand may also compound the impact of weather and weather- related events on our operations and velocity. Although we continue to improve our transportation plan, add capacity, improve operations at our yards and other facilities, and improve our ability to address surges in demand for any reason with adequate resources, we cannot be sure that these measures will fully or adequately address any service shortcomings resulting from demand exceeding our planned capacity. We may experience other operational or service difficulties related to network capacity, dramatic and unplanned increases or decreases of demand for rail service with respect to one or more of our commodity groups or operating regions, or other events that could have a negative impact on our operational efficiency, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. In the event that we experience significant reductions of demand for rail services with respect to one or more of our commodity groups, we may experience increased costs associated with resizing our operations, including higher unit operating costs and costs for the storage of locomotives, rail cars, and other equipment; work-force adjustments; and other related activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. We May Be Affected by General Economic Conditions – Prolonged severe adverse domestic and global economic conditions or disruptions of financial and credit markets, including the availability of short- and long-term debt financing, may affect the producers and consumers of the commodities we carry and may have a material adverse effect on our access to liquidity and our results of operations and financial condition. We Are Required to Transport Hazardous Materials – Federal laws require railroads, including us, to transport certain hazardous materials regardless of risk or potential exposure to loss. Any rail accident or other incident or accident on our network, at our facilities, or at the facilities of our customers involving the release of hazardous materials, including toxic inhalation hazard (or TIH) materials such as chlorine, could involve significant costs and claims for personal injury, property damage, and environmental penalties and remediation, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. We Face Competition from Other Railroads and Other Transportation Providers – We face competition from other railroads, motor carriers, ships, barges, and pipelines. In addition to price competition, we face competition with respect to transit times and quality and reliability of service. While we must build or acquire and maintain our rail system, trucks and barges are able to use public rights-of-way maintained by public entities. Any future improvements or expenditures materially increasing the quality or reducing the cost of alternative modes of transportation, or legislation releasing motor carriers from their size or weight limitations, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Additionally, any future consolidation of the rail industry could materially affect the competitive environment in which we operate. We Are Subject to Significant Governmental Regulation – We are subject to governmental regulation by a significant number of federal, state, and local authorities covering a variety of health, safety, labor, environmental, economic (as discussed below), and other matters. Many laws and regulations require us to obtain and maintain various licenses, permits, and other authorizations, and we cannot guarantee that we will continue to be able to do so. Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on us. Governments or regulators may change the legislative or regulatory frameworks within which we operate without providing us any recourse to address any adverse effects on our business, including, without limitation, regulatory determinations or rules regarding dispute resolution, business relationships with other railroads, calculation of our cost of capital or other inputs relevant to computing our revenue adequacy, the prices we charge, and costs and expenses. Significant legislative activity in Congress or regulatory activity by the STB could expand regulation of railroad operations and prices for rail services, which could reduce capital spending on our rail network, facilities and equipment and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. As part 10 of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008, rail carriers must currently implement PTC by the end of 2015, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to make other capital investments. Rail carriers may not meet the mandatory deadline for PTC implementation. One or more consolidations of Class I railroads could also lead to increased regulation of the rail industry. We Rely on Technology and Technology Improvements in Our Business Operations – We rely on information technology in all aspects of our business. If we do not have sufficient capital to acquire new technology or if we are unable to develop or implement new technology such as PTC or the latest version of our transportation control systems, we may suffer a competitive disadvantage within the rail industry and with companies providing other modes of transportation service, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Additionally, if a cyber attack or other event causes significant disruption or failure of one or more of our information technology systems, including computer hardware, software, and communications equipment, we could suffer a significant service interruption, safety failure, security breach, or other operational difficulties, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Strikes or Work Stoppages Could Adversely Affect Our Operations as the Majority of Our Employees Belong to Labor Unions and Labor Agreements – The U.S. Class I railroads are party to collective bargaining agreements with various labor unions. Disputes with regard to the terms of these agreements or our potential inability to negotiate acceptable contracts with these unions could result in, among other things, strikes, work stoppages, slowdowns, or lockouts, which could cause a significant disruption of our operations and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Additionally, future national labor agreements, or renegotiation of labor agreements or provisions of labor agreements, could compromise our service reliability or significantly increase our costs for health care, wages, and other benefits, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Severe Weather Could Result in Significant Business Interruptions and Expenditures – As a railroad with a vast network, we are exposed to severe weather conditions and other natural phenomena, including earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods, mudslides or landslides, extreme temperatures, and significant precipitation that may cause business interruptions, including line outages on our rail network, that can adversely affect our entire rail network and result in increased costs, increased liabilities, and decreased revenue, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. We May Be Subject to Various Claims and Lawsuits That Could Result in Significant Expenditures – As a railroad with operations in densely populated urban areas and other cities and a vast rail network, we are exposed to the potential for various claims and litigation related to labor and employment, personal injury, property damage, environmental liability, and other matters. Any material changes to litigation trends or a catastrophic rail accident or series of accidents involving any or all of property damage, personal injury, and environmental liability could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. We Are Subject to Significant Environmental Laws and Regulations – Due to the nature of the railroad business, our operations are subject to extensive federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other things, emissions to the air; discharges to waters; handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of waste and other materials; and hazardous material or petroleum releases. We generate and transport hazardous and non-hazardous waste in our operations, and we did so in our former operations. Environmental liability can extend to previously owned or operated properties, leased properties, and properties owned by third parties, as well as to properties we currently own. Environmental liabilities have arisen and may also arise from claims asserted by adjacent landowners or other third parties in toxic tort litigation. We have been and may be subject to allegations or findings that we have violated, or are strictly liable under, these laws or regulations. We could incur significant costs as a result of any of the foregoing, and we may be required to incur significant expenses to investigate and remediate known, unknown, or future environmental contamination, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. We May Be Affected by Climate Change and Market or Regulatory Responses to Climate Change – Climate change, including the impact of global warming, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Restrictions, caps, taxes, or other controls on emissions of greenhouse gasses, including diesel exhaust, could significantly increase our operating 11 farmers and including chemical producers, costs. Restrictions on emissions could also affect our customers that (a) use commodities that we carry to produce energy, (b) use significant amounts of energy in producing or delivering the commodities we carry, or (c) manufacture or produce goods that consume significant amounts of energy or burn fossil food producers, and automakers and other fuels, manufacturers. Significant cost increases, government regulation, or changes of consumer preferences for goods or services relating to alternative sources of energy or emissions reductions could materially affect the markets for the commodities we carry, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Government incentives encouraging the use of alternative sources of energy could also affect certain of our customers and the markets for certain of the commodities we carry in an unpredictable manner that could alter our traffic patterns, including, for example, the impacts of ethanol incentives on farming and ethanol producers. Finally, we could face increased costs related to defending and resolving legal claims and other litigation related to climate change and the alleged impact of our operations on climate change. Any of these factors, individually or in operation with one or more of the other factors, or other unforeseen impacts of climate change could reduce the amount of traffic we handle and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. The Availability of Qualified Personnel Could Adversely Affect Our Operations – Changes in demographics, training requirements, and the availability of qualified personnel could negatively affect our ability to meet demand for rail service. Unpredictable increases in demand for rail services and a lack of network fluidity may exacerbate such risks, which could have a negative impact on our operational efficiency and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Rising or Elevated Fuel Costs and Whether We Are Able to Mitigate These Costs with Fuel Surcharges Could Materially and Adversely Affect Our Business – Fuel costs constitute a significant portion of our transportation expenses. Diesel fuel prices are subject to dramatic fluctuations, and significant price increases could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Although we currently are able to recover a significant amount of our increased fuel expenses through revenue from fuel surcharges, we cannot be certain that we will always be able to mitigate rising or elevated fuel costs through surcharges. Future market conditions or legislative or regulatory activities could adversely affect our ability to apply fuel surcharges or adequately recover increased fuel costs through fuel surcharges. International, political, and economic circumstances affect fuel prices and supplies. Weather can also affect fuel supplies and limit domestic refining capacity. If a fuel supply shortage were to arise, higher fuel prices could, despite our fuel surcharge programs, have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. We Utilize Capital Markets – Due to the significant capital expenditures required to operate and maintain a safe and efficient railroad, we rely on the capital markets to provide some of our capital requirements. We utilize long-term debt instruments, bank financing and commercial paper from time-to-time, and we pledge certain of our receivables. Significant instability or disruptions of the capital markets, including the credit markets, or deterioration of our financial condition due to internal or external factors could restrict or prohibit our access to, and significantly increase the cost of, commercial paper and other financing sources, including bank credit facilities and the issuance of long-term debt, including corporate bonds. A deterioration of our financial condition could result in a reduction of our credit rating to below investment grade, which could prohibit or restrict us from utilizing our current receivables securitization facility or accessing external sources of short- and long-term debt financing and significantly increase the costs associated with utilizing the receivables securitization facility and issuing both commercial paper and long-term debt. We Are Subject to Legislative, Regulatory, and Legal Developments Involving Taxes – Taxes are a significant part of our expenses. We are subject to U.S. federal, state, and foreign income, payroll, property, sales and use, fuel, and other types of taxes. Changes in tax rates, enactment of new tax laws, revisions of tax regulations, and claims or litigation with taxing authorities could result in substantially higher taxes and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. We Are Dependent on Certain Key Suppliers of Locomotives and Rail – Due to the capital intensive nature and sophistication of locomotive equipment, potential new suppliers face high barriers to entry. Therefore, if one of the domestic suppliers of high horsepower locomotives discontinues manufacturing locomotives for any reason, including bankruptcy or insolvency, we could experience significant cost 12 increases and reduced availability of the locomotives that are necessary for our operations. Additionally, for a high percentage of our rail purchases, we utilize two suppliers (one domestic and one international) that meet our specifications. Rail is critical to our operations for rail replacement programs, maintenance, and for adding additional network capacity, new rail and storage yards, and expansions of existing facilities. This industry similarly has high barriers to entry, and if one of these suppliers discontinues operations for any reason, including bankruptcy or insolvency, we could experience both significant cost increases for rail purchases and difficulty obtaining sufficient rail for maintenance and other projects. We May Be Affected by Acts of Terrorism, War, or Risk of War – Our rail lines, facilities, and equipment, including rail cars carrying hazardous materials, could be direct targets or indirect casualties of terrorist attacks. Terrorist attacks, or other similar events, any government response thereto, and war or risk of war may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. In addition, insurance premiums for some or all of our current coverages could increase dramatically, or certain coverages may not be available to us in the future. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We employ a variety of assets in the management and operation of our rail business. Our rail network covers 23 states in the western two-thirds of the U.S. 13   TRACK Our rail network includes 31,868 route miles. We own 26,020 miles and operate on the remainder pursuant to trackage rights or leases. The following table describes track miles at December 31, 2012 and 2011. Route Other main line Passing lines and turnouts Switching and classification yard lines Total miles HEADQUARTERS BUILDING 2012 31,868 6,715 3,124 9,046 2011 31,898 6,644 3,112 8,999 50,753 50,653 We maintain our headquarters in Omaha, Nebraska. The facility has 1.2 million square feet of space for approximately 4,000 employees and is subject to a financing arrangement. HARRIMAN DISPATCHING CENTER The Harriman Dispatching Center (HDC), located in Omaha, Nebraska, is our primary dispatching facility. It is linked to regional dispatching and locomotive management facilities at various locations along our network. HDC employees coordinate moves of locomotives and trains, manage traffic and train crews on our network, and coordinate interchanges with other railroads. Over 900 employees currently work on-site in the facility. In the event of a disruption of operations at HDC due to a cyber attack, flooding or severe weather or other event, we maintain the capability to conduct critical operations at back-up facilities in different locations. RAIL FACILITIES In addition to our track structure, we operate numerous facilities, including terminals for intermodal and other freight; rail yards for train-building (classification yards), switching, storage-in-transit (the temporary storage of customer goods in rail cars prior to shipment) and other activities; offices to administer and manage our operations; dispatching centers to direct traffic on our rail network; crew quarters to house train crews along our network; and shops and other facilities for fueling, maintenance, and repair of locomotives and repair and maintenance of rail cars and other equipment. The following tables include the major yards and terminals on our system: Top 10 Classification Yards North Platte, Nebraska North Little Rock, Arkansas Englewood (Houston), Texas Fort Worth, Texas Proviso (Chicago), Illinois Livonia, Louisiana Pine Bluff, Arkansas Roseville, California West Colton, California Neff (Kansas City), Missouri Avg. Daily Car Volume 2011 2,200 1,600 1,400 1,300 1,400 1,300 1,200 1,200 1,100 1,000 2012 2,300 1,600 1,500 1,400 1,300 1,300 1,200 1,200 1,100 1,000 14    Top 10 Intermodal Terminals ICTF (Los Angeles), California East Los Angeles, California Global 4 (Joliet), Illinois Dallas, Texas Global I (Chicago), Illinois Yard Center (Chicago), Illinois Marion (Memphis), Tennessee Global II (Chicago), Illinois Mesquite, Texas LATC (Los Angeles), California RAIL EQUIPMENT 2012 448,000 427,000 347,000 310,000 306,000 273,000 271,000 253,000 236,000 230,000 Annual Lifts 2011 432,000 428,000 298,000 261,000 295,000 277,000 283,000 273,000 232,000 226,000 Our equipment includes owned and leased locomotives and rail cars; heavy maintenance equipment and machinery; other equipment and tools in our shops, offices, and facilities; and vehicles for maintenance, transportation of crews, and other activities. As of December 31, 2012, we owned or leased the following units of equipment: Locomotives Multiple purpose Switching Other Total locomotives Freight cars Covered hoppers Open hoppers Gondolas Boxcars Refrigerated cars Flat cars Other Total freight cars Highway revenue equipment Containers Chassis Owned Leased Total 7,833 424 134 2,365 24 57 5,468 400 77 Average Age (yrs.) 17.3 32.9 32.8 5,945 2,446 8,391 N/A Owned Leased Total 30,954 13,482 11,509 6,224 6,701 3,426 479 17,946 3,998 5,168 1,603 4,263 684 375 13,008 9,484 6,341 4,621 2,438 2,742 104 Average Age (yrs.) 19.6 27.8 23.0 27.5 25.1 30.6 N/A 38,738 34,037 72,775 N/A Owned Leased 17,207 9,245 36,714 27,748 Total 53,921 36,993 Average Age (yrs.) 6.6 7.6 Total highway revenue equipment 26,452 64,462 90,914 N/A CAPITAL EXPENDITURES Our rail network requires significant annual capital investments for replacement, improvement, and expansion. These investments enhance safety, support the transportation needs of our customers, and improve our operational efficiency. Additionally, we add new locomotives and freight cars to our fleet to replace older, less efficient equipment, to support growth and customer demand, and to reduce our impact on the environment through the acquisition of more fuel efficient and low-emission locomotives. 2012 Capital Expenditures – During 2012, we made capital investments totaling $3.7 billion. (See the capital expenditures table in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Financial Condition, Item 7.) 15   2013 Capital Expenditures – In 2013, we expect to make capital investments of approximately $3.6 billion, including expenditures for PTC of approximately $450 million. We may revise our 2013 capital plan if business conditions warrant or if new laws or regulations affect our ability to generate sufficient returns on these investments. (See discussion of our 2013 capital plan in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – 2013 Outlook, Item 7.) OTHER Equipment Encumbrances – Equipment with a carrying value of approximately $2.9 billion at both December 31, 2012 and 2011 served as collateral for capital leases and other types of equipment obligations in accordance with the secured financing arrangements utilized to acquire such railroad equipment. As a result of the merger of Missouri Pacific Railroad Company (MPRR) with and into UPRR on January 1, 1997, and pursuant to the underlying indentures for the MPRR mortgage bonds, UPRR must maintain the same value of assets after the merger in order to comply with the security requirements of the mortgage bonds. As of the merger date, the value of the MPRR assets that secured the mortgage bonds was approximately $6.0 billion. In accordance with the terms of the indentures, this collateral value must be maintained during the entire term of the mortgage bonds irrespective of the outstanding balance of such bonds. Environmental Matters – Certain of our properties are subject to federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment. (See discussion of environmental issues in Business – Governmental and Environmental Regulation, Item 1, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies – Environmental, Item 7.) Item 3. Legal Proceedings From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, claims, and litigation that occur in connection with our business. We routinely assess our liabilities and contingencies in connection with these matters based upon the latest available information and, when necessary, we seek input from our third-party advisors when making these assessments. Consistent with SEC rules and requirements, we describe below material pending legal proceedings (other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to our business), material proceedings known to be contemplated by governmental authorities, other proceedings arising under federal, state, or local environmental laws and regulations (including governmental proceedings involving potential fines, penalties, or other monetary sanctions in excess of $100,000), and such other pending matters that we may determine to be appropriate. ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS On January 14, 2013, the Illinois Attorney General's Office notified UPRR that it will seek a penalty against the Railroad for environmental conditions caused by its predecessor at a former locomotive fueling facility in South Pekin, Illinois. This former CNW facility discontinued fueling operations in the early 1980s. Subsequent environmental investigation revealed evidence of fuel releases to soil and groundwater. In January 2007, the State rejected UPRR's proposed compliance commitment agreement and responded with a notice of intent to pursue legal action. UPRR continued to perform remedial investigations under the supervision of the Illinois EPA. In June 2012, the Illinois EPA approved UPRR's proposed remedial action plan for the contaminated groundwater. Although no further action is required for the contamination, the State is now seeking to recover a penalty. The State has offered to settle the matter prior to litigation for payment of a $240,000 penalty. If we are unable to reach an agreement, the state will pursue legal action for a penalty, which we expect will exceed $100,000. We received notices from the EPA and state environmental agencies alleging that we are or may be liable under federal or state environmental laws for remediation costs at various sites throughout the U.S., including sites on the Superfund National Priorities List or state superfund lists. We cannot predict the ultimate impact of these proceedings and suits because of the number of potentially responsible parties involved, the degree of contamination by various wastes, the scarcity and quality of volumetric data related to many of the sites, and the speculative nature of remediation costs. 16 Information concerning environmental claims and contingencies and estimated remediation costs is set forth in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies – Environmental, Item 7. OTHER MATTERS Antitrust Litigation - As we reported in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007, 20 small rail shippers (many of whom are represented by the same law firms) filed virtually identical antitrust lawsuits in various federal district courts against us and four other Class I railroads in the U.S. (one railroad was eventually dropped from the lawsuit). The original plaintiff filed the first of these claims in the U.S. District Court in New Jersey on May 14, 2007, and the additional plaintiffs filed claims in district courts in various states, including Florida, Illinois, Alabama, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia. These suits allege that the named railroads engaged in price-fixing by establishing common fuel surcharges for certain rail traffic. We received additional complaints following the initial claim, increasing the total number of complaints to 30. In addition to suits filed by direct purchasers of rail transportation, a few of the suits involved plaintiffs alleging that they are or were indirect purchasers of rail transportation and seeking to represent a purported class of indirect purchasers of rail transportation that paid fuel surcharges. These complaints added allegations under state antitrust and consumer protection laws. On November 6, 2007, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation ordered that all of the rail fuel surcharge cases be transferred to Judge Paul Friedman of the U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia for coordinated or consolidated pretrial proceedings. Subsequently, the direct purchaser plaintiffs and the indirect purchaser plaintiffs filed Consolidated Amended Class Action Complaints against UPRR and three other Class I railroads. One additional shipper filed a separate antitrust suit during 2008. Subsequently, the shipper voluntarily dismissed the action without prejudice. On October 10, 2008, Judge Friedman heard oral arguments with respect to the defendant railroads’ motions to dismiss. In a ruling on November 7, 2008, Judge Friedman denied the motion with respect to the direct purchasers’ complaint, and pretrial proceedings are underway in that case, the status of which is described below. On December 31, 2008, Judge Friedman dismissed the complaints of the indirect purchasers based upon state antitrust, consumer protection, and unjust enrichment laws. He also ruled, however, that these plaintiffs could proceed with their claim for injunctive relief under the federal antitrust laws, which is identical to a claim by the direct purchaser plaintiffs. The indirect purchasers appealed Judge Friedman's ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. On April 16, 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed Judge Friedman’s ruling dismissing the indirect purchasers’ claims based on various state laws. With respect to the direct purchasers’ complaint, Judge Friedman conducted a two-day hearing on October 6 and 7, 2010, on the class certification issue and the railroad defendants’ motion to exclude evidence of interline communications. On April 7, 2011, Judge Friedman issued an order deferring any decision on class certification until the Supreme Court issued its decision in the Wal-Mart employment discrimination case. On June 21, 2012, Judge Friedman issued his decision certifying a class of plaintiffs to be represented by the eight named plaintiffs. The class includes all shippers that paid a rate-based fuel surcharge to any one of the defendant railroads for rate-unregulated rail transportation from July 1, 2003 through December 1, 2008. This is a procedural ruling, which does not affirm any of the claims asserted by the plaintiffs and does not affect the ability of the railroad defendants to disprove the allegations made by the plaintiffs. On July 5, 2012, the defendant railroads filed a petition with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia requesting that the court review the class certification ruling. On August 28, 2012, a panel of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia referred the petition to a merits panel of the court to address the issues in the petition and to address whether the district court properly granted class certification. We deny the allegations that our fuel surcharge programs violate the antitrust laws or any other laws. We believe that these lawsuits are without merit, and we will vigorously defend our actions. Therefore, we currently believe that these matters will not have a material adverse effect on any of our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. 17   Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures Not applicable. Executive Officers of the Registrant and Principal Executive Officers of Subsidiaries The Board of Directors typically elects and designates our executive officers on an annual basis at the board meeting held in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and they hold office until their successors are elected. Executive officers also may be elected and designated throughout the year, as the Board of Directors considers appropriate. There are no family relationships among the officers, nor any arrangement or understanding between any officer and any other person pursuant to which the officer was selected. The following table sets forth certain information current as of February 8, 2013, relating to the executive officers. Name James R. Young John J. Koraleski Robert M. Knight, Jr. Diane K. Duren Barbara W. Schaefer Gayla L. Thal Jeffrey P. Totusek Lance M. Fritz Eric L. Butler Position Chairman of UPC and the Railroad President and Chief Executive Officer of UPC and the Railroad Executive Vice President – Finance and Chief Financial Officer of UPC and the Railroad Executive Vice President of UPC and the Railroad 53 59 Senior Vice President – Human Resources and Secretary of UPC and the Railroad Senior Vice President – Law and General Counsel of UPC and the Railroad Vice President and Controller of UPC and Chief Accounting Officer and Controller of the Railroad Executive Vice President – Operations of the Railroad Executive Vice President – Marketing and Sales of the Railroad 56 50 52 Business Experience During Age Past Five Years 60 62 [1] [2] 55 Current Position 54 Current Position [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [1] On March 2, 2012, Mr. Young stepped down from his duties as President and Chief Executive Officer of UPC and the Railroad due to a health condition. He remains Chairman of the Board. [2] Mr. Koraleski was elected Chief Executive Officer and President of UPC and the Railroad effective March 2, 2012. He previously was Executive Vice President - Marketing and Sales of the Railroad effective March 1, 1999. [3] Ms. Duren was elected to her current position effective October 1, 2012. She previously was Vice President and General Manager - Chemicals effective August 1, 2006. In addition, Ms. Duren was elected Corporate Secretary, which will become effective March 1, 2013, upon Ms. Schaefer's retirement. [4] Ms. Schaefer is retiring from UPC and the Railroad effective March 1, 2013. [5] Ms. Thal was elected to her current position effective March 15, 2012. She previously was Vice President - Law and Chief Compliance Officer effective December 1, 2005. [6] Mr. Fritz was elected to his current position effective September 1, 2010. He previously was Vice President – Operations of the Railroad, effective January 1, 2010. Mr. Fritz previously served as Vice President – Labor Relations effective March 1, 2008. [7] Mr. Butler was elected to his current position effective March 15, 2012. He previously was Vice President and General Manager - Industrial Products effective April 14, 2005. 18 PART II Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol “UNP”. The following table presents the dividends declared and the high and low prices of our common stock for each of the indicated quarters. 2012 - Dollars Per Share Dividends Common stock price: High Low 2011 - Dollars Per Share Dividends Common stock price: High Low Q1 0.60 $ Q2 0.60 $ Q3 0.60 $ Q4 0.69 $ 117.40 104.77 119.82 104.08 129.27 115.38 128.38 116.06 Q1 0.38 $ Q2 0.475 $ Q3 0.475 $ Q4 0.60 $ 99.50 90.66 105.60 92.80 107.89 79.58 106.60 77.73 At February 1, 2013, there were 469,298,732 shares of common stock outstanding and 32,519 common shareholders of record. On that date, the closing price of the common stock on the NYSE was $133.96. We have paid dividends to our common shareholders during each of the past 113 years. We declared dividends totaling $1,180 million in 2012 and $938 million in 2011. On November 15, 2012, we increased the quarterly dividend to $0.69 per share, payable beginning on January 2, 2013, to shareholders of record on November 30, 2012. We are subject to certain restrictions regarding retained earnings with respect to the payment of cash dividends to our shareholders. The amount of retained earnings available for dividends increased to $15.1 billion at December 31, 2012, from $13.8 billion at December 31, 2011. (See discussion of this restriction in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources, Item 7.) We do not believe the restriction on retained earnings will affect our ability to pay dividends, and we currently expect to pay dividends in 2013. Comparison Over One- and Three-Year Periods – The following table presents the cumulative total shareholder returns, assuming reinvestment of dividends, over one- and three-year periods for the Corporation (UNP), a peer group index (comprised of CSX Corporation and Norfolk Southern Corporation), the Dow Jones Transportation Index (DJ Trans), and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (S&P 500). Period 1 Year (2012) 3 Year (2010-2012) DJ Trans S&P 500 7.5 % 36.3 16.0 % 36.3 UNP Peer Group 21.2 % (8.6) % 28.7 108.6 19     Five-Year Performance Comparison – The following graph provides an indicator of cumulative total shareholder returns for the Corporation as compared to the peer group index (described above), the DJ Trans, and the S&P 500. The graph assumes that $100 was invested in the common stock of Union Pacific Corporation and each index on December 31, 2007 and that all dividends were reinvested. Purchases of Equity Securities – During 2012, we repurchased 13,804,709 shares of our common stock at an average price of $115.33. The following table presents common stock repurchases during each month for the fourth quarter of 2012: Period Oct. 1 through Oct. 31 Nov. 1 through Nov. 30 Dec. 1 through Dec. 31 Total Number of Shares Purchased [a] 1,068,414 659,631 411,683 Average Price Paid Per Share 121.70 120.84 124.58 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of a Publicly Announced Plan or Program [b] 1,028,300 655,000 350,450 Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Program [b] 16,041,399 15,386,399 15,035,949 Total 2,139,728 $ 121.99 2,033,750 N/A [a] Total number of shares purchased during the quarter includes approximately 105,978 shares delivered or attested to UPC by employees to pay stock option exercise prices, satisfy excess tax withholding obligations for stock option exercises or vesting of retention units, and pay withholding obligations for vesting of retention shares. [b] On April 1, 2011, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 40 million shares of our common stock by March 31, 2014. These repurchases may be made on the open market or through other transactions. Our management has sole discretion with respect to determining the timing and amount of these transactions. 20     Item 6. Selected Financial Data The following table presents as of, and for the years ended, December 31, our selected financial data for each of the last five years. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Item 7, and with the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Item 8. The information below is not necessarily indicative of future financial condition or results of operations. Millions, Except per Share Amounts, Carloads, Employee Statistics, and Ratios For the Year Ended December 31 Operating revenues [a] Operating income Net income Earnings per share - basic Earnings per share - diluted Dividends declared per share Cash provided by operating activities Cash used in investing activities Cash used in financing activities Cash used for common share repurchases At December 31 Total assets Long-term obligations Debt due after one year Common shareholders' equity Additional Data Freight revenues [a] Revenue carloads (units) (000) Operating ratio (%) [b] Average employees (000) Financial Ratios (%) Debt to capital [c] Return on average common shareholders' equity [d] 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 $ 20,926 6,745 3,943 8.33 8.27 2.49 6,161 (3,633) (2,682) (1,474) $ 19,557 5,724 3,292 6.78 6.72 1.93 5,873 (3,119) (2,623) (1,418) $ 16,965 4,981 2,780 5.58 5.53 1.31 4,105 (2,488) (2,381) (1,249) $ 14,143 3,379 1,890 3.76 3.74 1.08 3,204 (2,145) (458) - $ 17,970 4,070 2,335 4.57 4.53 0.98 4,044 (2,738) (935) (1,609) $ 47,153 24,157 8,801 19,877 $ 45,096 23,201 8,697 18,578 $ 43,088 22,373 9,003 17,763 $ 42,184 22,701 9,636 16,801 $ 39,509 21,314 8,607 15,315 $ 19,686 9,048 67.8 45.9 $ 18,508 9,072 70.7 44.9 $ 16,069 8,815 70.6 42.9 $ 13,373 7,786 76.1 43.5 $ 17,118 9,261 77.4 48.2 31.2 20.5 32.4 18.1 34.2 16.1 37.0 11.8 36.8 15.2 [a] Includes fuel surcharge revenue of $2.6 billion, $2.2 billion, $1.2 billion, $0.6 billion, and $2.3 billion for 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, and 2008, respectively, which partially offsets increased operating expenses for fuel. Fuel surcharge revenue is not comparable from year to year due to implementation of new mileage-based fuel surcharge programs in each respective year. (See further discussion in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results of Operations – Operating Revenues, Item 7.) [b] Operating ratio is defined as operating expenses divided by operating revenues. [c] Debt to capital is determined as follows: total debt divided by total debt plus common shareholders' equity. [d] Return on average common shareholders' equity is determined as follows: Net income divided by average common shareholders' equity. 21 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and applicable notes to the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Item 8, and other information in this report, including Risk Factors set forth in Item 1A and Critical Accounting Policies and Cautionary Information at the end of this Item 7. The Railroad, along with its subsidiaries and rail affiliates, is our one reportable business segment. Although revenue is analyzed by commodity, we analyze the net financial results of the Railroad as one segment due to the integrated nature of the rail network. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2012 Results  Safety – Our employee safety results continued to improve in 2012. The employee injury incident rate per 200,000 employee hours declined 9% from 2011, to a new record low. These results reflect employee training, the move to standard work, and extensive efforts to identify and eliminate risk. Our use of technologies such as laser, ultrasound, and acoustic vibration monitoring, which help identify potential rail, wheel and axle failures before they occur contributed to the reduction of our equipment incident rate to 9.38 per million train miles, another best ever result. With respect to public safety, we closed 237 grade crossings in 2012 to reduce our exposure to incidents and continued use of video cameras on our locomotives to analyze public safety incidents. We now have camera-equipped locomotives in the lead position on over 97% of our through-freight trains. Despite our efforts during 2012, the rate of grade crossing incidents per million train miles increased 13% from 2011. Overall, our 2012 safety results reflect our structured approach to reduce risk and eliminate incidents for our employees, our customers and the public.  Financial Performance – We produced another record-setting year in 2012, generating operating income of $6.7 billion, an 18% increase over 2011. Despite flat volume, core pricing gains of 4.5% and higher fuel surcharge recoveries more than offset inflation and higher depreciation expense to drive the increase. Our operating ratio for 2012 of 67.8% was an all-time best, improving from last year’s operating ratio of 70.7%. Net income of $3.9 billion surpassed our previous milestone set in 2011, translating into earnings of $8.27 per diluted share for 2012.  Freight Revenues – Our freight revenues grew 6% year-over-year to $19.7 billion. Freight revenues for four of the six commodity groups increased despite flat volume. Volume declines in Coal and Agricultural Products offset double digit volume increases in Automotive and Chemicals. Core pricing gains and higher fuel surcharges drove the growth in freight revenue in 2012 compared to 2011. Fuel surcharges increased due to higher fuel prices, the lag effect of our programs (surcharges trail fluctuations in fuel price by approximately two months) and new fuel surcharge provisions in renegotiated contracts.  Network Operations – In 2012, our business mix changed significantly both geographically and by commodity. Nevertheless, by adjusting resources to match market and network requirements, we continued operating an efficient and fluid network. As reported to the Association of American Railroads (AAR), average train speed increased 4% in 2012 compared to 2011, reflecting more efficient operations and relatively mild weather conditions compared to 2011, which included severe winter weather, flooding, and extreme heat and drought that affected various parts of our network during the year. Average terminal dwell time remained flat despite a shift in business mix to more manifest traffic, which requires more switching, resulting in more terminal dwell time. Average rail car inventory decreased slightly, reflecting productivity improvements and ongoing initiatives designed to reduce the number of cars in our fleet. These operational improvements resulted in a record customer satisfaction index in 2012.  Fuel Prices – Despite consistent average crude oil barrel prices in 2011 and 2012, our price per gallon of diesel fuel consumed increased 3% due to higher crude oil to diesel conversion spreads. The higher spreads increased operating expenses by $105 million (excluding any impact from year- over-year volume). A 2% decline in gross-ton miles partially offset the higher expenses. Our fuel consumption rate did not change in 2012 from the rate in 2011. 22  Free Cash Flow – Cash generated by operating activities totaled $6.2 billion, reduced by $3.6 billion for cash used in investing activities and a 37% increase in dividends paid, yielding free cash flow of $1.4 billion. Free cash flow is defined as cash provided by operating activities (adjusted for the reclassification of our receivables securitization facility), less cash used in investing activities and dividends paid. Free cash flow is not considered a financial measure under accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) by SEC Regulation G and Item 10 of SEC Regulation S-K and may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. We believe free cash flow is important to management and investors in evaluating our financial performance and measures our ability to generate cash without additional external financings. Free cash flow should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, cash provided by operating activities. The following table reconciles cash provided by operating activities (GAAP measure) to free cash flow (non-GAAP measure): Millions Cash provided by operating activities Receivables securitization facility [a] Cash provided by operating activities adjusted for the receivables securitization facility Cash used in investing activities Dividends paid Free cash flow 2011 2012 2010 $ 6,161 $ 5,873 $ 4,105 400 - - 6,161 5,873 4,505 (3,633) (1,146) (3,119) (837) (2,488) (602) $ 1,382 $ 1,917 $ 1,415 [a] Effective January 1, 2010, a new accounting standard required us to account for receivables transferred under our receivables securitization facility as secured borrowings in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and as financing activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The receivables securitization facility is included in our free cash flow calculation to adjust cash provided by operating activities as though our receivables securitization facility had been accounted for under the new accounting standard for all periods presented. 2013 Outlook  Safety – Operating a safe railroad benefits our employees, our customers, our shareholders, and the communities we serve. We will continue using a multi-faceted approach to safety, utilizing technology, risk assessment, quality control, training and employee engagement, and targeted capital investments. We will continue using and expanding the deployment of Total Safety Culture throughout our operations, which allows us to identify and implement best practices for employee and operational safety. Derailment prevention and the reduction of grade crossing incidents are critical aspects of our safety programs. We will continue our efforts to increase rail defect detection; improve or close crossings; and educate the public and law enforcement agencies about crossing safety through a combination of our own programs (including risk assessment strategies), various industry programs and local community activities across our network.  Network Operations – We will continue focusing on our six critical initiatives to improve safety, service and productivity during 2013. We are seeing solid contributions from reducing variability, continuous improvements, and standard work. Resource agility allows us to respond quickly to changing market conditions and network disruptions from weather or other events. The Railroad continues to benefit from capital investments that allow us to build capacity for growth and harden our infrastructure to reduce failure.  Fuel Prices – Uncertainty about the economy makes projections of fuel prices difficult. We again could see volatile fuel prices during the year, as they are sensitive to global and U.S. domestic demand, refining capacity, geopolitical events, weather conditions and other factors. To reduce the impact of fuel price on earnings, we will continue seeking cost recovery from our customers through our fuel surcharge programs and expanding our fuel conservation efforts.  Capital Plan – In 2013, we plan to make total capital investments of approximately $3.6 billion, including expenditures for Positive Train Control (PTC), which may be revised if business conditions warrant or if new laws or regulations affect our ability to generate sufficient returns on these investments. (See further discussion in this Item 7 under Liquidity and Capital Resources – Capital Plan.) 23    Positive Train Control – In response to a legislative mandate to implement PTC, we expect to spend approximately $450 million during 2013 on developing and deploying PTC. We currently estimate that PTC, in accordance with implementing rules issued by the Federal Rail Administration (FRA), will cost us approximately $2 billion by the end of the project. This includes costs for installing the new system along our tracks, upgrading locomotives to work with the new system, and adding digital data communication equipment to integrate the components of the system.  Financial Expectations – We are cautious about the economic environment but if industrial production grows approximately 2% as projected, volume should exceed 2012 levels. Even with no volume growth, we expect earnings to exceed 2012 earnings, generated by real core pricing gains, on-going network improvements and operational productivity initiatives. We also expect that a new bonus depreciation program under federal tax laws will positively impact cash flows in 2013. RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Operating Revenues Millions Freight revenues Other revenues Total 2012 $ 19,686 2011 $ 18,508 1,240 1,049 2010 $ 16,069 896 % Change 2012 v 2011 6% 18 % Change 2011 v 2010 15% 17 $ 20,926 $ 19,557 $ 16,965 7% 15% We generate freight revenues by transporting freight or other materials from our six commodity groups. Freight revenues vary with volume (carloads) and average revenue per car (ARC). Changes in price, traffic mix and fuel surcharges drive ARC. We provide some of our customers with contractual incentives for meeting or exceeding specified cumulative volumes or shipping to and from specific locations, which we record as reductions to freight revenues based on the actual or projected future shipments. We recognize freight revenues as shipments move from origin to destination. We allocate freight revenues between reporting periods based on the relative transit time in each reporting period and recognize expenses as we incur them. Other revenues include revenues earned by our subsidiaries, revenues from our commuter rail operations, and accessorial revenues, which we earn when customers retain equipment owned or controlled by us or when we perform additional services such as switching or storage. We recognize other revenues as we perform services or meet contractual obligations. Freight revenues from four of our six commodity groups increased during 2012 compared to 2011. Revenues from coal and agricultural products declined during the year. Our franchise diversity allowed us to take advantage of growth from shale-related markets (crude oil, frac sand and pipe) and strong automotive manufacturing, which offset volume declines from coal and agricultural products. ARC increased 7%, driven by core pricing gains and higher fuel cost recoveries. Improved fuel recovery provisions and higher fuel prices, including the lag effect of our programs (surcharges trail fluctuations in fuel price by approximately two months), combined to increase revenues from fuel surcharges. Freight revenues for all six commodity groups increased during 2011 compared to 2010, while volume increased in all commodity groups except intermodal. Increased demand in many market sectors, with particularly strong growth in chemicals, industrial products, and automotive shipments for the year, generated the increases. ARC increased 12%, driven by higher fuel cost recoveries and core pricing gains. Fuel cost recoveries include fuel surcharge revenue and the impact of resetting the base fuel price for certain traffic. Higher fuel prices, volume growth, and new fuel surcharge provisions in renegotiated contracts all combined to increase revenues from fuel surcharges. Our fuel surcharge programs (excluding index-based contract escalators that contain some provision for fuel) generated freight revenues of $2.6 billion, $2.2 billion, and $1.2 billion in 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively. Ongoing rising fuel prices and increased fuel surcharge coverage drove the increases. Additionally, fuel surcharge revenue is not entirely comparable to prior periods as we continue to convert portions of our non-regulated traffic to mileage-based fuel surcharge programs. 24     In 2012, other revenues increased from 2011 due primarily to higher revenues at our subsidiaries that broker intermodal and automotive services. Assessorial revenues also increased in 2012 due to container revenue related to an increase in intermodal shipments. In 2011, other revenues increased from 2010 due primarily to higher revenues at our subsidiaries that broker intermodal and automotive services. The following tables summarize the year-over-year changes in freight revenues, revenue carloads, and ARC by commodity type: Freight Revenues Millions Agricultural Automotive Chemicals Coal Industrial Products Intermodal Total Revenue Carloads Thousands Agricultural Automotive Chemicals Coal Industrial Products Intermodal [a] Total Average Revenue per Car Agricultural Automotive Chemicals Coal Industrial Products Intermodal [a] $ 2012 3,280 1,807 3,238 3,912 3,494 3,955 $ 2011 3,324 1,510 2,815 4,084 3,166 3,609 $ 2010 3,018 1,271 2,425 3,489 2,639 3,227 $ 19,686 $ 18,508 $ 16,069 2012 900 738 1,042 1,871 1,185 3,312 9,048 2012 3,644 2,448 3,107 2,092 2,947 1,194 $ 2011 934 653 921 2,164 1,146 3,254 9,072 2011 3,561 2,311 3,055 1,888 2,762 1,109 $ % Change 2012 v 2011 % Change 2011 v 2010 (1) % 20 15 (4) 10 10 6 % 10 % 19 16 17 20 12 15 % % Change 2012 v 2011 % Change 2011 v 2010 2010 918 611 844 2,056 1,073 3,313 (4) % 13 13 (14) 3 2 8,815 - % 2 % 7 9 5 7 (2) 3 % $ 2010 3,286 2,082 2,874 1,697 2,461 974 % Change 2012 v 2011 % Change 2011 v 2010 2 % 6 2 11 7 8 7 % 8 % 11 6 11 12 14 12 % Average $ 2,176 $ 2,040 $ 1,823 [a] Each intermodal container or trailer equals one carload. 25   freight 2012 Agricultural Carloads Agricultural Products – Lower volume more than offset core pricing gains and increased fuel revenue surcharges as agricultural decreased in 2012 versus 2011. Weak export demand for U.S. wheat drove a 19% decrease in wheat shipments year over year, as the foreign wheat market improved significantly from the weather affected crop in 2011. In addition, corn shipments declined 11% for the year, with more significant declines in the fourth quarter, reflecting the impact of the severe Lower gasoline the U.S. drought across demand, reduced exports and higher corn prices decreased ethanol shipments during the second half of the year. Growth in imported beer from Mexico and a strong domestic harvest of fresh potatoes partially offset these declines. Fuel surcharges, price improvements and modest volume growth increased agricultural freight revenue in 2011 versus 2010. The federal mandate for higher levels of ethanol in the nation’s fuel supply and new business increased shipments of ethanol by 10% in 2011 versus 2010. Strong export demand for U.S. wheat via Gulf ports in the first half of 2011 was the primary driver of a 6% increase in wheat and food grains shipments for 2011 compared to 2010, despite a 19% decrease in shipments in the second half of 2011 when U.S. grain exports declined. Poor wheat production in some foreign markets drove the export demand during the first six months of the year. Automotive – Increased shipments of finished vehicles and automotive parts along with core pricing gains and higher fuel surcharges improved automotive freight revenue from 2011 levels. Higher production and sales levels drove the volume growth. In addition, 2012 shipments compared lower shipments of international vehicles in 2011 following the disaster in Japan. to 2011 due favorably to 2012 Automotive Carloads Higher volume, core pricing gains and fuel surcharges improved automotive freight revenue in 2011, from 2010 levels. Although higher production and sales levels during 2011 contributed to volume growth, the disaster in Japan partially offset the increase in shipments. The disruption caused by this event reduced parts shipments in the second quarter and shipments of international vehicles in the second and third quarters. Finished autos shipments were up 7% in 2011 from 2010, aided by a 14% increase in the fourth quarter as the U.S. light-vehicle sales rate was the highest since the second quarter of 2008. revenue Chemicals – Higher volume, core price improvements and fuel surcharges increased in 2012. freight from chemicals Shipments of crude oil primarily the from Bakken, Permian and Eagle Ford Shale formations to the Gulf area increased over three fold, driving the improvement in chemicals shipments. In addition, plastics and industrial chemicals shipments increased as low natural gas prices have made U.S. chemicals more cost competitive globally. Declines in potash due temporary shutdowns and reduced production at several mines partially offset the increases in chemical shipments during the year. to 2012 Chemicals Carloads 26 Volume gains, fuel surcharges and price improvements increased freight revenue from chemicals in 2011 versus 2010. In mid-2010, we began moving crude oil shipments from the Bakken formation in North Dakota to facilities in Louisiana. This new business, along with shipments from the Eagle Ford shale formation in south Texas, contributed to a 37% increase in shipments of petroleum products during 2011. Strong domestic demand and robust spring planting increased fertilizer shipments by 9% versus 2010. Additionally, improving market conditions increased demand for industrial chemicals during 2011, driving volume levels up versus 2010. 2012 Coal Carloads Coal – Lower volume, partially offset by core pricing gains and fuel surcharge recoveries reduced freight revenue from coal shipments in 2012 compared to 2011. Shipments of coal from the Southern Powder River Basin (SPRB) mines decreased 15% from 2011. Above average coal stockpiles due to an unseasonably warm winter and low natural gas prices, which caused some displacement of coal in electricity production, led to the volume declines. In addition, the loss of two contracts to a competitor contributed to lower volumes from the SPRB. Coal shipments from the Colorado and Utah mines increased 2% versus 2011. Increased export shipments of Colorado and Utah coal in 2012 offset the domestic declines due to higher stockpiles and low natural gas prices. Core pricing gains, higher fuel surcharges, and increased volume grew coal freight revenue in 2011 versus 2010 levels. Shipments of coal from the SPRB were up 5% in 2011 compared to 2010, reflecting new business to Wisconsin facilities and the start-up of a new power plant near Waco, Texas. Completion of a year-long equipment relocation process at one of the mines in the third quarter of 2011 and minimal production problems elsewhere improved shipments from Colorado and Utah by 3% in 2011 versus 2010. These gains, along with increased exports to Europe and Asia, offset first half production problems and weak demand from eastern coal utilities. 2012 Industrial Products Carloads from freight revenue Industrial Products – Core pricing improvement, higher volume and additional fuel surcharges increased industrial products in 2012 versus 2011. Shipments of non-metallic minerals (primarily frac sand), grew in response to increased horizontal drilling activity for energy products. More construction activity during a relatively mild winter led to higher demand for shipments of lumber, cement and stone compared to 2011. The growth in housing starts throughout 2012 also increased lumber shipments, up 12% from 2011. Steel shipments finished slightly down from 2011 levels as lower demand for export scrap and mine production issues in the second half of the year offset increases in the first half due to higher demand for steel coils and plate for pipe and auto production. Increased volume, fuel surcharges, and core pricing improvement increased freight revenue from industrial products in 2011 versus 2010. Shipments of non-metallic minerals (primarily frac sand) grew in response to a dramatic rise in horizontal drilling activity for natural gas and oil, while steel shipments increased due to higher demand for steel coils and plate for automotive and pipe production. In addition, an increase in iron ore export business to China also drove volume growth. Conversely, lower commercial construction activity reduced stone, sand and gravel shipments in 2011 compared to 2010. 27 2012 Intermodal Carloads Intermodal – Higher fuel surcharges, including improved fuel recovery provisions, core pricing gains and volume growth increased freight revenue from intermodal shipments in 2012. Volume levels from international traffic remained flat year-over-year as the loss of a customer contract in the first half of the year offset modest West Coast import growth. Domestic traffic increased 3% versus 2011 due to better market conditions and continued conversion of traffic from truck to rail. Fuel surcharge gains, including better contract provisions for fuel cost recovery, and pricing improvements, partially offset by lower volume, increased freight revenue from intermodal shipments in 2011 compared to 2010. Volume from international traffic decreased 5% in 2011 versus 2010, driven by softer economic conditions, reflected in a muted international peak shipping season, which usually starts in the third quarter, and the loss of a customer contract. Conversely, conversions from truck to rail and recovering consumer demand offset competition for domestic shipments, resulting in a 2% volume increase in domestic shipments during 2011. Mexico Business – Each of our commodity groups includes revenue from shipments to and from Mexico. Revenue from Mexico business increased 8% to $1.9 billion in 2012 versus 2011. Volume levels for four of the six commodity groups (industrial products and agricultural products declined), were up 5% in aggregate versus 2011, with particularly strong growth in automotive and intermodal shipments. Revenue from Mexico business increased 16% to $1.8 billion in 2011 versus 2010. Volume levels increased 9% in aggregate versus 2010, with particularly strong growth in automotive and industrial products. Coal was the one commodity group that declined as one of our customers conducted a supplier contract renewal during the year, shifting transportation modes from rail to truck during the process. 28 Operating Expenses Millions Compensation and benefits Fuel Purchased services and materials Depreciation Equipment and other rents Other $ 2012 4,685 3,608 2,143 1,760 1,197 788 $ 2011 4,681 3,581 2,005 1,617 1,167 782 $ 2010 4,314 2,486 1,836 1,487 1,142 719 % Change 2012 v 2011 % Change 2011 v 2010 - % 1 7 9 3 1 9 % 44 9 9 2 9 Total $ 14,181 $ 13,833 $ 11,984 3 % 15 % 2012 Operating Expenses Operating expenses increased $348 million in 2012 versus 2011. Depreciation, wage and benefit inflation, higher fuel prices and volume- related trucking services purchased by our logistics subsidiaries, contributed to higher expenses during the year. Efficiency gains, volume related fuel savings (2% fewer gallons of fuel consumed) and $38 million of weather related expenses in 2011, which favorably affects the comparison, partially offset the cost increase. Operating expenses increased $1.8 billion in 2011 versus 2010. Our fuel price per gallon rose 36% during 2011, accounting for $922 million of the increase. Wage and benefit inflation, volume-related costs, depreciation, and property taxes also contributed to higher expenses. Expenses increased $20 million for costs related to the flooding in the Midwest and $18 million due to the impact of severe heat and drought in the South, primarily Texas. Cost savings from productivity improvements and better resource utilization partially offset these increases. A $45 million one-time payment relating to a transaction with CSX Intermodal, Inc (CSXI) increased operating expenses during the first quarter of 2010, which favorably affects the comparison of operating expenses in 2011 to those in 2010. Compensation and Benefits – Compensation and benefits include wages, payroll taxes, health and welfare costs, pension costs, other postretirement benefits, and incentive costs. Expenses in 2012 were essentially flat versus 2011 as operational improvements and cost reductions offset general wage and benefit inflation and higher pension and other postretirement benefits. In addition, weather related costs increased these expenses in 2011. A combination of general wage and benefit inflation, volume-related expenses, higher training costs associated with new hires, additional crew costs due to speed restrictions caused by the Midwest flooding and heat and drought in the South, and higher pension expense drove the increase during 2011 compared to 2010. Fuel – Fuel includes locomotive fuel and gasoline for highway and non-highway vehicles and heavy equipment. Higher locomotive diesel fuel prices, which averaged $3.22 per gallon (including taxes and transportation costs) in 2012, compared to $3.12 in 2011, increased expenses by $105 million. Volume, as measured by gross ton-miles, decreased 2% in 2012 versus 2011, driving expense down. The fuel consumption rate was flat year-over-year. Higher locomotive diesel fuel prices, which averaged $3.12 (including taxes and transportation costs) in 2011, compared to $2.29 per gallon in 2010, increased expenses by $922 million. In addition, higher gasoline prices for highway and non-highway vehicles also increased year-over-year. Volume, as measured by gross ton-miles, increased 5% in 2011 versus 2010, driving expense up by $122 million. Purchased Services and Materials – Expense for purchased services and materials includes the costs of services purchased from outside contractors and other service providers (including equipment 29 maintenance and contract expenses incurred by our subsidiaries for external transportation services); materials used to maintain the Railroad’s lines, structures, and equipment; costs of operating facilities jointly used by UPRR and other railroads; transportation and lodging for train crew employees; trucking and contracting costs for intermodal containers; leased automobile maintenance expenses; and tools and supplies. Expenses for contract services increased $103 million in 2012 versus 2011, primarily due to increased demand for transportation services purchased by our logistics subsidiaries for their customers and additional costs for repair and maintenance of locomotives and freight cars. Expenses for contract services increased $106 million in 2011 versus 2010, driven by volume-related external transportation services incurred by our subsidiaries, and various other types of contractual services, including flood-related repairs, mitigation and improvements. Volume-related crew transportation and lodging costs, as well as expenses associated with jointly owned operating facilities, also increased costs compared to 2010. In addition, an increase in locomotive maintenance materials used to prepare a portion of our locomotive fleet for return to active service due to increased volume and additional capacity for weather related issues and warranty expirations increased expenses in 2011. Depreciation – The majority of depreciation relates to road property, including rail, ties, ballast, and other track material. A higher depreciable asset base, reflecting ongoing capital spending, increased depreciation expense in 2012 compared to 2011. A higher depreciable asset base, reflecting ongoing capital spending, increased depreciation expense in 2011 compared to 2010. Higher depreciation rates for rail and other track material also contributed to the increase. The higher rates, which became effective January 1, 2011, resulted primarily from increased track usage (based on higher gross ton-miles in 2010). Equipment and Other Rents – Equipment and other rents expense primarily includes rental expense that the Railroad pays for freight cars owned by other railroads or private companies; freight car, intermodal, and locomotive leases; and office and other rent expenses. Increased automotive and intermodal shipments, partially offset by improved car-cycle times, drove an increase in our short-term freight car rental expense in 2012. Conversely, lower locomotive lease expense partially offset the higher freight car rental expense. Costs increased in 2011 versus 2010 as higher short-term freight car rental expense and container lease expense offset lower freight car and locomotive lease expense. Other – Other expenses include personal injury, freight and property damage, destruction of equipment, insurance, environmental, bad debt, state and local taxes, utilities, telephone and cellular, employee travel, computer software, and other general expenses. Other costs in 2012 were slightly higher than 2011 primarily due to higher property taxes. Despite continual improvement in our safety experience and lower estimated annual costs, personal injury expense increased in 2012 compared to 2011, as the liability reduction resulting from historical claim experience was less than the reduction in 2011. Higher property taxes, casualty costs associated with destroyed equipment, damaged freight and property and environmental costs increased other costs in 2011 compared to 2010. A one-time payment of $45 million in the first quarter of 2010 related to a transaction with CSXI and continued improvement in our safety performance and lower estimated liability for personal injury, which reduced our personal injury expense year-over-year, partially offset increases in other costs. Non-Operating Items Millions Other income Interest expense Income taxes $ 2012 108 (535) (2,375) $ 2011 112 (572) (1,972) $ 2010 54 (602) (1,653) % Change 2012 v 2011 % Change 2011 v 2010 (4) % (6) 20 % 107 % (5) 19 % Other Income – Other income decreased in 2012 versus 2011 due to lower gains from real estate sales and higher environmental costs associated with non-operating properties, partially offset by an interest payment from a tax refund. 30     Other income increased in 2011 versus 2010 due to higher gains from real estate sales, lower environmental costs associated with non-operating properties and the comparative impact of premiums paid for early redemption of long-term debt in the first quarter of 2010. Interest Expense – Interest expense decreased in 2012 versus 2011 reflecting a lower effective interest rate in 2012 of 6.0% versus 6.2% in 2011 as the debt level did not materially change in 2012. Interest expense decreased in 2011 versus 2010 due to a lower weighted-average debt level of $9.2 billion versus $9.7 billion. The effective interest rate was 6.2% in both 2011 and 2010. Income Taxes – Higher pre-tax income increased income taxes in 2012 compared to 2011. Our effective tax rate for 2012 was relatively flat at 37.6% compared to 37.5% in 2011. Income taxes were higher in 2011 compared to 2010, primarily driven by higher pre-tax income. Our effective tax rate remained relatively flat at 37.5% in 2011 compared to 37.3% in 2010. OTHER OPERATING/PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL STATISTICS We report key performance measures weekly to the Association of American Railroads (AAR), including carloads, average daily inventory of freight cars on our system, average train speed, and average terminal dwell time. We provide this data on our website at www.up.com/investors/reports/index.shtml. Operating/Performance Statistics Railroad performance measures reported to the AAR, as well as other performance measures, are included in the table below: Average train speed (miles per hour) Average terminal dwell time (hours) Average rail car inventory (thousands) Gross ton-miles (billions) Revenue ton-miles (billions) Operating ratio Employees (average) Customer satisfaction index 2012 26.5 26.2 269.1 959.3 521.1 67.8 45,928 93 2011 25.6 26.2 272.9 978.2 544.4 70.7 44,861 92 2010 26.2 25.4 274.4 931.4 520.4 70.6 42,884 89 % Change 2012 v 2011 % Change 2011 v 2010 4 % - % (1)% (2)% (4)% (2.9)pts 2 % 1 pt (2)% 3 % (1)% 5 % 5 % 0.1 pts 5 % 3 pts Average Train Speed – Average train speed is calculated by dividing train miles by hours operated on our main lines between terminals. Average train speed, as reported to the Association of American Railroads (AAR), increased 4% in 2012 versus 2011. Efficient operations and relatively mild weather conditions during the year compared favorably to 2011, during which severe winter weather, flooding, and extreme heat and drought affected various parts of our network. We continued operating a fluid and efficient network while handling essentially the same volume and adjusting operations to accommodate increased capital project work on our network compared to 2011. The extreme weather challenges in addition to increased carloadings and traffic mix changes, led to a 2% decrease in average train speed in 2011 compared to 2010. Average Terminal Dwell Time – Average terminal dwell time is the average time that a rail car spends at our terminals. Lower average terminal dwell time improves asset utilization and service. Average terminal dwell time remained flat in 2012 compared to 2011, despite a shift in traffic mix to more manifest shipments, which require more switching at terminals. Average terminal dwell time increased 3% in 2011 compared to 2010. Additional volume, weather challenges, track replacement programs, and a shift of traffic mix to more manifest shipments, which require additional terminal processing, all contributed to the increase. Average Rail Car Inventory – Average rail car inventory is the daily average number of rail cars on our lines, including rail cars in storage. Lower average rail car inventory reduces congestion in our yards and sidings, which increases train speed, reduces average terminal dwell time, and improves rail car utilization. Despite a shift in traffic mix from coal to shale-related and automotive shipments with longer 31     cycle times, productivity improvements reduced average rail car inventory by 1% in 2012 compared to 2011. Average rail car inventory decreased slightly in 2011 compared to 2010, as we continued to adjust the size of our freight car fleet. Gross and Revenue Ton-Miles – Gross ton-miles are calculated by multiplying the weight of loaded and empty freight cars by the number of miles hauled. Revenue ton-miles are calculated by multiplying the weight of freight by the number of tariff miles. Gross ton-miles declined 2% in 2012 compared to 2011, while revenue ton-miles decreased 4% and carloads remained relatively flat. Changes in commodity mix drove the year-over-year variances between gross ton-miles, revenue ton-miles and carloads. Gross and revenue-ton-miles increased 5% in 2011 compared to 2010, driven by a 3% increase in carloads and mix changes to heavier commodity groups, notably a 5% increase in coal shipments. Operating Ratio – Operating ratio is our operating expenses reflected as a percentage of operating revenue. Our operating ratio improved 2.9 points to a record low of 67.8% in 2012 versus 2011. Core pricing gains, improved fuel recovery provisions, efficient operations and cost reductions more than offset the impact of inflationary pressures. Our operating ratio increased 0.1 points to 70.7% in 2011 versus 2010. Higher fuel prices, inflation and weather related costs, partially offset by core pricing gains and productivity initiatives, drove the increase. Employees – Employee levels increased 2% in 2012 versus 2011. Work related to the increase in capital investment, including positive train control, accounted for over half of the increase. Additionally, the shift in our traffic mix required more resources in the Southern region to support the growth in shale-related shipments. Employee levels were up 5% in 2011 versus 2010, driven by a 3% increase in volume levels, a higher number of trainmen, engineers, and yard employees receiving training during the year, and increased work on capital projects. Customer Satisfaction Index – Our customer satisfaction survey asks customers to rate how satisfied they are with our performance over the last 12 months on a variety of attributes. A higher score indicates higher customer satisfaction. We believe that improvement in survey results in 2012 generally reflects customer recognition of our service quality supported by our capital investment program. Return on Average Common Shareholders’ Equity Millions, Except Percentages Net income Average equity Return on average common shareholders' equity Return on Invested Capital as Adjusted (ROIC) Millions, Except Percentages Net income Add: Interest expense Add: Interest on present value of operating leases Less: Taxes on interest Net operating profit after taxes as adjusted (a) Average equity Add: Average debt Add: Average value of sold receivables Add: Average present value of operating leases $ $ $ $ $ 2012 3,943 19,228 20.5% 2012 3,943 535 190 (273) 4,395 19,228 8,952 - 3,160 $ $ $ $ $ 2011 3,292 18,171 18.1% 2011 3,292 572 208 (293) 3,779 18,171 9,074 - 3,350 $ $ $ $ $ 2010 2,780 17,282 16.1% 2010 2,780 602 222 (307) 3,297 17,282 9,545 200 3,574 Average invested capital as adjusted (b) $ 31,340 $ 30,595 $ 30,601 Return on invested capital as adjusted (a/b) 14.0% 12.4% 10.8% ROIC is considered a non-GAAP financial measure by SEC Regulation G and Item 10 of SEC Regulation S-K, and may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. We believe this measure is important in evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of our long-term capital investments. In addition, we currently use ROIC as a performance criteria in determining certain elements of equity compensation for our executives. ROIC should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute 32 for, other information provided in accordance with GAAP. The most comparable GAAP measure is Return on Average Common Shareholders’ Equity. The tables on the previous page provide reconciliations from return on average common shareholders’ equity to ROIC. Our 2012 ROIC improved 1.6 points compared to 2011, primarily as a result of higher earnings. Debt to Capital / Adjusted Debt to Capital Millions, Except Percentages Debt (a) Equity Capital (b) Debt to capital (a/b) Millions, Except Percentages Debt Net present value of operating leases Unfunded pension and OPEB Adjusted debt (a) Equity Adjusted capital (b) Adjusted debt to capital (a/b) $ $ $ $ $ 2012 8,997 19,877 28,874 31.2% 2012 8,997 3,096 679 12,772 19,877 32,649 39.1% $ $ $ $ $ 2011 8,906 18,578 27,484 32.4% 2011 8,906 3,224 623 12,753 18,578 31,331 40.7% Adjusted debt to capital is a non-GAAP financial measure under SEC Regulation G and Item 10 of SEC Regulation S-K, and may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. We believe this measure is important to management and investors in evaluating the total amount of leverage in our capital structure, including off-balance sheet lease obligations, which we generally incur in connection with financing the acquisition of locomotives and freight cars and certain facilities. Operating leases were discounted using 6.0% and 6.2% at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The discount rate reflects our effective interest rate. We monitor the ratio of adjusted debt to capital as we manage our capital structure to balance cost-effective and efficient access to the capital markets with our overall cost of capital. Adjusted debt to capital should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, debt to capital. The tables above provide reconciliations from debt to capital to adjusted debt to capital. Our December 31, 2012 debt to capital ratios decreased as a result of a $1.3 billion increase in equity from December 31, 2011, driven by higher earnings. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES As of December 31, 2012, our principal sources of liquidity included cash, cash equivalents, our receivables securitization facility, and our revolving credit facility, as well as the availability of commercial paper and other sources of financing through the capital markets. We had $1.8 billion of committed credit available under our credit facility, with no borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2012. We did not make any borrowings under this facility during 2012. The value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors under the $600 million capacity receivables securitization facility was $100 million as of December 31, 2012, and is included in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as debt due after one year. The receivables securitization facility obligates us to maintain an investment grade bond rating. If our bond rating were to deteriorate, it could have an adverse impact on our liquidity. Access to commercial paper as well as other capital market financings is dependent on market conditions. Deterioration of our operating results or financial condition due to internal or external factors could negatively impact our ability to access capital markets as a source of liquidity. Access to liquidity through the capital markets is also dependent on our financial stability. We expect that we will continue to have access to liquidity through any or all of the following sources or activities: (i) increasing the utilization of our receivables securitization, (ii) issuing commercial paper, (iii) entering into bank loans, outside of our revolving credit facility, or (iv) issuing bonds or other debt securities to public or private investors based on our assessment of the current condition of the credit markets. The Company’s $1.8 billion revolving credit facility is intended to back Union Pacific’s ability to issue commercial paper and is an emergency back-up source of liquidity. The Company has no current intentions of borrowing under this facility. 33     At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had a working capital surplus. This reflects a strong cash position, which provides enhanced liquidity in an uncertain economic environment. In addition, we believe we have adequate access to capital markets to meet any foreseeable cash requirements, and we have sufficient financial capacity to satisfy our current liabilities. Cash Flows Millions Cash provided by operating activities Cash used in investing activities Cash used in financing activities Net change in cash and cash equivalents Operating Activities 2012 6,161 (3,633) (2,682) (154) $ $ 2011 5,873 (3,119) (2,623) 131 $ $ 2010 4,105 (2,488) (2,381) (764) $ $ Higher net income in 2012 increased cash provided by operating activities compared to 2011, partially offset by lower tax benefits from bonus depreciation (as explained below) and payments for past wages based on national labor negotiations settled earlier this year. Higher net income and lower cash income tax payments in 2011 increased cash provided by operating activities compared to 2010. The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 provided for 100% bonus depreciation for qualified investments made during 2011, and 50% bonus depreciation for qualified investments made during 2012. As a result of the Act, the Company deferred a substantial portion of its 2011 income tax expense. This deferral decreased 2011 income tax payments, thereby contributing to the positive operating cash flow. In future years, however, additional cash will be used to pay income taxes that were previously deferred. In addition, the adoption of a new accounting standard in January of 2010 changed the accounting treatment for our receivables securitization facility from a sale of undivided interests (recorded as an operating activity) to a secured borrowing (recorded as a financing activity), which decreased cash provided by operating activities by $400 million in 2010. Investing Activities Higher capital investments in 2012 drove the increase in cash used in investing activities compared to 2011. Included in capital investments in 2012 was $75 million for the early buyout of 165 locomotives under long-term operating and capital leases during the first quarter of 2012, which we exercised due to favorable economic terms and market conditions. Higher capital investments partially offset by higher proceeds from asset sales in 2011 drove the increase in cash used in investing activities compared to 2010. 34   The tables below detail cash capital investments and track statistics for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010: Millions Rail and other track material Ties Ballast Other [a] Total road infrastructure replacements Line expansion and other capacity projects Commercial facilities Total capacity and commercial facilities Locomotives and freight cars Positive train control Technology and other Total cash capital investments $ 2012 759 434 203 312 1,708 489 169 658 875 349 148 $ 2011 697 403 220 382 1,702 311 111 422 675 229 148 $ 2010 626 444 190 365 1,625 122 227 349 330 84 94 $ 3,738 $ 3,176 $ 2,482 [a] Other includes bridges and tunnels, signals, other road assets, and road work equipment. Track miles of rail replaced Track miles of rail capacity expansion New ties installed (thousands) Miles of track surfaced 2012 1,051 139 4,436 11,049 2011 895 69 3,785 11,284 2010 795 46 4,334 10,883 Capital Plan – In 2013, we expect our total capital investments to be approximately $3.6 billion, which may be revised if business conditions warrant or if new laws or regulations affect our ability to generate sufficient returns on these investments. We expect to use over 60% of our 2013 capital investments to replace and improve existing capital assets. Among our major investment categories are replacing and improving track infrastructure; upgrading our locomotive and freight car fleet, including acquisition of 100 locomotives and 900 freight cars, primarily large covered hoppers, gondolas, auto racks and refrigerated box cars; improving technology, including investing in PTC; and other capital projects. Additionally, we will continue increasing our network and terminal capacity; for example, to balance terminal capacity with more mainline capacity from our track expansion in the Southern region, we are constructing a rail facility at Santa Teresa, New Mexico, that initially will include a run-through and fueling facility and an intermodal ramp. We expect to fund our 2013 cash capital investments by using some or all of the following: cash generated from operations, proceeds from the sale or lease of various operating and non-operating properties, proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, and cash on hand. Our annual capital plan is a critical component of our long-term strategic plan, which we expect will enhance the long-term value of the Corporation for our shareholders by providing sufficient resources to (i) replace and improve our existing track infrastructure to provide safe and fluid operations, (ii) increase network efficiency by adding or improving facilities and track, and (iii) make investments that meet customer demand and take advantage of opportunities for long-term growth. Financing Activities Cash used in financing activities increased in 2012 versus 2011. Dividend payments increased by $309 million, reflecting our higher dividend rate, and common stock repurchases increased by $56 million. Our debt levels did not materially change from last year after a decline in debt levels from 2010. Therefore, less cash was used in 2012 for debt activity than in 2011. Cash used in financing activities increased in 2011 versus 2010. Higher dividend payments in 2011 of $837 million compared to $602 million in 2010, reflecting our increased dividend rate and the repurchase of $1.4 billion of our common stock, a $169 million increase from 2010 repurchases, drove the increase. We used less cash to reduce outstanding debt in 2011, which partially offset this increase. 35   Credit Facilities – On December 31, 2012, we had $1.8 billion of credit available under our revolving credit facility (the facility), which is designated for general corporate purposes and supports the issuance of commercial paper. We did not draw on the facility during 2012. Commitment fees and interest rates payable under the facility are similar to fees and rates available to comparably rated, investment-grade borrowers. The facility allows for borrowings at floating rates based on London Interbank Offered Rates, plus a spread, depending upon our senior unsecured debt ratings. The facility matures in 2015 under a four year term and requires the Corporation to maintain a debt-to-net-worth coverage ratio as a condition to making a borrowing. At December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011 (and at all times during the year), we were in compliance with this covenant. The definition of debt used for purposes of calculating the debt-to-net-worth coverage ratio includes, among other things, certain credit arrangements, capital leases, guarantees and unfunded and vested pension benefits under Title IV of ERISA. At December 31, 2012, the debt-to-net-worth coverage ratio allowed us to carry up to $39.8 billion of debt (as defined in the facility), and we had $9.6 billion of debt (as defined in the facility) outstanding at that date. Under our current capital plans, we expect to continue to satisfy the debt-to-net-worth coverage ratio; however, many factors beyond our reasonable control could affect our ability to comply with this provision in the future. The facility does not include any other financial restrictions, credit rating triggers (other than rating-dependent pricing), or any other provision that could require us to post collateral. The facility also includes a $75 million cross-default provision and a change-of-control provision. During 2012, we issued and repaid commercial paper of $50 million. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had no commercial paper outstanding. Our revolving credit facility supports our outstanding commercial paper balances, and, unless we change the terms of our commercial paper program, our aggregate issuance of commercial paper will not exceed the amount of borrowings available under the facility. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we reclassified as long-term debt $100 million of debt due within one year that we intend to refinance. This reclassification reflected our ability and intent to refinance any short-term borrowings and certain current maturities of long-term debt on a long-term basis. Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges For each of the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010, our ratio of earnings to fixed charges was 10.4, 8.4, and 6.9, respectively. The ratio of earnings to fixed charges was computed on a consolidated basis. Earnings represent income from continuing operations, less equity earnings net of distributions, plus fixed charges and income taxes. Fixed charges represent interest charges, amortization of debt discount, and the estimated amount representing the interest portion of rental charges. (See Exhibit 12 to this report for the calculation of the ratio of earnings to fixed charges.) Common Shareholders’ Equity Dividend Restrictions – Our revolving credit facility includes a debt-to-net worth covenant (discussed in the Credit Facilities section above) that, under certain circumstances, restricts the payment of cash dividends to our shareholders. The amount of retained earnings available for dividends was $15.1 billion and $13.8 billion at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. 36   Share Repurchase Program Effective April 1, 2011, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of 40 million shares of our common stock by March 31, 2014, replacing our previous repurchase program. As of December 31, 2012, we repurchased a total of $7.1 billion of our common stock since the commencement of our repurchase programs. The table below represents shares repurchased under the new repurchase program, except for the first quarter of 2011 which represent shares repurchased under the previous program. First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Total Number of Shares Purchased 2011 2,636,178 3,576,399 4,681,535 3,885,658 2012 3,917,369 3,770,528 3,098,812 2,033,750 2012 $ 110.64 110.02 122.13 121.81 $ Average Price Paid 2011 94.10 100.75 91.45 98.16 12,820,459 14,779,770 $ 115.01 $ 95.94 Remaining number of shares that may be repurchased under current authority 15,035,949 Management's assessments of market conditions and other pertinent facts guide the timing and volume of all repurchases. We expect to fund any share repurchases under this program through cash generated from operations, the sale or lease of various operating and non-operating properties, debt issuances, and cash on hand. Repurchased shares are recorded in treasury stock at cost, which includes any applicable commissions and fees. Shelf Registration Statement and Significant New Borrowings – Under our current shelf registration, we may issue, from time to time, any combination of debt securities, preferred stock, common stock, or warrants for debt securities or preferred stock in one or more offerings. We have no immediate plans to issue equity securities; however, we will continue to explore opportunities to replace existing debt or access capital through issuances of debt securities under our shelf registration, and, therefore, we may issue additional debt securities at any time. During 2012, we issued the following unsecured, fixed-rate debt securities under our current shelf registration: Date June 11, 2012 Description of Securities $300 million of 2.95% Notes due January 15, 2023 $300 million of 4.30% Notes due June 15, 2042 We used the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including the repurchase of common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program. These debt securities include change-of- control provisions. At December 31, 2012, we had remaining authority to issue up to $1.4 billion of debt securities under our shelf registration. On May 22, 2012, we borrowed $100 million under a 4-year-term loan (the loan). The loan has a floating rate based on London Interbank Offered Rates, plus a spread, and is prepayable in whole or in part without a premium prior to maturity. The agreement documenting the loan has provisions similar to our revolving credit facility, including identical debt-to-net-worth covenant and change of control provisions and similar customary default provisions. The agreement does not include any other financial restrictions, credit rating triggers, or any other provision that would require us to post collateral. During the third and fourth quarters of 2012, we acquired 343 locomotives by exercising early buy-out rights in certain operating and capital lease agreements. Following the acquisition of the locomotives, we sold them to financing parties and entered into capital lease financing agreements with these parties. We did not recognize any gains or losses as a result of these transactions. Capital lease obligations totaling $286 million are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as debt at December 31, 2012. 37     Debt Exchange – On June 23, 2011, we exchanged $857 million of various outstanding notes and debentures due between 2013 and 2019 (Existing Notes) for $750 million of 4.163% notes (New Notes) due July 15, 2022, plus cash consideration of approximately $267 million and $17 million for accrued and unpaid interest on the Existing Notes. In accordance with the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 470-50-40, Debt-Modifications and Extinguishments-Derecognition, this transaction was accounted for as a debt exchange, as the exchanged debt instruments are not considered to be substantially different. The cash consideration was recorded as an adjustment to the carrying value of debt, and the balance of the unamortized discount and issue costs from the Existing Notes is being amortized as an adjustment of interest expense over the term of the New Notes. No gain or loss was recognized as a result of the exchange. Costs related to the debt exchange that were payable to parties other than the debt holders totaled approximately $6 million and were included in interest expense during the three months ended June 30, 2011. The following table lists the outstanding notes and debentures that were exchanged: Millions 7.875% Notes due 2019 5.450% Notes due 2013 5.125% Notes due 2014 5.375% Notes due 2014 5.700% Notes due 2018 5.750% Notes due 2017 7.000% Debentures due 2016 5.650% Notes due 2017 Total $ Principal amount exchanged 196 50 45 55 277 178 38 18 $ 857 Debt Redemptions – On November 30, 2012, we redeemed all $450 million of our outstanding 5.45% notes due January 31, 2013. The redemption resulted in an early extinguishment charge of $4 million. On April 28, 2012, we redeemed all $100 million of our outstanding 5.70% Tooele County, Utah Hazardous Waste Treatment Revenue Bonds due November 1, 2026. The redemption resulted in an early extinguishment charge of $2 million in the second quarter of 2012. On December 19, 2011, we redeemed the remaining $175 million of our 6.5% notes due April 15, 2012, and all $300 million of our outstanding 6.125% notes due January 15, 2012. The redemptions resulted in an early extinguishment charge of $5 million. On March 22, 2010, we redeemed $175 million of our 6.5% notes due April 15, 2012. The redemption resulted in an early extinguishment charge of $16 million in the first quarter of 2010. On November 1, 2010, we redeemed all $400 million of our outstanding 6.65% notes due January 15, 2011. The redemption resulted in a $5 million early extinguishment charge. Receivables Securitization Facility – Under the receivables securitization facility, the Railroad sells most of its accounts receivable to Union Pacific Receivables, Inc. (UPRI), a wholly-owned, bankruptcy- remote subsidiary. UPRI may subsequently transfer, without recourse on a 364-day revolving basis, an undivided interest in eligible accounts receivable to investors. The total capacity to transfer undivided interests to investors under the facility was $600 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors under the facility was $100 million at both December 31, 2012 and 2011. The value of the undivided interest held by investors was supported by $1.1 billion of accounts receivable at both December 31, 2012 and 2011. At both December 31, 2012 and 2011, the value of the interest retained by UPRI was $1.1 billion. This retained interest is included in accounts receivable, net in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors could fluctuate based upon the availability of eligible receivables and is directly affected by changing business volumes and credit risks, including default and dilution. If default or dilution ratios increase one percent, the value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors would not change as of December 31, 2012. Should our 38     credit rating fall below investment grade, the value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors would be reduced, and, in certain cases, the investors would have the right to discontinue the facility. The Railroad collected approximately $20.1 billion and $18.8 billion of receivables during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. UPRI used certain of these proceeds to purchase new receivables under the facility. The costs of the receivables securitization facility include interest, which will vary based on prevailing commercial paper rates, program fees paid to banks, commercial paper issuing costs, and fees for unused commitment availability. The costs of the receivables securitization facility are included in interest expense and were $3 million, $4 million and $6 million for 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The investors have no recourse to the Railroad’s other assets, except for customary warranty and indemnity claims. Creditors of the Railroad do not have recourse to the assets of UPRI. In July 2012, the receivables securitization facility was renewed for an additional 364-day period at comparable terms and conditions. Subsequent Event – On January 2, 2013, we transferred an additional $300 million in undivided interest to investors under the receivables securitization facility, increasing the value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors from $100 million to $400 million. Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments As described in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements and as referenced in the tables below, we have contractual obligations and commercial commitments that may affect our financial condition. Based on our assessment of the underlying provisions and circumstances of our contractual obligations and commercial commitments, including material sources of off-balance sheet and structured finance arrangements, other than the risks that we and other similarly situated companies face with respect to the condition of the capital markets (as described in Item 1A of Part II of this report), there is no known trend, demand, commitment, event, or uncertainty that is reasonably likely to occur that would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. In addition, our commercial obligations, financings, and commitments are customary transactions that are similar to those of other comparable corporations, particularly within the transportation industry. The following tables identify material obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2012: Payments Due by December 31, Contractual Obligations Millions Debt [a] Operating leases [b] Capital lease obligations [c] Purchase obligations [d] Other post retirement benefits [e] Income tax contingencies [f] Total $ 12,637 $ 4,241 2,441 5,877 452 115 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 507 $ 904 $ 632 $ 769 $ 900 $ 8,925 $ 525 282 3,004 43 - 466 265 1,238 44 - 2,126 1,166 684 229 - 410 253 372 45 - 339 243 213 46 - 375 232 334 45 - After 2017 Other - - - 32 - 115 Total contractual obligations $ 25,763 $ 4,361 $ 2,917 $ 1,712 $ 1,755 $ 1,741 $ 13,130 $ 147 [a] Excludes capital lease obligations of $1,848 million and unamortized discount of $(365) million. Includes an interest component of $5,123 million. Includes leases for locomotives, freight cars, other equipment, and real estate. [b] [c] Represents total obligations, including interest component of $593 million. [e] [d] Purchase obligations include locomotive maintenance contracts; purchase commitments for fuel purchases, locomotives, ties, ballast, and rail; and agreements to purchase other goods and services. For amounts where we cannot reasonably estimate the year of settlement, they are reflected in the Other column. Includes estimated other post retirement, medical, and life insurance payments, payments made under the unfunded pension plan for the next ten years. Future cash flows for income tax contingencies reflect the recorded liabilities and assets for unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, as of December 31, 2012. For amounts where the year of settlement is uncertain, they are reflected in the Other column. [f] 39   Amount of Commitment Expiration per Period Other Commercial Commitments Millions Credit facilities [a] Receivables securitization facility [b] Guarantees [c] Standby letters of credit [d] Total $ 1,800 $ 600 307 25 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 - $ 600 8 24 - $ 1,800 $ - 214 1 - 12 - - $ - 30 - - $ - 10 - After 2017 - - 33 - Total commercial commitments $ 2,732 $ 632 $ 215 $ 1,812 $ 30 $ 10 $ 33 [a] None of the credit facility was used as of December 31, 2012. [b] [c] $100 million of the receivables securitization facility was utilized at December 31, 2012, which is accounted for as debt. The full program matures in July 2013. Includes guaranteed obligations related to our headquarters building, equipment financings, and affiliated operations. [d] None of the letters of credit were drawn upon as of December 31, 2012. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements Guarantees – At December 31, 2012, we were contingently liable for $307 million in guarantees. We have recorded a liability of $2 million for the fair value of these obligations as of December 31, 2012 and 2011. We entered into these contingent guarantees in the normal course of business, and they include guaranteed obligations related to our headquarters building, equipment financings, and affiliated operations. The final guarantee expires in 2022. We are not aware of any existing event of default that would require us to satisfy these guarantees. We do not expect that these guarantees will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. OTHER MATTERS Labor Agreements – Approximately 86% of our 45,928 full-time-equivalent employees are represented by 14 major rail unions. During the year, we concluded the most recent round of negotiations, which began in 2010, with the ratification of new agreements by several unions that continued negotiating into 2012. All of the unions executed similar multi-year agreements that provide for higher employee cost sharing of employee health and welfare benefits and higher wages. The current agreements will remain in effect until renegotiated under provisions of the Railway Labor Act. The next round of negotiations will begin in early 2015. Inflation – Long periods of inflation significantly increase asset replacement costs for capital-intensive companies. As a result, assuming that we replace all operating assets at current price levels, depreciation charges (on an inflation-adjusted basis) would be substantially greater than historically reported amounts. Derivative Financial Instruments – We may use derivative financial instruments in limited instances to assist in managing our overall exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and fuel prices. We are not a party to leveraged derivatives and, by policy, do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Derivative financial instruments qualifying for hedge accounting must maintain a specified level of effectiveness between the hedging instrument and the item being hedged, both at inception and throughout the hedged period. We formally document the nature and relationships between the hedging instruments and hedged items at inception, as well as our risk-management objectives, strategies for undertaking the various hedge transactions, and method of assessing hedge effectiveness. Changes in the fair market value of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are charged to earnings. We may use swaps, collars, futures, and/or forward contracts to mitigate the risk of adverse movements in interest rates and fuel prices; however, the use of these derivative financial instruments may limit future benefits from favorable price movements. Market and Credit Risk – We address market risk related to derivative financial instruments by selecting instruments with value fluctuations that highly correlate with the underlying hedged item. We manage credit risk related to derivative financial instruments, which is minimal, by requiring high credit standards for counterparties and periodic settlements. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we were not required to provide collateral, nor had we received collateral, relating to our hedging activities. 40   Determination of Fair Value – We determine the fair values of our derivative financial instrument positions based upon current fair values as quoted by recognized dealers or the present value of expected future cash flows. Sensitivity Analyses – The sensitivity analyses that follow illustrate the economic effect that hypothetical changes in interest rates could have on our results of operations and financial condition. These hypothetical changes do not consider other factors that could impact actual results. At December 31, 2012, we had variable-rate debt representing approximately 3.4% of our total debt. If variable interest rates average one percentage point higher in 2013 than our December 31, 2012 variable rate, which was approximately 1.1%, our interest expense would increase by approximately $3 million. This amount was determined by considering the impact of the hypothetical interest rate on the balances of our variable-rate debt at December 31, 2012. Market risk for fixed-rate debt is estimated as the potential increase in fair value resulting from a hypothetical one percentage point decrease in interest rates as of December 31, 2012, and amounts to an increase of approximately $1 billion to the fair value of our debt at December 31, 2012. We estimated the fair values of our fixed-rate debt by considering the impact of the hypothetical interest rates on quoted market prices and current borrowing rates. Interest Rate Fair Value Hedges – We manage our overall exposure to fluctuations in interest rates by adjusting the proportion of fixed and floating rate debt instruments within our debt portfolio over a given period. We generally manage the mix of fixed and floating rate debt through the issuance of targeted amounts of each as debt matures or as we require incremental borrowings. We employ derivatives, primarily swaps, as one of the tools to obtain the targeted mix. In addition, we also obtain flexibility in managing interest costs and the interest rate mix within our debt portfolio by evaluating the issuance of and managing outstanding callable fixed-rate debt securities. Swaps allow us to convert debt from fixed rates to variable rates and thereby hedge the risk of changes in the debt’s fair value attributable to the changes in interest rates. We account for swaps as fair value hedges using the short-cut method as allowed by the Derivatives and Hedging Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) ASC; therefore, we do not record any ineffectiveness within our Consolidated Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had no interest rate fair value hedges outstanding. Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges – We report changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive loss until the hedged item affects earnings. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had reductions of $1 million and $2 million, respectively, recorded as an accumulated other comprehensive loss that is being amortized on a straight-line basis through September 30, 2014. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had no interest rate cash flow hedges outstanding. Accounting Pronouncements – On January 1, 2012, we adopted 2011-05, Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Presentation of Comprehensive Income (ASU 2011-05) which requires presentation of the components of net income and other comprehensive income either as one continuous statement or as two consecutive statements and eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in shareholders’ equity. The standard does not change the items that must be reported in other comprehensive income, how such items are measured or when they must be reclassified to net income. Also, in December of 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-12, Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassification of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05 (ASU 2011-12). On February 5, 2013, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2013-02, Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which adds additional disclosure requirements for items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. This ASU will be effective for the first interim reporting period in 2013. Asserted and Unasserted Claims – Various claims and lawsuits are pending against us and certain of our subsidiaries. We cannot fully determine the effect of all asserted and unasserted claims on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity; however, to the extent possible, where asserted and unasserted claims are considered probable and where such claims can be reasonably estimated, we have recorded a liability. We do not expect that any known lawsuits, claims, environmental costs, commitments, contingent liabilities, or guarantees will have a material adverse effect on our 41 consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity after taking into account liabilities and insurance recoveries previously recorded for these matters. Indemnities – Our maximum potential exposure under indemnification arrangements, including certain tax indemnifications, can range from a specified dollar amount to an unlimited amount, depending on the nature of the transactions and the agreements. Due to uncertainty as to whether claims will be made or how they will be resolved, we cannot reasonably determine the probability of an adverse claim or reasonably estimate any adverse liability or the total maximum exposure under these indemnification arrangements. We do not have any reason to believe that we will be required to make any material payments under these indemnity provisions. Climate Change – Although climate change could have an adverse impact on our operations and financial performance in the future (see Risk Factors under Item 1A of this report), we are currently unable to predict the manner or severity of such impact. However, we continue to take steps and explore opportunities to reduce the impact of our operations on the environment, including investments in new technologies, using training programs to reduce fuel consumption, and changing our operations to increase fuel efficiency. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires estimation and judgment that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The following critical accounting policies are a subset of our significant accounting policies described in Note 2 to the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Item 8. These critical accounting policies affect significant areas of our financial statements and involve judgment and estimates. If these estimates differ significantly from actual results, the impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements may be material. Personal Injury – The cost of personal injuries to employees and others related to our activities is charged to expense based on estimates of the ultimate cost and number of incidents each year. We use an actuarial analysis to measure the expense and liability, including unasserted claims. The Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) governs compensation for work-related accidents. Under FELA, damages are assessed based on a finding of fault through litigation or out-of-court settlements. We offer a comprehensive variety of services and rehabilitation programs for employees who are injured at work. Our personal injury liability is not discounted to present value. Approximately 90% of the recorded liability is related to asserted claims, and approximately 10% is related to unasserted claims at December 31, 2012. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the ultimate outcome of personal injury claims, it is reasonably possible that future costs to settle these claims may range from approximately $334 million to $368 million. We record an accrual at the low end of the range as no amount of loss within the range is more probable than any other. Estimates can vary over time due to evolving trends in litigation. Our personal injury liability activity was as follows: Millions Beginning balance Current year accruals Changes in estimates for prior years Payments Ending balance at December 31 Current portion, ending balance at December 31 2012 368 121 (58) (97) 334 95 $ $ $ 2011 426 118 (71) (105) 368 103 $ $ $ 2010 545 155 (101) (173) 426 140 $ $ $ 42 Our personal injury claims activity was as follows: Open claims, beginning balance New claims Settled or dismissed claims Open claims, ending balance at December 31 2012 2,869 2,719 (2,796) 2011 3,151 2,781 (3,063) 2010 3,500 2,843 (3,192) 2,792 2,869 3,151 Asbestos – We are a defendant in a number of lawsuits in which current and former employees and other parties allege exposure to asbestos. We assess our potential liability using a statistical analysis of resolution costs for asbestos-related claims. This liability is updated annually and excludes future defense and processing costs. The liability for resolving both asserted and unasserted claims was based on the following assumptions:  The ratio of future claims by alleged disease would be consistent with historical averages adjusted for inflation.  The number of claims filed against us will decline each year.  The average settlement values for asserted and unasserted claims will be equivalent to historical averages.  The percentage of claims dismissed in the future will be equivalent to historical averages. Our liability for asbestos-related claims is not discounted to present value due to the uncertainty surrounding the timing of future payments. Approximately 22% of the recorded liability related to asserted claims and approximately 78% related to unasserted claims at December 31, 2012. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the ultimate outcome of asbestos-related claims, it is reasonably possible that future costs to settle these claims may range from approximately $139 million to $149 million. We record an accrual at the low end of the range as no amount of loss within the range is more probable than any other. Our asbestos-related liability activity was as follows: Millions Beginning balance Credits Payments Ending balance at December 31 Current portion, ending balance at December 31 Our asbestos-related claims activity was as follows: Open claims, beginning balance New claims Settled or dismissed claims Open claims, ending balance at December 31 2012 147 (2) (6) 139 8 $ $ $ 2011 162 (5) (10) 147 8 $ $ $ 2010 174 (1) (11) 162 12 $ $ $ 2012 1,291 233 (266) 1,258 2011 1,437 235 (381) 1,291 2010 1,670 216 (449) 1,437 In conjunction with the liability update performed in 2012, we also reassessed estimated insurance recoveries. We have recognized an asset for estimated insurance recoveries at December 31, 2012 and 2011. The amounts recorded for asbestos-related liabilities and related insurance recoveries were based on currently known facts. However, future events, such as the number of new claims filed each year, average settlement costs, and insurance coverage issues, could cause the actual costs and insurance recoveries to be higher or lower than the projected amounts. Estimates also may vary in the future if strategies, activities, and outcomes of asbestos litigation materially change; federal and state laws governing asbestos litigation increase or decrease the probability or amount of compensation of claimants; and there are material changes with respect to payments made to claimants by other defendants. 43     Environmental Costs – We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. We have identified 284 sites at which we are or may be liable for remediation costs associated with alleged contamination or for violations of environmental requirements. This includes 32 sites that are the subject of actions taken by the U.S. government, 17 of which are currently on the Superfund National Priorities List. Certain federal legislation imposes joint and several liability for the remediation of identified sites; consequently, our ultimate environmental liability may include costs relating to activities of other parties, in addition to costs relating to our own activities at each site. When we identify an environmental issue with respect to property owned, leased, or otherwise used in our business, we perform, with assistance of our consultants, environmental assessments on the property. We expense the cost of the assessments as incurred. We accrue the cost of remediation where our obligation is probable and such costs can be reasonably estimated. We do not discount our environmental liabilities when the timing of the anticipated cash payments is not fixed or readily determinable. At December 31, 2012, none of our environmental liability was discounted, while less than 1% of our environmental liability was discounted at 2.0% at December 31, 2011. Our environmental liability activity was as follows: Millions Beginning balance Accruals Payments Ending balance at December 31 Current portion, ending balance at December 31 [a] Payments include $25 million to resolve the Omaha Lead Site liability. Our environmental site activity was as follows: Open sites, beginning balance New sites Closed sites Open sites, ending balance at December 31 2012 172 48 (50) 170 50 $ $ $ 2011 [a] 213 $ 29 (70) $ $ 172 50 2010 217 57 (61) 213 74 $ $ $ 2012 285 56 (57) 284 2011 294 51 (60) 285 2010 307 44 (57) 294 The environmental liability includes future costs for remediation and restoration of sites, as well as ongoing monitoring costs, but excludes any anticipated recoveries from third parties. Cost estimates are based on information available for each site, financial viability of other potentially responsible parties, and existing technology, laws, and regulations. The ultimate liability for remediation is difficult to determine because of the number of potentially responsible parties, site-specific cost sharing arrangements with other potentially responsible parties, the degree of contamination by various wastes, the scarcity and quality of volumetric data related to many of the sites, and the speculative nature of remediation costs. Estimates of liability may vary over time due to changes in federal, state, and local laws governing environmental remediation. Current obligations are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. Property and Depreciation – Our railroad operations are highly capital intensive, and our large base of homogeneous, network-type assets turns over on a continuous basis. Each year we develop a capital program for the replacement of assets and for the acquisition or construction of assets that enable us to enhance our operations or provide new service offerings to customers. Assets purchased or constructed throughout the year are capitalized if they meet applicable minimum units of property criteria. Properties and equipment are carried at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated service lives, which are measured in years, except for rail in high-density traffic corridors (i.e., all rail lines except for those subject to abandonment, yard and switching tracks, and electronic yards) for which lives are measured in millions of gross tons per mile of track. We use the group method of depreciation in which all items with similar characteristics, use, and expected lives are grouped together in asset classes, and are depreciated using composite depreciation rates. The group method of depreciation treats each asset class as a pool of resources, not as singular items. We currently have more than 60 depreciable 44     asset classes, and we may increase or decrease the number of asset classes due to changes in technology, asset strategies, or other factors. We determine the estimated service lives of depreciable railroad property by means of depreciation studies. We perform depreciation studies at least every three years for equipment and every six years for track assets (i.e., rail and other track material, ties, and ballast) and other road property. Our depreciation studies take into account the following factors:  Statistical analysis of historical patterns of use and retirements of each of our asset classes;  Evaluation of any expected changes in current operations and the outlook for continued use of the assets;  Evaluation of technological advances and changes to maintenance practices; and  Expected salvage to be received upon retirement. For rail in high-density traffic corridors, we measure estimated service lives in millions of gross tons per mile of track. It has been our experience that the lives of rail in high-density traffic corridors are closely correlated to usage (i.e., the amount of weight carried over the rail). The service lives also vary based on rail weight, rail condition (e.g., new or secondhand), and rail type (e.g., straight or curve). Our depreciation studies for rail in high density traffic corridors consider each of these factors in determining the estimated service lives. For rail in high-density traffic corridors, we calculate depreciation rates annually by dividing the number of gross ton-miles carried over the rail (i.e., the weight of loaded and empty freight cars, locomotives and maintenance of way equipment transported over the rail) by the estimated service lives of the rail measured in millions of gross tons per mile. Rail in high-density traffic corridors accounts for approximately 70 percent of the historical cost of rail and other track material. Based on the number of gross ton-miles carried over our rail in high density traffic corridors during 2012, the estimated service lives of the majority of this rail ranged from approximately 15 years to approximately 30 years. For all other depreciable assets, we compute depreciation based on the estimated service lives of our assets as determined from the analysis of our depreciation studies. Changes in the estimated service lives of our assets and their related depreciation rates are implemented prospectively. Estimated service lives of depreciable railroad property may vary over time due to changes in physical use, technology, asset strategies, and other factors that will have an impact on the retirement profiles of our assets. We are not aware of any specific factors that are reasonably likely to significantly change the estimated service lives of our assets. Actual use and retirement of our assets may vary from our current estimates, which would impact the amount of depreciation expense recognized in future periods. Changes in estimated useful lives of our assets due to the results of our depreciation studies could significantly impact future periods’ depreciation expense and have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements. If the estimated useful lives of all depreciable assets were increased by one year, annual depreciation expense would decrease by approximately $58 million. If the estimated useful lives of all depreciable assets were decreased by one year, annual depreciation expense would increase by approximately $62 million. Our recent depreciation studies have resulted in changes in depreciation rates for some asset classes. Based on these changes, depreciation expense will increase approximately 3% to 4% in 2013 versus 2012. Under group depreciation, the historical cost (net of salvage) of depreciable property that is retired or replaced in the ordinary course of business is charged to accumulated depreciation and no gain or loss is recognized. The historical cost of certain track assets is estimated using (i) inflation indices published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and (ii) the estimated useful lives of the assets as determined by our depreciation studies. The indices were selected because they closely correlate with the major costs of the properties comprising the applicable track asset classes. Because of the number of estimates inherent in the depreciation and retirement processes and because it is impossible to precisely estimate each of these variables until a group of property is completely retired, we continually monitor the estimated service lives of our assets and the accumulated depreciation associated with each asset class to ensure our depreciation rates are appropriate. In addition, we determine if the recorded amount of accumulated depreciation is deficient (or in excess) of the amount indicated by our depreciation studies. Any deficiency (or excess) is amortized as a component of depreciation expense over the remaining service lives of the applicable classes of assets. For retirements of depreciable railroad properties that do not occur in the normal course of business, a gain or loss may be recognized if the retirement meets each of the following three conditions: (i) is 45 unusual, (ii) is material in amount, and (iii) varies significantly from the retirement profile identified through our depreciation studies. During the last three fiscal years, no gains or losses were recognized due to the retirement of depreciable railroad properties. A gain or loss is recognized in other income when we sell land or dispose of assets that are not part of our railroad operations. Income Taxes – We account for income taxes by recording taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. These expected future tax consequences are measured based on current tax law; the effects of future tax legislation are not anticipated. Future tax legislation, such as a change in the corporate tax rate, could have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. For example, a 1% increase in future income tax rates would increase our deferred tax liability by approximately $340 million. When appropriate, we record a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to reflect that these tax assets may not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized, based on management’s judgments using available evidence for purposes of estimating whether future taxable income will be sufficient to realize a deferred tax asset. In 2012 and 2011, there were no valuation allowances. We recognize tax benefits that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement. A liability for “unrecognized tax benefits” is recorded for any tax benefits claimed in our tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement standards. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits – We use an actuarial analysis to measure the liabilities and expenses associated with providing pension and medical and life insurance benefits (OPEB) to eligible employees. In order to use actuarial methods to value the liabilities and expenses, we must make several assumptions. The critical assumptions used to measure pension obligations and expenses are the discount rate and expected rate of return on pension assets. For OPEB, the critical assumptions are the discount rate and health care cost trend rate. We evaluate our critical assumptions at least annually, and selected assumptions are based on the following factors:  Discount rate is based on a Mercer yield curve of high quality corporate bonds (rated AA by a recognized rating agency) for which the timing and amount of cash flows matches our plans’ expected benefit payments.  Expected return on plan assets is based on our asset allocation mix and our historical return, taking into consideration current and expected market conditions.  Health care cost trend rate is based on our historical rates of inflation and expected market conditions. The following tables present the key assumptions used to measure net periodic pension and OPEB cost/(benefit) for 2012 and the estimated impact on 2012 net periodic pension and OPEB cost/(benefit) relative to a change in those assumptions: Assumptions Discount rate Expected return on plan assets Compensation increase Health care cost trend rate: Pre-65 current Pre-65 level in 2028 Sensitivities Millions 0.25% decrease in discount rate 0.25% increase in compensation scale 0.25% decrease in expected return on plan assets 1% increase in health care cost trend rate 46 Pension 4.54% 7.50% 3.69% N/A N/A OPEB 4.36% N/A N/A 6.91% 4.50% Increase in Expense OPEB Pension $ $ $ 7 5 6 N/A $ $ - N/A N/A 2 The following table presents the net periodic pension and OPEB cost/(benefit) for the years ended December 31: Millions Net periodic pension cost Net periodic OPEB cost/(benefit) Est. 2013 2012 2011 $ 111 15 $ 89 13 $ 78 (6) $ 2010 51 (14) Our net periodic pension cost is expected to increase to approximately $111 million in 2013 from $89 million in 2012. The increase is driven mainly by a decrease in the discount rate to 3.78%, Our net periodic OPEB expense is expected to increase to approximately $15 million in 2013 from $13 million in 2012. The increase in our net periodic OPEB cost is primarily driven by a decrease in the discount rate to 3.48%. CAUTIONARY INFORMATION Certain statements in this report, and statements in other reports or information filed or to be filed with the SEC (as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us), are, or will be, forward-looking statements as defined by the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements and information include, without limitation, (A) statements in the CEO’s letter preceding Part I; statements regarding planned capital expenditures under the caption “2013 Capital Expenditures” in Item 2 of Part I; statements regarding dividends in Item 5; and statements and information set forth under the captions “2013 Outlook” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in this Item 7, and (B) any other statements or information in this report (including information incorporated herein by reference) regarding: expectations as to financial performance, revenue growth and cost savings; the time by which goals, targets, or objectives will be achieved; projections, predictions, expectations, estimates, or forecasts as to our business, financial and operational results, future economic performance, and general economic conditions; expectations as to operational or service performance or improvements; expectations as to the effectiveness of steps taken or to be taken to improve operations and/or service, including capital expenditures for infrastructure improvements and equipment acquisitions, any strategic business acquisitions, and modifications to our transportation plans (including statements set forth in Item 2 as to expectations related to our planned capital expenditures); expectations as to existing or proposed new products and services; expectations as to the impact of any new regulatory activities or legislation on our operations or financial results; estimates of costs relating to environmental remediation and restoration; estimates and expectations regarding tax matters; expectations that claims, litigation, environmental costs, commitments, contingent liabilities, labor negotiations or agreements, or other matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity and any other similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. Forward-looking statements may be identified by their use of forward-looking terminology, such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “projects” and similar words, phrases or expressions. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times that, or by which, such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements and information are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in the statements and information. Forward-looking statements and information reflect the good faith consideration by management of currently available information, and may be based on underlying assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. However, such information and assumptions (and, therefore, such forward-looking statements and information) are or may be subject to variables or unknown or unforeseeable events or circumstances over which management has little or no influence or control. The Risk Factors in Item 1A of this report could affect our future results and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements or information. To the extent circumstances require or we deem it otherwise necessary, we will update or amend these risk factors in a Form 10-Q, Form 8-K or subsequent Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements are qualified by, and should be read in conjunction with, these Risk Factors. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statement was made. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking information to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information. If we do update one or more forward-looking 47     statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect thereto or with respect to other forward-looking statements. Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk Information concerning market risk sensitive instruments is set forth under Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Other Matters, Item 7. **************************************** 48 Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm .............................................................. 50 Consolidated Statements of Income For the Years Ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 ........................................................ 51 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income For the Years Ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 ........................................................ 51 Consolidated Statements of Financial Position At December 31, 2012 and 2011 ................................................................................................. 52 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 ........................................................ 53 Consolidated Statements of Changes in Common Shareholders’ Equity For the Years Ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010 ........................................................ 54 Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements .............................................................................. 55 49 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Union Pacific Corporation: We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies (the Corporation) as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in common shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Table of Contents at Part IV, Item 15. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Corporation’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2012, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 8, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. Omaha, Nebraska February 8, 2013 50 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies Millions, Except Per Share Amounts, for the Years Ended December 31, Operating revenues: Freight revenues Other revenues Total operating revenues Operating expenses: Compensation and benefits Fuel Purchased services and materials Depreciation Equipment and other rents Other Total operating expenses Operating income Other income (Note 6) Interest expense Income before income taxes Income taxes (Note 7) Net income Share and Per Share (Note 8): Earnings per share - basic Earnings per share - diluted Weighted average number of shares - basic Weighted average number of shares - diluted Dividends declared per share 2012 2011 2010 $ 19,686 $ 18,508 $ 16,069 896 1,049 1,240 20,926 19,557 16,965 4,685 3,608 2,143 1,760 1,197 788 4,681 3,581 2,005 1,617 1,167 782 4,314 2,486 1,836 1,487 1,142 719 14,181 13,833 11,984 6,745 108 (535) 6,318 (2,375) 5,724 112 (572) 5,264 (1,972) 4,981 54 (602) 4,433 (1,653) 3,943 $ 3,292 $ 2,780 8.33 $ 8.27 $ 6.78 $ 6.72 $ 473.1 476.5 485.7 489.8 5.58 5.53 498.2 502.9 2.49 $ 1.93 $ 1.31 $ $ $ $ CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies Millions, for the Years Ended December 31, Net income Other comprehensive income/(loss): Defined benefit plans Foreign currency translation Derivatives Total other comprehensive loss [a] 2012 2011 2010 $ 3,943 $ 3,292 $ 2,780 (145) 12 1 (132) (301) (20) 1 (320) (88) 7 1 (80) Comprehensive income $ 3,811 $ 2,972 $ 2,700 [a] Net of deferred taxes of $82 million, $199 million, and $57 million during 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively. The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 51   CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies Millions, Except Share and Per Share Amounts as of December 31, Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net (Note 10) Materials and supplies Current deferred income taxes (Note 7) Other current assets Total current assets Investments Net properties (Note 11) Other assets Total assets Liabilities and Common Shareholders' Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable and other current liabilities (Note 12) Debt due within one year (Note 14) Total current liabilities Debt due after one year (Note 14) Deferred income taxes (Note 7) Other long-term liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Notes 16 and 17) Total liabilities Common shareholders' equity: Common shares, $2.50 par value, 800,000,000 authorized; 554,558,034 and 554,270,763 issued; 469,465,273 and 479,929,530 outstanding, respectively Paid-in-surplus Retained earnings Treasury stock Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 9) Total common shareholders' equity 2012 2011 $ 1,063 $ 1,331 660 263 297 3,614 1,259 41,997 283 1,217 1,401 614 306 189 3,727 1,175 39,934 260 $ 47,153 $ 45,096 $ 2,923 $ 196 3,119 8,801 13,108 2,248 3,108 209 3,317 8,697 12,368 2,136 27,276 26,518 1,386 4,113 22,271 (6,707) (1,186) 19,877 1,386 4,031 19,508 (5,293) (1,054) 18,578 Total liabilities and common shareholders' equity $ 47,153 $ 45,096 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 52 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies Millions, for the Years Ended December 31, Operating Activities Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation Deferred income taxes and unrecognized tax benefits Other operating activities, net Changes in current assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable, net Materials and supplies Other current assets Accounts payable and other current liabilities Cash provided by operating activities Investing Activities Capital investments Acquisition of equipment pending financing Proceeds from sale of assets financed Proceeds from asset sales Other investing activities, net Cash used in investing activities Financing Activities Common share repurchases (Note 18) Dividends paid Debt repaid Debt issued Debt exchange Other financing activities, net Cash used in financing activities Net change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year Cash and cash equivalents at end of year Supplemental Cash Flow Information Non-cash investing and financing activities: Cash dividends declared but not yet paid Capital lease financings Capital investments accrued but not yet paid Cash paid during the year for: Interest, net of amounts capitalized Income taxes, net of refunds The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 2012 2011 2010 $ 3,943 $ 3,292 $ 2,780 1,760 887 (160) 70 (46) (108) (185) 6,161 (3,738) (274) 274 80 25 (3,633) 1,617 986 (298) (217) (80) 178 395 5,873 (3,176) (85) 85 108 (51) (3,119) 1,487 672 (483) (518) (59) (17) 243 4,105 (2,482) - - 67 (73) (2,488) (1,474) (1,146) (758) 695 - 1 (2,682) (154) 1,217 $ 1,063 (1,418) (837) (690) 486 (272) 108 (2,623) 131 1,086 $ 1,217 (1,249) (602) (1,412) 894 (98) 86 (2,381) (764) 1,850 $ 1,086 $ 318 290 136 $ (561) (1,552) $ $ $ $ 284 154 147 (572) (625) 183 - 125 (614) (936) 53 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN COMMON SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies Millions Balance at January 1, 2010 Net income Other comp. loss Conversion, stock option exercises, forfeitures, and other Share repurchases (Note 18) Cash dividends declared ($1.31 per share) Balance at December 31, 2010 Net income Other comp. loss Conversion, stock option exercises, forfeitures, and other Share repurchases (Note 18) Cash dividends declared ($1.93 per share) Balance at December 31, 2011 Net income Other comp. loss Conversion, stock option exercises, forfeitures, and other Share repurchases (Note 18) Cash dividends declared ($2.49 per share) Common Shares 553.5 Treasury Shares (48.5) Common Shares $ 1,384 - - Paid-in- Surplus $ 3,968 $ 15,027 Retained Earnings - - 2,780 - Treasury Stock $ (2,924) - - 0.4 2.8 1 17 - 146 - - (16.6) - - - - - - (1,249) (653) - 553.9 (62.3) $ 1,385 - - $ 3,985 $ 17,154 - - 3,292 - $ (4,027) - - 0.4 2.7 1 46 - 152 - - (14.8) - - - - - - (1,418) (938) - AOCI [a] Total $ (654) $ 16,801 - (80) - - - 2,780 (80) 164 (1,249) (653) $ (734) $ 17,763 - (320) - - - 3,292 (320) 199 (1,418) (938) 554.3 (74.4) 0.3 2.1 - - (12.8) - $ 1,386 - - - - - $ 4,031 $ 19,508 $ (5,293) $ (1,054) $ 18,578 - - 3,943 - 82 - - - 60 - - - (1,474) (1,180) - - (132) - - - 3,943 (132) 142 (1,474) (1,180) Balance at December 31, 2012 554.6 (85.1) $ 1,386 $ 4,113 $ 22,271 $ (6,707) $ (1,186) $ 19,877 [a] AOCI = Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (Note 9) The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 54 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies For purposes of this report, unless the context otherwise requires, all references herein to the “Corporation”, “UPC”, “we”, “us”, and “our” mean Union Pacific Corporation and its subsidiaries, including Union Pacific Railroad Company, which will be separately referred to herein as “UPRR” or the “Railroad”. 1. Nature of Operations Operations and Segmentation – We are a Class I railroad operating in the U.S. Our network includes 31,868 route miles, linking Pacific Coast and Gulf Coast ports with the Midwest and eastern U.S. gateways and providing several corridors to key Mexican gateways. We own 26,020 miles and operate on the remainder pursuant to trackage rights or leases. We serve the western two-thirds of the country and maintain coordinated schedules with other rail carriers for the handling of freight to and from the Atlantic Coast, the Pacific Coast, the Southeast, the Southwest, Canada, and Mexico. Export and import traffic is moved through Gulf Coast and Pacific Coast ports and across the Mexican and Canadian borders. The Railroad, along with its subsidiaries and rail affiliates, is our one reportable operating segment. Although we provide and review revenue by commodity group, we analyze the net financial results of the Railroad as one segment due to the integrated nature of our rail network. The following table provides freight revenue by commodity group: Millions Agricultural Automotive Chemicals Coal Industrial Products Intermodal Total freight revenues Other revenues Total operating revenues 2012 3,280 $ 1,807 3,238 3,912 3,494 3,955 2011 3,324 $ 1,510 2,815 4,084 3,166 3,609 19,686 $ 18,508 $ 1,240 1,049 2010 3,018 1,271 2,425 3,489 2,639 3,227 16,069 896 20,926 $ 19,557 $ 16,965 $ $ $ Although our revenues are principally derived from customers domiciled in the U.S., the ultimate points of origination or destination for some products transported by us are outside the U.S. Each of our commodity groups includes revenue from shipments to and from Mexico. Included in the above table are revenues from our Mexico business which amounted to $1.9 billion in 2012, $1.8 billion in 2011, and $1.6 billion in 2010. Basis of Presentation – The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP) as codified in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC). 2. Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation – The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Union Pacific Corporation and all of its subsidiaries. Investments in affiliated companies (20% to 50% owned) are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. All intercompany transactions are eliminated. We currently have no less than majority-owned investments that require consolidation under variable interest entity requirements. Cash and Cash Equivalents – Cash equivalents consist of investments with original maturities of three months or less. Accounts Receivable – Accounts receivable includes receivables reduced by an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is based upon historical losses, credit worthiness of customers, and current economic conditions. Receivables not expected to be collected in one year and the associated allowances are classified as other assets in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. 55   Investments – Investments represent our investments in affiliated companies (20% to 50% owned) that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and investments in companies (less than 20% owned) accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Materials and Supplies – Materials and supplies are carried at the lower of average cost or market. Property and Depreciation – Properties and equipment are carried at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated service lives, which are measured in years, except for rail in high- density traffic corridors (i.e., all rail lines except for those subject to abandonment, yard and switching tracks, and electronic yards), for which lives are measured in millions of gross tons per mile of track. We use the group method of depreciation in which all items with similar characteristics, use, and expected lives are grouped together in asset classes, and are depreciated using composite depreciation rates. The group method of depreciation treats each asset class as a pool of resources, not as singular items. We determine the estimated service lives of depreciable railroad assets by means of depreciation studies. Under the group method of depreciation, no gain or loss is recognized when depreciable property is retired or replaced in the ordinary course of business. Impairment of Long-lived Assets – We review long-lived assets, including identifiable intangibles, for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators are present and the estimated future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the long-lived assets, the carrying value is reduced to the estimated fair value as measured by the discounted cash flows. Revenue Recognition – We recognize freight revenues as freight moves from origin to destination. The allocation of revenue between reporting periods is based on the relative transit time in each reporting period with expenses recognized as incurred. Other revenues, which include revenues earned by our subsidiaries, revenues from our commuter rail operations, and accessorial revenue, are recognized as service is performed or contractual obligations are met. Customer incentives, which are primarily provided for shipping a specified cumulative volume or shipping to/from specific locations, are recorded as a reduction to operating revenues based on actual or projected future customer shipments. Translation of Foreign Currency – Our portion of the assets and liabilities related to foreign investments are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. Unrealized gains or losses are reflected within common shareholders’ equity as accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. Fair Value Measurements – We use a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. These levels include: Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2: Observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data. Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are not corroborated by market data. We have applied fair value measurements to our pension plan assets and short- and long-term debt. Stock-Based Compensation – We have several stock-based compensation plans under which employees and non-employee directors receive stock options, nonvested retention shares, and nonvested stock units. We refer to the nonvested shares and stock units collectively as “retention awards”. We have elected to issue treasury shares to cover option exercises and stock unit vestings, while new shares are issued when retention shares are granted. We measure and recognize compensation expense for all stock-based awards made to employees and directors, including stock options. Compensation expense is based on the calculated fair value of the awards as measured at the grant date and is expensed ratably over the service period of the awards (generally the vesting period). The fair value of retention awards is the closing stock price on the date of grant, while the fair value of stock options is determined by using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. 56 Earnings Per Share – Basic earnings per share are calculated on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share include shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options and stock-based awards where the conversion of such instruments would be dilutive. Income Taxes – We account for income taxes by recording taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. These expected future tax consequences are measured based on current tax law; the effects of future tax legislation are not anticipated. Future tax legislation, such as a change in the corporate tax rate, could have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. When appropriate, we record a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to reflect that these tax assets may not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized, based on management’s judgments using available evidence for purposes of estimating whether future taxable income will be sufficient to realize a deferred tax asset. We recognize tax benefits that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement. A liability for “unrecognized tax benefits” is recorded for any tax benefits claimed in our tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement standards. Pension and Postretirement Benefits – We incur certain employment-related expenses associated with pensions and postretirement health benefits. In order to measure the expense associated with these benefits, we must make various assumptions including discount rates used to value certain liabilities, expected return on plan assets used to fund these expenses, compensation increases, employee turnover rates, anticipated mortality rates, and expected future health care costs. The assumptions used by us are based on our historical experience as well as current facts and circumstances. We use an actuarial analysis to measure the expense and liability associated with these benefits. Personal Injury – The cost of injuries to employees and others on our property is charged to expense based on estimates of the ultimate cost and number of incidents each year. We use an actuarial analysis to measure the expense and liability. Our personal injury liability is not discounted to present value. Legal fees and incidental costs are expensed as incurred. Asbestos – We estimate a liability for asserted and unasserted asbestos-related claims based on an assessment of the number and value of those claims. We use a statistical analysis to assist us in properly measuring our potential liability. Our liability for asbestos-related claims is not discounted to present value due to the uncertainty surrounding the timing of future payments. Legal fees and incidental costs are expensed as incurred. Environmental – When environmental issues have been identified with respect to property currently or formerly owned, leased, or otherwise used in the conduct of our business, we perform, with the assistance of our consultants, environmental assessments on such property. We expense the cost of the assessments as incurred. We accrue the cost of remediation where our obligation is probable and such costs can be reasonably estimated. We do not discount our environmental liabilities when the timing of the anticipated cash payments is not fixed or readily determinable. Legal fees and incidental costs are expensed as incurred. Use of Estimates – Our Consolidated Financial Statements include estimates and assumptions regarding certain assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses and the disclosure of certain contingent assets and liabilities. Actual future results may differ from such estimates. 3. Accounting Pronouncements On January 1, 2012, we adopted 2011-05, Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Presentation of Comprehensive Income (ASU 2011-05) which requires presentation of the components of net income and other comprehensive income either as one continuous statement or as two consecutive statements and eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in shareholders’ equity. The standard does not change the items that must be reported in other 57 comprehensive income, how such items are measured or when they must be reclassified to net income. Also, in December of 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-12, Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassifications of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05 (ASU 2011-12). On February 5, 2013, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2013-02, Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which adds additional disclosure requirements for items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income. This ASU will be effective for the first interim reporting period in 2013. 4. Stock Options and Other Stock Plans There are 7,140 restricted shares outstanding under the 1992 Restricted Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors of Union Pacific Corporation. We no longer grant awards of restricted shares under this plan. In April 2000, the shareholders approved the Union Pacific Corporation 2000 Directors Plan (Directors Plan) whereby 1,100,000 shares of our common stock were reserved for issuance to our non-employee directors. Under the Directors Plan, each non-employee director, upon his or her initial election to the Board of Directors, receives a grant of 2,000 retention shares or retention stock units. Prior to December 31, 2007, each non-employee director received annually an option to purchase at fair value a number of shares of our common stock, not to exceed 10,000 shares during any calendar year, determined by dividing 60,000 by 1/3 of the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the date of such Board of Directors meeting, with the resulting quotient rounded up or down to the nearest 50 shares. In September 2007, the Board of Directors eliminated the annual payment of options for 2008 and all future years. As of December 31, 2012, 18,000 restricted shares and 120,700 options were outstanding under the Directors Plan. The Union Pacific Corporation 2001 Stock Incentive Plan (2001 Plan) was approved by the shareholders in April 2001. The 2001 Plan reserved 24,000,000 shares of our common stock for issuance to eligible employees of the Corporation and its subsidiaries in the form of non-qualified options, incentive stock options, retention shares, stock units, and incentive bonus awards. Non-employee directors were not eligible for awards under the 2001 Plan. As of December 31, 2012, 130,858 options were outstanding under the 2001 Plan. We no longer grant any stock options or other stock or unit awards under this plan. The Union Pacific Corporation 2004 Stock Incentive Plan (2004 Plan) was approved by shareholders in April 2004. The 2004 Plan reserved 42,000,000 shares of our common stock for issuance, plus any shares subject to awards made under previous plans that were outstanding on April 16, 2004, and became available for regrant pursuant to the terms of the 2004 Plan. Under the 2004 Plan, non-qualified options, stock appreciation rights, retention shares, stock units, and incentive bonus awards may be granted to eligible employees of the Corporation and its subsidiaries. Non-employee directors are not eligible for awards under the 2004 Plan. As of December 31, 2012, 4,037,038 options and 3,430,463 retention shares and stock units were outstanding under the 2004 Plan. Pursuant to the above plans 32,168,520; 32,374,343; and 32,904,291 shares of our common stock were authorized and available for grant at December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation – We have several stock-based compensation plans under which employees and non-employee directors receive stock options, nonvested retention shares, and nonvested stock units. We refer to the nonvested shares and stock units collectively as “retention awards”. We have elected to issue treasury shares to cover option exercises and stock unit vestings, while new shares are issued when retention shares are granted. Information regarding stock-based compensation appears in the table below:  Millions Stock-based compensation, before tax: Stock options Retention awards Total stock-based compensation, before tax 2012 2011 2010 $ 18 75 $ 93 $ 18 64 $ 82 $ 17 57 $ 74 Excess tax benefits from equity compensation plans $ 100 $ 83 $ 51 58     Stock Options – We estimate the fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The table below shows the annual weighted-average assumptions used for valuation purposes: Weighted-Average Assumptions Risk-free interest rate Dividend yield Expected life (years) Volatility 2012 0.8% 2.1% 5.3 36.8% 2011 2.3% 1.6% 5.3 35.9% 2010 2.4% 1.8% 5.4 35.2% Weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted $ 31.29 $ 28.45 $ 18.26 The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant; the dividend yield is calculated as the ratio of dividends paid per share of common stock to the stock price on the date of grant; the expected life is based on historical and expected exercise behavior; and volatility is based on the historical volatility of our stock price over the expected life of the option. A summary of stock option activity during 2012 is presented below: Outstanding at January 1, 2012 Granted Exercised Forfeited or expired Outstanding at December 31, 2012 Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2012 Shares (thous.) 7,042 598 (3,316) (35) 4,289 4,233 Options exercisable at December 31, 2012 3,073 $ Weighted-Average Exercise Price 52.16 114.73 45.74 73.05 $ $ $ 65.68 65.19 52.89 Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term 5.5 yrs. Aggregate Intrinsic Value (millions) 379 $ N/A N/A 5.8 yrs. 5.7 yrs. 4.8 yrs. N/A N/A 258 256 224 $ $ $ Stock options are granted at the closing price on the date of grant, have ten-year contractual terms, and vest no later than three years from the date of grant. None of the stock options outstanding at December 31, 2012 are subject to performance or market-based vesting conditions. At December 31, 2012, there was $16 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1 year. Additional information regarding stock option exercises appears in the table below: Millions Intrinsic value of stock options exercised Cash received from option exercises Treasury shares repurchased for employee payroll taxes Tax benefit realized from option exercises Aggregate grant-date fair value of stock options vested $ 2012 244 84 (30) 93 16 $ 2011 209 137 (53) 80 19 $ 2010 150 114 (31) 57 19 59       Retention Awards – The fair value of retention awards is based on the closing price of the stock on the grant date. Dividends and dividend equivalents are paid to participants during the vesting periods. Changes in our retention awards during 2012 were as follows: Nonvested at January 1, 2012 Granted Vested Forfeited Nonvested at December 31, 2012 Shares (thous.) 2,556 451 (581) (71) 2,355 Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value 63.20 $ 114.51 62.10 64.18 $ 73.27 Retention awards are granted at no cost to the employee or non-employee director and vest over periods lasting up to four years. At December 31, 2012, there was $65 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested retention awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted- average period of 1.3 years. Performance Retention Awards – In February 2012, our Board of Directors approved performance stock unit grants. Other than different performance targets, the basic terms of these performance stock units are identical to those granted in February 2010 and February 2011, including using annual return on invested capital (ROIC) as the performance measure. We define ROIC as net operating profit adjusted for interest expense (including interest on the present value of operating leases) and taxes on interest divided by average invested capital adjusted for the present value of operating leases. Stock units awarded to selected employees under these grants are subject to continued employment for 37 months and the attainment of certain levels of ROIC. We expense the fair value of the units that are probable of being earned based on our forecasted ROIC over the 3-year performance period. We measure the fair value of these performance stock units based upon the closing price of the underlying common stock as of the date of grant, reduced by the present value of estimated future dividends. Dividend equivalents are paid to participants only after the units are earned. The assumptions used to calculate the present value of estimated future dividends related to the February 2012 grant were as follows: Dividend per share per quarter Risk-free interest rate at date of grant Changes in our performance retention awards during 2012 were as follows: $ 2012 0.60 0.3% Nonvested at January 1, 2012 Granted Vested Forfeited Nonvested at December 31, 2012 Shares (thous.) 1,204 328 (351) (106) 1,075 Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value 63.62 $ 108.76 44.70 61.16 $ 83.80 At December 31, 2012, there was $36 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested performance retention awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1 year. A portion of this expense is subject to achievement of the ROIC levels established for the performance stock unit grants. 60           5. Retirement Plans Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits Pension Plans – We provide defined benefit retirement income to eligible non-union employees through qualified and non-qualified (supplemental) pension plans. Qualified and non-qualified pension benefits are based on years of service and the highest compensation during the latest years of employment, with specific reductions made for early retirements. Other Postretirement Benefits (OPEB) – We provide medical and life insurance benefits for eligible retirees. These benefits are funded as medical claims and life insurance premiums are paid. Funded Status We are required by GAAP to separately recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of our pension and OPEB plans as an asset or liability. The funded status represents the difference between the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and the fair value of the plan assets. Our non-qualified (supplemental) pension plan is unfunded by design. The PBO of the pension plans is the present value of benefits earned to date by plan participants, including the effect of assumed future compensation increases. The PBO of the OPEB plan is equal to the accumulated benefit obligation, as the present value of the OPEB liabilities is not affected by compensation increases. Plan assets are measured at fair value. We use a December 31 measurement date for plan assets and obligations for all our retirement plans. Changes in our PBO and plan assets were as follows for the years ended December 31: Funded Status Millions Projected Benefit Obligation Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Plan amendments Actuarial loss Gross benefits paid Projected benefit obligation at end of year Plan Assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Voluntary funded pension plan contributions Non-qualified plan benefit contributions Gross benefits paid Fair value of plan assets at end of year Funded status at end of year Pension OPEB 2012 2011 2012 2011 $ $ $ $ $ 3,165 54 141 - 391 (160) 3,591 2,505 315 200 15 (160) 2,875 (716) $ $ $ $ $ 2,759 40 145 - 377 (156) 3,165 2,404 42 200 15 (156) 2,505 (660) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 336 3 15 - 42 (24) 372 - - - 24 (24) 318 2 15 10 15 (24) 336 - - - 24 (24) - $ - (372) $ (336) Amounts recognized in the statement of financial position as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 consist of: Millions Noncurrent assets Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Pension OPEB $ 2012 1 (16) (701) $ 2011 - (15) (645) $ 2012 - (27) (345) $ 2011 - (26) (310) Net amounts recognized at end of year $ (716) $ (660) $ (372) $ (336) 61     Pre-tax amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 consist of: Millions Prior service (cost)/credit Net actuarial loss Total Pension - $ (1,685) 2012 $ OPEB 45 (175) $ Total 45 (1,860) $ (1,685) $ (130) $ (1,815) $ Pension (1) (1,503) $ (1,504) $ $ 2011 OPEB 63 (146) $ Total 62 (1,649) (83) $ (1,587) Pre-tax changes recognized in other comprehensive income/(loss) during 2012, 2011 and 2010 were as follows: Millions Prior service cost/(credit) Net actuarial loss Amortization of: Prior service cost/(credit) Actuarial loss $ 2012 - 265 Pension $ 2011 - 515 $ (1) (83) (2) (71) 2010 - 165 (3) (49) $ 2012 - 42 OPEB 2011 10 14 $ $ 2010 (6) 16 18 (13) 34 (11) 45 (13) 42 Total $ 181 $ 442 $ 113 $ 47 $ 47 $ Amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) expected to be amortized into net periodic cost (benefit) during 2013: Millions Prior service benefit Net actuarial loss Total Pension - $ 106 $ 106 OPEB $ (16) 15 $ (1) Total $ (16) 121 $ 105 Underfunded Accumulated Benefit Obligation – The accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) is the present value of benefits earned to date, assuming no future compensation growth. The underfunded accumulated benefit obligation represents the difference between the ABO and the fair value of plan assets. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the non-qualified (supplemental) plan ABO was $331 million and $284 million, respectively. The following table discloses only the PBO, ABO, and fair value of plan assets for pension plans where the accumulated benefit obligation is in excess of the fair value of the plan assets as of December 31: Underfunded Accumulated Benefit Obligation Millions Projected benefit obligation Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Underfunded accumulated benefit obligation 2012 [a] 3,574 3,440 2,857 (583) $ $ $ $ $ $ 2011 3,165 3,050 2,505 (545) [a] The fair value of plan assets for one plan is in excess of the accumulated benefit obligation and therefore is not included. The ABO for all defined benefit pension plans was $3.4 billion and $3.0 billion at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. 62       Assumptions – The weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31: Percentages Discount rate Compensation increase Health care cost trend rate (employees under 65) Ultimate health care cost trend rate Year ultimate trend rate reached Expense Pension OPEB 2012 3.78% 3.76% N/A N/A N/A 2011 4.54% 4.60% N/A N/A N/A 2012 3.48% N/A 6.64% 4.50% 2028 2011 4.36% N/A 6.91% 4.50% 2028 Both pension and OPEB expense are determined based upon the annual service cost of benefits (the actuarial cost of benefits earned during a period) and the interest cost on those liabilities, less the expected return on plan assets. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is applied to a calculated value of plan assets that recognizes changes in fair value over a five-year period. This practice is intended to reduce year-to-year volatility in pension expense, but it can have the effect of delaying the recognition of differences between actual returns on assets and expected returns based on long-term rate of return assumptions. Differences in actual experience in relation to assumptions are not recognized in net income immediately, but are deferred and, if necessary, amortized as pension or OPEB expense. The components of our net periodic pension and OPEB cost/(benefit) were as follows for the years ended December 31: Millions Net Periodic Benefit Cost: Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of: Prior service cost/(credit) Actuarial loss Pension 2012 2011 2010 2012 OPEB 2011 $ 54 141 (190) $ 40 145 (180) $ 34 143 (178) $ 1 83 2 71 3 49 $ 3 15 - (18) 13 $ 2 15 - (34) 11 Net periodic benefit cost/(benefit) $ 89 $ 78 $ 51 $ 13 $ (6) $ 2010 2 16 - (45) 13 (14) Assumptions – The weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine expense were as follows for the years ended December 31: Percentages Discount rate Expected return on plan assets Compensation increase Health care cost trend rate (employees under 65) Health care cost trend rate (employees over 65) Ultimate health care cost trend rate Year ultimate trend reached OPEB Pension 2011 2011 2010 2012 2012 2010 4.54% 5.35% 5.90% 4.36% 5.01% 5.55% N/A 7.50% 7.50% 8.00% N/A 3.69% 4.48% 3.45% N/A 6.91% 7.07% 7.24% N/A N/A N/A 4.50% 4.50% 4.50% 2028 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2028 2028 N/A N/A The discount rate was based on a yield curve of high quality corporate bonds with cash flows matching our plans’ expected benefit payments. The expected return on plan assets is based on our asset allocation mix and our historical return, taking into account current and expected market conditions. The actual return on pension plan assets, net of fees, was approximately 13% in 2012, 2% in 2011, and 14% in 2010. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the expense and liabilities reported for health care plans. The assumed health care cost trend rate is based on historical rates and expected market conditions. The 2013 assumed health care cost trend rate for employees under 65 is 6.91%. It is 63   assumed the rate will decrease gradually to an ultimate rate of 4.5% in 2028 and will remain at that level. A one-percentage point change in the assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects on OPEB: Millions Effect on total service and interest cost components Effect on accumulated benefit obligation Cash Contributions One % pt. Increase 1 $ 18 One % pt. Decrease (1) (15) $ The following table details our cash contributions for the qualified pension plans and the benefit payments for the non-qualified (supplemental) pension and OPEB plans: Millions 2011 2012 Pension $ Qualified 200 200 Non-qualified 15 15 OPEB 24 24 Our policy with respect to funding the qualified plans is to fund at least the minimum required by law and not more than the maximum amount deductible for tax purposes. All contributions made to the qualified pension plans in 2012 were voluntary and were made with cash generated from operations. The non-qualified pension and OPEB plans are not funded and are not subject to any minimum regulatory funding requirements. Benefit payments for each year represent supplemental pension payments and claims paid for medical and life insurance. We anticipate our 2013 supplemental pension and OPEB payments will be made from cash generated from operations. Benefit Payments The following table details expected benefit payments for the years 2013 through 2022: Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Years 2018 - 2022 Asset Allocation Strategy Pension $ 165 169 174 179 184 988 $ OPEB 27 27 27 26 26 119 Our pension plan asset allocation at December 31, 2012 and 2011, and target allocation for 2013, are as follows: Equity securities Debt securities Real estate Commodities Total Target Allocation 2013 60% to 70% 20% to 30% 2% to 8% 4% to 6% Percentage of Plan Assets December 31, 2011 58% 32 5 5 2012 65% 25 5 5 100% 100% The investment strategy for pension plan assets is to maintain a broadly diversified portfolio designed to achieve our target average long-term rate of return of 7.5%. While we believe we can achieve a long-term average rate of return of 7.5%, we cannot be certain that the portfolio will perform to our expectations. Assets are strategically allocated among equity, debt, and other investments in order to achieve a 64   diversification level that reduces fluctuations in investment returns. Asset allocation target ranges for equity, debt, and other portfolios are evaluated at least every three years with the assistance of an independent consulting firm. Actual asset allocations are monitored monthly, and rebalancing actions are executed at least quarterly, if needed. The pension plan investments are held in a Master Trust. The majority of pension plan assets are invested in equity securities because equity portfolios have historically provided higher returns than debt and other asset classes over extended time horizons and are expected to do so in the future. Correspondingly, equity investments also entail greater risks than other investments. Equity risks are balanced by investing a significant portion of the plans’ assets in high quality debt securities. The average credit rating of the debt portfolio exceeded A+ as of December 31, 2012 and 2011. The debt portfolio is also broadly diversified and invested primarily in U.S. Treasury, mortgage, and corporate securities. The weighted-average maturity of the debt portfolio was 12 years at both December 31, 2012 and 2011. The investment of pension plan assets in securities issued by Union Pacific is specifically prohibited by the plan for both the equity and debt portfolios, other than through index fund holdings. Fair Value Measurements The pension plan assets are valued at fair value. The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for the investments measured at fair value, including the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. Temporary Cash Investments – These investments consist of U.S. dollars and foreign currencies held in master trust accounts at The Northern Trust Company. Foreign currencies held are reported in terms of U.S. dollars based on currency exchange rates readily available in active markets. These temporary cash investments are classified as Level 1 investments. Registered Investment Companies – Registered Investment Companies are real estate investments, non-U.S. stock investments, and bond investments registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The real estate investments and non-U.S. stock investments are traded actively on public exchanges. The share prices for these investments are published at the close of each business day. Holdings of real estate investments and non-U.S. stock investments are classified as Level 1 investments. The bond investments are not traded publicly, but the underlying assets (stocks and bonds) held in these funds are traded on active markets and the prices for these assets are readily observable. Holdings in bond investments are classified as Level 2 investments. U.S. Government Securities – Federal Government Securities consist of bills, notes, bonds, and other fixed income securities issued directly by the U.S. Treasury or by government-sponsored enterprises. These assets are valued using a bid evaluation process with bid data provided by independent pricing sources. Federal Government Securities are classified as Level 2 investments. Corporate Bonds & Debentures – Bonds and debentures consist of fixed income securities issued by U.S. and non-U.S. corporations as well as state, local, and non-U.S. governments. These assets are valued using a bid evaluation process with bid data provided by independent pricing sources. Corporate, state, and municipal bonds and debentures are classified as Level 2 investments. Corporate Stock – This investment category consists of common and preferred stock issued by U.S. and non-U.S. corporations. Most common shares are traded actively on exchanges and price quotes for these shares are readily available. Common stock is classified as a Level 1 investment. Preferred shares included in this category are valued using a bid evaluation process with bid data provided by independent pricing sources. Preferred stock is classified as a Level 2 investment. Venture Capital and Buyout Partnerships – This investment category is comprised of interests in limited partnerships that invest primarily in privately-held companies. Due to the private nature of the partnership investments, pricing inputs are not readily observable. Asset valuations are developed by the general partners that manage the partnerships. These valuations are based on the application of public market multiples to private company cash flows, market transactions that provide valuation information for comparable companies, and other methods. Holdings of limited partnership interests are classified as Level 3 investments. 65 Real Estate Partnerships and Funds – Most of the real estate investments are partnership interests similar to those described in the Venture Capital and Buyout Partnerships category. This category also includes real estate investments held in less commonly used structures such as private real estate investment trusts and pooled separate accounts. Valuations for the holdings in this category are not based on readily observable inputs and are primarily derived from property appraisals. Interests in private real estate partnerships, investment funds and pooled separate accounts are classified as Level 3 investments. Common Trust and Other Funds – Common trust funds are comprised of shares or units in commingled funds that are not publicly traded. The underlying assets in these funds (U.S. stock funds, non-U.S. stock funds, commodity funds, and short term investment funds) are publicly traded on exchanges and price quotes for the assets held by these funds are readily available. Holdings of common trust funds are classified as Level 2 investments. This category also includes an investment in a limited liability company that invests in publicly-traded convertible securities. The limited liability company investment is a fund that invests in both long and short positions in convertible securities, stocks, and fixed income securities. The underlying securities held by the fund are traded actively on exchanges and price quotes for these investments are readily available. Interest in the limited liability company is classified as a Level 2 investment. Other Investments – This category includes several miscellaneous assets such as commodity hedge fund investments and derivative securities. These investments have valuations that are based on observable inputs and are classified as Level 2 investments. As of December 31, 2012, the pension plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows: Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) $ - 258 125 326 12 - - 1,018 27 $ 1,766 $ Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ - - - - - 179 143 - - 322 $ Total 14 268 125 326 770 179 143 1,018 27 2,870 5 $ 2,875 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Inputs (Level 1) $ $ 14 10 - - 758 - - - - 782 Millions Plan assets: Temporary cash investments Registered investment companies U.S. government securities Corporate bonds & debentures Corporate stock Venture capital and buyout partnerships Real estate partnerships and funds Common trust and other funds Other investments Total plan assets at fair value Other assets [a] Total plan assets [a] Other assets include accrued receivables and pending broker settlements. 66 As of December 31, 2011, the pension plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows: Millions Plan assets: Temporary cash investments Registered investment companies U.S. government securities Corporate bonds & debentures Corporate stock Venture capital and buyout partnerships Real estate partnerships and funds Common trust and other funds Other investments Total plan assets at fair value Other assets [a] Total plan assets Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Inputs (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ $ 22 8 - - 547 - - - - 577 $ $ - 280 155 343 8 - - 815 29 $ 1,630 $ - - - - - 184 126 - - 310 $ Total 22 288 155 343 555 184 126 815 29 2,517 (12) $ 2,505 [a] Other assets include accrued receivables and pending broker settlements. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, there were no significant transfers in or out of Levels 1, 2, or 3. The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 investments) during 2012: Millions Beginning balance - January 1, 2012 Realized gain Unrealized gain Purchases Sales $ Venture Capital and Buyout Partnerships 184 11 1 18 (35) Real Estate Partnerships and Funds 126 $ 3 - 23 (9) Ending balance - December 31, 2012 $ 179 $ 143 Total 310 14 1 41 (44) 322 $ $ The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 investments) during 2011: Millions Beginning balance - January 1, 2011 Realized gain/(loss) Unrealized gain Purchases Sales $ Venture Capital and Buyout Partnerships 169 8 13 22 (28) Real Estate Partnerships and Funds 99 $ (1) 16 27 (15) Ending balance - December 31, 2011 $ 184 $ 126 Total 268 7 29 49 (43) 310 $ $ 67     Other Retirement Programs 401(k)/Thrift Plan – We provide a defined contribution plan (401(k)/thrift plan) to eligible non-union employees for whom we make matching contributions. We match 50 cents for each dollar contributed by employees up to the first six percent of compensation contributed. Our plan contributions were $15 million in 2012, $14 million in 2011 and $13 million in 2010. Railroad Retirement System – All Railroad employees are covered by the Railroad Retirement System (the System). Contributions made to the System are expensed as incurred and amounted to approximately $644 million in 2012, $600 million in 2011, and $566 million in 2010. Collective Bargaining Agreements – Under collective bargaining agreements, we participate in multi- employer benefit plans that provide certain postretirement health care and life insurance benefits for eligible union employees. Premiums paid under these plans are expensed as incurred and amounted to $62 million in 2012, $66 million in 2011, and $60 million in 2010. 6. Other Income Other income included the following for the years ended December 31: Millions Rental income Net gain on non-operating asset dispositions Interest income Early extinguishment of debt Non-operating environmental costs and other Total 7. Income Taxes $ 2012 83 29 3 (6) (1) $ 2011 80 43 3 (5) (9) $ 2010 84 25 4 (21) (38) $ 108 $ 112 $ 54 Components of income tax expense were as follows for the years ended December 31: Millions Current tax expense: Federal State Total current tax expense Deferred tax expense: Federal State Total deferred tax expense Unrecognized tax benefits: Federal State Total unrecognized tax benefits expense/(benefits) 2012 2011 2010 $ $ 1,335 153 1,488 760 120 880 5 2 7 862 124 986 894 70 964 11 11 22 $ 862 119 981 550 97 647 26 (1) 25 Total income tax expense $ 2,375 $ 1,972 $ 1,653 68     For the years ended December 31, reconciliations between statutory and effective tax rates are as follows: Tax Rate Percentages Federal statutory tax rate State statutory rates, net of federal benefits Deferred tax adjustments Tax credits Other Effective tax rate 2012 35.0 % 3.1 (0.1) (0.5) 0.1 37.6 % 2011 35.0 % 3.1 (0.5) (0.5) 0.4 37.5 % 2010 35.0 % 3.1 (0.3) (0.7) 0.2 37.3 % In February of 2011, Arizona enacted legislation that will decrease the state’s corporate tax rate. This reduced our deferred tax expense by $14 million in the first quarter of 2011. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the expected future tax consequences of events that are reported in different periods for financial reporting and income tax purposes. The majority of our deferred tax assets relate to deductions that already have been claimed for financial reporting purposes but not for tax purposes. The majority of our deferred tax liabilities relate to differences between the tax bases and financial reporting amounts of our land and depreciable property, due to accelerated tax depreciation (including bonus depreciation), revaluation of assets in purchase accounting transactions, and differences in capitalization methods. Deferred income tax (liabilities)/assets were comprised of the following at December 31: Millions Deferred income tax liabilities: Property Other Total deferred income tax liabilities Deferred income tax assets: Accrued wages Accrued casualty costs Debt and leases Retiree benefits Credits Other Total deferred income tax assets Net deferred income tax liability Current portion of deferred taxes Non-current portion of deferred taxes Net deferred income tax liability 2012 2011 $ (13,863) (237) $ (13,312) (207) (14,100) (13,519) 69 238 185 365 200 198 63 259 365 342 197 231 $ 1,255 $ 1,457 $ (12,845) $ (12,062) $ 263 (13,108) $ 306 (12,368) $ (12,845) $ (12,062) When appropriate, we record a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to reflect that these tax assets may not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, we consider whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized based on management’s judgments using available evidence for purposes of estimating whether future taxable income will be sufficient to realize a deferred tax asset. In 2012 and 2011, there were no valuation allowances. Tax benefits are recognized only for tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon settlement. Unrecognized tax benefits are tax benefits claimed in our tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement standards. 69       A reconciliation of changes in unrecognized tax benefits liabilities/(assets) from the beginning to the end of the reporting period is as follows: Millions Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1 Increases for positions taken in current year Increases for positions taken in prior years Decreases for positions taken in prior years Payments to and settlements with taxing authorities Increases/(decreases) for interest and penalties Lapse of statutes of limitations Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31 2012 $ 107 29 4 (19) - (4) (2) $ 115 $ 2011 86 9 81 (30) (27) (9) (3) $ 2010 61 38 11 (22) (4) 5 (3) $ 107 $ 86 We recognize interest and penalties as part of income tax expense. Total accrued liabilities for interest and penalties were $6 million and $10 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Total interest and penalties recognized as part of income tax expense (benefit) were $(4) million for 2012, $10 million for 2011, and $6 million for 2010. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) examinations have been completed and settled for all years prior to 2005, although some interest calculations remain open for years prior to 2005. The IRS has completed its examinations and issued notices of deficiency for tax years 2005 through 2008. We disagree with many of their proposed adjustments, and we are at IRS Appeals for these years. Additionally, several state tax authorities are examining our state income tax returns for years 2003 through 2010. In 2012, Union Pacific and the IRS signed a closing agreement resolving all tax matters for tax years 1999-2004. In connection with the settlement, we will receive a refund of $8 million in 2013. The settlement had an immaterial effect on our income tax expense. We do not expect our unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly in the next 12 months. At December 31, 2012, we had a net unrecognized tax benefit liability of $115 million. Of that amount, $13 million is classified as a current asset in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The portion of our unrecognized tax benefits that relates to permanent changes in tax and interest would reduce our effective tax rate, if recognized. The remaining unrecognized tax benefits relate to tax positions for which only the timing of the benefit is uncertain. Recognition of the tax benefits with uncertain timing would reduce our effective tax rate only through a reduction of accrued interest and penalties. The unrecognized tax benefits that would reduce our effective tax rate are as follows: Millions Unrecognized tax benefits that would reduce the effective tax rate Unrecognized tax benefits that would not reduce the effective tax rate Total unrecognized tax benefits $ 2012 41 74 $ 115 $ 2011 80 27 $ 107 2010 90 (4) 86 $ $ 70   8. Earnings Per Share The following table provides a reconciliation between basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31: Millions, Except Per Share Amounts Net income Weighted-average number of shares outstanding: Basic Dilutive effect of stock options Dilutive effect of retention shares and units Diluted Earnings per share – basic Earnings per share – diluted 2012 2011 2010 $ 3,943 $ 3,292 $ 2,780 473.1 1.8 1.6 476.5 8.33 8.27 $ $ 485.7 2.6 1.5 489.8 $ $ 6.78 6.72 $ $ 498.2 3.3 1.4 502.9 5.58 5.53 Common stock options totaling 0.5 million, 0.6 million, and 0.3 million for 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of these options exceeded the average market price of our common stock for the respective periods, and the effect of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. 9. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) The after-tax components of accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows: Millions Defined benefit plans Foreign currency translation Derivatives Total 10. Accounts Receivable Dec. 31, 2012 $ (1,149) (36) (1) Dec. 31, 2011 $ (1,004) (48) (2) $ (1,186) $ (1,054) Accounts receivable includes freight and other receivables reduced by an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance is based upon historical losses, credit worthiness of customers, and current economic conditions. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, our accounts receivable were reduced by $4 million and $9 million, respectively. Receivables not expected to be collected in one year and the associated allowances are classified as other assets in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, receivables classified as other assets were reduced by allowances of $33 million and $41 million, respectively. Receivables Securitization Facility – Under the receivables securitization facility, the Railroad sells most of its accounts receivable to Union Pacific Receivables, Inc. (UPRI), a wholly-owned, bankruptcy- remote subsidiary. UPRI may subsequently transfer, without recourse on a 364-day revolving basis, an undivided interest in eligible accounts receivable to investors. The total capacity to transfer undivided interests to investors under the facility was $600 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors under the facility was $100 million at both December 31, 2012 and 2011. The value of the undivided interest held by investors was supported by $1.1 billion of accounts receivable at both December 31, 2012 and 2011. At both December 31, 2012 and 2011, the value of the interest retained by UPRI was $1.1 billion. This retained interest is included in accounts receivable, net in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors could fluctuate based upon the availability of eligible receivables and is directly affected by changing business volumes and credit risks, including default and dilution. If default or dilution ratios increase one percent, the value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors would not change as of December 31, 2012. Should our 71         credit rating fall below investment grade, the value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors would be reduced, and, in certain cases, the investors would have the right to discontinue the facility. The Railroad collected approximately $20.1 billion and $18.8 billion of receivables during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. UPRI used certain of these proceeds to purchase new receivables under the facility. The costs of the receivables securitization facility include interest, which will vary based on prevailing commercial paper rates, program fees paid to banks, commercial paper issuing costs, and fees for unused commitment availability. The costs of the receivables securitization facility are included in interest expense and were $3 million, $4 million and $6 million for 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. The investors have no recourse to the Railroad’s other assets, except for customary warranty and indemnity claims. Creditors of the Railroad do not have recourse to the assets of UPRI. In July 2012, the receivables securitization facility was renewed for an additional 364-day period at comparable terms and conditions. Subsequent Event – On January 2, 2013, we transferred an additional $300 million in undivided interest to investors under the receivables securitization facility, increasing the value of the outstanding undivided interest held by investors from $100 million to $400 million. 11. Properties The following tables list the major categories of property and equipment, as well as the weighted-average composite depreciation rate for each category: Millions, Except Percentages As of December 31, 2012 Land Road: Rail and other track material [a] Ties Ballast Other [b] Total road Equipment: Locomotives Freight cars Work equipment and other Total equipment Technology and other Construction in progress Total Accumulated Cost Depreciation Net Book Value Depreciation Rate for 2012 $ 5,105 $ N/A $ 5,105 13,220 8,404 4,399 14,806 40,829 7,297 1,991 535 9,823 633 889 4,756 2,157 1,085 2,583 10,581 3,321 1,018 89 4,428 273 - 8,464 6,247 3,314 12,223 30,248 3,976 973 446 5,395 360 889 $ 57,279 $ 15,282 $ 41,997 N/A 3.4% 2.8% 2.9% 2.6% 3.0% 6.2% 3.5% 6.9% 5.7% 12.6% N/A N/A Includes a weighted-average composite depreciation rate for rail in high-density traffic corridors as discussed below. [a] [b] Other includes grading, bridges and tunnels, signals, buildings, and other road assets. 72  Millions, Except Percentages As of December 31, 2011 Land Road: Rail and other track material [a] Ties Ballast Other [b] Total road Equipment: Locomotives Freight cars Work equipment and other Total equipment Technology and other Construction in progress Total Accumulated Cost Depreciation Net Book Value Depreciation Rate for 2011 $ 5,098 $ N/A $ 5,098 12,461 7,987 4,178 14,118 38,744 6,502 1,957 529 8,988 610 1,004 4,592 2,028 1,008 2,502 10,130 3,003 1,061 57 4,121 259 - 7,869 5,959 3,170 11,616 28,614 3,499 896 472 4,867 351 1,004 $ 54,444 $ 14,510 $ 39,934 N/A 3.3% 2.9% 3.0% 2.6% 2.9% 5.7% 3.5% 6.5% 5.3% 12.3% N/A N/A Includes a weighted-average composite depreciation rate for rail in high-density traffic corridors as discussed below. [a] [b] Other includes grading, bridges and tunnels, signals, buildings, and other road assets. Property and Depreciation – Our railroad operations are highly capital intensive, and our large base of homogeneous, network-type assets turns over on a continuous basis. Each year we develop a capital program for the replacement of assets and for the acquisition or construction of assets that enable us to enhance our operations or provide new service offerings to customers. Assets purchased or constructed throughout the year are capitalized if they meet applicable minimum units of property criteria. Properties and equipment are carried at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated service lives, which are measured in years, except for rail in high-density traffic corridors (i.e., all rail lines except for those subject to abandonment, yard and switching tracks, and electronic yards) for which lives are measured in millions of gross tons per mile of track. We use the group method of depreciation in which all items with similar characteristics, use, and expected lives are grouped together in asset classes, and are depreciated using composite depreciation rates. The group method of depreciation treats each asset class as a pool of resources, not as singular items. We currently have more than 60 depreciable asset classes, and we may increase or decrease the number of asset classes due to changes in technology, asset strategies, or other factors. We determine the estimated service lives of depreciable railroad assets by means of depreciation studies. We perform depreciation studies at least every three years for equipment and every six years for track assets (i.e., rail and other track material, ties, and ballast) and other road property. Our depreciation studies take into account the following factors:  Statistical analysis of historical patterns of use and retirements of each of our asset classes;  Evaluation of any expected changes in current operations and the outlook for continued use of the assets;  Evaluation of technological advances and changes to maintenance practices; and  Expected salvage to be received upon retirement. For rail in high-density traffic corridors, we measure estimated service lives in millions of gross tons per mile of track. It has been our experience that the lives of rail in high-density traffic corridors are closely correlated to usage (i.e., the amount of weight carried over the rail). The service lives also vary based on rail weight, rail condition (e.g., new or secondhand), and rail type (e.g., straight or curve). Our depreciation studies for rail in high density traffic corridors consider each of these factors in determining the estimated service lives. For rail in high-density traffic corridors, we calculate depreciation rates annually by dividing the number of gross ton-miles carried over the rail (i.e., the weight of loaded and empty freight cars, locomotives and maintenance of way equipment transported over the rail) by the estimated service lives of the rail measured in millions of gross tons per mile. For all other depreciable assets, we compute depreciation based on the estimated service lives of our assets as determined from 73   the analysis of our depreciation studies. Changes in the estimated service lives of our assets and their related depreciation rates are implemented prospectively. Under group depreciation, the historical cost (net of salvage) of depreciable property that is retired or replaced in the ordinary course of business is charged to accumulated depreciation and no gain or loss is recognized. The historical cost of certain track assets is estimated using (i) inflation indices published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and (ii) the estimated useful lives of the assets as determined by our depreciation studies. The indices were selected because they closely correlate with the major costs of the properties comprising the applicable track asset classes. Because of the number of estimates inherent in the depreciation and retirement processes and because it is impossible to precisely estimate each of these variables until a group of property is completely retired, we continually monitor the estimated service lives of our assets and the accumulated depreciation associated with each asset class to ensure our depreciation rates are appropriate. In addition, we determine if the recorded amount of accumulated depreciation is deficient (or in excess) of the amount indicated by our depreciation studies. Any deficiency (or excess) is amortized as a component of depreciation expense over the remaining service lives of the applicable classes of assets. For retirements of depreciable railroad properties that do not occur in the normal course of business, a gain or loss may be recognized if the retirement meets each of the following three conditions: (i) is unusual, (ii) is material in amount, and (iii) varies significantly from the retirement profile identified through our depreciation studies. A gain or loss is recognized in other income when we sell land or dispose of assets that are not part of our railroad operations. When we purchase an asset, we capitalize all costs necessary to make the asset ready for its intended use. However, many of our assets are self-constructed. A large portion of our capital expenditures is for replacement of existing track assets and other road properties, which is typically performed by our employees, and for track line expansion and other capacity projects. Costs that are directly attributable to capital projects (including overhead costs) are capitalized. Direct costs that are capitalized as part of self- constructed assets include material, labor, and work equipment. Indirect costs are capitalized if they clearly relate to the construction of the asset. General and administrative expenditures are expensed as incurred. Normal repairs and maintenance, including rail grinding, are also expensed as incurred, while costs incurred that extend the useful life of an asset, improve the safety of our operations or improve operating efficiency are capitalized. These costs are allocated using appropriate statistical bases. Total expense for repairs and maintenance incurred was $2.1 billion for 2012, $2.2 billion for 2011, and $2.0 billion for 2010. Assets held under capital leases are recorded at the lower of the net present value of the minimum lease payments or the fair value of the leased asset at the inception of the lease. Amortization expense is computed using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the period of the related lease. 12. Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities Millions Accounts payable Accrued wages and vacation Income and other taxes Dividends payable Accrued casualty costs Interest payable Equipment rents payable Other $ Dec. 31, 2012 825 376 368 318 213 172 95 556 $ Dec. 31, 2011 819 363 482 284 249 197 90 624 Total accounts payable and other current liabilities $ 2,923 $ 3,108 74   13. Financial Instruments Strategy and Risk – We may use derivative financial instruments in limited instances for other than trading purposes to assist in managing our overall exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and fuel prices. We are not a party to leveraged derivatives and, by policy, do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Derivative financial instruments qualifying for hedge accounting must maintain a specified level of effectiveness between the hedging instrument and the item being hedged, both at inception and throughout the hedged period. We formally document the nature and relationships between the hedging instruments and hedged items at inception, as well as our risk- management objectives, strategies for undertaking the various hedge transactions, and method of assessing hedge effectiveness. Changes in the fair market value of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are charged to earnings. We may use swaps, collars, futures, and/or forward contracts to mitigate the risk of adverse movements in interest rates and fuel prices; however, the use of these derivative financial instruments may limit future benefits from favorable interest rate and fuel price movements. Market and Credit Risk – We address market risk related to derivative financial instruments by selecting instruments with value fluctuations that highly correlate with the underlying hedged item. We manage credit risk related to derivative financial instruments, which is minimal, by requiring high credit standards for counterparties and periodic settlements. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we were not required to provide collateral, nor had we received collateral, relating to our hedging activities. Determination of Fair Value – We determine the fair values of our derivative financial instrument positions based upon current fair values as quoted by recognized dealers or the present value of expected future cash flows. Interest Rate Fair Value Hedges – We manage our overall exposure to fluctuations in interest rates by adjusting the proportion of fixed and floating rate debt instruments within our debt portfolio over a given period. We generally manage the mix of fixed and floating rate debt through the issuance of targeted amounts of each as debt matures or as we require incremental borrowings. We employ derivatives, primarily swaps, as one of the tools to obtain the targeted mix. In addition, we also obtain flexibility in managing interest costs and the interest rate mix within our debt portfolio by evaluating the issuance of and managing outstanding callable fixed-rate debt securities. Swaps allow us to convert debt from fixed rates to variable rates and thereby hedge the risk of changes in the debt’s fair value attributable to the changes in interest rates. We account for swaps as fair value hedges using the short-cut method; therefore, we do not record any ineffectiveness within our Consolidated Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had no interest rate fair value hedges outstanding. Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedges – We report changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges in accumulated other comprehensive loss until the hedged item affects earnings. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had reductions of $1 million and $2 million, respectively, recorded as an accumulated other comprehensive loss that is being amortized on a straight-line basis through September 30, 2014. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had no interest rate cash flow hedges outstanding. Earnings Impact – Our use of derivative financial instruments had the following impact on pre-tax income for the years ended December 31: Millions Decrease in interest expense from interest rate hedging Increase in pre-tax income 2012 - - $ $ 2011 - $ $ - 2010 2 $ $ 2 Fair Value of Financial Instruments – The fair value of our short- and long-term debt was estimated using a market value price model, which utilizes applicable U.S. Treasury rates along with current market quotes on comparable debt securities. All of the inputs used to determine the fair market value of the Corporation’s long-term debt are Level 2 inputs and obtained from an independent source. At December 31, 2012, the fair value of total debt was $11.1 billion, approximately $2.1 billion more than the carrying value. At December 31, 2011, the fair value of total debt was $10.5 billion, approximately $1.6 billion more than the carrying value. The fair value of the Corporation’s debt is a measure of its current value 75   under present market conditions. It does not impact the financial statements under current accounting rules. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, approximately $203 million and $303 million, respectively, of fixed-rate debt securities contained call provisions that allow us to retire the debt instruments prior to final maturity, with the payment of fixed call premiums, or in certain cases, at par. The fair value of our cash equivalents approximates their carrying value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. 14. Debt Total debt as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, net of interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges, is summarized below: Millions Notes and debentures, 3.0% to 7.9% due through 2054 Capitalized leases, 3.1% to 9.2% due through 2028 Floating rate term loans, due through 2016 Equipment obligations, 6.2% to 6.7% due through 2031 Receivables Securitization (Note 10) Mortgage bonds, 4.8% due through 2030 Tax-exempt financings, 1.8% to 5.7% due through 2022 Medium-term notes, 9.2% to 10.0% due through 2020 Unamortized discount Total debt Less: current portion Total long-term debt $ $ 2012 6,950 1,848 200 119 100 57 56 32 (365) 8,997 (196) 2011 6,801 1,874 100 147 100 57 159 32 (364) 8,906 (209) $ 8,801 $ 8,697 Debt Maturities – The following table presents aggregate debt maturities as of December 31, 2012, excluding market value adjustments: Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Thereafter Total debt $ 296 698 442 584 753 6,224 $ 8,997 As of both December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, we have reclassified as long-term debt $100 million of debt due within one year that we intend to refinance. This reclassification reflects our ability and intent to refinance any short-term borrowings and certain current maturities of long-term debt on a long- term basis. Equipment Encumbrances – Equipment with a carrying value of approximately $2.9 billion at both December 31, 2012 and 2011 served as collateral for capital leases and other types of equipment obligations in accordance with the secured financing arrangements utilized to acquire such railroad equipment. As a result of the merger of Missouri Pacific Railroad Company (MPRR) with and into UPRR on January 1, 1997, and pursuant to the underlying indentures for the MPRR mortgage bonds, UPRR must maintain the same value of assets after the merger in order to comply with the security requirements of the mortgage bonds. As of the merger date, the value of the MPRR assets that secured the mortgage bonds was approximately $6.0 billion. In accordance with the terms of the indentures, this collateral value must be maintained during the entire term of the mortgage bonds irrespective of the outstanding balance of such bonds. 76     Credit Facilities – On December 31, 2012, we had $1.8 billion of credit available under our revolving credit facility (the facility), which is designated for general corporate purposes and supports the issuance of commercial paper. We did not draw on the facility during 2012. Commitment fees and interest rates payable under the facility are similar to fees and rates available to comparably rated, investment-grade borrowers. The facility allows for borrowings at floating rates based on London Interbank Offered Rates, plus a spread, depending upon our senior unsecured debt ratings. The facility matures in 2015 under a four year term and requires the Corporation to maintain a debt-to-net-worth coverage ratio as a condition to making a borrowing. At December 31, 2012, and December 31, 2011 (and at all times during the year), we were in compliance with this covenant. The definition of debt used for purposes of calculating the debt-to-net-worth coverage ratio includes, among other things, certain credit arrangements, capital leases, guarantees and unfunded and vested pension benefits under Title IV of ERISA. At December 31, 2012, the debt-to-net-worth coverage ratio allowed us to carry up to $39.8 billion of debt (as defined in the facility), and we had $9.6 billion of debt (as defined in the facility) outstanding at that date. Under our current capital plans, we expect to continue to satisfy the debt-to-net-worth coverage ratio; however, many factors beyond our reasonable control could affect our ability to comply with this provision in the future. The facility does not include any other financial restrictions, credit rating triggers (other than rating-dependent pricing), or any other provision that could require us to post collateral. The facility also includes a $75 million cross-default provision and a change-of-control provision. During 2012, we issued and repaid commercial paper of $50 million. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had no commercial paper outstanding. Our revolving credit facility supports our outstanding commercial paper balances, and, unless we change the terms of our commercial paper program, our aggregate issuance of commercial paper will not exceed the amount of borrowings available under the facility. Dividend Restrictions – Our revolving credit facility includes a debt-to-net worth covenant (discussed in the Credit Facilities section above) that, under certain circumstances, restricts the payment of cash dividends to our shareholders. The amount of retained earnings available for dividends was $15.1 billion and $13.8 billion at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Shelf Registration Statement and Significant New Borrowings – Under our current shelf registration, we may issue, from time to time, any combination of debt securities, preferred stock, common stock, or warrants for debt securities or preferred stock in one or more offerings. We have no immediate plans to issue equity securities; however, we will continue to explore opportunities to replace existing debt or access capital through issuances of debt securities under our shelf registration, and, therefore, we may issue additional debt securities at any time. During 2012, we issued the following unsecured, fixed-rate debt securities under our current shelf registration: Date June 11, 2012 Description of Securities $300 million of 2.95% Notes due January 15, 2023 $300 million of 4.30% Notes due June 15, 2042 We used the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, including the repurchase of common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program. These debt securities include change-of- control provisions. At December 31, 2012, we had remaining authority to issue up to $1.4 billion of debt securities under our shelf registration. On May 22, 2012, we borrowed $100 million under a 4-year-term loan (the loan). The loan has a floating rate based on London Interbank Offered Rates, plus a spread, and is prepayable in whole or in part without a premium prior to maturity. The agreement documenting the loan has provisions similar to our revolving credit facility, including identical debt-to-net-worth covenant and change of control provisions and similar customary default provisions. The agreement does not include any other financial restrictions, credit rating triggers, or any other provision that would require us to post collateral. During the third and fourth quarters of 2012, we acquired 343 locomotives by exercising early buy-out rights in certain operating and capital lease agreements. Following the acquisition of the locomotives, we 77   sold them to financing parties and entered into capital lease financing agreements with these parties. We did not recognize any gains or losses as a result of these transactions. Capital lease obligations totaling $286 million are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as debt at December 31, 2012. Debt Exchange – On June 23, 2011, we exchanged $857 million of various outstanding notes and debentures due between 2013 and 2019 (Existing Notes) for $750 million of 4.163% notes (New Notes) due July 15, 2022, plus cash consideration of approximately $267 million and $17 million for accrued and unpaid interest on the Existing Notes. In accordance with ASC 470-50-40, Debt-Modifications and Extinguishments-Derecognition, this transaction was accounted for as a debt exchange, as the exchanged debt instruments are not considered to be substantially different. The cash consideration was recorded as an adjustment to the carrying value of debt, and the balance of the unamortized discount and issue costs from the Existing Notes is being amortized as an adjustment of interest expense over the term of the New Notes. No gain or loss was recognized as a result of the exchange. Costs related to the debt exchange that were payable to parties other than the debt holders totaled approximately $6 million and were included in interest expense during the three months ended June 30, 2011. The following table lists the outstanding notes and debentures that were exchanged: Millions 7.875% Notes due 2019 5.450% Notes due 2013 5.125% Notes due 2014 5.375% Notes due 2014 5.700% Notes due 2018 5.750% Notes due 2017 7.000% Debentures due 2016 5.650% Notes due 2017 Total $ Principal amount exchanged 196 50 45 55 277 178 38 18 $ 857 Debt Redemptions – On November 30, 2012, we redeemed all $450 million of our outstanding 5.45% notes due January 31, 2013. The redemption resulted in an early extinguishment charge of $4 million. On April 28, 2012, we redeemed all $100 million of our outstanding 5.70% Tooele County, Utah Hazardous Waste Treatment Revenue Bonds due November 1, 2026. The redemption resulted in an early extinguishment charge of $2 million in the second quarter of 2012. On December 19, 2011, we redeemed the remaining $175 million of our 6.5% notes due April 15, 2012, and all $300 million of our outstanding 6.125% notes due January 15, 2012. The redemptions resulted in an early extinguishment charge of $5 million. On March 22, 2010, we redeemed $175 million of our 6.5% notes due April 15, 2012. The redemption resulted in an early extinguishment charge of $16 million in the first quarter of 2010. On November 1, 2010, we redeemed all $400 million of our outstanding 6.65% notes due January 15, 2011. The redemption resulted in a $5 million early extinguishment charge. Receivables Securitization Facility – As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, we have recorded $100 million as secured debt under our receivables securitization facility. (See further discussion of our receivables securitization facility in Note 10). 15. Variable Interest Entities We have entered into various lease transactions in which the structure of the leases contain variable interest entities (VIEs). These VIEs were created solely for the purpose of doing lease transactions (principally involving railroad equipment and facilities, including our headquarters building) and have no other activities, assets or liabilities outside of the lease transactions. Within these lease arrangements, we have the right to purchase some or all of the assets at fixed prices. Depending on market conditions, 78     fixed-price purchase options available in the leases could potentially provide benefits to us; however, these benefits are not expected to be significant. We maintain and operate the assets based on contractual obligations within the lease arrangements, which set specific guidelines consistent within the railroad industry. As such, we have no control over activities that could materially impact the fair value of the leased assets. We do not hold the power to direct the activities of the VIEs and, therefore, do not control the ongoing activities that have a significant impact on the economic performance of the VIEs. Additionally, we do not have the obligation to absorb losses of the VIEs or the right to receive benefits of the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. We are not considered to be the primary beneficiary and do not consolidate these VIEs because our actions and decisions do not have the most significant effect on the VIE’s performance and our fixed-price purchase price options are not considered to be potentially significant to the VIE’s. The future minimum lease payments associated with the VIE leases totaled $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2012. 16. Leases We lease certain locomotives, freight cars, and other property. The Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 included $2,467 million, net of $966 million of accumulated depreciation, and $2,458 million, net of $915 million of accumulated depreciation, respectively, for properties held under capital leases. A charge to income resulting from the depreciation for assets held under capital leases is included within depreciation expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Future minimum lease payments for operating and capital leases with initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2012, were as follows: Millions 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Later years Total minimum lease payments Amount representing interest Present value of minimum lease payments $ Operating Leases 525 466 410 375 339 2,126 $ Capital Leases 282 265 253 232 243 1,166 $ 4,241 $ 2,441 N/A N/A (593) $ 1,848 Approximately 94% of capital lease payments relate to locomotives. Rent expense for operating leases with terms exceeding one month was $631 million in 2012, $637 million in 2011, and $624 million in 2010. When cash rental payments are not made on a straight-line basis, we recognize variable rental expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Contingent rentals and sub-rentals are not significant. 17. Commitments and Contingencies Asserted and Unasserted Claims – Various claims and lawsuits are pending against us and certain of our subsidiaries. We cannot fully determine the effect of all asserted and unasserted claims on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity; however, to the extent possible, where asserted and unasserted claims are considered probable and where such claims can be reasonably estimated, we have recorded a liability. We do not expect that any known lawsuits, claims, environmental costs, commitments, contingent liabilities, or guarantees will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity after taking into account liabilities and insurance recoveries previously recorded for these matters. Personal Injury – The cost of personal injuries to employees and others related to our activities is charged to expense based on estimates of the ultimate cost and number of incidents each year. We use an actuarial analysis to measure the expense and liability, including unasserted claims. The Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) governs compensation for work-related accidents. Under FELA, damages 79       are assessed based on a finding of fault through litigation or out-of-court settlements. We offer a comprehensive variety of services and rehabilitation programs for employees who are injured at work. Our personal injury liability is not discounted to present value. Approximately 90% of the recorded liability is related to asserted claims, and approximately 10% is related to unasserted claims at December 31, 2012. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the ultimate outcome of personal injury claims, it is reasonably possible that future costs to settle these claims may range from approximately $334 million to $368 million. We record an accrual at the low end of the range as no amount of loss within the range is more probable than any other. Estimates can vary over time due to evolving trends in litigation. Our personal injury liability activity was as follows: Millions Beginning balance Current year accruals Changes in estimates for prior years Payments Ending balance at December 31 Current portion, ending balance at December 31 2012 368 121 (58) (97) 334 95 $ $ $ 2011 426 118 (71) (105) 368 103 $ $ $ 2010 545 155 (101) (173) 426 140 $ $ $ Asbestos – We are a defendant in a number of lawsuits in which current and former employees and other parties allege exposure to asbestos. We assess our potential liability using a statistical analysis of resolution costs for asbestos-related claims. This liability is updated annually and excludes future defense and processing costs. The liability for resolving both asserted and unasserted claims was based on the following assumptions:  The ratio of future claims by alleged disease would be consistent with historical averages adjusted for inflation.  The number of claims filed against us will decline each year.  The average settlement values for asserted and unasserted claims will be equivalent to historical averages.  The percentage of claims dismissed in the future will be equivalent to historical averages. Our liability for asbestos-related claims is not discounted to present value due to the uncertainty surrounding the timing of future payments. Approximately 22% of the recorded liability related to asserted claims and approximately 78% related to unasserted claims at December 31, 2012. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the ultimate outcome of asbestos-related claims, it is reasonably possible that future costs to settle these claims may range from approximately $139 million to $149 million. We record an accrual at the low end of the range as no amount of loss within the range is more probable than any other. Our asbestos-related liability activity was as follows: Millions Beginning balance Credits Payments Ending balance at December 31 Current portion, ending balance at December 31 2012 147 (2) (6) 139 8 $ $ $ 2011 162 (5) (10) 147 8 $ $ $ 2010 174 (1) (11) 162 12 $ $ $ In conjunction with the liability update performed in 2012, we also reassessed estimated insurance recoveries. We have recognized an asset for estimated insurance recoveries at December 31, 2012 and 2011. The amounts recorded for asbestos-related liabilities and related insurance recoveries were based on currently known facts. However, future events, such as the number of new claims filed each year, average settlement costs, and insurance coverage issues, could cause the actual costs and insurance recoveries to be higher or lower than the projected amounts. Estimates also may vary in the future if strategies, activities, and outcomes of asbestos litigation materially change; federal and state laws 80   governing asbestos litigation increase or decrease the probability or amount of compensation of claimants; and there are material changes with respect to payments made to claimants by other defendants. Environmental Costs – We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. We have identified 284 sites at which we are or may be liable for remediation costs associated with alleged contamination or for violations of environmental requirements. This includes 32 sites that are the subject of actions taken by the U.S. government, 17 of which are currently on the Superfund National Priorities List. Certain federal legislation imposes joint and several liability for the remediation of identified sites; consequently, our ultimate environmental liability may include costs relating to activities of other parties, in addition to costs relating to our own activities at each site. When we identify an environmental issue with respect to property owned, leased, or otherwise used in our business, we perform, with assistance of our consultants, environmental assessments on the property. We expense the cost of the assessments as incurred. We accrue the cost of remediation where our obligation is probable and such costs can be reasonably estimated. We do not discount our environmental liabilities when the timing of the anticipated cash payments is not fixed or readily determinable. At December 31, 2012, none of our environmental liability was discounted, while less than 1% of our environmental liability was discounted at 2.0% at December 31, 2011. Our environmental liability activity was as follows: Millions Beginning balance Accruals Payments Ending balance at December 31 Current portion, ending balance at December 31 [a] Payments include $25 million to resolve the Omaha Lead Site liability. 2012 172 48 (50) 170 50 $ $ $ 2011 [a] 213 $ 29 (70) $ $ 172 50 2010 217 57 (61) 213 74 $ $ $ The environmental liability includes future costs for remediation and restoration of sites, as well as ongoing monitoring costs, but excludes any anticipated recoveries from third parties. Cost estimates are based on information available for each site, financial viability of other potentially responsible parties, and existing technology, laws, and regulations. The ultimate liability for remediation is difficult to determine because of the number of potentially responsible parties, site-specific cost sharing arrangements with other potentially responsible parties, the degree of contamination by various wastes, the scarcity and quality of volumetric data related to many of the sites, and the speculative nature of remediation costs. Estimates of liability may vary over time due to changes in federal, state, and local laws governing environmental remediation. Current obligations are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. Guarantees – At December 31, 2012, we were contingently liable for $307 million in guarantees. We have recorded a liability of $2 million for the fair value of these obligations as of December 31, 2012 and 2011. We entered into these contingent guarantees in the normal course of business, and they include guaranteed obligations related to our headquarters building, equipment financings, and affiliated operations. The final guarantee expires in 2022. We are not aware of any existing event of default that would require us to satisfy these guarantees. We do not expect that these guarantees will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. Indemnities – Our maximum potential exposure under indemnification arrangements, including certain tax indemnifications, can range from a specified dollar amount to an unlimited amount, depending on the nature of the transactions and the agreements. Due to uncertainty as to whether claims will be made or how they will be resolved, we cannot reasonably determine the probability of an adverse claim or reasonably estimate any adverse liability or the total maximum exposure under these indemnification arrangements. We do not have any reason to believe that we will be required to make any material payments under these indemnity provisions. 81   Gain Contingency – UPRR and Santa Fe Pacific Pipelines (SFPP, a subsidiary of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.) currently are engaged in a proceeding to resolve the fair market rent payable to UPRR under a 10-year agreement commencing on January 1, 2004 for pipeline easements on UPRR rights-of-way (Union Pacific Railroad Company vs. Santa Fe Pacific Pipelines, Inc., SFPP, L.P., Kinder Morgan Operating L.P. “D” Kinder Morgan G.P., Inc., et al., Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles, filed July 28, 2004). In February 2007, a trial began to resolve this issue, and, on September 28, 2011, the judge issued a tentative Statement of Decision, which concluded that SFPP owes back rent to UPRR for the years 2004 through 2011. On May 29, 2012, the court entered judgment, awarding UPRR back rent and prejudgment interest. SFPP is appealing the final judgment. A favorable final judgment may materially affect our results of operations in the period of any monetary recoveries; however, due to the uncertainty regarding the amount and timing of any recovery, including the outcome of SFPP’s appeal of this judgment or any subsequent proceeding, we consider this a gain contingency and do not reflect any amounts in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2012. 18. Share Repurchase Program Effective April 1, 2011, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of 40 million shares of our common stock by March 31, 2014, replacing our previous repurchase program. As of December 31, 2012, we repurchased a total of $7.1 billion of our common stock since the commencement of our repurchase programs. The table below represents shares repurchased under the new repurchase program, except for the first quarter of 2011 which represent shares repurchased under the previous program. First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Total Number of Shares Purchased 2011 2,636,178 3,576,399 4,681,535 3,885,658 2012 3,917,369 3,770,528 3,098,812 2,033,750 2012 $ 110.64 110.02 122.13 121.81 $ Average Price Paid 2011 94.10 100.75 91.45 98.16 12,820,459 14,779,770 $ 115.01 $ 95.94 Remaining number of shares that may be repurchased under current authority 15,035,949 Management's assessments of market conditions and other pertinent facts guide the timing and volume of all repurchases. We expect to fund any share repurchases under this program through cash generated from operations, the sale or lease of various operating and non-operating properties, debt issuances, and cash on hand. Repurchased shares are recorded in treasury stock at cost, which includes any applicable commissions and fees. 82     19. Selected Quarterly Data (Unaudited) Millions, Except Per Share Amounts 2012 Operating revenues Operating income Net income Net income per share: Basic Diluted Millions, Except Per Share Amounts 2011 Operating revenues Operating income Net income Net income per share: Basic Diluted Mar. 31 Jun. 30 Sep. 30 Dec. 31 $ 5,112 1,510 863 $ 5,221 1,724 1,002 $ 5,343 1,786 1,042 $ 5,250 1,725 1,036 1.81 1.79 2.11 2.10 2.21 2.19 2.21 2.19 Mar. 31 Jun. 30 Sep. 30 Dec. 31 $ 4,490 1,137 639 $ 4,858 1,392 785 $ 5,101 1,578 904 $ 5,108 1,617 964 1.31 1.29 1.61 1.59 1.87 1.85 2.01 1.99 Per share net income for the four quarters combined may not equal the per share net income for the year due to rounding. Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Corporation carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Corporation’s management, including the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Executive Vice President – Finance and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Based upon that evaluation, the CEO and the CFO concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Additionally, the CEO and CFO determined that there were no changes to the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during the last fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. 83 MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING The management of Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies (the Corporation) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)). The Corporation’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Corporation’s management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. The Corporation’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework. Based on our assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2012, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. The Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting. This report appears on the next page. February 7, 2013 84 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Union Pacific Corporation: We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies (the Corporation) as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Corporation's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, the Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as of and for the year ended December 31, 2012 of the Corporation and our report dated February 8, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and financial statement schedule. Omaha, Nebraska February 8, 2013 85 Item 9B. Other Information None. Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance (a) Directors of Registrant. PART III Information as to the names, ages, positions and offices with UPC, terms of office, periods of service, business experience during the past five years and certain other directorships held by each director or person nominated to become a director of UPC is set forth in the Election of Directors segment of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Information concerning our Audit Committee and the independence of its members, along with information about the audit committee financial expert(s) serving on the Audit Committee, is set forth in the Audit Committee segment of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. (b) Executive Officers of Registrant. Information concerning the executive officers of UPC and its subsidiaries is presented in Part I of this report under Executive Officers of the Registrant and Principal Executive Officers of Subsidiaries. (c) Section 16(a) Compliance. Information concerning compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is set forth in the Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance segment of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. (d) Code of Ethics for Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers of Registrant. The Board of Directors of UPC has adopted the UPC Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers (the Code). A copy of the Code may be found on the Internet at our website www.up.com/investors/governance. We intend to disclose any amendments to the Code or any waiver from a provision of the Code on our website. Item 11. Executive Compensation Information concerning compensation received by our directors and our named executive officers is presented in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis, Summary Compensation Table, Grants of Plan- Based Awards in Fiscal Year 2012, Outstanding Equity Awards at 2012 Fiscal Year-End, Option Exercises and Stock Vested in Fiscal Year 2012, Pension Benefits at 2012 Fiscal Year-End, Nonqualified Deferred Compensation at 2012 Fiscal Year-End, Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control and Director Compensation in Fiscal Year 2012 segments of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Additional information regarding compensation of directors, including Board committee members, is set forth in the By-Laws of UPC and the Stock Unit Grant and Deferred Compensation Plan for the Board of Directors, both of which are included as exhibits to this report. Information regarding the Compensation and Benefits Committee is set forth in the Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation and Compensation Committee Report segments of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. 86 Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Information as to the number of shares of our equity securities beneficially owned by each of our directors and nominees for director, our named executive officers, our directors and executive officers as a group, and certain beneficial owners is set forth in the Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management segment of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. The following table summarizes the equity compensation plans under which UPC common stock may be issued as of December 31, 2012: Column (a) Column (b) Column (c) Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) 5,892,817 [1] 5,892,817 $ $ 52.89 [2] 32,168,520 52.89 32,168,520 Plan Category Equity compensation plans approved by security holders Total [1] Includes 1,604,221 retention units that do not have an exercise price. Does not include 1,851,382 retention shares that have been issued and are outstanding. [2] Does not include the retention units or retention shares described above in footnote 1. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence Information on related transactions is set forth in the Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation segments of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. We do not have any relationship with any outside third party that would enable such a party to negotiate terms of a material transaction that may not be available to, or available from, other parties on an arm’s-length basis. Information regarding the independence of our directors is set forth in the Director Independence segment of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services Information concerning the fees billed by our independent registered public accounting firm and the nature of services comprising the fees for each of the two most recent fiscal years in each of the following categories: (i) audit fees, (ii) audit-related fees, (iii) tax fees, and (iv) all other fees, is set forth in the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Fees and Services segment of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. Information concerning our Audit Committee’s policies and procedures pertaining to pre-approval of audit and non-audit services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm is set forth in the Audit Committee segment of the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference. 87   PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) Financial Statements, Financial Statement Schedules, and Exhibits: (1) Financial Statements The financial statements filed as part of this filing are listed on the index to the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Item 8, on page 49. (2) Financial Statement Schedules Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are not applicable or not required or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Item 8, or notes thereto. (3) Exhibits Exhibits are listed in the exhibit index beginning on page 91. The exhibits include management contracts, compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as exhibits to the Form 10-K by Item 601 (10) (iii) of Regulation S-K. 88 SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on this 8th day of February, 2013. UNION PACIFIC CORPORATION By /s/ John J. Koraleski John J. Koraleski, President and Chief Executive Officer Union Pacific Corporation Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below, on this 8th day of February, 2013, by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated. PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND DIRECTOR: /s/ John J. Koraleski John J. Koraleski, President and Chief Executive Officer Union Pacific Corporation /s/ Robert M. Knight, Jr. Robert M. Knight, Jr., Executive Vice President - Finance and Chief Financial Officer /s/ Jeffrey P. Totusek Jeffrey P. Totusek, Vice President and Controller Michael R. McCarthy* Michael W. McConnell* Thomas F. McLarty III* Steven R. Rogel* Jose H. Villarreal* James R. Young* PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER: PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING OFFICER: DIRECTORS: Andrew H. Card, Jr.* Erroll B. Davis, Jr.* Thomas J. Donohue* Archie W. Dunham* Judith Richards Hope* Charles C. Krulak* * By /s/ James J. Theisen, Jr. James J. Theisen, Jr., Attorney-in-fact 89 SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies Millions, for the Years Ended December 31, Allowance for doubtful accounts: Balance, beginning of period Charges/(reduction) to expense Net recoveries/(write-offs) Balance, end of period Allowance for doubtful accounts are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as follows: Current Long-term Balance, end of period Accrued casualty costs: Balance, beginning of period Charges to expense Cash payments and other reductions Balance, end of period Accrued casualty costs are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as follows: Current Long-term Balance, end of period 2012 2011 2010 $ 50 (1) (12) 37 $ $ $ $ 4 33 37 778 190 (234) $ $ $ $ $ 56 - (6) 50 9 41 50 905 110 (237) 70 (6) (8) 56 5 51 56 1,086 186 (367) 734 $ 778 $ 905 213 521 734 $ $ 249 529 778 $ $ 325 580 905 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 90 UNION PACIFIC CORPORATION Exhibit Index Exhibit No. Description Filed with this Statement 10(a) 10(b) 10(c) 12 21 23 24 31(a) 31(b) 32 101 Form of 2013 Long Term Plan Stock Unit Agreement dated February 7, 2013. Form of Stock Unit Agreement for Executives dated February 7, 2013. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Executives dated February 7, 2013. Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges. List of the Corporation’s significant subsidiaries and their respective states of incorporation. Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Consent. Powers of attorney executed by the directors of UPC. Certifications Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), of the Exchange Act, as Adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – John J. Koraleski. Certifications Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), of the Exchange Act, as Adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 - Robert M. Knight, Jr. Certifications Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – John J. Koraleski and Robert M. Knight, Jr. eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) documents submitted electronically: 101.INS (XBRL Instance Document), 101.SCH (XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document), 101.CAL (XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document), 101.LAB (XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document), 101.DEF (XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document) and 101.PRE (XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document). The following financial and related information from Union Pacific Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012 (filed with the SEC on February 8, 2013), is formatted in XBRL and submitted electronically herewith: (i) Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Common Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Incorporated by Reference 3(a) Restated Articles of Incorporation of UPC, as amended and restated through June 27, 2011, are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3(a) to the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011. 91 3(b) 4(a) 4(b) 4(c) 4(d) 10(d) 10(e) 10(f) 10(g) 10(h) 10(i) By-Laws of UPC, as amended, effective May 14, 2009, are incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 15, 2009. Indenture, dated as of December 20, 1996, between UPC and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as successor to Citibank, N.A., as Trustee, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to UPC’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-18345). Indenture, dated as of April 1, 1999, between UPC and The Bank of New York, as successor to JP Morgan Chase Bank, formerly The Chase Manhattan Bank, as Trustee, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to UPC’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-75989). Form of 2.950% Note due 2023 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 11, 2012. Form of 4.300% Note due 2042 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 11, 2012. Certain instruments evidencing long-term indebtedness of UPC are not filed as exhibits because the total amount of securities authorized under any single such instrument does not exceed 10% of the Corporation’s total consolidated assets. UPC agrees to furnish the Commission with a copy of any such instrument upon request by the Commission. Supplemental Thrift Plan (409A Non-Grandfathered Component) of Union Pacific Corporation, as amended December 28, 2011, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(d) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011. Supplemental Thrift Plan (409A Grandfathered Component) of Union Pacific Corporation, as amended and restated in its entirety, effective as of January 1, 2009, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(d) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. Supplemental Pension Plan for Officers and Managers (409A Non-Grandfathered Component) of Union Pacific Corporation and Affiliates, as amended and restated in its entirety effective as of January 1, 1989, including all amendments adopted through January 1, 2009, as amended July 22, 2011, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10- Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011. Supplemental Pension Plan for Officers and Managers (409A Grandfathered Component) of Union Pacific Corporation and Affiliates, as amended and restated in its entirety effective as of January 1, 1989, including all amendments adopted through January 1, 2009 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(f) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. Union Pacific Corporation Executive Incentive Plan, effective May 5, 2005, amended and restated effective January 1, 2009, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(g) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. Deferred Compensation Plan (409A Non-Grandfathered Component) of Union Pacific Corporation, effective as January 1, 2009 as amended December 30, 2010 and June 22, 2011, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2011. 92 10(j) 10(k) 10(l) 10(m) 10(n) 10(o) 10(p) 10(q) 10(r) 10(s) 10(t) Deferred Compensation Plan (409A Grandfathered Component) of Union Pacific Corporation, as amended and restated in its entirety, effective as January 1, 2009 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(i) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. Union Pacific Corporation 2000 Directors Plan, effective as of April 21, 2000, as amended November 16, 2006, January 30, 2007 and January 1, 2009 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(j) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. Union Pacific Corporation Stock Unit Grant and Deferred Compensation Plan for the Board of Directors (409A Non-Grandfathered Component), effective as of January 1, 2009 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(k) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. Union Pacific Corporation Stock Unit Grant and Deferred Compensation Plan for the Board of Directors (409A Grandfathered Component), as amended and restated in its entirety, effective as of January 1, 2009 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(l) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. Union Pacific Corporation Key Employee Continuity Plan, dated as of November 16, 2000, as amended and restated effective as of January 1, 2009, as amended February 3, 2011, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(e) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010. UPC 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, originally effective as of April 16, 2004, and amended and restated effective January 1, 2009, and amended September 23, 2009, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10 to the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2009. is UPC 2001 Stock incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(e) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006. Incentive Plan, as amended November 16, 2006, Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 12, 1996, among UPC, UP Holding Company, Inc., Union Pacific Merger Co. and Southern Pacific Rail Corporation (SP) is incorporated herein by reference to Annex J to the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus included in Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to UPC’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 (No. 33-64707). Agreement, dated September 25, 1995, among UPC, UPRR, Missouri Pacific Railroad Company (MPRR), SP, Southern Pacific Transportation Company (SPT), The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad Company (D&RGW), St. Louis Southwestern Railway Company (SLSRC) and SPCSL Corp. (SPCSL), on the one hand, and Burlington Northern Railroad Company (BN) and The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company (Santa Fe), on the other hand, is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to UPC’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 (No. 33-64707). Supplemental Agreement, dated November 18, 1995, between UPC, UPRR, MPRR, SP, SPT, D&RGW, SLSRC and SPCSL, on the one hand, and BN and Santa Fe, on the other hand, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to UPC’s Registration Statement on Form S-4 (No. 33-64707). The Pension Plan for Non-Employee Directors of UPC, as amended January 25, 1996, is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(w) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995. 93 10(u) 10(v) 10(w) 10(x) 10(y) 10(z) 10(aa) 10(bb) 10(cc) Charitable Contribution Plan for Non-Employee Directors of Union Pacific Corporation is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(z) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1995. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Executives is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(a) to the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Form of 2009 Long Term Plan Stock Unit Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(a) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. Form of 2010 Long Term Plan Stock Unit Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(a) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009. Form of 2011 Long Term Plan Stock Unit Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(a) to the Corporations Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010. Form of 2012 Long Term Plan Stock Unit Agreement is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(a) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Directors is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(d) to the Corporation’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2004. Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement for Executives is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(c) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005. Executive Incentive Plan (2005) – Deferred Compensation Program, dated December 21, 2005 is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10(g) to the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005. 94 Exhibit 12 RATIO OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies Millions, Except for Ratios Fixed charges: Interest expense including amortization of debt discount Portion of rentals representing an interest factor Total fixed charges Earnings available for fixed charges: Net income Equity earnings net of distributions Income taxes Fixed charges 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 $ $ 535 132 667 $ $ 572 135 707 $ $ 602 136 738 $ $ 600 155 755 $ $ 511 226 737 $ 3,943 (55) 2,375 667 $ 3,292 (38) 1,972 707 $ 2,780 (44) 1,653 738 $ 1,890 (42) 1,084 755 $ 2,335 (53) 1,316 737 Earnings available for fixed charges $ 6,930 $ 5,933 $ 5,127 $ 3,687 $ 4,335 Ratio of earnings to fixed charges 10.4 8.4 6.9 4.9 5.9 95 SIGNIFICANT SUBSIDIARIES OF UNION PACIFIC CORPORATION Name of Corporation State of Incorporation Union Pacific Railroad Company ...................................................................... Southern Pacific Rail Corporation ..................................................................... Delaware Utah Exhibit 21 96 Exhibit 23 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We consent to the incorporation by reference in Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement No. 33-12513, Registration Statement No. 33-53968, Registration Statement No. 33-49785, Registration Statement No. 33-49849, Registration Statement No. 333-10797, Registration Statement No. 333-13115, Registration Statement No. 333-88709, Registration Statement No. 333-61856, Registration Statement No. 333-42768, Registration Statement No. 333-106707, Registration Statement No. 333- 106708, Registration Statement No. 333-105714, Registration Statement No. 333-105715, Registration Statement No. 333-116003, Registration Statement No. 333-132324, Registration Statement No. 333- 155708, Registration Statement No. 333-170209, and Registration Statement No. 333-170208 on Form S-8 and Registration Statement No. 333-164842 on Form S-3 of our reports dated February 8, 2013, relating to the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule of Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies (the Corporation) and the effectiveness of the Corporation's internal control over financial reporting, appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Union Pacific Corporation and Subsidiary Companies for the year ended December 31, 2012. Omaha, Nebraska February 8, 2013 97 Exhibit 24 UNION PACIFIC CORPORATION Powers of Attorney Each of the undersigned directors of Union Pacific Corporation, a Utah corporation (the Company), do hereby appoint each of John J. Koraleski, Barbara W. Schaefer, and James J. Theisen, Jr. his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, to sign on his or her behalf the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2012, and any and all amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, with the Securities and Exchange Commission. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this Power of Attorney as of February 7, 2013. /s/ Andrew H. Card, Jr. Andrew H. Card, Jr. /s/ Erroll B. Davis, Jr. Erroll B. Davis, Jr. /s/ Thomas J. Donohue Thomas J. Donohue /s/ Archie W. Dunham Archie W. Dunham /s/ Judith Richards Hope Judith Richards Hope /s/ Charles C. Krulak Charles C. Krulak /s/ Michael R. McCarthy Michael R. McCarthy /s/ Michael W. McConnell Michael W. McConnell /s/ Thomas F. McLarty III Thomas F. McLarty III /s/ Steven R. Rogel Steven R. Rogel /s/ Jose H. Villarreal Jose H. Villarreal /s/ James R. Young James R. Young 98 Exhibit 31(a) CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER I, John J. Koraleski, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Union Pacific Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 8, 2013 /s/ John J. Koraleski John J. Koraleski President and Chief Executive Officer 99 Exhibit 31(b) CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER I, Robert M. Knight, Jr., certify that: 1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Union Pacific Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; (b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and (d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Date: February 8, 2013 /s/ Robert M. Knight, Jr. Robert M. Knight, Jr. Executive Vice President – Finance and Chief Financial Officer 100 CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 Exhibit 32 In connection with the accompanying Annual Report of Union Pacific Corporation (the Corporation) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2012, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, John J. Koraleski, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation. By: /s/ John J. Koraleski John J. Koraleski President and Chief Executive Officer Union Pacific Corporation February 8, 2013 A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Corporation and will be retained by the Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the accompanying Annual Report of Union Pacific Corporation (the Corporation) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2012, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, Robert M. Knight, Jr., Executive Vice President - Finance and Chief Financial Officer of the Corporation, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation. By: /s/ Robert M. Knight, Jr. Robert M. Knight, Jr. Executive Vice President - Finance and Chief Financial Officer Union Pacific Corporation February 8, 2013 A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Corporation and will be retained by the Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. 101 

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