Unisys
Annual Report 2017

Plain-text annual report

Unisys Corporation 2017 Annual Report A Letter to Our Shareholders Dear Shareholder, Unisys entered 2017 with momentum, having executed on our strategy for a full year in 2016. We accelerated our progress against this plan in 2017, and delivered strong results that reflect continued progress in our strategic transition of the business. We are executing on our plan with a focus on optimizing the business to continue driving upside over time, and believe Unisys is well-positioned entering 2018. Achieving Our Financial Goals In 2017, we provided financial guidance for revenue, non-GAAP operating profit margin and adjusted free cash flow. I am pleased to report that as in 2016, we again met or exceeded this guidance on all metrics – achieving the high end of guidance on revenue and exceeding guidance on non-GAAP operating profit margin and adjusted free cash flow. We believe these achievements demonstrate continued progress toward our key goals of using our industry go-to-market focus to drive improvements in revenue trajectory, expanding profitability and optimizing cash flow. Performance Leading to Strong Results Achieving our financial goals helped us produce the following results in 2017: • Total company revenue growth in the fourth quarter of 2017 of 3.2% year over year; • Outstanding performance in both contract renewals and extensions, with continued strong client retention rate and high client Net Promoter Scores; • Improvement of $390 million in our pension deficit from its previously-reported amount, down 18% to $1.78 billion; and a reduction of $300 million in the required cash contribution over the coming five years ($350 million over the coming 10 years) relative to prior estimates; and • A successful raise of $440 million of senior secured debt to further strengthen our balance sheet; a near-doubling of our year-end cash balance to $734 million. Driving Solutions and Shareholder Value We are pleased to have seen success against the execution of our plan during 2017, and to see these efforts make a meaningful impact on our financial performance. We are highly focused on continuing this progress and took a number of steps during 2017 to better position the company to drive further performance improvements and increased shareholder value over time. Key among these efforts has been our work leveraging our industry expertise and converting the innovative solutions we create for clients on an ad hoc basis into more productized solutions that can be provided more broadly to an increased number of clients. We launched seven new or refreshed industry application products in 2017 to help drive value and growth. As the value of our solutions has advanced, our new client win rates have improved. We have already launched a new industry application product in the first quarter of 2018 – LineSightTM, software that incorporates advanced data analytics and machine learnings to deliver dramatically improved accuracy for border agents making critical, on-the-spot decisions about whether to trigger closer inspection of travelers or cargo shipments before authorizing entry into a country. We also continue our focus on security in everything we do, including with, but not limited to, Unisys Stealth®. We launched a new suite of Stealth™ in 2017, and continue to sell Stealth on a standalone basis as well as to build Stealth into our broader set of solutions to differentiate our offerings versus our competitors. We also strengthened our leveraged offerings in 2017, including Digital Workplace Services, Managed Security Services and ClearPath Forward. For example, we won a major new client contract in the fourth quarter in part because we included our Digital Service Support Center, the new automation suite of our Digital Workplace Services offering. 1 On a personal note, I want to express our gratitude to Paul Weaver, who has reached board mandatory retirement age and will be retiring as Chairman of the Board, and Alison Davis, who will also be leaving the Board, both effective April 26, 2018. Paul has served on the Board for 8 years, since 2010, and as Chairman since 2015, with distinction. Paul has provided true leadership and guidance as we created and executed our strategy. Alison has been a valued member of our Board since 2011 and, in addition to her service to the Board, has been a valued contributor to both the Audit and Finance Committee as well as the Compensation Committee. Since last year, we have also added three new members to the Board – Paul Martin, Deborah Lee James and Regina Paolillo. While we will miss Paul and Alison, we are excited to benefit from the fresh perspectives to be brought by Paul, Debbie and Regina. Unisys is a company whose momentum is steadily building. We have the strategy and the capabilities. Most of all, we have the people – a workforce that is over 20,000 strong, focused on bringing value to our clients and continuing to execute against our goals. Not only are we executing, we are executing with a confidence that continues to build with each new success. Peter A. Altabef President and CEO 2 Business Description General Unisys Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“Unisys,” “we,” “our,” or the “company”), is a global information technology (“IT”) company that builds high-performance, security-centric solutions for clients across the Government, Financial Services and Commercial markets. Unisys offerings include security software and services; digital transformation and workplace services; industry applications and services; and innovative software operating environments for high-intensity enterprise computing. We operate in two business segments – Services and Technology. Financial information concerning the two segments can be found in Note 15, “Segment information,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Part II, Item 8 of the 2017 Form 10-K) (the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements”). Principal Products and Services We deliver high-performance, security-centric, leveraged services across industries, industry-specific application products and technology solutions worldwide to our primary target markets: government (the U.S. federal government and other public sector organizations around the world), commercial (e.g., travel and transportation and life sciences and healthcare) and financial services (e.g., commercial and retail banking). Our solutions are designed to build better outcomes - securely - for our clients, enabling them to: • • Transform core business processes to compete more effectively in their markets; Improve user engagement for customers and workers, streamline operations and enhance go-to-market efforts; • Optimize IT infrastructure to meet digital-business requirements; • Simplify management of IT infrastructure and service delivery; and • Enhance enterprise security. Within Services, our principal solutions include cloud and infrastructure services, application services and business process outsourcing services. • In cloud and infrastructure services, we help clients apply cloud and as-a-service delivery models to capitalize on business opportunities, make their end users more productive and manage and secure their IT infrastructure and operations more economically. • In application services, we help clients transform their business processes by developing and managing new leading- edge applications for select industries, offering advanced data analytics and modernizing existing enterprise applications. • In business process outsourcing services, we assume management of critical processes and functions for clients in target industries, helping them improve performance and reduce costs. In Technology, we design and develop software and offer hardware and other related products to help clients reduce costs, improve security and flexibility and improve the efficiency of their data-center environments. As a pioneer in large-scale computing, we offer deep experience and rich technological capabilities in transaction-intensive, mission-critical environments. We provide a range of data-center, infrastructure management and cloud computing offerings to help clients virtualize and automate their data-center environments. Our industry application products include solutions that allow law enforcement agencies to share critical investigative intelligence, integrated child support case management tools, and solutions that allow travel and transportation companies to manage freight and distribution as well as leverage predictive analytics. Our solutions also provide life sciences and healthcare companies with the ability to manage medical devices and enhanced visibility over the pharmaceutical supply chain. We also provide financial solutions to deliver secure, omnichannel banking. 3 Our Technology products include: • Unisys ClearPath Forward®, a secure, scalable, hardware-independent software operating environment for high-volume enterprise computing capable of delivering Unisys security across multiple hardware platforms. In 2016, Unisys began offering hardware-independent versions of the ClearPath operating environment, providing a tested, integrated stack of software products that can run on an Intel x86 server of the client’s choice. • Unisys Stealth® security software, which enables trusted identities to access micro-segmented critical assets and safely communicate through secure, encrypted channels. Stealth™ establishes irrefutable user authentication, prevents lateral attacker movement and reduces data center, mobile and cloud attack surfaces. Stealth also reduces the cost and complexity of securing information and operation technology as well as industrial control systems, allowing organizations to meet compliance and security mandates. We market our services and products primarily through a direct sales force. Complementing our direct sales force, we make use of a select group of resellers and alliance partners to market our services and product portfolio. In certain foreign countries, we market primarily through distributors. 4 Board of Directors Peter A. Altabef Corporate Officers Peter A. Altabef President and Chief Executive Officer of Unisys Corporation President and Chief Executive Officer Jared L. Cohon Tarek El-Sadany President Emeritus and University Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University 2,3 Alison Davis Former Managing Partner of Belvedere Capital Partners, Inc.1,2 Nathaniel A. Davis Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of K12 Inc.3 Deborah L. James Former Secretary of the Air Force Denise K. Fletcher Former Executive Vice President, Finance of Vulcan Inc.1 Senior Vice President, Technology, and Chief Technology Officer Eric Hutto Senior Vice President and President, Enterprise Solutions Gerald P. Kenney Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary David A. Loeser Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer Venkatapathi R. Puvvada Senior Vice President and President, Federal Systems Jeffrey E. Renzi Senior Vice President and President, Global Sales Philippe Germond Former Chairman of the Management Board of Europcar Ann S. Ruckstuhl Groupe S.A.3 Paul E. Martin Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer Inder M. Singh Corporate Vice President, Chief Information Officer of Baxter Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Shalabh Gupta Vice President and Treasurer Michael M. Thomson Vice President and Corporate Controller International, Inc.1 Regina Paolillo Executive Vice President, Chief Financial and Administrative Officer of TTEC Holdings, Inc. Lee D. Roberts Chief Executive Officer and President of BlueWater Consulting LLC 1, 2 Paul E. Weaver Chairman of the Board of Unisys Corporation. Former Vice Chairman of PricewaterhouseCoopers 2 Board Committees 1 Audit and Finance Committee 2 Compensation Committee 3 Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee 5 UNISYS CORPORATION MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview In April 2015, the company initiated a restructuring plan in connection with organizational initiatives to create a more cost competitive cost structure and rebalance the company’s global skill set. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the company recognized charges and other costs of $146.8 million, $82.1 million and $118.5 million, respectively, in connection with this plan, principally related to a reduction in employees. The company reported a 2017 net loss attributable to Unisys Corporation of $65.3 million, or a loss of $1.30 per diluted share, compared with a 2016 net loss attributable to Unisys Corporation of $47.7 million, or a loss of $0.95 per diluted share. The company’s results of operations in the current year were impacted by higher cost reduction charges, higher interest expense principally caused by the issuance of the senior secured notes partially offset by savings derived from the cost reduction actions and lower income tax expense. The company’s underfunded defined benefit pension plan obligations decreased by approximately $390 million to $1.78 billion at December 31, 2017 from $2.17 billion at December 31, 2016, principally due to higher pension plan assets partially offset by a decrease in discount rates. Results of operations Company results During 2017, the company recognized charges in connection with its cost reduction plan and other costs of $146.8 million. The charges related to work-force reductions were $117.9 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $9.4 million for 542 employees and $(1.3) million for changes in estimates in the U.S. and (b) a charge of $109.4 million for 2,274 employees, $8.2 million for additional benefits provided in 2017 and $(7.8) million for changes in estimates outside the U.S. In addition, the company recorded charges of $28.9 million comprised of $4.7 million for idle leased facilities costs, $5.4 million for contract amendment and termination costs, $5.2 million for professional fees and other expenses related to the cost reduction effort, $1.8 million for net asset sales and write-offs and $11.8 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries. The 2017 charges were recorded in the following statement of income classifications: cost of revenue - services, $99.6 million; cost of revenue - technology, $0.4 million; selling, general and administrative expenses, $33.6 million; research and development expenses, $1.4 million; and other income (expense), net, $11.8 million. During 2016, the company recognized charges of $82.1 million in connection with this plan. The charges related to work- force reductions were $62.6 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) charges of $8.3 million for 351 employees and $(1.3) million for changes in estimates in the U.S. and (b) a charge of $58.6 million for 1,048 employees and $(3.0) million for changes in estimates outside the U.S. In addition, the company recorded charges of $19.5 million comprised of $1.4 million for idle leased facilities, $4.1 million for contract amendment and termination costs and $13.3 million for professional fees and other expenses related to the cost reduction effort and $0.7 million for net asset sales and write-offs. The 2016 charges were recorded in the following statement of income classifications: cost of revenue - services, $42.4 million; selling, general and administrative expenses, $38.0 million; and research and development expenses, $1.7 million. During 2015, the company recognized charges of $118.5 million in connection with this plan, principally related to a reduction in employees. The charges related to work-force reductions were $78.8 million and were comprised of: (a) a 6 charge of $27.9 million for 700 employees in the U.S. and (b) a charge of $50.9 million for 782 employees outside the U.S. In addition, the company recorded charges of $39.7 million comprised of $20.2 million for asset impairments and $19.5 million for other expenses related to the cost reduction effort. The 2015 charges were recorded in the following statement of income classifications: cost of revenue - services, $52.3 million; cost of revenue - technology, $0.3 million; selling, general and administrative expenses, $53.5 million; and research and development expenses, $12.4 million. Revenue for 2017 was $2.74 billion compared with $2.82 billion for 2016, a decrease of 3%. Foreign currency fluctuations had a 1-percentage-point positive impact on revenue in the current year compared with the year-ago period. Services revenue decreased 3% and Technology revenue was flat year over year. Foreign currency fluctuations had a negligible impact on Services revenue and a 1-percentage-point positive impact on Technology revenue in the current year compared with the year-ago period. Revenue for 2016 was $2.82 billion compared with 2015 revenue of $3.02 billion, a decrease of 6%. Foreign currency had a 2-percentage-point negative impact on revenue in 2016 compared with 2015. Services revenue in 2016 decreased by 8% compared with 2015. Technology revenue in 2016 increased by 1% compared with 2015. Revenue from international operations in 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $1.48 billion, $1.51 billion and $1.56 billion, respectively. Foreign currency had a 1-percentage-point positive impact on international revenue in 2017 compared with 2016, and a 4-percentage-point negative impact on international revenue in 2016 compared with 2015. Revenue from U.S. operations was $1.26 billion in 2017, $1.31 billion in 2016 and $1.45 billion in 2015. Gross profit as a percent of total revenue, or gross profit percent, was 17.4% in 2017, 19.8% in 2016 and 17.9% in 2015. The decline in 2017 from 2016 was principally due to higher cost reduction charges of $57.6 million and higher pension expense of $10.0 million. The increase in 2016 from 2015 was principally due to higher sales of the company’s proprietary enterprise software and servers in 2016, lower cost reduction charges of $10.2 million and lower pension expense of $17.3 million. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $426.5 million in 2017 (15.6% of revenue), $455.6 million in 2016 (16.2% of revenue) and $519.6 million in 2015 (17.2% of revenue). Cost reduction charges of $33.6 million were recorded in 2017 compared with $38.0 million in 2016. Exclusive of these charges, the decline was due to benefits derived from the cost reduction actions. Research and development (“R&D”) expenses in 2017 were $47.2 million compared with $55.4 million in 2016 and $76.4 million in 2015. The decline principally reflects savings due to cost reduction actions. Pension expense for 2017 was $92.4 million compared with $82.7 million in 2016 and $108.7 million in 2015. For 2018, the company expects to recognize pension expense of approximately $72.8 million. The expected decrease in pension expense in 2018 compared with 2017 is principally due to a lower interest cost component of pension expense for the company’s U.S. defined benefit pension plans. The company records pension income or expense, as well as other employee-related costs such as payroll taxes and medical insurance costs, in operating income in the following income statement categories: cost of revenue; selling, general and administrative expenses; and research and development expenses. The amount allocated to each category is based on where the salaries of active employees are charged. Effective January 1, 2018, the company approved an amendment to reorganize its U.S. defined benefit pension plan from one plan into two distinct plans. Participants were divided between plans to maximize administrative efficiencies in compliance with all regulations. The company estimates administrative costs including Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”) premiums, and the resulting contributions to fund such costs, will be reduced by approximately $10 million per year through 2021. Benefits offered to plans’ participants are unchanged. This amendment had no impact on the company’s consolidated results of operations and financial position for the year ended and as of December 31, 2017. 7 In 2017, the company reported an operating profit of $4.6 million compared with an operating profit of $47.6 million in 2016 and an operating loss of $55.1 million in 2015. The current year principally reflects higher cost reduction charges and higher pension expense partially offset by savings due to cost reduction actions. Interest expense was $52.8 million in 2017, $27.4 million in 2016 and $11.9 million in 2015. The increase in 2017 compared with 2016 was principally caused by the issuance of senior secured notes (see Note 9, “Debt,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). Other income (expense), net was expense of $23.9 million in 2017, compared with income of $0.3 million in 2016 and income of $8.2 million in 2015. Included in 2017 were $11.8 million of net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries in connection with the company’s restructuring plan and foreign exchange losses of $9.9 million. 2016 and 2015 included foreign exchange gains of $2.3 million and $8.1 million. Income (loss) before income taxes in 2017 was a loss of $72.1 million compared with income of $20.5 million in 2016 and a loss of $58.8 million in 2015. The (benefit) provision for income taxes in 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $(5.5) million, $57.2 million and $44.4 million, respectively. In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the provision for income taxes includes a benefit of $4.6 million, $16.4 million and $5.4 million, respectively, related to changes in judgment on the realizability of certain of its deferred tax assets. The 2016 and 2015 income tax provisions include a charge of $3.5 million and $9.1 million, respectively, due to reductions in the UK income tax rate (see Note 7, “Income taxes,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) was enacted by the U.S. on December 22, 2017. The TCJA eliminates the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“AMT”) beginning in 2018, and also provides for refunds of all remaining AMT credits. Consequently, the company recorded a benefit of $50.4 million in 2017. Of this total, $9.1 million was received in 2017, and approximately $7.2 million will be received in 2018 under Internal Revenue Code section 168(k)(4) of the prior tax law. The remainder, $34.1 million, will be refundable under the TCJA between 2019 and 2022. In addition to AMT repeal, the TCJA includes extensive changes to U.S. corporate taxation. The company has considered the implications of the TCJA for 2017 financial reporting as well as implications going forward. The U.S. federal tax rate has been reduced from 35% to 21% effective in 2018. This rate decrease results in a remeasurement of U.S. deferred tax balances, with no net financial statement impact due to the valuation allowance recorded against all U.S. deferred tax assets. There will be no expiration of U.S. tax losses generated in 2018 and beyond, but such losses will only be able to offset 80% of future U.S. taxable income. The TJCA did not include any law changes for losses that were generated prior to 2018; and consequently, the company can utilize its U.S. tax loss carryforwards from years prior to 2018 without limitation, but the losses continue to be subject to a twenty-year expiration. The TCJA introduced a “base erosion and anti-abuse tax” (“BEAT”) which imposes a new minimum tax computed on a modified U.S. taxable income that adds back certain “base eroding payments” to offshore related parties. These addbacks include such items as interest and service payments. The minimum tax will be imposed at 5% for 2018, 10% for 2019-2025, and 12.5% from 2026. The BEAT has the potential to impact the company beginning in 2018. The company is currently assessing the impact. To the extent BEAT is applicable, it will be recorded as a period cost when incurred, and consequently has no impact on the 2017 financial statements. The TCJA also introduced a tax on “global intangible low-taxed income” (“GILTI”). Beginning in 2018, rather than deferring the taxation of offshore earnings until repatriation as had been the law prior to 2018, U.S. taxable income each year will include GILTI, which is essentially the net foreign subsidiaries’ earnings above a routine 10% return on their tangible assets. The company has made an accounting policy election to treat the GILTI as a period cost when included in U.S. taxable income, and consequently GILTI has no impact on the 2017 financial statements. The company will continue to assess the impact of GILTI, but does not expect it to result in a U.S. cash tax for the forseeable future due to tax loss carryforwards. 8 The company will continue to assess the impact of other provisions of the TCJA, including limitations on deductions for net interest expense and executive compensation. None of these impact the 2017 financial statements, and are not expected to result in a U.S. cash tax for the forseeable future due to tax loss carryforwards. The company evaluates quarterly the realizability of its deferred tax assets by assessing its valuation allowance and by adjusting the amount of such allowance, if necessary. The company records a tax provision or benefit for those international subsidiaries that do not have a full valuation allowance against their deferred tax assets. Any profit or loss recorded for the company’s U.S. operations will have no provision or benefit associated with it due to the company’s valuation allowance, except with respect to refundable tax credits and withholding taxes not creditable against future taxable income. As a result, the company’s provision or benefit for taxes may vary significantly period to period depending on the geographic distribution of income. The realization of the company’s net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 is primarily dependent on forecasted future taxable income within certain foreign jurisdictions. Any reduction in estimated forecasted future taxable income may require the company to record an additional valuation allowance against the remaining deferred tax assets. Any increase or decrease in the valuation allowance would result in additional or lower income tax expense in such period and could have a significant impact on that period’s earnings. Net income (loss) attributable to Unisys Corporation common shareholders for 2017 was a loss of $65.3 million, or a loss of $1.30 per diluted common share, compared with a loss of $47.7 million, or $0.95 per diluted common share, in 2016 and a loss of $109.9 million, or $2.20 per diluted common share, in 2015. Segment results The company has two business segments: Services and Technology. Revenue classifications within the Services and Technology segment are as follows: • Cloud and infrastructure services. This represents revenue from helping clients apply cloud and as-a-service delivery models to capitalize on business opportunities, make their end users more productive and manage and secure their IT infrastructure and operations more economically. • Application services. This represents revenue from helping clients transform their business processes by developing and managing new leading-edge applications for select industries, offering advanced data analytics and modernizing existing enterprise applications. • Business process outsourcing (“BPO”) services. This represents revenue from the management of critical processes and functions for clients in target industries, helping them improve performance and reduce costs. • Technology. This represents revenue from designing and developing software and offering hardware and other related products to help clients reduce costs, improve security and flexibility and improve the efficiency of their data- center environments. The accounting policies of each business segment are the same as those followed by the company as a whole. Intersegment sales and transfers are priced as if the sales or transfers were to third parties. Accordingly, the Technology segment recognizes intersegment revenue and manufacturing profit on software and hardware shipments to customers under Services contracts. The Services segment, in turn, recognizes customer revenue and marketing profits on such shipments of company software and hardware to customers. The Services segment also includes the sale of software and hardware products sourced from third parties that are sold to customers through the company’s Services channels. In the company’s consolidated statements of income, the manufacturing costs of products sourced from the Technology segment and sold to Services customers are reported in cost of revenue for Services. Also included in the Technology segment’s sales and operating profit are sales of software and hardware sold to the Services segment for internal use in Services engagements. The amount of such profit included in operating income of the 9 Technology segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $6.3 million, $0.7 million and $9.2 million, respectively. The profit on these transactions is eliminated in Corporate. The company evaluates business segment performance based on operating income exclusive of pension income or expense, restructuring charges and unusual and nonrecurring items, which are included in Corporate. All other corporate and centrally incurred costs are allocated to the business segments based principally on revenue, employees, square footage or usage. See Note 15, “Segment information,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Information by business segment for 2017, 2016 and 2015 is presented below: (millions) 2017 Customer revenue Intersegment Total revenue Gross profit percent Operating income percent 2016 Customer revenue Intersegment Total revenue Gross profit percent Operating income percent 2015 Customer revenue Intersegment Total revenue Gross profit percent Operating income (loss) percent Total Corporate Services Technology $2,741.8 $ – $2,328.2 $413.6 – (25.9) – 25.9 $2,741.8 $(25.9) $2,328.2 $439.5 17.4% 0.2% 16.8% 2.8% 59.4% 38.8% $2,820.7 $ – $2,406.3 $414.4 – (22.6) – 22.6 $2,820.7 $(22.6) $2,406.3 $437.0 19.8% 1.7% 16.2% 1.9% 59.9% 37.0% $3,015.1 $ – $2,605.6 $409.5 – (49.0) 0.1 48.9 $3,015.1 $(49.0) $2,605.7 $458.4 17.9% (1.8)% 15.8% 2.3% 55.3% 24.8% Gross profit percent and operating income percent are as a percent of total revenue. Customer revenue by classes of similar products or services, by segment, for 2017, 2016 and 2015 is presented below: Year ended December 31 (millions) 2017 2016 Percentage Change Percentage Change 2015 Services Cloud & infrastructure services Application services BPO services Technology $ 1,317.0 $1,352.9 808.3 202.9 859.0 194.4 2,328.2 413.6 2,406.3 414.4 Total customer revenue $2,741.8 $2,820.7 (2.7)% (5.9)% 4.4% (3.2)% (0.2)% (2.8)% $1,513.1 (10.6)% 868.9 223.6 2,605.6 409.5 $3,015.1 (1.1)% (13.1)% (7.6)% 1.2% (6.4)% In the Services segment, customer revenue was $2.3 billion in 2017, $2.4 billion in 2016 and $2.6 billion in 2015. Foreign currency fluctuations had a negligible impact on revenue in 2017 compared with 2016. Revenue from cloud & infrastructure services was $1.3 billion in 2017 down 2.7% compared with 2016, and 2016 was down 10.6% from 2015. Foreign currency fluctuations had a 1-percentage-point positive impact on cloud & infrastructure services revenue in the current period compared with the year-ago period. 10 Application services revenue decreased 5.9% for 2017 compared with 2016, and 2016 was down 1.1% compared with 2015. Foreign currency fluctuations had a 1-percentage-point positive impact on application services revenue in the current period compared with the year-ago period. Business process outsourcing services revenue increased 4.4% in 2017 compared with 2016, and was down 13.1% in 2016 compared with 2015. Foreign currency fluctuations had a 4-percentage-point negative impact on business process outsourcing services revenue in the current period compared with the year-ago period. Services gross profit percent was 16.8% in 2017 compared with 16.2% in 2016 and 15.8% in 2015. Services operating income percent was 2.8% in 2017 compared with 1.9% in 2016 and 2.3% in 2015. In the Technology segment, customer revenue decreased 0.2% to $413.6 million in 2017 compared with $414.4 million in 2016. Revenue in 2016 increased 1.2% compared with 2015. Foreign currency translation had a 1-percentage-point positive impact on Technology revenue in 2017 compared with 2016. Technology gross profit was 59.4% in 2017 compared with 59.9% in 2016 and 55.3% in 2015. Technology operating income percent was 38.8% in 2017 compared with 37.0% in 2016 and 24.8% in 2015. New accounting pronouncements Accounting Pronouncements Adopted Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-04 Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) which simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Under the amended guidance, an entity will perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. Adoption of this new guidance had no impact on the company’s consolidated results of operations and financial position. Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash issued by the FASB which requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The new guidance has been applied on retrospective basis whereby prior-period financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the application of the new guidance, as required by the FASB. Amounts reclassified in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows: Year ended December 31, Cash flows from operating activities Other assets Cash flows from investing activities Other Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year 2016 2015 $ (1.9) $ 2.6 1.6 (0.8) 31.6 30.5 (2.3) (4.6) 35.9 31.6 Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-16 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory issued by the FASB which allows the recognition of deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. Historically, recognition of the income tax consequence was not recognized until the asset was sold to an outside party. The new guidance has been applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to accumulated deficit. At January 1, 2017, the adjustment to accumulated deficit was an increase of $4.4 million. Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-15 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force), issued by the FASB which 11 clarifies the treatment of several cash flow categories. In addition, the guidance also clarifies that when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows and cannot be separated, classification will depend on the predominant source or use. The company previously reported premium payments on and proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies as cash flows from operating activities in the company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. Under the new guidance, these amounts were reclassified to investing activities. The new guidance has been applied on a retrospective basis whereby prior-period financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the application of the new guidance, as required by the FASB. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, were reclassified from “other assets” in operating activities to “other” in investing activities in the company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-09 Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, issued by the FASB, which changes certain aspects of accounting for share-based payments to employees. The new guidance requires all income tax effects of awards to be recognized in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. It also allows an employer to repurchase more of an employee’s shares than it can today for tax withholding purposes without triggering liability accounting and to make a policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur. Additionally, the standard requires all tax-related cash flows resulting from share-based payments to be reported as operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows, and any cash payments made to taxing authorities on an employee’s behalf as financing activities, which the company previously reported as operating activities. The new guidance has been applied on a retrospective basis whereby prior-period financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the application of the new guidance, as required by the FASB. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, were reclassified from “accounts payable and other accrued liabilities” in operating activities to “other” in financing activities in the company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07 Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, which requires employers to present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item(s) as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization in assets. The other components of net periodic benefit cost will be presented separately from the line items that include service cost and outside the subtotal of operating income. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, which for the company is January 1, 2018. Adoption of this new guidance will result in the reclassification of net periodic benefit cost, other than service costs ($92.5 million and $81.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively), from operating income to non-operating income. There will be no overall impact on the company’s consolidated financial position. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which introduces a new model for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments based on an estimate of current expected losses. This includes trade and other receivables, loans and other financial instruments. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with earlier adoption permitted. The company is currently assessing when it will choose to adopt, and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842), which is intended to improve financial reporting about leasing transactions. The ASU requires organizations that lease assets, referred to as lessees, to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. The standard requires disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, 12 with earlier adoption permitted. The company will adopt the new guidance on January 1, 2019, and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption on its consolidated results of operations and financial position. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which establishes principles that an entity shall apply to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows from a contract with a customer. The standard, and its various amendments, is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, which for the company is January 1, 2018. The standard allows for either “full retrospective” adoption, meaning the standard is applied to all periods presented, or “modified retrospective” adoption, meaning the standard is applied only to the most current period presented in the financial statements. The new standard would require the company to recognize revenue for certain transactions, including extended payment term software licenses and short-term software licenses, sooner than the current rules would allow and require the company to recognize software license extensions and renewals, later than the current rules would allow. The standard also requires significantly expanded disclosure requirements. The company will adopt the standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The net impact to the company’s consolidated financial position upon adoption is expected to be an immaterial increase to accumulated deficit which will be recognized as a cumulative effect adjustment to the 2018 opening balance. The prospective impact to the company’s consolidated results of operations resulting from this cumulative effect adjustment is expected to be a net increase to 2018 consolidated revenue and results of operations, with most of that difference occurring in the first quarter of 2018 when the majority of the contractual terms of software license extensions and renewals, executed principally late in 2017, commence. The company’s results of operations for 2017 and for 2018 will not be fully comparable to each other and the company will present supplemental disclosures about the actual effects of the new standard on 2018 results of operations to facilitate comparison to 2017 results of operations. Financial condition The company’s principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash from operations and its revolving credit facility, discussed below. The company and certain international subsidiaries have access to uncommitted lines of credit from various banks. The company believes that it will have adequate sources of liquidity to meet its expected 2018 cash requirements. Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2017 were $733.9 million compared with $370.6 million at December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to the net proceeds received from the sale of $440.0 million of 10.75% senior secured notes due 2022 and was partially offset by the redemption of $95.0 million of remaining outstanding 6.25% senior notes due 2017. See Note 9, “Debt,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2017, $364.7 million of cash and cash equivalents were held by the company’s foreign subsidiaries and branches operating outside of the U.S. In the future, if these funds are needed for the company’s operations in the U.S., it is expected the company would be required to pay taxes on only a limited portion of this balance. See Note 7, “Income taxes,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements regarding the company’s intention to indefinitely reinvest earnings of foreign subsidiaries. During 2017, cash provided by operations was $166.4 million compared with $218.2 million in 2016. The fluctuation in cash flows from operating activities is principally attributed to lower operating income partially offset by an improvement in working capital management. Cash used for investing activities in 2017 was $152.5 million compared with cash usage of $182.1 million in 2016. Net proceeds from investments in 2017 were $24.8 million compared with net purchases of $34.1 million in 2016. Proceeds from investments and purchases of investments represent derivative financial instruments used to manage the company’s currency exposure to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. In addition, capital additions of properties were $25.8 million in 2017 compared with $32.5 million in 2016, capital additions of outsourcing assets were $86.3 million in 2017 compared with $51.3 million in 2016 and the investment in marketable software was $64.4 million in 13 2017 compared with $63.3 million in 2016. The increase in capital additions of outsourcing assets is attributed to assets acquired by the company for its U.K. business process outsourcing joint venture. Cash provided by financing activities during 2017 was $329.9 million compared with cash used for financing activities of $17.1 million in 2016. In the current year, the company issued $440.0 million of senior notes and received net proceeds of $427.9 million and retired the remaining aggregate principal amount of $95.0 million of its 6.25% senior notes. During 2016, the company issued $213.5 million of convertible senior notes and received net proceeds of $178.9 million, net of capped call fees of $27.3 million. The company also retired $115.0 million of its 6.25% senior notes and paid down the outstanding balance of $65.8 million of its revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2017, total debt was $644.7 million compared with $300.0 million at December 31, 2016. The increase was principally caused by the issuance of the notes referred to above, partially offset by the retirement of the remaining 6.25% senior notes due 2017. The company has a secured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”) that provides for loans and letters of credit up to an aggregate amount of $125.0 million (with a limit on letters of credit of $30.0 million). The Credit Agreement includes an accordion feature allowing for an increase in the amount of the facility up to $150.0 million. Availability under the credit facility is subject to a borrowing base calculated by reference to the company’s receivables. At December 31, 2017, the company had no borrowings and $4.7 million of letters of credit outstanding, and availability under the facility was $110.5 million net of letters of credit issued. The Credit Agreement expires October 5, 2022, subject to a springing maturity (i) on the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of the company’s convertible notes due 2021 unless, on such date, certain conditions are met; or (ii) on the date that is 60 days prior to the maturity date of the company’s secured notes due 2022 unless, by such date, such secured notes have not been redeemed or refinanced. The credit facility is guaranteed by Unisys Holding Corporation, Unisys NPL, Inc., Unisys AP Investment Company I and any future material domestic subsidiaries. The facility is secured by the assets of the company and the subsidiary guarantors, other than certain excluded assets, under a security agreement entered into by the company and the subsidiary guarantors in favor of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent for the lenders under the credit facility. The company is required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio if the availability under the credit facility falls below the greater of 10% of the lenders’ commitments under the facility and $15 million. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, including that there has been no material adverse change in the company’s business, properties, operations or financial condition. The Credit Agreement includes limitations on the ability of the company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur other debt or liens, dispose of assets and make acquisitions, loans and investments, repurchase its equity, and prepay other debt. Events of default include non-payment, failure to comply with covenants, materially incorrect representations and warranties, change of control and default under other debt aggregating at least $50.0 million. At December 31, 2017, the company has met all covenants and conditions under its various lending and funding agreements. The company expects to continue to meet these covenants and conditions. At December 31, 2017, the company had outstanding standby letters of credit and surety bonds totaling approximately $318 million related to performance and payment guarantees. On the basis of experience with these arrangements, the company believes that any obligations that may arise will not be material. 14 As described more fully in Notes 3, “Cost reduction actions,” 9, “Debt,” and 11, “Rental expense and commitments,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, at December 31, 2017, the company had certain cash obligations, which are due as follows: (millions) Long-term debt (including current portion) Interest payments on debt Operating leases Work-force reductions Total Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 4-5 years After 5 years $ 644.7 $ 260.3 198.7 113.5 10.8 $ 60.2 47.4 85.9 3.7 120.2 74.2 27.6 $621.8 78.4 37.7 – $1,217.2 $ 204.3 $ 225.7 $737.9 $ 8.4 1.5 39.4 – $49.3 In connection with the company’s aforementioned cost reduction actions, the company currently estimates cash expenditures for this program to be approximately $320 million through 2019, approximately $70 million, $74 million and $59 million of which were made in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The company generated annualized net cost savings (principally related to workforce reductions) of approximately $270 million exiting 2017. As described in Note 16, “Employee plans,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, in 2018, the company expects to make cash contributions to its worldwide defined benefit pension plans of approximately $149.7 million, which is comprised of $63.4 million primarily for international defined benefit pension plans and $86.3 million for the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plans. The company maintains a shelf registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission that covers the offer and sale of up to $700.0 million of debt or equity securities. Subject to the company’s ongoing compliance with securities laws, the company may offer and sell debt and equity securities from time to time under the shelf registration statement. In addition, from time to time the company has explored, and expects to continue to explore, a variety of debt and equity sources to fund its liquidity and capital needs. The company may, from time to time, redeem, tender for, or repurchase its securities in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions depending upon availability, market conditions and other factors. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Interest rate risk The company has exposure to interest rate risk from its short-term and long-term debt. In general, the company’s long-term debt is fixed rate and, to the extent it has any, its short-term debt is variable rate. See Note 9, “Debt,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for components of the company’s long-term debt. The company believes that the market risk assuming a hypothetical 10% increase in interest rates would not be material to the fair value of these financial instruments, or the related cash flows, or future results of operations. Market risk As of December 31, 2017, the company had outstanding $429.6 million of senior secured notes due 2022 and $186.3 million of convertible senior notes due 2021. The interest rates on these notes are fixed and therefore do not expose the company to risk related to rising interest rates. As of December 31, 2017, the fair value of the convertible senior notes was $237.9 million. In connection with the offering of the convertible senior notes, the company paid $27.3 million to purchase a capped call covering approximately 21.9 million shares of the company’s common stock. If the price per share of the company’s common stock is below $9.76, these capped call transactions would provide no benefit from potential dilution. If the price per share of the company’s common stock is above $12.75, then to the extent of the excess, these capped call transactions would result in no additional benefit for potential dilution at conversion. 15 Foreign currency exchange rate risk The company is also exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risks. The company is a net receiver of currencies other than the U.S. dollar and, as such, can benefit from a weaker dollar, and can be adversely affected by a stronger dollar relative to currencies worldwide. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates, and in particular a strengthening of the U.S. dollar, may adversely affect consolidated revenue and operating margins as expressed in U.S. dollars. Currency exposure gains and losses are mitigated by purchasing components and incurring expenses in local currencies. In addition, the company uses derivative financial instruments, primarily foreign exchange forward contracts, to reduce its exposure to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates on intercompany balances. See Note 12, “Financial instruments and concentration of credit risks,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the company’s derivative financial instruments. The company has performed a sensitivity analysis assuming a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in foreign currency exchange rates applied to these derivative financial instruments described above. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the analysis indicated that such market movements would have reduced the estimated fair value of these derivative financial instruments by approximately $39 million and $36 million, respectively. Based on changes in the timing and amount of interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate movements and the company’s actual exposures and hedges, actual gains and losses in the future may differ from the above analysis. Critical accounting policies and estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Certain accounting policies, methods and estimates are particularly important because of their significance to the financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting them may differ from management’s current judgments. The company bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances; however, to the extent there are material differences between these estimates, judgments and assumptions and actual results, the financial statements will be affected. Although there are a number of accounting policies, methods and estimates affecting the company’s financial statements as described in Note 1, “Summary of significant accounting policies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the following critical accounting policies reflect the significant estimates, judgments and assumptions. The development and selection of these critical accounting policies have been determined by management of the company and the related disclosures have been reviewed with the Audit and Finance Committee of the Board of Directors. Revenue recognition Many of the company’s sales agreements contain standard business terms and conditions; however, some agreements contain multiple elements or non-standard terms and conditions. As discussed in Note 1, “Summary of significant accounting policies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, the company enters into multiple-element arrangements, which may include any combination of hardware, software or services. As a result, significant contract interpretation is sometimes required to determine the appropriate accounting, including whether the deliverables specified in a multiple-element arrangement should be treated as separate units of accounting for revenue recognition purposes, and, if so, how the price should be allocated among the elements and when to recognize revenue for each element. The company recognizes revenue on delivered elements only if: (a) any undelivered services or products are not essential to the functionality of the delivered services or products, (b) the company has an enforceable claim to receive the amount due in the event it does not deliver the undelivered services or products, (c) there is evidence of the selling price for each undelivered service or product, and (d) the revenue recognition criteria otherwise have been met for the delivered elements. Otherwise, revenue on delivered elements is recognized as the undelivered elements are delivered. For arrangements with multiple elements involving the licensing or sale of software and software-related elements, the allocation of revenue is based on vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), which is based upon normal pricing and discounting practices for 16 those services and products when sold separately. The company’s continued ability to determine VSOE of fair value will depend on continued sufficient volumes and sufficient consistent pricing of stand-alone sales of such undelivered elements. In addition, the company’s revenue recognition policy states that revenue is not recognized until collectability is deemed probable. Changes in judgments on these assumptions and estimates could materially impact the timing of revenue recognition. For long-term fixed price systems integration contracts, the company recognizes revenue and profit as the contracts progress using the percentage-of-completion method of accounting, which relies on estimates of total expected contract revenues and costs. The company follows this method because reasonably dependable estimates of the revenue and costs applicable to various elements of a contract can be made. The financial reporting of these contracts depends on estimates, which are assessed continually during the term of the contracts and therefore, recognized revenues and profit are subject to revisions as the contract progresses to completion. Revisions in profit estimates are reflected in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known. Accordingly, favorable changes in estimates result in additional revenue and profit recognition, and unfavorable changes in estimates result in a reduction of recognized revenue and profit. When estimates indicate that a loss will be incurred on a contract upon completion, a provision for the expected loss is recorded in the period in which the loss becomes evident. As work progresses under a loss contract, revenue continues to be recognized, and a portion of the contract costs incurred in each period is charged to the contract loss reserve. For other systems integration projects, the company recognizes revenue when the services have been performed. In addition to outright sales, the company sells hardware under bundled lease arrangements which typically include hardware, services and a financing component. Recognizing revenue under these arrangements requires the company to allocate the total consideration received to the lease and non-lease deliverables included in the bundled arrangement, based upon the estimated fair values of each element. Outsourcing Typically, the initial terms of the company’s outsourcing contracts are between 3 and 5 years. Revenue under these contracts is recognized when the company performs the services or processes transactions in accordance with contractual performance standards. Customer prepayments (even if nonrefundable) are deferred (classified as a liability) and recognized systematically as revenue over the initial contract term. Costs on outsourcing contracts are charged to expense as incurred. However, direct costs incurred related to the inception of an outsourcing contract (principally initial customer setup) are deferred and charged to expense over the initial contract term. In addition, the costs of equipment and software, some of which are internally developed, are capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of their life or the initial contract term. Recoverability of outsourcing assets is subject to various business risks. Quarterly, the company compares the carrying value of the outsourcing assets with the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the outsourcing assets to determine if the assets are impaired. If impaired, the outsourcing assets are reduced to an estimated fair value on a discounted cash flow approach. The company prepares its cash flow estimates based on assumptions that it believes to be reasonable but are also inherently uncertain. Actual future cash flows could differ from these estimates. Income Taxes Accounting rules governing income taxes require that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. These rules also require that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or the entire deferred tax asset will not be realized. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the company had deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities of $1,551.8 million and $2,224.5 million, respectively. For the reasons cited below, at December 31, 2017 and 2016, 17 management determined that it is more likely than not that $110.7 million and $139.9 million, respectively, of such assets will be realized, resulting in a valuation allowance of $1,441.1 million and $2,084.6 million, respectively. The company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets by assessing its valuation allowance and by adjusting the amount of such allowance, if necessary. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization are the company’s historical profitability, forecast of future taxable income and available tax-planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. The company uses tax-planning strategies to realize or renew net deferred tax assets to avoid the potential loss of future tax benefits. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income might affect the ultimate realization of the net deferred tax assets. Factors that may affect the company’s ability to achieve sufficient forecasted taxable income include, but are not limited to, the following: increased competition, a decline in sales or margins, loss of market share, delays in product availability or technological obsolescence. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383 provide annual limitations with respect to the ability of a corporation to utilize its net operating loss (as well as certain built-in losses) and tax credit carryforwards, respectively (“Tax Attributes”), against future U.S. taxable income, if the corporation experiences an “ownership change.” In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. The company regularly monitors ownership changes (as calculated for purposes of Section 382). The company has determined that, for purposes of the rules of Section 382 described above, an ownership change occurred in February 2011. Any future transaction or transactions and the timing of such transaction or transactions could trigger additional ownership changes under Section 382. As a result of the February 2011 ownership change, utilization for certain of the company’s Tax Attributes, U.S. net operating losses and tax credits, is subject to an overall annual limitation of $70.6 million. The cumulative limitation as of December 31, 2017 is approximately $416.0 million. This limitation will be applied first to any recognized built in losses, then to any net operating losses, and then to any other Tax Attributes. Any unused limitation may be carried over to later years. Based on presently available information and the existence of tax planning strategies, the company does not expect to incur a U.S. cash tax liability in the near term. The company maintains a full valuation allowance against the realization of all U.S. deferred tax assets as well as certain foreign deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities. See Note 7, “Income taxes,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The company’s provision for income taxes and the determination of the resulting deferred tax assets and liabilities involve a significant amount of management judgment and are based on the best information available at the time. The company operates within federal, state and international taxing jurisdictions and is subject to audit in these jurisdictions. These audits can involve complex issues, which may require an extended period of time to resolve. As a result, the actual income tax liabilities in the jurisdictions with respect to any fiscal year are ultimately determined long after the financial statements have been published. Accounting rules governing income taxes also prescribe a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The company maintains reserves for estimated tax exposures including penalties and interest. Income tax exposures include potential challenges of intercompany pricing and other tax matters. Exposures are settled primarily through the settlement of audits within these tax jurisdictions, but can also be affected by changes in applicable tax law or other factors, which could cause management of the company to believe a revision of past estimates is appropriate. Management believes that an appropriate liability has been established for estimated exposures; however, actual results may differ materially from these estimates. The liabilities are reviewed quarterly for their adequacy and appropriateness. See Note 7, “Income taxes,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Pensions Accounting rules governing defined benefit pension plans require that amounts recognized in financial statements be determined on an actuarial basis. The measurement of the company’s pension obligations, costs and liabilities is dependent 18 on a variety of assumptions selected by the company and used by the company’s actuaries. These assumptions include estimates of the present value of projected future pension payments to plan participants, taking into consideration the likelihood of potential future events such as salary increases and demographic experience. The assumptions used in developing the required estimates include the following key factors: discount rates, salary growth, retirement rates, inflation, expected return on plan assets and mortality rates. As permitted for purposes of computing pension expense, the company uses a calculated value of plan assets (which is further described below). This allows the effects of the performance of the pension plan’s assets on the company’s computation of pension income or expense to be amortized over future periods. A substantial portion of the company’s pension plan assets relates to its qualified defined benefit plan in the United States. A significant element in determining the company’s pension income or expense is the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. The company sets the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term return of the various asset categories in which it invests. The company considers the current expectations for future returns and the actual historical returns of each asset class. Also, because the company’s investment policy is to actively manage certain asset classes where the potential exists to outperform the broader market, the expected returns for those asset classes are adjusted to reflect the expected additional returns. For 2018, the company has assumed that the expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets will be 6.80%, and on the company’s non-U.S. plan assets will be 4.38%. A change of 25 basis points in the expected long-term rate of return for the company’s U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans causes a change of approximately $8 million and $7 million, respectively, in pension expense. The assumed long-term rate of return on assets is applied to a calculated value of plan assets, which recognizes changes in the fair value of plan assets in a systematic manner over four years. This produces the expected return on plan assets that is included in pension income or expense. The difference between this expected return and the actual return on plan assets is deferred. The net deferral of past asset gains or losses affects the calculated value of plan assets and, ultimately, future pension income or expense. At December 31, 2017, for the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan, the calculated value of plan assets was $3.52 billion and the fair value was $3.58 billion. At the end of each year, the company determines the discount rate to be used to calculate the present value of plan liabilities. The discount rate is an estimate of the current interest rate at which the pension liabilities could be effectively settled at the end of the year. In estimating this rate, the company looks to rates of return on high-quality, fixed-income investments that (a) receive one of the two highest ratings given by a recognized ratings agency and (b) are currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the pension benefits. At December 31, 2017, the company determined this rate to be 3.87% for its U.S. defined benefit pension plans, a decrease of 51 basis points from the rate used at December 31, 2016, and 2.24% for the company’s non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans, a decrease of 10 basis points from the rate used at December 31, 2016. A change of 25 basis points in the U.S. and non-U.S. discount rates causes a change in pension expense of approximately $2 million and $300 thousand, respectively, and a change of approximately $123 million and $130 million, respectively, in the benefit obligation. These estimates are intended to be illustrative based on a single 25 basis point change. The sensitivity to rate changes is not linear and additional changes in rates may result in a different impact on the pension liability. The net effect of changes in the discount rate, as well as the net effect of other changes in actuarial assumptions and experience, has been deferred, as permitted. Funding requirements for its U.S. qualified pension plan are calculated by the plan’s actuaries based on certain assumptions including, as permitted under the Bi-partisan Budget Act of 2015, a discount rate constrained to be within 10% of the 25-year average of the relevant rates. The effect of this limitation is that the funding discount rate is higher than the GAAP discount rate applied for balance sheet purposes, and the liability is therefore lower. In addition, this constraint mitigates the effect of changes in market interest rates on the funding discount rate and the funding liability. Changes to the benefit obligation caused by a 25 basis point change noted above are related to the balance sheet obligation and are not necessarily indicative of the impact on the funding liability. 19 Gains and losses are defined as changes in the amount of either the projected benefit obligation or plan assets resulting from experience different from that assumed and from changes in assumptions. Because gains and losses may reflect refinements in estimates as well as real changes in economic values and because some gains in one period may be offset by losses in another and vice versa, the accounting rules do not require recognition of gains and losses as components of net pension cost of the period in which they arise. At a minimum, amortization of an unrecognized net gain or loss must be included as a component of net pension cost for a year if, as of the beginning of the year, that unrecognized net gain or loss exceeds 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the calculated value of plan assets. If amortization is required, the minimum amortization is that excess above the 10 percent divided by the average remaining life expectancy of the plan participants. For the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan and the company’s non-U.S. pension plans, that period is approximately 17 and 25 years, respectively. At December 31, 2017, the estimated unrecognized loss for the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan and the company’s non-U.S. pension plans was $2.60 billion and $0.98 billion, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the company recognized consolidated pension expense of $92.4 million, compared with $82.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. For 2018, the company expects to recognize pension expense of approximately $72.8 million. See Note 16, “Employee plans,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Goodwill Accounting rules governing goodwill require a company test goodwill for impairment at least annually, as well as whenever there are events or changes in circumstances (triggering events) which suggest that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. When determining the fair value of a reporting unit, as appropriate for the individual reporting unit, the company uses both an income and market approach. The methodology used to determine the fair values using the income and market approaches, as described below, are weighted to determine the fair value for each reporting unit. The income approach is a forward-looking approach to estimating fair value and relies primarily on internal forecasts. Within the income approach, the method used is the discounted cash flow method. The company starts with a forecast of all expected net cash flows associated with the reporting unit, which includes the application of a terminal value, and then a reporting unit-specific discount rate is applied to arrive at a net present value amount. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include the amount and timing of projected net cash flows, long term growth rate and the discount rate. Cash flow projections are based on management’s estimates of economic and market conditions, which drive key assumptions of revenue growth rates, operating margins, capital expenditures and working capital requirements. The discount rate in turn is based on various market factors and specific risk characteristics of each reporting unit. The market approach relies primarily on external information for estimating the fair value. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in this approach include the selection of appropriate guideline companies and the selected performance metric used in this approach. Estimating the fair value of reporting units requires the use of estimates and significant judgments about key assumptions. There are a number of factors including potential events and changes in circumstances that could change in future periods, including: projected operating results; valuation multiples exhibited by the company and by companies considered comparable to the reporting units; and other macro-economic factors that could impact the discount rate. It is reasonably possible that the judgments and estimates described above could change in future periods. 20 Goodwill by reporting unit at December 31, 2017, was as follows (dollars in millions): Reporting unit Cloud and infrastructure Application services Business process outsourcing Technology Total Carrying Value $ 33.9 27.4 10.8 108.7 $180.8 As a result of the impairment review, the company concluded that none of its goodwill was impaired as of December 31, 2017, and does not believe that any of its reporting units are at risk of failing the impairment test since all reporting unit fair values were substantially in excess of carrying value as of the last impairment test. Factors that may affect future results Factors that could affect future results include the following: Future results may be adversely impacted if the company is unable to improve revenue and margins in its Services business. The company’s strategy places an emphasis on an industry go-to-market approach with an increased focus within the company’s Services business on improving revenue trends, including specifically on higher value and higher margin offerings. The company’s ability to grow revenue and profitability in this business will depend on the level of demand for projects and the portfolio of solutions the company offers for specific industries. It will also depend on an efficient utilization of services delivery personnel. Revenue and profit margins in this business are a function of both the portfolio of solutions sold in a given period and the rates the company is able to charge for services and the chargeability of its professionals. If the company is unable to attain sufficient rates and chargeability for its professionals, revenue and profit margins will be adversely affected. The rates the company is able to charge for services are affected by a number of factors, including clients’ perception of the company’s ability to add value through its services; introduction of new services or products by the company or its competitors; pricing policies of competitors; and general economic conditions. Chargeability is also affected by a number of factors, including the company’s ability to transition resources from completed projects to new engagements and across geographies, and its ability to forecast demand for services and thereby maintain appropriate resource levels. The company’s results of operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted if sales of higher margin offerings do not offset declines resulting from lower margin offerings. Future results may be adversely impacted if the company is unable to maintain its installed base and sell new solutions in its Technology business. The company continues to invest in its ClearPath Forward operating system software in order to retain existing clients in its Technology business. If clients do not believe in the value proposition provided by ClearPath Forward or choose not to renew their contracts for any other reason, there may not be a meaningful return on these investments, and revenue could decline meaningfully. The company also continues to invest in its Stealth family of software, as well as in industry-specific software and solutions for its focus industries. If the company is unsuccessful in selling these Stealth products or industry-specific solutions and related services, there may not be a meaningful return on these investments. Further, the revenues generated by Stealth and other new solutions and related services may be insufficient to offset any revenue declines caused if the company is unable to retain its installed base. The company’s future results may be adversely impacted if it is unable to effectively anticipate and respond to volatility and rapid technological innovation in its industry. The company operates in a highly volatile industry characterized by rapid technological innovation, evolving technology standards, short product life cycles and continually changing customer demand patterns. Future success will depend in part on the company’s ability to anticipate and respond to these market trends and to design, develop, introduce, deliver or obtain new and innovative services and products on a timely and cost-effective basis using new delivery models such as cloud computing. The company may not be successful in anticipating or responding to changes in technology, industry 21 standards or customer preferences, and the market may not demand or accept its services and product offerings. In addition, services and products developed by competitors may make the company’s offerings less competitive. The company’s future results will depend on its ability to retain significant clients. The company has a number of significant long-term contracts with clients, including governmental entities, and its future success will depend, in part, on retaining its relationships with these clients. The company could lose clients for reasons such as contract expiration, conversion to a competing service provider, disputes with clients or a decision to in-source services, including contracts with governmental entities as part of the rebid process. The company could also lose clients as a result of their merger, acquisition or business failure. The company may not be able to replace the revenue and earnings from any such lost client. The company faces aggressive competition in the information services and technology marketplace, which could lead to reduced demand for the company’s services and products and could have an adverse effect on the company’s business. The information services and technology markets in which the company operates include a large number of companies vying for customers and market share both domestically and internationally. The company’s competitors include systems integrators, consulting and other professional services firms, outsourcing providers, infrastructure services providers, computer hardware manufacturers and software providers. Some of the company’s competitors may develop competing services and products that offer better price-performance or that reach the market in advance of the company’s offerings. Some competitors also have or may develop greater financial and other resources than the company, with enhanced ability to compete for market share, in some instances through significant economic incentives to secure contracts. Some also may be better able to compete for skilled professionals. Any of these factors could lead to reduced demand for the company’s services and products and could have an adverse effect on the company’s business. Future results will depend on the company’s ability to mitigate the effects of aggressive competition on revenues, pricing and margins and on the company’s ability to attract and retain talented people. Cybersecurity breaches could result in the company incurring significant costs and could harm the company’s business and reputation. The company’s business includes managing, processing, storing and transmitting proprietary and confidential data, including personal information, intellectual property and proprietary business information, within the company’s own IT systems and those that the company designs, develops, hosts or manages for clients. Cybersecurity breaches involving these systems by hackers, other third parties or the company’s employees, despite established security controls, could disrupt these systems or result in the loss or corruption of data or the unauthorized disclosure or misuse of information of the company, its clients or others. This could result in claims, investigations, litigation and legal liability for the company, lead to the loss of existing or potential clients and adversely affect the market’s perception of the security and reliability of the company’s services and products. In addition, such breaches could subject the company to fines and penalties for violations of laws and result in the company incurring other significant costs. This may negatively impact the company’s reputation and financial results. The company has significant pension obligations and required cash contributions and may be required to make additional significant cash contributions to its defined benefit pension plans. The company has significant unfunded obligations under its U.S. and non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans. In 2017, the company made cash contributions of $138.4 million to its worldwide defined benefit pension plans. Based on current legislation, global regulations, recent interest rates and expected returns, in 2018 the company estimates that it will make cash contributions to its worldwide defined benefit pension plans of approximately $149.7 million, which are comprised of approximately $86.3 million for the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan and approximately $63.4 million primarily for non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans. Although estimates for future cash contributions are likely to change based on a number of factors including market conditions and changes in discount rates, the company currently anticipates that its required cash contributions will increase in 2020 and for the next several years. 22 Deterioration in the value of the company’s worldwide defined benefit pension plan assets, as well as discount rate changes or changes in economic or demographic trends, could require the company to make cash contributions to its defined benefit pension plans in the future in an amount larger than currently anticipated. Increased cash contribution requirements or an acceleration in the due date of such cash contributions would reduce the cash available for working capital, capital expenditures and other corporate uses and may have an adverse impact on the company’s operations, financial condition and liquidity. If the company is unable to attract, motivate and retain experienced and knowledgeable personnel in key positions, its future results could be adversely impacted. The success of the company’s business is dependent upon its ability to employ and train individuals with the requisite knowledge, skills and experience to execute the company’s business model and achieve its business objectives. The failure of the company to retain key personnel or implement an appropriate succession plan could adversely impact the company’s ability to successfully carry out its business strategy and retain other key personnel. A significant portion of the company’s revenue is derived from operations outside of the United States, and the company is subject to the risks of doing business internationally. A significant portion of the company’s total revenue is derived from international operations. The risks of doing business internationally include foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, currency restrictions and devaluations, changes in political or economic conditions, trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements, multiple and possibly overlapping and conflicting tax laws, new tax legislation, weaker intellectual property protections in some jurisdictions and additional legal and regulatory compliance requirements applicable to businesses that operate internationally, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, regulations in the European Union such as the General Data Protection Regulation, the U.K. Bribery Act and other U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations. The company’s contracts may not be as profitable as expected or provide the expected level of revenues. In a number of the company’s long-term services contracts, the company’s revenue is based on the volume of services and products provided. As a result, revenue levels anticipated at the contract’s inception are not guaranteed. In addition, some of these contracts may permit termination at the customer’s discretion before the end of the contract’s term or may permit termination or impose other penalties if the company does not meet the performance levels specified in the contracts. The company’s contracts with governmental entities are subject to the availability of appropriated funds. These contracts also contain provisions allowing the governmental entity to terminate the contract at the governmental entity’s discretion before the end of the contract’s term. In addition, if the company’s performance is unacceptable to the customer under a government contract, the government retains the right to pursue remedies under the affected contract, which remedies could include termination. Certain of the company’s services agreements require that the company’s prices be benchmarked if the customer requests it and provide that those prices may be adjusted downward if the pricing for similar services in the market has changed. As a result, revenues anticipated at the beginning of the terms of these contracts may decline in the future. Some of the company’s services contracts are fixed-price contracts under which the company assumes the risk for delivery of the contracted services and products at an agreed-upon fixed price. Should the company experience problems in performing fixed-price contracts on a profitable basis, adjustments to the estimated cost to complete may be required. Future results will depend on the company’s ability to perform these services contracts profitably. If the company is unable to access the financing markets, it may adversely impact the company’s business and liquidity. Market conditions may impact the company’s ability to access the financing markets on terms acceptable to the company or at all. If the company is unable to access the financing markets, the company would be required to use cash on hand to 23 fund operations and repay outstanding debt as it comes due. There is no assurance that the company will generate sufficient cash to fund its operations and refinance such debt. A failure by the company to generate such cash would have a material adverse effect on its business if the company were unable to access financing markets. Market conditions may also impact the company’s ability to utilize surety bonds, letters of credit, foreign exchange derivatives or other financial instruments the company uses to conduct its business. The company’s contracts with U.S. governmental agencies may subject the company to audits, criminal penalties, sanctions and other expenses and fines. The company frequently enters into contracts with governmental entities. U.S. government agencies, including the Defense Contract Audit Agency and the Department of Labor, routinely audit government contractors. These agencies review a contractor’s performance under its contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. The U.S. government also may review the adequacy of, and a contractor’s compliance with, contract terms and conditions, and its systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, billing, accounting, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be overcharged or improperly allocated to a specific contract or any amounts improperly billed or charged for products or services will be subject to reimbursement to the government. In addition, government contractors, such as the company, are required to disclose credible evidence of certain violations of law and contract overcharging to the federal government. If the company is found to have participated in improper or illegal activities, the company may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or prohibition from doing business with the U.S. government. Any negative publicity related to such contracts, regardless of the accuracy of such publicity, may adversely affect the company’s business or reputation. A significant disruption in the company’s IT systems could adversely affect the company’s business and reputation. We rely extensively on our IT systems to conduct our business and perform services for our clients. Our systems are subject to damage or interruption from power outages, telecommunications failures, computer viruses and malicious attacks, cybersecurity breaches and catastrophic events. If our systems are accessed without our authorization, damaged or fail to function properly, we could incur substantial repair or replacement costs, experience data loss and impediments to our ability to conduct our business, and damage the market’s perception of our services and products. In addition, a disruption could result in the company failing to meet performance standards and obligations in its client contracts, which could subject the company to liability, penalties and contract termination. This may adversely affect the company’s reputation and financial results. The company may face damage to its reputation or legal liability if its clients are not satisfied with its services or products. The success of the company’s business is dependent on strong, long-term client relationships and on its reputation for responsiveness and quality. As a result, if a client is not satisfied with the company’s services or products, its reputation could be damaged and its business adversely affected. Allegations by private litigants or regulators of improper conduct, as well as negative publicity and press speculation about the company, whatever the outcome and whether or not valid, may harm its reputation. In addition to harm to reputation, if the company fails to meet its contractual obligations, it could be subject to legal liability, which could adversely affect its business, operating results and financial condition. Future results will depend in part on the performance and capabilities of third parties with whom the company has commercial relationships. The company maintains business relationships with suppliers, channel partners and other parties that have complementary products, services or skills. Future results will depend, in part, on the performance and capabilities of these third parties, on the ability of external suppliers to deliver components at reasonable prices and in a timely manner, and on the financial condition of, and the company’s relationship with, distributors and other indirect channel partners, which can affect the company’s capacity to effectively and efficiently serve current and potential customers and end users. 24 An involuntary termination of the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan would adversely affect the company’s financial condition and results of operations. As of December 31, 2017, the company had approximately $1.3 billion of underfunded pension obligations under its U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (the “PBGC”) has authority under the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, to terminate an underfunded defined benefit pension plan under certain circumstances, including when (1) the plan has not met the minimum funding requirements, (2) the plan cannot pay current benefits when due, or (3) the loss to the PBGC is reasonably expected to increase unreasonably over time if the plan is not terminated. If the PBGC were to terminate the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan, the company’s obligations with respect to such plan would become due and payable in full. Any such event or the failure by the company to pay its pension plan insurance premiums with respect to its U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan could result in the PBGC obtaining a lien on the company’s assets. Such an event would result in an event of default under the company’s debt agreements and would materially and adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The company’s services or products may infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others. The company cannot be sure that its services and products do not infringe on the intellectual property rights of third parties, and it may have infringement claims asserted against it or against its clients. These claims could cost the company money, prevent it from offering some services or products, or damage its reputation. The company could face business and financial risk in implementing future acquisitions or dispositions. As part of the company’s business strategy, it may from time to time consider acquiring complementary technologies, products and businesses, or disposing of existing technologies, products and businesses that may no longer be in alignment with its strategic direction, including transactions of a material size. Any acquisitions may result in the incurrence of substantial additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities. Acquisitions could also result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities and an increase in amortization expenses related to intangible assets. Additional potential risks associated with acquisitions include integration difficulties; difficulties in maintaining or enhancing the profitability of any acquired business; risks of entering markets in which the company has no or limited prior experience; potential loss of employees or failure to maintain or renew any contracts of any acquired business; and expenses of any undiscovered or potential liabilities of the acquired product or business, including relating to employee benefits contribution obligations or environmental requirements. Potential risks with respect to dispositions include difficulty finding buyers or alternative exit strategies on acceptable terms in a timely manner; potential loss of employees or clients; dispositions at unfavorable prices or on unfavorable terms, including relating to retained liabilities; and post-closing indemnity claims. Further, with respect to both acquisitions and dispositions, management’s attention could be diverted from other business concerns. Adverse credit conditions could also affect the company’s ability to consummate acquisitions or dispositions. The risks associated with acquisitions and dispositions could have a material adverse effect upon the company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that the company will be successful in consummating future acquisitions or dispositions on favorable terms or at all. The company’s business can be adversely affected by global economic conditions, acts of war, terrorism or natural disasters. The company’s financial results have been impacted by the global economic slowdown in recent years. If economic conditions worsen, the company could see reductions in demand and increased pressure on revenue and profit margins. The company could also see a further consolidation of clients, which could also result in a decrease in demand. The company’s business could also be affected by acts of war, terrorism or natural disasters. Current world tensions could escalate, and this could have unpredictable consequences on the world economy and on the company’s business. Pending litigation could affect the company’s results of operations or cash flow. There are various lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings that have been brought or asserted against the company, which arise in the ordinary course of business, including actions with respect to commercial and government contracts, labor 25 and employment, employee benefits, environmental matters, intellectual property and non-income tax matters. See Note 14, “Litigation and contingencies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on litigation. The company believes that it has valid defenses with respect to legal matters pending against it. Litigation is inherently unpredictable, however, and it is possible that the company’s results of operations or cash flows could be materially affected in any particular period by the resolution of one or more of the legal matters pending against it. Our controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Management periodically reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures and corporate governance policies. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of the controls and procedures, or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. As disclosed in Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures” of the 2017 Form 10-K, a material weakness was identified in our internal control over financial reporting resulting from risk assessment procedures over Technology revenue that did not adequately consider changes in business operations and the demands on personnel created by the efforts required to adopt the new revenue accounting pronouncement that will impact future financial reporting. As a result, the company had missing process level controls and insufficient trained personnel to operate process level controls over the measurement and recognition of multiple-element arrangements within Technology revenue. Based on this material weakness, management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2017. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness did not result in any misstatement of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for any period presented and we are implementing remedial measures intended to address the material weakness and related disclosure controls. However, if the remedial measures we are implementing are insufficient, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting or in our disclosure controls occur in the future, our future consolidated financial statements or other information filed with the SEC may contain material misstatements. Failure to maintain effective controls or to timely implement any necessary improvement of our internal and disclosure controls could, among other things, result in losses from errors, harm our reputation, or cause investors to lose confidence in the reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Other factors discussed in this report, although not listed here, also could materially affect our future results. 26 UNISYS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (Millions, except per share data) Year ended December 31, Revenue Services Technology Costs and expenses Cost of revenue: Services Technology Selling, general and administrative expenses Research and development expenses Operating income (loss) Interest expense Other income (expense), net Income (loss) before income taxes (Benefit) provision for income taxes Consolidated net loss Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 2017 2016 2015 $2,328.2 413.6 2,741.8 2,102.1 161.4 2,263.5 426.5 47.2 2,737.2 4.6 52.8 (23.9) (72.1) (5.5) (66.6) (1.3) $2,406.3 414.4 2,820.7 2,092.9 169.2 2,262.1 455.6 55.4 2,773.1 47.6 27.4 0.3 20.5 57.2 (36.7) 11.0 $2,605.6 409.5 3,015.1 2,306.7 167.5 2,474.2 519.6 76.4 3,070.2 (55.1) 11.9 8.2 (58.8) 44.4 (103.2) 6.7 Net loss attributable to Unisys Corporation common shareholders $ (65.3) $ (47.7) $ (109.9) Loss per common share attributable to Unisys Corporation Basic Diluted See notes to consolidated financial statements $ (1.30) $ (1.30) $ (0.95) $ (0.95) $ (2.20) $ (2.20) 27 UNISYS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Millions) Year ended December 31, Consolidated net loss Other comprehensive income Foreign currency translation Postretirement adjustments, net of tax of $18.3 in 2017, $(13.3) in 2016 and $18.1 in 2015 Total other comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 2017 2016 2015 $ (66.6) $ (36.7) $(103.2) 117.8 265.1 382.9 316.3 44.6 (108.4) (100.8) (137.6) (246.0) (282.7) (27.5) 265.7 164.9 61.7 3.5 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Unisys Corporation $ 271.7 $(255.2) $ 58.2 See notes to consolidated financial statements 28 UNISYS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Millions) As of December 31, Assets Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Inventories: Parts and finished equipment Work in process and materials Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Properties Less – Accumulated depreciation and amortization Properties, net Outsourcing assets, net Marketable software, net Prepaid postretirement assets Deferred income taxes Goodwill Restricted cash Other long-term assets Total assets Liabilities and deficit Current liabilities: Current maturities of long-term debt Accounts payable Deferred revenue Other accrued liabilities Total current liabilities Long-term debt Long-term postretirement liabilities Long-term deferred revenue Other long-term liabilities Commitments and contingencies Deficit: Common stock, par value $.01 per share (150.0 million shares authorized; 53.4 million shares and 52.8 million shares issued) Accumulated deficit Treasury stock, at cost Paid-in capital Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total Unisys stockholders’ deficit Noncontrolling interests Total deficit Total liabilities and deficit *Amounts were changed to conform to the current-year presentation. See Note 5 See notes to consolidated financial statements 29 2017 2016 $ 733.9 $ 370.6 505.8 503.3 13.6 12.5 126.2 14.0 15.0 121.9 1,389.5 1,027.3 898.8 756.3 142.5 202.3 138.3 148.3 119.9 180.8 30.2 190.6 886.6 741.3 145.3 172.5 137.0 33.3 146.1 178.6 30.5* 151.0* $ 2,542.4 $ 2,021.6 $ 10.8 $ 106.0 189.0 337.4 349.2 241.8 327.5 391.5 971.6 981.6 633.9 2,004.4 159.0 100.0 194.0 2,292.6 117.6 83.2 0.5 (1,963.1) (102.7) 4,526.4 (3,815.8) (1,354.7) 28.2 0.5 (1,893.4) (100.5) 4,515.2 (4,152.8) (1,631.0) (16.4) (1,326.5) (1,647.4) $ 2,542.4 $ 2,021.6 UNISYS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Millions) Year ended December 31, Cash flows from operating activities Consolidated net loss Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: Foreign currency transaction losses Non-cash interest expense Loss on debt extinguishment Employee stock compensation Depreciation and amortization of properties Depreciation and amortization of outsourcing assets Amortization of marketable software Other non-cash operating activities Loss on disposal of capital assets Pension contributions Pension expense Decrease in deferred income taxes, net Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Receivables, net Inventories Other assets Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Proceeds from investments Purchases of investments Capital additions of properties Capital additions of outsourcing assets Investment in marketable software Other Net cash used for investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt Payments for capped call transactions Issuance costs relating to long-term debt Payments of long-term debt Proceeds from exercise of stock options Net (payments) proceeds from short-term borrowings Financing fees Other Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year 2017 2016 2015 $ (66.6) $ (36.7) $ (103.2) 21.7 9.5 1.5 11.2 39.7 53.7 63.1 3.2 5.0 (138.4) 92.4 3.4 5.9 4.1 (27.5) 48.6 35.9 166.4 4,717.2 (4,692.4) (25.8) (86.3) (64.4) (0.8) (152.5) 452.9 – (12.1) (107.5) – – (1.1) (2.3) 329.9 19.2 363.0 401.1 0.4 7.0 4.0 9.5 38.9 51.9 64.8 1.9 6.2 (132.5) 82.7 2.7 87.3 15.3 16.5* 7.5* (9.2) 218.2 4,455.9 (4,490.0) (32.5) (51.3) (63.3) (0.9)* (182.1)* 213.5 (27.3) (7.3) (129.8) – (65.8) – (0.4)* (17.1)* (14.7)* 4.3* 396.8* 8.4 – – 9.4 57.5 55.7 66.9 4.6 9.7 (148.3) 108.7 1.2 (11.5) (3.7) 18.1* (60.3)* (7.5) 5.7* 3,831.6 (3,806.2) (49.6) (102.0) (62.1) 7.0* (181.3)* 31.8 – – (10.4) 3.7 65.8 (0.3) (0.8)* 89.8* (47.6)* (133.4)* 530.2* Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year $ 764.1 $ 401.1* $ 396.8* *Amounts were changed to conform to the current-year presentation. See Note 5 See notes to consolidated financial statements. 30 UNISYS CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF DEFICIT (Millions) Unisys Corporation Total Unisys Corporation Common Stock Par Value Accumu- lated Deficit Treasury Stock At Cost Total Paid-in Capital Accumu- lated Other Compre- hensive Loss Non-controlling Interests Balance at December 31, 2014 Consolidated net income (loss) Stock-based compensation Translation adjustments Postretirement plans Balance at December 31, 2015 Consolidated net income (loss) Stock-based compensation Discount on debt issuance Capped call on debt issuance Expenses of convertible notes Translation adjustments Postretirement plans Balance at December 31, 2016 Cumulative effect adjustment - ASU No. 2016-16 Consolidated net loss Stock-based compensation Translation adjustments Postretirement plans Balance at December 31, 2017 See notes to consolidated financial statements. (103.2) 12.1 (100.8) 265.7 (36.7) 8.8 33.6 (27.3) (1.2) (108.4) (137.6) $(1,452.4) $(1,460.0) (109.9) 12.1 (96.0) 264.1 $(1,378.6) $(1,389.7) (47.7) 8.8 33.6 (27.3) (1.2) (93.3) (114.2) $(1,647.4) $(1,631.0) (4.4) (65.3) 9.0 110.1 226.9 $(1,326.5) $(1,354.7) (4.4) (66.6) 9.0 117.8 265.1 $0.5 $(1,735.8) (109.9) $ (99.6) $4,488.3 $(4,113.4) (0.5) 12.6 $0.5 $(1,845.7) (47.7) $(100.1) $4,500.9 (0.4) 9.2 33.6 (27.3) (1.2) $0.5 $(1,893.4) (4.4) (65.3) $(100.5) $4,515.2 (2.2) 11.2 $0.5 $(1,963.1) $(102.7) $4,526.4 (96.0) 264.1 $(3,945.3) (93.3) (114.2) $(4,152.8) 110.1 226.9 $(3,815.8) $ 7.6 6.7 (4.8) 1.6 $ 11.1 11.0 (15.1) (23.4) $(16.4) (1.3) 7.7 38.2 $ 28.2 31 UNISYS CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in millions, except share and per share amounts) Note 1 – Summary of significant accounting policies Principles of consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all majority-owned subsidiaries. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. Such estimates include the valuation of accounts receivable, inventories, outsourcing assets, marketable software, goodwill and other long-lived assets, legal contingencies, indemnifications, assumptions used in the measurement of progress toward completion for systems integration projects, income taxes and retirement and other post- employment benefits, among others. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in those estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods. Cash and Cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consists of cash on hand, short-term investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less and certificates of deposit which may be withdrawn at any time at the discretion of the company without penalty. Cash and cash equivalents subject to contractual restrictions and not readily available are classified as restricted cash. Restricted cash primarily consists of cash the company is contractually obligated to maintain in accordance with the terms of its U.K. business process outsourcing joint venture agreement. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets to the total of the amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows. As of December 31, Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows 2017 2016 $733.9 $370.6 30.5 30.2 $764.1 $401.1 Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined on the first-in, first-out method. Properties Properties are carried at cost and are depreciated over the estimated lives of such assets using the straight-line method. The estimated lives used, in years, are as follows: buildings, 20 – 50; machinery and office equipment, 4 – 7; rental equipment, 4; and internal-use software, 3 – 10. Advertising costs All advertising costs are expensed as incurred. The amount charged to expense during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $1.6 million, $2.7 million and $4.9 million, respectively. Shipping and handling Costs related to shipping and handling are included in cost of revenue. Goodwill Goodwill arising from the acquisition of an entity represents the excess of the cost of acquisition over the fair value of the acquired identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of the entity recognized at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is initially recognized as an asset and is subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill is held in the currency of the acquired entity and revalued to the closing rate at each balance sheet date. 32 The company tests goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter using data as of September 30th of that year, as well as whenever there are events or changes in circumstances (triggering events) that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of one or more reporting units below its respective carrying amount. The company compares the fair value of each of its reporting units to their respective carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, an impairment charge is recognized for the difference. Impaired goodwill is written down to its fair value through a charge to the consolidated statement of income in the period the impairment is identified. We estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of the income approach and market approach. The income approach incorporates the use of a discounted cash flow method in which the estimated future cash flows and terminal values for each reporting unit are discounted to present value. Cash flow projections are based on management’s estimates of economic and market conditions, which drive key assumptions of revenue growth rates, operating margins, capital expenditures and working capital requirements. The discount rate in turn is based on various market factors and specific risk characteristics of each reporting unit. The market approach estimates fair value by applying performance metric multiples to the reporting unit’s prior and expected operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit derived using the income approach is significantly different from the fair value estimate using the market approach, the company reevaluates its assumptions used in the two models. When considering the weighting between the market approach and income approach, we gave more weighting to the income approach. The higher weighting assigned to the income approach took into consideration that the guideline companies used in the market approach generally represent larger diversified companies relative to the reporting units and may have different long term growth prospects, among other factors. In order to assess the reasonableness of the calculated reporting unit fair values, the company also compares the sum of the reporting units’ fair values to its market capitalization (per share stock price multiplied by shares outstanding) and calculates an implied control premium (the excess of the sum of the reporting units’ fair values over the market capitalization). Estimating the fair value of reporting units requires the use of estimates and significant judgments that are based on a number of factors including actual operating results. It is reasonably possible that the judgments and estimates described above could change in future periods. Revenue recognition Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is probable. Revenue from hardware sales with standard payment terms is recognized upon the passage of title and the transfer of risk of loss. Outside the United States, the company recognizes revenue even if it retains a form of title to products delivered to customers, provided the sole purpose is to enable the company to recover the products in the event of customer payment default and the arrangement does not prohibit the customer’s use of the product in the ordinary course of business. Revenue from software licenses with standard payment terms is recognized at the inception of the initial license term and upon execution of an extension to the license term. The company also enters into multiple-element arrangements, which may include any combination of software, hardware, or services. For example, a client may purchase an enterprise server that includes operating system software. In addition, the arrangement may include post-contract support for the software and a contract for post-warranty maintenance for service of the hardware. These arrangements consist of multiple deliverables, with software and hardware delivered in one reporting period and the software support and hardware maintenance services delivered across multiple reporting periods. In another example, the company may provide desktop managed services to a client on a long term multiple year basis and periodically sell software and hardware products to the client. The services are provided on a continuous basis across multiple reporting 33 periods and the software and hardware products are delivered in one reporting period. To the extent that a deliverable in a multiple-deliverable arrangement is subject to specific guidance, that deliverable is accounted for in accordance with such specific guidance. Examples of such arrangements may include leased hardware which is subject to specific leasing guidance or software which is subject to specific software revenue recognition guidance. In these transactions, the company allocates the total revenue to be earned under the arrangement among the various elements based on a selling price hierarchy. The selling price for a deliverable is based on its vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) if available, third party evidence (“TPE”) if VSOE is not available, or the best estimated selling price (“ESP”) if neither VSOE nor TPE is available. VSOE of selling price is based upon the normal pricing and discounting practices for those services and products when sold separately. TPE of selling price is based on evaluating largely similar and interchangeable competitor products or services in standalone sales to similarly situated customers. ESP is established considering factors such as margin objectives, discounts off of list prices, market conditions, competition and other factors. ESP represents the price at which the company would transact for the deliverable if it were sold by the company regularly on a standalone basis. As mentioned above, some of the company’s multiple-element arrangements may include leased hardware which is subject to specific leasing guidance. Revenue under these arrangements is allocated considering the relative selling prices of the lease and non-lease elements. Lease deliverables include hardware, financing, maintenance and other executory costs, while non-lease deliverables generally consist of services other than maintenance. The determination of the amount of revenue allocated to the lease deliverables begins by allocating revenue to maintenance and other executory costs plus a profit thereon. These elements are generally recognized over the term of the lease. The remaining amounts are allocated to the hardware and financing elements. The amount allocated to hardware is recognized as revenue monthly over the term of the lease for those leases which are classified as operating leases and at the inception of the lease term for those leases which are classified as sales-type leases. The amount of finance income attributable to sales-type leases is recognized on the accrual basis using the effective interest method. For multiple-element arrangements that involve the licensing, selling or leasing of software, for software and software-related elements, the allocation of revenue is based on VSOE. There may be cases in which there is VSOE of fair value of the undelivered elements but no such evidence for the delivered elements. In these cases, the residual method is used to allocate the arrangement consideration. Under the residual method, the amount of consideration allocated to the delivered elements equals the total arrangement consideration less the aggregate VSOE of fair value of the undelivered elements. For multiple-element arrangements that include services or products that (a) do not include the licensing, selling or leasing of software, or (b) contain software that is incidental to the services or products as a whole or (c) contain software components that are sold, licensed or leased with tangible products when the software components and non-software components (i.e., the software and hardware) of the tangible product function together to deliver the tangible product’s essential functionality (e.g., sales of the company’s enterprise-class servers including software and hardware), or some combination of the above, the allocation of revenue is based on the relative selling prices of each of the deliverables in the arrangement based on the selling price hierarchy, discussed above. For multiple-element arrangements that include both software and non-software deliverables, the company allocates arrangement consideration to the software group and to the non-software group based on the relative selling prices of the deliverables in the arrangement based on the selling price hierarchy discussed above. For the software group, arrangement consideration is further allocated using VSOE as described above. The company recognizes revenue on delivered elements only if: (a) any undelivered services or products are not essential to the functionality of the delivered services or products, (b) the company has an enforceable claim to receive the amount due in the event it does not deliver the undelivered services or products, (c) there is evidence of the selling price for each undelivered service or product, and (d) the revenue recognition criteria otherwise have been met for the delivered elements. Otherwise, revenue on delivered elements is recognized as the undelivered elements are delivered. The company evaluates each deliverable in an arrangement to determine whether it represents a separate unit of accounting. A delivered element 34 constitutes a separate unit of accounting when it has standalone value and there is no customer-negotiated refund or return right for the delivered elements. If these criteria are not met, the deliverable is combined with the undelivered elements and the allocation of the arrangement consideration and revenue recognition are determined for the combined unit as a single unit. Revenue from hardware sales and software licenses with extended payment terms is recognized as payments from customers become due (assuming that all other conditions for revenue recognition have been satisfied). Revenue for operating leases is recognized on a monthly basis over the term of the lease and for sales-type leases at the inception of the lease term. Revenue from equipment and software maintenance and post-contract support is recognized on a straight-line basis as earned over the terms of the respective contracts. Cost related to such contracts is recognized as incurred. Revenue and profit under systems integration contracts are recognized either on the percentage-of-completion method of accounting using the cost-to-cost method, or when services have been performed, depending on the nature of the project. For contracts accounted for on the percentage-of-completion basis, revenue and profit recognized in any given accounting period are based on estimates of total projected contract costs. The estimates are continually reevaluated and revised, when necessary, throughout the life of a contract. Any adjustments to revenue and profit resulting from changes in estimates are accounted for in the period of the change in estimate. When estimates indicate that a loss will be incurred on a contract upon completion, a provision for the expected loss is recorded in the period in which the loss becomes evident. Revenue from time and materials service contracts and outsourcing contracts is recognized as the services are provided using either an objective measure of output or on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. Income taxes Income taxes are based on income before taxes for financial reporting purposes and reflect a current tax liability for the estimated taxes payable in the current-year tax returns and changes in deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets or liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax laws and rates. A valuation allowance is provided on deferred tax assets if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the asset will not be realized. The company recognizes penalties and interest accrued related to income tax liabilities in provision for income taxes in its consolidated statements of income. The Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (“TCJA”) was enacted by the U.S. on December 22, 2017 and introduced a tax on “global intangible low-taxed income” (“GILTI”) effective in 2018. The company will treat GILTI as a period cost when included in U.S. taxable income. Marketable software The cost of development of computer software to be sold or leased, incurred subsequent to establishment of technological feasibility, is capitalized and amortized to cost of sales over the estimated revenue-producing lives of the products, which is generally not in excess of three years following product release. The company performs quarterly reviews to ensure that unamortized costs remain recoverable from future revenue. Internal-use software The company capitalizes certain internal and external costs incurred to acquire or create internal-use software, principally related to software coding, designing system interfaces, and installation and testing of the software. These costs are amortized in accordance with the fixed asset policy described above. Outsourcing assets Costs on outsourcing contracts are generally expensed as incurred. However, certain costs incurred upon initiation of an outsourcing contract (principally initial customer setup) are deferred and expensed over the initial contract life. Fixed assets and software used in connection with outsourcing contracts are capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of the initial contract life or in accordance with the fixed asset policy described above. Recoverability of outsourcing assets is subject to various business risks. Quarterly, the company compares the carrying value of the outsourcing assets with the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the outsourcing assets to determine if there is impairment. If impaired, the outsourcing assets are reduced to an estimated fair value on a 35 discounted cash flow basis. The company prepares its cash flow estimates based on assumptions that it believes to be reasonable but are also inherently uncertain. Actual future cash flows could differ from these estimates. Translation of foreign currency The local currency is the functional currency for most of the company’s international subsidiaries, and as such, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates during the year. Translation adjustments resulting from changes in exchange rates are reported in other comprehensive income (loss). Exchange gains and losses on intercompany balances are reported in other income (expense), net. For those international subsidiaries operating in highly inflationary economies, the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, and as such, nonmonetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates, and monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current exchange rates. Exchange gains and losses arising from translation are included in other income (expense), net. Stock-based compensation plans Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and directors. The company recognizes compensation expense for the fair value of stock options, which have graded vesting, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The company estimates the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The expense is recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. Retirement benefits Accounting rules covering defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits require that amounts recognized in financial statements be determined on an actuarial basis. A significant element in determining the company’s retirement benefits expense or income is the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. This expected return is an assumption as to the average rate of earnings expected on the funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected pension benefit obligation. The company applies this assumed long-term rate of return to a calculated value of plan assets, which recognizes changes in the fair value of plan assets in a systematic manner over four years. This produces the expected return on plan assets that is included in retirement benefits expense or income. The difference between this expected return and the actual return on plan assets is deferred. The net deferral of past asset losses or gains affects the calculated value of plan assets and, ultimately, future retirement benefits expense or income. At December 31 of each year, the company determines the fair value of its retirement benefits plan assets as well as the discount rate to be used to calculate the present value of plan liabilities. The discount rate is an estimate of the interest rate at which the retirement benefits could be effectively settled. In estimating the discount rate, the company looks to rates of return on high-quality, fixed-income investments currently available and expected to be available during the period to maturity of the retirement benefits. The company uses a portfolio of fixed-income securities, which receive at least the second-highest rating given by a recognized ratings agency. Fair value measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required to be recorded at fair value, the company assumes that the transaction is an orderly transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period before the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities; it is not a forced transaction (for example, a forced liquidation or distress sale). The fair value hierarchy has three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the company can access at the measurement date; Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The company has applied fair value measurements to its long-term debt (see note 9), derivatives (see note 12) and to its postretirement plan assets (see note 16). Noncontrolling interest The company owns a fifty-one percent interest in Intelligent Processing Solutions Ltd. (“iPSL”), a U.K. business process outsourcing joint venture. The remaining interests, which are reflected as a noncontrolling interest in the company’s financial statements, are owned by three financial institutions for which iPSL performs services. 36 Note 2 – Earnings per common share The following table shows how the loss per common share attributable to Unisys Corporation was computed for the three years ended December 31, 2017 (shares in thousands). Year ended December 31, Basic earnings (loss) per common share computation: Net loss attributable to Unisys Corporation common shareholders Weighted average shares Basic loss per common share Diluted earnings (loss) per common share computation: Net loss attributable to Unisys Corporation for diluted earnings per share Weighted average shares Diluted loss per common share Anti-dilutive weighted-average stock options and restricted stock units(a) Anti-dilutive weighted-average common shares issuable upon conversion of the 5.50% convertible senior notes(a) 2017 2016 2015 $ (65.3) $ (47.7) $ (109.9) 50,409 50,060 49,905 $ (1.30) $ (0.95) $ (2.20) $ (65.3) $ (47.7) $ (109.9) 50,409 50,060 49,905 $ (1.30) $ (0.95) $ (2.20) 2,206 3,553 2,915 21,868 17,230 – (a) Amounts represent shares excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share, as their effect, if included, would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented. Note 3 – Cost reduction actions In 2015, the company initiated a restructuring plan in connection with organizational initiatives to create a more competitive cost structure and rebalance the company’s global skill set. The company recognized charges and other costs of $347.4 million through 2017 in connection with this plan, principally related to a reduction in employees. During 2015, the company recognized charges of $118.5 million in connection with this plan, principally related to a reduction in employees. The charges related to work-force reductions were $78.8 million and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $27.9 million for 700 employees in the U.S. and (b) a charge of $50.9 million for 782 employees outside the U.S. In addition, the company recorded charges of $39.7 million comprised of $20.2 million for asset impairments and $19.5 million for other expenses related to the cost reduction effort. The charges were recorded in the following statement of income classifications: cost of revenue - services, $52.3 million; cost of revenue - technology, $0.3 million; selling, general and administrative expenses, $53.5 million; and research and development expenses, $12.4 million. During 2016, the company recognized charges of $82.1 million in connection with this plan, principally related to a reduction in employees. The charges related to work-force reductions were $62.6 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $8.3 million for 351 employees and $(1.3) million for changes in estimates in the U.S. and (b) a charge of $58.6 million for 1,048 employees and $(3.0) million for changes in estimates outside the U.S. In addition, the company recorded charges of $19.5 million comprised of $1.4 million for idle leased facilities costs, $4.1 million for contract amendment and termination costs, $13.3 million for professional fees and other expenses related to the cost reduction effort and $0.7 million for net asset sales and write-offs. The charges were recorded in the following statement of income classifications: cost of revenue - services, $42.4 million; selling, general and administrative expenses, $38.0 million; and research and development expenses, $1.7 million. During 2017, the company recognized charges of $146.8 million in connection with this plan. The charges related to work- force reductions were $117.9 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $9.4 million for 542 employees and $(1.3) million for changes in estimates in the U.S. and (b) a charge of $109.4 million for 2,274 employees, $8.2 million for additional benefits provided in 2017 and $(7.8) million for changes in estimates outside the U.S. In addition, the company recorded charges of $28.9 million comprised of $4.7 million for idle leased facilities costs, $5.4 million for contract amendment and termination costs, $5.2 million for professional fees and other expenses related to the cost reduction effort, $1.8 million for net asset sales and write-offs and $11.8 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries. The charges were recorded in the following statement of income classifications: cost of 37 revenue - services, $99.6 million; cost of revenue - technology, $0.4 million; selling, general and administrative expenses, $33.6 million; and research and development expenses, $1.4 million; and other income (expense), net, $11.8 million. Liabilities and expected future payments related to these costs are as follows: Charges for work-force reductions Payments Translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2015 Additional Provisions Payments Changes in estimates Translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2016 Additional Provisions Payments Changes in estimates Translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2017 Expected future payments on balance at December 31, 2017 In 2018 Beyond 2018 Note 4 – Goodwill Work-Force Reductions Total U.S. International $ 78.8 $ 27.9 (23.7) (45.3) (0.5) $ 50.9 (21.6) (0.5) 33.0 68.3 (59.3) (4.3) (1.1) 36.6 131.2 (49.3) (8.6) 7.9 4.2 8.3 (9.4) (1.3) – 1.8 9.4 (6.0) (1.3) – 28.8 58.6 (49.9) (3.0) (1.1) 33.4 117.6 (41.3) (7.8) 7.7 $117.8 $ 3.9 $ 87.7 $ 3.9 30.1 – $109.6 $ 82.0 27.6 Idle Leased Facilities Costs $– – – – 1.4 – – – 1.4 4.2 (2.0) 0.5 0.2 $4.3 $1.8 2.5 During the fourth quarter of 2017, the company performed its annual impairment test of goodwill for all of our reporting units. The fair values of each of the reporting units exceeded their carrying values; therefore, no goodwill impairment was required. At December 31, 2017, the amount of goodwill allocated to reporting units with negative net assets was as follows: Business Process Outsourcing Services, $10.8. Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: Balance at December 31, 2015 Translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2016 Translation adjustments Balance at December 31, 2017 Total Services Technology $177.4 $68.7 $108.7 1.2 178.6 2.2 1.2 69.9 2.2 – 108.7 – $180.8 $72.1 $108.7 Note 5 – Recent accounting pronouncements and accounting changes Accounting Pronouncements Adopted Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-04 Intangibles —Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) which simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Under the amended guidance, an entity will perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge will 38 be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. Adoption of this new guidance had no impact on the company’s consolidated results of operations and financial position. Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash issued by the FASB which requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The new guidance has been applied on retrospective basis whereby prior-period financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the application of the new guidance, as required by the FASB. Amounts reclassified in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows: Year ended December 31, Cash flows from operating activities Other assets Cash flows from investing activities Other Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year 2016 2015 $ (1.9) $ 2.6 1.6 (0.8) 31.6 30.5 (2.3) (4.6) 35.9 31.6 Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-16 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory issued by the FASB which allows the recognition of deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs. Historically, recognition of the income tax consequence was not recognized until the asset was sold to an outside party. The new guidance has been applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to accumulated deficit. At January 1, 2017, the adjustment to accumulated deficit was an increase of $4.4 million. Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-15 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force), issued by the FASB which clarifies the treatment of several cash flow categories. In addition, the guidance also clarifies that when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows and cannot be separated, classification will depend on the predominant source or use. The company previously reported premium payments on and proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies as cash flows from operating activities in the company’s consolidated statement of cash flows. Under the new guidance, these amounts were reclassified to investing activities. The new guidance has been applied on a retrospective basis whereby prior-period financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the application of the new guidance, as required by the FASB. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, were reclassified from “other assets” in operating activities to “other” in investing activities in the company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. Effective January 1, 2017, the company adopted ASU No. 2016-09 Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, issued by the FASB, which changes certain aspects of accounting for share-based payments to employees. The new guidance requires all income tax effects of awards to be recognized in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. It also allows an employer to repurchase more of an employee’s shares than it can today for tax withholding purposes without triggering liability accounting and to make a policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur. Additionally, the standard requires all tax-related cash flows resulting from share-based payments to be reported as operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows, and any cash payments made to taxing authorities on an employee’s behalf as financing activities, which the company previously reported as operating activities. The new guidance has been applied on a retrospective basis whereby prior-period financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the application of the new guidance, as required by the FASB. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, were reclassified from “accounts payable and other accrued liabilities” in operating activities to “other” in financing activities in the company’s consolidated statements of cash flows. 39 Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07 Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, which requires employers to present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item(s) as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period. Only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization in assets. The other components of net periodic benefit cost will be presented separately from the line items that include service cost and outside the subtotal of operating income. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, which for the company is January 1, 2018. Adoption of this new guidance will result in the reclassification of net periodic benefit cost, other than service costs ($92.5 million and $81.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively), from operating income to non-operating income. There will be no overall impact on the company’s consolidated financial position. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which introduces a new model for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments based on an estimate of current expected losses. This includes trade and other receivables, loans and other financial instruments. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with earlier adoption permitted. The company is currently assessing when it will choose to adopt, and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption on its consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842), which is intended to improve financial reporting about leasing transactions. The ASU requires organizations that lease assets, referred to as lessees, to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. The standard requires disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with earlier adoption permitted. The company will adopt the new guidance on January 1, 2019, and is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption on its consolidated results of operations and financial position. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which establishes principles that an entity shall apply to report useful information to users of financial statements about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows from a contract with a customer. The standard, and its various amendments, is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, which for the company is January 1, 2018. The standard allows for either “full retrospective” adoption, meaning the standard is applied to all periods presented, or “modified retrospective” adoption, meaning the standard is applied only to the most current period presented in the financial statements. The new standard would require the company to recognize revenue for certain transactions, including extended payment term software licenses and short-term software licenses, sooner than the current rules would allow and require the company to recognize software license extensions and renewals (the most significant impact upon adoption), later than the current rules would allow. The standard also requires significantly expanded disclosure requirements. The company will adopt the standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The company does not believe there will be a material impact to its consolidated financial position upon adoption. Note 6 – Accounts receivable Accounts receivable consist principally of trade accounts receivable from customers and are generally unsecured and due within 30 to 90 days. Credit losses relating to these receivables consistently have been within management’s expectations. Expected credit losses are recorded as an allowance for doubtful accounts in the consolidated balance sheets. Estimates of expected credit losses are based primarily on the aging of the accounts receivable balances. The company records a specific reserve for individual accounts when it becomes aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy filings or deterioration in the customer’s operating results or financial position. The collection policies and procedures of the company vary by credit class and prior payment history of customers. 40 Revenue recognized in excess of billings on services contracts, or unbilled accounts receivable, was $109.4 million and $98.0 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, receivables under sales-type leases before the allowance for unearned income were collectible as follows: Year 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total $ 45.5 25.8 16.3 10.8 9.7 19.1 $127.2 Unearned income, which is deducted from accounts receivable, was $12.5 million and $7.0 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The allowance for doubtful accounts, which is reported as a deduction from accounts receivable, was $22.0 million and $22.8 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The provision for doubtful accounts, which is reported in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income, was expense of $3.1 million, $2.2 million and $3.0 million, in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Note 7 – Income taxes Following is the total income (loss) before income taxes and the provision for income taxes for the three years ended December 31, 2017. Year ended December 31, Income (loss) before income taxes United States Foreign Total income (loss) before income taxes Provision for income taxes Current United States Foreign State and local Total Deferred Foreign Total (benefit) provision for income taxes 2017 2016 2015 $(152.7) $ (88.3) $(130.6) 71.8 108.8 80.6 $ (72.1) $ 20.5 $ (58.8) $ (42.8) $ 6.7 $ 33.9 – (8.9) 47.7 – 54.4 1.0 42.2 0.3 43.5 3.4 2.8 0.9 $ (5.5) $ 57.2 $ 44.4 Following is a reconciliation of the (benefit) provision for income taxes at the United States statutory tax rate to the provision for income taxes as reported: Year ended December 31, United States statutory income tax provision (benefit) Income and losses for which no provision or benefit has been recognized Foreign rate differential and other foreign tax expense Income tax withholdings Permanent items Enacted rate changes Change in uncertain tax positions Change in valuation allowances due to changes in judgment Income tax credits, U.S. (Benefit) provision for income taxes 2017 2016 2015 $(25.2) $ 7.2 $(20.6) 69.1 65.5 (15.9) (21.1) 12.5 22.8 (1.9) (4.7) 9.1 3.5 1.5 0.4 (5.4) (16.4) (4.0) – 70.3 (11.3) 16.8 (3.0) (0.4) 2.3 (4.6) (50.4) $ (5.5) $ 57.2 $ 44.4 The TCJA was enacted by the U.S. on December 22, 2017. The TCJA eliminates the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“AMT”) beginning in 2018, and also provides for refunds of all remaining AMT credits. Consequently, the company recorded 41 a benefit of $50.4 million in 2017. Of this total, $9.1 million was received in 2017, and approximately $7.2 million will be received in 2018 under Internal Revenue Code section 168(k)(4) of the prior tax law. The remainder, $34.1 million, will be refundable under the TCJA between 2019 and 2022. The 2016 and 2015 provision for income taxes included $3.5 million and $9.1 million due to a reduction in the UK income tax rate. The rate reductions were enacted in the third quarter of 2016 and the fourth quarter of 2015 and reduced the rate from 18% to 17% and from 20% to 18% effective April 1, 2020 and 2017, respectively. The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows: As of December 31, Deferred tax assets Tax loss carryforwards Postretirement benefits Foreign tax credit carryforwards Other tax credit carryforwards Deferred revenue Employee benefits and compensation Purchased capitalized software Depreciation Warranty, bad debts and other reserves Capitalized costs Other Valuation allowance Total deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities Capitalized research and development Other Total deferred tax liabilities Net deferred tax assets 2017 2016 $ 837.6 $ 889.6 728.9 317.6 91.4 81.0 49.1 32.6 28.3 16.1 10.9 27.7 437.7 127.0 29.1 40.9 35.2 22.2 24.5 5.3 3.1 39.3 1,601.9 2,273.2 (1,441.1) (2,084.6) $ 160.8 $ 188.6 $ 24.3 $ 25.8 50.1 $ 20.3 28.4 $ 48.7 $ 110.7 $ 139.9 The TCJA reduced the U.S. federal tax rate from 35% to 21% effective in 2018. This rate decrease resulted in a remeasurement of U.S. deferred tax balances in 2017, with no net financial statement impact due to the valuation allowance recorded against all U.S. deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2017, the company has tax effected U.S. Federal ($319.5 million), state and local ($250.7 million), and foreign ($267.4 million) tax loss carryforwards, the total of which is $837.6 million. These carryforwards will expire as follows: 2018, $5.3; 2019, $7.3; 2020, $28.5; 2021, $14.5; 2022, $114.0; and $668.0 thereafter. The company also has available tax credit carryforwards of $127.0 million, which will expire as follows: 2018, $10.1; 2019, $10.2; 2020, $20.9; 2021, $8.7; 2022, $7.7; and $69.4 thereafter. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income might affect the ultimate realization of the company’s net deferred tax assets. Factors that may affect the company’s ability to achieve sufficient forecasted taxable income include, but are not limited to, the following: increased competition, a decline in sales or margins, loss of market share, the impact of the economic environment, delays in product availability and technological obsolescence. Under U.S. tax law effective through December 31, 2017, undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries were generally taxable upon repatriation to the U.S. shareholder. Under the TCJA, effective January 1, 2018, distributions from foreign subsidiaries to U.S. shareholders are generally exempt from taxation. As a part of the transition to this new participation exemption system of taxation, the TCJA requires a transition tax to be paid on the net accumulated post-1986 undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The company has determined that, due to accumulated deficits of foreign subsidiaries offsetting the accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, the company will not incur a transition tax. With this change in U.S. taxation of earnings of foreign subsidiaries under the TCJA, future distributions of earnings from foreign subsidiaries will generally be exempt from U.S. taxation. Consequently, the deferred income tax liability on 42 undistributed earnings is generally limited to any foreign withholding or other foreign taxes that will be imposed on such distributions. As the company currently intends to indefinitely reinvest the earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries, no provision has been made for income taxes that may become payable upon distribution of the earnings of such subsidiaries. The unrecognized deferred income tax liability at December 31, 2017 approximated $21.5 million. While subsequent to 2017, the U.S. will not generally tax distributions from foreign subsidiaries, the TCJA introduced a tax on GILTI. Beginning in 2018, U.S. taxable income will include GILTI, which essentially includes net foreign subsidiaries’ earnings above a routine 10% return on their aggregate specified tangible assets. The company has made an accounting policy election to treat the GILTI as a period cost when included in U.S. taxable income, and consequently GILTI has no impact on the 2017 financial statements. Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds, during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $34.3 million, $46.4 million and $59.7 million, respectively. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Balance at January 1 Additions based on tax positions related to the current year Changes for tax positions of prior years Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations Settlements Changes due to foreign currency Balance at December 31 4.2 (11.2) (2.7) (0.2) 2.0 $ 35.8 $27.7 $35.0 3.4 (4.0) (3.4) (0.9) (2.4) $ 27.9 $35.8 $27.7 2.7 12.0 (2.8) (0.1) (3.7) The company recognizes penalties and interest accrued related to income tax liabilities in the provision for income taxes in its consolidated statements of income. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the company had an accrual of $2.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for the payment of penalties and interest. At December 31, 2017, all of the company’s liability for unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would affect the company’s effective tax rate. Within the next 12 months, the company believes that it is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may significantly change; however, various events could cause this belief to change in the future. The company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various states and foreign jurisdictions. Several U.S. state and foreign income tax audits are in process. The company is under an audit in India, for which years prior to 2006 are closed. For the most significant jurisdictions outside the U.S., the audit periods through 2012 are closed for Brazil, and the audit periods through 2013 are closed for the United Kingdom. All of the various ongoing income tax audits throughout the world are not expected to have a material impact on the company’s financial position. Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383 provide annual limitations with respect to the ability of a corporation to utilize its net operating loss (as well as certain built-in losses) and tax credit carryforwards, respectively (“Tax Attributes”), against future U.S. taxable income, if the corporation experiences an “ownership change.” In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of a corporation by more than 50 percentage points over a three-year period. The company regularly monitors ownership changes (as calculated for purposes of Section 382). The company has determined that, for purposes of the rules of Section 382 described above, an ownership change occurred in February 2011. Any future transaction or transactions and the timing of such transaction or transactions could trigger additional ownership changes under Section 382. As a result of the February 2011 ownership change, utilization for certain of the company’s Tax Attributes, U.S. net operating losses and tax credits, is subject to an overall annual limitation of $70.6 million. The cumulative limitation as of December 31, 2017 is approximately $416.0 million. This limitation will be applied first to any recognized built in losses, then to any net operating losses, and then to any other Tax Attributes. Any unused limitation may be carried over to later years. Based on presently available information and the existence of tax planning strategies, the company does not expect 43 to incur a U.S. cash tax liability in the near term. The company maintains a full valuation allowance against the realization of all U.S. deferred tax assets as well as certain foreign deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities. Note 8 – Properties Properties comprise the following: As of December 31, Land Buildings Machinery and office equipment Internal-use software Rental equipment Total properties Note 9 – Debt Long-term debt is comprised of the following: As of December 31, 10.75% senior secured notes due April 15, 2022 ($440.0 million face value less unamortized discount and fees of $10.4 million at December 31, 2017) 5.50% convertible senior notes due March 1, 2021 ($213.5 million face value less unamortized discount and fees of $27.2 million and $34.4 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively) 6.25% senior notes Capital leases Other debt Total Less – current maturities Total long-term debt 2017 2016 $ 2.8 $ 2.7 88.2 591.7 145.9 58.1 91.3 601.7 157.4 45.6 $898.8 $886.6 2017 2016 $429.6 $ – 186.3 – 7.5 21.3 644.7 10.8 179.1 94.7 10.1 16.1 300.0 106.0 $633.9 $194.0 Long-term debt is carried at amortized cost and its estimated fair value is based on market prices classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Presented below are the estimated fair values of long-term debt as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. As of December 31, 10.75% senior secured notes due April 15, 2022(a) 5.50% convertible senior notes due March 1, 2021 6.25% senior notes(b) (a) (b) Issued in April 2017 Retired in April 2017 2017 2016 $492.8 $ – 237.9 – 379.8 97.8 Maturities of long-term debt, including capital leases, in each of the next five years and thereafter are as follows: Year 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total Long-Term Debt Capital Leases Total $ 10.8 1.4 2.3 189.5 432.3 8.4 $ 8.2 – 0.9 188.1 431.5 8.4 $644.7 $637.1 $2.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 – $7.6 Cash paid for interest during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $39.9 million, $22.1 million and $14.4 million, respectively. Capitalized interest expense during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $4.2 million, $3.0 million and $3.1 million, respectively. On April 17, 2017, the company issued $440.0 million aggregate principal amount of 10.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 (the “Notes”). The Notes are initially fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior secured basis by Unisys Holding Corporation, Unisys AP Investment Company I and Unisys NPL, Inc. (together with the Company, the “Grantors”). In the 44 future, the Notes will be guaranteed by each material domestic subsidiary and each restricted subsidiary that guarantees the secured revolving credit facility and other indebtedness of the company or another subsidiary guarantor. The Notes and the guarantees will rank equally in right of payment with all of the existing and future senior debt of the company and the subsidiary guarantors. The Notes and the guarantees will be structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities (including preferred stock, trade payables and pension liabilities) of the company’s subsidiaries that are not subsidiary guarantors. The Notes pay interest semiannually on April 15 and October 15, commencing on October 15, 2017, at an annual rate of 10.75%, and will mature on April 15, 2022, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed. The company may, at its option, redeem some or all of the Notes at any time on or after April 15, 2020 at a redemption price determined in accordance with the redemption schedule set forth in the indenture governing the Notes (the “indenture”), plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. Prior to April 15, 2020, the company may, at its option, redeem some or all of the Notes at any time, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes redeemed plus a “make-whole” premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The company may also redeem, at its option, up to 35% of the Notes at any time prior to April 15, 2020, using the proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price of 110.75% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, the company may redeem all (but not less than all) of the Notes at any time that the Collateral Coverage Ratio is less than the Required Collateral Coverage Ratio (as such terms are described below and further defined in the indenture) at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The indenture contains covenants that limit the ability of the company and its restricted subsidiaries to, among other things: (i) incur additional indebtedness and guarantee indebtedness; (ii) pay dividends or make other distributions or repurchase or redeem its capital stock; (iii) prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt; (iv) make certain prepayments in respect of pension obligations; (v) issue certain preferred stock or similar equity securities; (vi) make loans and investments (including investments by the company and subsidiary guarantors in subsidiaries that are not guarantors); (vii) sell assets; (viii) create or incur liens; (ix) enter into transactions with affiliates; (x) enter into agreements restricting its subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and (xi) consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of its assets. These covenants are subject to several important limitations and exceptions. The indenture also includes a covenant requiring that the company maintain a Collateral Coverage Ratio of not less than 1.50:1.00 (the “Required Collateral Coverage Ratio”) as of any test date. The Collateral Coverage Ratio is based on the ratio of (A) Grantor unrestricted cash and cash equivalents plus 4.75 multiplied by of the greater of (x) Grantor EBITDA for the most recently ended four fiscal quarters and (y) (i) the average quarterly Grantor EBITDA for the most recently ended seven fiscal quarters, multiplied by (ii) four, to (B) secured indebtedness of the Grantors. The Collateral Coverage Ratio is tested quarterly. If the Collateral Coverage Ratio is less than the Required Collateral Coverage Ratio as of any test date, and the company has not redeemed the Notes within 90 days thereafter, this will be an event of default under the indenture. If the company experiences certain kinds of changes of control, it must offer to purchase the Notes at 101% of the principal amount of the Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, if the company sells assets under certain circumstances it must apply the proceeds towards an offer to repurchase the Notes at a price equal to par plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The indenture also provides for events of default, which, if any of them occurs, would permit or require the principal, premium, if any, interest and any other monetary obligations on all the then outstanding Notes to be due and payable immediately. On May 8, 2017, the company redeemed all of its then outstanding 6.25% senior notes due 2017. As a result of this redemption, the company recognized a charge of $1.5 million in “Other income (expense), net” in the second quarter of 45 2017, which is comprised of $1.3 million of premium and expenses paid and $0.2 million for the write-off of unamortized discount and fees related to the portion of the notes redeemed. In 2016, the company issued $213.5 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “2021 Notes”). The 2021 Notes, which are senior unsecured obligations, bear interest at a coupon rate of 5.50% (or 9.5% effective interest rate) per year until maturity, payable semiannually in arrears on March 1 and September 1 of each year, beginning on September 1, 2016. The 2021 Notes are not redeemable prior to maturity and are convertible into shares of the company’s common stock. The conversion rate for the 2021 Notes is 102.4249 shares of the company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2021 Notes (or a total amount of 21,867,716 shares), which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $9.76 per share of the company’s common stock. Upon any conversion, the company will settle its conversion obligation in cash, shares of its common stock, or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at its election. In connection with the issuance of the 2021 Notes, the company also paid $27.3 million to enter into privately negotiated capped call transactions with the initial purchasers and/or affiliates of the initial purchasers. The capped call transactions will cover, subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments, the number of shares of the company’s common stock that will initially underlie the 2021 Notes. The capped call transactions will effectively raise the conversion premium on the 2021 Notes from approximately 22.5% to approximately 60%, which raises the initial conversion price from approximately $9.76 per share of common stock to approximately $12.75 per share of common stock. The capped call transactions are expected to reduce potential dilution to the company’s common stock and/or offset potential cash payments the company is required to make in excess of the principal amount upon any conversion of the 2021 Notes. Interest expense related to the 2021 Notes(a) is comprised of the following: Year ended December 31, Contractual interest coupon Amortization of debt discount Amortization of debt issuance costs Total (a) Issued in 2016 2017 2016 $11.8 $ 9.2 4.3 1.0 6.0 1.2 $19.0 $14.5 The company has a secured revolving credit facility (the “Credit Agreement”) that provides for loans and letters of credit up to an aggregate amount of $125.0 million (with a limit on letters of credit of $30.0 million). The Credit Agreement includes an accordion feature allowing for an increase in the amount of the facility up to $150.0 million. Availability under the credit facility is subject to a borrowing base calculated by reference to the company’s receivables. At December 31, 2017, the company had no borrowings and $4.7 million of letters of credit outstanding, and availability under the facility was $110.5 million net of letters of credit issued. The Credit Agreement expires October 5, 2022, subject to a springing maturity (i) on the date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of the 2021 Notes unless, on such date, certain conditions are met; or (ii) on the date that is 60 days prior to the maturity date of the Notes unless, by such date, such secured notes have not been redeemed or refinanced. The credit facility is guaranteed by Unisys Holding Corporation, Unisys NPL, Inc., Unisys AP Investment Company I and any future material domestic subsidiaries. The facility is secured by the assets of the company and the subsidiary guarantors, other than certain excluded assets, under a security agreement entered into by the company and the subsidiary guarantors in favor of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent for the lenders under the credit facility. The company is required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio if the availability under the credit facility falls below the greater of 10% of the lenders’ commitments under the facility and $15 million. The Credit Agreement contains customary representations and warranties, including that there has been no material adverse change in the company’s business, properties, operations or financial condition. The Credit Agreement includes limitations on the ability of the company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur other debt or liens, dispose of assets and 46 make acquisitions, loans and investments, repurchase its equity, and prepay other debt. Events of default include non-payment, failure to comply with covenants, materially incorrect representations and warranties, change of control and default under other debt aggregating at least $50.0 million. At December 31, 2017, the company has met all covenants and conditions under its various lending agreements. The company expects to continue to meet these covenants and conditions. The company’s principal sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash from operations and its revolving credit facility, discussed above. The company and certain international subsidiaries have access to uncommitted lines of credit from various banks. The company’s anticipated future cash expenditures include anticipated contributions to its defined benefit pension plans. The company believes that it has adequate sources of liquidity to meet its expected 2018 cash requirements. Note 10 – Other accrued liabilities Other accrued liabilities (current) are comprised of the following: As of December 31, Payrolls and commissions Cost reduction Accrued vacations Taxes other than income taxes Income taxes Postretirement Accrued interest Other Total other accrued liabilities 2017 2016 $120.2 $110.6 21.2 47.1 25.4 35.3 19.3 6.1 84.2 87.7 42.8 29.1 26.0 18.5 13.8 53.4 $391.5 $349.2 Note 11 – Rental expense and commitments Rental expense and income from subleases for the three years ended December 31, 2017 were as follows: Year ended December 31, Rental expense, less income from subleases Income from subleases 2017 2016 2015 $71.7 $77.4 $80.6 $ 4.4 $ 7.8 $ 9.1 Minimum net rental commitments under noncancelable operating leases, including idle leases, outstanding at December 31, 2017, substantially all of which relate to real properties, were as follows: Year 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Thereafter Total $ 47.4 41.3 32.9 21.5 16.2 39.4 $198.7 Such rental commitments have been reduced by minimum sublease rentals of $7.2 million, due in the future under noncancelable subleases. At December 31, 2017, the company had outstanding standby letters of credit and surety bonds totaling approximately $318 million related to performance and payment guarantees. On the basis of experience with these arrangements, the company believes that any obligations that may arise will not be material. In addition, at December 31, 2017, the company had deposits and collateral of approximately $14 million in other long-term assets, principally related to tax contingencies in Brazil. 47 Note 12 – Financial instruments and concentration of credit risks Due to its foreign operations, the company is exposed to the effects of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations on the U.S. dollar, principally related to intercompany account balances. The company uses derivative financial instruments to reduce its exposure to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates on such balances. The company enters into foreign exchange forward contracts, generally having maturities of three months or less, which have not been designated as hedging instruments. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the notional amount of these contracts was $514.0 million and $428.9 million, respectively. The fair value of these forward contracts is based on quoted prices for similar but not identical financial instruments; as such, the inputs are considered Level 2 inputs. The following table summarizes the fair value of the company’s foreign exchange forward contracts as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. As of December 31, Balance Sheet Location Prepaid expenses and other current assets Other accrued liabilities Total fair value 2017 2016 $4.9 1.6 $3.3 $2.4 1.9 $0.5 The following table summarizes the location and amount of gains and losses recognized on foreign exchange forward contracts for the three years ended December 31, 2017. Year Ended December 31, Statement of Income Location Other income (expense), net 2017 2016 2015 $27.5 $(29.1) $15.6 Financial instruments also include temporary cash investments and customer accounts receivable. Temporary investments are placed with creditworthy financial institutions, primarily in money market funds, time deposits and certificate of deposits which may be withdrawn at any time at the discretion of the company without penalty. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the company’s cash equivalents principally have maturities of less than one month or can be withdrawn at any time at the discretion of the company without penalty. Due to the short maturities of these instruments, they are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at cost plus accrued interest, which approximates market value. Receivables are due from a large number of customers that are dispersed worldwide across many industries. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the company had no significant concentrations of credit risk with any one customer. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the company had $75.8 million and $74.0 million, respectively, of receivables due from various U.S. federal governmental agencies. At December 31, 2017 and 2016, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximated fair value. Note 13 – Foreign currency During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the company recognized foreign exchange gains (losses) in “Other income (expense), net” in its consolidated statements of income of $(9.9) million, $2.3 million and $8.1 million, respectively. The year ended December 31, 2017 also includes $11.8 million of net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries in connection with the company’s restructuring plan. Note 14 – Litigation and contingencies There are various lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings that have been brought or asserted against the company, which arise in the ordinary course of business, including actions with respect to commercial and government contracts, labor and employment, employee benefits, environmental matters, intellectual property, and non-income tax matters. The company records a provision for these matters when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Any provisions are reviewed at least quarterly and are adjusted to reflect the impact and status of settlements, rulings, advice of counsel and other information and events pertinent to a particular matter. 48 The company believes that it has valid defenses with respect to legal matters pending against it. Based on its experience, the company also believes that the damage amounts claimed in the lawsuits disclosed below are not a meaningful indicator of the company’s potential liability. Litigation is inherently unpredictable, however, and it is possible that the company’s results of operations or cash flows could be materially affected in any particular period by the resolution of one or more of the legal matters pending against it. In April 2007, the Ministry of Justice of Belgium sued Unisys Belgium SA-NV, a Unisys subsidiary (“Unisys Belgium”), in the Court of First Instance of Brussels. The Belgian government had engaged the company to design and develop software for a computerized system to be used to manage the Belgian court system. The Belgian State terminated the contract and in its lawsuit has alleged that the termination was justified because Unisys Belgium failed to deliver satisfactory software in a timely manner. It claims damages of approximately €28.0 million. Unisys Belgium filed its defense and counterclaim in April 2008, in the amount of approximately €18.5 million. The company believes it has valid defenses to the claims and contends that the Belgian State’s termination of the contract was unjustified. The company’s Brazilian operations, along with those of many other companies doing business in Brazil, are involved in various litigation matters, including numerous governmental assessments related to indirect and other taxes, as well as disputes associated with former employees and contract labor. The tax-related matters pertain to value added taxes, customs, duties, sales and other non-income related tax exposures. The labor-related matters include claims related to compensation. The company believes that appropriate accruals have been established for such matters based on information currently available. At December 31, 2017, excluding those matters that have been assessed by management as being remote as to the likelihood of ultimately resulting in a loss, the amount related to unreserved tax-related matters, inclusive of any related interest, is estimated to be up to approximately $135.0 million. On June 26, 2014, the State of Louisiana filed a Petition for Damages against, among other defendants, the company and Molina Information Systems, LLC, in the Parish of East Baton Rouge, 19th Judicial District. The State alleged that between 1989 and 2012 the defendants, each acting successively as the State’s Medicaid fiscal intermediary, utilized an incorrect reimbursement formula for the payment of pharmaceutical claims causing the State to pay excessive amounts for prescription drugs. The State contends overpayments of approximately $68.0 million for the period January 2002 through July 2011 and is seeking data to identify the claims at issue for the remaining time period. The company believes that it has valid defenses to Louisiana’s claims and is asserting them in the pending litigation. With respect to the specific legal proceedings and claims described above, except as otherwise noted, either (i) the amount or range of possible losses in excess of amounts accrued, if any, is not reasonably estimable or (ii) the company believes that the amount or range of possible losses in excess of amounts accrued that are estimable would not be material. Litigation is inherently unpredictable and unfavorable resolutions could occur. Accordingly, it is possible that an adverse outcome from such matters could exceed the amounts accrued in an amount that could be material to the company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in any particular reporting period. Notwithstanding that the ultimate results of the lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings that have been brought or asserted against the company are not currently determinable, the company believes that at December 31, 2017, it has adequate provisions for any such matters. Note 15 – Segment information The company has two business segments: Services and Technology. Revenue classifications within the Services and Technology segment are as follows: • Cloud and infrastructure services. This represents revenue from helping clients apply cloud and as-a-service delivery models to capitalize on business opportunities, make their end users more productive and manage and secure their IT infrastructure and operations more economically. 49 • Application services. This represents revenue from helping clients transform their business processes by developing and managing new leading-edge applications for select industries, offering advanced data analytics and modernizing existing enterprise applications. • Business process outsourcing (“BPO”) services. This represents revenue from the management of critical processes and functions for clients in target industries, helping them improve performance and reduce costs. • Technology. This represents revenue from designing and developing software and offering hardware and other related products to help clients reduce costs, improve security and flexibility and improve the efficiency of their data- center environments. The accounting policies of each business segment are the same as those followed by the company as a whole. Intersegment sales and transfers are priced as if the sales or transfers were to third parties. Accordingly, the Technology segment recognizes intersegment revenue and manufacturing profit on software and hardware shipments to customers under Services contracts. The Services segment, in turn, recognizes customer revenue and marketing profits on such shipments of company software and hardware to customers. The Services segment also includes the sale of software and hardware products sourced from third parties that are sold to customers through the company’s Services channels. In the company’s consolidated statements of income, the manufacturing costs of products sourced from the Technology segment and sold to Services customers are reported in cost of revenue for Services. Also included in the Technology segment’s sales and operating profit are sales of software and hardware sold to the Services segment for internal use in Services engagements. The amount of such profit included in operating income of the Technology segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $6.3 million, $0.7 million and $9.2 million, respectively. The profit on these transactions is eliminated in Corporate. The company evaluates business segment performance based on operating income exclusive of pension income or expense, restructuring charges and unusual and nonrecurring items, which are included in Corporate. All other corporate and centrally incurred costs are allocated to the business segments based principally on revenue, employees, square footage or usage. No single customer accounts for more than 10% of revenue. Revenue from various agencies of the U.S. Government, which is reported in both business segments, was approximately $571 million, $564 million and $569 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Corporate assets are principally cash and cash equivalents, prepaid postretirement assets and deferred income taxes. The expense or income related to corporate assets is allocated to the business segments. Customer revenue by classes of similar products or services, by segment, is presented below: Year ended December 31, Services Cloud & infrastructure services Application services BPO services Total Services Technology Total customer revenue 2017 2016 2015 $ 1,317.0 $1,352.9 $1,513.1 868.9 223.6 808.3 202.9 859.0 194.4 2,328.2 413.6 2,605.6 409.5 $2,741.8 $2,820.7 $3,015.1 2,406.3 414.4 Presented below is a reconciliation of segment operating income to consolidated income (loss) before income taxes: Year ended December 31, Total segment operating income Interest expense Other income (expense), net Cost reduction charges(a) Corporate and eliminations Total income (loss) before income taxes 2017 2016 2015 (52.8) (23.9) (135.0) (95.8) $ 235.4 $208.4 $ 174.9 (11.9) (27.4) 8.2 0.3 (118.5) (82.1) (111.5) (78.7) $ (72.1) $ 20.5 $ (58.8) (a) Year ended December 31, 2017 excludes $11.8 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries which are reported in Other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income. 50 Presented below is a reconciliation of total business segment assets to consolidated assets: As of December 31, Total segment assets Cash and cash equivalents Deferred income taxes Prepaid postretirement assets Other corporate assets Total assets 2017 2016 2015 $1,364.5 $1,339.0 $1,486.0 365.2 127.4 45.1 106.3 370.6 146.1 33.3 132.6 733.9 119.9 148.3 175.8 $2,542.4 $2,021.6 $2,130.0 A summary of the company’s operations by business segment for 2017, 2016 and 2015 is presented below: 2017 Customer revenue Intersegment Total revenue Operating income (loss) Depreciation and amortization Total assets Capital expenditures 2016 Customer revenue Intersegment Total revenue Operating income (loss) Depreciation and amortization Total assets Capital expenditures 2015 Customer revenue Intersegment Total revenue Operating income (loss) Depreciation and amortization Total assets Capital expenditures Total Corporate Services Technology $2,741.8 $ – – (25.9) $2,328.2 – $413.6 25.9 $2,741.8 $ (25.9) $2,328.2 $439.5 $ 4.6 156.5 2,542.4 176.5 $ (230.8) $ – 1,177.9 4.3 64.8 84.6 985.9 102.7 $170.6 71.9 378.6 69.5 $2,820.7 $ – – (22.6) $2,406.3 – $414.4 22.6 $2,820.7 $ (22.6) $2,406.3 $437.0 $ 47.6 155.6 2,021.6 147.1 $ (160.8) $ – 682.6 3.0 46.9 81.8 963.3 74.8 $161.5 73.8 375.7 69.3 $3,015.1 $ – – (49.0) $2,605.6 0.1 $409.5 48.9 $3,015.1 $ (49.0) $2,605.7 $458.4 $ (55.1) $ (230.0) $ 180.1 2,130.0 213.7 – 644.0 1.9 61.2 104.8 1,081.7 143.3 $113.7 75.3 404.3 68.5 51 Geographic information about the company’s revenue, which is principally based on location of the selling organization, properties and outsourcing assets, is presented below: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 Revenue United States United Kingdom Other foreign Total Revenue Properties, net United States United Kingdom Other foreign Total Properties, net Outsourcing assets, net United States United Kingdom Other foreign Total Outsourcing assets, net Note 16 – Employee plans $1,257.0 $1,309.3 $1,454.9 375.8 1,184.4 348.0 1,163.4 315.8 1,169.0 $2,741.8 $2,820.7 $3,015.1 $ 85.8 $ 16.7 40.0 91.4 $ 15.1 38.8 96.9 18.8 38.1 $ 142.5 $ 145.3 $ 153.8 $ 81.1 $ 105.1 $ 119.4 89.9 36.6 39.0 31.3 26.0 28.4 $ 202.3 $ 172.5 $ 182.0 Stock plans Under stockholder approved stock-based plans, stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units may be granted to officers, directors and other key employees. At December 31, 2017, 3.2 million shares of unissued common stock of the company were available for granting under these plans. As of December 31, 2017, the company has granted non-qualified stock options and restricted stock units under these plans. The company recognizes compensation cost net of a forfeiture rate in selling, general and administrative expenses, and recognizes the compensation cost for only those awards expected to vest. The company estimates the forfeiture rate based on its historical experience and its expectations about future forfeitures. The company’s employee stock option grants include a provision that, if termination of employment occurs after the participant has attained age 55 and completed 5 years of service with the company, the participant shall continue to vest in each of his or her awards in accordance with the vesting schedule set forth in the applicable award agreement. Compensation expense for such awards is recognized over the period to the date the employee first becomes eligible for retirement. Time-based restricted stock unit grants for the company’s directors vest upon award and compensation expense for such awards is recognized upon grant. Options have been granted to purchase the company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to or greater than the fair market value at the date of grant, generally have a maximum duration of seven years for options issued in 2015 and later and five years for options issued before 2015, and become exercisable in annual installments over a three-year period following date of grant. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the company recognized $11.2 million, $9.5 million and $9.4 million of share-based compensation expense, which is comprised of $10.1 million, $7.5 million and $4.7 million of restricted stock unit expense and $1.1 million, $2.0 million and $4.7 million of stock option expense, respectively. For stock options, the fair value is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Principal assumptions used are as follows: (a) expected volatility for the company’s stock price is based on historical volatility and implied market volatility, (b) historical exercise data is used to estimate the options’ expected term, which represents the period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding, and (c) the risk-free interest rate is the rate on zero-coupon U.S. government issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the options. The company recognizes compensation expense for the fair value of stock options, which have graded vesting, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The compensation expense recognized as of any date must be at least equal to the portion of the grant-date fair value that is vested at that date. 52 There were no grants of stock option awards for the year ended December 31, 2017. The fair value of stock option awards granted in 2016 and 2015 was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions and weighted-average fair values as follows: Year Ended December 31, Weighted-average fair value of grant Risk-free interest rate Expected volatility Expected life of options in years Expected dividend yield 2016 2015 $ 4.53 $ 8.92 1.29% 1.28% 51.30% 45.46% 4.90 – 4.92 – A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2017 follows (shares in thousands): Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Exercised Forfeited and expired Outstanding at December 31, 2017 Expected to vest at December 31, 2017 Exercisable at December 31, 2017 Weighted- Average Exercise Price Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($ in millions) $25.41 – 10.65 20.59 26.35 23.20 26.76 1.56 3.42 1.33 $– $– $– Shares 2,099 – (1) (340) 1,758 198 1,558 The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pretax value of the difference between the company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price of the options, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2017. The intrinsic value of the company’s stock options changes based on the closing price of the company’s stock. The total intrinsic value of options exercised for the year ended December 31, 2017 was immaterial, and for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was zero and $0.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, $0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.5 years. Restricted stock unit awards may contain time-based units, performance-based units or a combination of both. Each performance-based unit will vest into zero to 2.0 shares depending on the degree to which the performance goals are met. Compensation expense resulting from these awards is recognized as expense ratably for each installment from the date of grant until the date the restrictions lapse and is based on the fair market value at the date of grant and the probability of achievement of the specific performance-related goals. A summary of restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2017 follows (shares in thousands): Outstanding at December 31, 2016 Granted Vested Forfeited and expired Outstanding at December 31, 2017 Restricted Stock Units Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value 1,454 1,042 (555) (253) 1,688 $12.68 13.85 13.31 11.88 13.39 The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the trading price of the company’s common shares on the date of grant. The aggregate weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $14.4 million, $12.9 million and $10.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 53 2017, there was $9.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding restricted stock units granted under the company’s plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. The aggregate weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $7.4 million, $3.5 million and $2.1 million, respectively. Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options or upon lapse of restrictions on restricted stock units are newly issued shares. Cash received from the exercise of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2017 was immaterial, and for the year ended December 31, 2016 was zero. During 2017 and 2016, the company did not recognize any tax benefits from the exercise of stock options or upon issuance of stock upon lapse of restrictions on restricted stock units because of its tax position. Any such tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of the compensation costs recognized are classified as operating cash flows. Defined contribution and compensation plans U.S. employees are eligible to participate in an employee savings plan. Under this plan, employees may contribute a percentage of their pay for investment in various investment alternatives. The company matches 50 percent of the first 6 percent of eligible pay contributed by participants to the plan on a before-tax basis (subject to IRS limits). The company funds the match with cash. The charge to income related to the company match for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, was $10.8 million, $10.7 million and $9.9 million, respectively. The company has defined contribution plans in certain locations outside the United States. The charge to income related to these plans was $18.5 million, $19.0 million and $21.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The company has non-qualified compensation plans, which allow certain highly compensated employees and directors to defer the receipt of a portion of their salary, bonus and fees. Participants can earn a return on their deferred balance that is based on hypothetical investments in various investment vehicles. Changes in the market value of these investments are reflected as an adjustment to the liability with an offset to expense. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the liability to the participants of these plans was $13.4 million and $12.3 million, respectively. These amounts reflect the accumulated participant deferrals and earnings thereon as of that date. The company makes no contributions to the deferred compensation plans and remains contingently liable to the participants. Retirement benefits For the company’s more significant defined benefit pension plans, including the U.S., U.K. and the Netherlands, accrual of future benefits under the plans has ceased. The company adopted changes to a foreign defined benefit pension plan, which ended the accrual of future benefits, effective June 30, 2017. A curtailment gain of $5.4 million was recorded in 2017. In December 2016, the company completed a lump-sum offer for eligible former associates who had a deferred vested benefit under the company’s U.S. pension plan to receive the value of their entire pension benefit in a lump-sum payment. As a result, the pension plan trust made lump sum payments to approximately 5,800 former associates of $215.9 million. In accordance with accounting guidance on settlements of a pension benefit obligation, no settlement charges were recorded as a result of this action. 54 Retirement plans’ funded status and amounts recognized in the company’s consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 follows: As of December 31, Change in projected benefit obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Plan participants’ contributions Plan amendment Plan curtailment Actuarial loss (gain) Benefits paid Foreign currency translation adjustments Benefit obligation at end of year Change in plan assets U.S. Plans International Plans 2017 2016 2017 2016 $ 4,972.0 $ 5,231.4 $3,076.2 $2,987.8 – – 211.3 231.3 – – – – – – 5.1 72.8 1.9 (52.5) (2.2) 7.4 87.8 2.3 – (3.7) 177.0 87.2 (93.8) 502.2 (358.7) (577.9) (117.1) (110.0) – – 299.3 (397.6) $ 5,001.6 $ 4,972.0 $3,189.7 $3,076.2 Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year $ 3,452.1 $ 3,759.4 $2,429.7 $2,496.8 Actual return on plan assets Employer contribution Plan participants’ contributions Benefits paid Foreign currency translation and other adjustments 424.0 61.0 – 211.8 58.8 – 172.3 287.7 77.4 1.9 73.7 2.3 (358.7) (577.9) (117.1) (110.0) – – 269.7 (320.8) Fair value of plan assets at end of year $ 3,578.4 $ 3,452.1 $2,833.9 $2,429.7 Funded status at end of year $(1,423.2) $(1,519.9) $ (355.8) $ (646.5) Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of: Prepaid postretirement assets Other accrued liabilities Long-term postretirement liabilities Total funded status Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax Net loss Prior service credit Accumulated benefit obligation $ – $ – $ 147.4 $ 31.9 (6.8) (6.7) (0.2) (0.2) (1,416.4) (1,513.2) (503.0) (678.2) $(1,423.2) $(1,519.9) $ (355.8) $ (646.5) $ 2,690.6 $ 2,828.8 $1,067.8 $1,144.7 $ (39.8) $ (42.4) $ (69.8) $ (27.7) $ 5,001.6 $ 4,972.0 $3,188.0 $3,072.1 Information for defined benefit retirement plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 follows: As of December 31, Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets 2017 2016 $ 7,151.7 $7,551.8 5,227.0 5,357.2 Information for defined benefit retirement plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 follows: As of December 31, Projected benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets 2017 2016 $7,153.4 $7,555.2 5,227.0 5,357.2 55 Net periodic pension cost (income) for 2017, 2016 and 2015 includes the following components: Year ended December 31, 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 U.S. Plans International Plans Service cost Interest cost Expected return on plan assets Amortization of prior service credit Recognized net actuarial loss Curtailment gain Net periodic pension cost (income) $ – $ – $ – 211.3 231.3 224.1 $ 5.1 72.8 $ 7.4 87.8 $8.7 94.1 (235.2) (253.1) (254.8) (127.5) (139.5) (155.4) (2.5) (2.5) (2.4) 126.4 116.0 132.7 – – – $ 100.0 $ 91.7 $ 99.6 (2.4) 49.8 (5.4) $(7.6) (3.0) 40.3 (2.0) $(9.0) (1.9) 63.6 – $9.1 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost for the years ended December 31 were as follows: Year ended December 31, Discount rate Rate of compensation increase U.S. Plans International Plans 2017 2016 2015 2017 2016 2015 4.38% 4.56% 4.09% 2.34% 3.30% 3.05% N/A N/A N/A 1.66% 1.66% 1.68% Expected long-term rate of return on assets 6.80% 6.80% 6.80% 5.30% 5.99% 6.45% Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 were as follows: Discount rate Rate of compensation increase 3.87% 4.38% 4.56% 2.24% 2.34% 3.30% N/A N/A N/A 1.55% 1.66% 1.68% The expected pretax amortization in 2018 of net periodic pension cost is as follows: net loss, $167.6 million; and prior service credit, $(6.3) million. The amortization of these items is recorded as an element of pension expense. In 2017, pension expense included amortization of $176.2 million of net losses and $(4.9) million of prior service credit. The company’s investment policy targets and ranges for each asset category are as follows: Asset Category Equity securities Debt securities Real estate Cash Other U.S. International Target Range Target Range 58% 52-64% 24% 18-30% 36% 33-39% 60% 53-66% 6% – % – % 3-9% 0-5% 1% 1% 0-3% 0-5% – % 14% 7-21% The company periodically reviews its asset allocation, taking into consideration plan liabilities, local regulatory requirements, plan payment streams and then-current capital market assumptions. The actual asset allocation for each plan is monitored at least quarterly, relative to the established policy targets and ranges. If the actual asset allocation is close to or out of any of the ranges, a review is conducted. Rebalancing will occur toward the target allocation, with due consideration given to the liquidity of the investments and transaction costs. The objectives of the company’s investment strategies are as follows: (a) to provide a total return that, over the long term, increases the ratio of plan assets to liabilities by maximizing investment return on assets, at a level of risk deemed appropriate, (b) to maximize return on assets by investing primarily in equity securities in the U.S. and for international plans by investing in appropriate asset classes, subject to the constraints of each plan design and local regulations, (c) to diversify investments within asset classes to reduce the impact of losses in single investments, and (d) for the U.S. plan to invest in 56 compliance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), as amended and any subsequent applicable regulations and laws, and for international plans to invest in a prudent manner in compliance with local applicable regulations and laws. The company sets the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term return of the various asset categories in which it invests. The company considered the current expectations for future returns and the actual historical returns of each asset class. Also, since the company’s investment policy is to actively manage certain asset classes where the potential exists to outperform the broader market, the expected returns for those asset classes were adjusted to reflect the expected additional returns. In 2018, the company expects to make cash contributions of $149.7 million to its worldwide defined benefit pension plans, which are comprised of $63.4 million primarily for international defined benefit pension plans and $86.3 million for the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan. As of December 31, 2017, the following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service where applicable, are expected to be paid from the defined benefit pension plans: Year ending December 31, 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 – 2027 U.S. International $ 364.4 $ 98.7 361.4 359.3 357.6 355.1 1,693.6 102.8 106.9 110.3 117.5 642.5 57 Other postretirement benefits A reconciliation of the benefit obligation, fair value of the plan assets and the funded status of the postretirement benefit plan at December 31, 2017 and 2016, follows: As of December 31, Change in accumulated benefit obligation Benefit obligation at beginning of year Service cost Interest cost Plan participants’ contributions Amendments Actuarial gain Federal drug subsidy Benefits paid Foreign currency translation and other adjustments Benefit obligation at end of year Change in plan assets Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year Actual return on plan assets Employer contributions Plan participants’ contributions Benefits paid Fair value of plan assets at end of year Funded status at end of year Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of: Prepaid postretirement assets Other accrued liabilities Long-term postretirement liabilities Total funded status Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax Net loss Prior service credit Net periodic postretirement benefit cost for 2017, 2016 and 2015, follows: Year ended December 31, Service cost Interest cost Expected return on assets Amortization of prior service cost Recognized net actuarial loss Net periodic benefit cost 58 2017 2016 $120.1 $ 131.5 0.5 5.6 3.5 (7.4) (4.3) 0.3 0.4 6.2 3.8 (3.3) (1.4) 1.4 (15.7) (16.9) 0.6 (1.6) $103.2 $ 120.1 $ 7.9 $ 7.7 (0.3) (0.3) 12.2 3.5 13.6 3.8 (15.7) (16.9) $ 7.6 $ 7.9 $ (95.6) $(112.2) $ 0.9 $ 1.4 (11.5) (12.4) (85.0) (101.2) $ (95.6) $(112.2) $ 14.9 $ 19.0 (9.8) (3.2) 2017 2016 2015 $ 0.5 $ 0.4 $ 0.6 5.6 6.2 6.9 (0.5) (0.4) (0.4) (0.7) 0.8 – 0.5 1.1 1.8 $ 5.7 $ 6.7 $10.0 Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic postretirement benefit cost for the years ended December 31 were as follows: Year ended December 31, Discount rate Expected return on plan assets Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation at December 31 were as follows: Year ended December 31, Discount rate 2017 2016 2015 5.53% 5.61% 5.27% 5.50% 5.50% 5.50% 2017 2016 2015 5.30% 5.53% 5.61% The expected pretax amortization in 2018 of net periodic postretirement benefit cost is as follows: net loss, $1.2 million; and prior service cost, $(1.6) million. The company reviews its asset allocation periodically, taking into consideration plan liabilities, plan payment streams and then-current capital market assumptions. The company sets the long-term expected return on asset assumption, based principally on the long-term expected return on debt securities. These return assumptions are based on a combination of current market conditions, capital market expectations of third-party investment advisors and actual historical returns of the asset classes. In 2018, the company expects to contribute approximately $12 million to its postretirement benefit plan. Assumed health care cost trend rates at December 31, Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate) Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2017 2016 6.6% 5.8% 4.8% 4.8% 2023 2023 A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects: Effect on service and interest cost Effect on postretirement benefit obligation 1-Percentage- Point Increase 1-Percentage- Point Decrease $0.1 2.0 $(0.1) (1.7) As of December 31, 2017, the following benefits are expected to be paid to or from the company’s postretirement plan: Year ending December 31, 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 – 2027 Gross Medicare Part D Receipts Gross Expected Payments $0.1 $12.7 – – – – – 10.5 10.0 9.4 8.8 34.4 The following provides a description of the valuation methodologies and the levels of inputs used to measure fair value, and the general classification of investments in the company’s U.S. and international defined benefit pension plans, and the company’s other postretirement benefit plan. Level 1 – These investments include cash, common stocks, real estate investment trusts, exchange traded funds, futures and options and U.S. government securities. These investments are valued using quoted prices in an active market. Payables and receivables are also included as Level 1 investments and are valued at face value. 59 Level 2 – These investments include the following: Pooled Funds – These investments are comprised of money market funds and fixed income securities. The money market funds are valued using the readily determinable fair value (“RDFV”) provided by trustees of the funds. The fixed income securities are valued based on quoted prices for identical or similar investments in markets that may not be active. Commingled Funds – These investments are comprised of debt, equity and other securities and are valued using the RDFV provided by trustees of the funds. The fair value per share for these funds are published and are the basis for current transactions. Other Fixed Income – These investments are comprised of corporate and government fixed income investments and asset and mortgage backed securities for which there are quoted prices for identical or similar investments in markets that may not be active. Derivatives – These investments include forward exchange contracts and options, which are traded on an active market, but not on an exchange; therefore, the inputs may not be readily observable. These investments also include fixed income futures and other derivative instruments. Level 3 – These investments include the following: Insurance Contracts – These investments are insurance contracts which are carried at book value, are not publicly traded and are reported at a fair value determined by the insurance provider. Certain investments are valued using net asset value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient. These investments may not be redeemable on a daily basis and may have redemption notice periods of up to 90 days. These investments include the following: Commingled Funds – These investments are comprised of debt, equity and other securities. Private Real Estate and Private Equity – These investments represent interests in limited partnerships which invest in privately held companies or privately held real estate or other real assets. Net asset values are developed and reported by the general partners that manage the partnerships. These valuations are based on property appraisals, utilization of market transactions that provide valuation information for comparable companies, discounted cash flows, and other methods. These valuations are reported quarterly and adjusted as necessary at year end based on cash flows within the most recent period. 60 The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the plans’ assets (liabilities) at fair value at December 31, 2017. As of December 31, 2017 Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 U.S. Plans International Plans Pension plans Equity Securities Common Stocks Commingled Funds Debt Securities U.S. Govt. Securities Other Fixed Income Insurance Contracts Commingled Funds Real Estate $ 1,465.1 $1,461.9 $ 584.4 139.8 830.6 139.8 3.2 584.4 830.6 $ – $ – 84.0 $ – $ – 84.0 $ – 254.1 135.8 267.5 2.6 251.5 135.8 267.5 Real Estate Investment Trusts 113.5 113.5 1.4 0.4 1.0 Other Derivatives Commingled Funds Pooled Funds Cash Receivables Payables Total plan assets in fair value hierarchy Plan assets measured using NAV as a practical expedient(a): Commingled Funds Equity Debt Other Private Real Estate Private Equity Total pension plan assets Other postretirement plans 2.6 13.1 (10.5) 228.0 228.0 34.8 58.1 (116.7) 34.8 58.1 (116.7) 1.2 357.1 29.2 1.2 357.1 29.2 25.1 19.9 (1.5) 25.1 19.9 (1.5) $3,340.2 $1,704.5 $1,635.7 $ – $ 1,173.8 $46.5 $991.5 $135.8 $ – 19.8 105.1 112.4 0.9 $3,578.4 $ 780.7 837.7 25.2 16.5 – $2,833.9 Insurance Contracts $ 7.6 $7.6 (a) Investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are included to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets. 61 The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the plans’ assets (liabilities) at fair value at December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016 Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair Value Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 U.S. Plans International Plans Pension plans Equity Securities Common Stocks Commingled Funds Debt Securities U.S. Govt. Securities Other Fixed Income Insurance Contracts Commingled Funds Real Estate Real Estate Investment Trusts Other Derivatives Commingled Funds Pooled Funds Cash Receivables Payables Total plan assets in fair value hierarchy Plan assets measured using NAV as a practical expedient(a): Commingled Funds Equity Debt Other Private Real Estate Private Equity Total pension plan assets Other postretirement plans Insurance Contracts $ 1,443.1 $ 1,438.3 $ 517.9 158.5 812.4 158.5 4.8 517.9 812.4 $ – $ – 76.0 241.4 116.2 242.8 $– $– 76.0 $– 0.5 240.9 116.2 242.8 156.2 156.2 1.6 1.2 0.4 3.1 (1.1) 4.2 272.0 12.2 107.2 (195.3) 12.2 107.2 (195.3) 272.0 4.9 294.5 6.7 11.4 11.4 4.9 294.5 6.7 $3,287.3 $1,676.0 $1,611.3 $– $995.5 $13.1 $866.2 $116.2 $ – 18.6 104.6 40.5 1.1 $ 3,452.1 $ 7.9 $ 726.7 640.0 25.8 41.7 – $2,429.7 $7.9 (a) Investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are included to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets. The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the plans’ Level 3 assets for the year ended December 31, 2017. January 1, 2017 Realized gains (losses) Purchases or acquisitions Sales or dispositions Currency and unrealized gains (losses) relating to instruments still held at December 31, 2017 December 31, 2017 $ 7.9 $(0.2) $ 0.2 $ (0.3) $116.2 $ – $10.8 $(11.4) $ – $20.2 $ 7.6 $135.8 U.S. plans Other postretirement plans Insurance Contracts International pension plans Insurance Contracts 62 The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the plans’ Level 3 assets for the year ended December 31, 2016. January 1, 2016 Realized gains (losses) Purchases or acquisitions Sales or dispositions Currency and unrealized gains (losses) relating to instruments still held at December 31, 2016 December 31, 2016 $ 7.7 $(0.3) $120.6 $ – $0.5 $4.7 $ – $(11.0) $ – $1.9 $ 7.9 $116.2 U.S. plans Other postretirement plans Insurance Contracts International pension plans Insurance Contracts The following table presents additional information about plan assets valued using the net asset value as a practical expedient within the fair value hierarchy table. 2017 2016 Fair Value Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency Redemption Notice Period Range Fair Value Unfunded Commitments Redemption Frequency Redemption Notice Period Range U.S. plans Commingled Funds Debt Other Private Real Estate(a) Private Equity(b) Total International pension plans Commingled Funds Equity Debt Other Private Real Estate $ 19.8 105.1 112.4 0.9 $ 238.2 $– – – – $– $ 780.7 $– 837.7 25.2 16.5 – – – Daily Monthly Quarterly 5 days 5 days Up to 90 days Weekly, Monthly Weekly, Biweekly, Bimonthly, Monthly Monthly Monthly Up to 30 days Up to 30 days Up to 30 days Up to 90 days $ 18.6 104.6 40.5 1.1 $ 164.8 $– – – – $– $ 726.7 $– 640.0 25.8 41.7 – – – Daily Monthly 5 days 5 days Quarterly 60 days Weekly, Monthly Weekly, Biweekly, Bimonthly, Monthly Monthly, Quarterly Monthly, Quarterly Up to 90 days Up to 90 days Up to 90 days Up to 90 days Total $1,660.1 $– $1,434.2 $– (a) (b) Includes investments in private real estate funds and limited partnerships. The funds invest in U.S. real estate and allow redemptions quarterly, though queues, restrictions, and gates may extend the period. The limited partnerships include investments in primarily U.S. real estate, and can never be redeemed. The partnerships are all currently being wound up, and are expected to make all distributions over the next three years. Includes investments in limited partnerships, which invest primarily in U.S. buyouts and venture capital. The investments can never be redeemed. The partnerships are all currently being wound up, and are expected to make all distributions over the next three years. Note 17 – Stockholders’ equity The company has 150 million authorized shares of common stock, par value $.01 per share, and 40 million shares of authorized preferred stock, par value $1 per share, issuable in series. At December 31, 2017, 35.1 million shares of unissued common stock of the company were reserved for stock-based incentive plans and the company’s convertible senior notes. 63 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, is as follows: Balance at December 31, 2014 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Current period other comprehensive income Balance at December 31, 2015 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Current period other comprehensive income Balance at December 31, 2016 Other comprehensive income before reclassifications Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income Current period other comprehensive income Balance at December 31, 2017 Translation Adjustments Postretirement Plans Total $(4,113.4) 346.2 (178.1) $(737.8) (96.0) – $(3,375.6) 442.2 (178.1) 168.1 (3,945.3) (64.9) (142.6) (207.5) (4,152.8) 506.8 (169.8) (96.0) (833.8) (93.3) – (93.3) (927.1) 121.9 (11.8) 337.0 110.1 264.1 (3,111.5) 28.4 (142.6) (114.2) (3,225.7) 384.9 (158.0) 226.9 $(3,815.8) $(817.0) $(2,998.8) Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three years ended December 31, 2017 are as follows: Year ended December 31, Translation Adjustments: 2017 2016 2015 Adjustment for substantial completion of liquidation of foreign subsidiaries(a) $ (11.8) $ – $ – Postretirement Plans: Amortization of prior service cost(b) Amortization of actuarial losses(b) Curtailment gain(b) Total before tax Income tax benefit Total reclassifications for the period 5.6 (174.1) 5.4 (174.9) 5.1 5.6 (155.2) 2.0 (147.6) 5.0 3.1 (189.7) – (186.6) 8.5 $(169.8) $(142.6) $(178.1) (a) (b) Reported in Other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of income These items are included in net periodic postretirement cost (see Note 16). The following table summarizes the changes in shares of common stock and treasury stock during the three years ended December 31, 2017: Balance at December 31, 2014 Stock-based compensation Balance at December 31, 2015 Stock-based compensation Balance at December 31, 2016 Stock-based compensation Balance at December 31, 2017 Common Stock Treasury Stock 52.4 0.2 52.6 0.2 52.8 0.6 53.4 2.7 – 2.7 – 2.7 0.2 2.9 64 Report of Management on the Financial Statements The management of the company is responsible for the integrity of its financial statements. These statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and include amounts based on the best estimates and judgments of management. Financial information included elsewhere in this report is consistent with that in the financial statements. KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the company’s financial statements. Its accompanying report is based on an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). The Board of Directors, through its Audit and Finance Committee, which is composed entirely of independent directors, oversees management’s responsibilities in the preparation of the financial statements and selects the independent registered public accounting firm, subject to stockholder ratification. The Audit and Finance Committee meets regularly with the independent registered public accounting firm, representatives of management, and the internal auditors to review the activities of each and to assure that each is properly discharging its responsibilities. To ensure complete independence, the internal auditors and representatives of KPMG LLP have full access to meet with the Audit and Finance Committee, with or without management representatives present, to discuss the results of their audits and their observations on the adequacy of internal controls and the quality of financial reporting. Peter Altabef President and Chief Executive Officer Inder M. Singh Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 65 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on the Financial Statements To the stockholders and board of directors Unisys Corporation: Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Unisys Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, deficit and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 12, 2018 expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Basis for Opinion These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania March 12, 2018 66 Report of Management on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting The management of the company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. The company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of the financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management assessed the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment and those criteria, we identified the following deficiencies in our internal control described below. Our risk assessment procedures over Technology revenue did not adequately identify risks and consider changes in business operations and the demands on personnel created by the efforts required to adopt the new revenue accounting pronouncement that will impact future financial reporting. As a result, the company had missing process level controls and insufficient trained personnel to operate process level controls over the measurement and recognition of multiple-element arrangements within Technology revenue. Although no material misstatements were identified in our consolidated financial statements, these control deficiencies resulted in immaterial misstatements in the preliminary consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017 related to Technology revenue and deferred revenue that were corrected. However, the control deficiencies create a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement in the company’s consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis and we concluded that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 was not effective due to a material weakness in internal control. KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the company’s financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, as part of its audit, has issued an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, which is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K on page 68. Peter Altabef Inder M. Singh President and Chief Executive Officer Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 67 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting To the stockholders and board of directors Unisys Corporation: Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting We have audited Unisys Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness, described below, on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, deficit, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 12, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness related to ineffective risk assessment procedures, insufficient trained personnel, and ineffective process level control activities over Technology revenue has been identified and included in management’s assessment. The material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2017 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report on those consolidated financial statements. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures 68 that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania March 12, 2018 69 Unisys Corporation Supplemental Financial Data (Unaudited) Quarterly financial information 2017 Revenue Gross profit Income (loss) before income taxes Net income (loss) attributable to Unisys Corporation common shareholders Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Unisys Corporation Basic Diluted Market price per share – high – low 2016 Revenue Gross profit Income (loss) before income taxes Net income (loss) attributable to Unisys Corporation common shareholders Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to Unisys Corporation Basic Diluted Market price per share – high – low First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Year $ 664.5 $ 666.2 $ 666.3 $744.8 $2,741.8 120.2 102.5 86.1 169.5 (16.8) (32.7) (42.3) (42.0) (40.4) (41.1) (0.65) (0.65) (0.83) (0.83) (0.81) (0.81) 27.4 50.5 1.00 0.76 478.3 (72.1) (65.3) (1.30) (1.30) $ 15.25 $ 14.15 $ 13.25 $ 9.15 $ 15.25 11.55 10.75 6.90 7.20 6.90 $ 666.8 $ 748.9 $ 683.3 $721.7 $2,820.7 98.5 178.3 121.6 160.2 (33.2) (39.9) (0.80) (0.80) 12.00 7.10 44.3 21.6 0.43 0.36 8.58 6.72 (15.2) 24.6 (28.2) (1.2) (0.56) (0.02) (0.56) (0.02) 10.70 16.70 6.74 8.95 558.6 20.5 (47.7) (0.95) (0.95) 16.70 6.72 In the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2017, the company recorded pretax cost-reduction and other charges of $25.4 million, $27.5 million, $46.1 million and $47.8 million, respectively. See Note 3, “Cost reduction actions,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. In the first, second, third and fourth quarters of 2016, the company recorded pretax cost-reduction and other charges of $26.9 million, $10.2 million, $31.9 million and $13.1 million, respectively. See Note 3, “Cost reduction actions,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The individual quarterly per-share amounts may not total to the per-share amount for the full year because of accounting rules governing the computation of earnings per share. 70 Five-year summary of selected financial data (Dollars in millions, except per share data) 2017(a) 2016(a) 2015(a) 2014 2013 Results of operations Revenue Operating profit (loss) Income (loss) before income taxes Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests Net income (loss) attributable to Unisys Corporation common shareholders Earnings (loss) per common share Basic Diluted Financial position Total assets Long-term debt Deficit Other data Capital additions of properties Capital additions of outsourcing assets Investment in marketable software Depreciation and amortization Properties Outsourcing assets Amortization of marketable software Common shares outstanding (millions) Stockholders of record (thousands) Employees (thousands) $ 2,741.8 $ 2,820.7 $ 3,015.1 $3,356.4 $3,456.5 4.6 (72.1) (1.3) (65.3) (1.30) (1.30) 47.6 20.5 11.0 (55.1) (58.8) 6.7 (47.7) (109.9) 154.9 145.5 12.6 44.0 (0.95) (0.95) (2.20) (2.20) 0.89 0.89 219.5 219.4 11.6 92.3 2.10 2.08 $ 2,542.4 $ 2,021.6 $ 2,130.0 $2,321.0 $2,497.8 633.9 194.0 233.7 219.2 205.9 (1,326.5) (1,647.4) (1,378.6) (1,452.4) (663.9) $ 25.8 $ 32.5 $ 49.6 $ 53.3 $ 47.2 86.3 64.4 39.7 53.7 63.1 50.5 5.6 20.5 51.3 63.3 38.9 51.9 64.8 50.1 6.0 21.0 102.0 62.1 57.5 55.7 66.9 49.9 6.2 23.0 85.9 73.6 52.0 58.1 58.5 49.7 11.1 23.2 39.9 64.3 46.7 53.5 59.4 44.0 11.8 22.8 (a) Includes pretax cost reduction and other charges of $146.8 million, $82.1 million and $118.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 3, “Cost reduction actions,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. 71 Stock Performance The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on Unisys common stock during the five fiscal years ended December 31, 2017, with the cumulative total return on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and the Standard & Poor’s 500 IT Services Index. The comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2012, in Unisys common stock and in each of such indices and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. Unisys Corporation S&P 500 S&P 500 IT Services S R A L L O D $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 Unisys Corporation $ 100 $ 194 $ 170 S&P 500 $ 100 $ 132 $ 151 S&P 500 IT Services $ 100 $ 126 $ 133 2015 $ 64 $153 $142 2016 $ 86 $171 $156 2017 $ 47 $208 $205 72 Investor Information Stock Information • Common Stock: The company has the authority to issue 150 million shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share. At December 31, 2017, there were approximately 50.5 million shares outstanding and approximately 5,600 stockholders of record. Unisys common stock is listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange (trading symbol “UIS”) and the London Stock Exchange (code “USY”). • Preferred Stock: The company has the authority to issue 40 million shares of preferred stock, par value $1 per share, issuable in series. At December 31, 2017, there were no shares of preferred stock outstanding. • Voting Rights: Each share of Unisys common stock outstanding on the record date for the annual meeting is entitled to one vote on each matter to be voted upon at the meeting. Annual Meeting Stockholders are invited to attend the Unisys 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be held at the Courtyard Philadelphia Downtown, which is located at 21 North Juniper Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 26, 2018, at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time. Formal notice of the meeting, along with the proxy statement and proxy materials, was mailed or otherwise made available on or about March 16, 2018, to stockholders of record as of February 26, 2018. Independent Auditors KPMG LLP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Stockholder Services Computershare Inc. is the company’s stock transfer agent and registrar. Note: Effective October 23, 2009, Unisys declared a one-for-ten reverse split of its common stock. Pre-split stock certificates must be submitted for exchange into post-split shares. If you are holding pre-split stock certificates, please contact Computershare. Administrative inquiries relating to stockholder records, lost stock certificates, change of ownership or change of address should be directed to: Unisys Corporation, c/o Computershare, PO BOX 505000, Louisville, KY 40233-5000. Account Access & Share Selling Program: www.computershare.com/investor Telephone within the U.S. and Canada: • Telephone toll free: 866-405-6564 • TDD for hearing impaired: 800-231-5469 Telephone outside the U.S.: • Telephone: 201-680-6578 • TDD for hearing impaired: 201-680-6610 Investor Relations • Web Site: The Unisys Investor Web site at www.unisys.com/investor-relations provides news and events as well as quarterly earnings releases and financial data, Unisys stock price and tools, officer and board biographies, corporate governance materials, annual reports and more. We invite you to visit www.unisys.com/investor-relations to learn more about Unisys. • Email: Unisys provides investor-related news releases, SEC filings, webcast and event details, and daily/weekly stock information via email. To sign up for email or to amend your current investor e-mail selection, visit www.unisys.com/ investor-relations. • Printed Materials: Visit www.unisys.com/investor-relations to select from the current list of printed materials offered. Printed materials also may be requested by calling 215-986-6999. • General Investor Inquiries and Correspondence: Investors with general questions about the company are invited to contact Unisys Investor Relations by calling 215-986-6999, emailing us at investor@unisys.com, or writing to us at: Investor Relations, Unisys Corporation, 801 Lakeview Drive, Suite 100, Blue Bell, PA 19422. For more information, visit www.unisys.com/investor-relations 73 Statements made by Unisys in this annual report that are not historical facts, including those regarding future performance, are forward-looking statements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ from expectations. These risks and uncertainties are discussed in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis section under “Factors that may affect future results.” © 2018 Unisys Corporation. All rights reserved. Unisys and other Unisys product and service names mentioned herein, as well as their respective logos, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Unisys Corporation. All other trademarks referenced herein are the property of their respective owners. Printed in the United States of America 3/18 18-0056 

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