Vector Group
Annual Report 2020

Plain-text annual report

2020 Stockholders’ Report April 5, 2021 Dear Fellow Stockholder: This past year will be remembered as one of the most challenging and transformative in modern history. We experienced an unprecedented global health crisis and extend our gratitude to our nation’s heroic healthcare professionals, first responders and other essential workers for their bravery and sacrifice. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted businesses across all industries, and Vector Group was no exception. While our tobacco segment increased unit volume and profits, we took the necessary steps to position our real estate business for future success, including implementing comprehensive cost-saving measures throughout the organization. We are proud of our 2020 results, and appreciative of the resilience of our employees who rallied in the face of adversity and demonstrated their commitment to the Company. To our entire Vector Group team — thank you. Financial Performance Vector Group reported record revenues of $2.0 billion in 2020, compared to revenues of $1.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2019. Net income was $92.9 million in 2020, or $0.60 per diluted share, compared to $101.0 million, or $0.63 per diluted share, in 2019. The Company recorded Adjusted EBITDA(1) of $333.4 million in 2020, compared to $259.4 million in the 2019 period, and Adjusted Net Income(1) of $139.5 million, or $0.91 per diluted share, compared to $110.1 million, or $0.70 per diluted share, in the 2019 period. Our strong balance sheet supported the adjustments we needed to make in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. We continued to maintain significant liquidity at December 31, 2020 with cash and cash equivalents of $353 million, including cash of $94 million at Douglas Elliman and $45 million at Liggett. In addition, at December 31, 2020, we held investment securities and investment partnership interests with a value of $188 million. In January 2021, we took advantage of favorable capital markets and a historically low interest rate environment to refinance our $850 million of 6.125% senior secured notes due 2025 with $875 million of 5.75% senior secured notes due 2029. Tobacco Business Our tobacco business reported record results in 2020 with $1.205 billion in revenues, compared to $1.115 billion for the prior year. Our results continue to validate our market strategy and reflect our competitive advantages within the discount segment, including broad-based distribution, consumer-focused programs, and exceptional sales team execution. Liggett’s performance reflects our emphasis on prioritizing the health and well-being of our employees. We are proud of Liggett’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic as it proactively closed its cigarette factory when the pandemic was declared and implemented appropriately designed safety protocols before reopening two weeks later. As a result of this swift planning and sound execution, Liggett served its customers well during a challenging year. Importantly, Liggett fulfilled all orders and shipments on schedule and, at retail, continued to efficiently execute its two-brand strategy. These efforts led to record operating income in 2020 for our tobacco segment of $319.5 million, compared to $261.6 million in 2019. Tobacco Adjusted Operating Income(1) in 2020 was $320.2 million, compared to $262.6 million in 2019. The increase in Tobacco Adjusted Operating Income(1) was the result of higher gross profit margins associated with higher net pricing, increased unit volumes and the increased value of Liggett’s annual MSA market share exemption. The increase in value of Liggett’s MSA market share exemption reflected stronger U.S. industry cigarette volumes in 2020 and the annual inflation adjustment to the MSA. Like some other consumer product categories, cigarette industry volumes outperformed recent historical trends and benefited from increased consumer demand related to changes in underlying cigarette purchasing and consumption patterns associated with the pandemic. Our flagship Eagle 20’s brand outperformed expectations in 2020 and we remain optimistic about its increasing profit contributions and long-term potential. The results of our Tobacco segment also reflect the resilience and strong distribution footprint of Pyramid, which continues to deliver substantial profit and market presence to the Company. We remain committed to building on our long-term strategy to increase volume and margin and will continue to opportunistically evaluate earnings and growth prospects. With that in mind, and after identifying volume growth opportunities, in August 2020 we expanded the distribution of our Montego brand to an additional 10 states, primarily in the southeast and we remain pleased with the initial marketplace response. Finally, while we are always subject to industry and general market risks, we remain confident we have effective programs in place to continue operating our tobacco business efficiently while supporting market share and profit growth. Real Estate Business For the year ended December 31, 2020, New Valley had revenues of $798.2 million, compared to $788.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. New Valley reported a net loss of $75.9 million — which included non-cash impairments of $58.3 million and restructuring charges and related asset write-offs of $4.6 million — compared to a net loss of $11.4 million in 2019. Additionally, Real Estate Adjusted EBITDA(1) attributed to the Company in 2020 increased to $21.8 million in 2020 from $6.1 million in 2019. Douglas Elliman. In 2020, Douglas Elliman’s revenues were $774 million, compared to $784 million in 2019. Douglas Elliman reported a net loss of $48.2 million — which included non-cash impairments of $58.3 million and restructuring charges and related asset write-offs of $4.6 million — compared to net income of $6.2 million in 2019. Douglas Elliman’s Adjusted EBITDA(1) improved significantly from $5.3 million in 2019 to $22.1 million in 2020, due in large part to its response to the pandemic. We attribute this success to the strength and talent of our 6,700 agents and 750 employees. Our agents demonstrated resilience as they experienced unprecedented challenges at the onset of the pandemic, including restrictions from performing in-person property showings or conducting open houses. In addition to introducing regular virtual townhalls to enhance communication and promote a spirit of camaraderie, management responded quickly to COVID-19 restrictions by implementing necessary expense-reduction initiatives which reduced operating expenses from $261 million in 2019 to $213 million (excluding restructuring charges and asset write-offs) in 2020. We have long believed our team sets us apart from other residential real estate brokerage firms. And we were extremely proud when Forbes recognized Douglas Elliman in its 2021 list of America’s best employers. This recognition is a testament to the hard work and dedication of the Douglas Elliman family, and we congratulate the team for this well-deserved honor. Toward the end of 2020, we began to see positive momentum, with record revenues in the fourth quarter of 2020 that increased by 50% compared to the fourth quarter of 2019. Closed sales continued to improve in all markets complementary to New York City, including the Hamptons, Palm Beach, Miami, Aspen and Los Angeles. Additionally, our New York City business began to stabilize in the fourth quarter, and we remain well positioned to benefit from any recovery. We believe the revenue increases are a direct result of recent investments made in these markets, which not only strengthened the Douglas Elliman brand, but also provided a growing revenue base as markets reopened during the pandemic. We are confident that this expanded revenue base, combined with our cost reduction initiatives, will continue to provide long-term upside to Vector Group’s stockholders. Property Technology (“PropTech”) Investments. As Douglas Elliman continues to grow, its agents are increasingly requesting and requiring access to superior technology and additional services to support their business, enhance client and customer service as well as increase their productivity. We expect this trend to continue and accelerate in the future. Consequently, we have increased our focus on investing in the rapidly expanding PropTech industry. PropTech investments offer an innovative approach to enhance the real estate experience by offering research analytics and services around the acquisition, management and disposal of real estate. New Valley, through its subsidiary New Valley Ventures LLC, is actively seeking to capitalize on its unique real estate knowledge and experience by investing in PropTech ventures that will both supplement and enhance the technology-based experience of Douglas Elliman’s agents and the general real estate industry as well as improve the operating efficiency of New Valley. Board of Directors Update I am pleased to report that we are continuing to enhance our leadership team. Richard J. Lampen, our long-time Executive Vice President, was recently appointed Chief Operating Officer and a member of our Board. His broad executive experience and deep operational understanding of the Company from serving in a variety of senior leadership roles for Vector Group and its affiliates since 1995 make him a valuable addition to our Board and the natural fit to be COO. As we demonstrated in 2020, our Board and management team are committed to generating long-term value for stockholders. We are always assessing compelling opportunities and potential initiatives to enhance our market position, and we remain optimistic about our tobacco and real estate businesses. On behalf of all of us at Vector Group, we thank our stockholders, employees and customers for their dedication, support and confidence. Very truly yours, Howard M. Lorber President and Chief Executive Officer (1) Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income, Tobacco Adjusted Operating Income, Real Estate Adjusted EBITDA and Douglas Elliman’s Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures and should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Income, Tobacco Adjusted Operating Income, Real Estate Adjusted EBITDA and Douglas Elliman’s Adjusted EBITDA are included in Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s earnings release on Form 8-K, furnished with the Securities Exchange Commission on February 25, 2021. This letter includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities law. All statements other than statements of historical or current fact, including statements regarding the impact or anticipated impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, made in this letter are forward-looking. We identify forward-looking statements in this document by using words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may be,” “objective,” “opportunistically,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “prospects,” “seek,” and “will be” as well as similar words or phrases or their negatives. Forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations and are inherently uncertain. Actual results could differ materially for a variety of reasons. Risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ significantly from our current expectations are described in our 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K. We undertake no responsibility to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement except as required by applicable law. [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K ☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For The Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2020 ☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 VECTOR GROUP LTD. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation incorporation or organization) 1-5759 Commission File Number 65-0949535 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 4400 Biscayne Boulevard Miami, Florida 33137 305-579-8000 (Address, including zip code and telephone number, including area code, of the principal executive offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of each class: Common stock, par value $0.10 per share Trading Symbol(s) VGR Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Name of each exchange on which registered: New York Stock Exchange Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☑ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Accelerated filer ☐ Large accelerated filer ☑ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging Growth Company ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of Vector Group Ltd. as of June 30, 2020 was approximately $1.43 billion. At February 26, 2021, Vector Group Ltd. had 154,194,629 shares of common stock outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) from the definitive Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the Registrant’s fiscal year covered by this report. [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] VECTOR GROUP LTD. FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I Item 1. Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1A. Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 2. Item 3. Legal Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 6. Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 8. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Item 9. Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9A. Controls and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 9B. Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 11. Executive Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Item 16. Form 10-K Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SIGNATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 1 19 36 36 37 37 38 40 40 64 64 64 64 67 68 68 68 68 68 69 73 74 i [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] ITEM 1. BUSINESS Overview PART I Vector Group Ltd., a Delaware corporation, is a holding company and is engaged principally in two business segments: • • Tobacco: the manufacture and sale of cigarettes in the United States through our Liggett Group LLC (“Liggett”) and Vector Tobacco Inc. (“Vector Tobacco”) subsidiaries, and Real Estate: the real estate services, technology and investment business through our subsidiary New Valley LLC (“New Valley”), which (i) owns Douglas Elliman Realty, LLC (“Douglas Elliman”), (ii) has interests in numerous real estate projects across the United States and (iii) is seeking to acquire or invest in additional real estate services, technologies, properties or projects. Douglas Elliman operates the largest residential brokerage company in the New York metropolitan area and also conducts residential real estate brokerage operations in Florida, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Colorado, New Jersey and Texas. Strategy Our strategy is to maximize stockholder value by increasing the profitability of our subsidiaries in the following ways: Liggett and Vector Tobacco • • • • • • Continue to offer an excellent value proposition in the U.S. cigarette industry by consistently delivering high quality products within the discount segment; Capitalize on our tobacco subsidiaries’ cost advantage in the United States cigarette market due to the favorable treatment that they receive under the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”); Focus marketing and selling efforts on the discount segment, continue to build volume and margin in core discount brands (Eagle 20’s, Pyramid, Montego, Grand Prix, Liggett Select and Eve) and utilize core brand equity to selectively build distribution; Selectively expand the portfolio of partner brands and private label brands utilizing a pricing strategy that offers long-term price stability for customers; Increase operational efficiency by developing and adopting an organizational structure to maximize profit potential; and Identify, develop and launch relevant new tobacco products to the market in the future. New Valley • • • • Continue to grow Douglas Elliman’s operations by utilizing its strong brand name recognition and pursuing strategic and financial opportunities, including entry into new markets and expanding ancillary services, which are complementary to Douglas Elliman’s core residential brokerage business, offered to Douglas Elliman’s customers; Identifying and investing in property technology (“PropTech”) opportunities that, in addition to maximizing stockholder value, will supplement and enhance the technology-based experience of Douglas Elliman’s agents as well as create synergies to reduce operating expenses at Douglas Elliman; Continue to leverage our expertise as direct investors by actively pursuing real estate investments, including PropTech opportunities, in the United States and abroad; and Invest our excess funds opportunistically in real estate situations that we believe can maximize stockholder value. 1 Tobacco Operations General. Our Tobacco segment operates through our two subsidiaries, Liggett and Vector Tobacco. Liggett is the operating successor to Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company, which was founded in 1873. Vector Tobacco is a discount cigarette manufacturer selling product in the deep discount category. In this report, certain references to “Liggett” refer to our tobacco operations, including the business of Liggett and Vector Tobacco, unless otherwise specified. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Liggett was the fourth-largest manufacturer of cigarettes in the United States in terms of unit sales. Liggett’s manufacturing facilities are located in Mebane, North Carolina where it manufactures most of Vector Tobacco’s cigarettes pursuant to a contract manufacturing agreement. At present, Liggett and Vector Tobacco have no foreign operations. The U.S. cigarette market consists of premium cigarettes, which are generally marketed under well-recognized brand names at higher retail prices to adult smokers with a strong preference for branded products, and discount cigarettes, which are marketed at lower retail prices to adult smokers who are more value conscious. In recent years, however, the discounting of premium cigarettes has become far more significant in the marketplace. Since 2004, Liggett has only produced discount cigarettes and all of Liggett’s units sold in 2020, 2019 and 2018 were in the discount segment. According to data from Management Science Associates, Inc., the discount segment represented 28.6% of the total U.S. cigarette market in 2020 compared to 28.3% in 2019 and 27.7% in 2018. Liggett’s domestic shipments of approximately 9.2 billion cigarettes during 2020 accounted for 4.1% of the total cigarettes shipped in the United States during such year. Liggett’s market share was 4.1% in 2020, 4.0% in 2019 and 4.0% in 2018. According to Management Science Associates, Liggett held a share of approximately 14.2% of the overall discount market segment for 2020 compared to 14.3% for 2019 and 14.3% for 2018. Liggett produces cigarettes in approximately 100 combinations of length, style and packaging. Liggett’s current brand portfolio includes: • • Eagle 20’s — a brand positioned in the deep discount segment for long-term growth re-launched as a national brand in 2013; Eagle 20’s represented 62.0% of Liggett’s unit volume in 2020, 59.9% in 2019 and 53.5% in 2018. Eagle 20’s is the largest seller in Liggett’s family of brands, Pyramid — the industry’s first deep discount product with a brand identity re-launched in the second quarter of 2009; Pyramid represented 23.2% of Liggett’s unit volume in 2020, 26.5% in 2019 and 32.5% in 2018, • • Montego — In August 2020, Liggett expanded the distribution of its Montego deep discount brand by 10 states, primarily located in the southeast. Prior to August 2020, Montego was sold in select targeted markets in four states. Grand Prix — re-launched as a national brand in 2005, Liggett Select — a discount category brand originally launched in 1999, Eve — a 120-millimeter cigarette in the branded discount category, and USA and various partner brands and private label brands. • • • Under the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”) reached in November 1998 with 46 states and various territories, cigarette manufacturers selling product in the U.S. must make settlement payments to the states and territories based on how many cigarettes they sell annually. Liggett, however, is not required to make any payments unless its market share exceeds its grandfathered market share established under the MSA of approximately 1.65% of the U.S. cigarette market. Additionally, Vector Tobacco has no payment obligation unless its market share exceeds approximately 0.28% of the U.S. cigarette market. We believe our tobacco subsidiaries have gained a sustainable cost advantage over their competitors as a result of the settlement. Liggett’s and Vector Tobacco’s payments under the MSA are based on each respective company’s incremental market share above the grandfathered market share applicable to each respective company. Thus, if Liggett’s total market share is 3%, its MSA payment is based on 1.35%, which is the difference between Liggett’s total market share of 3% and its approximate applicable grandfathered market share of 1.65%. We anticipate that both Liggett’s and Vector Tobacco’s payment exemptions will be fully utilized for the foreseeable future. 2 The source of industry data in this report is Management Science Associates, Inc., an independent third-party data management organization that collects wholesale and retail shipment data from various cigarette manufacturers and distributors and provides analysis of market share unit sales volume for individual companies and the industry as a whole. Management Science Associates, Inc.’s information relating to unit sales volume and market share of certain smaller, primarily deep discount, cigarette manufacturers is based on estimates developed by Management Science Associates, Inc. Business Strategy. Liggett’s business strategy is to capitalize on its cost advantage in the United States cigarette market resulting from the favorable treatment our tobacco subsidiaries receive under our settlement agreements with the states and territories. Liggett’s long-term business strategy is to build incremental value by ensuring its product management efforts provide superior products in the discount market and focusing its marketing and selling efforts on building volume and margin in its core discount brands (Eagle 20’s, Pyramid, Montego, Grand Prix, Liggett Select and Eve) and to utilize its core brand equity to selectively build distribution. Liggett will continue to seek increases in efficiency by developing and adapting its organizational structure to maximize profit potential. Sales, Marketing and Distribution. Liggett’s products are distributed from a central distribution center in Mebane, North Carolina to 15 public warehouses located throughout the United States by third-party trucking companies. These warehouses serve as local distribution centers for Liggett’s customers. Liggett’s customers are primarily wholesalers and distributors of tobacco and convenience products as well as large grocery, drug and convenience store chains. Two customers accounted for 18% and 12% of Liggett’s revenues in 2020, 17% and 12% of Liggett’s revenues in 2019, and 18% and 12% of Liggett’s revenues in 2018. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables are generally limited due to Liggett’s large number of customers. Liggett’s two largest customers, represented approximately 5% and 4%, respectively, of net accounts receivable at December 31, 2020, 2% and 4%, respectively, at December 31, 2019, and 11% and 4%, respectively, at December 31, 2018. Ongoing credit evaluations of customers’ financial condition are performed and, generally, no security is required. Liggett maintains appropriate reserves for potential credit losses and such losses, in the aggregate, have not exceeded management’s expectations. Trademarks. All of the major trademarks used by Liggett are federally registered or are in the process of being registered in the United States and other markets. Trademark registrations typically have a duration of ten years and can be renewed at Liggett’s option prior to their expiration date. In view of the significance of cigarette brand awareness among consumers, management believes that the protection afforded by these trademarks is material to the conduct of its business. These trademarks are pledged as collateral for certain of our senior secured debt. Manufacturing. Liggett purchases and maintains leaf tobacco inventory to support its cigarette manufacturing requirements. Liggett believes that there is a sufficient worldwide supply of tobacco to satisfy its current production requirements. Liggett stores its leaf tobacco inventory in warehouses in North Carolina and Virginia. There are several different types of leaf tobacco, including flue-cured, burley, Maryland, oriental, cut stems and reconstituted sheet. Leaf components of American-style cigarettes are generally the flue-cured and burley tobaccos. While premium and discount brands use many of the same tobacco products, input ratios of these products may vary between premium and discount products. Liggett purchases its tobacco requirements from both domestic and foreign leaf dealers, much of it under long-term purchase commitments. As of December 31, 2020, the majority of Liggett’s commitments were for the purchase of foreign tobacco. Liggett’s cigarette manufacturing facility was designed for the execution of short production runs in a cost-effective manner, which enables Liggett to manufacture and market approximately 100 different cigarette brand styles. Liggett’s facility produced approximately 8.9 billion cigarettes in 2020, but maintains the capacity to produce approximately 17.4 billion cigarettes per year. Vector Tobacco has contracted with Liggett to produce most of its cigarettes at Liggett’s manufacturing facility in Mebane. Competition. Liggett’s competition is divided into two segments. The first segment consists of the three largest manufacturers of cigarettes in the United States: Philip Morris USA Inc. (“Philip Morris”), which is owned by Altria Group, Inc., RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (“RJ Reynolds”), which is owned by 3 British American Tobacco Plc, and ITG Brands LLC, which is owned by Imperial Brands Plc. These three manufacturers, while primarily premium cigarette-based companies, also produce and sell discount cigarettes. The second segment of competition is comprised of a group of smaller manufacturers and importers, most of which sell deep discount cigarettes. Historically, there have been substantial barriers to entry into the cigarette business, including extensive distribution organizations, large capital outlays for sophisticated production equipment, substantial inventory investment, costly promotional spending, regulated advertising and, for premium brands, strong brand loyalty. However, after the MSA was signed, some smaller manufacturers and importers that are not parties to the MSA (“Non-Participating Manufacturers”) were able to overcome these competitive barriers due to an unintended cost advantage resulting from the MSA. These Non-Participating Manufacturers were subsequently impacted by the state statutes enacted pursuant to the MSA; however, these companies still have significant market share in the aggregate through competitive discounting in this segment. In the cigarette business, Liggett competes on dual fronts. Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds compete among themselves for premium brand market share based on advertising, promotional activities, trade rebates and incentives. They compete with Liggett and others for discount market share, primarily on the basis of price and in store merchandising. These competitors have substantially greater financial resources than Liggett, and most of their brands have greater sales and consumer recognition than Liggett’s products. Liggett’s discount brands must also compete in the marketplace with the smaller manufacturers’ and importers’ deep discount brands. According to Management Science Associates Inc.’s data, the unit sales of Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds accounted in the aggregate for 74% of the domestic cigarette market in 2020. Liggett’s domestic shipments of approximately 9.2 billion cigarettes during 2020 accounted for 4.1% of the approximately 226 billion cigarettes shipped in the United States, compared to 9.0 billion cigarettes in 2019 (4.0%) and 9.4 billion cigarettes in 2018 (4.0%). From 2015 to 2019, industry-wide shipments of cigarettes in the United States declined at a compounded rate of 3.4% per annum, however, according to Management Science Associates Inc.’s data, domestic industry-wide shipments increased by 1.5% (approximately 3.4 billion units) in 2020. Despite this increase, which Liggett’s management believes was the result of increased consumer demand related to changes in underlying cigarette purchasing patterns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, Liggett’s management believes that industry-wide shipments of cigarettes in the United States will continue to decline as a result of numerous factors. These factors include health considerations, diminishing social acceptance of smoking, and a wide variety of federal, state and local laws limiting smoking in public places, as well as increases in federal and state excise taxes and settlement-related expenses which have contributed to higher cigarette prices in recent years. Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds dominate the domestic cigarette market, controlling approximately 74% of the U.S. cigarette market in 2020, which makes it more difficult for Liggett to compete for shelf space in retail outlets and could impact price competition in the market, either of which could have a material adverse effect on its sales volume, operating income and cash flows. Historically, because of their dominant market share, Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds, the two largest cigarette manufacturers, have been able to determine cigarette prices for the various pricing tiers within the industry. Market pressures have historically caused other cigarette manufacturers to bring their prices in line with the levels established by these two major manufacturers. Off-list price discounting and similar promotional activity by manufacturers, however, has substantially affected the average price differential at retail, which can be significantly less than the manufacturers’ list price gap. In addition, in recent years, the discount segment has experienced increased price competition from smaller manufacturers and this has led to more aggressive price discounting of certain “deep discount” brands when compared to “traditional discount” brands. Consequently, changes in the price gap of products at retail between “deep discount” and “traditional discount” has led to shifts in price segment performance. Legislation and Regulation In the United States, tobacco products are subject to substantial and increasing legislation, regulation, taxation, and litigation, which have a negative effect on revenue and profitability. 4 The cigarette industry continues to be challenged on numerous fronts. The industry faces increased pressure from anti-smoking groups and continued smoking and health litigation, the effects of which, at this time, we are unable to quantify. Product liability litigation, particularly in Florida in the Engle progeny cases, continues to adversely affect the cigarette industry. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors”, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” and Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements, which contain a description of litigation. The harmful physical effects of cigarette smoking have been publicized for many years and, in the opinion of Liggett’s management, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on cigarette sales. Since 1964, the Surgeon General of the United States and the Secretary of Health and Human Services have released a number of reports stating that cigarette smoking is a causative factor with respect to a variety of health hazards, including certain cancers and heart and lung disease and have recommended various government actions to reduce the incidence of smoking. In 1997, Liggett publicly acknowledged that, as the Surgeon General and respected medical researchers have found, smoking causes health problems, including lung cancer, heart and vascular disease, and emphysema. On June 22, 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (the “TCA”) became law. The law grants the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) broad authority over the manufacture, sale, marketing and packaging of tobacco products, although FDA is prohibited from banning all cigarettes or all smokeless tobacco products. Among other measures, the law (under various deadlines): • • • • • • • • • • • • requires FDA to develop graphic warnings for cigarette packages and grants FDA authority to require new warnings; imposes new restrictions on the sale and distribution of tobacco products, including significant new restrictions on tobacco product advertising and promotion, as well as the use of brand and trade names; bans the use of “light,” “mild,” “low” or similar descriptors on tobacco products; bans the use of “characterizing flavors” in cigarettes other than tobacco or menthol; gives FDA the authority to impose tobacco product standards that are appropriate for the protection of the public health (by, for example, requiring reduction or elimination of the use of particular constituents or components, requiring product testing, or addressing other aspects of tobacco product construction, constituents, properties or labeling); requires manufacturers to obtain FDA review and authorization for the marketing of certain new or modified tobacco products which could ultimately result in FDA prohibiting Liggett from selling certain of its products; requires pre-market approval by FDA for tobacco products represented (through labels, labeling, advertising, or other means) as presenting a lower risk of harm or tobacco-related disease; requires manufacturers to report ingredients and harmful constituents and requires FDA to disclose certain constituent information to the public; mandates that manufacturers test and report on ingredients and constituents identified by FDA as requiring such testing to protect the public health and allows FDA to require the disclosure of testing results to the public; requires manufacturers to submit to FDA certain information regarding the health, toxicological, behavioral or physiological effects of tobacco products; requires FDA to establish “good manufacturing practices” to be followed at manufacturing facilities; tobacco authorizes FDA to require the reduction of nicotine (although it may not require the reduction of nicotine yields of a tobacco product to zero) and the potential reduction or elimination of other constituents, including menthol; 5 • • imposes (and allows FDA to impose) various recordkeeping and reporting requirements on tobacco product manufacturers; and grants FDA broad regulatory authority to impose additional restrictions. The TCA imposes user fees on certain tobacco product manufacturers in order to fund tobacco-related FDA activities. User fees are allocated among tobacco product classes according to a formula set out in the statute, and then among manufacturers and importers within each class based on market share. FDA user fees for 2020 were $24,842 for Liggett and Vector Tobacco combined and will likely increase in the future. The law also required establishment of a Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (“TPSAC”) to provide advice, information and recommendations with respect to safety, dependence and health issues related to tobacco products. Menthol and Flavorings the use of menthol TPSAC completed its review of in cigarettes and issued a report with recommendations to FDA in March 2011. The report stated that “removal of menthol cigarettes from the marketplace would benefit public health in the United States,” but did not expressly recommend that FDA ban menthol cigarettes. In July 2013, FDA made available its preliminary scientific evaluation (“PSE”) of public health issues related to the use of menthol in cigarettes, in which it concluded that menthol cigarettes likely pose a public health risk above that seen with non-menthol cigarettes. FDA also issued and accepted public comment on an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“ANPR”) seeking input related to potential regulatory options it might consider in determining what future regulatory action, if any, it believes is warranted. A decision by FDA to ban menthol in tobacco products could have a material adverse effect on us. In July 2014, the federal district court for the District of Columbia ruled on cross-motions for summary judgment in a lawsuit brought by several cigarette manufacturers against FDA challenging the composition of the TPSAC. The district court granted, in part, the manufacturers’ motion for summary judgment, ordering FDA to reconstitute the TPSAC and barring the agency from relying in any manner on the March 2011 TPSAC report on menthol. FDA appealed the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. In January 2016, the D.C. Circuit vacated the district court’s decision due to the manufacturers’ lack of standing and lifted the prohibition on FDA relying on the March 2011 TPSAC report. The D.C. Circuit’s decision does not preclude future challenges if FDA ultimately relies on the March 2011 TPSAC report to restrict or ban menthol in cigarettes. In July 2017, FDA announced a comprehensive plan for Tobacco and Nicotine Regulation. As part of this comprehensive plan, FDA announced its intent to issue an ANPR requesting public stakeholder input on the impact of flavors (including menthol) on increased initiation among youth and young adults, as well as assisting adult smokers to switch to potentially less harmful forms of nicotine delivery. In 2020, approximately 19% of our cigarette unit sales were menthol flavored. FDA issued this ANPR on March 21, 2018, seeking comments, data, research results, or other information about, among other things, how flavors attract youth to initiate tobacco product use and about whether and how certain flavors may help adult cigarette smokers reduce cigarette use and switch to potentially less harmful products. In the ANPR, FDA stated that potential regulatory actions include, but are not limited to, tobacco product standards and restrictions on the sale and distribution of tobacco products with flavors. We cannot predict how a tobacco product standard or a restriction on the sale and distribution of tobacco products with menthol, if ultimately issued by FDA, will impact product sales, whether it will have a material adverse effect on Liggett or Vector Tobacco, or whether it will impact Liggett and Vector Tobacco to a greater degree than other companies in the industry. In December 2019, Massachusetts enacted a ban on the sale of menthol cigarettes effective June 1, 2020. Although certain municipalities throughout the United States have banned the sale of menthol cigarettes, Massachusetts is the first state to do so. We cannot predict how the menthol ban in Massachusetts will impact product sales, whether it will have a material adverse effect on Liggett or Vector Tobacco, or whether it will impact Liggett and Vector Tobacco to a greater degree than other companies in the industry. We also cannot predict whether other states will enact similar bans on the sale of menthol cigarettes. 6 Minimum Age of Sale for Tobacco Products On December 20, 2019, President Trump signed into law the Tobacco-Free Youth Act, increasing the national age of sale for tobacco products from 18 to 21 years of age. The law took effect immediately. We cannot predict how the change in the minimum age of sale will impact product sales, whether it will have a material adverse effect on Liggett or Vector Tobacco, or whether it will impact Liggett and Vector Tobacco to a greater degree than other companies in the industry. Advertising and Warnings on Packaging The TCA imposes significant new restrictions on the advertising and promotion of tobacco products. For example, as required under the law, FDA reissued certain regulations previously issued in 1996 (which were struck down by the Supreme Court in 2000 as beyond FDA’s then authority). Subject to limitations imposed by a federal injunction (discussed below), these regulations took effect on June 22, 2010. As written, these regulations significantly limit the ability of manufacturers, distributors and retailers to advertise and promote tobacco products, by, for example, restricting the use of color and graphics in advertising, limiting the use of outdoor advertising, restricting the sale and distribution of non-tobacco items and services, gifts, and sponsorship of events, and imposing restrictions on the use for cigarette or smokeless tobacco products of trade or brand names that are used for nontobacco products. In August 2009, several cigarette manufacturers filed a federal lawsuit against FDA challenging the constitutionality of a number of the restrictions imposed by the TCA, including the ban on color and graphics in advertising, the color graphic and non-graphic warning label requirement, limits on the right to make truthful statements regarding modified risk tobacco products, restrictions on the placement of outdoor advertising, and the ban on the distribution of product samples. In March 2012, a federal appellate court let stand many of the advertising and promotion restrictions, but held that the ban on the use of color and graphics in advertising was unconstitutional. In April 2010, a number of cigarette manufacturers filed a federal lawsuit challenging the TCA restrictions on trade or brand names based upon First Amendment and other grounds. In May 2010, FDA issued a guidance document indicating that FDA was aware of concerns regarding the trade and brand name restrictions and while the agency was considering the matter, it intended to exercise its enforcement discretion and not commence trade or brand name enforcement actions for the duration of its consideration where: (1) the trade or brand name of the cigarettes or smokeless tobacco product was registered, or the product was marketed, in the United States on or before June 22, 2009; or (2) the first marketing or registration in the United States of the tobacco product occurs before the first marketing or registration in the United States of the non-tobacco product bearing the same name; provided, however, that the tobacco and non-tobacco product are not owned, manufactured, or distributed by the same, related, or affiliated entities (including as a licensee). The lawsuit was stayed by agreement of the parties. In November 2011, FDA issued a proposal to amend its trade name restrictions and, in November 2013, the lawsuit was dismissed. FDA’s proposal remains under consideration. We cannot predict the future impact of the proposed amendment. On March 18, 2020, FDA issued a final rule to require new health warnings on cigarette packages and in cigarette advertisements. This rule requires each cigarette package and advertisement to bear one of eleven textual warning statements accompanied by a corresponding graphic image covering 50% of the area of the front and rear panels of cigarette packages and at least 20% of the area at the top of cigarette advertisements. The rule establishes marketing requirements that include the random and equal display and distribution of the required warnings for cigarette packages and quarterly rotation of the required warnings for cigarette advertisements. The final rule provided for an effective date of June 18, 2021, 15 months after issuance of the final rule. The inclusion of new warnings and rotation requirements pursuant to the final rule would likely increase Liggett’s production costs. On April 3, 2020, Liggett, along with other tobacco companies, commenced an action against the FDA in the United States District Court, District of Texas (Tyler Division) challenging the legality of the graphic warning final rule. On May 8, 2020, the court issued an updated scheduling order and granted a joint motion to postpone the effective date of the final rule by 120 days to October 16, 2021. On December 2, 2020, the court granted a motion by the plaintiffs to postpone the effective date by an additional 90 days to January 14, 2022. 7 We cannot predict whether the court will delay the effective date and/or determine that some or all of the proposed textual and/or graphic warnings, or proposed prominence of the warnings, violate the First Amendment, Administrative Procedure Act, or other legal requirements, or what the impact of such a court ruling will have on the compliance timeline or requirements imposed on industry. FDA requires each tobacco manufacturer to submit a plan providing for the random and equal display and distribution of the required warnings on cigarette packaging and the quarterly rotation of the required warnings in cigarette advertising. FDA must review and approve the plan prior to implementation. Liggett and Vector Tobacco have each submitted a plan to FDA and the plans are currently under review. We cannot predict whether FDA will approve the plans or the timing of FDA’s decisions. Product Review The TCA requires premarket review of “new tobacco products.” A “new tobacco product” is one that was not commercially marketed in the United States as of February 15, 2007 or that was modified after that date. In general, before a company may commercially market a “new tobacco product,” it must either (a) submit an application and obtain an order from FDA permitting the product to be marketed; or (b) submit an application and receive an FDA order finding the product to be “substantially equivalent” to a “predicate” tobacco product that was commercially marketed in the U.S. as of February 15, 2007. A “substantially equivalent” tobacco product is one that has the “same characteristics” as the predicate or one that has “different characteristics” but does not raise “different questions of public health.” Manufacturers of products first introduced after February 15, 2007 and before March 22, 2011 who submitted a substantial equivalence application to FDA prior to March 23, 2011 may continue to market the tobacco product unless FDA issues an order that the product is not substantially equivalent (“NSE”). Failure to timely submit the application, or FDA’s conclusion that such a “new tobacco product” is not substantially equivalent, will cause the product to be deemed misbranded and/or adulterated. After March 22, 2011, a “new tobacco product” may not be marketed without an FDA substantial equivalence determination. Prior to the deadline, Liggett and Vector Tobacco submitted substantial equivalence applications to FDA for each of their respective cigarette brand styles. To date, Liggett has received NSE orders relating to 20 cigarette brand styles. With respect to the first six NSE orders, Liggett discontinued the cigarette brand styles subject to the orders. Sales of these discontinued cigarette brand styles were de minimis. With respect to NSE orders issued in September 2017 relating to 14 cigarette brand styles, Liggett has elected to pursue administrative appeals with FDA. Sales of these 14 cigarette brand styles accounted for approximately 0.7% of the tobacco segment’s annual revenue in 2020. Liggett is continuing to sell the affected cigarette brand styles during the administrative appeal process. Vector Tobacco received NSE orders relating to three cigarette brand styles in November 2017. Sales of these three cigarette brand styles accounted for approximately 0.4% of the tobacco segment’s annual revenue in 2020. Vector Tobacco elected to pursue administrative appeals with FDA and is continuing to sell the affected cigarette brand styles during the administrative appeal process. There can be no assurance as to the timing or outcome of these appeals and adverse decisions on the appeals could require these cigarettes or other cigarette styles to be removed from the market. On April 5, 2018, FDA announced a change in its process for reviewing “provisional” substantial equivalence applications. These are the substantial equivalence applications for the subset of tobacco products introduced into commercial distribution after February 15, 2007 and before March 22, 2011, that were permitted to remain on the market because substantial equivalence applications were submitted before March 22, 2011. Both Liggett and Vector Tobacco submitted provisional substantial equivalence applications before the deadline for all of their respective cigarette brand styles. FDA announced that it will continue to review the approximately 1,000 pending provisional applications that were determined to have the greatest potential to raise different questions of public health and will remove from review the approximately 1,500 provisional applications that were determined less likely to do so. As a result, Vector Tobacco received a letter from FDA in April 2018, advising that FDA does not intend to conduct further review of Vector Tobacco’s remaining substantial equivalence applications that have not yet received a substantial equivalence determination unless one of the following occurs: (i) the new tobacco product that is the subject of the provisional application is also the subject of another pending 8 application submitted by the same manufacturer; (ii) FDA receives new information (e.g., from inspectional findings) suggesting that the new tobacco product that is the subject of a provisional application is more likely to have the potential to raise different questions of public health than previously determined; or (iii) FDA has reason to believe that the new tobacco product was not introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate commerce for commercial distribution in the United States after February 15, 2007, and prior to March 22, 2011 ((i), (ii) and (iii) are collectively, the “Conditions”). Liggett also received a letter from FDA requesting additional information on certain products subject to provisional applications. The letter requested that Liggett certify the date on which each listed product was introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate commerce for commercial distribution in the United States between February 15, 2007 and March 22, 2011. On April 12, 2018, Liggett provided the requested certification for all of the products identified in the FDA letter. On May 21, 2018, FDA sent a letter to Liggett stating that the products identified in the letter would be removed from review unless one of the Conditions occurs. We cannot predict whether FDA will deem Liggett’s outstanding applications, including its responses to “Preliminary Finding” letters for pending substantial equivalence applications, to be sufficient to support determinations of substantial equivalence for the products covered by these substantial equivalence reports. It is possible that FDA could determine that some, or all, of these products are “not substantially equivalent” to a preexisting tobacco product, as the agency has already done for 20 of Liggett’s applications. NSE orders for other cigarette styles may require us to stop the sale of the applicable cigarettes and other cigarette styles and could have a material adverse effect on us. In April 2015, a number of cigarette manufacturers filed a federal lawsuit challenging FDA’s March 4, 2015 “guidance” document, “Guidance for Industry: Demonstrating the Substantial Equivalence of a New Tobacco Product: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions.” The guidance document would have required FDA’s prior approval for all changes to the label of a tobacco product that would render the product “distinct” and a “new tobacco product,” even though there was no change to the product itself. Similarly, the guidance document would have required prior approval for changes in the quantity of products sold within a package. The complaint alleged, among other things, that FDA’s guidance was contrary to and exceeded FDA’s authority under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”). In September 2015, FDA issued a revised version of the same document entitled, “Guidance for Industry: Demonstrating the Substantial Equivalence of a New Tobacco Product: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions (Edition 2).” The revised version did not materially change the requirements set forth in the prior version regarding changes to product labels and changes to the quantity of products sold within a package. Accordingly, in September 2015, certain cigarette manufacturers filed a lawsuit in the federal district court for the District of Columbia challenging FDA’s September 2015 “guidance” document. In August 2016, the court ruled that a modification to an existing product’s label does not result in a “new tobacco product” and therefore such a label change does not give rise to the substantial equivalence review process. Accordingly, the court vacated the revised guidance insofar as it pertains to label changes, but upheld the guidance in all other respects, including its treatment of product quantity changes as modifications that give rise to a “new tobacco product” requiring substantial equivalence review. The parties did not appeal this decision, concluding the litigation. In May 2016, FDA issued a final “deeming” regulation that extended the agency’s authority under the TCA to other tobacco products not then regulated by the agency, such as e-cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco and hookah. Under the “deeming” rule, manufacturers of including e-cigarettes, are subject to the same TCA provisions and relevant regulatory requirements that already apply to cigarettes. the newly-regulated products, Nicotine As part of the comprehensive plan announced in July 2017, FDA said it would focus on nicotine addiction, with the goal of lowering nicotine levels in combustible cigarettes through a product standard developed through notice and comment rulemaking (based upon, among other things, stakeholder comments as well as published literature). On March 16, 2018, FDA issued an ANPR to obtain information for consideration in developing a tobacco product standard to set the maximum nicotine level for cigarettes. 9 FDA stated that it is considering taking this action to reduce the level of nicotine in cigarettes so they are minimally addictive or non-addictive, using the best available science to determine a level that is appropriate for the protection of the public health. In the ANPR, FDA sought comments on a number of issues regarding the development of a tobacco product standard that would limit the amount of nicotine in cigarettes, including: (i) product categories that should be covered by a tobacco product standard; (ii) the appropriate maximum nicotine level and how the nicotine level should be measured; (iii) whether a standard should be implemented through a gradual stepped-down approach or all at once; (iv) the technical achievability of nicotine reduction; and (v) potential countervailing effects, such as the illicit trade of cigarettes containing nicotine at levels higher than a non-addictive threshold that may be established by the FDA. Under the TCA, FDA may adopt a tobacco product standard for nicotine if the agency concludes that such a standard is appropriate for the protection of the public health. FDA may refer the proposed regulation to the TPSAC for a report and recommendation. FDA may consider a wide range of issues prior to the promulgation of a final rule, including the technical achievability of compliance with the proposed product standard. The rulemaking process could take many months or years and once a final rule is published it ordinarily would not be expected to take effect until at least one year after the date of publication. We cannot predict how a tobacco product standard, if ultimately issued by FDA, will impact product sales, whether it will have a material adverse effect on Liggett or Vector Tobacco, or whether it will impact Liggett and Vector Tobacco to a greater degree than other companies in the industry. Certain States may attempt to pass minimum price legislation The State of Colorado placed a referendum, called Proposition EE, for taxes on cigarettes, tobacco and nicotine products on the November 3, 2020 ballot. Proposition EE was approved by the voters. In addition to raising the Colorado state excise tax on cigarettes, Proposition EE includes a provision that fixes the minimum retail price of cigarettes in Colorado at $7.00 per pack beginning January 1, 2021, thus reducing the competitive advantage of our Company’s discount priced cigarettes in the Colorado marketplace. We commenced litigation against Colorado challenging the legality of the minimum price provision contained in Proposition EE, the outcome of which cannot be predicted. Although no other state has adopted a fixed minimum retail price law for cigarettes, other states may attempt to do so if the minimum price provision in Proposition EE is determined by the courts to be legal. In the event that litigation challenging the minimum price legislation is not successful or other states pass similar legislation that withstands judicial scrutiny, the result could have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. It is possible that our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows could be materially adversely affected by an unfavorable outcome in any tobacco-related litigation or as a result of additional federal or state regulation relating to the manufacture, sale, distribution, advertising or labeling of tobacco products. Liggett’s management believes that it is in compliance in all material respects with the laws regulating cigarette manufacturers in all jurisdictions in which we operate. The MSA and Other State Settlement Agreements In March 1996, March 1997, and March 1998, Liggett entered into settlements of tobacco-related litigation with 45 states and territories. The settlements released Liggett from all tobacco-related claims within those states and territories, including claims for health care cost reimbursement and claims concerning sales of cigarettes to minors. In November 1998, Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds and two other companies (the “Original Participating Manufacturers” or “OPMs”) and Liggett (together with any other tobacco product manufacturer that becomes a signatory, the “Subsequent Participating Manufacturers” or “SPMs”), (the OPMs and SPMs are hereinafter referred to jointly as the “Participating Manufacturers”) entered into the MSA with 46 states and various territories (collectively, the “Settling States”) to settle the asserted and unasserted healthcare cost recovery and certain other claims of those Settling States. The MSA received final judicial approval in each Settling State. As a result of the MSA, the Settling States released Liggett and Vector Tobacco from: • all claims of the Settling States and their respective political subdivisions and other recipients of 10 state health care funds, relating to: (i) past conduct arising out of the use, sale, distribution, manufacture, development, advertising and marketing of tobacco products; and (ii) the health effects of, the exposure to, or research, statements or warnings about, tobacco products; and • all monetary claims of the Settling States and their respective subdivisions and other recipients of state health care funds, relating to future conduct arising out of the use of, or exposure to, tobacco products that have been manufactured in the ordinary course of business. The MSA restricts tobacco product advertising and marketing within the Settling States and otherwise restricts the activities of Participating Manufacturers. Among other things, the MSA prohibits the targeting of youth in the advertising, promotion or marketing of tobacco products; bans the use of cartoon characters in all tobacco advertising and promotion; limits each Participating Manufacturer to one tobacco brand name sponsorship during any 12-month period; bans all outdoor advertising, with certain limited exceptions; prohibits payments for tobacco product placement in various media; bans gift offers based on the purchase of tobacco products without sufficient proof that the intended recipient is an adult; prohibits Participating Manufacturers from licensing third parties to advertise tobacco brand names in any manner prohibited under the MSA; and prohibits Participating Manufacturers from using as a tobacco product brand name any nationally recognized non-tobacco brand or trade name or the names of sports teams, entertainment groups or individual celebrities. The MSA also requires Participating Manufacturers to affirm corporate principles to comply with the MSA and to reduce underage usage of tobacco products and imposes restrictions on lobbying activities conducted on behalf of Participating Manufacturers. In addition, the MSA provides for the appointment of an independent auditor to calculate and determine the amounts of payments owed pursuant to the MSA. Under the payment provisions of the MSA, the Participating Manufacturers are required to make annual payments of $9.0 billion (subject to applicable adjustments, offsets and reductions). These annual payments are allocated based on unit volume of domestic cigarette shipments. The payment obligations under the MSA are the several, and not joint, obligations of each Participating Manufacturer and are not the responsibility of any parent or affiliate of a Participating Manufacturer. Liggett has no payment obligations under the MSA except to the extent its market share exceeds a market share exemption of approximately 1.65% of total cigarettes sold in the United States. Vector Tobacco has no payment obligations under the MSA except to the extent its market share exceeds a market share exemption of approximately 0.28% of total cigarettes sold in the United States. Liggett and Vector Tobacco’s domestic shipments accounted for 4.1% of the total cigarettes sold in the United States in 2020. If Liggett’s or Vector Tobacco’s market share exceeds their respective market share exemption in a given year, then on April 15 of the following year, Liggett and/or Vector Tobacco, as the case may be, must pay on each excess unit an amount equal (on a per-unit basis) to that due from the OPMs for that year. Liggett may have additional payment obligations under the MSA and its other settlement agreements with the states. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements. New Valley New Valley, a Delaware limited liability company, is a real estate services, technology and investment business. Its activities include: • • • Ownership of Douglas Elliman, the largest residential real estate brokerage company in the New York metropolitan area and the sixth largest in the U.S., conducting real estate brokerage operations in New York, Florida, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Colorado, New Jersey and Texas. Providing other real estate services such as development marketing, property management, mortgage financing, escrow, title and other activities ancillary to its brokerage business. Investing in PropTech companies that will both supplement and enhance the technology-based experience of Douglas Elliman’s agents and the general real estate industry as well as improve the operating efficiency of New Valley. 11 • including planned Investments in numerous real estate projects in different asset classes, communities, condominium and mixed — use developments, apartment buildings, hotels and commercial properties. Business Strategy New Valley’s business strategy is to achieve sustainable growth in its residential brokerage business in order to leverage its fixed costs and improve profitability. Our goal is to build on our leadership position in the New York metropolitan area while increasing our presence in adjoining markets as well as key markets the Elliman brand resonates with in Florida, California, Colorado and Texas where the power of consumers. The Douglas Elliman residential brokerage model is built on the power and value of our agents combined with industry-leading technology tools and analytics. Our Elliman Everywhere effort seeks to provide agents with the robust virtual and mobile resources they desire and will need to transact business in the current environment and in the years to come. We are also seeking, through investment and acquisition, to increase our delivery of ancillary real estate services that allow our agents and our other businesses to enhance the experience of our clients. We will continue to seek additional investments in real estate and in PropTech companies where our experience and expertise gained from our other real estate activities can aid us to maximize value. Douglas Elliman Real Estate Brokerage Business. Douglas Elliman Realty is engaged in the real estate brokerage business through 12 subsidiaries. The 12 brokerage companies have approximately 102 offices with approximately 6,700 real estate agents in the New York metropolitan area as well as Florida, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Colorado, New Jersey, and Texas. In addition, Douglas Elliman also owns a 1% interest in DE Texas and receives commissions from transactions. Douglas Elliman achieved combined sales of approximately $29.1 billion of real estate in 2020, approximately $28.8 billion of real estate in 2019 and approximately $28.1 billion of real estate in 2018. Douglas Elliman was ranked as the sixth-largest residential brokerage company in the United States in 2020 based on closed sales volume by the Real Trends broker survey. Douglas Elliman had revenues of $774.0 million in 2020, $784.1 million in 2019, and $754.1 million in 2018. In February 2021, Douglas Elliman was named to the 2021 list of America’s Best Large Employers by Forbes. The New York City brokerage operation was founded in 1911 and has grown to be one of Manhattan’s leading residential brokers by specializing in the highest end of the sales and rental marketplaces. It has approximately 25 New York City offices with approximately 2,200 real estate agents and reported closed sales volume of approximately $7.5 billion of real estate in 2020. The Long Island brokerage operation is headquartered in Huntington, New York and is the largest residential brokerage company on Long Island. It serves approximately 250 communities in Long Island and Queens, New York. The Westchester brokerage operation operates in a suburban area north of New York City. The Connecticut brokerage operation operates in Greenwich, Connecticut. The New Jersey brokerage operation operates in Hoboken, New Jersey. These brokerage operations operate approximately 40 offices with approximately 2,500 real estate agents and reported closed sales volume of approximately $8.8 billion of real estate in 2020. The Florida brokerage is headquartered in Miami Beach and operates with 19 offices. The offices have approximately 1,200 real estate agents and reported closed sales volume of approximately $6.8 billion of real estate in 2020. The California brokerage operation is headquartered in Beverly Hills and operates with 12 offices throughout the state. The offices have approximately 730 real estate agents and reported closed sales volume of approximately $4.8 billion of real estate in 2020. Douglas Elliman operates as a broker in residential real estate transactions. In performing these services, the company has historically represented the seller or buyer, either as the listing broker for the seller, or as a co-broker for the buyer side of the transaction. In acting as a broker for the seller, their services include assisting the seller in pricing the property and preparing it for sale, advertising the property, showing the property to prospective buyers, and assisting the seller in negotiating the terms of the sale and 12 in closing the transaction. In exchange for these services, the seller pays to the company a commission, which is generally a fixed percentage of the sales price. In a co-brokered arrangement, the listing broker typically splits its commission with the selling co-broker involved in the transaction. The company also offers buyer brokerage services. When acting as a broker for the buyer, its services include assisting the buyer in locating properties that meet the buyer’s personal and financial specifications, showing the buyer properties, and assisting the buyer in negotiating the terms of the purchase and closing the transaction. In exchange for these services, a commission is paid to the company which also is generally a fixed percentage of the purchase price and is usually, based upon a co-brokerage agreement with the listing broker, deducted from, and payable out of, the commission payable to the listing broker. With the written consent of a buyer and seller, subject to certain conditions, the company may, in certain circumstances, act as a selling broker and as a buying broker in the same transaction. The company’s sales and marketing services are provided by licensed real estate sales persons or associate brokers who have entered into independent contractor agreements with the company. The company recognizes revenue and commission expenses upon the consummation of the real estate sale. Douglas Elliman Development Marketing or “DEDM”. The DEDM division offers expertise in sales, leasing, and marketing for new developments throughout New York City, Long Island, the Hamptons, Westchester, New Jersey, South Florida, California, Massachusetts and Texas, as well as throughout the United States and internationally. The firm ranks amongst New York City’s most prominent sales and marketing firms with in-house development professionals and an extensive global new development portfolio. Douglas Elliman’s hybrid platform of matching experienced new development experts with skilled brokerage professionals provides unparalleled expertise and real time market intelligence to its clients. Drawing upon decades of experience and market-specific knowledge, DEDM offers a multidisciplinary approach that includes comprehensive in-house research, planning and design, marketing, and sales. Through a strategic global alliance with Knight Frank Residential, the world’s largest privately-owned property consultancy, the company markets properties to international audiences. Douglas Elliman Market Reports. Douglas Elliman produces a report series that is the benchmark for residential real estate market information in each of the markets it operates. Each report is produced in conjunction with Miller Samuels, a leading independent appraisal firm, and serves as an essential source for consumers, institutions, government agencies, researchers, and other market professionals. Each report analyzes metrics such as price and sales trends to give readers an idea of current, historic and future market conditions. the media, financial DE Title Services. DE Title Services provides full-service title insurance services to real estate buyers and financial institutions. DE Title Services acts in the capacity of a title insurance agent and sells title insurance to property buyers and mortgage lenders. DE Title Services is licensed as a title insurance agent in New York and Florida. Its affiliate, DE Title Services of Nevada, LLC, provides title insurance services in Nevada. Portfolio Escrow. In November 2020, Douglas Elliman acquired Portfolio Escrow, an escrow company based in Southern California. Portfolio Escrow is licensed and governed by the California Department of Financial Protection and is a neutral third party that is contracted to uphold the real estate purchase contract. After execution of the purchase contract, purchase funds are deposited by the buyer into a Portfolio Escrow trust account. After all parties agree that all contingencies of the sale contract have been satisfied, Portfolio Escrow delivers all pertinent documents for recording to the appropriate County Clerk’s Office and, then, releases funds to the seller and any other agreed upon entity. Portfolio Escrow, as an escrow holder, is paid a fee equal to a percentage of the sales price. elliman.com. Douglas Elliman’s website, elliman.com, serves as a destination where consumers can search properties throughout all regions serviced by Douglas Elliman and access current market information on all of those regions as well as comprehensive building and neighborhood guides and other interactive content. Marketing. Douglas Elliman offers real estate sales and marketing and relocation services, which are marketed by a multimedia program. This program includes direct mail, newspaper, internet, catalog, radio and television advertising and is conducted throughout Douglas Elliman’s operating areas. In addition, the integrated nature of the real estate brokerage companies’ services is designed to produce a flow of customers between their real estate sales and marketing business. 13 Competition. The real estate brokerage business is highly competitive. However, Douglas Elliman believes that its ability to offer its customers a range of inter-related services and its level of residential real estate sales and marketing help position it to meet the competition and improve its market share. In the brokerage company’s traditional business of residential real estate sales and marketing, it competes with multi-office independent real estate organizations and, to some extent, with franchise real estate organizations, such as RE/MAX, Century 21 Real Estate, Coldwell Banker Real Estate, Keller Williams, Sotheby’s International Realty, EXIT Realty, ERA, United Country, Weichert, Better Homes and Gardens, and other privately-owned companies. Douglas Elliman believes that its major competitors in 2021 will also increasingly include multi-office real estate organizations, such as Realogy Brokerage Group (formerly NRT LLC, whose affiliates include the New York City-based Corcoran Group as well as Coldwell Banker and Sotheby’s International offices owned by Realogy), Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices of America, Inc., Compass, eXp Realty, Redfin and other privately-owned companies. Specific to New York City, Douglas Elliman’s competitors include Corcoran, Compass, Brown Harris Stevens, Sotheby’s International and Warburg Realty. Residential brokerage firms compete for business primarily on the basis of reputation, personal contacts, marketing and public relations services; and, recently, technological innovations and, to a greater degree, commission. Government Regulation. Several facets of real estate brokerage businesses are subject to government regulation. For example, the real estate brokerage divisions are licensed as real estate brokers in the states in which they conduct their real estate brokerage businesses. In addition, real estate sales associates must be licensed as real estate brokers or salespersons in the states in which they do business. Future expansion of the real estate brokerage operations of Douglas Elliman into new geographic markets may subject Douglas Elliman to similar licensing requirements in other states. Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”) and state real estate brokerage laws restrict payments that real estate brokers, title agencies, mortgage bankers, mortgage brokers and other settlement service providers may receive or pay in connection with the sales of residences and referral of settlement services (e.g., mortgages, homeowners insurance and title insurance). Such laws may, to some extent, restrict preferred alliance and other arrangements involving our real estate franchise, real estate brokerage, settlement services and relocation businesses. In addition, our relocation and title and settlement services businesses, RESPA and similar state laws require timely disclosure of certain relationships or financial interests with providers of real estate settlement services. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, administration of RESPA was transferred from United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”) to the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) and it is possible that the practices of HUD, taking very expansive broad readings of RESPA, will continue or accelerate at the CFPB creating increased regulatory risk. RESPA also has been invoked by plaintiffs in private litigation for various purposes. Title Services Regulation. Many states license and regulate title agencies/settlement service providers or certain employees and underwriters through their Departments of Insurance or other regulatory body. In many states, title insurance rates are either promulgated by the state or are required to be filed with each state by the agent or underwriter, and some states promulgate the split of title insurance premiums between the agent and underwriter. States sometimes unilaterally lower the insurance rates relative to loss experience and other relevant factors. States also require title agencies and title underwriters to meet certain minimum financial requirements for net worth and working capital. Trade Names. The “Douglas Elliman” trade name is a registered trademark in the United States. The name has been synonymous with the most exacting standards of excellence in the real estate industry since Douglas Elliman’s formation in 1911. Other trademarks used extensively in Douglas Elliman’s business, which are owned by Douglas Elliman and registered in the United States, include “We are New York,” “Bringing People and Places Together,” “If You Clicked Here You’d Be Home Now” and “Picture Yourself in the Perfect Home.” The taglines “The Next Move is Yours,” “askelliman,” “From Manhattan to Montauk,” and “It’s Time for Elliman” are used extensively in the Douglas Elliman’s brokerage operations. In addition, Douglas Elliman’s brokerage operation continues to use the trade names of certain companies that it has acquired. 14 Residential Property Management Business. Douglas Elliman is also engaged in the management of cooperative apartment buildings, condominium apartment buildings and rental apartment buildings though its subsidiary, Residential Management Group, LLC, which conducts business as Douglas Elliman Property Management and is one of the leading New York City based property managers in the New York metropolitan area according to a survey in the November 2018 issue of The Real Deal. Residential Management Group provides full service third-party fee management for approximately 390 properties, representing approximately 46,500 units in New York City, Nassau County, Long Island City and Westchester County. Among the notable properties currently managed are the Dakota, Museum Tower, Olympic Tower Condominium, Manhattan House, CitySpire Condominium, RiverHouse and The Sovereign, all buildings located in New York City. Residential Management Group employs approximately 258 people, of whom approximately 192 work at Residential Management Group’s headquarters and the remainder at remote offices in the New York metropolitan area. PropTech Industry Investments We believe that agents in the residential real estate brokerage industry are increasingly requesting and requiring superior access to technology and back office support services. We expect this trend to continue and accelerate in the future. Consequently, we have increased our focus on investing in the rapidly expanding PropTech industry. PropTech investments offer an innovative approach to enhance the real estate experience by offering research analytics and services around the acquisition, management and disposal of real estate. New Valley, through its subsidiary New Valley Ventures LLC, is actively seeking to capitalize on its unique real estate knowledge and experience by investing in PropTech ventures that will both supplement and enhance the technology-based experience of Douglas Elliman’s agents and the general real estate industry as well as improve the operating efficiency of New Valley. New Valley Ventures’ investments, all of which are currently $1.0 million or less, include: • Rechat — an investment in February 2021 in a mobile-centric real estate agent marketing, customer relationship management and transaction-management software. This investment aligns strategically with Douglas Elliman’s multi-year services agreement with Rechat for its agents. • MetaProp Venture Capital Fund — an investment in a New York-based venture capital firm. This investment provides New Valley with exposure to opportunities in the emerging PropTech industry. • Camber Creek Venture Capital Fund — an investment in a fund which invests in a pipeline of new PropTech ventures. Camber Creek’s portfolio includes Notarize, a digitized notary service, and Curbio, a renovation firm designed to increase a property’s selling price. Real Estate Investments We own, and seek to acquire investment interests in various domestic and international real estate projects through debt and equity investments. Our current real estate investments include the following projects (as of December 31, 2020): Investments in Real Estate, net Escena. We are developing a 450-acre approved master planned community in Palm Springs, CA. The development consists of 667 residential lots, which include both single and multi-family lots, an 18-hole golf course, clubhouse restaurant, golf shop and seven-acre site approved for a 450-room hotel. Townhome A (11 Beach Street). In November 2020, we received, as part of a liquidating distribution from a real estate joint venture, Unit TH-A, a townhouse located in Manhattan, NY. The unit is complete and was actively marketed for sale as of December 31, 2020. Condominium and Mixed-Use Development As of December 31, 2020, we owned investments in condominium and mixed-use development real estate ventures, carried at $68.2 million. We had condominium and mixed-use development real estate ventures, carried at $30.5 million as of December 31, 2020, in the New York City Standard Metropolitan 15 Statistical Area (“SMSA”). Of these condominium and mixed-use development real estate ventures in the New York City SMSA, all ventures with carrying values of $10.0 million or greater were closing on units or completed as of December 31, 2020, and the remainder had projected construction completion dates between February 2021 and February 2023. We had condominium and mixed-use development real estate ventures carried at $37.8 million in other U.S. areas as of December 31, 2020. Ventures with a carrying value of $36.0 million as of December 31, 2020 had projected construction completion dates between April 2021 and August 2023, while the remaining ventures had been completed as of December 31, 2020. Apartment Buildings As of December 31, 2020, we owned an investment in a venture that owns multiple apartment buildings located in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area, which was carried at zero. The investment was operating as of December 31, 2020. Hotels As of December 31, 2020, we owned investments in hotels carried at $4.5 million, with ventures carried at $2.6 million located in the New York City SMSA and the remainder located in Bermuda. All but one of the hotels were operating as of December 31, 2020. Commercial As of December 31, 2020, we owned investments in commercial real estate ventures carried at $9.7 million, one located in the New York City SMSA and one located in Las Vegas, Nevada. Both of the commercial real estate ventures were operating as of December 31, 2020. In our real estate investment business, we seek to acquire investment interests in domestic and international real estate projects through debt and equity investments. We focus on new condominium development in Douglas Elliman markets and investing in well-located real estate assets that generate, or have the potential to generate, long-term, predictable and sustainable cash flows with attractive growth and development potential. We believe our ownership of Douglas Elliman provides us with a strategic advantage through its relationships with developers in jurisdictions where we operate. We and our partners seek to enhance the cash flows and returns from our investments by using varying levels of leverage. In addition, we and our partners may earn incentives on certain investments if the investments achieve rates of return that exceed targeted thresholds. Our real estate investments are located in the United States and Bermuda and we may pursue growth in other markets where we identify attractive opportunities to invest in or acquire assets and to achieve strong risk-adjusted returns. We strive to invest at attractive valuations, capitalize on distressed situations where possible, create opportunities for superior valuation gains and cash flow returns and monetize assets at appropriate times to realize value. As of December 31, 2020, our real estate investment business held interests in joint ventures recorded on our financial statements at approximately $85.4 million and approximately $15.6 million in consolidated real estate investments. For additional information concerning these investments, see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements and “Summary of Real Estate Investments” located in Item 7. — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Human Capital We have long believed that the diversity and talent of our people provide a competitive advantage to Vector and its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2020, we employed approximately 1,275 employees, of which 500 were employed by Liggett, 750 were employed by Douglas Elliman and 25 were employed at Vector’s corporate headquarters. Liggett. Approximately 40% of the Liggett workforce has been with the Company for more than 15 years. Liggett has maintained long relationships with its employees due to its philosophy of listening to their comments and concerns and regularly engaging them to enhance its human capital management objectives. 16 Historically, this has occurred with frequent communication across all levels of the company and in-person events with senior management. We believe this philosophy served Liggett well during the COVID-19 pandemic. The health and safety of our employees is foundational to achieving our human capital objectives. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Liggett’s management proactively took the step of closing its cigarette factory for two weeks, beginning March 15, 2020, for scheduled maintenance and to plan for the necessary COVID-19 manufacturing protocols. Liggett’s management implemented an extensive set of additional protocols and procedures to ensure the safety of its workforce. Among other things, Liggett introduced mandatory mask-wearing, physical distancing and reconfigured certain workspaces in its cigarette factory and the headquarters of Liggett Vector Brands. Mandatory temperature screenings are currently being administered upon entry to Liggett facilities. Beginning in March 2020, management provided employees with periodic updates on Liggett’s business, including its response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Liggett believes that these initiatives were key in the successful execution of its manufacturing and sales operations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Liggett offers comprehensive benefit programs to its employees which provide them with, among other things, medical, dental, and vision healthcare; 401K matching contributions; paid maternity leave; tuition assistance; and paid vacation time. Of the 500 employees at Liggett as of December 31, 2020, approximately 280 were employed at Liggett’s Mebane factory, 165 were employed throughout the United States in sales positions and the remaining 55 were employed in administrative functions supporting and coordinating sales and marketing efforts. Of the employees at Liggett’s factory, approximately 200 were hourly employees who are represented by four unions affiliated with either the AFL-CIO or the Teamsters. Liggett has not experienced any significant work stoppages since 1977. Douglas Elliman. The residential real estate business is built upon personal relationships and we have long believed Douglas Elliman’s team of approximately 750 employees and approximately 6,700 agents distinguishes it from other residential real estate brokerage firms. Forbes recently recognized Douglas Elliman in its 2021 list of America’s best large employers and we believe this recognition is a testament to the hard work and resiliency of the Douglas Elliman family. While most of Douglas Elliman’s employees are located in the New York metropolitan area, its agents are located throughout the United States in New York, Florida, California, Colorado and New England. In an effort to continue to foster relationships with our employees and agents, as well as to address the social and economic impact of COVID-19, Douglas Elliman’s management implemented the following initiatives: • • • Hosted, and continue to host, more than 20 company-wide virtual town halls, podcasts and communications across all regions. These town halls are intended to promote a spirit of camaraderie and educate our employees and agents about working in a COVID-19 environment, among other things. Converted all of its training and educational courses to its online platform. Continued to support diversity efforts, including sponsoring Aspen Gay Ski Week, matching employees’ and agents’ contributions to NAACP Legal and Education Fund, and various other health and social charitable organizations. Douglas Elliman offers comprehensive benefit programs to its employees which provide them with, among other things, medical, dental, and vision healthcare; 401K matching contributions; paid parental leave; and paid vacation time. We will continue to listen, while engaging and connecting with employees at Liggett and Douglas Elliman as well as Douglas Elliman’s agents, to further our human capital management objectives by continuing the initiatives we first began during the COVID-19 pandemic. 17 Available Information Our website address is www.vectorgroupltd.com. We make available free of charge on the Investor Relations section of our website (http://www.vectorgroupltd.com/investor-relations/) our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We also make available through our website other reports filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act, including our proxy statements and reports filed by officers and directors under Section 16(a) of that Act. Copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Audit Committee charter, Compensation Committee charter and Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee charter have been posted on the Investor Relations section of our website and are also available in print to any stockholder who requests it. We do not intend for information contained in our website to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 18 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Our business faces many risks. We have described below the known material risks that we and our subsidiaries face. There may be additional risks that we do not yet know of or that we do not currently perceive to be significant that may also impact our business or the business of our subsidiaries. Each of the risks and uncertainties described below could lead to events or circumstances that have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or equity of us or one or more of our subsidiaries, which in turn could negatively affect the value of our common stock. You should carefully consider and evaluate all of the information included in this report and any subsequent reports that we may file with the Securities and Exchange Commission or make available to the public before investing in any securities issued by us. Risks Relating to Our Tobacco Business Liggett faces intense competition in the domestic tobacco industry. Liggett is considerably smaller and has fewer resources than its major competitors, and, as a result, has in certain circumstances a more limited ability to respond to market developments. Further, all of Liggett’s unit volume is generated in the discount segment, which is highly competitive, with consumers having less brand loyalty and placing greater emphasis on price. Management Science Associates’ data indicate that in 2020, Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds, the two largest cigarette manufacturers, controlled 74.0% of the United States cigarette market. Philip Morris is the largest manufacturer in the market, and its profits are derived principally from its sale of premium cigarettes. Philip Morris had 57.0% of the premium segment and 44.8% of the total domestic market during 2020. During 2020, all of Liggett’s sales were in the discount segment, and its share of the total domestic cigarette market was 4.1%. Historically, because of their dominant market share, Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds, have been able to determine cigarette prices for the various pricing tiers within the industry. Further consolidation in the industry could adversely affect our ability to compete in the U.S. cigarette market. Liggett’s business is highly dependent on the discount cigarette segment and to maintain market share, it may be required to take steps to reduce prices. All of Liggett’s unit volume is generated in the discount segment, which is highly competitive. While Philip Morris, RJ Reynolds, and ITG Brands compete with Liggett in the discount segment of the market, Liggett also faces intense competition for market share in the discount segment from a group of smaller manufacturers and importers, most of which sell low quality and deep discount cigarettes. While Liggett’s share of the discount market was 14.2% in 2020, 14.3% in 2019, and 14.3% in 2018, Management Science Associates’ data indicate that the discount market share of these other smaller manufacturers and importers was approximately 35.5% in 2020, 32.3% in 2019, and 29.4% in 2018. If pricing in the discount market continues to be impacted by these smaller manufacturers and importers, margins in Liggett’s only market segment could be negatively affected and, to maintain market share, Liggett may be required to take steps to reduce prices. Thus, Liggett’s sales volume, operating income and cash flows would be materially adversely affected, which in turn could negatively affect the value of our common stock. The domestic cigarette industry has experienced declining unit sales in recent periods, which could result in lower sales or higher costs for us. Prior to 2020, industry-wide shipments of cigarettes in the United States had declined for a number of years. Management Science Associates’ data indicated that domestic industry-wide shipments decreased by approximately 5.3% in 2019 as compared to 2018 before increasing by approximately 1.5% in 2020. In addition to a declining market impacting our sales volume, operating income and cash flows, our annual cost advantage from our payment exemption under the MSA declines by approximately $1.7 million for each percentage point decline in shipment volumes in the U.S. market. We believe the 2020 increase was a COVID-19 related anomaly and that industry-wide shipments of cigarettes in the United States will continue to decline in future years as a result of numerous factors. These factors include health considerations, diminishing social acceptance of smoking, and a wide variety of federal, state and local laws 19 limiting smoking in restaurants, bars and other public places, as well as increases in federal and state excise taxes and settlement-related expenses which have contributed to higher cigarette prices in recent years. If this decline in industry-wide shipments continues and Liggett is unable to capture market share from its competitors, or if the industry as a whole is unable to offset the decline in unit sales with price increases, or if Liggett’s market share percentage falls below its MSA payment exemption percentage, Liggett’s sales volume, operating income and cash flows could be materially adversely affected, which in turn could negatively affect the value of our common stock. Our tobacco operations are subject to substantial and increasing legislation, regulation and taxation, which have a negative effect on revenue and profitability. Cigarettes are subject to substantial regulation and taxation at the federal, state and local levels, which has had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our business. For a more complete discussion of the material regulations and taxation applicable to our Business, see Item 1. Business. Legislation and Regulation. For instance: • • • Federal, state and local laws have limited the advertising, sale and use of cigarettes in the United States, such as laws prohibiting smoking in restaurants and other public places. Private businesses have also implemented prohibitions on the use of cigarettes. Further regulations or rules limiting advertising, sale or use of cigarettes or ingredients or flavorings could negatively impact sales of cigarettes, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations. The federal government, as well as certain state, city and county governments, impose excise taxes on cigarettes, which has had, and is expected to continue to have, an adverse effect on sales of cigarettes. Since certain of these excise taxes were proportionately smaller on other types of tobacco products, a dramatic increase in the sale of mislabeled pipe tobacco occurred, which took away market share from traditional cigarette products. Various state and local government regulations have, among other things, increased the minimum age to purchase tobacco products, banned the sale of menthol cigarettes, restricted or banned sampling and advertising and required ingredient and constituent disclosure. Significantly, the federal government increased the minimum age of sale for tobacco products from 18 to 21 years of age in December 2019. Further regulations that limit the group of individuals able to purchase cigarettes in the United States or other regulations that limit the types of products we can offer, such as limitations on use of flavoring, could have a material adverse effect on demand for our products, our results of operations and our business. FDA and other organizations have also conducted anti-tobacco media campaigns, which have and may continue to have an adverse effect on the demand for cigarettes. There have also been adverse legislative and political decisions and other unfavorable developments concerning cigarette smoking and the tobacco industry, as well as restrictive actions by federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency and FDA. In 2009, legislation was enacted giving FDA regulatory authority over tobacco products. Additionally, all states have enacted statutes requiring cigarettes to meet a reduced ignition propensity standard. These developments may negatively affect the perception of potential triers of fact with respect to the tobacco industry, possibly to the detriment of certain pending litigation, and may prompt the commencement of additional similar litigation or legislation. We are not able to evaluate the effect of these developing matters on pending litigation or the possible commencement of additional litigation, but our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows could be materially adversely affected. Additional federal, state or local regulations relating to the manufacture, sale, distribution, advertising, labeling, or information disclosure of tobacco products could further reduce sales, increase costs and have a material adverse effect on our business. FDA Regulation under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act may adversely affect our sales and operating profit. In June 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (“TCA”) became law. The TCA grants FDA broad authority over the manufacture, sale, marketing and packaging of tobacco products, although FDA is prohibited from banning all cigarettes or all smokeless tobacco products. For a more complete discussion of the TCA, see Item 1. Business. Legislation and Regulation. 20 In July 2017, FDA announced a comprehensive plan for tobacco and nicotine regulation, proposing an increased focus on the impact of flavors (including menthol) and on reducing the level of nicotine in tobacco. FDA’s March 2018 ANPR relating to menthol indicated that it may, among other things, take regulatory actions to implement tobacco product standards and restrict the sale and distribution of tobacco products with flavors, including menthol. In 2020, approximately 19% of our cigarette unit sales were menthol flavored. Regulations under the TCA that restrict or prohibit the sale of menthol flavored cigarettes would reduce the demand for our cigarettes and may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. As part of the comprehensive plan announced in July 2017, FDA said it would focus on nicotine addiction, with the goal of lowering nicotine levels in combustible cigarettes through a product standard developed through notice and comment rulemaking, which FDA announced in March 2018. See Item 1. Business. Legislation and Regulation. At this time, we cannot predict the specific regulations FDA will enact, the timeframe for such regulations, or the effect of such regulations. The rulemaking process could take years and once a final rule is issued it typically does not take effect for at least one year. We cannot predict how a tobacco product standard, if ultimately issued by FDA, would impact product sales, whether it would have a material adverse effect on Liggett or Vector Tobacco, or whether it would impact Liggett and Vector Tobacco to a greater degree than other companies in the industry. In April 2018, FDA announced a change in its process for reviewing “provisional” substantial equivalence applications. See Item 1. Business. Legislation and Regulation for additional information on the substantial equivalence process. Vector Tobacco received a letter from FDA in April 2018 advising that FDA does not intend to conduct further review of Vector Tobacco’s remaining applications, with certain “conditions” (as described under Item 1. Business. Legislation and Regulation). Liggett received a letter from FDA in May 2018 advising that FDA does not intend to conduct further review for certain applications, also with certain “conditions” (as described under Item 1. Business. Legislation and Regulation). FDA has not indicated whether the applications relating to Liggett’s other products, not covered by that May 2018 letter, would proceed through FDA review. We cannot predict whether FDA will deem Liggett’s outstanding applications to be sufficient to support determinations of substantial equivalence for the products covered by these substantial equivalence reports. It is possible that FDA could determine that some, or all, of these products are “not substantially equivalent” to a preexisting tobacco product, as the agency has already done for 20 of Liggett’s applications. NSE orders for other cigarette styles may require us to stop the sale of the applicable cigarettes and other cigarette styles and could have a material adverse effect on us. On March 18, 2020, FDA issued a final rule to require new health warnings on cigarette packages and in cigarette advertisements. This rule requires each cigarette package and advertisement to bear one of eleven textual warning statements accompanied by a corresponding graphic image covering 50% of the area of the front and rear panels of cigarette packages and at least 20% of the area at the top of cigarette advertisements. The rule establishes marketing requirements that include the random and equal display and distribution of the required warnings for cigarette packages and quarterly rotation of the required warnings for cigarette advertisements. The final rule provided for an effective date of June 18, 2021, 15 months after issuance of the final rule. The inclusion of new warnings and rotation requirements pursuant to the final rule would likely increase Liggett’s production costs. On April 3, 2020, Liggett, along with other tobacco companies, commenced an action against the FDA in the United States District Court, District of Texas (Tyler Division) challenging the legality of the graphic warning final rule. On May 8, 2020, the court issued an updated scheduling order and granted a joint motion to postpone the effective date of the final rule by 120 days to October 16, 2021. On December 2, 2020, the court granted a motion by the plaintiffs to postpone the effective date by an additional 90 days to January 14, 2022. We cannot predict whether the court will delay the effective date and/or determine that some or all of the proposed textual and/or graphic warnings, or proposed prominence of the warnings, violate the First Amendment, Administrative Procedure Act, or other legal requirements, or what the impact of such a court ruling would have on the compliance timeline or requirements imposed on industry. It is likely that the TCA and further regulatory efforts by FDA could result in a decrease in cigarette sales in the United States, including sales of Liggett’s and Vector Tobacco’s brands. Compliance and related costs are not possible to predict and depend substantially on the future requirements imposed by FDA 21 under the law. Costs, however, could be substantial and could have a material adverse effect on the companies’ financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. In addition, FDA has a number of investigatory and enforcement tools available to it. Failure to comply with the law and with FDA regulatory requirements could result in significant financial penalties and could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operation of both Liggett and Vector Tobacco. At present, we are not able to predict whether the law will impact Liggett and Vector Tobacco to a greater degree than other companies in the industry, thus affecting our competitive position. Certain states may attempt to pass minimum price legislation. The state of Colorado placed a referendum, called Proposition EE, for taxes on cigarettes, tobacco and nicotine products on the November 3, 2020 ballot. Proposition EE was approved by the voters. In addition to raising the Colorado state excise tax on cigarettes, Proposition EE includes a provision that fixes the minimum retail price of cigarettes in Colorado at $7.00 per pack beginning January 1, 2021, thus reducing the competitive advantage of our Company’s discount priced cigarettes in the Colorado marketplace. We commenced litigation against Colorado challenging the legality of the minimum price provision contained in Proposition EE, the outcome of which cannot be predicted. Although no other state has adopted a fixed minimum retail price law, other states may attempt to do so if the minimum price provision in Proposition EE is determined by the courts to be legal. In the event that litigation challenging the minimum price legislation is not successful or other states pass similar legislation that withstands judicial scrutiny, the result could have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Litigation will continue to harm the tobacco industry, including Liggett. Liggett could be subjected to substantial liabilities and bonding requirements from litigation relating to cigarette products. Adverse judgments could have a negative impact on our ability to operate due to their impact on cash flows. We and our Liggett subsidiary, as well as the entire cigarette industry, continue to be challenged on numerous fronts. New cases continue to be commenced against Liggett and other cigarette manufacturers. As of December 31, 2020, there were 70 individual product liability lawsuits, two purported class actions and one health care cost recovery action pending in the United States in which Liggett and/or we were named defendants. It is likely that similar legal actions, proceedings and claims will continue to be filed against Liggett. Punitive damages, often in amounts ranging into the billions of dollars, are specifically pleaded in certain cases, in addition to compensatory and other damages. It is possible that there could be adverse developments in pending cases including the certification of additional class actions. An the unfavorable outcome or commencement of additional litigation. In addition, an unfavorable outcome in any tobacco-related litigation could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Liggett could face difficulties in obtaining a bond to stay execution of a judgment pending appeal. As new product liability cases are commenced against Liggett, the costs associated with defending these cases and the risks relating to the inherent unpredictability of litigation continue to increase. settlement of pending tobacco-related litigation could encourage Individual tobacco-related cases resulting from the Florida Supreme Court’s ruling in Engle could continue to harm Liggett. In May 1994, the Engle case was filed as a class action against Liggett and others in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The class consisted of all Florida residents who, by November 21, 1996, “have suffered, presently suffer or have died from diseases and medical conditions caused by their addiction to cigarette smoking.” A trial was held and the jury returned a verdict adverse to the defendants (approximately $145.0 billion in punitive damages, including $790.0 million against Liggett). Following an appeal to the Third District Court of Appeal, the Florida Supreme Court in July 2006 decertified the class on a prospective basis and affirmed the appellate court’s reversal of the punitive damages award. Former class members had until January 2008 to file individual lawsuits. As a result, we and Liggett, and other cigarette manufacturers, were sued in thousands of Engle progeny cases in both federal and state courts in Florida. Although we were not named as a defendant in the Engle case, we were named as a defendant in substantially all of the Engle progeny cases where Liggett was named as a defendant. Notwithstanding Liggett’s multi-plaintiff settlements, Liggett and Vector remain defendants in 41 state court Engle progeny 22 cases. The costs associated with defending these cases continue to negatively impact our cash flows. We cannot predict the cash requirements related to any future settlements and judgments, including cash required to bond any appeals, and there is a risk that those requirements will not be able to be met. Liggett may have additional payment obligations under the MSA. NPM Adjustment. In March 2006, an economic consulting firm selected pursuant to the MSA determined that the MSA was a “significant factor contributing to” the loss of market share of Participating Manufacturers for 2003. This same determination has been made for additional years. This is known as the “NPM Adjustment.” As a result, the Participating Manufacturers may be entitled to potential NPM Adjustments to their MSA payments. As of December 31, 2020, the Participating Manufacturers had entered into agreements with 38 the NPM Adjustment and addressing the NPM Settling States setting out terms for settlement of Adjustment with respect to those states for future years. For 2003 – 2019, Liggett and Vector Tobacco, as applicable, disputed that they owed the Settling States the NPM Adjustments as calculated by the independent auditor. As permitted by the MSA, Liggett and Vector Tobacco paid subject to dispute, withheld payment or paid into a disputed payment account the amounts associated with these NPM Adjustments. The arbitration for 2004, for those states that did not enter into the agreement or otherwise settle, has commenced. As of December 31, 2020, Liggett and Vector Tobacco accrued approximately $13.2 million related to disputed amounts withheld from the non-settling states for 2004 – 2010, which may be subject to payment, with interest, if Liggett and Vector Tobacco lose the disputes for those years. Liggett may have additional payment obligations under its individual state settlements. In 2004, the Attorneys General of Mississippi and Texas advised Liggett that they believed Liggett had failed to make all required payments under the respective settlement agreements with these states. Liggett believes these allegations are without merit, based, among other things, on the language of the most favored nation provisions of the settlement agreements. No amounts have been accrued in our consolidated financial statements for any additional amounts that may be payable by Liggett under the settlement agreements with Mississippi and Texas. In January 2016, the Attorney General for Mississippi filed a motion in Chancery Court in Jackson County, Mississippi to enforce the March 1996 settlement agreement (the “1996 Agreement”). In April 2017, the Chancery Court ruled that the 1996 Agreement should be enforced and referred the matter to a Special Master for further proceedings to determine the amount of damages, if any, to be awarded. to Mississippi pursuant In July 2020, the parties stipulated that the unpaid principal (exclusive of interest) purportedly due from Liggett is to the 1996 Agreement approximately $15.5 million, subject to Liggett’s right to litigate and/or appeal the enforceability of the 1996 Agreement (and all issues other than the calculation of such principal amount). In September 2019, the Special Master held a hearing regarding the state’s claim for approximately $17.5 million in prejudgment interest as well as post-judgment interest in amounts to be determined. A decision is pending. In the event Liggett appeals an adverse judgment, the posting of a bond may be required. (from inception through 2019) Liggett may be required to make additional payments to Mississippi and Texas which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Risks Associated with Our New Valley Real Estate Business. New Valley is subject to risks relating to the industries in which it operates. The real estate industry is significantly affected by changes in economic and political conditions as well as real estate markets, which could adversely impact returns on our investments, trigger defaults in project financing, cause cancellations of property sales, reduce the value of our properties or investments and could affect our results of operations and liquidity. The real estate industry is cyclical and is significantly affected by changes in general and local economic conditions which are beyond our control. 23 These conditions include short-term and long-term interest rates, inflation, fluctuations in debt and equity capital markets, levels of unemployment, consumer confidence and the general economic condition of the United States and the global economy. The real estate market also depends upon the strength of financial institutions, which are sensitive to changes in the general macroeconomic environment. Lack of available credit or lack of confidence in the financial sector could impact the real estate market, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any of the following could be associated with cyclicality in the real estate market by halting or limiting a recovery in the residential real estate market, and have an adverse effect on our business by causing periods of lower growth or a decline in the number of home sales and/or property prices which, in turn, could adversely affect our revenue and profitability: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • periods of economic slowdown or recession; rising interest rates; the general availability of mortgage financing; a negative perception of the market for residential real estate; commission pressure from brokers who discount their commissions; an increase in the cost of homeowners’ insurance; weak credit markets; a low level of consumer confidence in the economy and/or the real estate market; instability of financial institutions; legislative, tax or regulatory changes that would adversely impact the real estate market, including but not limited to potential reform relating to Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and other government sponsored entities that provide liquidity to the U.S. housing and mortgage markets, and potential limits on, or elimination of, the deductibility of certain mortgage interest expense and property taxes; adverse changes in economic and general business conditions in the New York metropolitan area; a decline in the affordability of homes; declining demand for real estate; decreasing home ownership rates, declining demand for real estate and changing social attitudes toward home ownership; acts of God, such as hurricanes, earthquakes and other natural disasters, or acts or threats of war or terrorism; and/or adverse changes in global, national, regional and local economic and market conditions, particularly in the New York metropolitan area and the other markets where our businesses operate, including those relating to pandemics and health crises, such as the recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). New Valley is impacted by the performance of the real estate market in the New York metropolitan area, which has been adversely impacted by COVID-19. New Valley’s business primarily depends on the performance of the real estate market in the New York metropolitan area. Our real estate brokerage businesses and our investments in real estate developments are largely located in New York City and elsewhere in the surrounding New York metropolitan area. Douglas Elliman’s business primarily depends on sales transactions for residential property in the New York City market and it derived approximately 29% of its revenues in 2020 and 46% of its revenues in 2019 and 2018 from the New York City market. Published reports and data indicate that the New York metropolitan area was impacted more than any other area in the United States by the COVID-19 pandemic. Various governmental agencies in the New York metropolitan area and other markets where 24 Douglas Elliman operates and where our real estate investments are located, instituted quarantines, “pause” orders, “shelter-in-place” rules, restrictions on travel and restrictions on the types of businesses that can operate. For example, Douglas Elliman’s agents were restricted from performing personal showings of properties or conducting open houses in most of Douglas Elliman’s markets from March 2020 to June 2020. These measures may occur again depending on COVID-19 infection rates. As a result of such measures, volumes of residential property sales transactions in the New York metropolitan area, and specifically, New York City, declined significantly in 2020, and the aggregate sales commissions earned by Douglas Elliman on sales transactions in the New York City area correspondingly declined. Although the suburban New York markets have improved and, recently, we have seen improvement in the New York City market, this has had, and may continue to have, a material adverse effect on Douglas Elliman’s financial condition and results of operations, notwithstanding the mitigating actions we initiated (including employee-related and other expense-reduction measures) and expect to continue during and immediately following this pandemic. In addition, property development and investment activities are significantly lower than past levels and improvement in the markets where New Valley operates is uncertain. This may have a material adverse effect on New Valley’s real estate investments. As of December 31, 2020, we had investments in or were developing projects in New York City with carrying values of approximately $35.7 million. In addition, during the second quarter of 2020, construction was halted at many of the real estate projects where New Valley is invested. The construction that was halted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic has since resumed, although the delays may adversely impact those investments. Adverse developments in national and local economic conditions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as measured by such factors as GDP growth, employment levels, job growth, consumer confidence, interest rates and population growth in the New York metropolitan area and the United States generally have impacted our investments through reduced demand and depressed prices. We anticipate that this could have a material adverse effect on our Real Estate segment, its financial condition and results of operations. The Tax Act could negatively impact New Valley’s and Douglas Elliman’s markets. The Tax Act places new limits on mortgage interest deductions as well as state and local income and property tax deductions. The loss of the use of these deductions may encourage residents of states with high income and property taxes and costs of housing to migrate to states with lower tax rates and housing costs. In 2020, approximately 73.0% of Douglas Elliman’s closed sales occurred in New York, California, Connecticut and Massachusetts, and a migration of residents from these markets or a reduction in the attractiveness of these markets as a place to live could adversely impact New Valley’s and Douglas Elliman’s business, financial condition and results of operations. New Valley is impacted by the attractiveness of New York City as a place to live and invest in and its status as an international center for business and commerce. Through its investments in Douglas Elliman and developments with carrying values of $35.7 million in the New York metropolitan area, New Valley is impacted by the attractiveness of New York City as a place in which to live and invest. If New York City’s economy stagnates or contracts or if there are significant concerns or uncertainty regarding the strength of New York City’s economy due to domestic, international or global macroeconomic trends (including, in particular, the virtual work trend arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic), or other factors (including, in particular, any matters which adversely affect New York City’s status as an international center for business and commerce or the economic benefits of New York City’s financial services industry), the New York metropolitan area may become a less attractive place to live, work, study or to own residential property for investment purposes. The attractiveness of New York City may also be negatively affected by other factors, including high residential property sales prices or rents (or a risk or perceived risk of a fall in sales prices in the future), high costs of living, the impact of the Tax Act (discussed above), the impact of changes in state tax law, such as the real estate transfer tax on luxury property (the “Mansion Tax”) and negative perceptions surrounding quality of life, safety and security (including the risk or perceived risk of acts of terrorism or protests). Any reduction in the attractiveness of New York City as a place to live or a place to invest in residential real estate and any matters which adversely affect New York City’s status as an international center for business and commerce could result in a reduction, by volume and/or by value, in our investment in real estate developments and/or residential property sales transactions in the New York metropolitan area, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 25 Risks associated with our real estate development business. Real estate development is a competitive industry, and competitive conditions may adversely affect our results of operations. The real estate development industry is highly competitive. Real estate developers compete not only for buyers, but also for desirable properties, building materials, labor and capital. We compete with other local, regional, national and international real estate asset managers, investors and property developers, which have significant financial resources and experience. Competitive conditions in the real estate development industry could result in: difficulty in acquiring suitable investments in properties at acceptable prices; increased selling incentives; lower sales volumes and prices; lower profit margins; impairments in the value of our investments in real estate developments and other assets; and increased construction costs, delays in construction and increased carry costs. Development projects are subject to special risks including potential increase in costs, changes in market demand, inability to meet deadlines which may delay the timely completion of projects, reliance on contractors who may be unable to perform and the need to obtain various governmental and third party consents. If the market value of our properties or investments decline, our results of operations could be adversely affected by impairments and write-downs. We acquire land and invest in real estate projects in the ordinary course of our business. There is an inherent risk that the value of our land and investments may decline after purchase, which also may affect the value of existing properties under construction. The valuation of property is inherently subjective and based on the individual characteristics of each property. The market value of our land and investments in real estate projects depends on general and local real estate market conditions. These conditions can change and thereby subject valuations to uncertainty. Moreover, all valuations are made on the basis of assumptions that may not prove to reflect economic or demographic reality. We may have acquired options on or bought and developed land at a cost we will not be able to recover fully or on which we cannot build and sell the property profitably. In addition, our deposits or investments in deposits for building lots controlled under option or similar contracts may be put at risk. If market conditions deteriorate, some of our assets may be subject to impairments and write-down charges which would adversely affect our operations and financial results. If demand for residential or commercial real estate decreases below what was anticipated when we purchased interests in or developed such inventory, profitability may be adversely affected and we may not be able to recover the related costs when selling and building our properties and/or investments. We regularly review the value of our investments and will continue to do so on a periodic basis. Write-downs and impairments in the value of our properties and/or investments may be required, and we may in the future sell properties and/or investments at a loss, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We face risks associated with property acquisitions. We may be unable to finance acquisitions or investments on favorable terms or properties may fail to perform as expected. We may underestimate the costs necessary to bring an investment up to standards established for its intended market position. We may also acquire or invest in properties subject to liabilities and with recourse, with respect to unknown liabilities. New Valley’s acquisition of real estate investments are subject to several risks including: underestimated operating expenses for a property, possibly making it uneconomical or unprofitable; a property may fail to perform in accordance with expectations, in which case the Company may sustain lower-than-expected income or need to incur additional expenses for the property; and the Company may not be able to sell, dispose or refinance the property at a favorable price or terms, or at all, as the case may be; in addition to any potential loss on a sale, the Company may have no choice but to hold on to the property and continue to incur net operating losses if underperforming for an indefinite period of time, as well as incur continuing tax, environmental and other liabilities. Acquisition agreements will typically contain conditions to closing, including completion of due diligence to our satisfaction or other conditions that are not within our control, which may not be satisfied. Each of these factors could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our success depends on the availability of suitable real estate investments at acceptable prices and having sufficient liquidity to acquire such investments. Our success in investing in real estate depends in part upon the continued availability of suitable real estate assets at acceptable prices. The availability of properties for investment at favorable prices depends on a number of factors outside of our control, including the risk of 26 competitive over-bidding on real estate assets. Should suitable opportunities become less available, the number of properties we develop and invest in would be reduced, which would reduce revenue and profits. In addition, our ability to make investments will depend upon whether we have sufficient liquidity to fund such purchases and investments. If we, or the entities we invest in, are not able to develop and market our real estate developments successfully or within expected timeframes or at projected pricing, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected. Before a property development generates any revenues, material expenditures are incurred to acquire land, obtain development approvals and construct significant portions of project infrastructure, amenities, model offices, showrooms, apartments or homes and sales facilities. It generally takes several years for a real estate development to achieve cumulative positive cash flow. If we, or the entities we invest in, are unable to develop and market our real estate developments successfully or to generate positive cash flows from these operations within expected timeframes, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Because certain of our assets are illiquid, we may not be able to sell these assets when appropriate or when desired. Large real estate developments like the ones that we retain investments in can be hard to sell, especially if local market conditions are poor. Such illiquidity could limit our ability to diversify our assets promptly in response to changing economic or investment conditions. Additionally, financial difficulties of other property owners resulting in distressed sales could depress real estate values in the markets in which we operate in times of illiquidity. These restrictions reduce our ability to respond to changes in the performance of our assets and could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Guaranty risks; risks of joint ventures. New Valley has a number of real estate-related investments in which other partners hold significant interests. New Valley must seek approval from these other parties for important actions regarding these joint ventures. Since the other parties’ interests may differ from those of New Valley, a deadlock could arise that might impair the ability of the ventures to function. Such a deadlock could significantly harm a venture. Further, our minority interest in these joint ventures means that we may not be able to influence the outcome of any particular project, and our rights to obtain information may be limited to the contractual requirements. As a result, we may not have adequate insight into the financial condition of any of our joint ventures given that we do not oversee their financial reporting or decision making. If our partners face adverse financial conditions, it may impair their ability to fund capital calls or satisfy their share of any guarantees on project financing. In addition, we are typically obligated to execute guarantees or indemnify our partners for guarantees they may execute in connection with the acquisition or construction financing for our projects. The guarantees that we might be obligated to sign include guarantees for environmental liability at a project, improper acts committed by New Valley (otherwise known as a “bad boy” guaranty), as well as carry and completion guarantees for a project. In the event of a default, if a lender were to exercise its rights under these guarantees, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Our real estate investments and the real estate market in general could be adversely impacted by changes in the law. Many different laws govern the development of real estate. Changes to laws such as affordable housing, zoning, air rights and others, could adversely impact our real estate projects. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the Treasury Department has recently issued Geographic Targeting Orders that will temporarily require certain United States title insurance companies to identify the natural persons who directly or indirectly beneficially own companies that pay all cash for high-end residential real estate in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and in Miami-Dade County in Florida. No assurances can be given as to the impact such requirements may have on the continued purchasing of high-end residential properties in Manhattan and Miami-Dade County by such individuals while such requirements are in effect, and no assurances can be given as to the impact such requirements may have in the event they are extended to other markets throughout the country in which New Valley is engaged in high-end residential properties. The real estate developments we invest in may be subject to losses as a result of construction defects. Real estate developers are subject to construction defect and warranty claims arising in the ordinary course of their business. These claims are common in the real estate development industry and can be costly. 27 Claims may be asserted against the real estate developments we invest in for construction defects, personal injury or property damage caused by the developer, general contractor or subcontractors, and if successful, these claims may give rise to liability. Subcontractors are independent of the homebuilders that contract with them under normal management practices and the terms of trade contracts and subcontracts within the industry; however, if U.S. or other regulatory agencies or courts reclassify the employees of sub-contractors as employees of real estate developers, real estate developers using subcontractors could be responsible for wage, hour and other employment-related liabilities of their subcontractors. In addition, where the real estate developments in which we invest hire general contractors, unforeseen events such as the bankruptcy of, or an uninsured or under-insured loss claimed against, the general contractor may sometimes result in the real estate developer becoming responsible for the losses or other obligations of the general contractor. The costs of insuring against construction defect and product liability claims are high, and the amount of coverage offered by insurance companies may be limited. There can be no assurance that this coverage will not be further restricted and become more costly. If the real estate developments in our real estate portfolio are not able to obtain adequate insurance against these claims in the future, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. Increasingly in recent years, individual and class action lawsuits have been filed against real estate developers asserting claims of personal injury and property damage caused by a variety of issues, including faulty materials and the presence of mold in residential dwellings. Furthermore, decreases in home values as a result of general economic conditions may result in an increase in both non-meritorious and meritorious construction defect claims, as well as claims based on marketing and sales practices. Insurance may not cover all of the claims arising from such issues, or such coverage may become prohibitively expensive. If real estate developments in our real estate portfolio are not able to obtain adequate insurance against these claims, they may experience litigation costs and losses that could reduce our revenues from these investments. Even if they are successful in defending such claims, we may incur significant losses. Our real estate investments may face substantial damages as a result of existing or future litigation, arbitration or other claims. The real estate developments we invest in are exposed to potentially significant litigation, arbitration proceedings and other claims, including breach of contract, contractual disputes and disputes relating to defective title, property misdescription or construction defects. Class action lawsuits can be costly to defend, and if our assets were to lose any certified class action suit, it could result in substantial liability. With respect to certain general liability exposures, including construction defect and product liability claims, interpretation of underlying current and future trends, assessment of claims and the related liability and reserve estimation process requires us to exercise significant judgment due to the complex nature of these exposures, with each exposure exhibiting unique circumstances. Furthermore, once claims are asserted for construction defects, it is difficult to determine the extent to which the assertion of these claims will expand geographically. As a result, we may suffer losses on our investments which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our investments in real estate are susceptible to adverse weather conditions and natural and man-made disasters. Adverse weather conditions and natural and man-made disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, storms, earthquakes, floods, droughts, fires, snow, blizzards, as well as terrorist attacks, riots and electrical outages, can have a significant effect on the assets in our real estate portfolio. These adverse conditions can cause physical damage to work in progress and new developments, delays and increased costs in the construction of new developments and disruptions and suspensions of operations, whether caused directly or by disrupting or suspending operations of those upon whom our real estate developments rely in their operations. Such adverse conditions can mutually cause or aggravate each other, and their incidence and severity are unpredictable. If insurance is unavailable to the real estate developments we invest in or is unavailable on acceptable terms, or if insurance is not adequate to cover business interruptions or losses resulting from adverse weather or natural or man-made disasters, the real estate developments we invest in and our results of operations will be adversely affected. In addition, damage to properties in our real estate portfolio caused by adverse weather or a natural or man-made disaster may cause insurance costs for these properties to increase. A major health and safety incident relating to our real estate investments could be costly in terms of potential liabilities and reputational damage. Building sites are inherently dangerous, and operating in the real estate development industry poses certain inherent health and safety risks. Due to regulatory 28 requirements, health and safety performance is critical to the success of our real estate investments. Any failure in health and safety performance may result in penalties for non-compliance with relevant regulatory requirements, and a failure that results in a major or significant health and safety incident is likely to be costly in terms of potential liabilities incurred as a result. Such a failure could generate significant negative publicity and have a corresponding impact on the reputation and relationships of the developer with relevant regulatory agencies or governmental authorities, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our investment and operating results. Insurance may not cover some potential losses or may not be obtainable at commercially reasonable rates, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Real estate properties in our real estate portfolio maintain insurance on their properties in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are comparable with what owners of similar properties carry; however, such insurance may not cover some potential losses or may not be obtainable at commercially reasonable rates in the future. There also are certain types of risks (such as war, environmental contamination such as toxic mold, and lease and other contract claims) which are either uninsurable or not economically insurable. Should any uninsured or underinsured loss occur, we could lose our investment in, and anticipated profits and cash flows from, one or more properties. The volatility in the capital and credit markets has increased in recent years. Because the volatility in capital and credit markets may create additional risks in the upcoming months and possibly years, we will continue to perform additional assessments to determine the impact, if any, on our consolidated financial statements. Thus, future impairment charges may occur. Risks associated with New Valley Ventures. Risks inherent in PropTech Investments. The types of investments that New Valley Ventures anticipates making in the PropTech industry may involve a high degree of risk. In general, financial and operating risks confronting portfolio companies can be significant. While targeted returns should reflect the perceived level of risk in any investment situation, there can be no assurance that New Valley Ventures will be adequately compensated for risks taken, and the loss of its entire investment is possible. The investments may be difficult to value and the timing of any profit realization is highly uncertain. Losses are likely to occur. Early-stage and development-stage companies often experience unexpected problems in the areas of product development, manufacturing, marketing, financing and general management, which, in some cases, cannot be adequately solved. In addition, such companies may require substantial amounts of financing which may not be available through institutional private placements or the public markets. The percentage of companies that survive and prosper can be small. Investments in more mature companies in the expansion or profitable stage may involve substantial risks. Such companies typically have obtained capital in the form of debt and/or equity to expand rapidly, reorganize operations, acquire other businesses, or develop new products and markets. These activities by definition involve a significant amount of change in a company and could give rise to significant problems in sales, manufacturing, and general management of these activities. Risks associated with Douglas Elliman. Douglas Elliman depends on a strong brand, and any failure to maintain, protect and enhance the Douglas Elliman brand would have an adverse effect on its ability to grow its real estate brokerage business. Douglas Elliman has developed a strong brand that we believe has contributed significantly to the success of its business. Maintaining, protecting and enhancing Douglas Elliman as a premium real estate brokerage brand is critical to growing its business. If Douglas Elliman does not successfully build and maintain a strong brand, its real estate brokerage business could be negatively impacted. Preserving and increasing the quality of the Douglas Elliman brand may require us to make substantial investments in areas such as marketing, community relations, outreach technology and employee training. Douglas Elliman actively engages in print and online advertisements, targeted promotional mailings and email communications and engages on a regular basis in public relations and sponsorship activities. There is no assurance that those activities will enhance the brand awareness. 29 Brand value can be severely damaged even by isolated incidents, particularly if the incidents receive considerable negative publicity or result in litigation. Some of these incidents may relate to the way Douglas Elliman manages its relationship with its agents, its growth strategies or the ordinary course of its business or its brokerage business. Other incidents may arise from events that are or may be beyond its ability to control and may damage its brand, such as actions taken (or not taken) by one or more agents relating to health, safety, welfare or other matters; litigation and claims; failure to maintain high ethical and social standards for all of its operations and activities; failure to comply with local laws and regulations; and illegal activity targeted at Douglas Elliman or others. Douglas Elliman’s brand value could diminish significantly if any such incidents or other matters erode consumer confidence in it, which may result in a decrease in its total agent count and, ultimately could adversely affect its business and operating results. The real estate brokerage business in the New York City metropolitan area, Florida, California, Massachusetts, Colorado, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Texas is extremely competitive. Douglas Elliman competes with other multi-office independent real estate organizations and with franchise real estate organizations competing in local areas. Competition is particularly intense in the densely populated metropolitan areas of New York City, South Florida and Los Angeles in which it operates. In addition, in the real estate brokerage industry, new participants face minimal barriers to entry into the market. Douglas Elliman also competes for the services of qualified licensed agents. The ability of its brokerage offices to including the sales commissions they receive, retain agents is generally subject to numerous factors, advertising support and perception of brand value. Douglas Elliman’s business is concentrated in the states of New York, California, Connecticut, New Jersey and Massachusetts and changes in U.S. Tax Laws could impact these markets. The Tax Act places new limits on mortgage interest deductions as well as state and local income and property tax deductions. The loss of the use of these deductions may encourage residents of states with high income and property taxes and costs of housing to migrate to states with lower tax rates and housing costs. In 2020, approximately 73.0% of Douglas Elliman’s closed sales occurred in the states of New York, California, Connecticut and Massachusetts, and a migration of residents from these markets or a reduction in the attractiveness of these markets as a place to live could adversely impact Douglas Elliman’s business, financial condition and results of operations. The financial results of Douglas Elliman’s real estate brokerage business is affected directly by the success of its agents. Douglas Elliman’s real estate brokerage offices generate revenue in the form of commissions and service fees. Accordingly, its financial results depend upon the operational and financial success of its brokerage offices and its agents. As mentioned above, there is significant competition among brokerage firms for the services of high producing agents. The failure to recruit and retain these agents could negatively impact the financial success of Douglas Elliman’s brokerage business. We have made significant operating adjustments in Douglas Elliman’s real estate brokerage business, including staff reductions, which could negatively impact the financial success of Douglas Elliman’s brokerage business in the future. Douglas Elliman’s real estate brokerage offices generate revenue in the form of commissions and service fees. Accordingly, its financial results depend upon the operational and financial success of its brokerage offices and its agents. As a result of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Douglas Elliman’s brokerage business, in April 2020, we made significant operating adjustments at Douglas Elliman, including a reduction of personnel by approximately 25%, which resulted in a reduction in salaries and administrative expenses, as well as a reduction, deferral or elimination of leases across the country. As a result of the expense reductions, in addition to personnel expenses, Douglas Elliman’s professional services, advertising, travel and other occupancy expenses were reduced during the second and third quarters of 2020. While such expense-reduction measures were necessary in order to mitigate the on-going financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Douglas Elliman’s business, there can be no assurance that we will be able to re-hire those employees in the event that economic conditions improve, and as a result, the staff reductions that we have made could negatively impact the financial success of Douglas Elliman’s brokerage business in the future. Further, while we continue to evaluate other expense reduction measures, as Douglas Elliman’s business began to improve in the third quarter, we began to relinquish, as appropriate, some of the second quarter expense reductions, including advertising and personnel expenses, and to the extent Douglas Elliman’s business continues to improve in the fourth quarter, we will continue to do so. The COVID-19 pandemic could continue to have a material impact on our Real Estate segment; the likelihood and magnitude of a material impact increases with the amount of time the virus impacts activity 30 levels in locations in which Douglas Elliman operates. Therefore, we are unable to predict the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows from our Real Estate segment. Infringement, misappropriation or dilution of Douglas Elliman’s intellectual property could harm its business. We regard the Douglas Elliman trademark portfolio as having significant value and as being an important factor in the marketing of its brand. Douglas Elliman believes that this and other intellectual property are valuable assets that are critical to its success. Douglas Elliman relies on a combination of protections provided by contracts, as well as copyright, trademark, and other laws, to protect our intellectual property from infringement, misappropriation or dilution. It has registered certain trademarks and service marks and has other trademark and service mark registration applications pending in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. Although Douglas Elliman monitors its trademark portfolio both internally and through external search agents and imposes an obligation on agents to notify it upon learning of potential infringement, there can be no assurance that it will be able to adequately maintain, enforce and protect its trademarks or other intellectual property rights. Douglas Elliman is not aware of any challenges to its right to use any of its brand names or trademarks. It is commonly involved in numerous proceedings, generally on a small scale, to enforce its intellectual property and protect its brand. Unauthorized uses or other infringement of its trademarks or service marks, including ones that are currently unknown to us, could diminish the value of its brand and may adversely affect its business. Failure to adequately protect its intellectual property rights could damage its brand and impair its ability to compete effectively. Even where it has effectively secured statutory protection for its trademarks and other intellectual property, its competitors may misappropriate its intellectual property. Defending or enforcing its trademark rights, branding practices and other intellectual property, and seeking an injunction and/or compensation for misappropriation of confidential information, could result in the expenditure of significant resources and divert the attention of management, which in turn may adversely affect our business and operating results. Moreover, unauthorized third parties may use Douglas Elliman’s intellectual property to trade on the goodwill of its brand, resulting in consumer confusion or dilution. Any reduction of its brand’s goodwill, consumer confusion, or dilution is likely to impact sales, and could adversely affect its business and operating results. Douglas Elliman relies on traffic to its websites, including its flagship website, elliman.com, directed from search engines. If these websites fail to rank prominently in unpaid search results, traffic to these websites could decline and its business would be adversely affected. Douglas Elliman’s success depends in part on its ability to attract users through unpaid Internet search results on search engines. The number of users it attracts to its websites, including its flagship website elliman.com, from search engines is due in large part to how and where its websites rank in unpaid search results. These rankings can be affected by a number of factors, many of which are not under our direct control, and they may change frequently. For example, a search engine may change its ranking algorithms, methodologies or design layouts. As a result, links to Douglas Elliman’s websites may not be prominent enough to drive traffic to its websites, and we may not know how or otherwise be in a position to influence the results. In some instances, search engine companies may change these rankings in order to promote their own competing services or the services of one or more of Douglas Elliman’s competitors. Douglas Elliman’s websites have experienced fluctuations in search result rankings in the past, and it anticipates fluctuations in the future. Any reduction in the number of users directed to its websites could adversely affect its real estate brokerage business and results of operations. Further, a failure of Douglas Elliman’s websites or website-based technology, either due to malfunction, outside intrusion through hacking or otherwise, could significantly disrupt its business and lead to reduced revenue and reputational damage as Douglas Elliman may not be able to effectively scale and adapt its existing technology and network infrastructure to ensure its platforms are accessible. Risks Relating to Our Indebtedness We and our subsidiaries have a substantial amount of indebtedness and liquidity commitments. We and our subsidiaries have significant indebtedness and debt service obligations. As of December 31, 2020, we and our subsidiaries had total outstanding indebtedness of $1.43 billion on a historical basis (or $1.46 billion adjusted to give effect to our January 2021 refinancing). In addition, subject to the terms of 31 any future agreements, we and our subsidiaries may be able to incur additional indebtedness in the future. There is a risk that we will not be able to generate sufficient funds to repay our debt. If we cannot service our fixed charges, it would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We have significant liquidity commitments. During 2021, we will have significant liquidity commitments that will require the use of our existing cash resources. As of December 31, 2020, our corporate expenditures (exclusive of Liggett, Vector Tobacco and New Valley) and other potential liquidity requirements over the next 12 months include the following (after giving effect to our January 2021 refinancing): • • • • cash interest expense of approximately $109.5 million, principal payments on notes related to acquisition of remaining portion of Douglas Elliman of $12.5 million, dividends of approximately $128.4 million based on the assumed quarterly cash dividend rate of $0.20 per share and assuming 157,572,448 shares outstanding (153,324,629 common shares outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 4,247,819 employee stock options with dividend equivalent rights), and other corporate expenses and taxes. In order to meet the above liquidity requirements as well as other liquidity needs in the normal course of business, we will be required to use cash flows from operations and existing cash and cash equivalents. Should these resources be insufficient to meet the upcoming liquidity needs, we may also be required to liquidate investment securities available for sale and other long-term investments, or, if available, draw on the Liggett Credit Facility. While there are actions we can take to reduce our liquidity needs, there can be no assurance that such measures will be successful. Servicing our indebtedness requires a significant amount of cash and we may not generate sufficient cash flow from our businesses to pay our substantial indebtedness. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal, to pay interest on, or to refinance our indebtedness, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and regulatory factors, as well as other factors beyond our control. The cash flow from operations in the future may be insufficient to service our indebtedness because of factors beyond our control. If we are unable to generate the necessary cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations. Our high level of debt may adversely affect our ability to satisfy our obligations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to meet our debt service obligations. A default in our debt obligations, including a breach of any restrictive covenant imposed by the terms of our indebtedness, could result in the acceleration of the affected debt as well as other of our indebtedness. In such a situation, it is unlikely that we would be able to fulfill our obligations under the debt or such other indebtedness or that we would otherwise be able to repay the accelerated indebtedness or make other required payments. Even in the absence of an acceleration of our indebtedness, a default under the terms of our indebtedness could have an adverse impact on our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and on the trading price of our debt and our common stock. Our high level of indebtedness, as well as volatility in the capital and credit markets, could have important consequences. For example, they could: • • make it more difficult for us to satisfy our other obligations with respect to our debt, including repurchase obligations, upon the occurrence of specified change of control events; increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions; 32 • • • • • • limit our ability to obtain additional financing; require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, reducing the amount of our cash flow available for dividends on our common stock and other general corporate purposes; require us to sell other securities or to sell some or all of our assets, possibly on unfavorable terms, to meet payment obligations; restrict us from making strategic acquisitions, investing in new capital assets or taking advantage of business opportunities; limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry; and place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to competitors that have less debt. Our 5.75% Senior Secured Notes, 10.5% Senior Notes,and Liggett Credit Facility contain restrictive covenants, and the Liggett Credit Facility contains financial ratios, that limit our operating flexibility, and may limit our ability to pay dividends in the future. The indenture governing our 5.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 (the “2029 Indenture”), the indenture governing our 10.5% Senior Notes due 2026 (the “2026 Indenture”) and the Liggett Credit Facility contain covenants that, among other things, restrict our ability to take specific actions, even if we believe them to be in our best interest, including restrictions on our ability to: • • • • • • • • incur or guarantee additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred stock; pay dividends or distributions on, or redeem or repurchase, capital stock or subordinated indebtedness, or make other restricted payments; create or incur liens with respect to our assets; make investments, loans or advances; incur dividend or other payment restrictions; prepay subordinated indebtedness; enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and merge, consolidate, reorganize or sell our assets, or use asset sale proceeds. Our ability to comply with the provisions of the 2029 Indenture, the 2026 Indenture, and the Liggett Credit Facility may be affected by changes in our operating and financial performance, changes in general business and economic conditions, adverse regulatory developments or other events beyond our control. The breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our indebtedness, which could cause those and other obligations to become due and payable. If any of our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not be able to repay it. See Liquidity and Capital Resources in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for details of debt covenant compliance. Changes in respect of the debt ratings of our notes may materially and adversely affect the availability, the cost and the terms and conditions of our debt. Both we and several issues of our notes have been publicly rated by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), and Standard & Poor’s Rating Services (“S&P”), independent rating agencies. In addition, future debt instruments may be publicly rated. These debt ratings may affect our ability to raise debt. Any future downgrading of the notes or our other debt by Moody’s or S&P may affect the cost and terms and conditions of our financings and could adversely affect the value and trading of the notes. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 may increase the after-tax cost of debt financings. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) limits our interest expense deduction to 30% of taxable income before interest, depreciation and amortization in 2018 and 2021 and 50% of taxable income before interest, depreciation, and amortization in 2019 and 2020 (as a result of provisions contained in the 33 Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act, and then 30% of taxable income before interest thereafter for non-excepted trade or businesses. One such excepted trade or business is any electing real property trade or business, of which portions of our real estate business may qualify. Interest expense allocable to an excepted trade or business is not subject to limitation. The Tax Act permits us to carry forward disallowed interest expense indefinitely. Although all of our interest expense has been deductible to date, due to our high degree of leverage, a portion of our interest expense in future years may not be deductible, which may increase the after tax cost of any new debt financings as well as the refinancing of our existing debt. We will continue to evaluate the impact of the nondeductible interest on our operations and capital structure. Risks Relating to Our Structure and Other Business Risks We are a holding company and depend on cash payments from our subsidiaries, which are subject to contractual and other restrictions, in order to service our debt and to pay dividends on our common stock. We are a holding company and have no operations of our own. We hold our interests in our various businesses through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, VGR Holding LLC and New Valley LLC. In addition to our own cash resources, our ability to pay interest on our debt and to pay dividends on our common stock depends on the ability of VGR Holding and New Valley to make cash available to us. VGR Holding’s ability to pay dividends to us depends primarily on the ability of Liggett and Vector Tobacco, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, to generate cash and make it available to VGR Holding. The Liggett Credit Facility contains a restricted payments test that limits the ability of Liggett to pay cash dividends to VGR Holding. The ability of Liggett to meet the restricted payments test may be affected by factors beyond its control. Our receipt of cash payments, as dividends or otherwise, from our subsidiaries is an important source of our liquidity and capital resources. If we do not have sufficient cash resources of our own and do not receive payments from our subsidiaries in an amount sufficient to repay our debts and to pay dividends on our common stock, we must obtain additional funds from other sources. There is a risk that we will not be able to obtain additional funds at all or on terms acceptable to us. Our inability to service these obligations and to continue to pay dividends on our common stock would significantly harm us and the value of our notes and our common stock. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charges may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. We have a substantial amount of goodwill and other intangible assets on our balance sheet, primarily comprised of goodwill and trademarks related to Douglas Elliman. Goodwill, trademarks and other identifiable intangible assets must be tested for impairment at least annually. The fair value of the goodwill assigned to a reporting unit could decline if projected revenues or cash flows were to be lower in the future due to effects of the global economy or other causes. If the carrying value of intangible assets or of goodwill were to exceed its fair value, the asset would be written down to its fair value, with the impairment loss recognized as a non-cash charge in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately $208 million of goodwill and other intangible assets on our balance sheet, which included $32 million of goodwill and $68 million of trademarks related to Douglas Elliman. During the first quarter of 2020, we determined that a triggering event occurred related to the Douglas Elliman reporting unit due to a decline in sales and profitability projections for the reporting unit driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic disruption. We utilized third-party valuation specialists to prepare a quantitative assessment of goodwill and trademark intangible asset related to Douglas Elliman. The quantitative assessments resulted in impairment charges to goodwill of $46.3 million and to the trademark intangible asset of $12.0 million. Changes in the future outlook of the Douglas Elliman reporting unit could result in an impairment loss, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. 34 Maintaining the integrity of our computer systems and protecting confidential information and personal identifying information has become increasingly costly, as cybersecurity incidents could disrupt business operations, result in the loss of critical and confidential information, and adversely impact our reputation and results of operations. Global cybersecurity threats and incidents can range from uncoordinated individual attempts that gain unauthorized access to information technology systems both internally and externally, to sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistent threats, directed at the Company and its affiliated agents. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and intellectual property, and personally identifiable information of our tobacco and real estate customers. Additionally, we increasingly rely on third-party data storage providers, including cloud storage solution providers. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information are critical to our operations and with respect to information collected and stored by our third-party service providers, we are reliant upon their security procedures. Our systems and the confidential information on them may also be compromised by employee misconduct or employee error. While we and our third-party service providers have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, these types of internal and external threats and incidents, cybersecurity incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in the misappropriation, destruction, corruption or unavailability of critical data and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties, including personally identifiable information) and the disruption of business operations. Our business interruption insurance may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. The potential consequences of a material cybersecurity incident include reputational damage, litigation with third parties, diminution in the value of the services we provide to our customers, and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs, which in turn could adversely affect our competitiveness and results of operations. Developments in the laws and regulations governing the handling and transmission of personal identifying information in the United States may require us to devote more resources to protecting such information, which could in turn adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We depend on our key personnel. We depend on the efforts of our executive officers and other key personnel as our named executive officers have been employed by us for an average of 25 years at December 31, 2020. While we believe that we could find replacements for these key personnel, the loss of their services could have a significant adverse effect on our operations. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect us. The accuracy of our financial reporting depends on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, the implementation of which requires significant management attention. Internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements and may not prevent or detect misstatements because of its inherent limitations. These limitations include, among others, the possibility of human error, inadequacy or circumvention of controls and fraud. If we do not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or design and implement controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance with respect to the including in connection with controls preparation and fair presentation of our financial statements, executed for us by third parties, we might fail to timely detect any misappropriation of corporate assets or inappropriate allocation or use of funds and could be unable to file accurate financial reports on a timely basis. As a result, our reputation, results of operations and stock price could be materially adversely affected. Risks Relating to our Common Stock The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly. The trading price of our common stock has ranged between $7.92 and $14.60 per share over the past 52 weeks. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include the following: 35 • • • • • • • • • • • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating results; changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates by securities analysts and investors; the operating and stock performance of our competitors; our dividend payment ratio and level; announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services or significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments; the initiation or outcome of litigation; the failure or significant disruption of our operations from various causes related to our critical information technologies and systems including cybersecurity threats to our data and customer data as well as reputational or financial risks associated with a loss of any such data; changes in interest rates; general economic, market and political conditions; additions or departures of key personnel; and future sales of our equity or convertible securities. We cannot predict the extent, if any, to which future sales of shares of common stock or the availability of shares of common stock for future sale, may depress the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the stock market in recent years has experienced extreme price and trading volume fluctuations that often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of individual companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. Furthermore, stockholders may initiate securities class action lawsuits if the market price of our stock drops significantly, which may cause us to incur substantial costs and could divert the time and attention of our management. These factors, among others, could significantly depress the price of our common stock. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our principal executive offices are located in Miami, Florida. We lease 12,390 square feet of office space in an office building in Miami. The lease expires in April 2023, subject to another five-year renewal option. We lease approximately 9,000 square feet of office space in New York, New York under a lease that expires in 2025. New Valley’s operating properties are discussed above under the description of New Valley’s business and in Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements. Liggett and LVB Liggett’s tobacco manufacturing facilities, and several of its distribution and storage facilities, are currently located in or near Mebane, North Carolina. Some of these facilities are owned and others are leased. Liggett’s office, manufacturing complex and warehouse are pledged as collateral under its Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2020, the principal properties owned or leased by Liggett are as follows: Type Storage Facilities Office and Manufacturing Complex Warehouse Warehouse Warehouse Location Owned or Leased Approximate Total Square Footage Danville, VA Mebane, NC Mebane, NC Mebane, NC Mebane, NC 36 Owned Owned Owned Leased Leased 578,000 240,000 60,000 125,000 22,000 LVB leases approximately 22,000 square feet of office space in Morrisville, North Carolina. The lease expires in June 2026. Liggett’s management believes that its property, plant and equipment are well maintained and in good condition and that its existing facilities are sufficient to accommodate a substantial increase in production. Douglas Elliman Douglas Elliman leases 102 offices throughout New York, Connecticut, Florida, California, Colorado, Massachusetts and New Jersey. Leases expire at various times between 2021 and 2033. As of December 31, 2020, the properties leased by Douglas Elliman are as follows: Type Offices Offices Offices Offices Offices Offices Number of Offices Location Owned or Leased Approximate Total Square Footage 25 36 19 4 12 6 New York City, NY Long Island, NY Florida Westchester County, NY California Other Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased Leased 162,000 89,000 43,000 3,000 84,000 1,000 ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Liggett and other United States cigarette manufacturers have been named as defendants in various types of cases predicated on the theory, among other things, that they should be liable for damages from adverse health effects alleged to have been caused by cigarette smoking or by exposure to secondary smoke from cigarettes. Reference is made to Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report which is incorporated by reference and contains a general description of certain legal proceedings to which we, or our subsidiaries are a party and certain related matters. Reference is also made to Exhibit 99.1 for additional information regarding the pending smoking-related legal proceedings to which Liggett we are a party. A copy of Exhibit 99.1 will be furnished without charge upon written request to us at our principal executive offices, 4400 Biscayne Boulevard, 10th Floor, Miami, Florida 33137, Attn. Investor Relations. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not applicable. 37 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “VGR.” At February 24, 2021, there were approximately 1,588 holders of record of our common stock. Performance Graph The following graph compares the total annual return of our Common Stock, the S&P 500 Index, the S&P Small Cap 600 Index, and the NYSE Arca Tobacco Index for the five years ended December 31, 2020. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2015 in the Common Stock and each of the indices, and that all cash dividends and distributions were reinvested. S R A L L O D 250 200 150 100 50 0 12/31/15 12/31/16 12/31/17 12/31/18 12/31/19 12/31/20 Vector Group Ltd. S&P 500 S&P 600 NYSE Arca Tobacco Vector Group Ltd. S&P 500 S&P 600 NYSE Arca Tobacco 12/15 12/16 12/17 12/18 12/19 12/20 100 100 100 100 109 112 126 127 121 136 143 141 61 130 131 110 102 171 161 145 95 203 179 147 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds No securities of ours which were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933 were issued or sold by us during the three months ended December 31, 2020. Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities Our purchase of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2020 were as follows: Period October 1 to October 31, 2020 November 1 to November 30, 2020 December 1 to December 31, 2020 Total Total Number of Shares Purchased — — 589,256 589,256 Average Price Paid per Share $ — — 12.49(1) $12.49 Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs — — — — Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs — — — — 38 (1) Delivery of shares to us in payment of exercise price and tax withholding in connection with stock option exercises by employees. The shares were immediately canceled. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT The table below, together with the accompanying text, presents certain information regarding all our current executive officers as of March 1, 2021. Each of the executive officers serves until the election and qualification of such individual’s successor or until such individual’s death, resignation or removal by the Board of Directors. Name Howard M. Lorber Richard J. Lampen J. Bryant Kirkland III Marc N. Bell J. David Ballard Position Age 72 President and Chief Executive Officer 67 Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer 55 60 53 Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary Senior Vice President, Enterprise Efficiency and Chief Technology Officer Year Individual Became an Executive Officer 2001 1996 2006 1998 2020 Nicholas P. Anson 49 President and Chief Operating Officer of Liggett 2020 Howard M. Lorber has been our President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2006. He served as our President and Chief Operating Officer from January 2001 to December 2005 and has served as a director of ours since January 2001. From November 1994 to December 2005, Mr. Lorber served as President and Chief Operating Officer of New Valley, where he also served as a director. Mr. Lorber was Chairman of the Board of Hallman & Lorber Assoc., Inc., consultants and actuaries of qualified pension and profit sharing plans, and various of its affiliates from 1975 to December 2004 and has been a consultant to these entities since January 2005; Chairman of the Board of Directors since 1987 and Chief Executive Officer from November 1993 to December 2006 of Nathan’s Famous, Inc., a chain of fast food restaurants; and a Director of Clipper Realty, Inc., a real estate investment trust, since July 2015. Mr. Lorber was a member of the Board of Directors of Morgans Hotel Group Co. from March 2015 until November 2016, and Chairman from May 2015 to November 2016 and was Chairman of the Board of Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services from May 2001 to July 2006 and Vice Chairman from July 2006 to February 2020. He is also a trustee of Long Island University. Richard J. Lampen was appointed our Chief Operating Officer on January 14, 2021 and has served as our Executive Vice President since 1995. From October 1995 to December 2005, Mr. Lampen served as the Executive Vice President and General Counsel of New Valley, where he also served as a director. From September 2006 to February 2020, he has served as President and Chief Executive Officer as well as a director of Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services. Mr. Lampen also served as Chairman of Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services from September 2018 to February 2020. From October 2008 to October 2019, Mr. Lampen served as President and Chief Executive Officer as well as a director of Castle Brands Inc. J. Bryant Kirkland III has been our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since April 2006 and our Senior Vice President since May 2016. Mr. Kirkland served as a Vice President of ours from January 2001 to April 2016 and served as New Valley’s Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from January 1998 to December 2005. He has served since July 1992 in various financial capacities with us, Liggett and New Valley. Mr. Kirkland has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors, President and Chief Executive Officer of Multi Soft II, Inc. and Multi Solutions II, Inc. since July 2012. Marc N. Bell has been our General Counsel and Secretary since May 1994 and our Senior Vice President since May 2016 and the Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Vector Tobacco since April 2002. Mr. Bell served as a Vice President of ours from January 1998 to April 2016. From November 1994 to December 2005, Mr. Bell served as Associate General Counsel and Secretary of New Valley and from February 1998 to December 2005, as a Vice President of New Valley. Mr. Bell previously served as Liggett’s General Counsel and currently serves as an officer, director or manager for many of Vector’s or New Valley’s subsidiaries. 39 J. David Ballard has been our Senior Vice President, Enterprise Efficiency and Chief Technology Officer since July 2020 and, from February 2020 to July 2020, served as a consultant to the Company. Prior to joining Vector Group, Mr. Ballard served as Senior Vice President, Enterprise Services of Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services Inc. from April 2019 to February 2020. Prior to joining Ladenburg, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer for Docupace Technologies, a leading digital operations technology provider in the wealth management space from March 2018 to April 2019. Mr. Ballard was Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer at Cetera Financial Group from April 2015 to March 2018. Prior to his role at Cetera, Mr. Ballard spent more than two decades working in executive and management positions at several firms in the independent financial advisory and asset management industries, including AIG Advisor Group, SunAmerica Mutual Funds and AIG Retirement Services. Nicholas P. Anson was promoted to President and Chief Operating Officer of Liggett Group LLC and Liggett Vector Brands LLC in April 2020. Mr. Anson joined Liggett Group in 2001 and has served in numerous senior roles over his nearly 20 years with the Company. Previously, Mr. Anson served as Executive Vice President of Finance & Administration and Chief Financial Officer for Liggett Vector Brands from 2013 to 2020. Mr. Anson was responsible for Liggett Vector Brands’ finance and human resources organizations. His duties included coordination with and certain indirect responsibilities for finance and HR matters at Liggett Vector Brands’ affiliated companies, Liggett Group and Vector Tobacco. ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA Reserved. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) Overview We are a holding company and are engaged principally in two business segments: • • Tobacco: the manufacture and sale of cigarettes in the United States through our Liggett Group LLC and Vector Tobacco Inc. subsidiaries, and Real Estate: the real estate services, technology and investment business through our subsidiary New Valley, which (i) owns Douglas Elliman Realty, (ii) has interests in numerous real estate projects across the United States and (iii) is seeking to acquire or invest in additional real estate services, technologies, properties or projects. Douglas Elliman operates the largest residential brokerage company in the New York metropolitan area and also conducts residential real estate brokerage operations in Florida, California, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Colorado, New Jersey and Texas. Our tobacco subsidiaries’ cigarettes are produced in 100 combinations of length, style and packaging. Liggett’s current brand portfolio includes: • • Eagle 20’s Pyramid • Montego • • • • Grand Prix Liggett Select Eve USA and various Partner Brands and private label brands. 40 The discount segment is a challenging marketplace, with consumers having less brand loyalty and placing greater emphasis on price. Liggett’s competition is divided into two segments. The first segment consists of the three largest manufacturers of cigarettes in the United States: Philip Morris USA Inc., which is owned by Altria Group, Inc., RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, which is owned by British American Tobacco Plc, and ITG Brands LLC, which is owned by Imperial Brands Plc. These three manufacturers, while primarily premium cigarette-based companies, also produce and sell discount cigarettes. The second segment of competition is comprised of a group of smaller manufacturers and importers, most of which sell deep discount cigarettes. See Item 1. “Business” for detailed overview and description of our principal operations. Certain discussions of the changes in our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources from the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 have been omitted from this Form 10-K, but may be found in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 2, 2020. COVID-19 Pandemic The outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, has led to adverse impacts on the U.S. and global economies and created economic uncertainty. Although much uncertainty still surrounds the pandemic, including its duration and ultimate overall impact on our operations and real estate ventures, we are carefully evaluating potential outcomes and working to mitigate risks. As with many other companies, our operations have been affected by COVID-19. We have implemented remote working for many employees and adopted the social distancing protocols recommended by public health authorities. The following provides a summary of our actions in our two segments — Tobacco and Real Estate — since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. Impact of COVID-19 on Tobacco Segment. To date, we have not experienced any material disruptions to our supply or distribution chains, and have not experienced any material adverse effects associated with governmental actions to restrict consumer movement or business operations. However, our suppliers and members of our distribution chain may be subject to government action requiring facility closures and remote working protocols. The majority of retail stores in which our tobacco products are sold, including convenience stores, have been deemed to be essential businesses by authorities and have remained open. We continue to monitor the risk that a supplier, a distributor or any other entity within our supply and distribution chain closes temporarily or permanently. Although our tobacco segment has not been negatively impacted to date by COVID-19, there remains uncertainty as to how the pandemic may ultimately impact the market. We continue to monitor the macro-economic risks of COVID-19 and the effect on tobacco consumers, including purchasing behavior changes and changes in sales volumes and mix within the discount category. Our Eagle 20’s and Montego brands are priced in the deep discount category and our other brands are primarily priced in the traditional discount category. Impact of COVID-19 on Real Estate Segment. Douglas Elliman is the largest residential real estate broker in the New York City market and approximately 46% of its revenues were derived from this region in 2018 and 2019. In addition, New Valley has investments in multiple real estate ventures and properties in the New York metropolitan area, which had a carrying value of $35,685 at December 31, 2020. Published reports and data indicate that the New York metropolitan area was initially impacted more than any other area in the United States. Consequently, various governmental agencies in the New York metropolitan area and in other markets where Douglas Elliman operates, instituted quarantines, “pause” orders, “shelter-in-place” rules, restrictions on travel and restrictions on the types of businesses that could operate. These restrictions adversely impacted Douglas Elliman’s ability to conduct business during the year ended December 31, 2020. For example, Douglas Elliman’s agents were restricted from performing in-person showings of properties or conducting open houses in most of Douglas Elliman’s markets from March 2020 to June 2020. Douglas Elliman experienced a severe decline in closed sales volume in New York City from March 2020 to October 2020. 41 Beginning in April 2020, as a response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company made significant operating adjustments at Douglas Elliman Realty LLC, including a reduction of personnel of approximately 25% and reductions of other administrative expenses, as well as a reduction, deferral or elimination of certain office lease expenses. Despite increases in expenses in the fourth quarter of 2020 as business improved, Douglas Elliman Realty LLC operated at a lower cost basis for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic and macroeconomic trends resulting therefrom could continue to have a material impact on our Real Estate segment; the likelihood and magnitude of a material impact increases with the amount of time the virus affects activity levels in locations in which Douglas Elliman operates. Therefore, we are unable to predict the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and macroeconomic trends (including, in particular the virtual work trend arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic), or other factors resulting therefrom on the future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows from our Real Estate segment. Recent Developments Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services Inc. (“LTS”). On November 11, 2019, LTS entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger with Advisor Group. On February 14, 2020, the merger was completed, and each share of LTS common stock was converted into a cash payment of $3.50 per share. We received proceeds of $53,169 from our 15,191,205 common shares of LTS, and we recorded a pre-tax gain of $53,424 from the transaction. We also tendered 240,000 shares of LTS’s 8% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock for redemption and received an additional $6,009 in March 2020. At the closing of the transaction, our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer resigned as Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of LTS, and our management agreement with LTS was terminated. Maturity of 5.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debentures due 2020. In April 2020, our 5.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debentures due 2020 matured and we retired them with a cash payment for the principal balance of $169,610. Issuance of Common Stock. In May 2020, we announced the pricing of our underwritten public offering (the “Offering”) of 5,000,000 shares of our common stock. We received approximately $53,000 in proceeds from the offering. Montego. In August 2020, Liggett expanded the distribution of its Montego deep discount brand by 10 states, primarily located in the southeast. Prior to August 2020, Montego was sold in select targeted markets in four states. Montego’s volume represented 6.3% of Liggett’s unit volume for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 3.8% for the year ended December 31, 2019. Issuance of Senior Secured Notes due 2029. In January 2021, we issued $875,000 in aggregate principal of our 5.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 (“5.75% Senior Secured Notes”) in a private offering that is exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to persons outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The 5.75% Senior Secured Notes pay interest on a semi-annual basis at a rate of 5.75% per year and mature on February 1, 2029. Prior to February 1, 2024, we may redeem some or all of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes at any time at a make-whole redemption price and, thereafter, we may redeem some or all of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes at a premium that will decrease over time, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. The aggregate net proceeds from the issuance of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes were approximately $855,500 after deducting offering expenses. We used the net proceeds of the issuance, together with cash on hand, to redeem all of our outstanding 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025, including accrued interest and any premium thereon, and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the offering of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes. Recent Developments in Tobacco-Related Litigation The cigarette industry continues to be challenged on numerous fronts. New cases continue to be commenced against Liggett and other cigarette manufacturers. Liggett could be subjected to substantial liabilities and bonding requirements from litigation relating to cigarette products. Adverse litigation 42 outcomes could have a negative impact on our ability to operate due to their impact on cash flows. It is possible that there could be adverse developments in pending cases including the certification of additional class actions. An unfavorable outcome or settlement of pending tobacco-related litigation could encourage the commencement of additional litigation. In addition, an unfavorable outcome in any tobacco-related litigation could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Liggett could face difficulties in obtaining a bond to stay execution of a judgment pending appeal. Mississippi Dispute. In January 2016, the Attorney General for Mississippi filed a motion in Chancery Court in Jackson County, Mississippi to enforce the March 1996 settlement agreement (the “1996 Agreement”). In April 2017, the Chancery Court ruled that the 1996 Agreement should be enforced and referred the matter to a Special Master for further proceedings to determine the amount of damages, if any, to be awarded. In July 2019, the parties stipulated that the unpaid principal (exclusive of interest) purportedly due from Liggett to Mississippi pursuant to the 1996 Agreement (from inception through 2019) is approximately $15,500, subject to Liggett’s right to litigate and/or appeal the enforceability of the 1996 Agreement (and all issues other than the calculation of such principal amount). In September 2019, the Special Master held a hearing regarding the state’s claim for approximately $17,500 in prejudgment interest as well as post-judgment interest in amounts to be determined. A decision is pending. In the event Liggett appeals an adverse judgment, the posting of a bond may be required. Critical Accounting Policies General. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Significant estimates subject to material changes in the near term include impairment charges, valuation of intangible assets, promotional accruals, actuarial assumptions of pension plans, deferred tax liabilities, settlement accruals, valuation of investments, including other-than-temporary impairments to such investments, and litigation and defense costs. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Revenue Recognition. Revenue is measured based on a consideration specified in a contract with a customer and excludes any sales incentives. Revenue is recognized when (a) an enforceable contract with a customer exists, that has commercial substance, and collection of substantially all consideration for services is probable; and (b) the performance obligations to the customer are satisfied either over time or at a point in time. Revenue from cigarette sales, which include federal excise taxes billed to customers, are recognized upon shipment of cigarettes when control has passed to the customer. Average collection terms for Tobacco sales range between three and twelve days from the time cigarettes are shipped to the customer. We record a liability for goods estimated to be returned in other current liabilities and the associated receivable for anticipated federal excise tax refunds in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The allowance for returned goods is based principally on sales volumes and historical return rates. The estimated costs of sales incentives, including customer incentives and trade promotion activities, are based principally on historical experience and are accounted for as reductions in Tobacco revenue. Expected payments for sales incentives are included in other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We account for shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs as part of cost of sales. Real estate commissions earned by our Real Estate brokerage businesses are recognized as revenue when the real estate sale is completed or lease agreement is executed, which is the point in time that the performance obligation is satisfied. Any commission and other payments received in advance are deferred until the satisfaction of the performance obligation. Corresponding agent commission expenses, including any advance commission or other direct expense payments, are deferred and recognized as cost of sales concurrently with related revenues. Contracts in our development marketing business provide us with the exclusive right to sell units in a subject property for a commission fee per unit sold calculated as a percentage of the sales price of each unit. Accordingly, a performance obligation exists for each unit in the Development Marketing property under contract, and a portion of the total contract transaction price is allocated to and recognized at the time each unit is sold. 43 Under development marketing service arrangements, dedicated staff are required for a subject property and these costs are typically reimbursed from the customer through advance payments that are recoupable from future commission earnings. Advance payments received and associated direct costs paid are deferred, allocated to each unit in the subject property, and recognized at the time of the completed sale of each unit. Development marketing service arrangements also include direct fulfillment costs incurred in advance of the satisfaction of the performance obligation. We capitalize costs incurred in fulfilling a contract with a customer if the fulfillment costs 1) relate directly to an existing contract or anticipated contract, 2) generate or enhance resources that will be used to satisfy performance obligations in the future, and 3) are expected to be recovered. These costs are amortized over the estimated customer relationship period which is the contract term. We use an amortization method that is consistent with the pattern of transfer of goods or services to its customers by allocating these costs to each unit in the subject property and expensing these costs as each unit sold is closed over the contract. Commission revenue is recognized at the time the performance obligation is met for our Real Estate commercial leasing contracts, which is when the lease agreement is executed, as there are no further performance obligations, including any amounts of future payments under extended payment terms. Our Real Estate property management revenue arrangements consist of providing operational and administrative services to manage a subject property. Fees for these services are typically billed and collected monthly. Property management service fees are recognized as revenue over time using the output method as the performance obligations under the customer arrangement are satisfied each month. Our Real Estate title insurance commission fee revenue is earned when the sale of the title insurance is completed, which corresponds to the point in time when the underlying real estate sale transaction closes and the payment is received. Leasing Standard. On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU No. 2016-02- Leases (Topic 842), therefore, our lease accounting policy has been modified as discussed in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements. Under ASC 842, we determine if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. At lease commencement, we record and recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets for the lease liability amount and initial direct costs incurred, offset by lease incentives received. We record lease liabilities for the net present value of future lease payments over the lease term. The discount rate we use is generally our estimated incremental borrowing rate unless the lessor’s implicit rate is readily determinable. We calculate discount rates periodically to estimate the rate we would pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value, over a similar term, with a similar security. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. We recognize operating lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We recognize finance lease cost on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the asset and the lease term. Operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in investments in real estate, net, property, plant and equipment and current and long-term portions of notes payable and long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets. Contingencies. We record Liggett’s product liability legal expenses and other litigation costs as operating, selling, administrative and general expenses as those costs are incurred. As discussed in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements, legal proceedings regarding Liggett’s tobacco products are pending or threatened in various jurisdictions against Liggett and us. We record provisions in our consolidated financial statements for pending litigation when we determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. At the present time, while it is reasonably possible that an unfavorable outcome in a case may occur, except as discussed in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements and discussed below related to the 16 cases where an adverse verdict was entered against Liggett: (i) management has concluded that it is not probable that a loss has been incurred in any of the pending tobacco-related cases; or (ii) management is unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome of any of the pending tobacco-related cases and, therefore, management has not provided any amounts in the consolidated financial statements for unfavorable outcomes, if any. Legal defense costs are expensed as incurred. 44 Although Liggett has generally been successful in managing litigation in the past, litigation is subject to uncertainty and significant challenges remain, particularly with respect to the Engle progeny cases. A reader of this Form 10-K should not infer from the absence of any reserve in our consolidated financial statements that we will not be subject to significant tobacco-related liabilities in the future. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties, and it is possible that our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows could be materially adversely affected by an unfavorable outcome in any such tobacco-related litigation. There may be several other proceedings, lawsuits and claims pending against us and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries unrelated to tobacco or tobacco product liability. We are of the opinion that the liabilities, if any, ultimately resulting from such other proceedings, lawsuits and claims should not materially affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Master Settlement Agreement. As discussed in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements, Liggett and Vector Tobacco are participants in the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”). Liggett and Vector Tobacco have no payment obligations under the MSA except to the extent their market shares exceed approximately 1.65% and 0.28%, respectively, of total cigarettes sold in the United States. Their obligations, and the related expense charges under the MSA, are subject to adjustments based upon, among other things, the volume of cigarettes sold by Liggett and Vector Tobacco, their relative market shares and inflation. Since relative market shares are based on cigarette shipments, the best estimate of the allocation of charges under the MSA is recorded in cost of goods sold as the products are shipped. Settlement expenses under the MSA recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations were $175,837 for 2020, $165,471 for 2019 and $162,522 for 2018. Adjustments to these estimates are recorded in the period that the change becomes probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Embedded Derivatives and Beneficial Conversion Feature. We measure all derivatives, including certain derivatives embedded in other contracts, at fair value and recognize them on the consolidated balance sheets as an asset or a liability, depending on our rights and obligations under the applicable derivative contract. We have issued variable interest senior convertible debt in a series of private placements where a portion of the total interest payable on the debt is computed by reference to the cash dividends paid on our common stock. This portion of the interest payment is considered an embedded derivative within the convertible debt, which we are required to separately value. As a result, we have bifurcated this embedded derivative and estimated the fair value of the embedded derivative liability. The resulting discount created by allocating a portion of the issuance proceeds to the embedded derivative is then amortized to interest expense over the term of the debt using the effective interest method. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of derivative liabilities was estimated at $0 and $4,999, respectively. The decline was primarily due to the amortization of the 2020 interest payments associated with the derivative liability as well as the redemption of the 5.5% variable interest convertible senior notes during 2020. Changes to the fair value of these embedded derivatives are reflected on our consolidated statements of operations as “Change in fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt.” The value of the embedded derivative is contingent on changes in interest rates of debt instruments maturing over the duration of the convertible debt as well as projections of future cash and stock dividends over the term of the debt. We recognized gains of $4,999, $26,425 and $44,989 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, due to changes in the fair value of the embedded derivatives. After giving effect to the recording of embedded derivative liabilities as a discount to the convertible debt, our common stock had a fair value at the issuance date of the notes in excess of the conversion price, resulting in a beneficial conversion feature. The intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature was recorded as additional paid-in capital and as a further discount on the debt. The discount is then amortized to interest expense over the term of the debt using the effective interest rate method. We recognized non-cash interest expense of $4,053, $18,512 and $55,769 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, due to the amortization of the debt discount attributable to the embedded derivatives and $1,223, $6,301 and $30,854 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, due to the amortization of the debt discount attributable to the beneficial conversion feature. 45 Stock-Based Compensation. Our stock-based compensation uses a fair-value-based method to recognize non-cash compensation expense for share-based transactions. Under the fair value recognition provisions, we recognize stock-based compensation net of an estimated forfeiture rate and only recognize compensation cost for those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. We recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1,428, $1,923 and $2,246 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to the amortization of stock option awards and $8,055, $7,546 and $7,705, respectively, related to the amortization of restricted stock grants. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there was $1,229 and $2,657, respectively, of total unrecognized cost related to employee stock options and $12,081 and $15,095, respectively, of total unrecognized cost related to restricted stock grants. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements. Employee Benefit Plans. The determination of our net pension and other postretirement benefit income or expense is dependent on our selection of certain assumptions used by actuaries in calculating such amounts. Those assumptions include, among others, the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and rates of increase in compensation and healthcare costs. We determine discount rates by using a quantitative analysis that considers the prevailing prices of investment grade bonds and the anticipated cash flow from our two qualified defined benefit plans and our postretirement medical and life insurance plans. These analyses construct a hypothetical bond portfolio whose cash flow from coupons and maturities match the annual projected cash flows from our pension and retiree health plans. As of December 31, 2020, our benefit obligations were computed assuming a discount rate between 1.40% — 2.55%. As of December 31, 2020, our service cost was computed assuming a discount rate of 2.55% — 3.30%. In determining our expected rate of return on plan assets, we consider input from our external advisors and historical returns based on the expected long-term rate of return which is the weighted average of the target asset allocation of each individual asset class. Our actual 10-year annual rate of return on our pension plan assets was 6.91%, 7.59% and 8.26% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and our actual five-year annual rate of return on our pension plan assets was 7.51%, 5.41% and 3.19% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In computing expense for the year ended December 31, 2021, we will use an assumption of a 3.5% annual rate of return on our pension plan assets. In accordance with GAAP, actual results that differ from our assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and therefore, generally affect our recognized income or expense in such future periods. While we believe that our assumptions are appropriate, significant differences in our actual experience or significant changes in our assumptions may materially affect our future net pension and other postretirement benefit income or expense. Net pension expense for defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement expense was $4,210, $2,834 and $1,611 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and we currently anticipate benefit expense will be approximately $1,390 for 2021. In contrast, our funding obligations under the pension plans are governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”). To comply with ERISA’s minimum funding requirements, we do not currently anticipate that we will be required to make any funding to the tax qualified pension plans for the pension plan year beginning on January 1, 2021 and ending on December 31, 2021. Long-Term Investments and Impairments. At December 31, 2020, our long-term investments were comprised of $34,218 of equity securities at fair value that qualify for the net asset value (“NAV”) practical expedient and $18,310 of long-term investments that were accounted for under the equity method. Our investments in equity securities at fair value that qualify for the NAV practical expedient consisted primarily of investment partnerships investing in investment securities. The investments in these investment partnerships are illiquid and the ultimate realization of these investments is subject to the performance of the underlying partnership and its management by the general partners. The estimated fair value of these investments was provided by the partnerships based on the indicated market values of the underlying assets or investment portfolio. Our investments accounted for under the equity method included interests in partnerships in which we have the ability to exercise significant influence over their operating and financial policies. The estimated fair value of the investments is either provided by the partnerships based on the indicated market values of the underlying assets or is calculated internally based on the number of shares owned and the equity in earnings or losses and interest income we recognize on the investment. Gains are recognized when realized in our consolidated statement of operations. Losses are recognized as realized or upon the determination of the occurrence of an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. Pursuant to the 46 amendments provided by ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments — Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”), our long-term investments that qualify for the NAV practical expedient are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Therefore, impairment analyses for these investments are no longer warranted. At December 31, 2020, we also had $5,200 of investments in various limited liability companies that were classified as equity securities without readily determinable fair values that do not qualify for the NAV practical expedient. The investments are included in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets and are valued at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate our investments to determine if there are indicators of impairment. If so, we also make a determination of whether there is an impairment and if it is considered temporary or other than temporary. We believe that the assessment of temporary or other-than-temporary impairment is facts-and-circumstances driven. The impairment indicators that are taken into consideration as part of our analysis include (a) a significant deterioration in the earnings performance, credit rating, asset quality, or business prospects of the investee, (b) a significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the investee, (c) a significant adverse change in the general market condition of either the geographical area or the industry in which the investee operates, and (d) factors that raise significant concerns about the investee’s ability to continue as a going concern, such as negative cash flows from operations, working capital deficiencies, or noncompliance with statutory capital requirements or debt covenants. Current Expected Credit Losses. On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, therefore, our measurement of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments has been modified as discussed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements. • • • Tobacco receivables: Average collection terms for Tobacco sales range between three and twelve days from the time that the cigarettes are shipped to the customer. Based on Tobacco historical and ongoing cash collections from customers, an estimated credit loss in accordance with ASU 2016-13 was not recorded for these trade receivables as of January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020. Real estate broker agent receivables: Douglas Elliman Realty is exposed to credit losses for various amounts due from real estate agents, which are included in Other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets, net of an allowance for credit losses. Douglas Elliman Realty historically estimated its allowance for credit losses on receivables from agents based on an evaluation of aging, agent sales in pipeline, any security, specific exposures, and historical experience of collections from the individual agents. Based on Douglas Elliman Realty’s historical credit losses on receivables from agents, current and expected future market trends (such as the current and expected impact of COVID-19 on the real estate market), it was determined that the requirements of ASU No. 2016-13 did not result in a material impact on the Company’s allowance for credit losses as of January 1, 2020 of $6,132. Douglas Elliman Realty estimated that the credit losses for these receivables were $7,038 at December 31, 2020. Term loan receivables: New Valley provides term loans to real estate developers, which are included in Other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The loans are secured by guarantees and are evaluated individually. Because New Valley does not have internal historical loss information by which to evaluate the risk of credit losses, external market data measuring default risks on high yield loans as of each measurement date was utilized to estimate reserves for credit losses on these loans. New Valley’s expected credit loss estimate was $3,100 as of adoption (January 1, 2020). New Valley’s expected credit loss estimates was $15,928 as of December 31, 2020 and this amount reflected changes in market conditions as of December 31, 2020 due to changes in the real estate development market in 2020. Goodwill and Indefinite Life Assets. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment on an annual basis, or whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. 47 Our goodwill and trademarks are related to Douglas Elliman. Our intangible asset associated with the benefit under the MSA is related to Vector Tobacco. We follow ASC 350, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other, and subsequent updates including ASU 2011-08, Testing Goodwill for Impairment and ASU 2017-14, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The amendments permit entities to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value or chooses to bypass the optional qualitative assessment, it would then assess recoverability by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to the Company’s carrying amount; otherwise, no further impairment test would be required. The fair value of the intangible asset associated with the Douglas Elliman trademark is determined using a “relief from royalty payments” method. This approach involves two steps: (i) estimating reasonable royalty rates for its trademark associated with the Douglas Elliman trademark and (ii) applying these royalty rates to a net sales stream and discounting the resulting cash flows to determine fair value. This fair value is then compared with the carrying value of the trademark. As discussed in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements, during the first quarter of 2020, we performed quantitative assessments of the goodwill associated with the Douglas Elliman reporting unit and its trademark intangible asset in conjunction with our quarterly review for indicators of impairment. The quantitative assessments resulted in impairment charges to goodwill of $46,252 and to the trademark intangible asset of $12,000. The Company performed a qualitative assessment for the year ended December 31, 2020, which did not result in additional impairment charges related to the Company’s goodwill or trademark. The fair value of the intangible asset associated with the benefit under the MSA is determined using discounted cash flows. This approach involves two steps: (i) estimating future cash savings due to the payment exemption under the MSA and (ii) discounting the resulting cash flow savings to determine fair value. This fair value is then compared with the carrying value of the intangible asset associated with the benefit under the MSA. To the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the implied fair value of the intangible asset, an impairment loss is recognized. The Company performed a qualitative assessment for the year ended December 31, 2020 and no impairment was noted. Income Taxes. The application of income tax law is inherently complex. Laws and regulations in this area are voluminous and are often ambiguous. As such, we are required to make many subjective assumptions and judgments regarding our income tax exposures. Interpretations of and guidance surrounding income tax laws and regulations change over time and, as a result, changes in our subjective assumptions and judgments may materially affect amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements. See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding our accounting for income taxes and uncertain tax positions. Results of Operations The following discussion provides an assessment of our results of operations, capital resources and liquidity and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Liggett, Vector Tobacco, Liggett Vector Brands, New Valley, and other less significant subsidiaries. Our business segments were Tobacco and Real Estate for the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. The Tobacco segment consists of the manufacture and sale of cigarettes. The Real Estate segment includes our investment in New Valley, which includes Douglas Elliman, Escena, Sagaponack, and investments in real estate ventures. 48 The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies and can be found in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements. Revenues: Tobacco Real Estate Total revenues Operating income (loss): Tobacco Real Estate Corporate and Other Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) $1,204,501 $1,114,840 $1,111,094 798,168 788,871 759,168 $2,002,669 $1,903,711 $1,870,262 $ 319,536(1) $ 261,630(2) $ 246,527(3) 3,435(5) (25,913) (49,895)(4) (24,498)(6) (2,930) (27,565) Total operating income $ 245,143 $ 231,135 $ 224,049 (1) Operating income includes $337 of litigation settlement and judgment expense and $299 of MSA Settlement expense. (2) Operating income includes $990 of litigation settlement and judgment expense. (3) Operating income includes $6,298 of income from MSA Settlement, and $685 of litigation settlement and judgment expense. (4) Operating loss includes $1,169 of loss on sale of assets. (5) Operating income includes $2,469 of litigation settlement and judgment income. (6) Operating loss includes $2,283 of gain on sale of assets. 2020 Compared to 2019 Revenues. Total revenues were $2,002,669 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1,903,711 for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $98,958 (5.2%) increase in revenues was due to a $89,661 increase in Tobacco revenues related to an increase in both unit volume and net pricing and a $9,297 increase in Real Estate revenues, primarily related to the $20,500 sale of an investment in real estate located in Sagaponack, NY. Cost of sales. Total cost of sales was $1,367,145 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $1,301,579 for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $65,566 (5.0%) increase in cost of sales was due to a $40,792 increase in Real Estate cost of sales, which was primarily related to Douglas Elliman’s agent commissions, and a $24,774 increase in Tobacco cost of sales related to increased sales volume and higher MSA expense. Expenses. Operating expenses were $390,381 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $370,997 for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $19,384 (5.2%) increase was due to a $15,470 increase in Real Estate expenses, including impairment of goodwill and intangible asset charge at Douglas Elliman of $58,252, restructuring charges of $3,382, and loss on sale of assets of $1,169 and a $6,981 increase in Tobacco expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020. This was offset by a $3,067 decline in Corporate and Other expense, including gain on sale of assets of $2,283. See Critical Accounting Policies — Goodwill and Indefinite Life Assets for detail of the Douglas Elliman impairment charge. Operating income. Operating income was $245,143 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $231,135 for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $14,008 (6.1%). Tobacco operating income increased by $57,906 and Corporate and Other operating loss declined by $3,067, while Real Estate operating income declined by $46,965, primarily related to Douglas Elliman’s operations. 49 Other expenses. Other expenses were $110,428 and $97,307 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, other expenses primarily consisted of interest expense of $121,541, equity in losses from real estate ventures of $44,698, and other expenses of $5,456. This was offset by equity in earnings from investments of $56,268 and income of $4,999 from changes in the fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt. For the year ended December 31, 2019, other expenses primarily consisted of interest expense of $138,448, loss on extinguishment of debt of $4,301 and equity in losses from real estate ventures of $19,288. This was offset by income of $26,425 from changes in fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt, equity in earnings from investments of $17,000 and other income of $21,305. Income before provision for income taxes. Income before income taxes was $134,715 and $133,828 for the years ended December 31, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Income tax expense. Income tax expense was $41,777 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to income tax expense of $32,813 for the year ended December 31, 2019. Our income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 do not bear a customary relationship to statutory income tax rates as a result of the impact of nondeductible expenses, state income taxes, changes in valuation allowances, and excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation. Tobacco. Tobacco revenues. Liggett increased the list price of Eagle 20’s by $0.14 per pack on January 25, 2021, $0.13 per pack in November 2020, $0.11 per pack in June 2020, $0.08 per pack in February 2020, $0.08 per pack in October 2019, and $0.11 per pack in February 2019. Liggett also increased the list price of Pyramid, Liggett Select, Eve and Grand Prix by $0.14 per pack on January 25, 2021, $0.13 per pack in November 2020, $0.11 per pack in June 2020, $0.08 per pack in February 2020, $0.08 per pack in October 2019, $0.06 per pack in June 2019, and $0.11 per pack in February 2019. All of our Tobacco sales were in the discount category in 2020 and 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Tobacco revenues were $1,204,501 compared to $1,114,840 for the year ended December 31, 2019. Revenues increased by $89,661 (8.0%) due to increases in unit sales volume and the average selling price of our brands for the year ended December 31, 2020. The higher selling prices resulted in a favorable price variance of $65,348 and the increase in sales volume (195.6 million units) resulted in a favorable variance of $24,313. We believe a competitor’s announcement of a price increase in December, as well as the prospect of increased restrictions and lockdowns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in increased fourth quarter sales volumes and elevated wholesale inventories as of December 31, 2020. We anticipate a normalization of wholesale inventory levels over the course of the first quarter of 2021 which could result in lower sales volume for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Tobacco cost of sales. The major components of our Tobacco cost of sales were as follows: Manufacturing overhead, raw materials and labor Federal excise taxes FDA expense MSA expense, net of market share exemption Customer shipping and handling Total cost of sales Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $128,091 $123,654 451,256 461,532 24,947 24,842 175,837(1) 165,471 5,802 5,602 $795,904 $771,130 (1) Includes $299 increase in expense from MSA Settlement. The Tobacco segment’s MSA expense is included in cost of sales. Under the terms of the MSA, we have no payment obligations except to the extent that our tobacco subsidiaries’ market share of the U.S. cigarette market exceeds 1.92%. The calculation of this benefit from the MSA is an estimate based on taxable unit shipments of cigarettes in the U.S. As of December 31, 2020, we estimate taxable shipments in the U.S. increased by approximately 1.0% in 2020. Our annual MSA liability changes by approximately 50 $1,700 for each percentage change in the estimated shipment volumes in the U.S. market. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the estimated increase in taxable shipments in conjunction with the annual MSA inflation adjustment increased the value of Liggett’s market share exemption compared to the prior year end and, thus, decreased cost of sales by $7,731. Similar to some other consumer product categories, cigarette industry volumes outperformed recent historical trends and benefited from increased consumer demand related to changes in underlying cigarette purchasing and consumption patterns associated with the pandemic. Tobacco gross profit was $408,597 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $343,710 for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $64,887 (18.9%). The increase in gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily attributable to increased pricing on the Eagle 20’s and Pyramid brands and increased Eagle 20’s volume. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Eagle 20’s remains Liggett’s primary low-cost cigarette brand and its percentage of Liggett’s total unit volume sales has increased from approximately 60% for the year ended December 31, 2019 to approximately 62% for the year ended December 31, 2020. Pyramid, Liggett’s second largest brand, declined from approximately 27% of total unit volume sales for the year ended December 31, 2019 to approximately 23% for the year ended December 31, 2020. As a percentage of revenue (excluding Federal Excise Taxes), Tobacco gross profit increased from 51.8% in the 2019 period to 55.0% in the 2020 period primarily as a result of price increases partially offset by a continued shift in sales volume to the lower-priced Eagle 20’s brand. Tobacco expenses. Tobacco operating, selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding settlements and judgments, were $88,724 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $81,090 for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $7,634 (9.4%) increase is primarily due to increased professional fees and expenses associated with Colorado’s minimum price legislation. Tobacco product liability legal expenses, including settlements and judgments, were $6,476 and $7,363 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Tobacco operating income. Tobacco operating income was $319,536 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $261,630 for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase of $57,906 (22.1%) was primarily attributable to higher gross profit margins, as discussed above, and was partially offset by increased operating, selling, general and administrative expenses. Real Estate. Real Estate revenues. Real Estate revenues were $798,168 and $788,871 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Real Estate revenues increased by $9,297 (1.2%), which was primarily related to the $20,500 sale of an investment in real estate located in Sagaponack, NY offset by a decline of $7,306 in Douglas Elliman’s commission and other brokerage income. This decline in commission and other brokerage income was primarily related to declines in existing-home sales in New York City of $106,780, as well as declines in revenues from development marketing of $25,563. This was offset by increases in existing-home sales in the Southeast market (Florida) of $53,817, the Northeast market (primarily Long Island, the Hamptons, Westchester and Connecticut) of $40,090 and the West market (California and Colorado) of $31,130. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant effect on the economy and, especially, in the New York City market, where approximately 46% of Douglas Elliman’s commissions and other brokerage revenues were derived in 2018 and 2019. In response to the pandemic, various governmental agencies in the markets where Douglas Elliman operates instituted restrictions on individuals and on the types of businesses that were permitted to operate from March 2020 to June 2020, which adversely impacted Douglas Elliman’s business and commissions and other brokerage income declined by 46.5% in the second quarter of 2020. When the economy reopened, Douglas Elliman’s business improved significantly in markets complementary to New York City, including the Hamptons, as well as in Palm Beach, Miami, Aspen and Los Angeles and, consequently, commissions and other brokerage income increased by 52.9% in the fourth quarter of 2020. Consequently, as a result of the declines in the second quarter of 2020, which were offset by increases in the fourth quarter of 2020, commission and other brokerage income declined by 1.0% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019. 51 Real Estate revenues and cost of sales were as follows: Real Estate Revenues: Commission and other brokerage income Property management income Title fees Revenues from investments in real estate Sales on facilities primarily from Escena Total real estate revenues Real Estate Cost of Sales: Real estate agent commissions Cost of sales from investments in real estate Cost of sales on facilities primarily from Escena Title fees Total real estate cost of sales Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $735,108 $742,414 35,115 3,764 20,500 3,681 35,461 6,233 — 4,763 $798,168 $788,871 $546,957 $525,233 20,488 3,210 586 — 3,755 1,461 $571,241 $530,449 Real Estate cost of sales. Real Estate cost of sales were $571,241 and $530,449 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Real Estate cost of sales increased by $40,792, primarily related to $20,488 from the sale of an investment in real estate located in Sagaponack, NY and increased Douglas Elliman real estate agent commissions of $21,724. Douglas Elliman’s gross margin on real estate brokerage income declined from 29.3% for the year ended December 31, 2019 to 25.6% for the year ended December 31, 2020. This was primarily due to the decline in the percentage of revenues from the New York City region, which traditionally earns higher gross margin percentages than the Southeast (Florida) and Western (primarily California) regions. Real Estate expenses. Real Estate expenses were $276,822 and $261,352 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These expenses included the non-cash impairment of goodwill and intangible assets of $58,252, restructuring charges of $3,382 and the loss on sale of assets of $1,169 at Douglas Elliman for the year ended December 31, 2020. The non-cash impairment related to the evaluation of potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the possibility of an economic recession, on Douglas Elliman’s business. The restructuring charges were the result of Douglas Elliman realigning its administrative support functions, and office locations as well as adjusting its business model to more efficiently serve its clients. Beginning in April 2020, as a response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company made significant operating adjustments at Douglas Elliman Realty LLC, including a reduction of personnel of approximately 25% and reductions of other administrative expenses, as well as a reduction, deferral or elimination of certain office lease expenses. Despite increases in expenses in the fourth quarter of 2020 as business improved, Douglas Elliman Realty LLC operated at a lower cost basis for the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the fourth quarter and year ended December 31, 2019. Real Estate operating loss. The Real Estate segment had operating loss of $49,895 and $2,930 for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Real Estate segment’s operating loss was primarily caused by the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets of $58,252 at Douglas Elliman, the decreased gross margin percentages discussed above, restructuring charges of $3,382 at Douglas Elliman, and loss on sale of assets of $1,169 at Douglas Elliman; it was offset by the impact of expense-reduction initiatives at Douglas Elliman in 2020. Corporate and other. Corporate and other loss. The operating loss at the corporate segment was $24,498 for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to $27,565 for the same period in 2019. The decline of $3,067 was primarily due to the $2,283 gain on the sale of assets and decreased administrative costs related to professional fees and travel expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020. 52 l a i t n e d i s e R s t i n U , s t o L r o / d n a s m o o R l e t o H d e t c e j o r P l a i c r e m m o C e c a p S d e t c e j o r P l a i t n e d i s e R r o / d n a a e r A l e t o H l a t i p a C s t n e m t i m m o C m o r f ) 2 ( y e l l a V w e N g n i y r r a C e v i t a l u m u C t e N f o s a e u l a V 0 2 0 2 / 1 3 / 2 1 s g n i n r a E ) s e s s o L ( h s a C d e t s e v n I e g a t n e c r e P ) 1 ( d e n w O e t a D l a i t i n I f o t n e m t s e v n I n o i t a c o L d e t c e j o r P f o r e b m u N e r u t u F ) s e n O n i n o i t a m r o f n I t i n U d n a a e r A . s d n a s u o h T n i s r a l l o D ( e t a t s e l a e r r u O . s t n e m t s e v n i y t i u q e d n a t b e d h g u o r h t s t c e j o r p e t a t s e l a e r l a n o i t a n r e t n i d n a c i t s e m o d s u o i r a v n i s t s e r e t n i t n e m t s e v n i e r i u q c a o t k e e s d n a n w o e W : 0 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D f o s a s t c e j o r p g n w o i l l o f e h t e d u l c n i y l i r a m i r p s t n e m t s e v n i s t n e m t s e v n I e t a t s E l a e R f o y r a m m u S d e t c e j o r P n o i t c u r t s n o C e t a D d n E / A N d e t e l p m o C d e t c e j o r P n o i t c u r t s n o C e t a D t r a t S / A N / A N d e t e l p m o C d e t e l p m o C d e t e l p m o C d e t e l p m o C d e t e l p m o C d e t e l p m o C D B T 2 1 0 2 t s u g u A 3 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S 4 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S 5 1 0 2 l l a F 4 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S 5 1 0 2 r e b o t c O 5 1 0 2 h c r a M d e t e l p m o C 5 1 0 2 y a M 1 2 0 2 l i r p A D B T d e t e l p m o C d e t e l p m o C 6 1 0 2 y a M 7 1 0 2 e n u J 7 1 0 2 t s u g u A 7 1 0 2 y a M D B T 6 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S 1 2 0 2 y r a u r b e F 9 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S s t o L R H R R H R R R R R RH RH R R R R R 1 7 6 6 0 5 4 4 2 1 2 5 4 7 5 1 7 5 6 8 0 7 3 7 2 0 2 0 9 1 6 3 2 7 3 1 9 5 3 1 3 3 4 7 7 1 D B T D B T — D B T 3 2 0 2 t s u g u A 3 2 0 2 y r a u r b e F 0 2 0 2 l i r p A 9 1 0 2 h c r a M 2 2 0 2 r e b o t c O 9 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D d e t e l p m o C 2 2 0 2 t s u g u A / A N 0 2 0 2 r e b o t c O / A N / A N / A N / A N d e t e l p m o C 4 1 0 2 e n u J / A N / A N 2 2 0 2 y r a u r b e F 0 2 0 2 y a M A / N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N d e t e l p m o C 4 1 0 2 h c r a M / A N / A N R R R R R R H H H HR — — 1 5 1 0 3 3 0 4 5 9 6 3 , 1 8 2 6 7 6 3 1 0 1 9 8 5 9 9 — — / A N / A N / A N F S F S F S 0 0 0 , 0 2 0 0 0 , 0 8 0 0 7 , 1 F S 0 0 0 , 6 1 — — D B T F S F S F S F S F S F S F S 0 0 0 , 0 6 2 0 0 0 , 2 5 2 0 0 0 , 0 3 3 0 0 0 , 0 3 1 0 0 0 , 5 6 0 0 0 , 0 6 1 0 0 0 , 6 0 3 — F S 0 0 0 , 0 1 2 F S 0 0 0 , 5 8 — — — — — F S F S — D B T 0 0 0 , 0 5 1 0 0 0 , 5 1 0 0 0 , 0 2 1 — — — F S F S F S F S F S F S — F S F S F S F S F S 0 0 0 , 0 3 6 0 0 0 , 0 6 1 0 0 0 , 3 6 0 0 0 , 4 2 0 0 0 , 0 0 1 0 0 2 , 5 D B T 2 5 7 , 4 0 0 0 , 5 5 0 0 0 , 2 8 4 0 0 0 , 0 5 4 0 0 0 , 0 0 4 , 1 s e r c A 0 5 4 F S 9 6 1 , 6 7 1 5 , 5 / A N / A N F S F S 0 0 0 , 9 1 2 0 0 0 , 0 6 1 — — — — — — — — s e r c A 2 5 F S F S 0 0 0 , 6 4 4 0 0 0 , 6 4 2 — D B T — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A N 0 4 8 , 4 — 5 3 7 , 8 5 7 5 , 3 1 $ 5 7 5 , 3 1 $ 5 7 5 , 3 1 $ 6 0 0 , 3 $ 4 5 4 , 1 8 $ 5 8 0 , 7 9 $ 5 3 7 , 9 6 9 8 , 5 $ 1 3 6 , 5 1 $ — 4 9 5 , 7 4 9 5 , 7 $ $ 1 4 1 , 2 6 9 8 , 5 7 3 0 , 8 $ $ % 0 0 1 % 0 0 1 8 0 0 2 h c r a M 0 2 0 2 r e b m e v o N d n a , e s r u o c f l o g , y t i n u m m o c d e n n a l p r e t s a M A C , s g n i r p S m l a P n i e s u o h b u l c Y N , n a t t a h n a M , a C e B i r T — — — 5 0 4 , 2 — 7 1 8 , 1 $ 1 7 6 , 3 4 $ ) 1 7 6 , 3 4 ( $ 7 2 8 , 7 ) 4 1 4 , 4 ( 5 7 0 , 1 0 3 3 , 1 3 5 6 , 1 ) 2 9 9 , 7 ( ) 7 2 8 , 7 ( 9 1 8 , 6 ) 5 7 0 , 1 ( ) 0 3 3 , 1 ( 4 6 1 2 9 9 , 7 % 0 . 5 % 9 . 7 % 5 . 9 % 1 . 3 % 9 . 9 % 1 . 3 2 % 4 . 3 1 1 1 0 2 r e b o t c O 2 1 0 2 t s u g u A 3 1 0 2 y a M 3 1 0 2 h c r a M 4 1 0 2 y a M 3 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D 4 1 0 2 t s u g u A , d o o h r o b h g i e n d a M o N / t c i r t s i D n o r i t a l F Y N , n a t t a h n a M , e r a u q S s e m T i Y N , n a t t a h n a M , a C e B i r T Y N , n a t t a h n a M Y N , n a t t a h n a M , e g a l l i V h c i w n e e r G t s e W Y N , n a t t a h n a M , t c i r t s i D l a i c n a n F i Y N , y t i C d n a l s I g n o L L F , h c a e B i m a i M ) y a w d a o r B 7 0 1 1 ( t s e W e r a u q S n o s i d a M 0 1 ) e u n e v A h t n e v e S 1 0 7 ( e r a u q S s e m T 0 2 i ) e u n e v A d r 3 4 9 1 - 5 2 ( h c t u D e h T ) e u n e v A s n i l l o C 1 0 7 8 ( k r a P 7 8 t e e r t S h c i w n e e r G 5 2 1 t e e r t S y a r r u M 1 1 1 t e e r t S y o r e L 0 6 1 t e n , e t a t s e l a e r n i s t n e m t s e v n I : s e r u t n e v e t a t s e l a e r n i s t n e m t s e v n I ) t e e r t S h c a e B 1 1 ( A e m o h n w o T t e n , a n e c s E ) 0 0 7 , 2 ( ) 8 1 5 , 1 1 ( 8 1 8 , 8 % 5 . 8 4 4 1 0 2 r e b o t c O A C , d o o w y l l o H t s e W ) d r a v e l u o B t e s n u S 0 4 0 9 ( n o i t i d E d o o w y l l o H t s e W — 1 0 1 , 3 — 5 4 4 4 7 7 3 1 2 , 0 1 4 3 5 , 8 4 4 7 , 5 1 8 1 , 5 1 6 6 5 , 3 1 9 4 3 , 2 9 0 1 , 4 8 3 5 , 5 6 $ — — 7 9 7 , 1 ) 6 4 2 , 1 ( 2 5 8 , 1 2 3 8 5 3 2 , 3 1 9 5 , 2 4 8 0 , 7 5 7 6 , 9 4 3 0 , 2 — 2 7 9 $ $ $ $ $ $ ) 4 3 5 , 4 ( ) 4 4 1 , 6 ( ) 0 0 0 , 7 1 ( 9 8 3 4 8 6 0 , 1 ) 8 5 1 , 2 ( 4 4 7 9 4 0 , 1 4 4 0 , 1 — — ) 2 8 9 ( ) 2 8 9 ( 3 3 8 , 5 ) 5 8 8 , 6 ( 6 3 1 , 2 ) 6 9 1 , 4 ( ) 8 6 1 ( ) 3 1 1 , 9 ( ) 9 0 6 , 1 ( 7 4 3 , 2 8 3 7 ) 0 2 1 , 9 ( 6 0 4 , 4 1 6 5 4 2 4 7 , 5 8 1 2 , 2 2 1 8 , 9 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 5 3 6 , 7 4 4 1 , 6 2 0 4 5 8 6 5 4 1 , 9 0 0 0 , 7 1 2 9 6 , 0 1 2 3 1 , 4 1 0 0 0 , 5 2 2 5 , 2 1 9 4 3 , 2 9 0 1 , 4 5 0 7 , 9 5 $ 2 8 9 2 8 9 2 8 6 , 8 ) 2 8 3 , 3 ( 8 4 0 , 6 $ $ 0 0 0 , 1 8 4 3 , 2 1 0 0 2 , 4 7 3 7 , 4 7 3 9 , 8 4 5 1 , 1 1 ) 6 0 4 , 4 1 ( 6 1 5 ) 6 3 7 , 2 ( 6 3 2 , 9 7 3 7 2 , 7 8 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ % 1 . 5 % 6 . 9 1 % 8 . 2 2 % 8 . 9 % 5 . 6 1 % 0 . 7 3 % 9 . 6 1 % 9 . 8 3 % 2 . 4 % 8 . 7 7 % 7 . 6 4 % 0 . 0 5 5 1 0 2 y a M 5 1 0 2 y a M 5 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D 7 1 0 2 l i r p A 7 1 0 2 r e b m e v o N 9 1 0 2 y r a u r b e F 9 1 0 2 l i r p A 9 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S 9 1 0 2 l i r p A 9 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D 0 2 0 2 r e b m e v o N 0 2 0 2 r e b m e c e D Y N , n a t t a h n a M , a e s l e h C t s e W L F , h c a e B i m a i M J N , h c n a r B g n o L Y N , n y l k o o r B Y N , n y l k o o r B Y N , n y l k o o r B Y N , t c i r t s i i D g n k c a p t a e M Y N , n a t t a h n a M , a C e B i r T L F , h c a e B i m a i M L F , h c a e B i m a i M Y N , n y l k o o r B L F , i m a i M ) e u n e v A h t n e v e l E 6 7 ( I X e h T ) e v A n a e c O 5 0 8 ( e e s a n a k a T ) t S h t 9 1 t s a E 5 1 ( d n a l k o o r B ) t S r e y e m e v a H 9 0 2 ( e m D i e c a r r e T d a n o M ) t e e r t S h c a e B 1 1 ( B e m o h n w o T s a l l i V n o t l r a C - z t i R i a z a l P g n k c a p t a e M h t f i F n o k r a P e h T e u n e v A h t 6 2 5 3 h a e l a i H t s e W b l a K e D 9 53 % 6 . 7 2 1 0 2 y l u J D M , y t n u o C e r o m i t l a B y l i r a m i r P s g n d i l i u B t n e m t r a p A o i l o f t r o P d n a l y r a M t n e m p o l e v e D e s U d e x i M d n a m u n m o d n o C i i % 0 . 1 % 7 . 5 1 % 0 . 9 4 % 4 . 0 % 6 . 1 % 0 . 9 4 % 0 . 5 1 % 4 . 5 4 % 0 . 9 4 3 1 0 2 r e b m e v o N 2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D 3 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D Y N , n a t t a h n a M , h t u o S k r a P l a r t n e C Y N , n a t t a h n a M i , e d S t s a E r e w o L a d u m r e B , h c a e B l a r o C 9 1 0 2 y l u J Y N , n a t t a h n a M , h t u o S k r a P l a r t n e C 5 1 0 2 h c r a M 6 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D 7 1 0 2 h c r a M 2 1 0 2 r e b m e c e D 8 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S Y N , y t i C d n a l s I g n o L e l p i t l u M e l p i t l u M V N , s a g e V s a L J N , s u c u a c e S ) h t u o S k r a P l a r t n e C 6 3 ( l e t o H e n a L k r a P ) 4 ( t e e r t S e i t s y r h C 5 1 2 ) h t u o S a z a l P s n e e u Q 0 1 - 3 2 ( r e w o T S P Q 1 s r e n t r a P l a t i p a C 5 - B E f f o k t i W s e r u t n e v e t a t s e l a e r n i t n e m t s e v n I o i l o f t r o P e t a t s E l a e R e s r e v i D e u l a V g n i y r r a C l a t o T l b u C s i n n e T d n a h c a e B l a r o C w o d a e M n o m r a H t a a z a l P e h T l i a t e R s a g e V s a L n n y W ) 3 ( l a i c r e m m o C s r e n t r a P P G f f o k t i W k r o Y w e N r e k r a P s l e t o H g n i c n a n i f , n o i t u l i d l a i t n e t o p g n d u l c n i i s r o t c a f f o r e b m u n a f o t l u s e r a s a r e f f i d y l e t a m i t l u y a m s n o i t u b i r t s i d h s a c d n a i s g n n r a e f o e g a t n e c r e p e h t s a l l e w s a e g a t n e c r e p p h s r e n w o i l a u t c a r u O i . e g a t n e c r e p p h s r e n w o t n e r r u c d e t a m i t s e r u o s t c e l f e r d e n w O e g a t n e c r e P e h T . s r e n t r a p l a n o i t i d d a f o n o i s s i m d a r o e h t d n u f o t s e n i l c e d , y e l l a V w e N s a h c u s , r e n t r a p e r u t n e v t n o i j a f I . l a t i p a c l l a c o t r e n t r a p g n i t a r e p o e h t r o f e d i v o r p s t n e m e e r g a g n i t a r e p o e h t f o y n a m , r e v e w o H . s t n e m e e r g a e r u t n e v t n o i j s u o i r a v e h t r e d n u d e r i u q e r s t n e m t i m m o c l a t i p a c s t n e s e r p e r y l n o n m u o c l s i h T . n a o l r e b m e m a o t n o i t u b i r t n o c l a t i p a c a m o r f d e t r e v n o c l e b d u o w n o i t u b i r t n o c s ’ r e b m e m g n d n u f i a f o r e t c a r a h c e h t , s n o i t a u t i s e m o s n i , r o d e t u l i d e b r e h t i e d u o c l i e g a t n e c r e p p h s r e n w o s ’ r e n t r a p e h t n e h t , l l a c l a t i p a c . s e i t i l i b a i l t n e r r u c r e h t O n i d e i f i s s a l c e r a d n a , 0 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D f o s a 6 4 9 , 3 $ e r e w e u l a v g n i y r r a c ’ s e r u t n e v t n o i j e h t f o s s e c x e n i s e s s o l n i y t i u q E . y a w d a o r B 0 0 5 n i t n e m t s e v n i 4 3 0 , 2 $ a s e d u l c n i e r u t n e v s r e n t r a P P G f f o k t i W e h T ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( e v i t a l u m u C “ e h t n i d e d u l c n i s i t n u o m a s i h T . 8 7 4 , 7 $ e r e w 0 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D f o s a e u l a V g n i y r r a C n i d e d u l c n i s t s o c t s e r e t n i d e z i l a t i p a c t e N . t n e m p o l e v e d r e d n u e r e w s t c e j o r p e s o h w s e r u t n e v s t i f o e u l a v g n i y r r a c e h t o t n i e s n e p x e t s e r e t n i t e n s e z i l a t i p a c y e l l a V w e N s n i a g i , s g n n r a e ) s e s s o l ( n i y t i u q e f o n o i t i n g o c e r e h t h t i w n o i t c e n n o c n i t s e r e t n i d e z i l a t i p a c y l s u o i v e r p f o 0 2 1 , 7 $ ) d e s r e v e r ( d e z i l i t u d n a s t s o c t s e r e t n i f o 3 0 0 , 4 $ d e z i l a t i p a c y e l l a V w e N , 0 2 0 2 , 1 3 r e b m e c e D d e d n e r a e y e h t g n i r u D . e v o b a e l b a t e h t n i l n m u o c ” ) s e s s o L ( i s g n n r a E s t o l l a i t n e d i s e R — s t o L R s t i n U l a i t n e d i s e R — R i d e n m r e t e d e b o T - D B T s m o o r l e t o H — H t e e f e r a u q S — F S e l b a c i l p p a t o N — A N / . s e r u t n e v s u o i r a v m o r f s n o i t a d u q i i l d n a Liquidity and Capital Resources Cash and cash equivalents declined by $13,799 and $212,253 in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Cash provided from operations was $267,547 and $124,071 in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in 2020 related primarily to increases in operating income (taking into account the exclusion of the $58,252 non-cash impairment charge), increased distributions from long-term investments, which were associated with the sale of LTS and, the proceeds from the sale of an investment in real estate located in Sagaponack, NY and, in connection with tax planning strategies, a deferral of a portion our MSA payments to 2021. Cash provided by investing activities was $7,341 in 2020 and cash used in investing activities was $23,099 in 2019. Our investment philosophy is to maximize return on investments using a reasonable expectation for return. For example, we expect our investment returns to exceed the comparable return on cash or short-term U.S. Treasury Bills when investing in equity and debt securities and to exceed our weighted-average cost of capital when investing in non-consolidated real estate businesses, and PropTech investments, and making capital expenditures. In 2020, cash provided by investing activities comprised the sale of investment securities of $30,458, distributions from investments in real estate ventures of $18,818, proceeds from the sale or liquidation of long-term investments of $32,572, pay downs of investment securities of $812, maturities of investment securities of $61,230, proceeds from the sale of fixed assets of $5,162, a decrease in restricted assets of $436 and cash acquired in purchase of subsidiaries of $2,760. These items were offset by the purchase of investment securities of $99,871, investments in real estate ventures of $14,922, capital expenditures of $19,063, the purchase of long-term investments of $9,687, the purchase of subsidiaries of $722 and an increase in the cash surrender value of corporate-owned life insurance policies of $642. In 2019, cash used in investing activities comprised the purchase of investment securities of $87,766, investments in real estate ventures of $52,529, capital expenditures of $12,575, the purchase of long-term investments of $9,223, the purchase of subsidiaries of $380, investments in real estate, net of $2,295 and an increase in the cash surrender value of corporate-owned life insurance policies of $719. These items were offset by the sale of investment securities of $21,879, distributions from investments in real estate ventures of $41,300, proceeds from the sale or liquidation of long-term investments of $8,256, pay downs of investment securities of $1,083, maturities of investment securities of $68,859, the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets of $17, and a decrease in restricted assets of $994. Cash used in financing activities was $288,687 and $313,225 in 2020 and 2019, respectively. In 2020, cash used in financing activities comprised dividends and distributions on common stock of $128,231, repayments of debt of $174,989, tax withholdings related to net share settlements of stock option exercise of $2,630, distributions to non-controlling interest of $448 and net repayments of debt under the Liggett Credit Agreement described below of $34,952. These items were offset by proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $52,563. In 2019, cash used in financing activities comprised dividends and distributions on common stock of $238,249, repayments of debt of $293,419, payment of deferred financing costs of $9,802, tax withholdings related to net share settlements of stock option exercise of $5,415, distributions to non-controlling interest of $286 and other of $216. These factors were offset by proceeds of debt issuance of $230,000 associated with the issuance of an additional amount of our 10.5% Senior Notes due 2026 in November 2019, and net borrowings of debt under the Liggett Credit Agreement described below of $4,162. We have significant liquidity commitments in 2021 at the corporate level (not including our tobacco and real estate operations) that require the use of existing cash resources. These include cash interest expense of approximately $109,500, dividends on our outstanding common shares of approximately $128,400, which is based on an assumed quarterly cash dividend of $0.20 per share, and other corporate expenses and taxes. In order to meet these liquidity requirements as well as other liquidity needs in the normal course of business, we have in the past used cash flows from operations as well as existing cash and cash equivalents, which have, in the past, been generated from operations, monetization of investments and proceeds from debt issuances. Should these resources be insufficient to meet upcoming liquidity needs, we may also liquidate investment securities and other long-term investments, or, if available, draw on Liggett’s credit facility. While there are actions we can take to reduce our liquidity needs, there can be no assurance that such measures will be successful. As of December 31, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $352,842 54 (including $94,421 of cash at Douglas Elliman and $45,406 of cash at Liggett), and investment securities, carried at $169,803 (see Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements). As of December 31, 2020, our investments in real estate ventures were carried at $85,400 and our investments in real estate, net were carried at $15,631. Limitation of interest expense deductible for income taxes. Since 2018, the amount of interest expense that is deductible in the computation of income tax liability has been limited to a percentage of adjusted taxable income, as defined by applicable law. In 2019 and 2020, the amount of deductible interest expense was limited to 50% of taxable income before interest, depreciation and amortization and, in 2021, the amount will be limited to 30% of taxable income before interest, depreciation and amortization. Beginning in 2022, the amount will be limited to 30% of taxable income before interest. However, interest expense allocable to a designated excepted trade or business is not subject to limitation. One such excepted trade or business is any electing real property trade or business, for which portions of our real estate business may qualify. If any interest expense is disallowed, we are permitted to carry forward the disallowed interest expense indefinitely. Although all of our interest expense to date has been tax deductible, due to our high degree of leverage, a portion of our interest expense in future years may not be deductible, which could increase the after-tax cost of any new debt financings as well as the refinancing of our existing debt. Tobacco Litigation. As of December 31, 2020, 16 verdicts were entered in Engle progeny cases against Liggett. Several of these verdicts have been affirmed on appeal and have been satisfied by Liggett. Liggett has paid $39,773, including interest and attorney’s fees, to satisfy the judgments entered against it. It is possible that additional cases could be decided unfavorably. Notwithstanding the comprehensive nature of the Engle Progeny Settlements of more than 5,200 cases, approximately 41 plaintiffs’ claims remain outstanding. Therefore, we and Liggett may still be subject to periodic adverse judgments that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, Liggett may be required to make additional payments to Mississippi which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. See Recent Developments in Litigation. Management cannot predict the cash requirements related to any future settlements or judgments, including cash required to bond any appeals, and there is a risk that those requirements will not be able to be met. Management is unable to make a reasonable estimate of the amount or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome of the cases pending against Liggett or the costs of defending such cases. It is possible that our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows could be materially adversely affected by an unfavorable outcome in any such tobacco-related litigation. Vector. 6.125% Senior Secured Notes. In January 2017, we issued $850,000 in aggregate principal amount of our 6.125% Senior Secured Notes in a private offering to qualified institutional investors and non-U.S. persons pursuant to the exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) contained in Rule 144A and Regulation S thereunder. The aggregate net proceeds from the issuance of the 6.125% Senior Secured Notes were approximately $831,100 after deducting offering expenses. On February 1, 2021, the 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 were redeemed in full and we anticipate recording a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $21,362 for the three months ended March 31, 2021, including $13,014 of premium and $8,348 of other costs and non-cash interest expense related to the recognition of previously unamortized deferred finance costs. 5.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2029. On January 28, 2021, we completed the sale of $875,000 in aggregate principal amount of our 5.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 (“5.75% Senior Secured Notes”) to qualified institutional buyers and non-U.S. persons in a private offering pursuant to the exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) contained in Rule 144A and Regulation S thereunder. The aggregate net cash proceeds from the sale of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes were approximately $855,500 after deducting the initial purchaser’s discount and estimated expenses 55 and fees in connection with the offering. We used the net cash proceeds from the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes offering, together with cash on hand, to redeem all of our outstanding 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025, including accrued interest and premium thereon., on January 28, 2021. The 5.75% Senior Secured Notes pay interest on a semi-annual basis at a rate of 5.75% per year and mature on the earlier of February 1, 2029 and the date that is 91 days before the final stated maturity date of our 10.5% Senior Notes due 2026 (“10.5% Senior Notes”) if such 10.5% Senior Notes have not been repurchased and cancelled or refinanced by such date. Prior to February 1, 2024, we may redeem some or all of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes at any time at a make-whole redemption price. On or after February 1, 2024, we may redeem some or all of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes at a premium that will decrease over time, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. In addition, any time prior to February 1, 2024, we may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate outstanding amount of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes with the net proceeds of certain equity offerings at 105.75% of the aggregate principal amount of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, if at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes originally issued remains outstanding after such redemption, and the redemption occurs within 90 days of the closing of such equity offering. In the event of a change of control, as defined in the indenture governing the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes (the “2029 Indenture”), each holder of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes may require the Company to repurchase some or all of its 5.75% Senior Secured Notes at a repurchase price equal to 101% of their aggregate principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of purchase. If the Company sells certain assets and does not apply the proceeds as required pursuant to the 2029 Indenture, it must offer to repurchase the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes at the prices listed in the 2029 Indenture. The 5.75% Senior Secured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, subject to certain customary automatic release provisions, on a joint and several basis by all of our wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries that are engaged in the conduct of our cigarette businesses, which subsidiaries, as of the issuance date of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes, were also guarantors under our outstanding 10.5% Senior Notes. The 5.75% Senior Secured Notes are not guaranteed by New Valley LLC, or any of our subsidiaries engaged in our real estate business conducted through our subsidiary, New Valley LLC. The guarantees provided by certain of the guarantors are secured by first priority or second priority security interests in certain collateral of such guarantors pursuant to security and pledge agreements, subject to certain permitted liens and exceptions as further described in the 2029 Indenture and the security documents relating thereto. Vector Group Ltd does not provide any security for the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes. The 2029 Indenture contains covenants that restrict the payment of dividends if our consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Consolidated EBITDA”), as defined in the 2029 Indenture, for the most recently ended four full quarters is less than $75,000. The 2029 Indenture also restricts the incurrence of debt if our Leverage Ratio and our Secured Leverage Ratio, each as defined in the 2029 Indenture, exceed 3.0 to 1.0 and 1.5 to 1.0, respectively. Our Leverage Ratio is defined in the 2029 Indenture as the ratio of our and our guaranteeing subsidiaries’ total debt less the fair market value of our cash, investment securities and long-term investments to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the 2029 Indenture. Our Secured Leverage Ratio is defined in the 2029 Indenture in the same manner as the Leverage Ratio, except that secured indebtedness is substituted for indebtedness. The following table summarizes the requirements of these financial test and the extent to which we would have satisfied these requirements had the 2029 Indenture been in effect as of December 31, 2020. Covenant Consolidated EBITDA, as defined Leverage ratio, as defined Secured leverage ratio, as defined Indenture Requirement December 31, 2020 $75,000 $408,981 <3.0 to 1 <1.5 to 1 2.29 to 1 0.97 to 1 10.5% Senior Notes due 2026.. On November 2, 2018 and November 18, 2019, we sold $325,000 and $230,000, respectively, in aggregate principal amount of our 10.5% Senior Notes to qualified institutional buyers and non-U.S. persons pursuant to the exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act contained in Rule 144A and Regulation S thereunder. The aggregate net proceeds from the 56 2018 sale of the 10.5% Senior Notes and the 2019 sale of the 10.5% Senior Notes were approximately $315,000 and $220,400, respectively, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, fees and offering expenses. We used the net cash proceeds from the 2018 issuance of our 10.5% Senior Notes to retire the principal amount of, plus accrued and unpaid interest on, our 7.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Notes due 2019, and for general corporate purposes. We used the net cash proceeds from the 2019 issuance of our 10.5% Senior Notes to retire the principal amount of, plus accrued and unpaid interest on, our 5.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Notes due 2020. The 10.5% Senior Notes pay interest on a semi-annual basis at a rate of 10.5% per year and mature on November 1, 2026. Prior to November 1, 2021, we may redeem some or all of the 10.5% Senior Notes at any time at a make-whole redemption price. On or after November 1, 2021, we may redeem some or all of the 10.5% Senior Notes at a premium that will decrease over time, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date. In addition, any time prior to November 1, 2021, we may redeem up to 40% of the aggregate outstanding amount of the 10.5% Senior Notes with the net proceeds of certain equity offerings at 110.5% of the aggregate principal amount of the 10.5% Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the redemption date, if at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the 10.5% Senior Notes originally issued remains outstanding after such redemption, and the redemption occurs within 90 days of the closing of such equity offering. In the event of a change of control, as defined in the indenture governing the 10.5% Senior Notes (the “2026 Indenture”), each holder of the 10.5% Senior Notes may require the Company to make an offer to repurchase some or all of its 10.5% Senior Notes at a repurchase price equal to 101% of their aggregate principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to the date of purchase. If the Company sells certain assets and does not apply the proceeds as required pursuant to the 2026 Indenture, it must offer to repurchase the 10.5% Senior Notes at the prices listed in the 2026 Indenture. The 10.5% Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed subject to certain customary automatic release provisions on a joint and several basis by all of our wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries that are engaged in the conduct of our cigarette businesses, and by DER Holdings LLC, through which the Company indirectly owns a 100% interest in Douglas Elliman as of December 31, 2020. DER Holdings LLC does not guarantee our 5.75% Senior Secured Notes. The 2026 Indenture contains covenants that restrict the payment of dividends and certain other distributions subject to certain exceptions, including exceptions for (1) dividends and other distributions in an amount up to 50% of our consolidated net income, plus certain specified proceeds received by the Company, if no event of default has occurred, and we are in compliance with a Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the 2026 Indenture) of at least 2.0 to 1.0, and (2) dividends and other distributions in an unlimited amount, if no event of default has occurred and we are in compliance with a Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2026 Indenture) no greater than 4.0 to 1.0. As a result, absent an event of default, we can pay dividends if the Net Leverage ratio is below 4.0 to 1.0, regardless of the value of the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio at the time. The 2026 Indenture also restricts our ability to incur debt if our Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio is less than 2.0 to 1.0, and restricts our ability to secure debt to the extent doing so would cause our Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2026 Indenture) to exceed 3.75 to 1.0, unless the 10.5% Senior Notes are secured on an equal and ratable basis. In addition, the 2026 Indenture restricts our ability to spin-off or transfer New Valley and its subsidiaries as a whole, or DER Holdings LLC and its subsidiaries (including Douglas Elliman) as a whole, unless (1) such spin-off or transfer complies with the covenants restricting mergers and asset sales, or (2) our Net Leverage Ratio is no greater than 4.0 to 1.0. Our Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio is defined in the 2026 Indenture as the ratio of our Consolidated EBITDA to our Fixed Charges (each as defined in the 2026 Indenture). Our Net Leverage Ratio is defined in the 2026 Indenture as the ratio of our and our guaranteeing subsidiaries’ total debt less our cash, cash equivalents, and the fair market value of our investment securities, long-term investments, investments in real estate, net, and investments in real estate ventures, to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the 2026 Indenture. Our Secured Leverage Ratio is defined in the 2026 Indenture as the ratio of our and our guaranteeing subsidiaries’ total secured debt, to Consolidated EBITDA, as defined in the 2026 Indenture. The following table summarizes the requirements of these financial test and the extent to which we satisfied these requirements as of December 31, 2020. 57 Covenant Fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined Net leverage ratio, as defined Secured leverage ratio, as defined Indenture Requirement December 31, 2020 >2.0 to 1 <4.0 to 1 3.09 to 1 2.29 to 1 <3.75 to 1 2.59 to 1 As of December 31, 2020, we were in compliance with all of the debt covenants related to the 2026 Indenture. Guarantor Summarized Financial Information. Vector Group Ltd. (the “Issuer”) and its wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries that are engaged in the conduct of its cigarette business (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”) have filed a shelf registration statement for the offering of debt and equity securities on a delayed or continuous basis and we are including this condensed consolidating financial information in connection therewith. Any such debt securities may be issued by us and guaranteed by our Subsidiary Guarantors. New Valley and any of its subsidiaries, other than DER Holdings LLC (the “Nonguarantor Subsidiaries”) will not guarantee any such debt securities. Both the Subsidiary Guarantors and the Nonguarantor Subsidiaries are wholly-owned by the Issuer. The Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and the related Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 of the Issuer, Subsidiary Guarantors and the Nonguarantor Subsidiaries are set forth in Exhibit 99.2. Presented herein are the Summarized Combined Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 and the related Summarized Combined Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 for the Issuer and the Subsidiary Guarantors (collectively, the “Obligor Group”). The summarized combined financial information is presented after the elimination of: (i) intercompany transactions and balances among the Obligor Group, and (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in the Nonguarantor Subsidiaries. Summarized Combined Balance Sheets: Assets: Current assets Noncurrent assets Intercompany receivables from Nonguarantor Subsidiaries Liabilities: Current liabilities Noncurrent liabilities Summarized Combined Statements of Operations: Revenues Cost of sales Operating income Net income December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 515,082 $ 561,689 264,041 2,040 276,886 44,043 193,125 387,261 1,521,293 1,525,531 Year Ended December 31, 2020 $1,204,946 795,904 295,186 168,848 Liggett Financing. Liggett did not enter into any equipment financing arrangements in 2020, 2019 and 2018. Liggett Credit Facility. In January, 2015, Liggett and 100 Maple LLC (“Maple”), a subsidiary of Liggett, entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (“Wells Fargo”), as agent and lender. The Credit Agreement 58 governed a $60,000 credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) that consisted of a revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”) and a $3,600 term loan (the “Term Loan”) that was within the $60,000 commitment under the Credit Facility and reduced the amount available under the Revolver. In connection with the issuances of our 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 in January 2017, and our 10.5% Senior Notes in November 2018, Liggett and Maple entered into amendments to the Credit Agreement to update certain defined terms contained in the Credit Agreement relating to issuances of new notes. On October 31, 2019, Liggett and Maple amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) extend its maturity to January 31, 2025, (ii) update the borrowing base, to adjust the advance rates in respect of eligible inventory and add certain eligible real property and (iii) reflect the repayment in full of the Term Loan. Accordingly, the Term Loan portion of the Credit Agreement no longer exists. As of October 31, 2019, all borrowings under the Credit Agreement are limited to a borrowing base equal to the sum of (i) the lesser of (x) $10,000 and (y) 85% of eligible trade receivables less certain reserves; plus (ii) 80% of the value of eligible inventory consisting of packaged cigarettes plus (iii) the lesser of (x) 65% of Liggett’s eligible cost of inventory consisting of leaf tobacco less certain reserves and (y) 85% of the appraised liquidation value of eligible inventory plus (iv) 60% of the fair market value of eligible real property. The obligations under the Credit Agreement are collateralized on a first priority basis by all inventories, receivables and certain other personal property of Liggett and Maple, a mortgage on Liggett’s manufacturing facility and certain real property of Maple, subject to certain permitted liens. As of December 31, 2020, there was no outstanding balance under the Credit Agreement. Availability as determined under the Credit Agreement was approximately $60,000 based on eligible collateral at December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020, Liggett was in compliance with all covenants under the credit facility; Liggett’s EBITDA, as defined, were $250,531 for the year ended December 31, 2020. The term of the Credit Agreement now expires on January 31, 2025. Loans under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.25%. The interest rate applicable to this Credit Agreement at December 31, 2020 was 2.39%. The Credit Agreement, as amended, permitted the guaranty of our 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025, and permits the guaranty of our 5.75% Senior Secured Notes and our 10.5% Senior Notes, by each of Liggett and Maple. Wells Fargo, Liggett, Maple and the collateral agent for the holders of our 6.125% Senior Secured Notes have entered into an intercreditor agreement, pursuant to which the liens of such collateral agent on the assets that are subject to the Credit Agreement are subordinated to the liens of Wells Fargo on such assets. The intercreditor agreement permits any other subsidiary of the Company that guarantees the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes to become party thereto if such subsidiary becomes a borrower under the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit Liggett’s, Maple’s and their subsidiaries’ ability to incur, create or assume certain indebtedness, to incur or assume certain liens, to purchase, hold or acquire certain investments, to declare or make certain dividends and distributions and to engage in certain mergers, consolidations and asset sales, including a restriction on Liggett’s ability to pay cash dividends unless Liggett’s average borrowing availability, as defined under the Credit Agreement, for the 30-day period prior to the payment of the dividend, and after giving effect to the dividend, was at least $5,000 and no event of default had occurred under the Credit Agreement, including Liggett’s compliance with the covenants in the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement also requires compliance with specified financial covenants, including that Liggett’s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as defined under the Credit Agreement, on a trailing twelve month basis, shall not be less than $100,000 if Liggett’s excess availability, as defined under the Credit Agreement, is less than $20,000. The covenants also require that annual capital expenditures, as defined under the Credit Agreement (before a maximum carryover amount of $10,000), shall not exceed $20,000 during any fiscal year. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default. Liggett was in compliance with all of these covenants as of December 31, 2020 and Liggett’s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as defined under the Credit Agreement, was $250,531 for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default. 59 Anticipated Liquidity Obligations. We and our subsidiaries have significant indebtedness and debt service obligations. As of December 31, 2020, we and our subsidiaries had total outstanding indebtedness of $1,430,573 ($1,455,573 as adjusted for our January 2021 refinancing), of which $555,000 of our 10.5% Senior Notes mature in 2026, and $875,000 of our 5.75% Senior Secured Notes mature in 2029. There is a risk that we will not be able to generate sufficient funds to repay our debt. If we cannot service our fixed charges, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We believe that our cigarette and real estate operations are positive cash-flow-generating units and will continue to be able to sustain their operations without any significant liquidity concerns. In order to meet the above liquidity requirements as well as other anticipated liquidity needs in the normal course of business, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $352,800, investment securities at fair value of approximately $169,800 and availability under Liggett’s credit facility of approximately $60,000 as of December 31, 2020. Management currently anticipates that these amounts, as well as expected cash flows from our operations, proceeds from public and/or private debt and equity financing to the extent available, management fees and other payments from subsidiaries should be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs over the next 12 months. We may acquire or seek to acquire additional operating businesses through merger, purchase of assets, stock acquisition or other means, or to make other investments, which may limit our liquidity otherwise available. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $1,647 as of January 1, 2020 and increased $6 during the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to accruals for state tax audits offset by the expiration of various state statutes of limitations and settlements. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $391 as of January 1, 2019 and increased $1,256 during the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to accruals for state tax audits offset by the expiration of various state statutes of limitations. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements We have various agreements in which we may be obligated to indemnify the other party with respect to certain matters. Generally, these indemnification clauses are included in contracts arising in the normal course of business under which we customarily agree to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations related to such matters as title to assets sold and licensed or certain intellectual property rights. Payment by us under such indemnification clauses is generally conditioned on the other party making a claim that is subject to challenge by us and dispute resolution procedures specified in the particular contract. Further, our obligations under these arrangements may be limited in terms of time and/or amount, and in some instances, we may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by us. It is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnification agreements due to the conditional nature of our obligations and the unique facts of each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by us under these agreements have not been material. As of December 31, 2020, we were not aware of any indemnification agreements that would or are reasonably expected to have a current or future material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. As of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding approximately $11,585 of letters of credit, collateralized by certificates of deposit. The letters of credit have been issued as security deposits for leases of office space, to secure the performance of our subsidiaries under various insurance programs and to provide collateral for various subsidiary borrowing and capital lease arrangements. We have a leaf inventory management program whereby, among other things, we are committed to purchase certain quantities of leaf tobacco. The purchase commitments are for quantities not in excess of anticipated requirements and are at prices, including carrying costs, established at the commitment date. At December 31, 2020, Liggett had tobacco purchase commitments of approximately $14,903. We have a single source supply agreement for reduced ignition propensity cigarette paper through 2022. Future machinery and equipment purchase commitments at Liggett were $2,870 at December 31, 2020. 60 Market Risk We are exposed to market risks principally from fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity prices. We seek to minimize these risks through our regular operating and financing activities and our long-term investment strategy. Our market risk management procedures cover all market risk sensitive financial instruments. As of December 31, 2020, approximately $25,000 of our outstanding debt at face value had variable interest rates determined by various interest rate indices, which increases the risk of fluctuating interest rates. Our exposure to market risk includes interest rate fluctuations in connection with our variable rate borrowings, which could adversely affect our cash flows. As of December 31, 2020, there was no outstanding balance on the Liggett Credit Facility which also has variable interest rates. As of December 31, 2020, we had no interest rate caps or swaps. Based on a hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates (1%), our annual interest expense could increase or decrease by approximately $250. We held debt securities available for sale totaling $91,204 as of December 31, 2020. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements. Adverse market conditions could have a significant impact on the value of these investments. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate our debt securities available for sale and equity securities without readily determinable fair values that do not qualify for the NAV practical expedient to determine whether an impairment has occurred. If so, we also make a determination if such impairment is considered temporary or other-than-temporary. We believe that the assessment of temporary or other-than-temporary impairment is facts-and-circumstances driven. The impairment indicators that are taken into consideration as part of our analysis include (a) a significant deterioration in the earnings performance, credit rating, asset quality, or business prospects of the investee, (b) a significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the investee, (c) a significant adverse change in the general market condition of either the geographical area or the industry in which the investee operates, and (d) factors that raise significant concerns about the investee’s ability to continue as a going concern, such as negative cash flows from operations, working capital deficiencies, or noncompliance with statutory capital requirements or debt covenants. Equity Security Price Risk As of December 31, 2020, we held various investments in equity securities with a total fair value of $78,599, of which $44,381 represents equity securities at fair value and $34,218 represents long-term investment securities at fair value. The latter securities represent long-term investments in various investment partnerships. These investments are illiquid and their ultimate realization is subject to the performance of the underlying entities. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements, respectively, for more details on equity securities at fair value and long-term investment securities at fair value. The impact to our consolidated statement of operations related to equity securities fluctuates based on changes in their fair value. We record changes in the fair value of equity securities in net income. To the extent that we continue to hold equity securities, our operating results may fluctuate significantly. Based on our equity securities held as of December 31, 2020, a hypothetical decrease of 10% in the price of these equity securities would reduce the fair value of the investments and, accordingly, our net income by approximately $7,860. New Accounting Pronouncements Refer to Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements for further information on New Accounting Pronouncements. Legislation, Regulation, Taxation and Litigation In the United States, tobacco products are subject to substantial and increasing legislation, regulation, taxation, and litigation, which have a negative effect on revenue and profitability. 61 The cigarette industry continues to be challenged on numerous fronts. The industry faced increased pressure from anti-smoking groups and continued smoking and health litigation, the effects of which, at this time, we are unable to quantify. Product liability litigation, particularly in Florida in the Engle progeny cases, continues to adversely affect the cigarette industry. See Item 1. “Business — Legislation and Regulation”, Item 1A. “Risk Factors”, Item 3. “Legal Proceedings” and Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements, which contain a description of litigation. 62 SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS In addition to historical information, this report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities law. Forward-looking statements include information relating to our intent, belief or current expectations, primarily with respect to, but not limited to: • • • • • • • • • economic outlook, capital expenditures, cost reduction, competition, legislation and regulations, cash flows, operating performance, litigation, and related industry developments (including trends affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations). We identify forward-looking statements in this report by using words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may be,” “objective,” “plan,” “seek,” “predict,” “project” and “will be” and similar words or phrases or their negatives. The forward-looking information involves important risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from our anticipated results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements include, without limitation, the following: • • • • • • • • • • • general economic and market conditions and any changes therein, due to acts of war and terrorism or otherwise, governmental regulations and policies, adverse changes in global, national, regional and local economic and market conditions, including those related to pandemics and health crises, such as the outbreak of COVID-19, significant changes in the price, availability or quality of component parts, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, tobacco, other raw materials or potential dilution to our holders of or common stock as a result of issuances of additional shares of common stock to fund our financial obligations and other financing activities, the impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, including the deductibility of interest expense and the impact of the markets on our Real Estate segment, effects of industry competition, impact of business combinations, including acquisitions and divestitures, both internally for us and externally in the tobacco industry, impact of legislation on our results of operations and product costs, i.e. the impact of federal legislation providing for regulation of tobacco products by FDA, impact of substantial increases in federal, state and local excise taxes, uncertainty related to product liability and other tobacco-related litigations including the Engle progeny cases pending in Florida and other individual and class action cases where certain plaintiffs have alleged compensatory and punitive damage amounts ranging into the hundreds of million and even billions of dollars; and, 63 • potential additional payment obligations for us under the MSA and other settlement agreements with the states. Further information on the risks and uncertainties to our business include the risk factors discussed above under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Although we believe the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, there is a risk that these expectations will not be attained and that any deviations will be material. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK The information under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Market Risk” is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto, together with the report thereon of Deloitte & Touche LLP dated March 1, 2021, are set forth beginning on page F-1 of this report. ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed, in the reports the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In connection with the preparation of this Form 10-K, the Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision of and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as of December 31, 2020, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of December 31, 2020, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. 64 Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the criteria in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). the effectiveness of Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020 based on the criteria in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which appears herein. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2020 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. 65 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Vector Group Ltd. Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Vector Group Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, of the Company and our report dated March 1, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements and included an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s adoption of a new accounting standard. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Miami, Florida March 1, 2021 66 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. 67 PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The information contained under the following headings in our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2021 Proxy Statement”), to be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year covered by this report pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, is incorporated herein by reference: “Board Proposal 1 — Nomination and Election of Directors” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Compliance.” See Item 5 of this report for information regarding our executive officers. We have adopted a policy statement entitled Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees. In the event that an amendment to, or a waiver from, a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is made or granted, we intend to post such information on our web site, which is www.vectorgroupltd.com. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information contained under the headings “Executive Compensation” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” in our 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information contained under the headings “Equity Compensation Plan Information” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in our 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE The information contained under the headings “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Board of Directors and Committees” in our 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information contained under the headings “Audit and Non-Audit Fees” and “Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” in our 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference. 68 ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a)(1) INDEX TO 2020 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: PART IV Our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, together with the report thereon of Deloitte & Touche LLP for the three years ended December 31, 2020, dated March 1, 2021 appear beginning on page F-1 of this report. (a)(2) FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES: Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-87 (a)(3) EXHIBITS: (a) The following is a list of exhibits filed herewith as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION INDEX OF EXHIBITS *3.1 *3.2 *3.3 *3.4 *3.5 *4.1 *4.2 *4.3 *4.4 *4.5 *4.6 *4.7 Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Vector Group Ltd. (formerly known as Brooke Group Ltd.) (“Vector”) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 in Vector’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1999). Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Vector (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated May 24, 2000). Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Vector Group Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 in Vector’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2007). Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Vector Group Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 in Vector’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014). Amended and Restated By-Laws of Vector Group Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated March 5, 2020). Indenture, dated as of January 28, 2021, among Vector Group Ltd., the guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee and collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 28, 2021). Pledge Agreement, dated as of January 28, 2021, between VGR Holding LLC and U.S. Bank National Association, as collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 28, 2021). Security Agreement, dated as of January 28, 2021, between Vector Tobacco Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 28, 2021). Security Agreement, dated as of January 28, 2021, among Liggett Group LLC, 100 Maple LLC and U.S. Bank National Association, as collateral agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 28, 2021). Second Amended and Restated Intercreditor and Lien Subordination Agreement, dated as of January 28, 2021, among Liggett Group LLC, 100 Maple LLC, U.S. Bank National Association and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 28, 2021). Indenture, dated as of November 2, 2018, among Vector Group Ltd., the guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Vector’s Form 8-K dated November 2, 2018). First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 18, 2019, among Vector Group 69 EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION *4.8 *10.1 *10.2 *10.3 *10.4 *10.5 *10.6 *10.7 *10.8 *10.9 *10.10 *10.11 *10.12 (incorporated by reference to Ltd., the guarantors named therein and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated November 18, 2019). Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 in Vector’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019). Settlement Agreement, dated March 15, 1996, by and among the State of West Virginia, State of Florida, State of Mississippi, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and State of Louisiana, Brooke Group Holding and Liggett (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 15 in the Schedule 13D filed by Vector on March 11, 1996, as amended, with respect to the common stock of RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp.). Addendum to Initial States Settlement Agreement Exhibit 10.43 in Vector’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 1997). Settlement Agreement, dated March 12, 1998, by and among the States listed in Appendix A thereto, Brooke Group Holding and Liggett (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 in Vector’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1997). Master Settlement Agreement made by the Settling States and Participating Manufacturers signatories thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Philip Morris Companies Inc.’s Form 8-K dated November 25, 1998, Commission File No. 1-8940). General Liggett Replacement Agreement, dated as of November 23, 1998, entered into by each of the Settling States under the Master Settlement Agreement, and Brooke Group Holding and Liggett (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 in Vector’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1998). Stipulation and Agreed Order regarding Stay of Execution Pending Review and Related Matters, dated May 7, 2001, entered into by Philip Morris Incorporated, Lorillard Tobacco Co., Liggett and Brooke Group Holding Inc. and the class counsel in Engel, et. al., v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., et. al. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 in Philip Morris Companies Inc.’s Form 8-K dated May 7, 2001). Term Sheet agreed to by Liggett, certain other Participating Manufacturers, 18 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Reynolds American Inc.’s (Commission File Number 1-32258) Form 8-K, dated March 12, 2013). Settlement Agreement as of October 22, 2013, by, between and among: (a) Liggett and Vector and (b) Plaintiffs’ Coordinating Counsel, Participating Plaintiffs’ Counsel, and their respective clients who are plaintiffs in certain Engle Progeny Actions (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Vector’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013). Settlement Agreement as of October 22, 2013, by, between and among: (a) Liggett Group LLC and Vector, and (b) Plaintiffs’ Coordinating Counsel, The Wilner Firm, and The Wilner Firm’s clients who are plaintiffs in certain federal and state Engle Progeny Actions (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Vector’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013). Amended and Restated Employment Agreement dated as of January 27, 2006, between Vector and Howard M. Lorber (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 27, 2006). Employment Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2006, between Vector and Richard J. Lampen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 27, 2006). Amendment to the Employment Agreement dated as of February 22, 2012 between 70 EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION *10.13 *10.14 *10.15 *10.16 *10.17 *10.18 *10.19 *10.20 *10.21 10.22 *10.23 *10.24 *10.25 *10.26 *10.27 *10.28 *10.29 Vector Group Ltd. and Richard J. Lampen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 in Vector’s Form 8-K/A dated February 21, 2012). Amendment to the Employment Agreement dated January 15, 2021 between Vector Group Ltd. and Richard J. Lampen (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 14, 2021). Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2006, between Vector and Marc N. Bell (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 27, 2006). Restricted Share Award Agreement, dated as of May 29, 2018, between Vector Group Ltd. and Marc N. Bell (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 10-Q dated June 30, 2018). Employment Agreement, dated as of November 11, 2005, between Liggett Group Inc. and Ronald J. Bernstein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated November 11, 2005). Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of January 14, 2011, between Liggett and Ronald J. Bernstein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 in Vector’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010). Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of October 29, 2013, between Liggett and Ronald J. Bernstein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated October 28, 2013). Letter Agreement, dated as of February 18, 2020, by and among Ronald J. Bernstein, Liggett Vector Brands LLC, Vector Group Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 8-k dated February 18, 2020). Employment Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2006, between Vector and J. Bryant Kirkland III (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 27, 2006). Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated as of February 29, 2016, by and between Vector Group Ltd. and J. Bryant Kirkland III (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated February 29, 2016). Employment Agreement, dated as of March 6, 2020, by and between Liggett Vector Brands LLC and Nicholas P. Anson. Vector Group Ltd. Amended and Restated 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix B in Vector’s Proxy Statement dated April 21, 2004). Vector Group Ltd. Management Exhibit 10.3 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated March 10, 2014). Form of 1999 Amended and Restated Incentive Plan Option Agreement to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 of Vector’s Form 10-K dated December 31, 2017). Form of 2014 Management Incentive Plan Option Award to Named Executive Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 of Vector’s Form 10-K dated December 31, 2017). Form of Restricted Shares Award Agreement under 2014 Management Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Vector’s Form 10-Q dated June 30, 2020). Performance-Based Restricted Share Award Agreement, pursuant to Vector Group Ltd. Management Incentive Plan, dated as of July 23, 2014 by and between Vector Group Ltd. and Howard M. Lorber (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of Schedule 13D as filed by Howard M. Lorber on July 25, 2014). Performance-Based Restricted Share Award Agreement, pursuant to Vector Group Ltd. Management Incentive Plan, dated as of November 10, 2015 by and between Vector Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to 71 EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION *10.30 *10.31 *10.32 *10.33 *10.34 *10.35 *10.36 *10.37 *10.38 *10.39 *10.40 21 22 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 Group Ltd. and Howard M. Lorber (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated November 10, 2015). Vector Supplemental Retirement Plan (as amended and restated April 24, 2008) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008). Operating Agreement of Douglas Elliman Realty, LLC (formerly known as Montauk Battery Realty LLC) dated December 17, 2002 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in New Valley’s Form 8-K dated December 13, 2002). First Amendment to Operating Agreement of Douglas Elliman Realty, LLC (formerly known as Montauk Battery Realty LLC), dated as of March 14, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in New Valley’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2003). Second Amendment to Operating Agreement of Douglas Elliman Realty, LLC, dated as of May 19, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in New Valley’s Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2003). Office Lease, dated as of September 10, 2012, between Vector Group Ltd. and Frost Real Estate Holdings, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated September 10, 2012). First Amendment, dated as of November 12, 2012, to Office Lease, dated as of September 10, 2012, between Vector Group Ltd. and Frost Real Estate Holdings, LLC. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.40 of Vector’s Form 10-K dated December 31, 2012). Second Amendment, dated as of September 1, 2017, to Office Lease, dated as of September 10, 2012, between Vector Group Ltd. and Frost Real Estate Holdings, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 of Vector’s Form 10-K dated December 31, 2017). Vector Group Ltd. Equity Retention and Hedging Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated January 15, 2013). Vector Group Ltd. Stock Ownership Guidelines Exhibit 10.1 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated March 10, 2014). Vector Group Ltd. Executive Compensation Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Vector’s Form 8-K dated March 10, 2014). Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of January 14, 2015, among Liggett Group LLC, 100 Maple LLC, the lenders party thereto from time to time and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative and collateral agent, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of January 27, 2017, Amendment No. 2 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 30, 2018, and Amendment No. 3 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 31, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 in Vector’s Form 8-K dated November 5, 2019). Subsidiaries of Vector. List of Subsidiary Guarantors. Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP. Certification of Chief Executive Officer, Pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Financial Officer, Pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Chief Executive Officer, Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (incorporated by reference to 72 EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION 32.2 99.1 99.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer, Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Material Legal Proceedings. Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements of Vector Group Ltd. * Incorporated by reference Each management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this report pursuant to Item 14(c) is listed in exhibit numbers 10.10 through 10.27. ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY. Not applicable. 73 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES VECTOR GROUP LTD. (Registrant) By: /s/ J. Bryant Kirkland III J. Bryant Kirkland III Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer Date: March 1, 2021 POWER OF ATTORNEY The undersigned directors and officers of Vector Group Ltd. hereby constitute and appoint Richard J. Lampen, J. Bryant Kirkland III and Marc N. Bell, and each of them, with full power to act without the other and with full power of substitution and resubstitutions, our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact with full power to execute in our name and behalf in the capacities indicated below, this Annual Report on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and hereby ratify and confirm all that such attorneys-in-fact, or any of them, or their substitutes shall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 1, 2021. SIGNATURE TITLE /s/ Howard M. Lorber Howard M. Lorber President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) /s/ J. Bryant Kirkland III J. Bryant Kirkland III Senior Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ Bennett S. LeBow Bennett S. LeBow /s/ Stanley S. Arkin Stanley S. Arkin /s/ Henry C. Beinstein Henry C. Beinstein /s/ Ronald J. Bernstein Ronald J. Bernstein /s/ Paul V. Carlucci Paul V. Carlucci /s/ Richard J. Lampen Richard J. Lampen Director Director Director Director Director Director 74 SIGNATURE /s/ Jean E. Sharpe Jean E. Sharpe /s/ Barry Watkins Barry Watkins TITLE Director Director 75 [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] VECTOR GROUP LTD. FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020 ITEMS 8, 15(a)(1) AND (2), 15(c) INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES Financial Statements and Schedules of the Registrant and its subsidiaries required to be included in Items 8, 15(a) (1) and (2), 15(c) are listed below: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Vector Group Ltd. Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 Page F-2 F-5 F-6 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficiency for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-8 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-9 F-11 FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE: Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-87 Financial Statement Schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is contained in our consolidated financial statements or accompanying notes. F-1 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Vector Group Ltd. Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Vector Group Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ deficiency, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 1, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. (PCAOB), Change in Accounting Principle As discussed in Note 5 to the financial statements, effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted FASB Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases, using the modified retrospective approach. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Investment in Real Estate Ventures — Impairment — Refer to Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates its investments in real estate ventures to determine whether impairment indicators exist and whether an impairment has occurred. If so, the Company also F-2 makes a determination of whether such impairment is considered temporary or other-than-temporary. The Company believes is facts-and-circumstances driven. Total investments in real estate ventures as of December 31, 2020, were $85.4 million, net of impairment losses recorded in 2020 of $16.5 million. temporary or other-than-temporary impairment the assessment of that Given the Company’s evaluation of possible indications of impairment of real estate ventures requires management to make significant judgments, performing audit procedures to evaluate whether management appropriately identified circumstances indicating that the carrying amounts of real estate ventures may not be recoverable required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of real estate ventures for possible indicators of impairment included the following, among others: • We tested the effectiveness of controls over management’s identification of possible circumstances that may indicate that the carrying amounts of real estate ventures may not be recoverable, and controls over management’s evaluation of whether indicators of impairment existed used to determine fair value, including controls over management review of the real estate venture financial information and real estate market information for the real estate venture’s real estate holdings. • We evaluated the Company’s determination and recording of other-than-temporary impairments for real estate ventures by performing audit procedures on selected real estate investments. These procedures included: — Evaluating whether indicators of impairment existed related to the Company’s real estate joint ventures in certain key markets, including those indicators resulting from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic conditions of each respective market. — Obtaining financial information of the joint ventures such as audited financial statements, if available. — Performing site observations using video conferencing technology and performing inquiries of real estate venture managers, real estate venture accounting firms, and other valuation procedures. Contingencies: Tobacco Product Liability — Refer to Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements Critical Audit Matter Description The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary Liggett Group LLC (“Liggett”) is subject to litigation related to tobacco product liability. Legal proceedings regarding Liggett’s tobacco products are pending or threatened in various jurisdictions against Liggett and the Company. The Company records provisions for pending litigation when it determines that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. While it is reasonably possible that an unfavorable outcome in a case may occur: (i) management has concluded that it is not probable that a loss has been incurred in any of the pending tobacco related cases or (ii) management is unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome of any of the pending tobacco related cases. Therefore, management has not provided any amounts in the financial statements for unfavorable outcomes. Total tobacco product liabilities were $23.2 million at December 31, 2020. Given the subjectivity of estimating the projected liability of reported and unreported claims and assessing the probability of the outcome, performing audit procedures to evaluate whether tobacco product liabilities were appropriately recorded as of December 31, 2020 required a high level of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort. How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of whether tobacco product liabilities were appropriately recorded included the following, among others: F-3 • We tested the effectiveness of controls relating to the determination of tobacco product liability contingencies. • We evaluated the provisions for tobacco litigation by: — Obtaining letters from the Company’s internal and external counsel which include schedules and analysis of all pending tobacco-related cases. — Conducting quarterly discussions with the Company’s general counsel and obtaining updates on tobacco litigation activity. — Reviewing tobacco product liability activity of other public tobacco companies for which Liggett is often a co-defendant. — Evaluating recorded provisions and disclosures based on the information obtained. — Utilizing the information obtained from the letters from the Company’s internal and external counsel, quarterly discussions with the Company’s general counsel, and tobacco product liability activity of other tobacco companies, to assess management’s conclusion of the probability of the outcome for pending litigation. /s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP Miami, Florida March 1, 2021 We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015. F-4 VECTOR GROUP LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) ASSETS: Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Investment securities at fair value Accounts receivable — trade, net Inventories Other current assets Total current assets Property, plant and equipment, net Investments in real estate, net Long-term investments (includes $34,218 and $45,781 at fair value) Investments in real estate ventures Operating lease right-of-use assets Goodwill and other intangible assets, net Other assets Total assets LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIENCY: Current liabilities: Current portion of notes payable and long-term debt Current portion of fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt Current payments due under the Master Settlement Agreement Current operating lease liability Income taxes payable, net Other current liabilities Total current liabilities Notes payable, long-term debt and other obligations, less current portion Non-current employee benefits Deferred income taxes, net Non-current operating lease liability Payments due under the Master Settlement Agreement Other liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Notes 5 and 15) Stockholders’ deficiency: Preferred stock, par value $1 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized Common stock, par value $0.1 per share, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 153,324,629 and 148,084,900 shares issued and outstanding Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total Vector Group Ltd. stockholders’ deficiency Non-controlling interest Total stockholders’ deficiency Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficiency $ 352,842 135,585 40,711 97,545 37,220 663,903 77,988 15,631 52,528 85,400 145,356 207,577 95,026 $1,343,409 $ 371,341 129,641 36,959 98,762 44,911 681,614 82,160 28,317 61,723 131,556 149,578 265,993 104,148 $1,505,089 $ 12,557 $ 209,269 — 38,767 27,207 5,847 198,937 283,315 1,393,729 66,616 32,456 154,199 17,933 54,848 2,003,096 4,999 34,116 18,294 5,138 189,317 461,133 1,397,216 67,853 33,695 156,963 17,275 55,970 2,190,105 — — 15,332 (653,945) (21,074) (659,687) — (659,687) $1,343,409 14,808 (678,464) (21,808) (685,464) 448 (685,016) $1,505,089 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-5 VECTOR GROUP LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) $1,204,501 $1,114,840 $1,111,094 798,168 788,871 759,168 2,002,669 1,903,711 1,870,262 795,904 571,241 771,130 530,449 787,251 505,233 1,367,145 1,301,579 1,292,484 Revenues: Tobacco* Real estate Total revenues Expenses: Cost of sales: Tobacco* Real estate Total cost of sales Operating, selling, administrative and general expenses 329,524 370,007 355,513 Litigation settlement and judgment expense (income) Net gains on sales of assets Impairments of goodwill and intangible assets Restructuring charges Operating income Other income (expenses): Interest expense Loss on extinguishment of debt Change in fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt Equity in earnings from investments Equity in (losses) earnings from real estate ventures Other, net Income before provision for income taxes Income tax expense Net income Net (income) loss attributed to non-controlling interest 337 (1,114) 58,252 3,382 990 — — — (1,784) — — — 245,143 231,135 224,049 (121,541) (138,448) (203,780) — (4,301) (4,066) 4,999 56,268 (44,698) (5,456) 134,715 41,777 92,938 — 26,425 17,000 (19,288) 21,305 133,828 32,813 101,015 (41) 44,989 3,158 14,446 763 79,559 21,552 58,007 98 Net income attributed to Vector Group Ltd. $ 92,938 $ 100,974 $ 58,105 Per basic common share: Net income applicable to common shares attributed to Vector Group Ltd. Per diluted common share: Net income applicable to common shares attributed to Vector Group Ltd. $ $ 0.60 $ 0.64 $ 0.35 0.60 $ 0.63 $ 0.35 * Revenues and cost of sales include federal excise taxes of $461,532, $451,256 and $469,836 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-6 VECTOR GROUP LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Net income Net unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities available for sale: Change in net unrealized (losses) gains Net unrealized losses (gains) reclassified into net income Net unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities available for sale Net change in pension-related amounts: Amortization of prior service costs Effect of settlement Net (loss) gain arising during the year Amortization of loss Net change in pension-related amounts Other comprehensive income (loss) Income tax effect on: Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) $92,938 $101,015 $58,007 (454) 306 (148) 4 1,805 (2,503) 1,847 1,153 1,005 681 (118) 563 (33) — 1,454 1,961 3,382 3,945 (1,056) 1,121 65 — — (3,723) 1,763 (1,960) (1,895) Change in net unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities 123 (187) 290 Net unrealized losses (gains) reclassified into net income on investment securities Pension-related amounts Income tax (provision) benefit on other comprehensive income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax Comprehensive income (83) (311) (271) 734 32 (919) (1,074) (308) 538 520 2,871 (1,375) 93,672 103,886 56,632 Comprehensive (income) loss attributed to non-controlling interest — (41) 98 Comprehensive income attributed to Vector Group Ltd. $93,672 $103,845 $56,730 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-7 VECTOR GROUP LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIENCY Balance, January 1, 2018 Impact of adoption of new accounting standards Net income Total other comprehensive loss Total comprehensive income Distributions and dividends on common stock ($1.47 per share) Restricted stock grant Surrender of shares in connection with restricted stock vesting Effect of stock dividend Stock-based compensation Acquisition of additional interest in Douglas Elliman Realty, LLC Distributions to non-controlling interest Balance, December 31, 2018 Impact of adoption of new accounting standards Net income Total other comprehensive loss Total comprehensive income Distributions and dividends on common stock ($1.54 per share) Restricted stock grant Surrender of shares in connection with restricted stock vesting Surrender of shares in connection with stock option exercise Effect of stock dividend Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation Basis adjustment on non-controlling interest Distributions to non-controlling interest Balance, December 31, 2019 Impact of adoption of new accounting standards Net income Total other comprehensive loss Total comprehensive income Distributions and dividends on common stock ($0.80 per share) Restricted stock grant Surrender of shares in connection with restricted stock vesting Surrender of shares in connection with stock option exercise Issuance of common stock Exercise of stock options Stock-based compensation Distributions to non-controlling interest Other Balance, December 31, 2020 Common Stock Shares Amount Additional Paid-In Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Non- controlling Interest Total (Dollars in thousands) 134,365,424 $13,437 $ — $(414,785) $(12,571) $ 82,159 $(331,760) 6,354 — — — (6,036) — — — (4,894) — — — (4,576) 58,105 — — — (1,375) — — 31,666 — (6,311) — 3(3) (219,972) — (192,119) 6,709,671 — (19) 671 — (3,637) — 9,951 — (671) — — — — 28,800 — — — — — — (98) — 58,007 (1,375) 56,632 — (226,283) — — — — (3,656) — 9,951 (73,953) (45,153) — 140,914,642 — 14,092 — — — (542,169) — (19,982) (2,521) 693 (2,521) (547,366) — — — — — — — — — 3,147 — 100,974 — — — — (4,697) — 2,871 — — 60,000 — (4,041) (6) 6 (233,298) — (221,668) (22) (2,152) (1,529,512) 7,037,087 1,824,351 — (153) 703 182 — (18,905) — 15,635 9,469 — — (703) — — — — — (6,415) — — — — — — — — (1,550) — 101,015 41 — 2,871 — 103,886 — (237,339) — — — (2,174) — (19,058) — — 15,817 — 9,469 — — (6,415) — 148,084,900 — 14,808 — — — (678,464) — (21,808) (286) 448 (286) (685,016) — — — — — — — — — — — — (2,263) 92,938 — — — 425,000 — (58,892) (43) 43 (66,236) — (216,542) (22) (2,164) (589,256) 5,000,000 620,527 — (59) 500 62 — (7,298) 52,063 6,851 9,483 — — — — — — — 734 — — — — — — — — — — — — (2,263) 92,938 734 93,672 — (125,128) — — — — — — — (2,186) (7,357) 52,563 6,913 9,483 — — 153,324,629 $15,332 $ — — — — — 80 — $(653,945) — — $(21,074) (448) (448) — 80 — $(659,687) $ The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-8 VECTOR GROUP LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Cash flows from operating activities: Net income Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Non-cash stock-based expense Loss on extinguishment of debt Impairments of goodwill and intangible assets (Gain) loss on sale of assets Deferred income taxes Distributions from long-term investments Equity in earnings from long-term investments Net (gains) losses on investment securities Equity in losses (earnings) from real estate ventures Distributions from real estate ventures Non-cash interest expense Non-cash lease expense Non-cash portion of restructuring charges Excess tax benefit of stock compensation Provision for credit losses Other Changes in assets and liabilities: Receivables Inventories Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Payments due under the Master Settlement Agreement Other assets and liabilities, net Investments in real estate, net Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) $ 92,938 $101,015 $ 58,007 17,629 9,483 — 58,252 (1,114) 17,851 18,807 9,469 2,944 — (42) 9,951 3,758 — 10 (673) (11,198) (17,635) 54,004 17,940 1,472 (56,268) (17,000) (3,158) (1,818) (7,440) 9,570 44,698 19,288 (14,446) 1,933 4,331 20,496 1,214 264 14,288 (581) (8,371) 1,217 3,237 5,309 7,028 2,052 21,088 — 1,488 1,206 — (7,950) (7,767) (3,983) (1,553) (5,370) (20,365) 12,449 — 25,935 52,048 — — 18,412 1,504 — (13,372) (1,207) 4,443 19,081 8,654 — Net cash provided by operating activities 267,547 124,071 181,834 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-9 VECTOR GROUP LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH CASH FLOWS – (continued) Cash flows from investing activities: Sale of investment securities Maturities of investment securities Purchase of investment securities Proceeds from sale or liquidation of long-term investments Purchase of long-term investments Decrease in restricted assets Investments in real estate ventures Distributions from investments in real estate ventures Issuance of notes receivable Cash acquired in purchase of subsidiaries Proceeds from sale of fixed assets Capital expenditures Increase in cash surrender value of life insurance policies Purchase of subsidiaries Repayments of notes receivable Pay downs of investment securities Investments in real estate, net Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 (Dollars in thousands) $ 30,458 $ 21,879 $ 18,628 61,230 68,859 24,719 (99,871) (87,766) (34,445) 32,572 (9,687) 436 8,256 (9,223) 994 (14,922) (52,529) 18,818 41,300 — 2,760 5,162 — — 17 19,487 (415) 526 (9,728) 54,233 (450) 654 9 (19,063) (12,575) (17,682) (642) (722) — 812 — (719) (380) — 1,083 (2,295) (764) (10,404) 67 1,611 (2,583) Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 7,341 (23,099) 43,463 Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from issuance of debt Repayments of debt Deferred financing costs Borrowings under revolver Repayments on revolver Dividends and distributions on common stock Distributions to non-controlling interest Proceeds from the issuance of common stock Tax withholdings related to net share settlements Other Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of year — 230,000 325,000 (174,989) (293,419) (28,689) — (9,802) (9,400) 130,741 243,688 307,023 (165,693) (239,526) (310,551) (128,231) (448) 52,563 (2,630) — (238,249) (286) — (5,415) (216) (225,367) (2,521) — — — (288,687) (313,225) 55,495 (13,799) 379,476 (212,253) 591,729 280,792 310,937 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of year $ 365,677 $ 379,476 $ 591,729 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. F-10 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (a) Basis of Presentation: The consolidated financial statements of Vector Group Ltd. (the “Company” or “Vector”) include the accounts of Liggett Group LLC (“Liggett”), Vector Tobacco Inc. (“Vector Tobacco”), Liggett Vector Brands LLC (“Liggett Vector Brands”), New Valley LLC (“New Valley”) and other less significant subsidiaries. New Valley includes the accounts of Douglas Elliman Realty, LLC (“Douglas Elliman”) and other less significant subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Liggett and Vector Tobacco are engaged in the manufacture and sale of cigarettes in the United States. Liggett Vector Brands coordinates Liggett and Vector Tobacco’s sales and marketing efforts. Certain references to “Liggett” refer to the Company’s tobacco operations, including the business of Liggett and Vector Tobacco, unless otherwise specified. New Valley is engaged in the real estate business. Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2019 financial information to conform to the 2020 presentation. Equity in earnings from investments from the 2019 and 2018 periods have been reclassified from components of “Other, net” to “Equity in earnings from investments” on the consolidated statements of operations. Provision for credit losses from the 2019 and 2018 periods have been reclassified from “Change in other assets and liabilities” to “Provision for credit losses” on the consolidated statements of cash flows. (b) Estimates and Assumptions: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Significant estimates subject to material changes in the near term include impairment charges, valuation of intangible assets, promotional accruals, actuarial assumptions of pension plans, deferred tax liabilities, including other-than-temporary impairments to such investments, and litigation and defense costs. Actual results could differ from those estimates. settlement accruals, valuation of investments, (c) Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash includes cash on hand, cash on deposit in banks, and money market accounts. Cash equivalents is comprised of short-term investments which have an original maturity of 90 days or less. Interest on short-term investments is recognized when earned. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with large commercial banks. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Securities Investor Protection Corporation insure these balances, up to $250 and $500, respectively. Substantially all of the Company’s cash balances at December 31, 2020 are uninsured. (d) Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash: Restricted cash amounts included in other current assets and other assets represent cash and cash equivalents required to be deposited into escrow for bonds required to appeal adverse product liability judgments, amounts required for letters of credit related to office leases, and certain deposit requirements for banking arrangements. The restrictions related to the appellate bonds will remain in place until the appeal process has been completed. The restrictions related to the letters of credit will remain in place for the duration of the respective lease. The restrictions related to the banking arrangements will remain in place for the duration of the arrangement. F-11 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) The components of “Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash” in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows were as follows: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash and cash equivalents included in other December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 $352,842 $371,341 $584,581 current assets 10,374 4,423 2,697 Restricted cash and cash equivalents included in other assets 2,461 3,712 4,451 Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows $365,677 $379,476 $591,729 (e) Investment Securities: The Company classifies investments in debt securities as available for sale. Investments classified as available for sale are carried at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of stockholders’ deficiency. The cost of securities sold is determined based on average cost. Gains are recognized when realized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Losses are recognized as realized or upon the determination of the occurrence of an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. The Company’s policy is to review its securities on a periodic basis to evaluate whether any security has experienced an other-than-temporary decline in fair value. If it is determined that an other-than-temporary decline exists in one of the Company’s debt securities, it is the Company’s policy to record an impairment charge with respect to such investment in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company classifies investments in marketable equity securities as equity securities at fair value. The Company’s marketable equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Gains and losses are recognized when realized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Investments in marketable equity securities represent less than a 20 percent interest in the investees and the Company does not exercise significant influence over such entities. (f) Significant Concentrations of Credit Risk: Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company places its temporary cash in money market securities (investment grade or better) with, what management believes, high credit quality financial institutions. Liggett’s customers are primarily wholesalers and distributors of tobacco and convenience products as well as large grocery, drug and convenience store chains. Two customers accounted for 18% and 12% of Liggett’s revenues in 2020, 17% and 12% in 2019, and 18% and 12% in 2018. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade receivables are generally limited due to Liggett’s large number of customers. Liggett’s two largest customers represented approximately 5% and 4%, respectively, of Liggett’s net accounts receivable at December 31, 2020, and approximately 2% and 4%, respectively, at December 31, 2019. Ongoing credit evaluations of customers’ financial condition are performed and, generally, no collateral is required. Liggett maintains reserves for potential credit losses and such losses, in the aggregate, have not exceeded management’s expectations. (g) Accounts Receivable — trade, net: Accounts receivable-trade are recorded net of an allowance for credit losses and cash discounts. The Company estimates the allowance for credit losses based on historical experience, the age of the accounts F-12 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) receivable balances, credit quality of our customers, current economic conditions, supportable forecasts of future economic condition, and other factors that may affect our ability to collect from customers. The allowance for credit losses and cash discounts was $334 and $319 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Uncollectible accounts are written off when the likelihood of collection is remote and when collection efforts have been abandoned. (h) Inventories: Tobacco inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value with cost determined primarily by the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method at Liggett and Vector Tobacco. Although portions of leaf tobacco inventories may not be used or sold within one year because of the time required for aging, they are included in current assets, which is common practice in the industry. (i) Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are 20 to 30 years for buildings and 3 to 10 years for machinery and equipment. Repairs and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred. The costs of major renewals and betterments are capitalized. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of property, plant and equipment are removed from the accounts upon retirement or other disposition and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. The cost of leasehold improvements is amortized over the lesser of the related leases or the estimated the improvements. Costs of major additions and betterments are capitalized, while useful expenditures for routine maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. lives of (j) Investments in Real Estate Ventures: In accounting for its investments in real estate ventures, the Company identified its participation in Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”), which are defined as (a) entities in which the equity investment at risk is not sufficient to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support; (b) as a group, the equity investors at risk lack 1) the power to direct the activities of a legal entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, 2) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or 3) the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity; or (c) as a group, the equity investors have voting rights that are not proportionate to their economic interests and the entity’s activities involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor with a disproportionately small voting interest. The Company’s interest in VIEs is primarily in the form of equity ownership. The Company examines specific criteria and uses judgment when determining if the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. Factors considered include risk and reward sharing, experience and financial condition of other partner(s), voting rights, involvement in day-to-day capital and operating decisions, representation on a VIE’s executive committee, existence of unilateral kick-out rights exclusive of protective rights or voting rights and level of economic disproportionality between the Company and its other partner(s). Accounting guidance requires the consolidation of VIEs in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The guidance requires consolidation of VIEs that an enterprise has a controlling financial interest. A controlling financial interest will have both of the following characteristics: (a) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. F-13 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) The Company’s maximum exposure to loss in its investments in unconsolidated VIEs is limited to its investment in the VIE, any unfunded capital commitments to the VIE, and, in some cases, guarantees in connection with debt on the specific project. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss in its investment in consolidated VIEs is limited to its investment, which is the carrying value of the investment net of the non-controlling interest. Creditors of the consolidated VIEs have no recourse to the general credit of the primary beneficiary. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates its investments in real estate ventures to determine if there are indicators of impairment. If so, the Company further investigates to determine if an impairment has occurred and whether such impairment is considered temporary or other than temporary. The Company believes that the assessment of temporary or other-than-temporary impairment is facts-and-circumstances driven. (k) Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: Goodwill from acquisitions represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the underlying acquired net tangible and intangible assets. Factors that contribute to the recognition of goodwill in the Company’s acquisitions include (i) expected growth rates and profitability of the acquired companies, (ii) securing buyer-specific synergies that increase revenue and profits and are not otherwise available to market participants, (iii) significant cost savings opportunities, (iv) experienced workforce and (v) the Company’s strategies for growth in sales, income and cash flows. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually as of October 1 and monitored for interim triggering events on an on-going basis. Other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but rather, are tested for impairment at least annually. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, the Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. Among other relevant events and circumstances that affect the fair value of reporting units, the Company considers individual factors such as macroeconomic conditions, changes in the industry and the markets in which the Company operates as well as the historical and expected future financial performance. If the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value or chooses to bypass the optional qualitative assessment, recoverability is assessed by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to the Company’s carrying amount. Fair value is determined based on an income approach and a market approach. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including the goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, an impairment loss is recognized as the amount by which the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. To determine the implied fair value of the Company’s indefinite-lived intangible asset, trademark, it utilizes the relief-from-royalty method, pursuant to which the asset is valued by reference to the amount of royalty income it would generate if licensed in an arm’s length transaction. Under the relief-from-royalty method, similar to the discounted cash flow method, estimated net revenues expected to be generated by the asset during its life are multiplied by a benchmark royalty rate and then discounted by the estimated weighted average cost of capital associated with the asset. The resulting capitalized royalty stream is an indication of the value of owning the asset. To the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the implied fair value of the intangible asset, an impairment loss is recognized. The fair value of the intangible asset associated with the benefit under the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”) is calculated using discounted cash flows. This approach involves two steps: (i) estimating future cash savings due to the payment exemption under the MSA and (ii) discounting the resulting cash flow savings to determine fair value. This fair value is then compared with the carrying value of the intangible asset associated with the benefit under the MSA. To the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the implied fair value of the intangible asset, an impairment loss is recognized. F-14 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. Identifiable intangible assets that are subject to amortization are evaluated for impairment using a process similar to that used to evaluate long-lived assets described below. (l) Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. The Company performs a test for recoverability, comparing projected undiscounted cash flows to the carrying value of the asset group to determine if impairment exists. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value of the asset on the basis of discounted cash flow. Impairment losses on assets to be disposed of, if any, are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs of disposal. Additionally, the Company performs impairment reviews on its long-term investments that are classified as equity securities without readily determinable fair values that do not qualify for the net asset value (“NAV”) practical expedient. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates the investments to determine if there are indicators of impairment. If so, a determination is made of whether there is an impairment and if it is considered temporary or other than temporary. The assessment of temporary or other-than-temporary impairment is facts-and-circumstances driven. The impairment indicators that are taken into consideration as part of the analysis include (a) a significant deterioration in the earnings performance, credit rating, asset quality, or business prospects of the investee, (b) a significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the investee, (c) a significant adverse change in the general market condition of either the geographical area or the industry in which the investee operates, and (d) factors that raise significant concerns about the investee’s ability to continue as a going concern, such as negative cash flows from operations, working capital deficiencies, or noncompliance with statutory capital requirements or debt covenants. (m) Leases: The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in investments in real estate, net, property, plant and equipment and current and long-term portions of notes payable and long-term debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the duration of the lease term. Lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments as determined by the lease agreement. Lease liabilities are recorded at commencement for the net present value of future lease payments over the lease term. The discount rate used is generally the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate unless the lessor’s implicit rate is readily determinable. Discount rates are calculated periodically to estimate the rate the Company would pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value, over a similar term, with a similar security. ROU assets are recorded and recognized at commencement for the lease liability amount, initial direct costs incurred and is reduced for lease incentives received. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Finance lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the asset and the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components; the Company has elected the accounting policy to combine lease and non-lease components for all underlying asset classes. (n) Pension, Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits Plans: The cost of providing retiree pension benefits, health care and life insurance benefits is actuarially determined and accrued over the service period of the active employee group. The Company recognizes the F-15 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) funded status of each defined benefit pension plan, retiree health care and other postretirement benefit plans and postemployment benefit plans on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. (See Note 12). (o) Stock Options and Awards: The Company accounts for employee stock compensation plans by measuring compensation cost for share-based payments at fair value at grant date. The fair value is recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. The terms of certain stock options awarded under the 2014 Management Incentive Plan and under the 1999 Plan provide for common stock dividend equivalents (paid in cash at the same rate as paid on the common stock) with respect to the shares underlying the unvested portion of the options. The Company recognizes payments of the dividend equivalent rights on these options on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as reductions in additional paid-in capital until fully utilized and then accumulated deficit ($3,684, $8,967 and $8,696, net of income taxes, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively), which are included as “Distributions and dividends on common stock” in the Company’s consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficiency. (p) Income Taxes: The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method and records deferred taxes for the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts recognized for tax purposes as well as tax credit carryforwards and loss carryforwards. These deferred taxes are measured by applying the enacted tax rates relative to when the deferred item is expected to reverse. A valuation allowance reduces deferred tax assets when it is deemed more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. A current tax provision is recorded for income taxes currently payable. The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes by recognizing the financial statement impact of a tax position when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination. If the tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the tax effect is recognized at the largest amount of the benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The guidance requires that a liability created for unrecognized deferred tax benefits shall be presented as a liability and not combined with deferred tax liabilities or assets. The Company classifies all tax-related interest and penalties as income tax expense. (q) Distributions and Dividends on Common Stock: The Company records distributions on its common stock as dividends in its consolidated statement of stockholders’ deficiency to the extent of retained earnings. Any amounts exceeding retained earnings are recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in-capital to the extent paid-in-capital is available and then to accumulated deficit. The Company’s stock dividends are recorded as stock splits and given retroactive effect to earnings per share for all years presented. (r) Revenue Recognition: Tobacco: Revenue from cigarette sales, which include federal excise taxes billed to customers, are recognized upon shipment of cigarettes when control has passed to the customer. Average collection terms for Tobacco sales range between three and twelve days from the time that the cigarettes are shipped to the customer. The Company records an allowance for goods estimated to be returned in other current liabilities and the associated receivable for anticipated federal excise tax refunds in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The allowance for returned goods is based principally on sales volumes and historical return rates. The estimated costs of sales incentives, including customer incentives and trade promotion activities, are based principally on historical experience and are accounted for as reductions in Tobacco revenue. Expected payments for sales incentives are included in other current liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company accounts for shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs as part of cost of sales. F-16 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) Tobacco Shipping and Handling Fees and Costs: Shipping and handling fees related to sales transactions are neither billed to customers nor recorded as revenue. Shipping and handling costs were $5,602 in 2020, $5,802 in 2019 and $5,658 in 2018. Shipping and handling costs related to sales transactions are part of cost of sales. Real estate sales: Real estate commissions earned by the Company’s real estate brokerage businesses are recognized as revenue when the real estate sale is completed or lease agreement is executed, which is the point in time that the performance obligation is satisfied. Any commission and other payments received in advance are deferred until the satisfaction of the performance obligation. Corresponding agent commission expenses, including any advance commission or other direct expense payments, are deferred and recognized as cost of sales concurrently with related revenues. The accounting for these commissions and other brokerage income under Topic 606 are largely consistent with the previous accounting for these transactions under Topic 605, except for customer arrangements in the development marketing business and extended payments terms that exist in some commercial leasing contracts. Property management revenue arrangements consist of providing operational and administrative services to manage a subject property. Fees for these services are typically billed and collected monthly. Property management service fees are recognized as revenue over time using the output method as the performance obligations under the customer arrangement are satisfied each month. (s) Advertising: Tobacco advertising costs, which are expensed as incurred and included within operating, selling, administration and general expenses, were $4,103, $3,751 and $3,672 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Real estate advertising costs, which are expensed as incurred and included within operating, selling, administration and general expenses, were $18,875, $22,917 and $23,424 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 and 2018, respectively. (t) Comprehensive Income: The Company presents net income and other comprehensive income in two separate, but consecutive, statements. The items are presented before related tax effects with detailed amounts shown for the income tax expense or benefit related to each component of other comprehensive income. The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes, were as follows: Net unrealized gains on investment securities available for sale, net of income taxes of $160, $200, and $60, respectively Pension-related amounts, net of income taxes of $7,809, $8,120, and $13,750, respectively Accumulated other comprehensive loss (u) Contingencies: December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 $ 422 $ 530 $ 108 (21,496) (22,338) (20,090) $(21,074) $(21,808) $(19,982) The Company and its subsidiaries record provisions in their consolidated financial statements for pending litigation when they determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. As discussed in Note 15, legal proceedings covering a wide range of matters are pending or threatened in various jurisdictions against Liggett and the Company. At the present time, F-17 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) while it is reasonably possible that an unfavorable outcome in a case may occur, except as disclosed in Note 15: (i) management has concluded that it is not probable that a loss has been incurred in any of the pending tobacco-related cases; or (ii) management is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome of any of the pending tobacco-related cases and, therefore, management has not provided any amounts in the consolidated financial statements for unfavorable outcomes, if any. The Company records Liggett’s product liability legal expenses as operating, selling, administrative and general expenses as those costs are incurred. (v) Restructuring: In response to the current novel coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”), the Company’s Real Estate segment, including Douglas Elliman, has commenced a restructuring by realigning its administrative support function and office locations as well as adjusting its business model to more efficiently serve its clients. This included a reduction of staff by approximately 25% at Douglas Elliman. The following table summarizes amounts expensed for the year ended December 31, 2020: Cash Charges: Employee severance and benefits Other restructuring expenses Non-Cash: Loss on fixed assets associated with consolidation of sales offices Total restructuring charges Year Ended December 31, 2020 $1,875 293 2,168 1,214 $3,382 All amounts expensed for the year ended December 31, 2020 are included as Restructuring charges in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and are all attributable to the Company’s Real Estate segment. Employee severance and benefits expensed for the year ended December 31, 2020 relate entirely to a reduction in administrative positions. The following table presents the activity under the Real Estate segment restructuring plan for the year ended December 31, 2020: Employee Severance and Benefits Other Non-Cash Loss on Fixed Assets Total Accrual balance as of January 1, 2020 Restructuring charges Utilized Accrual balance as of December 31, 2020 $ — $ — $ — $ — 3,382 1,875 1,214 293 (1,875) (293) (1,214) (3,382) $ — $ — $ — $ — F-18 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) (w) Other, Net: Other, net consisted of: Interest and dividend income Net gains (losses) recognized on investment securities Net periodic benefit cost other than the service costs Credit loss expense Other income Other, net (x) Other Assets: Other assets consisted of: Restricted assets Prepaid pension costs Contract assets, net Other assets Total other assets (y) Other Current Liabilities: Other current liabilities consisted of: Accounts payable Accrued promotional expenses Accrued excise and payroll taxes payable, net Accrued interest Commissions payable Accrued salaries and benefits Contract liabilities Allowance for sales returns Other current liabilities Total other current liabilities (z) New Accounting Pronouncements: Year Ended December 31, 2019 $12,590 7,440 (2,298) — 3,573 $ (5,456) $21,305 2020 $ 6,074 1,818 (3,618) (12,828) 3,098 2018 $11,349 (9,570) (1,020) — 4 763 $ December 31, 2020 $ 3,456 35,209 24,002 32,359 $95,026 December 31, 2019 $ 5,241 31,686 18,443 48,778 $104,148 December 31, 2020 $ 12,846 45,579 13,849 31,624 25,615 27,104 7,633 7,356 27,331 $198,937 December 31, 2019 $ 10,222 35,900 18,653 35,756 18,378 29,464 9,358 7,785 23,801 $189,317 In March 2020, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted final rules that amend the financial disclosure requirement for guarantors of registered debt securities in Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X. The new Rule 13-01 of Regulation S-X amends and streamlines the disclosures required by guarantors and issuers of guaranteed securities. Among other things, the new disclosures may be located outside the financial statements. The new rule is effective January 4, 2021, and early adoption is permitted. The Company elected to early adopt the new rule on September 30, 2020. Accordingly, the revised condensed consolidating financial information is presented in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. F-19 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) adopted in 2020: In October 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2018-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities. The guidance requires indirect interests held through related parties under common control arrangements be considered on a proportional basis for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other Internal Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. The amendments in this update align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. ASU 2018-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation — Retirement Benefits — Defined Benefit Plans — General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans (“ASU 2018-14”). ASU 2018-14 eliminates the requirement to disclose the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as part of net periodic benefit cost over the next year. The ASU also removes the disclosure requirements for the effects of a one-percentage-point change on the assumed health care costs and the effect of this change in rates on service cost, interest cost and the benefit obligation for postretirement health care benefits. ASU 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company’s early adoption of ASU 2018-14 impacted financial statement disclosure and had no impact on operating results. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which is designed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures by removing, modifying and adding disclosures related to fair value measurements. The ASU eliminates disclosures such as the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The ASU also adds new disclosure requirements for Level 3 measurements. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 impacted financial statement disclosure and had no impact on operating results. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), sets forth a current expected credit loss model that changes how entities measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. Subsequent updates were released in November 2018 (ASU No. 2018-19), November 2019 (ASU No. 2019-10 and 2019-11) and February 2020 (ASU No. 2020-02) that provided additional guidance on this Topic. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The ASU introduces a new accounting model, the Current Expected Credit Losses model (CECL), which requires earlier recognition of credit losses and additional disclosures related to credit risk. The CECL model utilizes a lifetime expected credit loss measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for notes and other receivables at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are adjusted each period for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. This model replaced the F-20 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES – (continued) previous impairment models in U.S. GAAP, which generally required that a loss be incurred before it is recognized. The new standard applies to receivables arising from revenue transactions such as contract assets and accounts receivables. The adoption of this standard resulted in an increase in stockholders’ deficiency of $2,263, net of tax, attributed to commercial real estate term loans allowance for credit losses of $3,100 as of January 1, 2020. See Note 3. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The update simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount. Under the amendments of the ASU, an entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. The amendments in this update are effective for annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. This guidance was adopted on January 1, 2020, on a prospective basis. The Company applied the new guidance to evaluate its goodwill during the first quarter of 2020. As a result, a goodwill impairment charge of $46,252 was recorded as the Company’s estimated fair value of a reporting unit was less than its book value. ASUs to be adopted in future periods: In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”). This update simplifies various aspects related to accounting for income taxes, removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740, and clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. ASU No. 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-01, Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) (“ASU 2020-01”). The new standard clarifies the interaction of accounting for the transition into and out of the equity method. The new standard also clarifies the accounting for measuring certain purchased options and forward contracts to acquire investments. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including early adoption in an interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”). This ASU is intended to provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This guidance is effective for all entities for contract modifications beginning March 12, 2020 and can be applied prospectively through December 31, 2022. The Company has not yet determined the extent to which it will utilize these expedients and exceptions should a modification occur. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements. F-21 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 2. REVENUE RECOGNITION Revenue Recognition Policies Revenue is measured based on a consideration specified in a contract with a customer less any sales incentives. Revenue is recognized when (a) an enforceable contract with a customer exists, that has commercial substance, and collection of substantially all consideration for services is probable; and (b) the performance obligations to the customer are satisfied either over time or at a point in time. Tobacco sales: Revenue from cigarette sales, which include federal excise taxes billed to customers, is recognized upon shipment of cigarettes when control has passed to the customer. Average collection terms for Tobacco sales range between three and twelve days from the time that the cigarettes are shipped to the customer. The Company records a liability for goods estimated to be returned in other current liabilities and the associated receivable for anticipated federal excise tax refunds in other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The liability for returned goods is based principally on sales volumes and historical return rates. The estimated costs of sales incentives, including customer incentives and trade promotion activities, are based principally on historical experience and are accounted for as reductions in Tobacco revenue. Expected payments for sales incentives are included in other current liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company accounts for shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs as part of cost of sales. Real estate sales: Real estate commissions earned by the Company’s real estate brokerage businesses are recognized as revenue when the real estate sale is completed or lease agreement is executed, which is the point in time that the performance obligation is satisfied. Any commission and other payments received in advance are deferred until the satisfaction of the performance obligation. Corresponding agent commission expenses, including any advance commission or other direct expense payments, are deferred and recognized as cost of sales concurrently with related revenues. The Company’s Real Estate revenue contracts with customers do not have multiple material performance obligations to customers under Topic 606, except for contracts in the Company’s development marketing business. Contracts in the development marketing business provide the Company with the exclusive right to sell units in a subject property for a commission fee per unit sold calculated as a percentage of the sales price of each unit. Accordingly, a performance obligation exists for each unit in the development marketing property under contract, and a portion of the total contract transaction price is allocated to and recognized at the time each unit is sold. The Company applies the optional exemption in paragraph 606-10-50-14A of Topic 606, and does not disclose the amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations for the Real Estate development marketing business because the transaction prices in these contracts are comprised entirely of variable consideration based on the ultimate selling price of each unit in the subject property. The total contract transaction price is allocated to each unit in the subject property and recognized when the performance obligation, i.e. the sale of each unit, is satisfied. Accordingly, the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations for the development marketing business represents variable consideration allocated entirely to wholly unsatisfied performance obligations. Under development marketing service arrangements, dedicated staff are required for a subject property and these costs are typically reimbursed from the customer through advance payments that are recoupable from future commission earnings. Advance payments received and associated direct costs paid are deferred, allocated to each unit in the subject property, and recognized at the time of the completed sale of each unit. Development marketing service arrangements also include direct fulfillment costs incurred in advance of the satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company capitalizes costs incurred in fulfilling a contract with a customer if the fulfillment costs 1) relate directly to an existing contract or anticipated contract, 2) generate or enhance resources that will be used to satisfy performance obligations in the future, and 3) are expected to be recovered. These costs are amortized over the estimated customer relationship F-22 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 2. REVENUE RECOGNITION – (continued) period which is the contract term. The Company uses an amortization method that is consistent with the pattern of transfer of goods or services to its customers by allocating these costs to each unit in the subject property and expensing these costs as each unit sold is closed over the contract. Commission revenue is recognized at the time the performance obligation is met for commercial leasing contracts, which is when the lease agreement is executed, as there are no further performance obligations, including any amounts of future payments under extended payment terms. Property management revenue arrangements consist of providing operational and administrative services to manage a subject property. Fees for these services are typically billed and collected monthly. Property management service fees are recognized as revenue over time using the output method as the performance obligations under the customer arrangement are satisfied each month. The Company applies the optional exemption in paragraph 606-10-50-14 of Topic 606, and does not disclose the amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations for the Real Estate property management business because the contracts to provide property management services are typically annual contracts and provide cancellation rights to customers. Title insurance commission fee revenue is earned when the sale of the title insurance policy is completed, which corresponds to the point in time when the underlying real estate sale is completed, which is when the performance obligation is satisfied. Disaggregation of Revenue In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by major product line for the Tobacco segment: Tobacco Segment Revenues: Core Discount Brands – Eagle 20’s, Pyramid, Montego, Grand Prix, Liggett Select and Eve Other Brands Total tobacco revenues Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $1,133,660 $1,040,419 $1,026,370 70,841 74,421 84,724 $1,204,501 $1,114,840 $1,111,094 In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by major services line and primary geographical market for the Real Estate segment: Real Estate Segment Revenues: Commission brokerage income Development marketing Property management revenue Title fees Year Ended December 31, 2020 Total New York City Northeast Southeast West $687,746 47,362 $186,229 24,590 $204,814 — $160,404 22,081 $136,299 691 35,115 3,764 34,209 2,047 906 1,717 — — — — Total Douglas Elliman revenue 773,987 247,075 207,437 182,485 136,990 Other real estate revenues Total real estate revenues 24,181 — 20,500 — 3,681 $798,168 $247,075 $227,937 $182,485 $140,671 F-23 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 2. REVENUE RECOGNITION – (continued) Year Ended December 31, 2019 Total New York City Northeast Southeast West Real Estate Segment Revenues: Commission brokerage income $669,489 $293,009 $164,724 $106,587 $105,169 Development marketing Property management revenue Title fees 72,925 35,461 6,233 48,850 34,741 — 720 — 6,233 19,594 4,481 — — — — Total Douglas Elliman revenue 784,108 376,600 171,677 126,181 109,650 Other real estate revenues Total real estate revenues 4,763 — — — 4,763 $788,871 $376,600 $171,677 $126,181 $114,413 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Total New York City Northeast Southeast West Real Estate Segment Revenues: Commission brokerage income $651,171 $285,325 $166,100 $ 99,720 $100,026 Development marketing Property management revenue Title fees 64,287 33,350 5,281 48,072 32,635 252 715 — 5,281 15,068 — — 895 — — Total Douglas Elliman revenue 754,089 366,032 172,348 114,788 100,921 Other real estate revenues Total real estate revenues 5,079 — — — 5,079 $759,168 $366,032 $172,348 $114,788 $106,000 Contract Balances The following table provides information about contract assets and contract liabilities from development marketing and commercial leasing contracts with customers: December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Receivables, which are included in accounts receivable – trade, net $ 1,520 $ 2,129 Contract assets, net, which are included in other current assets Payables, which are included in other current liabilities Contract liabilities, which are included in other current liabilities Contract assets, net, which are included in other assets Contract liabilities, which are included in other liabilities 6,529 1,113 7,633 24,002 32,104 8,766 1,663 9,358 18,443 29,045 Receivables and payables relate to commission receivables and commissions payable from the Real Estate commercial leasing contracts for which the performance obligation has been satisfied, have extended payment terms and are expected to be received and paid in the next twelve months. Receivables decreased $609 for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2020 primarily due to cash collections of $1,911 offset by revenue accrued as performance obligations are satisfied. Correspondingly, payables declined by $550 primarily due to cash payments of $1,398 offset by additional expense accruals as performance obligations are satisfied. F-24 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 2. REVENUE RECOGNITION – (continued) Contract assets increased by $3,322 during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to $21,067 of payments made for direct fulfillment costs incurred in advance of the satisfaction of the performance obligations for Real Estate development marketing contracts, offset by costs recognized for units closed during the quarter. Contract liabilities relate to payments received in advance of the performance obligations being satisfied under the Real Estate development marketing contracts and are recognized as revenue at the points in time when the Company performs under the contracts. Performance obligations related to the Real Estate development marketing contracts are considered satisfied when each unit is closed. Development marketing projects tend to span four to six years from the time the Company enters into the contract with the developer to the time that all of the sales of the units in a subject property are closed. The timing for sales closings are dependent upon several external factors outside the Company’s control, including but not limited to, economic factors, seller and buyer actions, construction timing and other real estate market factors. Accordingly, all contract liabilities and contract costs associated with development marketing are considered long-term until closing dates for unit sales are scheduled. As of December 31, 2020, the Company estimates approximately $7,633 of contract liabilities will be recognized as revenue within the next twelve months. Contract liabilities increased by $1,334 during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to $24,821 of advance payments received from customer prior to the satisfaction of performance obligations for Real Estate development marketing contracts, offset by revenue recognized for units sold during the year. The Company recognized revenue of $8,846 for the year ended December 31, 2020 that were included in the contract liabilities balances at December 31, 2019. The Company recognized revenue of $14,973 for the year ended December 31, 2019 that were included in the contract balances at December 31, 2018. The Company recognized revenue of $12,135 for the year ended December 31, 2018 that were included in the contract balances at January 1, 2018. Topic 606 requires an entity to disclose the revenue recognized in the reporting period from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods (for example, due to changes in transaction price). There were no revenues recognized relating to performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in prior periods for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 , respectively. 3. CURRENT EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, which sets forth a current expected credit loss model that changes how entities measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. ASU 2016-13 introduces a new accounting model, the Current Expected Credit Losses model (“CECL”), which requires earlier recognition of credit losses and additional disclosures related to credit risk. The Company adopted this guidance using the modified retrospective approach, as required, and has not adjusted prior period comparative information and will continue to disclose the prior period financial information in accordance with the previous guidance. The adoption of this standard resulted in an increase in stockholders’ deficiency of $2,263 net of tax, attributed to commercial real estate term loans allowance for credit losses of $3,100 as of January 1, 2020. Tobacco receivables: Average collection terms for Tobacco sales range between three and twelve days from the time that the cigarettes are shipped to the customer. Based on Tobacco historical and ongoing cash collections from customers, an estimated credit loss in accordance with ASU 2016-13 was not recorded for these trade receivables as of January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020. Real estate broker agent receivables: Douglas Elliman Realty is exposed to credit losses for various amounts due from real estate agents, which are included in Other current assets on the consolidated balance F-25 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 3. CURRENT EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES – (continued) sheets, net of an allowance for credit losses. The Company historically estimated its allowance for credit losses on receivables from agents based on an evaluation of aging, agent sales in pipeline, any security, specific exposures, and historical experience of collections from the individual agents. Based on the Company’s historical credit losses on receivables from agents, current and expected future market trends (such as the current and expected impact of COVID-19 on the real estate market), it was determined that the requirements of ASU No. 2016-13 did not result in a material impact on the Company’s allowance for credit losses as of January 1, 2020 of $6,132. The Company estimated that the credit losses for these receivables were $7,038 at December 31, 2020. Term loan receivables: New Valley provides term loans to real estate developers, which are included in Other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. New Valley had two loans with a total amortized cost basis of $15,928 and $15,276, including accrued interest receivable of $6,428 and $5,776 at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and have maturities in 2021 and beyond. The loans are secured by guarantees and are evaluated individually. Because New Valley does not have internal historical loss information by which to evaluate the risk of credit losses, external market data measuring default risks on high yield loans as of each measurement date was utilized to estimate reserves for credit losses on these loans. New Valley’s expected credit loss estimate was $3,100 as of adoption (January 1, 2020). New Valley’s expected credit loss estimates was $15,928 as of December 31, 2020 and this amount reflected changes in market conditions as of December 31, 2020 due to changes in the real estate development market in 2020. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the debt securities available for sale portfolio. The following is the rollforward of the allowance for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2020: Allowance for credit losses: Real estate broker agent receivables New Valley term loan receivables January 1, 2020 Current Period Provision Write-offs Recoveries December 31, 2020 $6,132 3,100 $ 1,460(1) 12,828(2) $554 — $— — 7,038 15,928 (1) The bad debt expense related to the real estate broker agent receivables is included in Operating, selling, administrative and general expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. (2) The credit losses related to the New Valley term loan receivables are included in Other, net on the consolidated statements of operations. 4. EARNINGS PER SHARE Information concerning the Company’s common stock has been adjusted to give retroactive effect to the 5% stock dividends distributed to Company stockholders on September 29, 2019 and September 27, 2018. All per share amounts and references to share amounts have been updated to reflect the retrospective effect of the stock dividends. The dividends were recorded at par value of $703 in 2019 and $671 in 2018, since the Company did not have retained earnings in each of the aforementioned years. In connection with the 5% stock dividends, the Company increased the number of shares subject to outstanding stock options by 5% and reduced the exercise prices accordingly. On November 5, 2019, the Company announced that its board of directors decided that the Company will no longer pay an annual stock dividend. For purposes of calculating basic earnings per share (“EPS”), net income available to common stockholders attributed to Vector Group Ltd. for the period is reduced by the contingent interest and the F-26 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 4. EARNINGS PER SHARE – (continued) non-cash interest expense associated with the discounts created by the beneficial conversion features and embedded derivatives related to the Company’s convertible debt issued. The convertible debt issued by the Company are participating securities due to the contingent interest feature and had no impact on EPS for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 as the dividends on the common stock reduced earnings available to common stockholders so there were no unallocated earnings. As discussed in Note 14, the Company has stock option awards which provide for common stock dividend equivalents at the same rate as paid on the common stock with respect to the shares underlying the unexercised portion of the options. These outstanding options represent participating securities under authoritative guidance. The Company recognizes payments of the dividend equivalent rights ($3,684, $8,967, and $8,696, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively) on these options as reductions in additional paid-in-capital on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company included the income tax benefit associated with the dividend equivalent rights as a component of income tax expense due to the adoption of ASU 2016-09. As a result, in its calculation of basic EPS for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, the Company has adjusted its net income for the effect of these participating securities as follows: Net income attributed to Vector Group Ltd. Income attributable to participating securities For the year ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $92,938 $100,974 $58,105 (2,560) (7,464) (7,016) Net income available to common stockholders attributed to Vector Group Ltd. $90,378 $ 93,510 $51,089 Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders attributed to Vector Group Ltd. by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding, which includes vested restricted stock. Net income for purposes of determining diluted EPS was as follows: For the year ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Net income attributed to Vector Group Ltd. $92,938 $100,974 $58,105 Income attributable to 7.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Notes Income attributable to participating securities Net income available to common stockholders attributed to — (2,560) (1,255) (7,464) — (7,016) Vector Group Ltd. $90,378 $ 92,255 $51,089 Basic and diluted EPS were calculated using the following common shares for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018: For the year ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Weighted-average shares for basic EPS Plus incremental shares related to convertible debt 150,216,141 — 146,633,036 718,918 146,362,270 — Plus incremental shares related to stock options and non-vested restricted stock 34,812 16,509 122,542 Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS 150,250,953 147,368,463 146,484,812 F-27 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 4. EARNINGS PER SHARE – (continued) The following non-vested restricted stock and shares issuable upon the conversion of convertible debt were outstanding during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, but were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because the impact of common shares issuable under the convertible debt were anti-dilutive to EPS. Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 Weighted-average shares of non-vested restricted stock 520,936 1,207,366 Weighted-average expense per share $ 19.54 $ 17.97 $ — — Weighted-average number of shares issuable upon conversion of debt Weighted-average conversion price 2,423,719 11,118,139 30,212,414 $ 20.27 $ 20.27 $ 16.14 5. LEASES Leasing Accounting Pronouncement Adoption On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02 — Leases (Topic 842) applying the modified retrospective method and the option presented under ASU 2018-11 to transition only active leases as of January 1, 2019 with a cumulative effect adjustment as of that date. All comparative periods prior to January 1, 2019 retain the financial reporting and disclosure requirements of ASC 840. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard. The package of three expedients includes: 1) the ability to carry forward the historical lease classification, 2) the elimination of the requirement to reassess whether existing or expired agreements contain leases, and 3) the elimination of the requirement to reassess initial direct costs. The Company also elected the practical expedient related to short-term leases without purchase options reasonably certain to exercise, allowing it to exclude leases with terms of less than 12 months from capitalization for all asset classes. The Company did not elect the hindsight practical expedient when determining the lease terms. The adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of ROU assets and lease liabilities of $128,890 and $153,676, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The difference between the ROU assets and lease liabilities reflects the reclassification of historical deferred rent balances of approximately $22,881, and tenant improvement receivable of $355 as adjustments to the ROU asset balances, and an adjustment that increased accumulated deficit by $1,550 to recognize the impairment in ROU assets for asset groups previously identified as being impaired. The standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated net earnings and had no impact on cash flows. The new standard had no material impact on liquidity and had no impact on the Company’s debt-covenant compliance under its current debt agreements. Leases The Company has operating and finance leases for corporate and sales offices, and certain vehicles and equipment. The leases have remaining lease terms of one year to 12 years, some of which include options to extend for up to five years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. However, the Company in general is not reasonably certain to exercise options to renew or terminate, and therefore renewal and termination options are not considered in the lease term or the ROU asset and lease liability balances. The Company’s lease population includes purchase options on equipment leases that are included in the lease payments when reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company’s lease population does not include any residual value guarantees. The Company’s lease population does not contain any material restrictive covenants. F-28 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 5. LEASES – (continued) The Company has leases with variable payments, most commonly in the form of Common Area Maintenance (“CAM”) and tax charges which are based on actual costs incurred. These variable payments were excluded from the ROU asset and lease liability balances since they are not fixed or in-substance fixed payments. Variable payments are expensed as incurred. The components of lease expense were as follows: Operating lease cost Short-term lease cost Variable lease cost Finance lease cost: Amortization Interest on lease liabilities Total lease cost Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows: Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases Operating cash flows from finance leases Financing cash flows from finance leases ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: Operating leases Finance leases Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $37,498 $37,817 1,261 2,838 111 14 1,379 3,149 224 15 $41,722 $42,584 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 $26,235 $37,684 14 102 15 217 16,275 41,776 60 159 F-29 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 5. LEASES – (continued) Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows: Operating leases: Operating lease right-of-use assets Current operating lease liability Non-current operating lease liability Total operating lease liabilities Finance leases: Investments in real estate, net(1) Property, plant and equipment, at cost Accumulated amortization Property and equipment, net Current portion of notes payable and long-term debt Notes payable, long-term debt and other obligations, less current portion Total finance lease liabilities Weighted average remaining lease term in years: Operating leases Finance leases Weighted average discount rate: Operating leases Finance leases December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $145,356 $149,578 $ 27,207 $ 18,294 154,199 156,963 $181,406 $175,257 $ $ $ $ $ 62 127 (44) 83 57 96 153 7.87 2.71 $ $ $ $ $ 88 127 (19) 108 86 108 194 8.46 3.01 9.26% 7.82% 10.75% 8.61% (1) Included in Investments in real estate, net on the consolidated balance sheets are finance lease equipment, at a cost of $748 and $762 and accumulated amortization of $686 and $674 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. F-30 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 5. LEASES – (continued) As of December 31, 2020, maturities of lease liabilities were as follows: Year Ending December 31: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total lease payments Less imputed interest Total Operating Leases Finance Leases $ 43,313 37,998 $ 66 61 33,200 27,256 22,108 96,730 35 8 — — 260,605 (79,199) 170 (17) $181,406 $153 The Company has one lease for office space wherein the lessor is an affiliate of a significant shareholder of the Company. This lease represents $948 of the ROU asset balances and $1,009 of lease liability balances as of December 31, 2020. The rent expense for this lease was approximately $458 for the year ended December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $2,320 in undiscounted lease payments relating to several operating leases for equipment that have not yet commenced. The operating leases will commence in the first and second quarter of 2021 with lease terms ranging from 2 years to 3 years. The Company’s rental expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $37,509, $38,577 and $38,893, respectively. Rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 consisted of $20,497 of amortization and $17,012 of lease expense for interest accretion on operating lease liabilities. Rent expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 consisted of $21,088 of amortization and impairment of ROU assets and $17,489 of lease expense for interest accretion on operating lease liabilities. Due to the business disruptions and challenges severely affecting the global economy caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, lessors may provide rent deferrals and other lease concessions to lessees. While the lease modification guidance in Topic 842 addresses routine changes to lease terms resulting from negotiations between the lessee and the lessor, this guidance does not contemplate concessions being so rapidly executed to address the sudden liquidity constraints of some lessees arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions intended to prevent its spread. In April 2020, the FASB staff issued a question and answer document (the “Lease Modification Q&A”) focused on the application of lease accounting guidance to lease concessions provided as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Under existing lease guidance, the Company would have to determine, on a lease by lease basis, if a lease concession was the result of a new arrangement reached with the tenant (treated within the lease modification accounting framework) or if a lease concession was under the enforceable rights and obligations within the existing lease agreement (precluded from applying the lease modification accounting framework). The Lease Modification Q&A allows the Company, if certain criteria have been met, to bypass the lease by lease analysis, and instead elect to either apply the lease modification accounting framework or not, with such election applied consistently to leases with similar characteristics and similar circumstances. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company received lease concessions from landlords mostly in the form of rent deferrals and a few in the form of rent abatements during the year ended F-31 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 5. LEASES – (continued) December 31, 2020. The Company elected to treat these deferrals and abatements as lease modifications and the existing lease liabilities were remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the right-of-use asset on the effective date of the modification. The deferrals varied as to the timing of repayment and all agreements required repayment of the deferrals over the remaining lease terms. 6. INVESTMENT SECURITIES Investment securities at fair value consisted of the following: Debt securities available for sale Equity securities at fair value: Marketable equity securities Mutual funds invested in debt securities Long-term investment securities at fair value(1) Total equity securities at fair value Total investment securities at fair value Less: Long-term investment securities at fair value (1) Current investment securities at fair value Long-term investment securities at fair value (1) Equity-method investments Total long-term investments December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 91,204 $ 83,445 21,155 23,226 34,218 78,599 23,819 22,377 45,781 91,977 169,803 175,422 34,218 135,585 34,218 18,310 45,781 129,641 45,781 15,942 $ 52,528 $ 61,723 (1) These assets are measured at net asset value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient under ASC 820. Net gains (losses) recognized on investment securities were as follows: Net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities at fair value Net gains (losses) recognized on debt and equity securities available for sale Impairment expense Net gains (losses) recognized on investment securities Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $2,123 $7,320 $(8,449) 110 (415) 135 (15) (34) (1,087) $1,818 $7,440 $(9,570) (a) Debt Securities Available for Sale: The components of debt securities available for sale at December 31, 2020 were as follows: Marketable debt securities $90,621 $583 $— $91,204 Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Cost F-32 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 6. INVESTMENT SECURITIES – (continued) The table below summarizes the maturity dates of debt securities available for sale at December 31, 2020. Investment Type: U.S. Government securities Corporate securities U.S. mortgage-backed securities Commercial paper Fair Value Under 1 Year 1 Year up to 5 Years More than 5 Years $19,200 $16,000 $ 3,200 $— 52,434 10,484 9,086 27,812 2,882 9,086 24,622 7,602 — — — — Total debt securities available for sale by maturity dates $91,204 $55,780 $35,424 $— The components of debt securities available for sale at December 31, 2019 were as follows: Marketable debt securities Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Fair Value Cost $82,714 $731 $— $83,445 There were no available-for-sale debt securities with continuous unrealized losses for less than 12 months and 12 months or greater at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Gross realized gains and losses recognized on debt securities available for sale were as follows: Gross realized gains on sales Gross realized losses on sales Net gains (losses) recognized on debt securities available for sale Impairment expense Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ 329 $144 (219) (9) $ 110 $135 $ $ 4 (38) (34) $(415) $ (15) $(1,087) Although management generally does not have the intent to sell any specific securities at the end of the period, in the ordinary course of managing the Company’s investment securities portfolio, management may sell securities prior to their maturities for a variety of reasons, including diversification, credit quality, yield and liquidity requirements. (b) Equity Securities at Fair Value: The following is a summary of unrealized and realized net gains and losses recognized in net income on equity securities at fair value for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively: Net gains (losses) recognized on equity securities Less: Net (losses) gains recognized on equity securities sold Net unrealized gains (losses) recognized on equity securities still held at the reporting date Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $2,123 $7,320 $(8,449) (121) 1,526 (808) $2,244 $5,794 $(7,641) F-33 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 6. INVESTMENT SECURITIES – (continued) The Company’s mutual funds invested in debt securities are classified as Level 1 under the fair value hierarchy disclosed in Note 18. Their fair values are based on quoted prices for identical assets in active markets or inputs that are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets. The Company has unfunded commitments of $2,077 related to long-term investment securities at fair value as of December 31, 2020. The Company received cash distributions of $32,676 as of December 31, 2020, of which $32,572 were classified as investing cash inflows. The Company received cash distributions of $8,320 and recorded $8,502 of in-transit redemptions as of December 31, 2019. $8,256 of total cash distributions received was classified as investing cash inflows. The Company received cash distributions of $13,952 as of December 31, 2018, all of which were classified as investing cash inflows. (c) Equity Securities Without Readily Determinable Fair Values That Do Not Qualify for the NAV Practical Expedient Equity securities without readily determinable fair values that do not qualify for the NAV practical expedient consisted of investments in various limited liability companies at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The total carrying value of these investments was $5,200 and $6,200 and was included in “Other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. No impairment or other adjustments related to observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments were identified for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. (d) Equity-Method Investments: Equity-method investments consisted of the following: Mutual and hedge funds Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services Inc. (“LTS”) Total equity-method investments December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $18,310 $15,509 — 433 $18,310 $15,942 At December 31, 2020, the Company’s ownership percentages in the mutual and hedge funds equity method ranged from 6.18% to 37.04%. The Company’s accounted for under ownership percentage in these investments meets the threshold for equity-method accounting. the On February 14, 2020, LTS was acquired pursuant to a cash tender offer of $3.50 per outstanding common share and, in connection therewith, the Company received proceeds of $53,169 in exchange for the Company’s 15,191,205 common shares of LTS. The Company also tendered 240,000 shares of LTS 8% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Liquidation Preference $25.00 Per Share) for redemption and received an additional $6,009 in March 2020. On October 9, 2019, Castle Brands Inc. (“Castle”) was acquired pursuant to a cash tender offer of $1.27 per outstanding common share and, in connection therewith, the Company tendered the entire amount of its 12,895,017 common shares of Castle. The Company received and recognized a gain of $16,377 from the transaction. See Note 17 Related Party Transactions for further discussion of the LTS and Castle investments. F-34 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 6. INVESTMENT SECURITIES – (continued) Equity in earnings from investments were: Mutual fund and hedge funds Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services Inc. (“LTS”) Castle Brands Inc. (“Castle”) Equity in earnings from investments December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 $ 2,844 53,424 — $56,268 $ 958 (410) 16,452 $17,000 $1,761 1,297 100 $3,158 The Company received total cash distributions of $54,089 ($53,901, net of reinvested dividends), $17,875 and $7,007 from the Company’s equity-method investments in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The cash distributions of $53,901 in 2020 were classified as operating cash inflows. The cash distributions of $17,875 in 2019 were classified as operating cash inflows. Of the $7,007 of cash distributions received in 2018, $5,535 were classified as investing cash inflows and the remaining $1,472 were classified as operating cash inflows. (e) Combined Financial Statements for Unconsolidated Subsidiaries Accounted for on Equity Method Pursuant to Rule 4-08(g), the following summarized financial data for unconsolidated subsidiaries includes information for the mutual fund and hedge funds. Investment securities Cash and cash equivalents Other assets Total assets Other liabilities Total liabilities Partners’ capital Total liabilities and partners’ capital Investment income Expenses Net investment loss December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $486,390 $210,685 7,126 41,004 26,088 1,861 $534,520 $238,634 $230,237 $ 85,623 230,237 304,283 85,623 153,011 $534,520 $238,634 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ 1,779 $ 2,834 $ 9,300 6,756 549 861 (7,521) (3,922) (312) Total net realized gain (loss) and net change in unrealized depreciation from investments 123,381 18,822 (5,781) Net increase (decrease) in partners’ capital resulting from operations $115,860 $14,900 $(6,093) Pursuant to Rule 4-08(g), the following summarized financial data is presented for LTS. The Company accounts for its investment in LTS using a three-month lag reporting period. F-35 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 6. INVESTMENT SECURITIES – (continued) Cash and cash equivalents Receivables from clearing brokers, note receivable and other receivable, net Goodwill and intangible assets, net Other assets Total assets Accrued compensation, commissions and fees payable Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Notes payable, net of $0 and $5,881 unamortized discount in 2020 and 2019, respectively Other liabilities Total liabilities Preferred stock Common stock Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Total controlling shareholders’ equity Non-controlling interest Total shareholders’ equity Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity September 30, 2020 September 30, 2019 $— — — — $— $— — — — — — — — — — — — $— $251,033 175,600 188,975 202,516 $818,124 $142,875 37,197 315,898 73,380 569,350 2 15 317,735 (68,971) 248,781 (7) 248,774 $818,124 (1) The table above presents the nature and amounts of the major components of assets and liabilities, along with information regarding redeemable stock and non-controlling interest. Revenues Expenses Income before other items Change in fair value of contingent consideration Income from continuing operations Net income Three Months Ended December 31, 2019 Twelve Months Ended September 30, 2019 2018 $395,735 394,992 $1,428,688 1,385,699 $1,380,031 1,345,768 743 (374) 369 508 $ 42,989 (363) 42,626 34,263 (232) 34,031 $ 31,779 $ 30,858 F-36 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 7. INVENTORIES Inventories consist of: Leaf tobacco Other raw materials Work-in-process Finished goods Inventories at current cost LIFO adjustments December 31, 2020 $ 42,988 5,987 520 68,781 118,276 (20,731) $ 97,545 December 31, 2019 $ 44,516 4,669 333 71,183 120,701 (21,939) $ 98,762 All of the Company’s inventories as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 have been reported under the LIFO method. The $20,731 LIFO adjustment as of December 31, 2020 decreases the current cost of inventories by $14,139 for Leaf tobacco, $474 for Other raw materials, $26 for Work-in-process, and $6,092 for Finished goods. The $21,939 LIFO adjustment as of December 31, 2019 decreased the current cost of inventories by $15,210 for Leaf tobacco, $182 for Other raw materials, $24 for Work-in-process, and $6,523 for Finished goods. Cost of goods sold was reduced by $1,222 and $46 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, due to liquidations of LIFO inventories. The amount of capitalized MSA cost in “Finished goods” inventory was $21,120 and $20,472 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Federal excise tax capitalized in inventory was $27,683 and $27,676 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At December 31, 2020, Liggett had tobacco purchase commitments of approximately $14,903. Liggett has a single source supply agreement for reduced ignition propensity cigarette paper through 2022. 8. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant and equipment consisted of: Land and improvements Buildings Machinery and equipment Leasehold improvements Less accumulated depreciation and amortization December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 1,624 $ 1,624 17,772 204,194 53,444 277,034 17,733 202,667 52,652 274,676 (199,046) (192,516) $ 77,988 $ 82,160 Depreciation and amortization expense related to property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $17,465, $24,196 and $17,506, respectively. The Company, through Liggett, had future machinery and equipment purchase commitments of $2,870 at December 31, 2020. 9. NEW VALLEY LLC (a) Investments in real estate ventures. New Valley also holds equity investments real estate projects domestically and internationally. The majority of New Valley’s investment in real estate ventures were located in the New in various F-37 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) York City Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (“SMSA”). New Valley aggregated the disclosure of its investments in real estate ventures by property type and operating characteristics. The components of “Investments in real estate ventures” were as follows: Condominium and Mixed Use Development: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Apartment Buildings: All other U.S. areas Hotels: New York City SMSA International Commercial: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Other Range of Ownership(1) December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 3.1% – 46.7% $30,465 $ 51,078 19.6% – 77.8% 37,773 68,238 55,842 106,920 7.6% — 0.4% – 15.7% 49.0% 49.0% 1.6% 9,675 15.0% – 49.0% — — 2,629 1,852 4,481 2,591 7,084 9,486 3,006 — 2,462 2,161 4,623 1,852 7,634 10,527 Investments in real estate ventures $85,400 $131,556 (1) The Range of Ownership reflects New Valley’s estimated current ownership percentage. New Valley’s actual ownership percentage as well as the percentage of earnings and cash distributions may ultimately differ as a result of a number of factors including potential dilution, financing or admission of additional partners. F-38 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) Contributions New Valley made contributions to its investments in real estate ventures as follows: Condominium and Mixed Use Development: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Apartment Buildings: All other U.S. areas Hotels: New York City SMSA Other Total contributions December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 1,805 $21,760 11,140 12,945 29,993 51,753 284 284 1,169 1,169 524 — — 172 172 604 $14,922 $52,529 For ventures where New Valley previously held an investment, New Valley contributed its proportionate share of additional capital along with contributions by the other investment partners during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. New Valley’s direct investment percentage for these ventures did not materially change. Distributions New Valley received distributions from its investments in real estate ventures as follows: Condominium and Mixed Use Development: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Apartment Buildings: All other U.S. areas Hotels: New York City SMSA International Commercial: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Other Total distributions F-39 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 1,819 18,188 20,007 $ 7,955 1,279 9,234 — — — — — 601 113 714 30 $20,751 79 79 21,572 215 21,787 16 250 266 16,962 $48,328 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) Of the distributions received by New Valley from its investment in real estate ventures, $1,933 and $7,028 were from distributions of earnings and $18,818 and $41,300 were a return of capital for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Distributions from earnings are included in cash from operations in the consolidated statements of cash flows, while distributions that are returns of capital are included in cash flows from investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Equity in (Losses) Earnings from Real Estate Ventures New Valley recognized equity in (losses) earnings from real estate ventures as follows: Condominium and Mixed Use Development: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Apartment Buildings: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Hotels: New York City SMSA International Commercial: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Other Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $(17,167) $(31,011) $ (923) (16,578) (6,467) (1,063) (33,745) (37,478) (1,986) — (284) (284) — 17,467 79 79 164 17,631 (3,248) 8,081 (2,727) (308) 41 (246) (3,556) 8,122 (2,973) 1,340 (437) 903 1 773 774 (8,016) 9,215 (562) 1,608 1,046 728 Total equity in (losses) earnings from real estate ventures $(44,698) $(19,288) $14,446 As part of the Company’s ongoing assessment of the carrying values of its investments in real estate ventures, the Company determined that the fair value of five New York City SMSA and one All other U.S. areas Condominium and Mixed Use Development ventures were less than their carrying value for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company determined that the impairments were other than temporary. The Company recorded impairment charges as a component of equity in losses from real estate ventures of $16,513 for the year ended December 31, 2020. During the Company’s 2019 assessment of the carrying values of its investments in real estate ventures, the Company had determined that the fair value of six New York City SMSA and one All other U.S. areas Condominium and Mixed Use Development ventures were less than their carrying value as of December 31, 2019. The Company determined that the impairments were other than temporary and recorded impairment charges of $39,757 of which $39,717 was attributed to the Company for the year ended December 31, 2019. During the Company’s 2018 assessment of the carrying values of its investments in real estate ventures, the Company had determined that the fair value of a New York City SMSA Hotel venture was less than its F-40 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) carrying value as of December 31, 2018. The Company determined that the impairment was other than temporary and recorded an impairment charge of $10,174 of which $8,467 was attributed to the Company for the year ended December 31, 2018. As a result of the Company recording impairment charges on certain of its investments in real estate ventures, the impaired real estate ventures were carried at fair value as of the period when the impairment charge was recorded. The impaired real estate ventures were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as a result of recording an other-than-temporary impairment charge. During the year ended 2019, New Valley’s Park Lane joint venture sold 80% of its interest in the Park Lane Hotel, a Hotel located in the New York City SMSA. New Valley recognized equity in earnings of $10,328 from the sale and received distributions of $20,788 for the year ended 2019. The sale reduced New Valley’s direct ownership percentage of the Park Lane Hotel from 5.20% to 1.04%. New Valley continues to account for its investment in the joint venture under the equity method of accounting because its ownership percentage in its direct investment continues to meet the threshold for equity method accounting. On November 1, 2019, Douglas Elliman sold its 50.0% interest in Innova Risk Management, an insurance brokerage company. Douglas Elliman received $8,732 in cash in November 2019 and may receive an additional $1,000 in a potential earn out over a two-year period that started on January 1, 2020. In 2018, the Company’s New York City SMSA Apartment Building venture sold a building. In 2019, the venture sold its remaining parcel of land. The Company recognized equity in earnings from the venture of $740 and $17,467 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company received cash distributions of $2,524 and $27,569 from the venture for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. As of December 31, 2020, the venture had a carrying value of $0. Investment in Real Estate Ventures Entered Into During 2020 In November 2020, New Valley contributed its ownership interest in Unit TH-B, a townhouse located in Manhattan, NY with a carrying value of $2,349 for an approximate 46.7% interest in NV/Joy Beach THB LLC. New Valley received Unit TH-B as part of a liquidating distribution from the 11 Beach Street project. The new joint venture plans to own, maintain and sell Unit TH-B. The venture is a VIE; however, New Valley is not the primary beneficiary. New Valley accounts for this investment under the equity method of accounting. New Valley’s maximum exposure to loss as a result of its investment in NV/Joy Beach THB LLC was $2,349 at December 31, 2020. In December 2020, New Valley invested $4,109 for an approximate 50.0% interest in Levari RC JV LLC. The joint venture plans to develop and market 15 luxury villa residences which are part of the Ritz-Carlton Residences in Miami Beach. The venture is a VIE; however, New Valley is not the primary beneficiary. New Valley accounts for this investment under the equity method of accounting. New Valley’s maximum exposure to loss as a result of its investment in Levari RC JV LLC was $4,109 at December 31, 2020. VIE Consideration It was determined that New Valley is the primary beneficiary of two ventures as New Valley controls the activities that most significantly impact economic performance of the entities. Therefore, New Valley consolidates these VIEs. The carrying amount of the consolidated VIEs’ assets were $0 and $897 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Those assets are owned by the VIEs, not the Company. Neither of the consolidated VIEs had non-recourse liabilities as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. A VIE’s assets can only be used to settle obligations of that VIE. The VIEs are not guarantors of the Company’s senior notes and other debts payable. F-41 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) For the remaining investments in real estate ventures, New Valley determined that the entities were VIEs but New Valley was not the primary beneficiary. Maximum Exposure to Loss New Valley’s maximum exposure to loss was as follows: Condominium and Mixed Use Development: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Hotels: New York City SMSA International Commercial: New York City SMSA All other U.S. areas Other Total maximum exposure to loss December 31, 2020 $30,465 37,773 68,238 2,629 1,852 4,481 2,591 7,084 9,675 16,581 $98,975 New Valley capitalized $4,003 and $5,480 of interests costs into the carrying value of its ventures whose projects were currently under development during the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Douglas Elliman has been engaged by the developers as the sole broker or the co-broker for several of the real estate development projects that New Valley owns an interest in through its real estate venture investments. Douglas Elliman had gross commissions of approximately $10,783, $18,952 and $20,118 from these projects for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. (b) Guarantees and Commitments: The joint venture agreements through which New Valley invests in real estate ventures set forth certain conditions where New Valley or its affiliate may be required to contribute payments towards the satisfaction of liabilities of the other partners in the joint venture, or to otherwise indemnify other partners. Mostly, these contribution/indemnity requirements are triggered in the event New Valley or its affiliate commits an act that results in liability of another partner under a guarantee that the other partner has given to a lender in connection with a loan. The guarantees given in connection with the loans may include non-recourse carve-out, environmental, carry and/or completion guarantees, depending on the specific project. In some instances, New Valley or its affiliate would be proportionately liable in the event of liability under a guarantee that is not the fault of any of the partners in the joint venture. In very limited circumstances, New Valley has agreed to be a guarantor directly in connection with a loan. The Company believes that as of December 31, 2020, in the event New Valley becomes legally obligated to contribute funds or otherwise indemnify another partner due to a triggering event under a guarantee, or becomes legally obligated as a guarantor (in the limited circumstances where New Valley is a F-42 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) direct guarantor under the loan documents), the real estate underlying the applicable project is expected to be sufficient to largely repay any guaranteed obligation (although a lender need not necessarily resort to foreclosing on the real estate before seeking recourse under a loan guarantee). In two of New Valley’s projects, New Valley has additional capital commitments of $13,575 as of December 31, 2020. The recourse additional capital commitments are included in the calculation of New Valley’s maximum exposure to loss in the table above. (c) Combined Financial Statements for Unconsolidated Subsidiaries Accounted for on Equity Method: Pursuant to Rule 4-08(g), the following summarized financial data for unconsolidated subsidiaries includes information for the following: Other Condominium and Mixed Use Development, Apartment Buildings, Hotels, Commercial and Other. Other Condominium and Mixed Use Development: Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ 386,859 $208,767 $394,457 302,234 270,642 76,162 95,873 149,014 186,261 $(186,017) $ (16,409) $112,323 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $4,465,118 $4,079,125 4,551,788 4,155,625 3,569,361 3,057,005 3,921,492 3,444,868 83,807 123,736 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $65,808 $70,862 $ 44,366 63,705 67,094 105,899 $ 2,103 $ 3,768 $ (61,533) Income Statements Revenue Cost of goods sold Other expenses (Loss) income from continuing operations Balance Sheets Investment in real estate Total assets Total debt Total liabilities Non-controlling interest Apartment Buildings: Income Statements Revenue Other expenses Income (loss) from continuing operations F-43 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) Balance Sheets Investment in real estate Total assets Total debt Total liabilities Non-controlling interest Hotels: Income Statements Revenue Cost of goods sold Other expenses Loss from continuing operations Balance Sheets Investment in real estate Total assets Total debt Total liabilities Non-controlling interest Commercial: December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $544,610 $545,400 563,523 392,324 399,269 123,273 562,879 402,526 410,723 114,193 Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ 130,742 $147,446 $ 171,949 2,671 5,399 4,522 256,973 220,045 268,007 $(128,902) $ (77,998) $(100,580) December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $1,489,085 $1,017,810 1,575,800 1,133,697 1,071,445 1,143,419 427,439 778,194 816,118 284,298 Year Ended December 31, 2019 2020 2018 Income Statements Revenue Equity in (losses) earnings Other expenses (Loss) income from continuing operations Balance Sheets Investment in real estate Total assets Total debt Total liabilities F-44 $ 7,911 (13,671) 4,740 $ 7,821 24,159 7,724 $(10,500) $24,256 $ 7,688 49,085 11,647 $45,126 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $51,487 $52,384 70,270 55,625 55,199 70,169 55,625 54,342 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) Other: Income Statements Revenue Cost of Goods Sold Other expenses (Loss) income from continuing operations Balance Sheets Investment in real estate Total assets Total debt Total liabilities Non-controlling interest (d) Investments in real estate, net: The components of “Investments in real estate, net” were as follows: Escena, net Townhome A (11 Beach Street) Sagaponack Investment in real estate, net Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ 571 $390,478 $ 19,448 — 220,316 — 48,633 155,257 32,739 $(48,062) $ 14,905 $(13,291) December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $1,216,819 $1,054,134 1,237,794 1,192,149 722,930 903,196 272,196 671,845 850,587 263,438 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 9,735 $ 9,972 5,896 — $15,631 — 18,345 $28,317 Escena. In March 2008, a wholly owned subsidiary of New Valley purchased a loan collateralized by a substantial portion of a 450-acre approved master planned community in Palm Springs, California known as “Escena.” In April 2009, New Valley completed the foreclosure process and took title to the collateral. The project consists of 667 residential lots with site and public infrastructure, an 18-hole golf course, a completed clubhouse, and a seven-acre site approved for a 450-room hotel. The assets have been classified as an “Investments in real estate, net” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and the components were as follows: Land and land improvements Building and building improvements Other Less accumulated depreciation F-45 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 8,911 1,926 1,672 12,509 (2,774) $ 8,910 1,926 1,659 12,495 (2,523) $ 9,735 $ 9,972 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 9. NEW VALLEY LLC – (continued) The Company recorded an operating loss of $735, $862 and $576 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, from Escena. Investment in Sagaponack. In April 2015, New Valley invested $12,502 in a residential real estate project located in Sagaponack, NY. In August 2020, New Valley sold the project for $20,500 and recognized the revenue in accordance with the scope of ASC Topic 606 since New Valley has no continuing investment or involvement. The sales were presented as revenues and the cost of the investment as cost of goods sold on the consolidated statements of operations. Townhome A (11 Beach Street). In November 2020, New Valley received, as part of a liquidating distribution from a real estate joint venture, Unit TH-A, a townhouse located in Manhattan, NY. The unit is wholly owned and the balances are included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company. As of December 31, 2020, the carrying value of Unit TH-A was $5,896 and consisted of the value assigned to the unit as part of the distribution and acquisition costs. Real Estate Market Conditions. Because of the risks and uncertainties of the real estate markets, the Company will continue to perform additional assessments to determine the impact of the markets, if any, on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Thus, future impairment charges may occur. 10. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS The components of Goodwill and other intangible assets, net were as follows: Goodwill Indefinite-life intangibles: Intangible asset associated with benefit under the MSA Trademark – Douglas Elliman Intangibles with a finite life, net Total goodwill and other intangible assets, net December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 31,756 $ 78,008 107,511 68,000 310 107,511 80,000 474 $207,577 $265,993 Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually or whenever the Company identifies certain triggering events or circumstances that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Events or circumstances that might indicate an interim evaluation is warranted include, among other things, unexpected adverse business conditions, macro and reporting unit specific economic factors (for example, interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations, and loss of key personnel), supply costs, unanticipated competitive activities, and acts by governments and courts. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company determined that a triggering event occurred related to the Douglas Elliman reporting unit due to a decline in sales and profitability projections for the reporting unit driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic disruption. The Company utilized third-party valuation specialists to prepare a quantitative assessment of goodwill and trademark intangible asset related to Douglas Elliman. For the goodwill testing, the Company utilized an income approach (a discounted cash flows method) to estimate the fair value of the Douglas Elliman business. The estimated fair value of the trademark indefinite-life intangible asset related to the Douglas Elliman brand name was determined using an approach that values the Company’s cash savings from having a royalty-free license compared to the market rate it would pay for access to use the trade name. F-46 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 10. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS – (continued) The third-party quantitative assessments of the goodwill and trademark intangible asset reflected management’s assumptions regarding revenue growth rates, economic and market trends including current expectations of deterioration resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, changes to cost structures and other expectations about the anticipated short-term and long-term operating results of Douglas Elliman. The quantitative assessments resulted in impairment charges to goodwill of $46,252 and to the trademark intangible asset of $12,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company had accumulated impairment charges to goodwill of $46,252 and to the trademark intangible asset of $12,000 as of December 31, 2020. The Company performed its impairment test for the year ended December 31, 2020, which did not result in additional impairment charges related to the Company’s goodwill. If the Company fails to achieve the financial projections used in the quantitative assessments of fair value or the impacts of COVID-19 are more severe than expected, additional impairment charges could result in future periods, and such impairment charges could be material. Other intangible assets and contract liabilities assumed were as follows: Useful Lives in Years December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Intangible asset associated with benefit under the MSA Indefinite $107,511 $107,511 Trademark – Douglas Elliman Other intangibles Less: Accumulated amortization on amortizable intangibles Other intangibles, net Indefinite 68,000 1 – 5 4,689 4,689 80,000 4,689 4,689 (4,379) (4,215) $ 310 $ 474 The intangible asset associated with the benefit under the MSA relates to the market share payment exemption of The Medallion Company Inc. (now known as Vector Tobacco Inc.), acquired in April 2002, under the MSA, which states payments under the MSA continue in perpetuity. As a result, the Company believes it will realize the benefit of the exemption for the foreseeable future. The fair value of the intangible asset associated with the benefit under the MSA is determined using discounted cash flows. This approach involves two steps: (i) estimating future cash savings due to the payment exemption under the MSA and (ii) and discounting the resulting cash flow savings to determine fair value. This fair value is then compared with the carrying value of the intangible asset associated with the benefit under the MSA. To the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the implied fair value of the intangible asset, an impairment loss is recognized. The Company performed its impairment test for the year ended December 31, 2020 and no impairment was noted. The trademark intangible is attributed to the acquisition of the Douglas Elliman brand name which the Company plans to continue using for the foreseeable future. The fair value of the intangible asset associated with the Douglas Elliman trademark is determined using a “relief from royalty payments” method. This approach involves two steps: (i) estimating reasonable royalty rates for its Douglas Elliman trademark and (ii) applying these royalty rates to a net sales stream and discounting the resulting cash flows to determine fair value. This fair value is then compared with the carrying value of the trademark. The Company performed its impairment test for the year ended December 31, 2020, which did not result in additional impairment charges related to the Company’s trademark. If the Company fails to achieve the financial projections used in the quantitative assessments of fair value or the impacts of COVID-19 are more severe than expected, additional impairment charges could result in future periods, and such impairment charges could be material. F-47 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 10. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS – (continued) As of December 31, 2020, other intangibles with finite lives included non-compete agreements recognized in prior business combinations. Other intangibles in prior periods included backlog and listing inventory for Development sales, and favorable and unfavorable leases arising from leases with terms that are less than or greater than market value assumed in the business combination. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively, amortization of other intangibles was $164, $182 and $806. For the year ended December 31, 2018, $1,175 was taken as rent expense for amortization of favorable leases, and $369 was taken as an offset to rent expense for amortization of unfavorable leases. The Company did not recognize rent expense for amortization of favorable or unfavorable leases in 2020 or 2019 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-02 — Leases (Topic 842) in 2019. 11. NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS Notes payable, long-term debt and other obligations consisted of: Vector: 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 $ 850,000 $ 850,000 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 10.5% Senior Notes due 2026, net of unamortized discount of $3,040 and $3,392 5.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debentures due 2020, net of unamortized discount of $0 and $5,276* Liggett: Revolving credit facility Equipment loans Other 551,960 551,608 — — 89 25,484 164,334 34,952 347 30,146 Total notes payable, long-term debt and other obligations 1,427,533 1,631,387 Less: Debt issuance costs Total notes payable, long-term debt and other obligations Less: Current maturities Amount due after one year (21,247) (24,902) 1,406,286 1,606,485 (12,557) (209,269) $1,393,729 $1,397,216 * The fair value of the derivatives embedded within the 5.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debentures ($4,999 at December 31, 2019) is separately classified as a derivative liability in the consolidated balance sheets. Senior Notes — Vector: 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025: On January 27, 2017, the Company sold $850,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 in a private offering to qualified institutional investors and non-U.S. persons pursuant to the exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”) contained in Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act. F-48 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 11. NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS – (continued) The 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 paid interest on a semi-annual basis at a rate of 6.125% per year and had a maturity date of February 1, 2025. On February 1, 2021, the 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 were redeemed in full and the Company anticipates recording a loss on the extinguishment of debt of $21,362 in 2021, including $13,014 of premium and $8,348 of other costs and non-cash interest expense related to the recognition of previously unamortized deferred finance costs. The 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 were guaranteed subject to certain customary automatic release provisions on a joint and several basis by all of the wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries of the Company that are engaged in the conduct of the Company’s cigarette businesses. In addition, some of the guarantees were collateralized by first priority or second priority security interests in certain assets of some of the subsidiary guarantors, including their common stock, pursuant to security and pledge agreements. 5.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2029: On January 28, 2021, the Company completed the sale of $875,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 (“5.75% Senior Secured Notes”) to qualified institutional buyers and non-U.S. persons in a private offering pursuant to the exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act contained in Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act. The aggregate net cash proceeds from the sale of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes were approximately $855,500 after deducting the initial purchaser’s discount and estimated expenses and fees payable by the Company in connection with the offering. The Company used the net cash proceeds from the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes offering, together with cash on hand, to redeem all of the Company’s outstanding 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025, including accrued interest and premium thereon, and to pay fees and expenses in connection with the offering of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes and the redemption of the 6.125% Secured Notes due 2025. The 5.75% Senior Secured Notes pay interest on a semi-annual basis at a rate of 5.75% per year and mature on the earlier of February 1, 2029 and the date that is 91 days before November 1, 2026, the final stated maturity date of the 10.5% Senior Notes due 2026 (“10.5% Senior Notes”) if such 10.5% Senior Notes have not been repurchased and cancelled or refinanced by such date. The 5.75% Senior Secured Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, subject to certain customary automatic release provisions, on a joint and several basis by all of the wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries of the Company that are engaged in the conduct of the Company’s cigarette businesses, which subsidiaries, as of the issuance date of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes were also guarantors under the Company’s outstanding 10.5% Senior Notes. The 5.75% Senior Secured Notes are not guaranteed by New Valley LLC, or any of the Company’s subsidiaries engaged in the Company’s real estate business conducted through its subsidiary, New Valley LLC. The guarantees provided by certain of the guarantors are secured by first priority or second priority security interests in certain collateral of such guarantors pursuant to security and pledge agreements, subject to certain permitted liens and exceptions as further described in the indenture and the security documents relating thereto. The Company does not provide any security for the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes. As of December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. 10.5% Senior Notes due 2026: On November 2, 2018, the Company completed the sale of $325,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 10.5% Senior Notes to qualified institutional buyers and non-U.S. persons in a private offering pursuant to the exemptions from the registration requirements of the Securities Act contained in Rule 144A and Regulation S under the Securities Act. The aggregate net proceeds from the initial sale of the 10.5% Senior Notes were approximately $315,000 after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, fees and offering expenses. F-49 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 11. NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS – (continued) On November 18, 2019, the Company completed the sale of an additional $230,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 10.5% Senior Notes. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $220,400 after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, fees and offering expenses. The Company used a portion of the net cash proceeds from the offering to retire the Company’s outstanding 5.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Notes in April 2020. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has outstanding $555,000 aggregate principal amount of its 10.5% Senior Notes. The Company pays cash interest on the 10.5% Senior Notes at a rate of 10.5% per year, payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1 of each year. The 10.5% Senior Notes mature on November 1, 2026. The 10.5% Senior Notes are guaranteed subject to certain customary automatic release provisions on a joint and several basis by all of the wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries of the Company that are engaged in the conduct of the Company’s cigarette businesses, and by DER Holdings LLC, through which the Company indirectly owns a 100% interest in Douglas Elliman. As of December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants. Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debt: 7.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Notes due 2019: In November 2012, the Company sold $230,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 7.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Notes due 2019 (the “7.5% Convertible Notes”) in a public offering registered under the Securities Act. The notes matured on January 15, 2019 and the Company paid $230,000 of principal. The 7.5% Convertible Notes paid interest on a quarterly basis at a rate of 2.50% per annum plus additional interest, which was based on the amount of cash dividends paid during the prior three-month period ending on the record date for such interest payment multiplied by the total number of shares of its common stock into which the debt will be convertible on such record date. The notes were convertible into the Company’s common stock at the holder’s option. 5.5% Variable Interest Senior Convertible Notes due 2020: On March 24, 2014, the Company completed the sale of $258,750 in aggregate principal amount of its 5.5% Variable Interest Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the “5.5% Convertible Notes”). The 5.5% Convertible Notes matured on April 15, 2020 and the Company paid $169,610 of principal. The 5.5% Convertible Notes paid interest on a quarterly basis at a rate of 1.75% per annum plus additional interest, which was based on the amount of cash dividends paid during the prior three-month period ending on the record date for such interest payment multiplied by the total number of shares of its common stock into which the debt was convertible on such record date. The notes were convertible into the Company’s common stock at the holder’s option. Shares of Common Stock per $1,000 Principal Amount due on Convertible Notes: The conversion rates for the convertible debt outstanding are summarized below: 5.5% Convertible Notes F-50 December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Conversion Price Shares per $1,000 Conversion Price Shares per $1,000 $ — — $20.27 49.3363 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 11. NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS – (continued) Embedded Derivatives on the Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debt: The portion of the interest on the Company’s convertible debt which was computed by reference to the cash dividends paid on the Company’s common stock is considered an embedded derivative within the convertible debt, which the Company is required to separately value. In accordance with authoritative guidance on accounting for derivatives and hedging, the Company has bifurcated these embedded derivatives and estimated the fair value of the embedded derivative liability including using a third-party valuation. The resulting discount created by allocating a portion of the issuance proceeds to the embedded derivative is then amortized to interest expense over the term of the debt using the effective interest method. Changes to the fair value of these embedded derivatives were reflected quarterly in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as “Change in fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt.” The value of the embedded derivative was contingent on changes in interest rates of debt instruments maturing over the duration of the convertible debt as well as projections of future cash and stock dividends over the term of the debt. A summary of non-cash interest expense associated with the amortization of the debt discount created by the embedded derivative liability associated with the Company’s variable interest senior convertible debt is set forth in the following table: 7.5% Convertible Notes 5.5% Convertible Notes Interest expense associated with embedded derivatives Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ — $ 2,031 $39,845 4,053 16,481 15,924 $4,053 $18,512 $55,769 A summary of non-cash changes in fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt is set forth in the following table: 7.5% Convertible Notes 5.5% Convertible Notes Gain on changes in fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ — $ 6,635 $24,530 4,999 19,790 20,459 $4,999 $26,425 $44,989 The following table reconciles the fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt: Balance at January 1, 2018 7.5% Convertible Notes 5.5% Convertible Notes Total $ 31,165 $ 45,248 $ 76,413 Gain from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives (24,530) (20,459) (44,989) Balance at December 31, 2018 Gain from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives Balance at December 31, 2019 Gain from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives Balance at December 31, 2020 6,635 24,789 31,424 (6,635) (19,790) (26,425) — — 4,999 4,999 (4,999) (4,999) $ — $ — $ — F-51 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 11. NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS – (continued) Beneficial Conversion Feature on Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debt: After giving effect to the recording of the embedded derivative liability as a discount to the convertible debt, the Company’s common stock had a fair value at the issuance date of the debt in excess of the conversion price resulting in a beneficial conversion feature. The accounting guidance on debt with conversion and other options requires that the intrinsic value of the beneficial conversion feature be recorded to additional paid-in capital and as a discount on the debt. The discount is then amortized to interest expense over the term of the debt using the effective interest method. The beneficial conversion feature has been recorded, net of income taxes, as an increase to stockholders’ deficiency. A summary of non-cash interest expense associated with the amortization of the debt discount created by the beneficial conversion feature on the Company’s variable interest senior convertible debt is set forth in the following table: Amortization of beneficial conversion feature: 7.5% Convertible Notes 5.5% Convertible Notes Interest expense associated with beneficial conversion feature Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $ — $1,328 $26,049 1,223 4,973 4,805 $1,223 $6,301 $30,854 Unamortized Debt Discount on Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debt: The following table reconciles unamortized debt discount within convertible debt: Balance at January 1, 2018 Partial redemption of 5.5% convertible notes Amortization of embedded derivatives Amortization of beneficial conversion feature Balance at December 31, 2018 Partial redemption of 5.5% convertible notes Amortization of embedded derivatives Amortization of beneficial conversion feature Balance at December 31, 2019 Amortization of embedded derivatives Amortization of beneficial conversion feature Balance at December 31, 2020 Revolving Credit Agreement — Liggett: 7.5% Convertible Notes 5.5% Convertible Notes Total $ 69,253 $ 53,687 $122,940 — (3,493) (3,493) (39,845) (15,924) (55,769) (26,049) (4,805) (30,854) 3,359 — (2,031) (1,328) — — — 29,465 (2,735) (16,481) (4,973) 5,276 (4,053) (1,223) 32,824 (2,735) (18,512) (6,301) 5,276 (4,053) (1,223) $ — $ — $ — In January, 2015, Liggett and 100 Maple LLC (“Maple”), a subsidiary of Liggett, entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (“Wells Fargo”), as agent and lender. The Credit Agreement governed a $60,000 credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) that consisted of a revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”) and a $3,600 term loan F-52 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 11. NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS – (continued) (the “Term Loan”) that was within the $60,000 commitment under the Credit Facility and reduced the amount available under the Revolver. In connection with the November 2017 issuance of 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 and the November 2018 issuance of 10.5% Senior Notes, Liggett and Maple entered into amendments to the Credit Agreement to update certain defined terms of the Credit Agreement relating to such issuances. On October 31, 2019, Liggett and Maple amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, (i) extend its maturity to January 31, 2025, (ii) update the borrowing base to adjust the advance rates in respect of eligible inventory and add certain eligible real property, and (iii) reflect the repayment in full of the Term Loan. Accordingly, the Term Loan portion of the credit facility no longer exists. The $60,000 commitment available in the Credit Agreement is unchanged. Since October 31, 2019, all borrowings under the Credit Agreement have been limited to a borrowing base equal to the sum of (I) the lesser of 85% of eligible trade receivables less certain reserves and $10,000; plus (II) 80% of the value of eligible inventory consisting of packaged cigarettes plus (III) the lesser of 65% multiplied by Liggett’s eligible cost of inventory consisting of leaf tobacco less certain reserves against inventory, bank products or other items which Wells Fargo may establish from time to time in its permitted discretion or 85% of the appraised liquidation value of eligible inventory plus (IV) 60% of the fair market value of eligible real property. The obligations under the Credit Agreement are collateralized on a first priority basis by all inventories, receivables and certain other personal property of Liggett and Maple, a mortgage on Liggett’s manufacturing facility and certain real property of Maple, subject to certain permitted liens. The term of the Credit Agreement expires on January 31, 2025. Loans under the Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 2.25%. The interest rate applicable to this Credit Agreement at December 31, 2020 was 2.39%. The Credit Agreement, as amended, permitted the guaranty of the 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025, and permits the guaranty of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes and the 10.5% Senior Notes, by each of Liggett and Maple. Wells Fargo, Liggett, Maple and the collateral agent for the holders of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes have entered into an intercreditor agreement, pursuant to which the liens of such collateral agent on the assets that are subject to the Credit Agreement are subordinated to the liens of Wells Fargo on such assets. The intercreditor agreement permits any other subsidiary of the Company that guarantees the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes to become party thereto if such subsidiary becomes a borrower under the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including covenants that limit Liggett’s, Maple’s and their subsidiaries’ ability to incur, create or assume certain indebtedness, to incur or assume certain liens, to purchase, hold or acquire certain investments, to declare or make certain dividends and distributions and to engage in certain mergers, consolidations and asset sales, including a restriction on Liggett’s ability to pay cash dividends unless Liggett’s average borrowing availability, as defined under the Credit Agreement, for the 30-day period prior to the payment of the dividend, and after giving effect to the dividend, was at least $5,000 and no event of default has occurred under the Credit Agreement, including Liggett’s compliance with the covenants in the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement also requires the Company to comply with specified financial covenants, including that Liggett’s earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as defined under the Credit Agreement, on a trailing twelve month basis, shall not be less than $100,000 if Liggett’s excess availability, as defined under the Credit Agreement, is less than $20,000. The covenants also require that annual capital expenditures, as defined under the Credit Agreement (before a maximum carryover amount of $10,000), shall not exceed $20,000 during any fiscal year. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default. Liggett was in compliance with these covenants as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, there was no outstanding balance under the Credit Agreement. Availability, as determined under the Credit Agreement, was $58,635 based on eligible collateral at December 31, 2020. F-53 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 11. NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS – (continued) Other: Other Notes Payable consist primarily of $25,000 of notes payable issued by New Valley. On December 31, 2018, New Valley acquired the remaining 29.41% interest in Douglas Elliman for a total purchase price of $40,000, which included $10,000 of cash paid and the remaining $30,000 of notes payable to the sellers. Interest on the outstanding principal balance of the notes accrued at the mid-term applicable federal rate (“AFR”) in effect as of December 31, 2018. This interest rate was adjusted to the then-current AFR on January 1, 2020 and on each payment date thereafter. New Valley started paying principal and interest in installments beginning with January 1, 2020 and will continue through October 1, 2022. $5,000 of principal has been repaid through December 31, 2020 and the remaining principal is due to be repaid as follows: $12,500 in 2021, and $12,500 in 2022. Fair Value of Notes Payable and Long-Term Debt: The estimated fair value of the Company’s notes payable and long-term debt were as follows: December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Senior Notes $1,401,960 $1,464,208 $1,401,608 $1,409,920 Variable Interest Senior Convertible Debt — — 164,334 176,289 Liggett and other Notes payable and long-term debt 25,573 25,581 $1,427,533 $1,489,789 65,445 65,456 $1,631,387(1) $1,651,665 (1) The carrying value does not include the carrying value of the embedded derivative. See Note 18. Notes payable and long-term debt are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at amortized cost. The fair value determinations disclosed above would be classified as Level 2 under the fair value hierarchy disclosed in Note 18 if such liabilities were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The estimated fair value of the Company’s notes payable and long-term debt has been determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies including the evaluation of the Company’s credit risk as described in Note 1. The Company used a derived price based upon quoted market prices and trade activity as of December 31, 2020 to determine the fair value of its publicly-traded notes and debentures. The carrying value of the revolving credit facility is equal to the fair value. The fair value of the equipment loans and other obligations was determined by calculating the present value of the required future cash flows. However, considerable judgment is required to develop the estimates of fair value and, accordingly, the estimate presented herein is not necessarily indicative of the amount that could be realized in a current market exchange. F-54 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 11. NOTES PAYABLE, LONG-TERM DEBT AND OTHER OBLIGATIONS – (continued) Scheduled Maturities: Scheduled maturities of notes payable and long-term debt were as follows: Year Ending December 31: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Thereafter Total Principal Unamortized Discount/ (Premium) Net $ 12,557 $ — $ 12,557 12,954 54 8 850,000 555,000 $1,430,573 — — — — 3,040 $3,040 12,954 54 8 850,000 551,960 $1,427,533 The scheduled maturities do not give effect to the redemption of the 6.125% Senior Secured Notes due 2025 on February 1, 2021 or the issuance of the 5.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2029 in January 2021. 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Defined Benefit Plans and Postretirement Plans: Defined Benefit Plans. The Company sponsors four defined benefit pension plans (two qualified and two non-qualified) covering virtually all individuals who were employed by Liggett on a full-time basis prior to 1994. Future accruals of benefits under these four defined benefit plans were frozen between 1993 and 1995. These benefit plans provide pension benefits for eligible employees based primarily on their compensation and length of service. Contributions are made to the two qualified pension plans in amounts necessary to meet the minimum funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. The plans’ assets and benefit obligations were measured at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company also sponsors a Supplemental Retirement Plan (“SERP”) where the Company will pay supplemental retirement benefits to certain key employees, including certain executive officers of the Company. The plan meets the applicable requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code and is intended to be unfunded for tax purposes. Payments under the SERP will be made out of the general assets of the Company. The SERP is a defined benefit plan. Under the SERP, the benefit payable to a participant at his normal retirement date is a lump sum amount which is the actuarial equivalent of a predetermined annual retirement benefit set by the Company’s Board of Directors. Normal retirement date is defined as the January 1 following the attainment by the participant of the latter of age 60 or the completion of eight years of employment following January 1, 2002 with the Company or a subsidiary. The SERP provides the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer with an additional benefit paid as a lump sum under the SERP that is actuarially equivalent to a $1,788 lifetime annuity. In addition, in the event of a termination of his employment under the circumstances where he is entitled to severance payments under his employment agreement, he will be credited with an additional 36 months of service towards vesting under the SERP. At December 31, 2020, the aggregate lump sum equivalents of the annual retirement benefits payable under the Amended SERP at normal retirement dates occurring during the following years is as follows: 2021 to 2024 — none; 2025 — $54,992 and 2026 to 2030 — $6,866. In the case of a participant who becomes disabled prior to his normal retirement date or whose service is terminated without cause, the F-55 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS – (continued) participant’s benefit consists of a pro-rata portion of the full projected retirement benefit to which he would have been entitled had he remained employed through his normal retirement date, as actuarially discounted back to the date of payment. A participant who dies while working for the Company or a subsidiary (and before becoming disabled or attaining his normal retirement date) will be paid an actuarially discounted equivalent of his projected retirement benefit; conversely, a participant who retires beyond his normal retirement date will receive an actuarially increased equivalent of his projected retirement benefit. Postretirement Medical and Life Plans. The Company provides certain postretirement medical and life insurance benefits to certain employees and retirees. Substantially all of the Company’s manufacturing employees as of December 31, 2020 are eligible for postretirement medical benefits if they reach retirement age while working for Liggett or certain affiliates. Retirees are required to fund 100% of participant medical premiums and, pursuant to union contracts, Liggett reimburses approximately 97 hourly retirees, who retired prior to 1991, for Medicare Part B premiums. In addition, the Company provides life insurance benefits to approximately 97 active employees and 365 retirees who reach retirement age and are eligible to receive benefits under two of the Company’s defined benefit pension plans. The Company’s postretirement liabilities are comprised of Medicare Part B and life insurance premiums. F-56 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS – (continued) The following table provides a reconciliation of benefit obligations, plan assets and the funded status of the pension plans and other postretirement benefits: Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at January 1 Service cost Interest cost Plan settlement Benefits paid Expenses paid Actuarial loss Benefit obligation at December 31 Change in plan assets: Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits 2020 2019 2020 2019 $(128,997) $(123,165) $(8,986) $(8,296) (592) (3,545) 7,255 7,008 255 (533) (4,860) — 7,696 391 —(3) (286) — 500 — (347) — 594 — (7,226) (8,526) (329) (934) $(125,842) $(128,997) $(9,101) $(8,986) Fair value of plan assets at January 1 $ 101,051 $ 93,167 $ — $ — Actual return on plan assets Plan settlement Expenses paid Contributions Benefits paid 8,919 (7,255) (255) 7,360 (7,008) 15,788 — (391) 183 (7,696) — — — 500 (500) — — — 594 (594) Fair value of plan assets at December 31 $ 102,812 $ 101,051 $ — $ — Unfunded status at December 31 $ (23,030) $ (27,946) $(9,101) $(8,986) Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets: Prepaid pension costs Other accrued liabilities Non-current employee benefit liabilities Net amounts recognized $ 35,209 $ 31,686 $ — $ — (100) (111) (624) (654) (58,139) (59,521) (8,477) (8,332) $ (23,030) $ (27,946) $(9,101) $(8,986) Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 Service cost – benefits earned during the period $ 592 $ 533 $ 587 $ — $ 3 $ 4 Interest cost on projected benefit obligation 3,545 4,860 4,495 286 347 330 Expected return on assets Prior service cost Settlement loss Amortization of net loss (gain) Net expense (3,869) — 1,805 1,836 (4,874) — (5,572) — 4 — — — 2,001 1,804 — 11 — 4 — — 4 — (40) (41) $ 3,909 $ 2,520 $ 1,314 $301 $314 $297 F-57 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS – (continued) As of December 31, 2020, accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, before income taxes, consisted of the following: Accumulated other comprehensive loss as of January 1, 2020 Amortization of prior service costs Prior service costs Effect of settlement Amortization of loss Net loss arising during the year Defined Benefit Pension Plans Post- Retirement Plans Total $(29,664) — $ (794) 4 $(30,458) 4 — 1,805 1,836 — — 11 — 1,805 1,847 (2,176) (327) (2,503) Accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2020 $(28,199) $(1,106) $(29,305) As of December 31, 2019, accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, before income taxes, consisted of the following: Defined Benefit Pension Plans Post- Retirement Plans Total Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income as of January 1, 2019 $(34,053) $ 213 $(33,840) Amortization of prior service costs Prior service costs Amortization of loss (gain) Net gain (loss) arising during the year — — 2,001 2,388 4 (37) (40) (934) 4 (37) 1,961 1,454 Accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2019 $(29,664) $(794) $(30,458) As of December 31, 2020, our total accumulated benefit obligations, as well as our projected benefit obligations in excess of the fair value of the related plan assets, for defined benefit pension plans were as follows: Accumulated benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets Projected benefit obligation Fair value of plan assets December 31, 2020 2019 $58,239 $59,631 $ — $ — December 31, 2020 2019 $58,239 $59,631 $ — $ — The information for other postretirement benefit plans with an accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in excess of plan assets has been disclosed in the Obligations table above because all the other postretirement benefit plans are unfunded or underfunded. F-58 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS – (continued) The assumptions used for the pension benefits and other postretirement benefits were: Pension Benefits Other Postretirement Benefits 2020 2019 2018 2020 2019 2018 Weighted average assumptions: Discount rates – benefit obligation 1.40% – 2.30% 2.55% – 3.10% 3.90% – 4.25% 2.55% 3.30% 4.35% Discount rates – service cost 2.55% – 3.10% 3.90% – 4.25% 3.25% – 3.70% 3.30% 4.35% 3.80% Assumed rates of return on invested assets Salary increase assumptions 4.00% N/A 5.50% N/A 5.50% N/A N/A N/A N/A 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% Discount rates were determined by a quantitative analysis examining the prevailing prices of high quality bonds to determine an appropriate discount rate for measuring obligations. The aforementioned analysis analyzes the cash flow from each of the Company’s four benefit plans as well as a separate analysis of the cash flows from the postretirement medical and life insurance plans sponsored by Liggett. The aforementioned analyses then construct a hypothetical bond portfolio whose cash flow from coupons and maturities match the year-by-year, projected benefit cash flow from the respective pension or retiree health plans. The Company uses the lower discount rate derived from the two independent analyses in the computation of the benefit obligation and service cost for each respective retirement liability. The Company uses the discount rate derived from the analysis in the computation of the benefit obligation and service cost for all the plans respective retirement liability. The Company considers input from its external advisors and historical returns in developing its expected rate of return on plan assets. The expected long-term rate of return is the weighted average of the target asset allocation of each individual asset class. The Company’s actual 10-year annual rate of return on its pension plan assets was 6.91%, 7.59% and 8.26% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and the Company’s actual five-year annual rate of return on its pension plan assets was 7.51%, 5.41% and 3.19% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Gains and losses resulted from changes in actuarial assumptions and from differences between assumed and actual experience, including, among other items, changes in discount rates and changes in actual returns on plan assets as compared to assumed returns. These gains and losses are only amortized to the extent that they exceed 10% of the greater of Projected Benefit Obligation and the fair value of assets. For the year ended December 31, 2020, Liggett used a 12.64-year period for its Hourly Plan and a 11.90-year period for its Salaried Plan to amortize pension fund gains and losses on a straight line basis. Such amounts are reflected in the pension expense calculation beginning the year after the gains or losses occur. The amortization of deferred losses negatively impacts pension expense in the future. Plan assets are invested employing multiple investment management firms. Managers within each asset class cover a range of investment styles and focus primarily on issue selection as a means to add value. Risk is controlled through a diversification among asset classes, managers, styles and securities. Risk is further controlled both at the manager and asset class level by assigning excess return and tracking error targets. Investment managers are monitored to evaluate performance against these benchmark indices and targets. Allowable investment types include equity, investment grade fixed income, high yield fixed income, hedge funds and short term investments. The equity fund is comprised of common stocks and mutual funds of large, medium and small companies, which are predominantly U.S. based. The investment grade fixed income fund includes managed funds investing in fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, or by its respective agencies, mortgage backed securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations, and corporate debt obligations. The high yield fixed income fund includes a fund which invests F-59 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS – (continued) in non-investment grade corporate debt securities. The hedge funds invest in both equity, including common and preferred stock, and debt obligations, including convertible debentures, of private and public companies. The Company generally utilizes its short-term investments, including interest-bearing cash, to pay benefits and to deploy in special situations. The Liggett Employee Benefits Committee has established the following target assets allocation to equal 35.0% equity investments and 65.0% investment grade fixed income, with a rebalancing range of approximately plus or minus 5% around the target asset allocations. Vector’s defined benefit retirement plan allocations by asset category, were as follows: Asset category: Equity securities Investment grade fixed income securities High yield fixed income securities Total Plan Assets at December 31, 2020 2019 35% 38% 65% 53% — 9% 100% 100% The defined benefit plans’ recurring financial assets subject to fair value measurements and the necessary disclosures were as follows: Description Assets: Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2020 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Total Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Insurance contracts $ 2,236 $— $2,236 $ — Amounts in individually managed investment accounts: Cash, mutual funds and common stock Common collective trusts at NAV(1) Total 78 100,498 $102,812 78 — $78 — — — — $2,236 $ — (1) In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. F-60 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS – (continued) Description Assets: Insurance contracts Amounts in individually managed investment accounts: Cash, mutual funds and common stock Common collective trusts Common collective trusts at NAV(1) Investment Partnership Total Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2019 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Total Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) $ 2,398 $— $ 2,398 $ — 76 38,537 51,068 8,972 $101,051 76 — — — $76 — 38,537 — 8,972 $49,907 — — — — $ — (1) In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of investment included in Level 1 are based on quoted market prices from various stock exchanges. The Level 2 investments are based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active. For 2020 measurement purposes, annual increases in Medicare Part B trends were assumed to equal rates between 2.87% and 6.06% between 2021 and 2028 and 4.5% thereafter. For 2019 measurement purposes, annual increases in Medicare Part B trends were assumed to equal rates between 3.95% and 8.02% between 2020 and 2027 and 4.5% thereafter. To comply with ERISA’s minimum funding requirements, the Company does not currently anticipate that it will be required to make any contributions to the pension plan year beginning on January 1, 2021 and ending on December 31, 2021. Any additional funding obligation that the Company may have for subsequent years is contingent on several factors and is not reasonably estimable at this time. Estimated future pension and postretirement medical benefits payments were as follows: 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 – 2030 Pension $ 6,938 6,516 6,123 5,744 60,349 28,378 Postretirement Medical $ 624 623 623 616 602 2,698 Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plans: The Company maintains 401(k) plans for substantially all U.S. employees which allow eligible employees to invest a percentage of their pre-tax compensation. The Company contributed to the 401(k) plans and expensed $1,834, $1,933 and $1,793 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. F-61 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 13. INCOME TAXES The amounts provided for income taxes were as follows: Current: U.S. Federal State Deferred: U.S. Federal State Total Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $29,832 $ 33,379 $ 27,962 12,618 42,450 10,632 44,011 11,225 39,187 (783) 110 (7,209) (12,524) (3,989) (5,111) (673) (11,198) (17,635) $41,777 $ 32,813 $ 21,552 The tax effect of temporary differences which give rise to a significant portion of deferred tax assets and liabilities is as follows: Deferred tax assets: Employee benefit accruals Impairment of investments Impact of timing of settlement payments Various U.S. federal and state tax loss carryforwards Operating lease liabilities Current expected credit losses Other Less: Valuation allowance Net deferred tax assets Deferred tax liabilities: Basis differences on non-consolidated entities Basis differences on fixed and intangible assets Basis differences on inventory Basis differences on long-term investments Impact of accounting for convertible debt Basis differences on available for sale securities Operating lease right of use assets Net deferred tax liabilities December 31, 2020 December 31, 2019 $ 10,529 13,961 20,137 8,745 9,885 4,299 2,625 70,181 (6,474) $ 11,709 9,772 19,313 4,296 3,679 — 2,274 51,043 (1,292) $ 63,707 $ 49,751 $(22,809) (36,055) (10,698) (14,362) — (3,579) (8,660) $(96,163) $(32,456) $ (7,990) (35,082) (10,645) (22,424) (813) (3,219) (3,273) $(83,446) $(33,695) The Company files a consolidated U.S. income tax return that includes its more than 80%-owned U.S. subsidiaries. Stand alone subsidiaries had tax-effected federal and state and local net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $8,745 and $4,296 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, expiring F-62 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 13. INCOME TAXES – (continued) through tax year 2027. The Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company had valuation allowances of $6,474 and $1,292 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The valuation allowances at December 31, 2020 and 2019 primarily related to federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of stand alone subsidiaries. On March 27, 2020, the President of the United States signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act into law. The Act includes several significant tax and payroll-related provisions for corporations, interest expense, and certain payroll benefits. The Company determined that there was a minimal impact of the CARES Act on its financial statements and required disclosures. including the usage of net operating losses, bonus depreciation, The consolidated balance sheets of the Company include deferred income tax assets and liabilities, which represent temporary differences in the application of accounting rules established by U.S. GAAP and income tax laws. Differences between the amounts provided for income taxes and amounts computed at the federal statutory tax rate are summarized as follows: Income before provision for income taxes Federal income tax expense at statutory rate Increases (decreases) resulting from: State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefits Non-deductible expenses Impact of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 Excess tax benefits on stock-based compensation Other Loss carryforwards from tax consolidation of subsidiary Changes in valuation allowance, net of equity and tax audit adjustments Income tax expense Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $134,715 $133,828 $79,559 28,289 28,104 16,707 10,236 2,982 — (206) 916 (5,622) 6,430 1,385 6,060 1,993 — (2,691) (1,488) (778) 907 — 108 — 153 5,182 (2,525) $ 41,777 $ 32,813 $21,552 The Company’s income tax expense is principally attributable to the Company’s federal and state income taxes based on the Company’s earnings. The non-deductible expenses presented in the table above largely relate to the Company’s non-deductible executive compensation and lobbying expenses. The Company recorded additional federal and state NOLs as a result of the consolidation of a subsidiary for income tax purposes. These NOLs have a full valuation allowance because, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. F-63 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 13. INCOME TAXES – (continued) The following table summarizes the activity related to the unrecognized tax benefits: Balance at January 1, 2018 Additions based on tax positions related to prior years Settlements Expirations of the statute of limitations Balance at December 31, 2018 Additions based on tax positions related to prior years Expirations of the statute of limitations Balance at December 31, 2019 Additions based on tax positions related to prior years Settlements Expirations of the statute of limitations Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 628 26 (100) (163) 391 1,586 (330) 1,647 458 (402) (50) $1,653 In the event the unrecognized tax benefits of $1,653 at December 31, 2020 were recognized, such recognition would impact the effective tax rate. The Company classifies all tax-related interest and penalties as income tax expense. It is reasonably possible the Company may recognize up to approximately $15 of unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months, primarily pertaining to expiring statutes of limitations on prior state and local income tax return positions. The Company files U.S. and state and local income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. The Company, from time to time, receives notices related to audits and adjustments related to its partnerships and, recently, received notice of an IRS audit of Douglas Elliman’s 2018 tax return. 14. STOCK COMPENSATION The Company granted equity compensation under its Amended and Restated 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “1999 Plan”) until the 1999 Plan expired on December 31, 2013. On May 16, 2014, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2014 Management Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”). The 2014 Plan replaced the 1999 Plan. Like the 1999 Plan, the 2014 Plan provides for the Company to grant stock options, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock. The 2014 Plan also provides for awards based on a multi-year performance period and for annual short-term awards based on a twelve-month performance period. Shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan are 7,251,038 shares. The Company may satisfy its obligations under any award granted under the 2014 Plan by issuing new shares. Awards previously granted under the 1999 Plan remain outstanding in accordance with their terms. Stock Options. The Company recognized compensation expense of $1,428, $1,923 and $2,246 related to stock options in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. All awards have a contractual term of ten years and awards vest over a period of two to seven years depending upon each grant. The fair value of option grants is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Black-Scholes option pricing model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions, including expected stock price characteristics which are significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of stock-based compensation awards. F-64 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 14. STOCK COMPENSATION – (continued) The assumptions used under the Black-Scholes option pricing model in computing fair value of options are based on the expected option life considering both the contractual term of the option and expected employee exercise behavior, the interest rate associated with U.S. Treasury issues with a remaining term equal to the expected option life and the expected volatility of the Company’s common stock over the expected term of the option. The assumptions used for grants in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows: Risk-free interest rate Expected volatility Dividend yield Expected holding period Weighted-average grant date fair value(1) 2019 2018 2.5% – 2.7% 2.7% – 2.9% 20.24% – 20.45% 19.02% – 21.05% 0.0% 4 – 10 years $2.36 – $4.08 0.0% 5 – 10 years $4.62 – $7.58 (1) Per share amounts have not been adjusted to give effect to the stock dividends in 2019 and 2018. A summary of employee stock option transactions follows: Outstanding on January 1, 2018 Granted Canceled Outstanding on December 31, 2018 Granted Exercised Canceled Outstanding on December 31, 2019 Exercised Outstanding on December 31, 2020 Options exercisable at: December 31, 2018 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2020 Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) 4.7 Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) $41,069 4.1 $ 1,095 5.0 4.6 $ 4,427 $ 487 Number of Shares Weighted-Average Exercise Price $12.74 $18.42 — $13.16 $10.92 $ 8.67 — $14.80 $11.14 $15.40 5,433,626 427,219 (12) 5,860,833 406,875 (1,824,351) (11) 4,443,346 (620,527) 3,822,819 4,019,477 2,689,673 2,540,150 (1) The aggregate intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair value of the underlying common stock ($11.65, $13.39 and $9.27 at December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively) exceeds the option exercise price. Additional information relating to options outstanding at December 31, 2020 follows: F-65 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 14. STOCK COMPENSATION – (continued) Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) Weighted- Average Exercise Price 3.8 — 3.4 — 5.6 4.6 $11.32 $ — $14.68 $ — $18.84 $15.40 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) 2.2 — 3.4 — 4.7 3.4 Exercisable as of 12/31/2020 1,055,315 — 519,278 — 965,557 2,540,150 Outstanding as of 12/31/2020 1,462,190 — 519,278 — 1,841,351 3,822,819 Weighted- Average Exercise Price $11.47 $ — $14.68 $ — $18.61 $14.84 Aggregate Intrinsic Value $ — — — — — $487 Range of Exercise Prices $9.86 – $11.83 $11.83 – $13.80 $13.80 – $15.77 $15.77 – $17.74 $17.74 – $19.71 As of December 31, 2020, there was $1,229 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.12 years at December 31, 2020. As a result of adopting ASU 2016-09, the Company reflects the net excess tax benefits of stock-based compensation in its consolidated financial statements as a component of “Cash Flows from Operating Activities.” Non-qualified options for 406,875 shares of common stock were issued during 2019. The exercise price of the options granted was $10.92 in 2019. The exercise price of the options granted in 2019 was at the fair value on the date of the grants. Non-qualified options for 427,219 shares of common stock were issued during 2018. The exercise price of the options granted was $18.42 in 2018. The exercise price of the options granted in 2018 was at the fair value on the date of the grants. The Company has elected to use the long-form method under which each award grant is tracked on an employee-by-employee basis and grant-by-grant basis to determine if there is a tax benefit or tax deficiency for such award. The Company then compares the fair value expense to the tax deduction received for each grant in order to calculate the related tax benefits and deficiencies. All excess tax benefits and deficiencies are recognized as a component of income tax expense or benefit on the income statement. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $835. Tax benefits related to option exercises of $104 were recorded as reductions to income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2020. A total of 620,527 options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2020. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $6,577. Tax benefits related to option exercises of $1,546 were recorded as reductions to income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2019. A total of 1,824,351 options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2019. Restricted Stock Awards. In 2020, the Company granted 425,000 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “The 2020 Grants”) pursuant to the 1999 Plan to five of its executive officers. The shares vest over a period of four years and the Company will recognize $5,041 of expense over the vesting period of the July 2020 grant. The Company recognized expense of $747 for the year ended December 31, 2020. F-66 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 14. STOCK COMPENSATION – (continued) On May 2, 2019, the Company granted 63,000 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “May 2019 Grant”) pursuant to the 1999 Plan to six of its outside directors. The shares vest over a period of three years and the Company will recognize $564 of expense over the vesting period of the May 2019 grant. The Company recognized expense of $188 and $124 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. On May 29, 2018, the Company granted 27,563 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the 1999 Plan to one of its executive officers. The shares vested on May 29, 2020 and the Company recognized $481 of expense through the vesting date. The Company recognized expense of $98, $241 and $142 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Additionally, on May 29, 2018, the Company granted 7,348 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the 1999 Plan to two of its outside directors. The shares vested on April 25, 2019 and the Company recognized $128 of expense through the vesting date. The Company recognized expense of $46 and $82 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In April 2016, the Company granted 60,775 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “April 2016 Grant”) pursuant to the 1999 Plan to five of its outside directors. The shares vested in April 2019 and the Company recognized $1,054 of expense over the vesting period of three years. The Company recognized expense of $92 and $374 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. On November 10, 2015, the Company granted its President and Chief Executive Officer an award of 1,458,608 shares of its common stock subject to service and performance-based vesting. The award shares were issued pursuant to the terms of an agreement that provides that both a performance requirement and a continued employment requirement must be met over a seven-year performance period to earn vested rights with respect to the award shares. The maximum potential amount of the award shares reflects recognition of the CEO’s contributions as CEO since January 1, 2006 and the value of his management and real estate expertise to the Company. The fair market value of the restricted shares on the date of grant was $28,374 and is being amortized over the performance period as a charge to compensation expense. The Company recognized expense of $4,053 for each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. On July 23, 2014, the Company granted its President and Chief Executive Officer an award of 1,340,096 shares of its common stock subject to service and performance-based vesting. The award shares were issued pursuant to the terms of an agreement that provides that both a performance requirement and a continued employment requirement must be met over a seven-year performance period to earn vested rights with respect to the award shares. The maximum potential amount of the award shares reflects recognition of the CEO’s contributions as CEO since January 1, 2006 and the value of his management and real estate expertise to the Company. The fair market value of the restricted shares on the date of grant was $20,780 and is being amortized over the performance period as a charge to compensation expense. The Company recognized expense of $2,969 for each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In October 2013, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Liggett and Liggett Vector Brands was awarded a restricted stock grant of 36,853 shares of Vector’s common stock pursuant to the 1999 Plan. The shares vested on March 15, 2019, contingent upon the certification of performance-based targets being achieved by the Company’s Tobacco segment. He received dividends on the restricted shares as paid. The fair market value of the restricted shares on the date of grant was $458 and was amortized over the vesting period as a charge to compensation expense. The Company recognized expense of $21 and $85 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. F-67 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 14. STOCK COMPENSATION – (continued) As of December 31, 2020, there was $12,081 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested restricted stock awards. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.26 years. As of December 31, 2019, there was $15,095 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested restricted stock awards. The Company’s accounting policy is to treat dividends paid on unvested restricted stock as a reduction to additional paid-in capital on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. 15. CONTINGENCIES Tobacco-Related Litigation: Overview. Since 1954, Liggett and other United States cigarette manufacturers have been named as defendants in numerous direct, third-party and purported class actions predicated on the theory that cigarette manufacturers should be liable for damages alleged to have been caused by cigarette smoking or by exposure to secondary smoke from cigarettes. The cases have generally fallen into the following categories: (i) smoking and health cases alleging personal injury brought on behalf of individual plaintiffs (“Individual Actions”); (ii) lawsuits by individuals requesting the benefit of the Engle ruling (“Engle progeny cases”); (iii) smoking and health cases primarily alleging personal injury or seeking court-supervised programs for ongoing medical monitoring, as well as cases alleging that use of the terms “lights” and/or “ultra lights” constitutes a deceptive and unfair trade practice, common law fraud or violation of federal law, purporting to be brought on behalf of a class of individual plaintiffs (“Class Actions”); and (iv) health care cost recovery actions brought by various foreign and domestic governmental plaintiffs and non-governmental plaintiffs seeking reimbursement for health care expenditures allegedly caused by cigarette smoking and/or disgorgement of profits (“Health Care Cost Recovery Actions”). The future financial impact of the risks and expenses of litigation are not quantifiable. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, Liggett incurred tobacco product liability legal expenses and costs totaling $6,476, $7,363, and $7,144, respectively. The tobacco product liability legal expenses and costs are included in the operating, selling, administrative and general expenses and litigation settlement and judgment expense line items in the consolidated statements of operations. Legal defense costs are expensed as incurred. Litigation is subject to uncertainty and it is possible that there could be adverse developments in pending cases. With the commencement of new cases, the defense costs and the risks relating to the unpredictability of litigation increase. Management reviews on a quarterly basis with counsel all pending litigation and evaluates the probability of a loss being incurred and whether an estimate can be made of the possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome. An unfavorable outcome or settlement of pending tobacco-related litigation could encourage the commencement of additional litigation. Damages awarded in tobacco-related litigation can be significant. Bonds. Although Liggett has been able to obtain required bonds or relief from bonding requirements in order to prevent plaintiffs from seeking to collect judgments while adverse verdicts are on appeal, there remains a risk that such relief may not be obtainable in all cases. This risk has been reduced given that a majority of states now limit the dollar amount of bonds or require no bond at all. As of December 31, 2020, to obtain a stay of the judgment pending the appeal of the Santoro case, Liggett had secured $535 in bonds. In June 2009, Florida amended its existing bond cap statute by adding a $200,000 bond cap that applies to all Engle progeny cases in the aggregate and establishes individual bond caps for individual Engle progeny cases in amounts that vary depending on the number of judgments in effect at a given time. The maximum amount of any such bond for an appeal in the Florida state courts will be no greater than $5,000. F-68 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) In several cases, plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of the bond cap statute, but to date the courts have upheld the constitutionality of the statute. It is possible that the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected by an unfavorable outcome of such challenges. Accounting Policy. The Company and its subsidiaries record provisions in their consolidated financial statements for pending litigation when they determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. At the present time, while it is reasonably possible that an unfavorable outcome in a case may occur, except as discussed in this Note 15: (i) management has concluded that it is not probable that a loss has been incurred in any of the pending tobacco-related cases; or (ii) management is unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome of any of the pending tobacco-related cases and, therefore, management has not provided any amounts in the consolidated financial statements for unfavorable outcomes, if any. Although Liggett has generally been successful in managing the litigation filed against it, litigation is subject to uncertainty and significant challenges remain, including with respect to the remaining Engle progeny cases. There can be no assurances that Liggett’s past litigation experience will be representative of future results. Judgments have been entered against Liggett in the past, in Individual Actions and Engle progeny cases, and several of those judgments were affirmed on appeal and satisfied by Liggett. It is possible that the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company could be materially adversely affected by an unfavorable outcome or settlement of any of the remaining smoking-related litigation. Liggett believes, and has been so advised by counsel, that it has valid defenses to the litigation pending against it, as well as valid bases for appeal of adverse verdicts. All such cases are and will continue to be vigorously defended. Liggett has entered into settlement discussions in individual cases or groups of cases where Liggett has determined it was in its best interest to do so, and it may continue to do so in the future. As cases proceed through the appellate process, the Company will consider accruals on a case-by-case basis if an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Individual Actions As of December 31, 2020, there were 70 Individual Actions pending against Liggett, where one or more individual plaintiffs allege injury resulting from cigarette smoking, addiction to cigarette smoking or exposure to secondary smoke and seek compensatory and, in some cases, punitive damages. These cases do not include the remaining Engle progeny cases. The following table lists the number of Individual Actions by state: State Florida Illinois Nevada New Mexico Louisiana Massachusetts Number of Cases 43 12 7 5 2 1 The plaintiffs’ allegations of liability in cases in which individuals seek recovery for injuries allegedly caused by cigarette smoking are based on various theories of recovery, including negligence, gross negligence, breach of special duty, strict liability, fraud, concealment, misrepresentation, design defect, failure to warn, breach of express and implied warranties, conspiracy, aiding and abetting, concert of F-69 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) action, unjust enrichment, common law public nuisance, property damage, invasion of privacy, mental anguish, emotional distress, disability, shock, indemnity, violations of deceptive trade practice laws, the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), state RICO statutes and antitrust statutes. In many of these cases, in addition to compensatory damages, plaintiffs also seek other forms of relief including treble/multiple damages, medical monitoring, disgorgement of profits and punitive damages. Although alleged damages often are not determinable from a complaint, and the law governing the pleading and calculation of damages varies from state to state and jurisdiction to jurisdiction, compensatory and punitive damages have been specifically pleaded in a number of cases, sometimes in amounts ranging into the hundreds of millions and even billions of dollars. Defenses raised in Individual Actions include lack of proximate cause, assumption of the risk, comparative fault and/or contributory negligence, lack of design defect, statute of limitations, statute of repose, equitable defenses such as “unclean hands” and lack of benefit, failure to state a claim and federal preemption. Engle Progeny Cases In May 1994, the Engle case was filed as a class action against Liggett and others in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The class consisted of all Florida residents who, by November 21, 1996, “have suffered, presently suffer or have died from diseases and medical conditions caused by their addiction to cigarette smoking.” A trial was held and the jury returned a verdict adverse to the defendants (approximately $145,000,000 in punitive damages, including $790,000 against Liggett). Following an appeal to the Third District Court of Appeal, the Florida Supreme Court in July 2006 decertified the class on a prospective basis and affirmed the appellate court’s reversal of the punitive damages award. Former class members had until January 2008 to file individual lawsuits. As a result, Liggett and the Company, and other cigarette manufacturers, were sued in thousands of Engle progeny cases in both federal and state courts in Florida. Although the Company was not named as a defendant in the Engle case, it was named as a defendant in substantially all of the Engle progeny cases where Liggett was named as a defendant. Cautionary Statement About Engle Progeny Cases. Since 2009, judgments have been entered against Liggett and other cigarette manufacturers in Engle progeny cases. A number of the judgments were affirmed on appeal and satisfied by the defendants. Many were overturned on appeal. As of December 31, 2020, 25 Engle progeny cases where Liggett was a defendant at trial resulted in verdicts. There have been 16 verdicts returned in favor of the plaintiffs and nine in favor of Liggett. In five of the cases, punitive damages were awarded against Liggett. Several of the adverse verdicts were overturned on appeal and new trials were ordered. In certain cases, the judgments were entered jointly and severally with other defendants and Liggett may face the risk that one or more co-defendants decline or otherwise fail to participate in the bonding required for an appeal or to pay their proportionate or jury-allocated share of a judgment. As a result, under certain circumstances, Liggett may have to pay more than its proportionate share of any bonding or judgment related amounts. Except as discussed in this Note 15, management is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss from the remaining Engle progeny cases as there are currently multiple defendants in each case and, in most cases, discovery has not occurred or is limited. As a result, the Company lacks information about whether plaintiffs are in fact Engle class members, the relevant smoking history, the nature of the alleged injury and the availability of various defenses, among other things. Further, plaintiffs typically do not specify the amount of their demand for damages. As cases proceed through the appellate process, the Company will consider accruals on a case-by-case basis if an unfavorable outcome becomes probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. F-70 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) Engle Progeny Settlements. In October 2013, the Company and Liggett entered into a settlement with approximately 4,900 Engle progeny plaintiffs and their counsel. Pursuant to the terms of the settlement, Liggett agreed to pay a total of approximately $110,000, with $61,600 paid in an initial lump sum and the balance to be paid in installments over 14 years starting in February 2015. The Company’s future payments will be approximately $3,400 per annum through 2028, with a cost of living increase beginning in 2021. In exchange, the claims of these plaintiffs were dismissed with prejudice against the Company and Liggett. Liggett subsequently entered into two separate agreements with a total of 152 Engle progeny plaintiffs where Liggett paid a total of $23,150 to settle their claims. On an individual basis, Liggett settled an additional 202 Engle progeny cases for approximately $8,100 in the aggregate. One of these settlements occurred in the fourth quarter of 2020. Notwithstanding the comprehensive nature of the Engle Progeny Settlements, 41 plaintiffs’ claims remain pending in state court. Therefore, the Company and Liggett may still be subject to periodic adverse judgments which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Judgments Paid in Engle Progeny Cases. As of December 31, 2020, Liggett had paid in the aggregate $39,773, including interest and attorneys’ fees, to satisfy the judgments in the following Engle progeny cases: Lukacs, Campbell, Douglas, Clay, Tullo, Ward, Rizzuto, Lambert and Buchanan. In Santoro, an adverse verdict against Liggett for $266 plus interest, costs and attorneys’ fees, was affirmed on appeal and satisfied by Liggett in February 2021. Maryland Cases Liggett was a defendant in 16 multi-defendant personal injury cases in Maryland alleging claims arising from asbestos and tobacco exposure (“synergy cases”). In July 2016, the Court of Appeals (Maryland’s highest court) ruled that joinder of tobacco and asbestos cases may be possible in certain circumstances, but plaintiffs must demonstrate at the trial court level how such cases may be joined while providing appropriate safeguards to prevent embarrassment, delay, expense or prejudice to defendants and “the extent to which, if at all, the special procedures applicable to asbestos cases should extend to tobacco companies.” The Court of Appeals remanded these issues to be determined at the trial court level. In June 2017, the trial court issued an order dismissing all synergy cases against the tobacco defendants, including Liggett, without prejudice. Plaintiffs may seek appellate review or file new cases against the tobacco companies. Liggett Only Cases There are currently five cases where Liggett is the sole defendant: Cowart, a Florida Individual Action, and Tumin, Forbing, Jones and Pridgen, Engle progeny cases. It is possible that cases where Liggett is the only defendant could increase as a result of the remaining Engle progeny cases and newly filed Individual Actions. Upcoming Trials As of December 31, 2020, there were four Individual Actions (Baron, Feld, Lane and Mendez) scheduled for trial through December 31, 2021, where Liggett (and/or the Company) is a named defendant. Trial dates are subject to change and additional cases could be set for trial during this time. F-71 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) Class Actions As of December 31, 2020, two actions were pending for which either a class had been certified or plaintiffs were seeking class certification where Liggett is a named defendant. Other cigarette manufacturers are also named in these two cases. Plaintiffs’ allegations of liability in class action cases are based on various theories of recovery, including negligence, gross negligence, strict liability, fraud, misrepresentation, design defect, failure to warn, nuisance, breach of express and implied warranties, breach of special duty, conspiracy, concert of action, violation of deceptive trade practice laws and consumer protection statutes and claims under the federal and state anti-racketeering statutes. Plaintiffs in the class actions seek various forms of relief, including compensatory and punitive damages, treble/multiple damages and other statutory damages and penalties, creation of medical monitoring and smoking cessation funds, disgorgement of profits, and injunctive and equitable relief. Defenses raised in these cases include, among others, lack of proximate cause, individual issues the risk, comparative fault and/or contributory negligence, statute of predominate, assumption of limitations and federal preemption. In November 1997, in Young v. American Tobacco Co., a purported personal injury class action was commenced on behalf of plaintiff and all similarly situated residents in Louisiana who, though not themselves cigarette smokers, allege they were exposed to secondhand smoke from cigarettes that were manufactured by the defendants, including Liggett, and suffered injury as a result of that exposure. The plaintiffs seek to recover an unspecified amount of compensatory and punitive damages. No class certification hearing has been held. A stay order entered on March 16, 2016 stays the case pending completion of the smoking cessation program ordered by the court in Scott v. The American Tobacco Co. In February 1998, in Parsons v. AC & S Inc., a purported class action was commenced on behalf of all West Virginia residents who allegedly have claims arising from their exposure to cigarette smoke and asbestos fibers. The operative complaint seeks to recover unspecified compensatory and punitive damages on behalf of the putative class. The case is stayed as a result of the December 2000 bankruptcy of three of the defendants. Health Care Cost Recovery Actions As of December 31, 2020, one Health Care Cost Recovery Action was pending against Liggett, Crow Creek Sioux Tribe v. American Tobacco Company, a South Dakota case filed in 1997, where the plaintiff seeks to recover damages from Liggett and other cigarette manufacturers based on various theories of recovery as a result of alleged sales of tobacco products to minors. The case is dormant. The claims asserted in health care cost recovery actions vary, but can include the equitable claim of indemnity, common law claims of negligence, strict liability, breach of express and implied warranty, breach of special duty, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, conspiracy, public nuisance, claims under state and federal statutes governing consumer fraud, antitrust, deceptive trade practices and false advertising, and claims under RICO. Although no specific damage amounts are typically pleaded, it is possible that requested damages might be in the billions of dollars. In these cases, plaintiffs typically assert equitable claims that the tobacco industry was “unjustly enriched” by their payment of health care costs allegedly attributable to smoking and seek reimbursement of those costs. Relief sought by some, but not all, plaintiffs include punitive damages, multiple damages and other statutory damages and penalties, injunctions prohibiting alleged marketing and sales to minors, disclosure of research, disgorgement of profits, funding of anti-smoking programs, additional disclosure of nicotine yields, and payment of attorney and expert witness fees. F-72 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) Department of Justice Lawsuit In September 1999, the United States government commenced litigation against Liggett and other cigarette manufacturers in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The action sought to recover, among other things, an unspecified amount of health care costs paid and to be paid by the federal government for smoking-related illnesses allegedly caused by the fraudulent and tortious conduct of defendants. In August 2006, the trial court entered a Final Judgment against each of the cigarette manufacturing defendants, except Liggett. The judgment was affirmed on appeal. As a result, the cigarette manufacturing defendants, other than Liggett, are now subject to the trial court’s Final Judgment which ordered, among other things, the issuance of “corrective statements” in various media regarding the adverse health effects of smoking, the addictiveness of smoking and nicotine, the lack of any significant health benefit from smoking “low tar” or “lights” cigarettes, defendants’ manipulation of cigarette design to ensure optimum nicotine delivery and the adverse health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. MSA and Other State Settlement Agreements In March 1996, March 1997 and March 1998, Liggett entered into settlements of smoking-related litigation with 45 states and territories. The settlements released Liggett from all smoking-related claims made by those states and territories, including claims for health care cost reimbursement and claims concerning sales of cigarettes to minors. In November 1998, Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds and two other companies (the “Original Participating Manufacturers” or “OPMs”) and Liggett and Vector Tobacco (together with any other tobacco product manufacturer that becomes a signatory, the “Subsequent Participating Manufacturers” or “SPMs”) (the OPMs and SPMs are hereinafter referred to jointly as “PMs”) entered into the Master Settlement Agreement (the “MSA”) with 46 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands (collectively, the “Settling States”) to settle the asserted and unasserted health care cost recovery and certain other claims of the Settling States. The MSA received final judicial approval in each Settling State. As a result of the MSA, the Settling States released Liggett and Vector Tobacco from: • • all claims of the Settling States and their respective political subdivisions and other recipients of state health care funds, relating to: (i) past conduct arising out of the use, sale, distribution, manufacture, development, advertising and marketing of tobacco products; (ii) the health effects of, the exposure to, or research, statements or warnings about, tobacco products; and all monetary claims of the Settling States and their respective subdivisions and other recipients of state health care funds relating to future conduct arising out of the use of, or exposure to, tobacco products that have been manufactured in the ordinary course of business. The MSA restricts tobacco product advertising and marketing within the Settling States and otherwise restricts the activities of PMs. Among other things, the MSA prohibits the targeting of youth in the advertising, promotion or marketing of tobacco products; bans the use of cartoon characters in all tobacco advertising and promotion; limits each PM to one tobacco brand name sponsorship during any 12-month period; bans all outdoor advertising, with certain limited exceptions; prohibits payments for tobacco product placement in various media; bans gift offers based on the purchase of tobacco products without sufficient proof that the intended recipient is an adult; prohibits PMs from licensing third parties to advertise tobacco brand names in any manner prohibited under the MSA; and prohibits PMs from using as a tobacco product brand name any nationally recognized non-tobacco brand or trade name or the names of sports teams, entertainment groups or individual celebrities. F-73 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) The MSA also requires PMs to affirm corporate principles to comply with the MSA and to reduce underage use of tobacco products and imposes restrictions on lobbying activities conducted on behalf of PMs. In addition, the MSA provides for the appointment of an independent auditor to calculate and determine the amounts of payments owed pursuant to the MSA. Under the payment provisions of the MSA, PMs are required to make annual payments of $9,000,000 (subject to applicable adjustments, offsets and reductions including a “Non-Participating Manufacturers Adjustment” or “NPM Adjustment”). These annual payments are allocated based on unit volume of domestic cigarette shipments. The payment obligations under the MSA are the several, and not joint, obligation of each PM and are not the responsibility of any parent or affiliate of a PM. Liggett has no payment obligations under the MSA except to the extent its market share exceeds a market share exemption of approximately 1.65% of total cigarettes sold in the United States. Vector Tobacco has no payment obligations under the MSA except to the extent its market share exceeds a market share exemption of approximately 0.28% of total cigarettes sold in the United States. Liggett and Vector Tobacco’s domestic shipments accounted for approximately 4.1% of the total cigarettes sold in the United States in 2020. If Liggett’s or Vector Tobacco’s market share exceeds their respective market share exemption in a given year, then on April 15 of the following year, Liggett and/or Vector Tobacco, as the case may be, must pay on each excess unit an amount equal (on a per-unit basis) to that due from the OPMs for that year. On December 30, 2020, Liggett and Vector Tobacco pre-paid $143,000 of their approximate $182,000 2020 MSA obligation, the balance of which will be paid in April 2021, subject to applicable disputes or adjustments. Certain MSA Disputes NPM Adjustment. Liggett and Vector Tobacco contend that they are entitled to an NPM Adjustment for each year from 2003 – 2020. The NPM Adjustment is a potential adjustment to annual MSA payments, available when PMs suffer a market share loss to NPMs for a particular year and an economic consulting firm selected pursuant to the MSA determines (or the parties agree) that the MSA was a “significant factor contributing to” that loss. A Settling State that has “diligently enforced” its qualifying escrow statute in the year in question may be able to avoid its allocable share of the NPM Adjustment. For 2003 – 2019, Liggett and Vector Tobacco, as applicable, disputed that they owed the Settling States the NPM Adjustments as calculated by the independent auditor. As permitted by the MSA, Liggett and Vector Tobacco either paid subject to dispute, withheld payment, or paid into a disputed payment account, the amounts associated with these NPM Adjustments. In June 2010, after the PMs prevailed in 48 of 49 motions to compel arbitration, the parties commenced the arbitration for the 2003 NPM Adjustment. That arbitration concluded in September 2013. It was followed by various challenges filed in state courts by states that did not prevail in the arbitration. Those challenges resulted in reductions, but not elimination of, the amounts awarded. The PMs settled most of the disputed NPM Adjustment years with 37 states representing approximately 75% of the MSA share for 2003 – 2022. The 2004 NPM Adjustment arbitration started in 2016, with the final individual state hearings likely to occur in April 2021 and a second phase addressing the effect of the settlements to start thereafter. The parties have also selected an arbitration panel to address the NPM Adjustments for 2005 – 2007 and initial proceedings in that arbitration are likely to commence in 2021. As a result of the settlement and arbitration award described above, Liggett and Vector Tobacco reduced cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2020 by $6,350, for an aggregate reduction in costs of sales for years 2013 – 2020 of $54,382. Liggett and Vector Tobacco may be entitled to further adjustments. As of December 31, 2020, Liggett and Vector Tobacco had accrued approximately $13,200 related to the F-74 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) disputed amounts withheld from the non-settling states for 2004 – 2010, which may be subject to payment, with interest, if Liggett and Vector Tobacco lose the disputes for those years. As of December 31, 2020, there remains approximately $40,700 in the disputed payments account relating to Liggett and Vector Tobacco’s 2011 – 2019 NPM Adjustment disputes with the non-settling states. If Liggett and Vector Tobacco lose the disputes for all or any of those years, pursuant to the MSA, no interest would be due on the amounts paid into the disputed payment account. Other State Settlements. The MSA replaced Liggett’s prior settlements with all states and territories except for Florida, Mississippi, Texas and Minnesota. Each of these four states, prior to the effective date of the MSA, negotiated and executed settlement agreements with each of the other major tobacco companies, separate from those settlements reached previously with Liggett. Except as described below, Liggett’s agreements with these states remain in full force and effect. These states’ settlement agreements with Liggett contained most favored nation provisions which could reduce Liggett’s payment obligations based on subsequent settlements or resolutions by those states with certain other tobacco companies. Beginning in 1999, Liggett determined that, based on settlements or resolutions with United States Tobacco Company, Liggett’s payment obligations to those four states were eliminated. With respect to all non-economic obligations under the previous settlements, Liggett believes it is entitled to the most favorable provisions as between the MSA and each state’s respective settlement with the other major tobacco companies. Therefore, Liggett’s non-economic obligations to all states and territories are now defined by the MSA. In 2003, as a result of a dispute with Minnesota regarding its settlement agreement, Liggett agreed to pay $100 a year in any year cigarettes manufactured by Liggett are sold in that state. Further, the Attorneys General for Florida, Mississippi and Texas advised Liggett that they believed Liggett had failed to make payments under the respective settlement agreements with those states. In 2010, Liggett settled with Florida and agreed to pay $1,200 and to make further annual payments of $250 for a period of 21 years, starting in March 2011, with the payments from year 12 forward being subject to an inflation adjustment. In January 2016, the Attorney General for Mississippi filed a motion in Chancery Court in Jackson County, Mississippi to enforce the March 1996 settlement agreement (the “1996 Agreement”) alleging that Liggett owes Mississippi at least $27,000 in compensatory damages and additional amounts for interest, punitive damages and attorneys’ fees. In April 2017, the Chancery Court ruled that the 1996 Agreement should be enforced and referred the matter to a Special Master for further proceedings to determine the amount of damages, if any, to be awarded. In June 2018, the Chancery Court granted Liggett’s motion to compel arbitration as to two issues concerning damages and stayed the proceedings before the Special Master pending completion of the arbitration. In March 2019, the arbitration panel issued its final arbitration award on the two issues before it: (i) the panel ruled in favor of Liggett, finding that the $294,000 of proceeds from Eve Holdings’ 1999 brand sale should not be included in Liggett’s pre-tax income; and (ii) ruled in favor of Mississippi on the remaining issue, finding that compensatory damages to Mississippi, if any, would be based on 0.5% of Liggett’s annual pre-tax income for the term of the settlement agreement. Following confirmation of the arbitration award, Mississippi voluntarily dismissed with prejudice its claims for punitive damages and attorneys’ fees. to Mississippi pursuant In July 2019, the parties stipulated that the unpaid principal (exclusive of interest) purportedly due is to the 1996 Agreement from Liggett approximately $15,500, subject to Liggett’s right to litigate and/or appeal the enforceability of the 1996 Agreement (and all issues other than the calculation of such principal amount). In September 2019, the Special Master held a hearing regarding the state’s claim for approximately $17,500 in prejudgment interest as well as post-judgment interest in amounts to be determined. A decision is pending. Liggett continues to believe that the April 2017 Chancery Court order is in error because the most favored nations provision in the 1996 Agreement eliminated all of Liggett’s payment obligations to Mississippi, and it reserved all rights to appeal this and other issues at the conclusion of the case. In the event Liggett appeals an adverse judgment, the posting of a bond may be required. (from inception through 2019) F-75 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) Liggett may be required to make additional payments to Mississippi and Texas which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Cautionary Statement Management is not able to reasonably predict the outcome of the litigation pending or threatened against Liggett or the Company. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties. Liggett has been found liable in multiple Engle progeny cases and Individual Actions, several of which were affirmed on appeal and satisfied by Liggett. It is possible that other cases could be decided unfavorably against Liggett and that Liggett will be unsuccessful on appeal. Liggett may attempt to settle particular cases if it believes it is in its best interest to do so. Management cannot predict the cash requirements related to any future defense costs, settlements or judgments, including cash required to bond any appeals, and there is a risk that Liggett may not be able to meet those requirements. An unfavorable outcome of a pending smoking-related case could encourage the commencement of additional litigation. Except as discussed in this Note 15, management is unable to estimate the loss or range of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome of the cases pending against Liggett or the costs of defending such cases and as a result has not provided any amounts in its consolidated financial statements for unfavorable outcomes. The tobacco industry is subject to a wide range of laws and regulations regarding the marketing, sale, taxation and use of tobacco products imposed by local, state and federal governments. There have been a number of restrictive regulatory actions, adverse legislative and political decisions and other unfavorable developments concerning cigarette smoking and the tobacco industry. These developments may negatively affect the perception of potential triers of fact with respect to the tobacco industry, possibly to the detriment of certain pending litigation, and may prompt the commencement of additional litigation or legislation. It is possible that the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected by an unfavorable outcome in any of the smoking-related litigation. The activity in the Company’s accruals for the MSA and tobacco litigation for the three years ended December 31, 2020 were as follows: F-76 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) Current Liabilities Non-Current Liabilities Payments due under Master Settlement Agreement Litigation Accruals Total Payments due under Master Settlement Agreement Litigation Accruals Total Balance as of January 1, 2018 $ 12,384 $ 260 $ 12,644 $21,479 $19,840 $41,319 Expenses NPM Settlement adjustment 168,820 (595) 735 — 169,555 — (595) (5,703) — — — (5,703) Change in MSA obligations capitalized as inventory Payments Reclassification to/(from) non-current liabilities Interest on withholding Balance as of December 31, 2018 Expenses (1,438) — (1,438) (141,963) (935) (142,898) (647) — 36,561 165,471 218 32 310 990 (429) 32 166,461 Change in MSA obligations capitalized as inventory 4,936 — 4,936 Payments, net of credits received (171,960) (670) (172,630) — (40) 647 — — — — (40) (218) 429 2,172 2,172 — — — — — — — — — 36,871 16,383 21,794 38,177 Reclassification to/(from) non-current liabilities Interest on withholding (892) 3,338 — 281 2,446 281 892 — (3,338) (2,446) 2,138 2,138 Balance as of December 31, 2019 34,116 4,249 38,365 17,275 20,594 37,869 Expenses NPM Settlement adjustment Change in MSA obligations capitalized as inventory 175,538 299 182 312 — — 175,850 299 182 — — — Payments, net of credits received (170,513) (4,334) (174,847) (197) — — — — — — — (197) Reclassification to/(from) non-current liabilities Interest on withholding (855) — 3,252 488 2,397 488 855 — (3,252) 1,926 (2,397) 1,926 Balance as of December 31, 2020 $ 38,767 $ 3,967 $ 42,734 $17,933 $19,268 $37,201 Other Matters: Liggett’s and Vector Tobacco’s management are unaware of any material environmental conditions affecting their existing facilities. Liggett’s and Vector Tobacco’s management believe that current operations are conducted in material compliance with all environmental laws and regulations and other laws and regulations governing cigarette manufacturers. Compliance with federal, state and local provisions regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, has not had a material impact on the capital expenditures, results of operations or competitive position of Liggett or Vector Tobacco. F-77 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 15. CONTINGENCIES – (continued) Liggett and the Company have received three separate demands for indemnification from Altria Client Services, on behalf of Philip Morris, relating to lawsuits alleging smokers’ use of L&M cigarettes. The indemnification demands are purportedly issued in connection with Eve Holdings’ 1999 sale of certain brands to Philip Morris. In addition to the foregoing, Douglas Elliman and certain of its subsidiaries are subject to numerous proceedings, lawsuits and claims in connection with their ordinary business activities. Many of these matters are covered by insurance or, in some cases, the company is indemnified by third parties. Management is of the opinion that the liabilities, if any, resulting from other proceedings, lawsuits and claims pending against the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, unrelated to tobacco product liability, should not materially affect the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. 16. SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION Cash paid during the period for: Interest, including interest related to finance leases Income taxes, net Non-cash investing and financing activities: Issuance of stock dividend Decrease in non-controlling interest related to purchase of subsidiary Notes payable issued for purchase of subsidiary Contingent consideration related to purchase of subsidiary Net receivable from purchase of subsidiary Year Ended December 31, 2020 2019 2018 $118,851 $118,974 $107,021 41,372 44,184 26,529 — — — — — 703 671 — (73,953) — — — 30,000 6,304 497 17. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS Ladenburg Thalmann Financial Services Inc. Prior to February 14, 2020, the Company owned 15,191,205 common shares (or approximately 10.2%) of LTS, which was a publicly-traded diversified financial services company prior to its merger with Advisor Group. The Company accounted for its investment in February 2020, the Company received cash proceeds of $53,169. The Company recorded equity in earnings of $53,424 for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company also received $6,009 for the redemption of its 240,000 shares of LTS 8% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock. in LTS under the equity method of accounting. In connection with the merger, Prior to the merger, the Company and LTS were parties to a management agreement and LTS paid the Company $103, $850 and $850 under the agreement for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively; these amounts were recorded as equity income. LTS paid cash compensation to the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, who served as Vice Chairman of LTS, prior to the merger, of $19, $1,600 and $1,575 for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. LTS paid cash compensation to the Company’s Executive Vice President and COO (the “Company’s COO”), who served as President and CEO of LTS, of $41, $2,142 and $2,025 for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At the closing of the transaction, the Company’s COO resigned as Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of LTS, and the Company’s management agreement with LTS was terminated. F-78 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 17. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS – (continued) Dr. Philip Frost, who beneficially owns more than 5% of the Company’s common stock, was a director of LTS until September 2018 and was the largest shareholder of LTS until December 2018. Castle Brands Inc. Prior to October 2019, the Company owned 12,895,017 shares (or approximately 7.6%) of Castle, which was a publicly-traded spirits company prior to its acquisition by Pernod Ricard. The Company accounted for its investment in Castle under the equity method of accounting. In connection with the acquisition, in October 2019, the Company received cash proceeds of $16,377 and recorded a pre-tax gain of $16,377. Prior to the acquisition,the Company and Castle were parties to a management agreement and Castle paid the Company $75 in 2019 and $100 in 2018 under the agreement. Castle paid retention payments of $515 in 2019 and $500 in 2018 to the Company’s COO who served as President and Chief Executive Officer as well as a director of Castle until October 2019. Dr. Frost was a director of Castle and was the largest shareholder of Castle until October 2019. At the closing of the transaction, the Company’s COO resigned as President and Chief Executive Officer of Castle and the Company’s management agreement with Castle was terminated. Insurance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, a firm in which he is a shareholder, and affiliates of that firm received insurance commissions aggregating approximately $265, $215 and $247 in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, on various insurance policies issued for the Company and its subsidiaries. Consulting services. Beginning in April 2020, a director of the Company, who served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Liggett Group LLC (“Liggett”) and Liggett Vector Brands LLC (“LVB”) until March 2020, has served as Non-Executive Chairman of the Board of Managers of LVB and as a Senior Advisor to Liggett. The director has been receiving compensation of $60 per month for his services as well as access to an office, administrative support and reimbursement of expenses reasonably incurred in connection with the services. The director received $540 in 2020. Other. In addition to its investment in LTS and Castle, the Company had made investments in other entities where Dr. Frost has had relationships. In 2020, the Company liquidated its investments in BioCardia, Inc. (OTC: BCDA) and Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (NASDAQ: COCP). Dr. Frost is a more than 10% shareholder of BioCardia, Inc. and a director and more than 5% shareholder of CoCrystal. In September 2012, the Company entered into an office lease with an entity affiliated with Dr. Frost. The lease is for space in an office building in Miami, Florida and will expire on April 20, 2023. The Lease provides for payments of $36 per month increasing to $41 per month. The Company recorded rental expense of $458, $458 and $450 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, associated with the lease. A son of the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer is an associate broker with Douglas in Elliman and he received commissions and other payments of $870, $712 and $318, respectively, accordance with brokerage activities in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. F-79 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 18. INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The Company’s financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements were as follows: Description Assets: Money market funds(1) Commercial paper (1) Certificates of deposit (2) Money market funds securing legal bonds (2) Investment securities at fair value Equity securities at fair value Marketable equity securities Mutual funds invested in debt securities Total equity securities at fair value Debt securities available for sale U.S. government securities Corporate securities U.S. government and federal agency Commercial paper Total debt securities available for sale Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2020 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total $255,294 44,397 $255,294 — $ — $ — — 44,397 2,111 535 — 535 2,111 — 21,155 23,226 44,381 19,200 52,434 10,484 9,086 91,204 21,155 23,226 44,381 — — — — — — — — 19,200 52,434 10,484 9,086 91,204 91,204 — — — — — — — — — — — — Total investment securities at fair value 135,585 44,381 Long-term investments Long-term investment securities at fair value(3) 34,218 — — Total Liabilities: $472,140 $300,210 $137,712 $ — Fair value of contingent liability Total $ $ 999 999 $ $ — $ — $ — $999 — $999 (1) Amounts included in Cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets, except for $10,374 that is included in current restricted assets and $1,907 that is included in non-current restricted assets. (2) Amounts included in current restricted assets and non-current restricted assets on the consolidated balance sheets. (3) In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. F-80 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 18. INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS – (continued) Description Assets: Money market funds(1) Commercial paper(1) Certificates of deposit(2) Money market funds securing legal bonds(2) Investment securities at fair value Equity securities at fair value Marketable equity securities Mutual funds invested in debt securities Total equity securities at fair value Debt securities available for sale U.S. government securities Corporate securities U.S. government and federal agency Commercial mortgage-backed securities Commercial paper Index-linked U.S. bonds Foreign fixed-income securities Total debt securities available for sale Total investment securities at fair value Long-term investments Long-term investment securities at fair value(3) Total Liabilities: Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2019 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total $307,655 47,328 2,193 $307,655 — — $ — $ — — — 47,328 2,193 535 535 — — 23,819 22,377 46,196 14,660 54,413 6,816 382 5,887 779 508 83,445 129,641 23,819 22,377 46,196 — — — — — — — — 46,196 — — — 14,660 54,413 6,816 382 5,887 779 508 83,445 83,445 45,781 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $533,133 $354,386 $132,966 $ — Fair value of contingent liability Fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt $ 3,147 4,999 Total $ 8,146 $ $ — $ — — $ — $3,147 — 4,999 — $8,146 (1) Amounts included in Cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets, except for $4,423 that is included in current restricted assets and $3,160 that is included in non-current restricted assets. (2) Amounts included in current restricted assets and non-current restricted assets on the consolidated balance sheets. (3) In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, investments that are measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. F-81 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 18. INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS – (continued) The fair value of the Level 2 certificates of deposit is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is the rate offered by the financial institution. The fair value of investment securities at fair value included in Level 1 is based on quoted market prices from various stock exchanges. The Level 2 investment securities at fair value are based on quoted market prices of securities that are thinly traded, quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active or inputs other than quoted prices such as interest rates and yield curves. The long-term investments are based on NAV per share provided by the partnerships based on the indicated market value of In accordance with Subtopic 820-10, these investments are not classified under the fair value hierarchy disclosed above because they are measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient. the underlying assets or investment portfolio. The fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt was derived using a valuation model. These derivatives have been classified as Level 3. The valuation model assumed future dividend payments by the Company and utilized interest rates and credit spreads based upon the implied credit spread of the 5.5% Convertible Notes due 2020 to determine the fair value of the derivatives embedded within the convertible debt. The changes in fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt are presented on the consolidated statements of operations. The value of the embedded derivatives was contingent on changes in implied interest rates of the convertible debt, the Company’s stock price, stock volatility as well as projections of future cash and stock dividends over the term of the debt. The interest rate component of the value of the embedded derivative was computed by calculating an equivalent non-convertible, unsecured and subordinated borrowing cost. This rate was determined by calculating the implied rate on the Company’s 5.5% Convertible Notes when removing the embedded option value within the convertible security. This rate was based upon market observable inputs and influenced by the Company’s stock price, convertible bond trading price, risk-free interest rates and stock volatility. The fair value of the Level 3 contingent liability was derived using a Monte Carlo valuation model. As part of the acquisition of the 29.41% non-controlling interest in Douglas Elliman, New Valley entered into a four-year payout agreement that requires it to pay the sellers a portion of the fair value in excess of the purchase price of Douglas Elliman should a sale of a controlling interest in Douglas Elliman occur. The contingent liability is recorded within “Other liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheets, and any change in fair value will be recorded in “Other, net” within the consolidated statements of operations. The value of the contingent liability is calculated using the outstanding payable owed to the sellers and the estimated fair value of Douglas Elliman. The liability is contingent upon the sale of a controlling interest in Douglas Elliman by the Company prior to October 1, 2022. The unobservable inputs related to the valuations of the Level 3 assets and liabilities were as follows at December 31, 2020: Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements Fair Value at December 31, 2020 Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range (Actual) Fair value of contingent liability $999 Monte Carlo simulation model Estimated fair value of the Douglas Elliman reporting unit $169,000 Risk-free rate for a 2-year term 0.13% Leverage-adjusted equity volatility of peer firms 78.57% F-82 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 18. INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS – (continued) The unobservable inputs related to the valuations of the Level 3 assets and liabilities were as follows at December 31, 2019: Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements Fair Value at December 31, 2019 Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Range (Actual) Fair value of derivatives embedded within convertible debt $4,999 Discounted cash flow Fair value of contingent liability $3,147 Monte Carlo simulation model Assumed annual stock dividend Assumed annual cash dividend Stock price Convertible trading price (as a percentage of par value) Maturity Volatility Risk-free rate Implied credit spread 5% $0.40/$0.20 $13.39 103.94% April 15, 2020 36.94% Term structure of US Treasury Securities 1.0% – 3.0% (2.0)% Estimated fair value of the Douglas Elliman reporting unit Risk-free rate for a 3-year term Leverage-adjusted equity volatility of peer firms $271,500 1.61% 35.56% In addition to assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company is required to record assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Generally, assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as a result of impairment charges. The Company had no nonrecurring nonfinancial assets subject to fair value measurements except for investments in real estate ventures that were impaired as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company’s investment in real estate ventures subject to nonrecurring fair value measurements are as follows: Description Assets: Fair Value Measurement Using: Year Ended December 31, 2020 Impairment Charge Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Investments in real estate ventures $16,513 $— $— $— $— The Company estimated the fair value of its investments in real estate ventures using observable inputs such as market pricing based on recent events, however, significant judgment was required to select certain inputs from observed market data. The decrease in the investments in real estate ventures was attributed to the decline in the projected sales prices and the duration of the estimated sell out of the respective real estate ventures. The $16,513 of impairment charges were included in the results from operations as a component of equity in losses from real estate ventures for the year ended December 31, 2020. F-83 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 18. INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS – (continued) Fair Value Measurement Using: Year Ended December 31, 2019 Impairment Charge Total Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Description Assets: Investments in real estate ventures $39,757 $18,335 $— $— $18,335 The Company estimated the fair value of its investments in real estate ventures using observable inputs such as market pricing based on recent events, however, significant judgment was required to select certain inputs from observed market data. The decrease in the investments in real estate ventures was attributed to the decline in the projected sales prices and the duration of the estimated sell out of the respective real estate ventures. The $39,757 of impairment charges were included in the results from operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. 19. SEGMENT INFORMATION The Company’s business segments were Tobacco and Real Estate. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. F-84 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 19. SEGMENT INFORMATION – (continued) Financial information for the Company’s operations before taxes and non-controlling interests for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was as follows: Tobacco Real Estate Corporate and Other Total 2020 Revenues Operating income (loss) Equity in losses from real estate ventures Identifiable assets Depreciation and amortization Capital expenditures 2019 Revenues Operating income (loss) Equity in losses from real estate ventures Identifiable assets Depreciation and amortization Capital expenditures 2018 Revenues Operating income (loss) Equity in earnings from real estate ventures Identifiable assets Depreciation and amortization Capital expenditures $1,204,501 319,536(1) $798,168 $ (49,895)(4) (24,498)(7) — $2,002,669 245,143 — (44,698) — (44,698) 557,505(5) 428,386(8) 1,343,409 17,629 878 8,874 6,226 8,346 19,063 357,518 7,877 4,491 $1,114,840 261,630(2) $788,871 (2,930) $ — $1,903,711 231,135 (27,565) — (19,288) — (19,288) 666,550(5) 501,973(8) 1,505,089 17,851 994 9,033 8,276 126 12,575 336,566 7,824 4,173 $1,111,094 $759,168 $ 246,527(3) — 315,706 8,210 — $1,870,262 224,049 (25,913) 3,435(6) 14,446 14,446 539,828(5) 693,970(8) 1,549,504 18,807 1,017 9,580 — 4,599 13,061 22 17,682 (1) Operating income includes $337 of litigation settlement and judgment expense. (2) Operating income includes $990 of litigation settlement and judgment expense. (3) Operating income includes $6,298 of income from MSA Settlement, and $685 of litigation settlement and judgment expense. (4) Operating loss includes $1,169 of loss on sale of assets. (5) Includes real estate investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting of $85,400, $131,556 and $141,105 as of December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. (6) Operating income includes $2,469 of litigation settlement and judgment income. (7) Operating loss includes $2,283 of gain on sale of assets. (8) Corporate and Other identifiable assets primarily includes cash of $211,729, investment securities of $135,585 and long-term investments of $52,528 as of December 31, 2020. Corporate and other F-85 VECTOR GROUP LTD. NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts) 19. SEGMENT INFORMATION – (continued) identifiable assets primarily includes cash of $272,459, investment securities of $129,641, and long-term investments of $61,723 as of December 31, 2019. Corporate and other identifiable assets primarily includes cash of $474,974, investment securities of $131,569, and long-term investments of $66,259 as of December 31, 2018. 20. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL RESULTS (UNAUDITED) Unaudited quarterly data for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows: Revenues Gross Profit Operating income (loss) Net income (loss) Net income (loss) applicable to common shares attributed to Vector Group Ltd. Per basic common share: Net income (loss) applicable to common shares attributed to Vector Group Ltd. Per diluted common share: Net income (loss) applicable to common shares attributed to Vector Group Ltd. Revenues Gross Profit Operating income Net income December 31, 2020 September 30, 2020 June 30, 2020 March 31, 2020 $554,590 $547,831 $445,760 $454,488 177,528 173,256 140,875 143,865 87,333 32,256 95,917 38,139 66,797 25,774 (4,904) (3,231) 32,256 38,139 25,774 (3,231) $ 0.21 $ 0.25 $ 0.17 $ (0.03) $ 0.21 $ 0.25 $ 0.16 $ (0.03) December 31, 2019 September 30, 2019 June 30, 2019 March 31, 2019 $439,565 $504,790 $538,432 $420,924 137,636 159,334 170,258 134,904 45,581 10,667 66,720 36,008 76,244 39,307 42,590 15,033 Net income applicable to common shares attributed to Vector Group Ltd. 10,706 36,008 39,307 14,953 Per basic common share(1): Net income applicable to common shares attributed to Vector Group Ltd. $ 0.06 $ 0.23 $ 0.25 $ 0.09 Per diluted common share(1): Net income applicable to common shares attributed to Vector Group Ltd. $ 0.06 $ 0.23 $ 0.25 $ 0.08 (1) Per share computations include the impact of a 5% stock dividend paid on September 27, 2019. Quarterly basic and diluted net income per common share were computed independently for each quarter and do not necessarily total to the year to date basic and diluted net income per common share. F-86 VECTOR GROUP LTD. SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (Dollars in Thousands) Description Year Ended December 31, 2020 Allowances for: Doubtful accounts Cash discounts Deferred tax valuation allowance Sales returns Total Year Ended December 31, 2019 Allowances for: Doubtful accounts Cash discounts Deferred tax valuation allowance Sales returns Total Year Ended December 31, 2018 Allowances for: Doubtful accounts Cash discounts Deferred tax valuation allowance Sales returns Total Balance at Beginning of Period Additions Charged to Costs and Expenses Balance at End of Period Deductions $ 674 319 1,292 7,785 $ — $ 674 $ — 28,046 28,031 5,179 2,617 — 3,046 334 6,471 7,356 $10,070 $ 35,842 $31,751 $14,161 $ 449 317 3,817 6,935 $ 246 $ 21 $ 25,970 25,968 — 4,068 2,525 3,218 674 319 1,292 7,785 $11,518 $ 30,284 $31,732 $10,070 $ 33 365 3,664 5,632 $ 429 $ 13 $ 28,154 28,202 153 — 4,700(1) 3,397 449 317 3,817 6,935 $ 9,694 $ 33,436 $31,612 $11,518 (1) Includes $2,525 of adjustments related to Topic 606 adoption. F-87 [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] Independent Accountants: Transfer Agent and Registrar: Corporate Officers: Deloitte & Touche LLP 333 SE 2nd Avenue Suite 3600 Miami, FL 33131 Corporate Headquarters: Vector Group Ltd. 4400 Biscayne Boulevard Miami, FL 33137 Website: www.vectorgroupltd.com Additional Information: Requests for general information should be directed to corporate headquarters. Attn: Investor Relations (305) 579-8000 Requests for exhibits not attached to the Annual Report, including Exhibit 99.1, Material Legal Proceedings, must be in writing, and should be sent to corporate headquarters. Attn: Investor Relations Please specify the exhibits requested. Company Stock: Vector Group Ltd. common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbol VGR). American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC 6201 15th Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11219 Telephone: (800) 937-5449 Board of Directors: Bennett S. LeBow1 Chairman of the Board Howard M. Lorber1 President and Chief Executive Officer Richard J. Lampen Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Ronald J. Bernstein Non-Executive Chairman of the Board of Managers of Liggett Vector Brands LLC and Senior Advisor to Liggett Group LLC Stanley S. Arkin3, 4 Stanley S. Arkin PLLC and Chairman of The Arkin Group LLC Henry C. Beinstein2, 4 Partner, Gagnon Securities LLC Paul V. Carlucci2, 3 Private Investor Jean E. Sharpe2, 3, 4 Private Investor Barry Watkins4 CEO of Clairvoyant Media Strategies 1 Executive Committee 2 Audit Committee 3 Compensation and Human Capital Committee 4 Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee Howard M. Lorber President and Chief Executive Officer Richard J. Lampen Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer J. Bryant Kirkland III Senior Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer Marc N. Bell Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel J. David Ballard Senior Vice President, Enterprise Efficiency and Chief Technology Officer Deborah A. Fasanelli Vice President of Finance Daniel A. Sachar Vice President, Enterprise Innovation and Managing Director of New Valley Ventures LLC Frederick W. Schmid III Vice President and Controller Corporate Governance: The Company timely submitted to the New York Stock Exchange a Section 303A(12)(a) CEO Certification without qualification in 2020. In 2021, the Company filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission the CEO/CFO certifications required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as Exhibits to its Form 10-K. 

Continue reading text version or see original annual report in PDF format above