Verra Mobility
Annual Report 2019

Plain-text annual report

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K ☒ ☐ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 OR For the transition period from ___________ to ___________. Commission File Number 001-37979 VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State of Incorporation) 1150 North Alma School Road Mesa, Arizona (Address of Principal Executive Offices) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: (Title of Each Class) Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share Warrants to purchase Class A Common Stock Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None (480) 443-7000 (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) (Trading Symbol) VRRM VRRMW 81-3563824 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) 85201 (Zip Code) (Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered) Nasdaq Capital Market OTC Pink Marketplace Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer ☒ ☐ Accelerated filer Smaller reporting company Emerging growth company ☐ ☐ ☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒ The aggregate market value of the voting and non‑voting common equity held by non‑affiliates of the Registrant on June 30, 2019, computed by reference to the closing price reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on such date was $1,476,300,279 (112,780,770 shares at a closing price per share of $13.09). As of February 26, 2020, the Registrant had 161,650,055 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding. Portions of the Registrant’s proxy statement to be filed in connection with its annual meeting of stockholders to be held May 26, 2020 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION FORM 10-K For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019 INDEX PART I Item 1. Business Item 1A. Risk Factors Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments Item 2. Properties Item 3. Legal Proceedings Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Item 6. Selected Financial Data Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Item 9B. Other Information PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Item 11. Executive Compensation Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules Item 16. Form 10-K Summary SIGNATURES POWER OF ATTORNEY Appendix A, Schedule II 1 4 4 11 34 34 35 35 36 36 38 44 63 63 108 108 109 110 110 110 110 110 110 111 111 116 117 118 119 Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. All statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, products, services, and technology offerings, market conditions, growth and trends, expansion plans and opportunities and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the effect of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, performance, or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to conform these statements to actual results or revised expectations. Unless the context indicates otherwise, as used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “Verra Mobility,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries taken as a whole. 2 Explanatory Note Verra Mobility Corporation, formerly known as Gores Holdings II, Inc. (“Gores”) was originally incorporated in Delaware on August 15, 2016, as a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On January 19, 2017, we consummated our initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which our shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). On June 21, 2018, Gores, AM Merger Sub I, Inc., a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Gores (“First Merger Sub”), AM Merger Sub II, LLC, a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Gores (“Second Merger Sub”), Greenlight Holding II Corporation (“Greenlight”), and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger as amended on August 23, 2018 by that certain Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), which provided for, among other things, (i) the merger of First Merger Sub with and into Greenlight, with Greenlight continuing as the surviving corporation (the “First Merger”) and (ii) immediately following the First Merger and as part of the same overall transaction as the First Merger, the merger of Greenlight with and into Second Merger Sub, with Second Merger Sub continuing as the surviving entity (the “Second Merger” and, together with the First Merger, the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination on October 17, 2018 (the “Closing Date”), Gores changed its name from Gores Holdings II, Inc. to Verra Mobility Corporation, changed its trading symbols on Nasdaq from “GSHT,” and “GSHTW,” to “VRRM” and “VRRMW,” and Second Merger Sub changed its name from AM Merger Sub II, LLC to Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC. As a result of the Business Combination, Verra Mobility Corporation became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all of the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries. For accounting purposes, the Business Combination is treated as a reverse acquisition and recapitalization, in which Greenlight is considered the accounting acquirer (and legal acquiree) and Gores is considered the accounting acquiree (and legal acquirer). Our financial statement presentation includes the financial statements of Greenlight and its subsidiaries as “Predecessor” for periods prior to the completion of the Business Combination and of Verra Mobility Corporation, including the consolidation of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries, for periods from and after the Closing Date. 3 PART I Item 1. Business Overview We are a leading provider of smart mobility technology solutions and services throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. We provide integrated technology solutions and services which include toll and violations management, title and registration, automated safety solutions, and other data driven solutions to our customers, which include rental car companies (“RACs”), fleet management companies (“FMCs”), other large fleet owners, municipalities, school districts and violation issuing authorities. Our solutions simplify the smart mobility ecosystem by utilizing what we believe are industry leading capabilities, information and technology expertise, and integrated hardware and software to efficiently facilitate the automated processing of tolls and violations for hundreds of agencies and millions of end users annually, while also making cities and roadways safer for everyone. Based in Mesa, Arizona, we operate through two primary segments – Commercial Services and Government Solutions. Through our Commercial Services segment, we believe we are the market leading provider of automated toll and violations management and title and registration solutions to RACs, FMCs and other large fleet owners in the United States and Canada. In Europe, we work with violation issuing authorities and specialize in the identification, notification, and collection of unpaid traffic, parking, and public transportation related violations incurred by vehicles registered in a country other than that in which the violation occurred. Through our Government Solutions segment, we believe we are the market leading provider of automated safety solutions to municipalities, counties, school districts and law enforcement agencies (which are collectively referred to herein as “local government agencies”), including services and technology that enable photo enforcement via road safety camera programs related to red-light, speed, school bus, and city bus lanes. Segments Commercial Services Our Commercial Services segment generated approximately $276.5 million in revenue for 2019, or approximately 62% of our total revenue. The Commercial Services segment is the market leading provider of automated toll and violations management and title and registration solutions to RACs, FMCs and other large fleet owners in North America. Through our established relationships with more than 50 individual tolling authorities throughout the United States, we provide an automated and outsourced administrative solution for our customers while also providing a value-added convenience for vehicle drivers and benefits to the tolling and issuing authorities. Without our toll and violations management solutions, our customers would bear the expense and administrative burden of matching tolls or violations to the responsible vehicle and driver, and then either transferring liability or paying the fee or fine directly (for which it may then need to bill the driver) – in either case within specified time periods to avoid the potential imposition of penalties. We mitigate these risks by ensuring timely payment for tolls and violations incurred by our customers’ vehicles or by performing timely transfers of liability on our customers’ behalf, and then billing and collecting from the driver as applicable. We also manage regional toll transponder installation and vehicle association, an especially critical and highly complex component for RAC and FMC customers, to ensure that the transponder (and corresponding toll transactions) are associated with the correct vehicle. We have long-standing relationships with the three largest RACs in the United States – The Hertz Corporation, Avis Budget Group and Enterprise Holdings, Inc. – among others, as well as the six largest FMCs in the United States, which are Element, ARI, Enterprise Fleet Management, Wheels, LeasePlan and Donlen. We provide coverage for more than 95% of all toll roads in the United States and currently one toll road in Canada, processing more than 250 million toll transactions and 2.4 million traffic violations in 2019. Following the acquisition of Euro Parking Collection (“EPC”) in April 2018, we extended our customer base to include violation issuing authorities in Europe and expanded our commercial services to include identification, notification, and collection of unpaid traffic, parking, and public transportation related violations incurred by vehicle drivers not originating in the country where the violation occurred. We expanded our presence in Europe to include electronic toll collection on highways and car parks throughout Spain, Portugal, France and Italy through our acquisition of Pagatelia, S.L. (“Pagatelia”) in October 2019. 4 Government Solutions Our Government Solutions segment generated approximately $172.3 million in revenue for 2019, or approximately 38% of our total revenue. This segment works with local government agencies to help make cities and roadways safer for everyone through automated safety solutions. We provide local government agencies with road safety cameras to detect and process traffic violations for red-light, speed, school bus, and city bus lanes. Our proprietary hardware and software technologies provide local government agencies the information, data, and automated end-to-end administrative capabilities to enforce traffic violations through photo enforcement. On behalf of our customers, we own, install, maintain, and manage automated safety solution hardware and software that processes event data, applies customer specific rules and connects a traffic violation to the responsible driver or vehicle owner. Additionally, upon law enforcement’s determination that a violation has occurred, we manage the citation mailing, billing, and other administrative tasks on behalf of many of our customers. We are a critical partner to local government agencies across the United States, helping to facilitate and increase public safety, improve public transportation, enhance law enforcement officer safety and act as a police force multiplier by allowing law enforcement to focus on serious crimes rather than routine traffic violations. We currently have more than 4,700 red-light, speed, school bus and city bus lane road safety cameras installed across nearly 160 jurisdictions and school districts in 18 states and the District of Columbia. On an annual basis, we process approximately 9.3 million violations on behalf of our municipality and school district customers, including New York City, Seattle, Washington D.C., Austin Independent School District, Philadelphia, Orlando and Atlanta Public Schools. The Industries in Which We Operate Tolling Tolling is an important feature of the United States transportation landscape, with United States tolling authorities collecting nearly $21 billion in toll revenues in 2018. As a result, tolling is one of the most effective and equitable ways to pay for highway infrastructure. In addition to the overall growth in tolling as reflected in the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration’s tracking of total toll bridge, tunnel and road mileage, there is also a growing movement towards cashless and all-electronic tolling, which allows for more convenient, accurate and reliable processing and collection of toll incurrence fees and mitigates congestion on toll roads. The tolling industry is highly fragmented and complex as it is comprised of more than 50 tolling authorities, each operating as independent organizations with specific coverage regions and disparate technology platforms. Commercial Fleet Our Commercial Services customers consist of RACs, FMCs and other large fleet owners. The nearly $32 billion United States RAC industry is highly consolidated, with three companies accounting for a significant majority of United States RAC revenues in 2019. In addition to these larger nationwide RACs, smaller independent companies operate regionally throughout the United States. The industry is currently being driven by an increase in the average number of days a vehicle is rented. The industry is also being impacted by the rapid growth in the ride sharing market through recent partnerships with ride share providers like Uber and Lyft to rent vehicles to their independent drivers, leading to additional rental transactions. Management believes the European RAC market, while more fragmented than the U.S. market, is large in size. According to Automotive Fleet Magazine, there are nearly 8.5 million fleet vehicles in the United States, approximately 3.2 million of which are under management by FMCs. The fleet industry in North America is primarily centered on vocational vehicles utilized for transporting people along with the tools, parts and equipment required to perform their jobs, largely insulating the industry from disruptions caused by today’s ride share and car share services. In Europe, the FMC market is estimated to be more than 6 million vehicles, with over half under management by the top five European FMCs. Automated Safety As the number of vehicle miles traveled continues to increase and cities and municipalities struggle to deal with the challenges of managing traffic enforcement, red-light, speed and school bus stop arm cameras continue to play a prominent role in comprehensive safety initiatives. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, speeding and red-light running cause around 10,000 fatalities each year. Studies from organizations like the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (“IIHS”) have found cameras to be an effective tool for law 5 enforcement and other agencies to reduce the number of traffic-related violations, collisions, injuries and fatalities. A 2017 IIHS study found that red-light cameras reduce fatalities by as much as 21%, and a 2015 IIHS study found that speed cameras reduced incapacitating or fatal crashes by as much as 39%. Additionally, programs like Vision Zero, a collaborative campaign helping communities reach their goals of eliminating all traffic fatalities and severe injuries, across most major U.S. cities, are driving capital investment to make meaningful strides in traffic safety. Growth Strategies Benefit from Strong Industry Tailwinds We believe there is significant opportunity in both Commercial Services and Government Solutions to leverage strong industry momentum and trends. In Commercial Services, the number of toll roads is continuing to increase and there is continued migration towards cashless and all-electronic tolling. In Government Solutions, the public attention given to traffic safety issues for drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, and law enforcement is intensifying. According to 2014 IBTTA estimates, annual tolling industry revenues in the United States could reach $60 to $75 billion by 2030. This increase in revenue is expected to be driven by an increase in the number of toll roads, including new express and high occupancy lanes in urban areas, dynamic tolling based on congestion pricing which allow toll rates to fluctuate based on real-time traffic trends, U.S. states that do not currently utilize toll roads implementing interstate tolling, and an overall need to fund a growing list of infrastructure maintenance and construction needs. In addition, nearly half of the toll roads in the United States have transitioned to cashless or all-electronic, according to IBTTA. Both trends create significant opportunities for us to expand our market presence while developing relationships with both new and existing RACs, FMCs, consumers, and tolling authorities. The increase in the number of vehicle miles traveled each year and a heightened public awareness of traffic safety has highlighted the need for smart technology solutions to address traffic safety issues. We believe that as public focus intensifies, the demand for our Government Solutions offerings will grow as well, and that we are positioned to take advantage of these opportunities. Since the beginning of 2018, our Government Solutions segment has won 41% of the requests for proposals to which we have responded for the provision of photo enforcement services. Strengthen and Expand Customer Relationships The ongoing expansion of New York City’s school zone speed enforcement program presents us with a significant growth opportunity in our Government Solutions segment. As a result of state legislation passed in May 2019, New York City is substantially expanding its school zone speed enforcement program, with a plan to increase the number of enforcement areas from approximately 150 to 750 by 2021. In connection with the expansion, we received a Notice to Proceed from the New York City Department of Transportation in October 2019 for 720 new school zone safety camera systems. New York City has announced that it intends to install new camera systems citywide at a rate of approximately 60 per month through 2020. Expand Platform with New Products and New and Growing End Markets We are an industry leader in the deployment of products and services that meet the increasingly complex and continuously evolving requirements of both existing and new customers. We are continuously looking toward the future, ensuring the development of relevant solutions today that will work tomorrow. We seek to understand developing customer, consumer, and government trends that will shape tomorrow’s smart mobility experiences both in the United States and internationally, all in an effort to ensure more people around the world reach their destination safely and easily. We believe leveraging our differentiated capabilities into new and growing end markets, such as ride sharing, car sharing and autonomous vehicles, provides attractive growth opportunities. The ride sharing and car sharing market, which includes vehicles leased to individual drivers, gives us a low-risk opportunity to grow Commercial Services revenues while at the same time insulating us from any market shift between ride sharing, car sharing and RACs. Further, this growth prospect comes at little additional investment as we are able to leverage the same technologies and solutions we have already developed for our RAC and FMC customers. As an already established leader, we believe we are well-positioned to be a first mover and to become a provider of choice in these new end markets. 6 Urban enforcement, curb management and citation processing solutions in the smart city movement also present a significant opportunity for us. As one example, according to Technavio, the smart parking industry in the United States is forecasted to grow by approximately $2.6 billion between 2017 and 2022. Our existing technologies and solutions could be adopted to take advantage of this market, providing an additional avenue for growth. In addition, Government Solutions could leverage our long-standing relationships with municipal customers to provide other smart mobility technology solutions, such as automatic license plate recognition, and new developing technologies, such as connected vehicle technology. Expand Global Footprint We believe there is significant opportunity to expand into attractive markets across Europe and beyond, and to that end, we have established a location in the Netherlands to serve as our European headquarters from which we are launching our RAC and FMC business in Europe. In September 2019, we entered into a partnership with APRR, Europe’s fourth-largest motorway operator, which enables us to provide our toll management services to French customers. We also intend to leverage our recent acquisitions of EPC and Pagatelia to further bolster our growth into the European market. Through EPC we now have the capabilities to serve customers in more than 18 languages and more than 10 currencies and to leverage existing connections with approximately 30 vehicle licensing authorities for whom we bill violators in more than 130 countries. Additionally, Pagatelia has established relationships with tolling authorities throughout Spain, Portugal, France and Italy, through which it offers interoperable electronic tolling both directly to consumers and through white-label partners. Given that there is no pan-European competitor, through these recent acquisitions we have an opportunity to provide existing and new RAC and FMC customers with a convenient and effective solution similar to our current offering in the United States. Pursue Accretive Acquisitions In addition to organic growth initiatives, we have significant opportunities to increase our competitive positioning and strengthen our portfolio of products and solutions through strategic acquisitions. We have demonstrated the ability to identify and execute strategic acquisitions, as we did with HTA and EPC in 2018 and Pagatelia in 2019. We constantly monitor the market for potential acquisition targets, which are evaluated based on their potential strategic impact, including growth potential, synergies, end-market development, customer relationships, technology, and cash flow. Our management team has a strong track record of integrating acquisitions and driving synergies, and has identified a strong pipeline for future acquisitions. Products Commercial Services Toll management solutions. We provide fully outsourced toll management solutions for our RAC and FMC customers while also providing a value-added convenience for vehicle drivers via our established relationships and integrations with more than 50 individual tolling authorities throughout the United States. This comprehensive network allows RAC and FMC drivers the convenience of using cashless and all-electronic tolls. Additionally, this service helps prevent the liability and business disruption of costly toll violations incurred by vehicles owned by RAC and FMC customers and eliminates their need to manage a nationwide program internally. Our proprietary software technology and hardware allow us to effectively match a toll to the specific RAC or FMC vehicle and driver so that the toll can accurately and reliably be billed and collected on behalf of, or directly from, the RAC or FMC. Toll management solutions accounted for approximately 52% of our 2019 revenues. 7 Violations management solutions. Our violations management solutions process violations incurred by the drivers of RAC and FMC vehicles by working with more than 8,000 domestic violation issuing authorities (more than 400 of which we are directly integrated with) to either pay the fine on behalf of the vehicle owner (for which we are able to bill the vehicle driver) or to transfer liability directly to the vehicle driver. Vehicle-issued violations include parking and photo enforcement violations. We hold the leading market position with operations in all 50 U.S. states. In Europe, we specialize in the identification, notification, and collection of unpaid traffic, parking and public transport related fees, charges, and penalties issued to foreign registered vehicles or persons on behalf of issuing authorities in more than 15 European countries. Violation management solutions accounted for approximately 7% of our 2019 revenues. Title and registration solutions. Our title and registration solutions provide RAC and FMC customers with an integrated, end-to-end solution for managing vehicle titles and registrations and annual renewals. We provide automated title and registration solutions by leveraging connections with individual departments of motor vehicles for electronic title and registration processing in 20 states. Title and registration solutions accounted for approximately 3% of our 2019 revenues. Government Solutions We serve as a value-add partner to local government agencies by providing road safety cameras that promote traffic safety and reduce traffic violations. We work with our customers to identify problematic traffic areas and install, maintain, and manage the technology platform needed to capture images or videos of drivers committing traffic violations. Red-light cameras are placed at intersections to capture vehicles running red lights. Similarly, speed safety cameras are used to capture vehicles exceeding speed limits, either on a fixed basis or in a mobile platform, and often in school zones. School bus cameras are fixed to the side of buses to capture vehicles passing school buses with extended stop arms. Finally, bus lane cameras are designed to capture vehicles illegally driving in restricted bus lanes. Applying rules specified by each customer, we automatically send the captured event to the designated enforcement agency of the customer, where an authorized individual determines if a violation occurred. Red-light cameras, speed cameras, school bus cameras, and city bus lane cameras for red-light, speed, school bus and city bus lanes accounted for approximately 31% of our 2019 revenues. Other segment revenue consists primarily of ancillary revenue streams, including product revenues and other ancillary services. Customers We have a diverse customer base across the United States, Canada, and Europe. We are a top provider of toll management solutions, violations management solutions, and title and registration solutions for nearly every major RAC and FMC provider nationwide, including The Hertz Corporation, Avis Budget Group, Enterprise Holdings, Inc., Fox Rent a Car, Advantage Rent A Car, Sixt, Element, ARI, Donlen and Wheels. In addition, we provide automated safety solutions to local government agencies including New York City, Seattle, Washington D.C., Austin Independent School District, Philadelphia, Orlando and Atlanta Public Schools. For many of our customers, we provide more than one product or service offering, addressing the diverse and varied needs of our clients. Competition There is no single competitor that provides a similarly broad suite of solutions. However, in our Government Solutions segment, we face competition in certain automated safety solutions from other vendors in the areas of red- light, school bus and speed photo enforcement. In our Commercial Services segment, we face competition from both our own customers, as they may choose to invest in their own internal solutions, and vendors offering or seeking to offer new technologies or financial models, and we must continue to innovate for our offerings to remain competitive. 8 Intellectual Property We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and confidentiality agreements to protect our intellectual property. We take steps to protect new intellectual property to safeguard our ongoing technological innovations and strengthen our brand, and believe we take appropriate action against infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property rights by others. We review third-party intellectual property rights to help avoid infringement, and to identify strategic opportunities. Our general policy is to seek patent protection for those inventions likely to be incorporated into our products and services or where obtaining such proprietary rights will improve our competitive position. We own approximately 65 U.S. and foreign-issued patents and pending patent applications, including patents and rights to patent applications acquired through strategic transactions, which relate to various aspects of our products and technology. Our patent portfolio evolves as new patents are awarded to us and as older patents expire. Patents expire at various dates, generally 20 years from their original filing dates. While we believe that our portfolio of patents and applications has value, in general no single patent is essential to our business or any individual segment. In addition, any of our proprietary rights could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or may not provide significant competitive advantages. Our business relies on both internally developed and externally licensed software to operate and provide our systems and deliver our services. We claim copyright on all internally developed software. We generally rely on common law protection for our copyrighted works. In addition, we rely on maintaining source code confidentiality to assure our market competitiveness. With respect to externally sourced software, we rely on contracts to retain our continued access for our business usage. We have approximately 120 registrations and pending applications in the United States and foreign jurisdictions for trademarks and service marks, reflecting our many products and services. These registrations and applications include our historic brands, as well as Verra Mobility. These marks may have a perpetual life, subject to periodic renewal and may be subject to cancellation or invalidation based on certain use requirements and third-party challenges, or on other grounds. We vigorously enforce and protect our marks. Government Regulation We are subject to various local, state and federal laws, regulations and administrative practices regulating matters such as data privacy, photo enforcement, consumer protection, procurement, licensing requirements, anti- kickback, equal employment, minimum wages and the environment, among others. Our operations are subject to regulation by various U.S. federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Transportation, (“USDOT”), the Federal Trade Commission, (“FTC”), the Federal Communications Commission, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as comparable state and local agencies, including the departments of transportation, departments of motor vehicles, and offices of inspector general. Following the acquisition of EPC and in connection with our European expansion efforts, we are now subject to laws, regulations and administrative practices addressing many of these same matters in Europe, including those specifically relating to accessing and use of information obtained from vehicle licensing authorities, as well as European regulations to traffic enforcement and collections and other financial and banking regulations. As part of our business, we process, collect, use and disclose personal information directly or for our customers and, therefore, are subject to various laws protecting privacy and security of personal information, including the U.S. Driver Privacy Protection Act, the General Data Protection Regulation (the “GDPR”) in the European Union (the “E.U.”) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), which took effect in January 2020. We are also subject to similar restrictions and audit requirements pursuant to our contracts with the organizations from which we gain access to personal information, such as departments of motor vehicles and the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System. Privacy laws and regulations are constantly evolving and changing, are subject to differing interpretations and may be inconsistent among countries and state and local jurisdictions, or conflict with other rules. As we expand our operations in foreign countries, or as U.S. federal or state law changes, our liability exposure and the complexity and cost of compliance with data and privacy requirements, including the GDPR and CCPA, will increase. Laws and practices regarding handling and use of personal and other information by companies have also come under increased public scrutiny, and governmental authorities, consumer agencies and consumer advocacy groups have called for increased regulation and changes in industry practices. 9 Automated photo enforcement camera programs in the United States are typically regulated at the state and local level, not the federal level. Since 2010, there have been over 1,500 pieces of legislation introduced nationwide related to the photo enforcement industry. In general, photo enforcement is administrated by local government agencies, under either state enabling legislation or under home rule authority established under the relevant state constitution. Where enabling legislation is not required, local ordinances impose further restrictions within a given jurisdiction. Whether in a state requiring enabling legislation or in home rule states where municipalities pass ordinances permitting photo enforcement, if the legislation or ordinance is subsequently repealed, not renewed if required, or if the authority for a local ordinance is revoked, photo enforcement activities would stop. At times, state Attorneys General have issued opinions interpreting photo enforcement laws and the permissibility of certain practices or other requirements of practice that further restrict private activities. For example, the Attorneys General of Arizona, Tennessee and Virginia have each issued opinions in recent years that impacted photo enforcement activities. State and local regulation affect our Commercial Services segment as well, particularly with respect to tolling. Over the past few years, bills have been introduced in multiple states to limit whether and how much RACs can charge their customers for the use of a toll transponder, limit the administrative penalties and fees that can be assessed for processing tolls, and/or impose increased disclosure requirements on RACs with respect to tolling charges. In addition, there has been an increase in interest and greater focus on RAC tolling programs from state Attorneys General related to tolling issues from a consumer protection perspective. Our Government Solutions customers are typically local government agencies, and our operations within this segment are therefore subject to state and local procurement laws pertaining to gifts and entertainment, payments of commissions and contingency fees, conflicts of interest, licensing and permitting requirements and other matters. These laws are overseen by different government agencies, depending on the jurisdiction, including departments of procurements services, contracting offices and offices of inspector general. In large municipalities, many of which have their own offices of the inspector general, these laws and regulations tend to be much more detailed and impose greater restrictions. To successfully navigate this regulatory landscape, we have a dedicated government relations team that works with state legislators and local authorities, often with the help of lobbyists and consultants, to track and help support favorable camera-enforcement safety and toll-related legislation. Through this network, we have a presence in every state in which our Government Solutions segment does business. These lobbying activities are subject to state and local lobbying regulations and registration requirements. In connection with the installation of photo enforcement systems, we or our customers routinely obtain permits from various state and local permitting authorities, and we monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations of the USDOT and state departments of transportation relating to matters such as training, policies and procedures. As a government contractor providing photo enforcement services directly or through subcontractors (including design, engineering, construction, installation, and maintenance) in various locations throughout the country, we are at times required to obtain licenses regarding general contracting, performance of engineering services, performance of electrical work, performance of private investigative work and processing license plate and related personal information, and periodically receive notices from regulatory authorities regarding these matters and inquiring as to our compliance with the applicable state and local laws and regulations. We believe we are in substantial compliance with the laws and regulations that regulate our business. There are, however, significant uncertainties involving the application of various legal requirements, the violation of which could result in, among other things, fines, penalties, revocation of permits or licenses, cessation of operations in a given jurisdiction and other adverse consequences. See “Risk Factors” for a discussion of our regulatory risks. Employees As of December 31, 2019, we employed 779 people, 23 of which were subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We believe our relations with our employees are good, and we have not experienced a strike or other significant work stoppage. 10 Corporate Information We were originally incorporated in Delaware on August 15, 2016 under the name “Gores Holdings II, Inc.” as a special purpose acquisition company, formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On January 19, 2017, we consummated our IPO, following which our shares began trading on Nasdaq. On October 17, 2018, we consummated the Business Combination and changed our name to “Verra Mobility Corporation” and we became the owner, directly or indirectly, all of the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries. Our principal executive office is located at 1150 N Alma School Rd, Mesa, AZ 85201. Our telephone number is (480) 443-7000. Our website address is www.verramobility.com. The information on, or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The trade names, trademarks, and service marks appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include registered marks and marks in which we claim common law rights, such as Verra Mobility and the Verra Mobility logo, all of which are our intellectual property. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains additional trade names, trademarks, and service marks of other companies that are the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks, or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us, by these companies. We have omitted the ® and ™ designations, as applicable, for the trademarks used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, and we file or furnish reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Such reports and other information we file with the SEC are available free of charge at http://ir.verramobility.com/financial-information/sec-filings when such reports are available on the SEC’s website. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. We periodically provide other information for investors on our corporate website, www.verramobility.com, and our investor relations website, ir.verramobility.com. This includes press releases and other information about financial performance, information on corporate governance and details related to our annual meeting of stockholders. The information contained on the websites referenced in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this filing. Further, our references to website URLs are intended to be inactive textual references only. Item 1A. Risk Factors You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Our business, operating results, financial condition, or prospects could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks and uncertainties. If any of these risks occurs, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. Our business, operating results, financial performance, or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. Risks Related to Our Business Both our Commercial Services and Government Solutions segments have customer concentration that could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our business experiences customer concentration from time to time. For example, our Commercial Services segment is dependent on certain key customers, including those in the RAC industry. In 2019, we generated a substantial amount of our revenues from RAC customers such as The Hertz Corporation, Avis Budget Group and Enterprise Holdings, Inc. The RAC industry has seen fluctuations in results from time to time, particularly as a result of periods of reduced airline passenger travel. The health of the RAC industry is impacted by a variety of factors, including seasonality, increases in energy prices, general international, national and local economic conditions and 11 cycles, as well as other factors affecting travel levels, such as military conflicts, terrorist incidents, natural disasters and epidemic diseases. Because the revenue from our agreements with our RAC customers is largely based on a margin- share model, any changes to our RAC customers’ pricing or pricing model for tolling, such as changing from charging their customers per rental day to per toll usage day, could have a material impact on the revenue we realize under those agreements. Further, although we have long-term agreements with many of our RAC customers, most provide the customer with a termination right in certain situations, including if we commit an uncured material breach of the agreement. Any decrease in revenues from customers in the RAC industry, whether as a result of factors impacting the RAC industry as a whole, or a loss of or reduced business from one or more of our RAC customers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We also experience customer concentration in our Government Solutions segment. For example, in 2019, approximately 14% of our total revenues were attributable to the City of New York Department of Transportation, which can terminate its agreement with us upon advance notice without cause. In the future, a small number of customers in our Government Solutions segment may continue to represent a significant portion of our total revenues in any given period. The loss of any of our top Government Solutions customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any decreases in the prevalence of automated and other similar methods of photo enforcement or the use of tolling could have a material adverse effect on our business. We provide automated safety solutions to local government agencies, generating revenues through automated photo enforcement of red-light, school bus, speed limit and bus lane laws. In 2019, revenues from this segment represented approximately 38% of our revenues. Therefore, we depend on federal, state and local governments authorizing the use of automated photo enforcement and not otherwise materially restricting its use. In states that have enabling legislation, if that legislation is not renewed or is otherwise repealed, use of automated enforcement technology can be suspended until new legislation is passed. For example, school zone speed enforcement enabling legislation was not renewed in the state of New York in 2018, prompting New York City to pass a local law enabling speed photo enforcement until the state law was renewed during the 2019 legislative session. . Additionally, in June 2019, the state of Texas passed a law prohibiting red-light photo enforcement programs across the state, with certain carve-outs for some existing programs. The passage of this law resulted in a loss of revenue and a related impairment of assets for fiscal year 2019. Ballot initiatives, referendums, opinions of attorneys general, and legal challenges can also be used to restrict the use of automated enforcement or to impose additional licensing requirements on its use. For example, the Attorneys General in the states of Arizona, Tennessee and Virginia have issued opinions that had the effect of limiting the use of these enforcement technologies or impacting the manner in which photo enforcement programs operate. Usage may also be affected if there is an unfavorable shift in political support for or public sentiment towards automated enforcement, or as a result of one or more scandals related to its use. Similarly, our Commercial Services business may be materially impacted if there is an unfavorable shift in political support for or public sentiment towards tolling or its use is materially restricted or limited, including through the imposition of limits on the fees RAC companies can charge their customers for tolling services. Any material restriction or limitation on the use of automated enforcement or material reduction in its use in the markets we serve, or any similar changes with respect to tolling, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our government contracts are subject to unique risks and uncertainties, including termination rights, audits and investigations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Government entities typically finance projects through appropriated funds. While these projects are often planned and executed as multi-year projects, government entities usually reserve the right to change the scope of or terminate these projects for lack of approved funding or at their convenience. Changes in government or political developments, including budget deficits, shortfalls or uncertainties, government spending reductions or other debt or funding constraints, could result in our government contracts being reduced in price or scope or terminated altogether, as well as limit our ability to win new government work in the future. Moreover, if a government customer does not follow the requisite procurement or ordinance specific administrative procedures, the contract 12 may be subject to protest or voidable regardless of whether we bear any responsibility for the error. Our government contracts often include other one-sided, customer-friendly provisions and certifications, including broad indemnification provisions and uncapped exposure or liquidated damages for certain liabilities, which can impose obligations, requirements, and liabilities on us that are beyond those associated with a typical commercial arrangement. In addition, government contracts are generally subject to audits and investigations by government agencies or higher-tier government contractors. If improper or illegal activities or contractual non-compliance are identified, including improper billing, we may be subject to various civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, which may include termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, the imposition of fines, penalties and sanctions, and suspensions or debarment from doing business for or on behalf of the government in the future. If penalties or other restrictions are imposed in one jurisdiction, it could also implicate similar provisions of contracts with other government customers in other jurisdictions. Further, the negative publicity related to these penalties, sanctions or findings in government audits or investigations could harm our reputation and hinder our ability to compete for new contracts with government customers and in the private sector. Any of the foregoing or any other reduction in revenue from government customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Decreased interest in outsourcing could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our business and growth depend in large part on continued demand for outsourced business process services. Outsourcing means that an entity contracts with a third party, such as us, to provide business process services rather than performing the services in-house. This interest may not continue, as our customers may elect to develop their own solutions or perform the services themselves. Additionally, our cross-selling efforts with existing customers or with the customers of a business we acquire may not lead to additional revenues. A significant change in the demand for outsourcing or an inability to cross-sell to existing customers or the customers of any business we acquire could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our failure to properly perform under our contracts or otherwise satisfy our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our business model depends in large part on our ability to retain existing work and attract new work from existing customers. If a customer is not satisfied with the quality of our solutions or the work performed by us or one of our subcontractors, we may incur additional costs to address the problem and the profitability of that contract may be impaired. Failure to properly transition new customers to our systems or existing customers to our different systems, properly budget transition costs or accurately estimate contract costs could also result in delays and general customer dissatisfaction. Other than our agreements with customers in the RAC industry, many of our contracts may be terminated by the customer upon specified advance notice without cause. Moreover, any customer dissatisfaction with our products, services or solutions or the timeliness or quality of our work, for whatever reason, could harm our reputation and hinder our ability to win new work from other prospective customers. Any failure to properly perform under our contracts or meet our customers’ expectations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We face intense competition and any failure to compete could have a material adverse effect on our business. The markets for our solutions are increasingly competitive, rapidly evolving and fragmented, and are subject to changing technology and shifting customer needs. A number of vendors develop and market products and services that compete to varying extents with our offerings, and we expect this competition to continue to intensify . In addition, industry consolidation could further increase competition, and competitors may also establish relationships or form alliances. Currently we compete with a number of other companies, ranging from small, regional or specialized firms to large, diversified companies. The rapid rate of technological change in our industry could increase the chances that we will face competition from new products or services designed by companies that we do not currently compete with. Moreover, we face competition from our own customers as they may choose to invest in developing their own internal solutions. 13 Competition in our markets is primarily based on: • • • • • • • • • the quality, reliability and efficacy of the solution; customer awareness of offerings; pricing; functionality and features, including ease of use and broad application; the customer experience; the breadth and depth of products and services offered; reputation and track record; technical expertise; and security. Some of our existing competitors and potential new competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, less debt, more established customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical, research and development, marketing and other resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements. If our competitors introduce new competitive solutions and technologies, or add new features, we could lose customers. In some cases, our competitors may be better positioned to initiate or withstand substantial price competition, and we may have to reduce our pricing to retain existing business or obtain new business. If we are not able to maintain favorable pricing for our solutions, our profit margin and profitability could suffer. In addition, if a prospective customer is currently using a competing solution, the customer may be unwilling to switch to our solution without setup support services or other incentives. Certain existing and new competitors may be better positioned to acquire competitive solutions, effectively negotiate third-party licenses and other strategic relationships, and take advantage of acquisition or other similar expansion opportunities. Any failure to achieve our target pricing levels, maintain existing customer relationships, generate additional customer wins or otherwise successfully compete would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any failure to keep up with technological developments and changing customer preferences could have a material adverse effect on our business. We operate in dynamic industries that are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent product and service innovation and evolving industry standards. We may be required to implement new technologies or adapt to existing but different technologies from those currently used. Our future success will depend on our ability to adapt and innovate to keep up with technological developments and changes in third-party technologies, including those of our customers and tolling and issuing authorities, to the extent our integrations are interdependent. As a result, we expect we will need to invest significant resources in research and development, often before knowing whether these investments will eventually be successful. The success of new solutions and enhancements and new features for existing solutions depends on several factors, including adequate testing, timely completion, appropriate introduction and market acceptance. Further, we may be required to make changes due to an inability to secure necessary intellectual property protections or licenses. Our inability to anticipate or timely and successfully develop or acquire new products and services or enhance our existing products and services to keep pace with technological changes and meet evolving customer requirements could decrease demand for our solutions and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 14 Our new products and services and changes to existing products and services may not succeed. Our ability to retain, increase, and engage our customer base and to increase our revenue depends, in large part, on our ability to continue to evolve existing solutions and to create successful new solutions. We may introduce significant changes to our existing solutions or acquire or introduce new and unproven products and services, including using technologies or entering markets or industries in which we have little or no experience. For example, in September 2018, we launched Peasy, our cloud-based, pay-as-you-go tolling solution targeting consumers, a market segment that we had not previously targeted directly. Consumer adoption of Peasy has been slower than anticipated, and the product did not generate meaningful revenue during fiscal year 2019. Our success with Peasy may be impacted by our relative lack of experience in a direct-to-consumer product offering, our relationships with toll authorities and the success of our channel partner arrangements to expand our marketing effort, and emerging competition in this space. We have some indirect exposure to the consumer segment through our business with the RAC industry, but in those instances, our customer controls the pricing, marketing, consumer disclosures and other aspects of the consumer relationship. As such, the consumers’ view of us and their willingness to try our solutions may be impacted by their experience with our tolling services delivered by our RAC customers. The failure of any new or enhanced solution to achieve customer adoption or our failure to otherwise successfully monetize our development efforts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our reliance on third-party providers could have a material adverse effect on our business. We rely heavily on third-party providers, including subcontractors, manufacturers, software vendors, software application developers, and utility and network providers, to meet their obligations to us in a timely and high- quality manner. For example, we rely on third parties such as the National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System, Polk, DMVDesk, CVR and Dealertrack to provide a direct connection to state departments of motor vehicles (and their European equivalents) and other governmental agencies with which we do not have direct relationships for the driver and other information we use in our business. Our ability to offer our solutions would be materially affected if this access was unavailable or materially restricted, or if the price we pay increased significantly. Our Government Solutions business also relies on a number of third-party manufacturers, including camera manufacturers and automated license plate recognition providers, and outsources some engineering, construction, maintenance, printing and mailing, call center, image review and violations processing work. Further, if one or more tolling authorities cancels our accounts, or stops providing transponders and we are unable to obtain transponders through other sources, our Commercial Services business would be affected. We also outsource a meaningful percentage of our software development work to third parties. Some of our agreements with these third parties include termination rights, allowing the third party to terminate the arrangement in certain circumstances. For example, the agreements with our third-party payment processors give them the right to terminate the relationship if we fail to keep credit card chargeback and retrieval rates below certain thresholds. If any of our third-party providers are unable or unwilling to meet their obligations to us, fail to satisfy our expectations or those of our customers, including those imposed through flow-down provisions in prime contracts, or if they terminate or refuse to renew their relationships with us on substantially similar terms, we may be unable to find adequate replacements within a reasonable time frame, on favorable commercial terms or at all, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. While we perform some due diligence on these third parties and take measures to ensure that they comply with applicable laws and regulations, we do not have an extensive screening or review process and ultimately cannot guarantee our third-party providers will comply with applicable laws, the terms of their agreements or flow-down requirements from our customers. Misconduct or performance deficiencies by any of our third-party providers may be perceived as misconduct or poor performance by us, cause us to fall short on our contractual obligations to our customers or harm our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 15 A failure in or breach of our networks or systems, including as a result of cyber-attacks, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We act as a trusted business partner in both front office and back office platforms, interacting with our customers and other third parties. Our customers include large, multinational corporations and government agencies who depend upon our operational efficiency, non-interruption of service, and accuracy and security of information. We receive, process, transmit and store substantial volumes of information relating to identifiable individuals, both in our role as a back-end or direct-to-consumer service provider and as an employer, and receive, process and implement financial transactions, and disburse funds, which requires us to receive debit and credit card information. We also use third-party providers such as subcontractors, software vendors, utility providers and network providers, upon whom we rely to offer our products, services and solutions. As a result of these and other aspects of our business, the integrity, security and accuracy of our systems and information technology, and that of the third parties with which we interact, including our customers and other government agencies with which we work, are extremely important. Our cybersecurity and processing systems, as well as those of the third parties with which we interact, may be damaged, disrupted or otherwise breached for a number of reasons, including power outages, computer and telecommunication failures, computer viruses, malware or other destructive software, internal design, manual or usage errors, cyber-attacks, terrorism, workplace violence or wrongdoing, catastrophic events, natural disasters and severe weather conditions. Our visibility and role as a processor of transactions containing personally identifiable information may also put us at a greater risk of being targeted by hackers. In the normal course of our business, we have been the target of malicious cyber-attack attempts. In addition, numerous and evolving cybersecurity threats, including advanced and persistent cyber-attacks, phishing and social engineering schemes could compromise the confidentiality, availability and integrity of data in our systems as well as those of the third parties with which we interact. The security measures and procedures we and the third parties with which we interact have in place to protect sensitive consumer data and other information may not be successful or sufficient to counter all data breaches, cyber-attacks, or system failures. Further, employee error or malfeasance, faulty password management or other irregularities may result in a defeat of security measures or a system breach. Although we devote significant resources to our cybersecurity programs and have implemented security measures to protect our systems and data, and to prevent, detect and respond to data security incidents, in each case that we believe are reasonable and appropriate, these efforts, and the efforts third parties with which we interact, may not prevent these or other threats. Moreover, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to disable or degrade systems change frequently, have become increasingly more complex and sophisticated, and may be difficult to detect for periods of time, we and the third parties with which we interact may not anticipate these acts or respond adequately or timely. As these threats continue to evolve and increase, we may be required to devote significant additional resources in order to modify and enhance our security controls and to identify and remediate any security vulnerabilities or diligencing those of third parties. If we are sued in connection with any data security breach or system failure, we could be involved in protracted litigation. In addition, a breach could lead to unfavorable publicity and significant damage to our brand, the loss of existing and potential customers, allegations by customers that we have not performed or breached our contractual obligations, or decreased use and acceptance of our solutions. A breach or failure may also subject us to additional regulations or governmental or regulatory scrutiny, which could result in significant compliance costs, fines or enforcement actions, or potential restrictions imposed by regulators on our ability to operate our business. A security breach would also likely require us to devote significant management and other resources to address the problems created by the security breach. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 16 We rely on communications networks and information systems and any interruption could have a material adverse effect on our business. We rely heavily on the satisfactory performance and availability of our information technology infrastructure and systems, including our websites and network infrastructure, to conduct our business. We rely on third-party communications service and system providers to provide technology services and link our systems with our customers’ networks and systems, including a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity and security. We also rely on third-party vendors, including data center, bandwidth, and telecommunications equipment providers. A failure or interruption that results in the unavailability of any of our information systems or a major disruption of communications between a system and the customer(s) we serve could disrupt the effective operation of our solutions and otherwise adversely impact our ability to manage our business effectively. We may experience system and service interruptions or disruptions for a variety of reasons, including as the result of network failures, power outages, cyber-attacks, employee errors, software errors, an unusually high volume of transactions, or localized conditions such as fire, explosions or power outages or broader geographic events such as earthquakes, storms, floods, epidemics, strikes, acts of war, civil unrest or terrorist acts. We have taken steps to mitigate our exposure to certain service disruptions by investing in redundant or blended circuits, although the redundant or blended circuits may also suffer disruption. Because we are dependent in part on independent third parties for the implementation and maintenance of certain aspects of our systems and because some of the causes of system interruptions may be outside of our control, we may not be able to remedy such interruptions in a timely manner, or at all. Any interruption or delay in or cessation of these services and systems could significantly disrupt operations, impact customers, damage our reputation, result in litigation, decrease the overall use and acceptance of our solutions, result in lost data and be costly, time consuming and difficult to remedy, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our inability to successfully implement our acquisition strategy could have a material adverse effect on our business. We have grown in large part as a result of our recent acquisitions, including the acquisitions of HTA, EPC and Pagatelia, and we anticipate continuing to grow in this manner. Although we expect to regularly consider additional strategic transactions in the future, we may not identify suitable opportunities or, if we do identify prospects, it may not be possible to consummate a transaction on acceptable terms. Antitrust or other competition laws may also limit our ability to acquire or work collaboratively with certain businesses or to fully realize the benefits of a prospective acquisition. Furthermore, a significant change in our business or the economy, an unexpected decrease in our cash flows or any restrictions imposed by our indebtedness may limit our ability to obtain the necessary capital or otherwise impede our ability to complete a transaction. Regularly considering strategic transactions can also divert management’s attention and lead to significant due diligence and other expenses regardless of whether we pursue or consummate any transaction. Failure to identify suitable transaction partners and to consummate transactions on acceptable terms, as well as the commitment of time and resources in connection with such transactions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any failure to realize the anticipated benefits of an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business. We pursue each acquisition with the expectation that the transaction will result in various benefits, including growth opportunities and synergies from increased efficiencies. However, even if we are able to successfully integrate an acquired business, we may not realize some or all of the anticipated benefits within the anticipated timeframes or at all. Furthermore, we may experience increased competition that limits our ability to expand our business, we may not be able to capitalize on expected business opportunities, and general industry and business conditions may deteriorate. If any of these or other factors limit our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of a transaction, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. 17 Unanticipated expenses and liabilities related to acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on our business. Acquisitions expose us to significant risks and costs, and business and operational overlaps may lead to hidden costs. These costs can include unforeseen pre-acquisition liabilities or the impairment of customer relationships or acquired assets, such as goodwill. We may also incur costs and inefficiencies to the extent an acquisition expands the industries, markets or geographies in which we operate due to our limited exposure to and experience in a given industry, market or region. Significant acquisitions may also require us to incur additional debt to finance the transactions, which could limit our flexibility in using our cash flow from operations for other purposes. Acquisitions often involve post- transaction disputes with the counterparty regarding a number of matters, including disagreements over the amount of a purchase price or other working capital adjustment or disputes regarding whether certain liabilities are covered by the indemnification provisions of the transaction agreement. We may underestimate the level of certain costs or the exposure we may face as a result of acquired liabilities. These and other unexpected transaction-related costs and liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The inability to successfully integrate our recent or future acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on our business. We recently acquired HTA, EPC and Pagatelia. The integration of acquired businesses requires significant time and exposes us to significant risks and additional costs. Integrating these and other acquired businesses may strain our resources. Further, we may have difficulty integrating the operations, systems, controls, procedures or products of acquired businesses and may not be able to do so in a timely, efficient and cost-effective manner. These difficulties could include: • • • • • • combining management teams, strategies and philosophies; merging or linking different accounting and financial reporting systems and systems of internal controls; assimilating personnel, human resources and other administrative departments and potentially contrasting corporate cultures; merging computer, technology and other information networks and systems; disrupting our relationship with or losing key customers, suppliers or personnel; and interference with, or loss of momentum in, our ongoing business or that of the acquired company. We have not fully integrated HTA, EPC or Pagatelia and may encounter one or more of the issues discussed above, or others of which we are not yet aware. We have determined not to fully integrate HTA’s operating systems onto our legacy information technology systems, which could lead to separate risks and inefficiencies. Any of these acquisition or other integration-related issues could cause significant disruption to our business, divert the attention of management and lead to substantial additional costs and delays. Our inability to successfully integrate acquired businesses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our inability to recover capital and other investments in connection with our contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business. We sometimes make significant capital and other investments to attract and retain certain contracts, such as the cost of purchasing information technology equipment, constructing and installing photo enforcement systems and developing and implementing software and labor resources. The net book value of certain assets recorded, including a portion of our intangible assets, could be impaired in the event of the early termination of some or all of a contract or a reduction in volume and services under the contract for any number of reasons, including the failure or deterioration of the customer’s business, a customer’s exercise of contract termination or program cancellation rights or a change in law or interpretation thereof that suspends or terminates photo enforcement activities. Any failure to recover our investments underlying customer agreements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in June 2019, the state of Texas passed a law prohibiting red-light photo enforcement programs across the state, with certain carve-outs for some existing programs. The passage of this law resulted in a loss of revenue and a related impairment of assets for fiscal year 2019. 18 We regularly pursue contracts and contract renewals, particularly in our Government Solutions segment, that require competitive bidding, which can involve substantial costs and could have a material adverse effect on our business. Many of the government contracts and renewals for which we bid, particularly those for certain larger government customers, are extremely complex and require the investment of significant resources in order to prepare accurate bids and proposals. Further, a significant percentage of new customer growth opportunities in our Government Solutions and EPC businesses are only accessible through competitive bidding. Competitive bidding imposes substantial costs and presents a number of risks, including significant time and effort and the commitment of resources, regardless of whether the job is ultimately won. We may also be unable to meet the requirements of a solicitation, or would have to incur substantial costs to be able to do so. These and other unanticipated costs related to the competitive bidding process, including advancing or defending bid protests, and any failure to win renewals or new customer accounts through the competitive bidding process, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to laws of the United States and foreign jurisdictions relating to privacy, data retention and individually identifiable information, and failure to comply with these laws, whether or not inadvertent, and changes to these laws, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We receive, process, transmit and store information relating to identifiable individuals, both in our role as a service provider and as an employer. In addition, we receive, process, transmit and store other sensitive data, such as photographs taken and video recorded, as part of our Government Solutions programs. As a result, we are subject to various laws and regulations regarding privacy and data retention, including regulations by government agencies, such as the FTC, and state, local and foreign agencies. Our data handling also is subject to contractual obligations and industry standards. In the United States, various laws and regulations apply to the collection, processing, disclosure, and security of certain types of data, including the use of contact information and other data for marketing, advertising and other communications with individuals and businesses. Additionally, the FTC and many state attorneys general are interpreting federal and state consumer protection laws as imposing standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of data. A number of foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the E.U., have laws and regulations dealing with the handling and processing of personal information obtained from their residents, which in certain cases are more restrictive than those in the United States. These laws often include obligations on companies to notify individuals of security breaches involving particular personal information, which could result from breaches experienced by us or our third-party service providers. These and other laws, regulations and standards relating to privacy are evolving, can be subject to significant change and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. The laws and regulations may also be subject to new or different interpretations. For example, in May 2018, the GDPR replaced prior E.U. regulations, effectively extending the scope of E.U. data protection law to all non-E.U. companies processing data of E.U. residents when certain conditions are satisfied. The GDPR contains numerous, more stringent requirements and changes from prior E.U. law, including more robust obligations on data processors, greater rights for data subjects, and heavier documentation requirements for data protection compliance programs. The GDPR also provides for increased fines of the greater of up to €20 million or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the noncompliant company. Further, certain of our U.S. customers have indicated they may implement the GDPR compliant protocols globally, and could require us to conform all aspects of our business to these more stringent regulations, regardless of whether all of our operations are actually subject to the GDPR. In the wake of the GDPR, in June 2018, California enacted the CCPA, which took effect in January 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal data is used. The law also provides for civil penalties against companies that fail to comply, and creates a private right of action for data breaches. Regulations to implement portions of the CCPA have not yet been finalized and could significantly impact compliance measures. Additionally, Congress is considering several privacy bills at the federal level, and other state legislatures are considering additional privacy laws. 19 The costs of compliance with these privacy-related laws, regulations and standards may limit the use or adoption of our solutions, reduce overall demand for our solutions or slow the pace at which we generate revenues. Moreover, if our policies, procedures, or measures relating to these issues fail to comply with the applicable laws, regulations, or industry standards, we may be subject to governmental enforcement actions, litigation, regulatory investigations, fines, penalties and negative publicity, and our application providers, customers and partners may lose trust in or stop doing business with us entirely. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the E.U. and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We publicly post our privacy policies and practices concerning our processing, use and disclosure of the personally identifiable information provided to us by our website visitors and mobile app users. Our publication of our privacy policies and other statements we publish that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security can subject us to potential liability if they are found to be insufficient, defective, deceptive or misrepresentative of our practices. We are subject to domestic and foreign laws relating to processing certain financial transactions, including debit or credit card transactions, and failure to comply with those laws, even if inadvertent, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We process, support and execute financial transactions as part of our business and disburse funds on behalf of certain of our customers. This activity includes receiving debit and credit card information, processing payments for and due to our customers and disbursing funds on payment or debit cards to payees of our customers. As a result, we may be subject to numerous U.S. federal and state and foreign jurisdiction laws and regulations, including the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (commonly known as the Bank Secrecy Act) and the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”). We are also subject to or voluntarily comply with a number of other laws and regulations relating to privacy and information security and electronic fund transfers. If we were found to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to additional liability, including governmental fines or other sanctions, and we could be forced to otherwise change our business practices in certain jurisdictions, or be required to obtain additional licenses or regulatory approvals. We have implemented policies and procedures to preserve and protect credit card and other payment data against loss, corruption, misappropriation caused by systems failures, unauthorized access or misuse. Notwithstanding these policies and procedures, we could be subject to liability claims by individuals and customers whose data resides in our databases for the misuse of that information. If we fail to meet appropriate compliance levels, this could negatively impact our ability to utilize credit cards as a method of payment, or collect and store credit card information, which could disrupt our business. Failure to comply with these laws may subject us to, among other things, additional costs or changes to our business practices, liability for monetary damages, fines or criminal prosecution, unfavorable publicity, restrictions on our ability to process and support financial transactions and allegations by customers that we have not performed our contractual obligations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to comply with anticorruption and anti-money laundering laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our activities outside of the United States, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our operations subject us to anticorruption and other similar laws and regulations of multiple jurisdictions, both within the United States and internationally, which are often evolving, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the Patriot Act, and comparable foreign anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010. Our domestic activities, particularly those related to our Government Solutions business, are also subject to a number of federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding similar matters. 20 These laws and regulations prohibit companies and their employees and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or other benefits to government officials, political parties and private-sector recipients for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, directing business to any person or securing any advantage. We use various third parties to conduct our business, both domestically and abroad, and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, representatives, contractors or subcontractors, partners, and agents, those of the third parties with which we do business or those of any businesses we acquire, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities or they occurred prior to our acquisition of the relevant business. Safeguards we implement to discourage these practices may prove to be ineffective and any internal investigations may not uncover any such practices that may exist. Violations of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption, and anti- money laundering laws by us or any of these third parties can result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, or other liabilities or proceedings against us, including class action lawsuits, whistleblower complaints, enforcement actions by the SEC, Department of Justice, and U.S. state and local and foreign regulators, adverse media coverage, non-responsibility determinations by procuring agencies, and suspension or debarment from government contracts, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks related to laws and regulations and any changes in those laws could have a material adverse effect on our business. We are subject to multiple, and sometimes conflicting, laws and regulations in the countries, states and localities in which we operate. In addition to the laws and regulations discussed elsewhere in these risk factors regarding data privacy, foreign operations and other matters, we are subject to laws regarding transportation safety, consumer protection, procurement, anti-kickback, labor and employment matters, competition and antitrust, intellectual property, environmental matters, and other trade-related laws and regulations. Certain of our operations are also subject to oversight by the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Federal Communications Commission, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, and the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as comparable state and local agencies, including departments of transportation, departments of motor vehicles, professional licensing authorities and offices of inspector general. Our Government Solutions segment is also subject to laws related to the use of automated traffic enforcement, the capture, access and retention of data and matters related to government contracting. In connection with our European expansion, we are subject to laws, regulations and administrative practices addressing many of these and other matters in Europe. Recent years have seen a substantial increase in the number of new laws and regulations and the rate of change and enforcement of many of these types of laws and regulations. We cannot predict the nature, scope or impact of future laws, regulatory requirements or similar standards may have on our business, whether implemented through changes to existing laws or the way they are administered or interpreted, or through entirely new regulations. Future laws, regulations, and standards or any changed interpretation or administration of existing laws or regulations could limit the use or adoption of one or more of our solutions or require us to incur additional cost or impact our ability to develop and market new solutions. However, we may not be able to respond in a reasonable or cost effective manner, or at all. Even if we make what we believe are appropriate changes, there is no certainty those actions will comply. Any alleged or actual violations of any law or regulation, change in law or regulation or changes in the interpretation of existing laws or regulations may subject us to government scrutiny, including government or regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, civil and criminal fines and penalties, and negative publicly, or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in laws, regulations or rules, or a failure to comply with any laws, regulations or rules, may adversely affect our business, investments and results of operations. We are subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by foreign, national, regional and local governments and Nasdaq. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq, and other legal or regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws, regulations or rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. 21 Failure to acquire necessary intellectual property or adequately protect our intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect and defend our intellectual property against infringement, misappropriation and dilution. To protect our intellectual property rights, we rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret and unfair competition laws of the United States and other countries, as well as contract provisions. We have registered certain patents and trademarks and have applications pending in the United States and foreign jurisdictions for some inventions and trademarks, including the Verra Mobility word mark and logo, for which some applications have been filed but registrations have not yet been granted. However, not all of the trademarks and inventions we currently use have been registered in all of the countries in which we do business, and they may never be registered in all of those countries, and the applications we submit for these protections may not be granted. While we make efforts to acquire rights to intellectual property necessary for our operations, these measures may not adequately protect our rights in any given case, particularly in those countries where the laws do not protect proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. If we fail to acquire necessary intellectual property rights or adequately protect or assert our intellectual property rights, competitors may manufacture and market similar products and services, or dilute our brands, which could adversely affect our market share. It may be possible for third parties to reverse engineer, otherwise obtain, copy, and use software or information that we regard as proprietary. In addition, our competitors may avoid application of our existing or future intellectual property rights. Further, patent rights, copyrights and contractual provisions may not prevent our competitors from developing, using or selling products or services that are similar to or address the same market as our products and services. Failure to obtain registrations for the Verra Mobility word mark or logo may have a significant adverse impact on our brand. Moreover, some of our trademarks and services are descriptive or include descriptive elements, which may make it difficult to enforce our rights or prevent others from adopting and using similar marks. Competitive products and services could reduce the market value of our brands, products and services, inhibit attracting new customers or maintaining existing customers, lower our profits, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our measures to monitor and protect our intellectual property may not be adequate to maintain or enforce our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights. Despite our efforts to monitor and protect our intellectual property, we may not be able to maintain or enforce our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights. Unauthorized third parties may use our trademarks and service marks, or marks that are similar thereto, to impinge on our goodwill, cause consumer confusion or dilute our rights in the marks. We are aware of products, software and marks similar to our intellectual property being used by other persons. Although we believe that such uses will not adversely affect us, further or currently unknown unauthorized uses or other infringement of our trademarks or service marks could diminish the value of our intellectual property and may adversely affect our business. Even where we have effectively secured protection for our intellectual property, our competitors may challenge, infringe, misappropriate or dilute our intellectual property and our employees, consultants, contractors, customers and suppliers may breach their contractual obligations not to reveal our confidential information, including trade secrets. Additionally, defending or enforcing our intellectual property rights and agreements, and seeking an injunction or compensation for infringements or misappropriations, could result in expending significant resources and diverting management attention, which in turn may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have been and may become subject to third-party infringement claims or challenges to the validity of our intellectual property that could have a material adverse effect on our business. We have faced, and may in the future face, claims for infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights from intellectual property owners in areas where we operate or intend to operate, including in foreign jurisdictions. Such claims may or may not be unfounded. Regardless of whether such claims have merit, our image, brands, competitive position and ability to expand our operations into other jurisdictions may be harmed and we may incur significant costs related to defense or settlement. If such claims were decided against us or a third party we indemnify pursuant to license terms, we could be required to pay damages, develop or adopt non-infringing products or services, or acquire a license to the intellectual property that is the subject of the asserted claim, which license may not be available on acceptable terms or at all. Defending or settling claims would require the expenditure of additional capital, and negative publicity could arise, even if the matter was ultimately decided in our favor. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 22 Growth into new territories and technologies may be hindered or blocked by pre-existing third-party rights. We act to obtain and protect intellectual property rights to operate successfully in those territories where we operate and intend to expand. Certain intellectual property rights including rights in trademarks and patents are national in character, and are obtained on a country-by-country basis by the first person to obtain protection through use or registration in that country in connection with specified products and services. As our business grows, we continuously evaluate the potential for expansion into new territories and new products and services. There is a risk with each expansion, including for pending applications, that growth will be limited or unavailable due to pre-existing third-party intellectual property rights. We depend on the services of key executives and any inability to attract and retain key management personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our future success depends upon the continued services of our executive officers, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, who have critical experience and relationships that we rely on to implement our business plan and growth strategy. Additionally, as our business grows, we may need to attract and hire additional management personnel. We have employment agreements with some members of senior management; however, we cannot prevent our executives from terminating their employment and competing with us following any departure. Moreover, we do not carry “key-man” life insurance on the lives of our executive officers, employees or advisors. Our ability to retain our key management personnel or to identify and attract additional management personnel or suitable replacements should any members of the management team leave or be terminated is dependent on a number of factors, including the competitive nature of the employment market and our industry. Any failure to retain key management personnel or to attract additional or suitable replacement personnel could cause uncertainty among investors, employees, customers and others concerning our future direction and performance and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A failure to attract and retain necessary skilled personnel and qualified subcontractors could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our business depends on highly skilled technical, managerial, engineering, sales, marketing and customer support personnel and qualified and competent subcontractors. Competition for this personnel is intense, especially during times of low unemployment or economic recovery or growth. Any failure to attract, hire, assimilate in a timely manner and retain and motivate key qualified personnel, particularly software development, product development, analytics and other technical personnel, or inability to contract with qualified, competent subcontractors, could impair our success. Additionally, certain portions of our Government Solutions operations are dependent on employees who are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. When the collective bargaining agreement becomes subject to renegotiation or if we face union organizing drives, any disagreement between us and the union on important issues may lead to a strike, work slowdown or other job actions in one or more location we serve. A strike, work slowdown or other job action could disrupt our services, resulting in reduced revenues or contract cancellations. State or local law in some jurisdictions requires that subcontractors for our Government Solutions segment are certified by the jurisdiction, and the failure on the part of our subcontractors to obtain and maintain such certification could impact their ability to perform services for us. Further, our recent acquisition activity could increase the challenge of retaining our key employees and subcontractors and those of the acquired businesses. The loss of any key technical employee or the termination of a key subcontractor relationship, and any inability to identify suitable replacements or offer reasonable terms to these candidates could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Litigation and other disputes and regulatory investigations could have a material adverse effect on our business. From time to time, we may be involved in litigation and other disputes or regulatory investigations that arise in and outside the ordinary course of business. We expect that the number, frequency and significance of these matters may increase as our business expands and we grow as a company. Disputes and litigation may relate to, among other things, intellectual property, commercial arrangements, negligence and fiduciary duty claims, vicarious liability based upon conduct of individuals or entities outside of our control, including our third-party service providers, antitrust claims, deceptive trade practices, general fraud claims and employment law claims, including compliance with wage and hour regulations. Like other companies that handle sensitive personal and payment 23 information, we also face the possibility of allegations regarding employee fraud or misconduct. In addition to more general litigation, at times we are also a named party in claims made against our customers, including putative class actions challenging the legality and constitutionality of automated photo enforcement and other similar programs of our Government Solutions customers and consumer fraud claims brought against our RAC customers alleging faulty disclosures regarding our services. As a public company, we may also be subject to securities class action and stockholder derivative lawsuits. From time to time, we may also be reviewed or investigated by U.S. federal, state, or local regulators or regulators in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate regarding similar and other matters, including tax assessments. These investigations can be commenced at the initiative of the governmental authority or as a result of complaints by private citizens, regardless of whether the complaint has any merit. At times, we are also required to obtain licensing and permitting, including with respect to matters such as general contracting, performance of engineering services, performance of electrical work and performance of private investigative work. Although we carry general liability insurance coverage, our insurance may not cover all potential claims to which we are exposed, whether as a result of a dispute, litigation or governmental investigation, and it may not adequately indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed. Any claims against us or investigation into our business and activities, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in significant legal and other expenses, require significant amounts of management time and result in the diversion of significant operational resources. Class action lawsuits can often be particularly burdensome given the breadth of claims, large potential damages and significant costs of defense. In the case of intellectual property litigation and proceedings, adverse outcomes could include the cancellation, invalidation or other loss of material intellectual property rights used in our business and injunctions prohibiting our use of business processes or technology that is subject to third-party patents or other third-party intellectual property rights. Legal or regulatory matters involving our directors, officers or employees in their individual capacities can also create exposure for us because we may be obligated or may choose to indemnify the affected individuals against liabilities and expenses they incur in connection with such matters. Regulatory investigations, including with respect to proper licensing or permitting, can also lead to enforcement actions, fines and penalties, the loss of a license or permit or the assertion of private litigation claims. Risks associated with these liabilities are often difficult to assess or quantify and their existence and magnitude can remain unknown for significant periods of time, making the amount of any legal reserves related to these legal liabilities difficult to determine and, if a reserve is established, subject to future revision. Future results of operations could be adversely affected if any reserve that we establish for a legal liability is increased or the underlying legal proceeding, investigation or other contingency is resolved for an amount in excess of established reserves. Because litigation and other disputes and regulatory investigations are inherently unpredictable, the results of any of these matters may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our recent expansion into international markets exposes us to additional risks, and failure to manage those risks could have a material adverse effect on our business. We did not have any history of conducting or overseeing international operations before our April 2018 acquisition of EPC. In addition to EPC, we now have subsidiaries in the Netherlands, France, Ireland and Spain (Pagatelia). The future success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully manage these foreign operations. Because of our limited experience with developing and managing relationships and sales and distribution channels in foreign markets, our international efforts may not be successful. Our international operations also subject us to new risks that could increase expenses, restrict our ability to operate, result in lost revenues or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, including: • • • political, social, and economic instability, including the on-going impact of Great Britain’s decision to exit the E.U. and European sovereign debt issues and tightening of government budgets; wars, civil unrest, acts of terrorism and other conflicts; increased complexity and costs of managing or overseeing foreign operations, including adapting and localizing our services to specific regions and countries and relying on different third-party service providers; 24 • • • • • • • local business and cultural factors and customs that may differ from our normal standards and practices; complying with tariffs, trade restrictions, and trade agreements and any changes thereto; foreign exchange and other restrictions and limitations on the transfer or repatriation of funds; adverse tax consequences; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; complying with varying legal and regulatory environments in multiple foreign jurisdictions, including with respect to data and consumer privacy and payment processing, labor matters, and unexpected changes in these laws, regulatory requirements, and the enforcement thereof; and limited protection of our intellectual property and other assets as compared to the laws of the United States. Political instability and uncertainty in the E.U. and, in particular, Great Britain’s recent exit from the E.U., has slowed economic growth and created significant economic disruption and uncertainty in the region, including with respect to whether other nations may follow suit in withdrawing from the E.U. Great Britain formally exited the EU on January 31, 2020, and a transition period is in place until December 31 2020, during which time Great Britain will remain in both the EU customs union and single market and follow EU rules. There is a significant lack of clarity regarding the terms of Great Britain’s future relationship with the EU after this date. These uncertainties could continue to discourage near-term economic activity, including decisions regarding the continued use of our solutions or the willingness of European RACs or FMCs to adopt one of our solutions, until the final terms of Great Britain’s exit and its impact on other countries of the E.U. are resolved. The final terms of the withdrawal could also impact EPC’s ability to obtain information from vehicle licensing authorities that is necessary to our operations in certain parts of the E.U. We have limited or no control over these and other factors related to international operations and our strategies to address these risks may not correctly anticipate any problems that arise or be successful in expanding our solutions from the United States into new European markets. Any failure to successfully manage these and other similar risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our growth is dependent on successfully implementing our international expansion strategy. Our growth strategy includes expanding our global footprint, which may involve moving into regions and countries beyond those in which we currently operate, and our success will depend, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage the risks related to this expansion. In order to achieve widespread acceptance in new markets we may enter, we may need to develop new products and services or tailor our existing products and services to that market’s unique customs, cultures and standards. We have offices in London and Budapest through EPC, and we have opened a location in the Netherlands to serve as the headquarters for our European business. Additionally, we have subsidiaries in France, Ireland and Spain (Pagatelia). The establishment of these and future European subsidiaries may divert our resources and require significant attention from management. In addition to the risks inherent in conducting international business, expanding into Europe with new and existing customers poses additional risks, including: • • • • • • lack of acceptance of our products and services; difficulties in and costs associated with staffing and managing our European operations; tax issues, including administration of value-added tax, restrictions on repatriating earnings, and with respect to our corporate operating structure and intercompany arrangements; our limited historical sale experience to RACs outside the United States; our ability to adapt our marketing and selling efforts to different cultures and customers; and a different competitive environment, including a number of smaller competitors and a more fragmented business model that allows RACs and FMCs to perform some of the services we offer for themselves. 25 If we are unable to effectively manage these risks our relationships with our existing and prospective customers, strategic partners and employees and our operations outside the United States may be adversely affected. In many cases, we will have limited or no experience in the particular region or country. Moreover, learning the customs and cultures, particularly with respect to consumer preferences, differing technology standards and language barriers, is a difficult task. Our failure to do so could slow our growth there. In many of these markets, long-standing relationships between potential customers and their local partners and protective regulations, including local content requirements and approvals, and disparate networks and systems used by each country will create barriers to entry. Difficulties in foreign financial markets and economies and of foreign financial institutions, particularly in emerging markets, could also adversely affect demand in the affected areas. For this strategy to be successful, we must generate sufficient revenues and margins from the new markets to offset the expense of the expansion. Moreover, as the scale of our international operations increases, we will be more susceptible to the general risks related to our existing international operations discussed above. If we are unable to further expand internationally or if we are unable to effectively and efficiently manage the complexity of our expanded operations and compete in these new regions and countries, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We will be subject to income taxes in the United States and Europe, and our domestic tax liabilities will be subject to the allocation of expenses in differing jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including: • • • • • • changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; expected timing and amount of the release of any tax valuation allowances; tax effects of stock-based compensation; costs related to intercompany restructurings; changes in tax laws, regulations or interpretations thereof; or lower than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated future earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory tax rates. In addition, we may be subject to audits of our income, sales and other transaction taxes by U.S. federal and state authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly and could fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors due to certain factors, some of which are beyond our control, resulting in a decline in our stock price. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly because of several factors, including: • • • • • • • • • • labor availability and costs for hourly and management personnel; profitability of our products and services, especially in new markets and due to seasonal fluctuations; changes in interest rates; impairment of long-lived assets; macroeconomic conditions, both nationally and locally; negative publicity relating to products and services we offer; changes in consumer preferences and competitive conditions; expansion to new markets; legislative changes impacting automated safety solutions or RAC toll pricing models; and fluctuations in commodity prices. 26 Our substantial level of indebtedness could cause our business to suffer. We have a substantial amount of debt, including approximately $894 million outstanding under our first lien term loan facility as of December 31, 2019. Our substantial debt could have important consequences. For example, it could: • • • • • • • • • increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions; limit our ability to obtain additional financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions and other general corporate requirements; expose us to interest rate fluctuations because the interest on certain of our debt is variable; require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our debt, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow for operations and other purposes; make it more difficult for us to satisfy our general business obligations, including our obligations to our lenders, resulting in possible defaults on and acceleration of such indebtedness; limit our ability to refinance indebtedness or increase the associated costs; require us to sell assets to reduce debt or influence our decision about whether to do so; limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate or prevent us from carrying out capital spending that is necessary or important to our growth strategy and efforts to improve operating margins; and place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to any competitors that have less debt or comparable debt at more favorable interest rates and that, as a result, may be better positioned to withstand economic downturns. In addition, the agreements governing our indebtedness contain restrictive covenants that will limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to engage in activities that may be in our and their long-term best interests. The phase-out of LIBOR may adversely affect our outstanding debt. The London InterBank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, is scheduled to be phased out by the end of 2021. In the United States, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”), the working group formed to recommend an alternative rate to LIBOR, has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as its preferred alternative rate for USD LIBOR. Our debt instruments have interest rates that are based on LIBOR and will not have matured prior to the phase-out of LIBOR. Changes in the method of determining LIBOR, or the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative floating borrowing rate, may adversely affect our borrowing costs. We cannot predict the effect of the potential changes to LIBOR or the establishment and use of alternative floating borrowing rates on our outstanding debt that is based on LIBOR. Transitioning to a different borrowing rate may result in less favorable pricing on our debt instruments and could have an adverse effect on our financial results and cash flows. Despite substantial levels of indebtedness, we have the ability to incur substantially more indebtedness, which could further intensify the risks described above. We may be able to incur substantial additional debt in the future. The terms of our existing indebtedness do not fully prohibit us from incurring substantial additional debt as they each permit additional borrowings. Depending on borrowing availability, we have the ability to draw up to $75.0 million of commitments under our revolving credit facility, which includes an option for an uncommitted accordion to increase commitments by up to $50.0 million, all of which will be secured. We also have the ability to draw upon the uncommitted accordion provided under the first lien term loan facility of up to $200.0 million, plus the sum of all voluntary prepayments of the first lien term loan facility and certain permitted indebtedness, plus an unlimited amount subject to the satisfaction of a maximum total net leverage ratio or minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, in each case, on a pro forma basis, all of which will be secured. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we now face could intensify. 27 Restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness could restrict our operating flexibility. The agreements governing our indebtedness limit our ability to take certain actions. These restrictions may limit our ability to operate our businesses, prohibit or limit our ability to enhance our operations or take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise and cause us to take actions that are not favorable to stockholders. The agreements governing our indebtedness restrict, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, our and our restricted subsidiaries’ ability to: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • incur additional indebtedness; pay dividends or other payments on capital stock; guarantee other obligations; grant liens on assets; make loans, acquisitions or other investments; transfer or dispose of assets; make optional payments or modify certain debt instruments; engage in transactions with affiliates; amend organizational documents; engage in mergers or consolidations; enter into arrangements that restrict the ability to pay dividends; engage in business activities that are materially different from existing business activities; change the nature of the business we conduct; and designate subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries. Under our first lien term loan facility, we could be required to make periodic prepayments based on excess cash flow (as defined by the first lien term loan facility) thereby limiting the amount of cash flow that can be reinvested in our business. For example, we expect to make a payment of approximately $19.7 million related to the mandatory prepayment of excess cash flow during the first quarter of 2020. In addition, under our revolving credit facility, if availability goes below a certain threshold, we will be required to comply with a minimum “consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio” financial covenant as calculated therein. Moreover, if availability falls below a certain threshold for a specified number of business days, we could be required to remit our cash funds to a dominion account maintained by the administrative agent to the revolving credit facility, which would require daily review and approval of operating disbursements by the administrative agent. Our ability to comply with the covenants and restrictions contained in agreements governing our indebtedness may be affected by economic conditions and by financial, market and competitive factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our ability to comply with these covenants in future periods will also depend substantially on the pricing and sales volume of our products, our success at implementing cost reduction initiatives and our ability to successfully implement our overall business strategy. The breach of any of these covenants or restrictions could result in a default under one or more of the agreements governing our indebtedness that would permit the applicable lenders to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be due and payable, together with accrued and unpaid interest. In that case, we may be unable to borrow under our revolving credit agreement or otherwise, may not be able to repay the amounts due under the agreements governing our indebtedness, and may not be able make cash available by dividend, debt repayment or otherwise. In addition, our lenders could proceed against the collateral securing that indebtedness. Any of the foregoing could have serious consequences to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent. 28 The agreements governing our indebtedness contain cross default or cross acceleration provisions that may cause all of the debt issued under those instruments to become immediately due and payable because of a default under an unrelated debt instrument. The agreements governing our indebtedness contain numerous covenants and require us, if availability goes below a certain threshold, to comply with a minimum “consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio” financial covenant as calculated in the revolving credit agreement. Our failure to comply with the obligations contained in these agreements or other instruments governing our indebtedness could result in an event of default under the applicable instrument, which could result in the related debt and the debt issued under other instruments (together with accrued and unpaid interest and other fees) becoming immediately due and payable. In such event, we would need to raise funds from alternative sources, which funds may not be available to us on favorable terms, on a timely basis or at all. Alternatively, such a default could require us to sell assets and otherwise curtail our operations in order to pay our creditors. These alternative measures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. If we do not generate sufficient cash flows, we may not be able to service all of our indebtedness. To service our indebtedness, we will require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to generate cash, make scheduled payments or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our successful financial and operating performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors, many of which are outside of our control. If our cash flow and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations or to repay indebtedness when it matures, we may have to undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring our debt, selling assets or operations, reducing or delaying capital investments or seeking to raise additional capital. We may not be able to refinance our debt and any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more restrictive covenants that could further restrict our business operations and our ability to make cash available for dividends and distributions and payments on our other debt obligations (if any). Our ability to implement successfully any such alternative financing plans will be dependent on a range of factors, including general economic conditions, the level of activity in mergers and acquisitions and capital markets generally, and the terms of our various debt instruments then in effect. In addition, a significant portion of our outstanding indebtedness is secured by substantially all of our assets including our subsidiaries’ assets, and any successor credit facilities are likely to be secured on a similar basis. As such, our ability to seek additional financing or our ability to make cash available for dividends and distributions and payments on our other debt obligations (if any) could be impaired as a result of such security interests and the agreements governing such security interests. Moreover, as a result of these security interests, the underlying assets would only be available to satisfy claims of our general creditors or holders of our equity securities if we were to become insolvent to the extent the value of such assets exceeded the amount of our indebtedness and other obligations. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our debt obligations or to refinance our obligations on commercially reasonable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition and results of operations. We may be unable to obtain additional financing to fund operations and growth. We may require additional financing to fund our operations or growth, whether organic or through acquisitions. Our failure to secure additional financing could have a material adverse effect on our continued development or growth. None of our officers, directors or stockholders is required to provide any future financing to us. 29 If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results. As a public company, we are required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), which requires, among other things, that companies maintain disclosure controls and procedures to ensure timely disclosure of material information, and that management review the effectiveness of those controls on a quarterly basis. Because we ceased to be an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) with our transition to large accelerated filer status as of December 31, 2019, we are also now subject to Section 404(b) of SOX, which requires that our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for the first time in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, among other additional requirements. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and to help prevent fraud, and our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance requirements. These rules and regulations also increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. As disclosed in Part II – Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to ineffective information technology general controls in the area of user access over certain systems that support our financial reporting process. As a result, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2019. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement or a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified in Item 9A did not result in any misstatement of our financial statements for any period presented. We have designed and have begun implementation of a remediation plan for this material weakness and expect it to be remediated during fiscal year 2020. However, our remediation efforts may be inadequate, and we may in the future discover other areas of our internal controls that require remediation. We cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future or that we will be able to comply with our obligations under Section 404 of SOX. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we cannot assure our stockholders that we will be able to conclude in the future that we have effective internal control over financial reporting, and/or we may encounter difficulties in implementing or improving our internal controls, which could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness or our financial reports, the market price of our securities may be negatively affected, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigation by regulatory authorities, such as the SEC or Nasdaq. Compliance and reporting requirements related to being a public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention. The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, SOX, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and increase demand on our systems and resources. We ceased to be an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act with our transition to large accelerated filer status as of December 31, 2019. As a result, we have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, additional costs associated with being a public company going forward, including costs associated with compliance with the auditor attestation requirement of Section 404 of SOX. Moreover, the demands on management in operating a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies, are significant. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage us as a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These obligations and constituents require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. 30 We are required to pay PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC for a significant portion of the tax benefit relating to pre-Business Combination tax attributes of Verra Mobility. At the closing of the Business Combination, we entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC (the “Platinum Stockholder”) and the stockholder representative (as may be amended from time to time, the “Tax Receivable Agreement”). The Tax Receivable Agreement provides for the payment by us to the Platinum Stockholder of 50% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we actually realize (or are deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination as a result of the increase in the tax basis of the intangible assets of HTA resulting from the acquisition of HTA by Verra Mobility prior to the Business Combination. We will generally retain the benefit of the remaining 50% of these cash savings. Under certain circumstances (including an election by us, a material breach of our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement, or certain transactions constituting a change in control or divestiture of the HTA assets under the Tax Receivable Agreement), payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may accelerate, and we may be required to make such payments in a lump sum based on certain valuation assumptions, including that we and our subsidiaries will generate sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the applicable deductions generated by the intangible assets of HTA. Risks Related to Our Class A Common Stock and Warrants Platinum Equity has significant influence over us. Platinum Equity, LLC, its sponsored funds and affiliated private equity investment vehicles (collectively, “Platinum Equity”) beneficially owned approximately 16% of our Class A Common Stock as of December 31, 2019. As long as Platinum Equity owns or controls a significant percentage of our outstanding voting power, it will have the ability to influence corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors and the size of our Board, any amendment to our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or the approval of any merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of our assets. Platinum Equity’s influence over our management could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which could cause the market price of our securities to decline or prevent security holders from realizing a premium over the market price for such securities. Under the Merger Agreement, Platinum Equity is entitled to receive additional shares of our Class A Common Stock if the volume weighted average closing price of our Class A Common Stock exceeds certain thresholds, as described in Part II, Item 5, below. Additionally, the earn-out shares issuable to the Platinum Stockholder accelerate upon a qualifying change of control. Finally, because our certificate of incorporation opts out of Section 203 of the DGCL regulating certain business combinations with interested stockholders, Platinum Equity may transfer shares to a third party by transferring their securities without the approval of our Board or other stockholders, which may limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for our securities. Pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement, the Platinum Stockholder has the right to nominate up to three directors to the Board, depending on its ownership percentage. If one of the Platinum Stockholder’s nominees is elected, one of the Platinum Stockholder’s nominees will serve as the chairman of the Board, and the Platinum Stockholder will have the right to appoint one representative to each committee of the Board. The Platinum Stockholder’s right to nominate directors to the Board is subject to its ownership percentage of the total outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. If the Platinum Stockholder holds: (i) 25% or greater of the outstanding Class A Common Stock, it has the right to nominate three directors; (ii) less than 25% but greater than or equal to 15% of the outstanding Class A Common Stock, it has the right to nominate two directors; (iii) less than 15% but greater than or equal to 5% of the outstanding Class A Common Stock, it has the right to nominate one director; and (iv) less than 5% of the outstanding Class A Common Stock, it has no right to nominate any directors. Jacob Kotzubei, the Chairman of our Board, Bryan Kelln and David Roberts, our President and Chief Executive Officer, are the current Platinum Stockholder nominees serving on our Board. David Roberts’ current term runs through our 2020 annual stockholder meeting, and Jacob Kotzubei and Bryan Kelln’s terms run through our 2021 annual stockholder meeting. Changes in the Platinum Stockholder’s ownership percentage during its respective nominees’ terms do not require any director, including the Platinum Stockholder’s nominees, to resign from the Board. 31 Platinum Equity’s interests may not align with the interests of our other security holders. Accordingly, Platinum Equity could cause us to enter into transactions or agreements of which our stockholders would not approve or make decisions with which they would not agree. Further, Platinum Equity is in the business of making investments in companies and may acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. Platinum Equity may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. In recognition that principals, members, directors, managers, partners, stockholders, officers, employees and other representatives of Platinum Equity and its affiliates and investment funds may serve as our directors or officers, our certificate of incorporation provides, among other things, that none of Platinum Equity or any principal, member, director, manager, partner, stockholder, officer, employee or other representative of Platinum Equity has any duty to refrain from engaging directly or indirectly in the same or similar business activities or lines of business that we do. In the event that any of these persons or entities acquires knowledge of a potential transaction or matter which may be a corporate opportunity for itself and us, we will not have any expectancy in such corporate opportunity, and these persons and entities will not have any duty to communicate or offer such corporate opportunity to us and may pursue or acquire such corporate opportunity for themselves or direct such opportunity to another person. We are also party to a corporate advisory services agreement with Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC (“Advisors”), pursuant to which Advisors will provide us with certain transactional and corporate advisory services as mutually agreed between us and Advisors. These potential conflicts of interest could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations if, among other things, attractive corporate opportunities are allocated by Platinum Equity to themselves or their other affiliates. Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt. Our certificate of incorporation contains provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together, these provisions may make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities. These provisions will include: • • • • • • • • no cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates; a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, which could delay the ability of stockholders to change the membership of a majority of the Board; the requirement that directors may only be removed from the Board for cause; the right of our Board to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director in certain circumstances, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board; a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders; a prohibition on stockholders calling a special meeting and the requirement that a meeting of stockholders may only be called by members of our Board or our Chief Executive Officer, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors; the requirement that changes or amendments to certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws must be approved by holders of at least two-thirds of our Common Stock; and advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our Board or to propose matters to be acted upon at a meeting of stockholders, which may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us. 32 Our bylaws include a forum selection clause, which may impact the ability of our stockholders to bring actions against us. Subject to certain limitations, our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring: (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees or our stockholders; (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; or (d) any action asserting a claims governed by the internal affairs doctrine. In addition, our bylaws provide that unless consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the federal securities laws of the United States against us, our officers, directors, employees or underwriters. These limitations on the forum in which stockholders may initiate action against us could create costs, inconvenience or otherwise adversely affect our stockholders’ ability to seek legal redress. If a court were to find the forum-selection provisions contained in our bylaws to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving proceedings in forums other than the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States. Resales of the shares of our securities could depress the market price of our securities. Platinum Equity beneficially owned approximately 16% of our Class A Common Stock as of December 31, 2019. All such shares of Class A Common Stock held by Platinum Equity have been registered for resale under the Securities Act. Pursuant to a registration rights agreement that we entered into with Platinum Equity and certain other stockholders in connection with the Business Combination, such stockholders are entitled to make up to six demands, excluding short form demands, that we register shares of our Class A Common Stock held by these parties, in addition to certain “piggy-back” registration rights such stockholders have. We had approximately 159,150,055 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding as of December 31, 2019. We have registered the 10,864,000 shares of Class A Common Stock that we may issue under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan so that they may be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates. There may be a large number of our securities sold in the market in the near future. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of securities intend to sell securities, could reduce the market price of our securities. Such sales of our securities or the perception of such sales may depress the market price of our securities. Our only significant asset is our ownership interest in our operating subsidiaries and such ownership may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our Class A Common Stock or satisfy our other financial obligations, including our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. We have no direct operations and no significant assets other than our ownership interest in our operating subsidiaries. We depend on our operating subsidiaries for distributions, loans and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations, including our expenses as a publicly traded company, to pay any dividends with respect to our Class A Common Stock, and to satisfy our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The financial condition and operating requirements of our operating subsidiaries may limit our ability to obtain cash from our operating subsidiaries. The earnings from, or other available assets of, our operating subsidiaries may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our Common Stock or satisfy our other financial obligations, including our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement. 33 The ability of our operating subsidiaries (other than subsidiaries which have been designated as unrestricted pursuant to our ability to do so in certain limited circumstances) to make distributions, loans and other payments to us for the purposes described above and for any other purpose are governed by the terms of the Rollover Credit Agreements, and will be subject to the negative covenants set forth therein. Any loans or other extensions of credit will be subject to the investment covenants under the Rollover Credit Agreements. The “Rollover Credit Agreements” means, collectively: (i) the First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc. (formerly known as ATS Consolidated, Inc.), a Delaware corporation, American Traffic Solutions, Inc., a Kansas corporation, and Lasercraft, Inc., a Georgia corporation, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and Bank of America, as the administrative agent and the collateral agent; and (ii) the Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of March 1, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc., a Delaware corporation, the other Borrowers (for this purpose only, as defined therein) party thereto from time to time, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and Bank of America, as the administrative agent and the collateral agent, in the case of each of the foregoing (i) and (ii), as amended or otherwise modified from time to time. A market for our securities may not continue, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities. The price of our securities may vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if our securities are not listed on, or become delisted from, Nasdaq for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board or OTC Pink, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. Our warrants using the trading symbol “VRRMW” were removed from listing by Nasdaq on December 14, 2018, due to an insufficient number of round lot holders following completion of the Business Combination. Those warrants are now quoted on OTC Pink under the symbol “VRRMW.” Accordingly, the liquidity of our warrants may be more limited than if they were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. Our securities holders may be unable to sell their securities unless a market can be sustained. If securities or industry analysts cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our securities adversely, then the price and trading volume of our securities could decline. The trading market for our securities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. If any of the analysts that may cover us change their recommendation regarding our securities adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our securities would likely decline. If any analyst that may cover us ceases covering us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of our securities to decline. Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments None. Item 2. Properties We lease all of the properties used in our business, including 108,460 square feet of office space for our corporate headquarters in Mesa, AZ. In addition to the corporate headquarters, we also lease office space in various locations for corporate and administrative purposes and lease several small warehouse locations. We do not consider any of these properties to be material to our business. 34 Item 3. Legal Proceedings We are subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business, and may be subject to similar or other claims in the future. Legal disputes and other claims and proceedings may relate to, among other things, intellectual property, commercial arrangements, negligence and fiduciary duty claims, vicarious liability based on conduct of individuals or entities outside of our control, including our third-party service providers, antitrust claims, deceptive trade practices, general fraud claims and employment law claims, including compliance with wage and hour regulations. In addition to more general litigation, at times we have also been a named party in claims made against our customers, including putative class actions challenging the legality and constitutionality of automated photo enforcement and other similar programs of our Government Solutions customers, and consumer fraud claims brought against us and our Commercial Services customers alleging faulty disclosures regarding our services. From time to time, we may also be reviewed or investigated by U.S. federal, state or local regulators or regulators in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate regarding these and other matters, including proper licensing and tax assessments. All litigation is inherently unpredictable and we could incur judgments or enter into settlements or claims in the future that could materially impact our results. Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures None. 35 PART II Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information Our Class A Common Stock is currently quoted on Nasdaq under the symbol “VRRM” and our warrants are currently quoted on OTC Pink under the symbol “VRRMW.” Our warrants were previously quoted on Nasdaq under the symbol “VRRMW”; however, our warrants were removed from listing on December 14, 2018, due to an insufficient number of round lot holders following completion of our Business Combination. From March 6, 2017, through the completion of our Business Combination, our Class A Common Stock and warrants were quoted under the symbols “GSHT,” and “GSHTW,” respectively. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share of our Class A Common Stock as reported on Nasdaq for the two most recent fiscal years: First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Holders of Record $ $ $ $ High Fiscal Year 2019 11.91 15.07 15.10 15.36 $ $ $ $ Low High 9.00 11.73 12.70 13.42 $ $ $ $ Fiscal Year 2018 10.05 10.40 10.65 11.14 $ $ $ $ Low 9.86 9.98 10.10 9.14 As of December 31, 2019, we had 24 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock. Because many of our shares of Class A Common Stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders. Warrants As of December 31, 2019, there were warrants outstanding to acquire 19,999,967 shares of our Class A Common Stock including: (i) 6,666,666 warrants originally issued to Gores Sponsor II, LLC in a private placement in connection with our IPO (the “Private Placement Warrants”); and (ii) 13,333,301 warrants issued in connection with our IPO (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Placement Warrants, the “Warrants”). The Warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of our Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to certain adjustments. The Warrants became exercisable on November 16, 2018, 30 days following the completion of the Business Combination, and expire five years after that date, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. We may redeem the outstanding Warrants at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of our Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third business day before we send the notice of redemption to the Warrant holders. The Private Placement Warrants, however, are nonredeemable so long as they are held by Gores Sponsor II, LLC or its permitted transferees. Dividends We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock to date. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends is within the discretion of our Board. In addition, our Board is not currently contemplating and does not anticipate declaring any stock dividends in the foreseeable future. Further, our ability to declare dividends is limited by restrictive covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness. 36 Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans The information required by this item with respect to our equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2020 annual meeting of stockholders. Stock Performance Graph The graph below compares the cumulative total return on our Class A Common Stock with that of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Composite 1500 Data Processing & Outsourced Services Index. The period shown commences on October 18, 2018, and ends on December 31, 2019, the end of our last fiscal year. The graph assumes an investment of $100 in each of the above on the close of market on October 18, 2018. We did not declare or pay any dividends on our Class A Common Stock during the comparison period. The stock performance graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. This performance graph is not deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act, or the Securities Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filings. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds None. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers None. 37 Earn-Out Agreement Under the Merger Agreement, the Platinum Stockholder is entitled to receive additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Shares”) if the volume weighted average closing sale price of one share of Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq exceeds certain thresholds for a period of at least 10 days out of 20 consecutive trading days at any time during the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination (the “Common Stock Price”). The Earn-Out Shares are issued to the Platinum Stockholder as follows: Common Stock Price thresholds > $13.00 > $15.50 > $18.00 > $20.50 One-time issuance of shares 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 If any of the Common Stock Price thresholds above (each, a “Triggering Event”) are not achieved within the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination, we will not be required to issue the Earn-Out Shares in respect of such Common Stock Price threshold. The Platinum Stockholder will also be entitled to Earn-Out Shares upon a change of control transaction for which the per share price is equal to or in excess of the applicable Common Stock Price required in connection with any Triggering Event described above. The Company estimated the original fair value of the contingently issuable shares to be $73.15 million, of which $54.9 million remains contingently issuable as of December 31, 2019. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to arrive at its original estimate. Each tranche was valued separately giving specific consideration to the tranche’s price target. The simulation considered volatility and risk free rates utilizing a peer group based on a five year term. This estimate was initially recorded as a distribution to shareholders and was presented as Common stock contingent consideration. Upon the occurrence of a Triggering Event, any issuable shares would be transferred from Common stock contingent consideration to Common stock and Additional paid-in capital accounts. Any contingently issuable shares not issued as a result of a Triggering Event not being attained by the end of the earn-out period will be cancelled. On April 26, 2019, the Triggering Event for the issuance of the first tranche of Earn-Out Shares occurred, as the volume weighted average closing sale price per share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as of that date had been greater than $13.00 for 10 out of 20 consecutive trading days. This Triggering Event resulted in the issuance of 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. At December 31, 2019, the potential future shares issuable pursuant to the earn-out are between zero and 7.5 million. For additional information, refer to our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. On January 27, 2020, the Triggering Event for the issuance of the second tranche of Earn-Out Shares occurred, as the volume weighted average closing sale price per share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as of that date had been greater than $15.50 for 10 out of 20 consecutive trading days. This Triggering Event resulted in the issuance of 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. See Note 21, Subsequent Events, in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for more information on the issuance of the second tranche of Earn-Out Shares. Item 6. Selected Financial Data As a result of the Business Combination, for accounting purposes, Greenlight is considered the acquirer and Gores is considered the acquired party. Our financial statement presentation includes the financial statements of Greenlight and its subsidiaries as Predecessor for periods prior to the completion of the Business Combination and of Verra Mobility Corporation, including the consolidation of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries, for periods from and after the Closing Date. 38 Consolidated Statements of Operations Data The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations for the respective periods: ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales (1) Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales (1) Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation, amortization, and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net (2) Impairment of property and equipment Total cost and expenses Income from operations Interest expense, net (3) Loss on extinguishment of debt (3) Other (income) expenses, net (4) Total other expenses (income) Income (loss) before income taxes Income tax provision (benefit) (5) Net income (loss) $ $ Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Predecessor For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 $ 416,723 32,014 448,737 5,561 13,919 125,640 85,493 115,771 5,898 352,282 96,455 60,729 — (11,198) 49,531 46,924 13,581 33,343 $ $ 365,076 5,070 370,146 5,788 3,447 108,883 136,069 103,353 — 357,540 12,606 69,550 26,486 (8,795) 87,241 (74,635) (16,241) (58,394) $ 135,655 2,584 138,239 1,936 1,590 50,471 44,882 33,113 — 131,992 6,247 20,858 — (2,172) 18,686 (12,439) (30,677) 18,238 $ $ $ 92,531 1,340 93,871 1,369 964 35,968 40,884 12,613 — 91,798 2,073 875 — (1,294) (419) 2,492 1,252 1,240 $ $ 212,515 18,235 230,750 2,638 9,505 83,762 53,034 33,395 522 182,856 47,894 2,706 — (2,471) 235 47,659 18,661 28,998 $ 193,314 10,280 203,594 3,192 6,267 82,170 52,730 35,810 3,926 184,095 19,499 2,095 — 2,168 4,263 15,236 3,826 11,410 Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Data The following table sets forth selected attributes of our condensed consolidated balance sheets at December 31: ($ in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents Goodwill and intangibles, net (2) Total assets Total long-term debt Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 2019 $ $ 131,513 1,018,593 1,407,426 866,465 1,407,426 Successor 2018 65,048 1,079,265 1,344,783 869,353 1,344,783 2017 $ $ 8,725 498,164 664,865 428,689 664,865 Predecessor 2016 2,901 26,983 188,436 69,243 188,436 (1) Product sales and the related cost of product sales result from the sale of photo enforcement equipment to certain customers. The number of customers that purchase equipment is limited and their buying patterns vary greatly from period to period. 39 (2) (3) (4) (5) The purchase accounting resulting from the ATS Merger (as defined below) in May 2017 increased intangible assets subject to amortization to $222.5 million and increased the related amortization of intangibles expense by $17.7 million, $35.4 million, and $37.8 million in the 2017 Successor Period (as defined below), and fiscal years 2018 and 2019, respectively. On March 1, 2018, we acquired HTA. The purchase accounting resulting from the HTA acquisition increased intangible assets subject to amortization to $591.8 million and increased the related amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 by $43.1 million and $51.7 million, respectively. On April 6, 2018, we acquired EPC. The purchase accounting resulting from the EPC acquisition increased intangible assets subject to amortization to $614.0 million and increased the related amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019 by $2.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively. On October 31, 2019, we acquired Pagatelia which increased intangibles subject to amortization to $626.9 million, and the related amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 by $0.3 million. In connection with the ATS Merger in May 2017 we entered into a First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement and a Second Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement of $323 million and $125 million, respectively, and a $40 million Revolving Credit Facility Agreement (collectively the “2017 Credit Facilities”). In connection with the HTA acquisition, we entered into a First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement and a Second Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement of $840 million and $200 million, respectively, and a $75 million Revolving Credit Facility Agreement (collectively the “2018 Credit Facilities”). The 2018 Credit Facilities replaced the 2017 Credit Facilities. We recorded interest expense including amortization of deferred financing costs of $20.9 million, $69.6 million and $60.7 million, respectively, in the 2017 Successor Period, and in fiscal years 2018 and 2019. We also recorded a $10.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt related to the establishment of the 2018 Credit Facilities in fiscal year 2018. Other income and expenses primarily consist of volume rebates from total spend on purchasing cards. In 2015, we paid a $4.3 million earn-out in connection with a 2014 acquisition within our Commercial Services segment. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted significant changes to the U.S. tax law following the passage and signing of the Tax Act. The Tax Act reduces the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from a maximum 35% to 21% and modified or eliminated other provisions in the tax code. As of December 31, 2017, we re-measured the applicable deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse. The gross deferred tax assets and liabilities were provisionally adjusted, which resulted in a net effect of a $27.3 million decrease to the income tax provision in the 2017 Successor Period. We completed our analysis in 2018 and have recorded the final adjustments in the measurement period provided for in the Tax Act. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data The following table sets forth selected attributes of our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows: ($ in thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Predecessor For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 $ $ 133,802 (54,973) (14,520) $ 46,017 (562,857) 574,268 $ 8,311 (553,536) 555,734 $ 41,833 (8,786) (27,491) $ 43,841 (35,051) (7,041) 57,625 (13,131) (43,886) 40 Non-GAAP Financial Data The following table sets forth the unaudited non-GAAP measures of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin %: ($ in thousands) (Unaudited) Adjusted EBITDA Adjusted EBITDA Margin % Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Predecessor For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 $ 241,391 $ 53.8% 197,610 $ 53.4% 59,901 $ 43.3% 37,991 $ 40.5% 87,116 $ 37.8% 62,735 30.8% We define “Adjusted EBITDA” as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude (i) interest expense, net, (ii) income tax provision (benefit), (iii) depreciation and amortization, and (iv) as further adjusted to eliminate the impact of stock-based compensation, TRA liability adjustment and certain non-recurring items that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. These further adjustments are itemized below. Adjusted EBITDA margin % represents Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenue. We use these metrics to measure our performance from period to period both at the consolidated level as well as within our operating segments, to evaluate and fund incentive compensation programs and to compare our results to those of our competitors. In addition to Adjusted EBITDA being a significant measure of performance for management purposes, we also believe that this presentation provides useful information to investors regarding financial and business trends related to our results of operations and that when non-GAAP financial information is viewed with GAAP financial information, investors are provided with a more meaningful understanding of our ongoing operating performance. You are encouraged to evaluate these adjustments and the reasons we consider them appropriate for supplemental analysis. In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments set forth below. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss), operating income, cash flows from operating activities or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP, or measures of operating performance or cash flows as measures of liquidity. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin % have important limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered either in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. In addition, our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies and may, therefore, have limitations as a comparative analytical tool. For example, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin % do not reflect: • • • • • our capital expenditures, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments; changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs; the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debt; income tax expense or the cash necessary to pay income taxes; and cash requirements for the assets being depreciated and amortized that may have to be replaced in the future. Our non-GAAP information below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere. 41 The following table sets forth our reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA (unaudited): ($ in thousands) Net income (loss) Interest expense, net Income tax provision (benefit) Depreciation and amortization EBITDA Transaction and other related expenses (i) Transformation expenses (ii) Impairment of property and equipment (iii) Loss on extinguishment of debt (iv) Sponsor fees and expenses (v) Acquisition earn-out (vi) Non-recurring severance (vii) Non-cash amortization of contract inducement (viii) Stock-based compensation (ix) TRA liability adjustment (x) Adjusted EBITDA Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Predecessor For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 2015 $ $ 33,343 60,729 13,581 115,566 223,219 2,368 — 5,898 — — — — — 10,012 $ (106) 241,391 $ (58,394) $ 69,550 (16,241) 103,346 98,261 56,443 8,765 — 26,486 5,383 — — — 2,272 — 197,610 $ 18,238 20,858 (30,677) 33,151 41,570 10,190 3,913 — — 4,228 — — — — — 59,901 $ $ 1,240 875 1,252 12,574 15,941 21,773 — — — — — — 277 — — 37,991 $ $ 28,998 2,706 18,661 33,293 83,658 1,154 — 522 — — — — 1,784 — — 87,118 $ $ 11,410 2,095 3,826 33,301 50,632 — — 3,926 — — 4,275 2,117 1,784 — — 62,734 (i) (ii) Transaction and other related expenses incurred in fiscal 2016 relate to legal and other professional fees associated with activities leading to the ATS Merger. For the 2017 Predecessor Period, we recognized $21.8 million of costs related to the ATS Merger, which consisted of $11.9 million of payments under the Verra Mobility’s 2016 equity plan, $1.3 million of transaction bonus payments, $7.9 million of professional fees and other expenses processed through the funds flow and $0.7 million of professional fees paid directly by Verra Mobility. For the 2017 Successor Period, Verra Mobility recognized approximately $10.2 million of costs related to the ATS Merger, which consisted of $8.0 million of payments for acquisition services to Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC, $1.9 million of professional fees and other expenses processed through the funds flow and $0.3 million of professional fees paid directly by Verra Mobility. For fiscal 2018, Verra Mobility recognized an aggregate of $56.4 million of costs related primarily to the Business Combination, HTA and EPC Acquisitions, primarily consisting of $28.4 million for payments under the 2018 participation plan, $9.7 million for acquisition services to Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC, $17.4 million of banking, legal and other professional fees and $0.9 million of other costs. For fiscal 2019, we paid $0.7 million for the Pagatelia acquisition and $1.7 million of offering costs that were incurred by us for the secondary offerings by PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC. Transformation expenses of $3.9 million and $8.8 million for the 2017 Successor Period and fiscal 2018, respectively, represent one-time costs related to optimizing the expense structure and defining Verra Mobility’s growth strategy. For the 2017 Successor Period, these costs included $1.5 million for strategy consultants, $2.1 million for procurement optimization and $0.2 million for IT optimization. For fiscal 2018, these costs included $5.7 million for strategy consultants, $1.0 million for procurement optimization, $0.6 million for severance to employees of acquired businesses, $0.6 million for IT optimization and $0.9 million of other professional fees. (iii) This represents an impairment charge on fixed assets during fiscal year 2019 as a result of a legislation ban of most red-light photo enforcement programs in Texas on June 1, 2019. 42 (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) This represents the loss on extinguishment of debt related to the 2017 Credit Facilities which were replaced by the 2018 Credit facilities in conjunction with the HTA acquisition and the repayment of the second lien term loan facility in October 2018 pursuant to the Business Combination. We incurred management fees and related expenses associated with a previous corporate advisory services agreement with Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC which was terminated in connection with the Business Combination. In 2015, we paid $4.3 million earn-out associated with a 2014 acquisition within the Commercial Services segment. The payment related to performance goals reached subsequent to the acquisition. In 2015, we incurred severance charges associated with the transition of our executive leadership team. In 2014, we paid $10.2 million in connection with a tolling contract with a major RAC. This amount was capitalized and amortized over the term of the contract as a reduction to revenue. As a result of the ATS Merger, and the resultant purchase price allocation, the contract inducement was subsumed into the larger customer relationship intangible asset recorded for this and other customers. Stock-based compensation represents the non-cash charge related to the issuance of awards under the Verra Mobility 2018 equity incentive plan. This represents an adjustment to the TRA liability during fiscal year 2019 based upon changes to taxable income and tax rates. 43 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes that are included in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the section entitled “Risk Factors.” Please also see the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Business Overview We believe we are a leading provider of smart mobility technology solutions and services throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. We provide integrated technology solutions and services, which include toll and violations management, title and registration, automated safety solutions, and other data-driven solutions to our customers, which include RACs, FMCs, other large fleet owners, municipalities, school districts and violation-issuing authorities. Our solutions simplify the smart mobility ecosystem by utilizing what we believe are industry-leading capabilities, information and technology expertise, and integrated hardware and software to efficiently facilitate the automated processing of tolls and violations and safety solutions for hundreds of agencies and millions of end users annually, while also making cities and roadways safer for everyone. Segment Information We have two operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services and Government Solutions: • • The Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions, title and registration services for RACs and FMCs in North America. In Europe, we provide violations processing through EPC and tolling services through Pagatelia. The Government Solutions segment provides complete, end-to-end red-light, speed, school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions. It implements and administers traffic safety programs and products for municipalities and local government agencies of all sizes. Segment performance is based on revenues and income (loss) from operations before depreciation, amortization, gain (loss) on disposal of assets, net, impairment of property and equipment, and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, income taxes and is inclusive of other income, net. Executive Summary We operate with long-term contracts and a highly reoccurring service revenue model. We continue to execute on our strategy of growing revenues with existing customers, expanding offerings into adjacent markets through innovation or acquisition and reducing operating costs. During the periods presented: • • We executed on the growth strategy by completing strategic acquisitions: HTA – We acquired HTA during the first quarter of 2018 which strengthened our position in tolling and related services to RAC and FMC customers. EPC – In the second quarter of 2018, we acquired EPC which provided a platform to expand our RAC and FMC solutions into Europe. Pagatelia – During the fourth quarter of 2019, we acquired Pagatelia which provides consumer tolling and parking solutions and is expected to accelerate our European expansion. We grew service revenue from $365.1 million in fiscal year 2018 to $416.7 million in fiscal year 2019. Acquisitions contributed $21.6 million to the revenue growth, while expansion in existing products or customers contributed $30.0 million to revenue growth. Service revenue was $135.7 million and $92.5 million for the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period, respectively. 44 • • Basis of Presentation We improved our cost structure, as Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue decreased from 36.8% in fiscal year 2018 to 19.1% for fiscal year 2019. We generated cash flows from operating activities of $133.8 million for fiscal year 2019, $46.0 million for fiscal year 2018, $8.3 million for the 2017 Successor Period, and $41.8 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period. Cash flows from operating activities for 2018 were negatively impacted by $65.2 million of transaction and transformation expenses associated with two acquisitions and our Business Combination. On May 31, 2017, private equity investment vehicles sponsored by Platinum Equity, LLC acquired ATS Consolidated, Inc. (now VM Consolidated, Inc.) pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 15, 2017, by and among ATS Consolidated, Inc., Greenlight Merger Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, and Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, whereby we merged with and into Greenlight Merger Corporation with the former surviving the merger (such transaction, the “ATS Merger”). Pursuant to the ATS Merger, a new basis of accounting at fair value was established in accordance with U.S generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 805, Business Combinations. The new stepped-up basis was pushed down by Greenlight Acquisition Corporation to us. The consolidated financial statements and our footnotes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are presented in distinct periods to indicate the application of two different bases of accounting between the periods presented. As a result of purchase accounting, the pre-ATS Merger and post-ATS Merger consolidated financial statements are not comparable. Depreciation, amortization and interest expense were the primary items impacted in any material respect by the purchase accounting adjustments related to the ATS Merger. The period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 has been labeled “Predecessor,” or “2017 Predecessor Period,” and the financial information and discussion and analysis for this period has been prepared using the historical basis of accounting of the Predecessor. Factors Affecting Our Operating Results Our operating results and financial performance are influenced by certain unique events during the periods discussed herein, including the following: Business Combination We were originally incorporated in Delaware on August 15, 2016 as Gores Holdings II, Inc. (“Gores”), a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On January 19, 2017, we consummated our initial public offering, following which our shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market. On June 21, 2018, Gores, First Merger Sub, Second Merger Sub and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC entered into the Merger Agreement, which provided for, among other things, (i) the First Merger and (ii) immediately following the First Merger and as part of the same overall transaction as the First Merger, the Second Merger. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination on October 17, 2018, we changed our name to Verra Mobility Corporation. As a result of the Business Combination, we became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all of the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC (formerly Second Merger Sub) and its subsidiaries. HTA Acquisition and Refinancing On March 1, 2018, we acquired HTA for an aggregate purchase price of $603.3 million, consisting of $525.0 million in cash, $9.7 million in purchase price adjustments, a $11.3 million payment to the sellers for certain tax items, and the issuance of equity in Greenlight with a fair value of approximately $57.3 million. The receipt of the equity was treated for accounting purposes as a capital contribution from Greenlight Acquisition Corporation. We recognized $15.6 million of costs related to the transaction in fiscal year 2018. See Note 3, Mergers and Acquisitions, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. 45 In connection with the HTA acquisition, we refinanced the 2017 Credit Facilities (defined below) and entered into the 2018 Credit Facilities (defined below), which provided for term loans with an aggregate principal amount of $1.04 billion and a revolver with an aggregate commitment of up to $75.0 million. We recorded a loss on extinguishment of the 2017 Credit Facilities of $10.2 million during fiscal year 2018, which included a prepayment penalty of $3.8 million related to one of the term loans. See Note 9, Debt, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. EPC Acquisition On April 6, 2018, we acquired EPC for an aggregate purchase price of $62.9 million. The purchase consideration consisted primarily of equity in Greenlight and working capital adjustments, which aggregated $2.6 million. The receipt of equity was treated for accounting purposes as a capital contribution from Greenlight Acquisition Corporation. We recognized $3.0 million of costs related to the transaction in fiscal year 2018. See Note 3, Mergers and Acquisitions, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Pagatelia Acquisition On October 31, 2019, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Pagatelia, a Spanish limited liability company that provides electronic consumer tolling and parking solutions in Spain, Portugal, France and Italy. The purchase consideration for Pagatelia was $26.6 million which we paid during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. Transaction costs related to Pagatelia were not material. ATS Merger In connection with the ATS Merger (discussed above), we recognized approximately $31.0 million of aggregate expenses related to the transaction between the 2017 Predecessor Period and the period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017, which has been labeled “Successor” or the “2017 Successor Period.” We had approximately $9.9 million of costs included in Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2017 Successor Period related to the transaction. For the 2017 Predecessor Period, approximately $21.1 million of costs were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses, consisting of $11.9 million of payments under our 2016 equity plan, $1.3 million of transaction bonus payments, and $7.9 million of professional fees and other expenses related to the ATS Merger. Primary Components of Operating Results Revenue Total revenue consists of service revenue generated by our Commercial Services and Government Solutions segments and product sales generated by the Government Solutions segment. Service Revenue. The Commercial Services segment primarily generates service revenue through the management and operation of tolling programs for RACs, FMCs and other large fleet customers. These solutions are full service offerings by which we enroll plates of our customers’ vehicles with tolling authorities, process payments on the customers’ behalf and, through proprietary technology, integrate with customer data to match the toll to the driver and then bill the driver (or our customer, as applicable) for use of the service. The cost of certain tolls, violations and our customers’ share of administration fees are netted against revenue. We also generate service revenue in the Commercial Services segment through processing titles, registrations and violations for our customers. The Government Solutions segment generates service revenue through the operation and maintenance of photo enforcement systems. This revenue is generally tied to long-term contracts, and revenue is recognized either when services are performed or when citations are issued or paid, depending on the terms of the customer contract. Revenue drivers include the number of systems installed and the monthly revenue per system. Ancillary service revenue is generated in the Government Solutions segment from payment processing, pass-through fees for collection expense, and other fees. 46 Product Sales. Product sales are generated by the sale of photo enforcement equipment to certain Government Solutions customers. There are a small number of customers who purchase this equipment, and their buying patterns vary greatly from period to period. Product sales revenue is recognized when the equipment is accepted or installed. Cost and Expenses Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue consists of collection and other professional services contracted with third parties and associated with the delivery of certain ancillary services performed by both the Government Solutions and Commercial Services segments. Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales consists of the cost to acquire and install photo enforcement equipment that is purchased by Government Solutions customers. Operating Expenses. Operating expenses include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), costs related to the operation of our call centers and other operational costs, including transaction processing, print, postage and communication costs. Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses include payroll and payroll-related costs (including stock-based compensation), real estate lease expense, insurance costs, legal fees and general corporate expenses. Depreciation, Amortization and (Gain) Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net includes depreciation on property, plant and equipment, and amortization of definite- lived intangible assets. This line item also includes any one-time gains or losses incurred in connection with the disposal of certain assets. Impairment of Property and Equipment. Impairment of property and equipment includes impairment charges for fixed assets which were held and used in our operations. Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net includes interest expense and amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts and is net of interest income. Loss on Extinguishment of Debt. Loss on extinguishment of debt generally consists of early payment penalties, the write-off of original issue discounts and deferred financing costs associated with debt extinguishment. Other Income, Net. Other income, net primarily consists of volume rebates from total spend on purchasing cards and gain or loss on foreign currency transactions. 47 Results of Operations Fiscal Year 2019 Compared to Fiscal Year 2018 The following table sets forth our statements of operations data and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the periods presented as well as the changes between periods. The tables and information provided were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences. ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net Impairment of property and equipment Total costs and expenses Income from operations Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Other income, net Total other expenses Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit) Income tax provision (benefit) Net income (loss) $ $ 2019 2018 2019 2018 Year Ended December 31, Percentage of Revenue $ 416,723 32,014 448,737 5,561 13,919 125,640 85,493 115,771 5,898 352,282 96,455 60,729 — (11,198) 49,531 46,924 13,581 33,343 $ 365,076 5,070 370,146 5,788 3,447 108,883 136,069 103,353 — 357,540 12,606 69,550 26,486 (8,795) 87,241 (74,635) (16,241) (58,394) 92.9% 7.1% 100.0% 1.2% 3.1% 28.0% 19.1% 25.8% 1.3% 78.5% 21.5% 13.5% — (2.4)% 11.1% 10.4% 3.0% 7.4% 98.6% 1.4% 100.0% 1.6% 0.9% 29.4% 36.8% 27.9% — 96.6% 3.4% 18.8% 7.2% (2.4)% 23.6% (20.2)% (4.4)% (15.8)% $ $ $ Increase (Decrease) 2019 vs 2018 % 51,647 26,944 78,591 (227) 10,472 16,757 (50,576) 12,418 5,898 (5,258) 83,849 (8,821) (26,486) (2,403) (37,710) 121,559 29,822 91,737 14.1% 531.4% 21.2% (3.9)% 303.8% 15.4% (37.2)% 12.0% n/a (1.5)% 665.2% (12.7)% (100.0)% 27.3% (43.2)% 162.9% 183.6% 157.1% Service Revenue. Service revenue increased by $51.6 million, or 14.1%, to $416.7 million for fiscal year 2019 from $365.1 million for fiscal 2018, representing 92.9% and 98.6% of total revenue, respectively. The following table depicts service revenue by segment: ($ in thousands) Service revenue Commercial Services Government Solutions Total service revenue 2019 2018 2019 2018 $ % Year Ended December 31, Percentage of Revenue Increase (Decrease) 2019 vs 2018 $ $ 276,479 140,244 416,723 $ $ 222,611 142,465 365,076 61.6% 31.3% 92.9% 60.1% 38.5% 98.6% $ $ 53,868 (2,221) 51,647 24.2% (1.6)% 14.1% Commercial Services service revenue includes toll and violation management revenues from commercial fleet and rental car companies. Service revenue increased by $53.9 million, or 24.2%, from $222.6 million for fiscal year 2018 to $276.5 million for fiscal 2019. We acquired HTA, a toll and violation processor, on March 1, 2018, and EPC, a European violations processor, on April 6, 2018. These acquisitions contributed $21.6 million to service revenue growth during the period presented. The remaining service revenue is mainly due to a $28.9 million increase from improved volumes in both billable days and tolls processed across our tolling products. 48 Government Solutions service revenue includes revenue from red-light, speed, school bus arm and bus lane photo enforcement systems. Service revenue decreased by $2.2 million, to $140.2 million for fiscal year 2019 from $142.5 million for fiscal 2018. Our red-light photo enforcement service revenue declined $9.5 million compared to fiscal year 2018. This was primarily due to a $2.7 million decline from the loss of certain Florida programs and $4.5 million due to the loss of Texas programs on June 1, 2019 due to a legislative change that banned most red-light photo enforcement programs in the state. The loss of most of our red-light programs in Texas will negatively impact year over year service revenue comparison for the next two quarters. The remaining decline results from lower price per system in variable contracts. Pricing of red-light photo enforcement programs can be impacted by timing of transaction volume in our variable contracts as well as the pricing of contract renewals. The Company exited its street light maintenance offering at the end of the first quarter of 2019, resulting in a $2.5 million decrease year over year. This street light maintenance offering was not part of our core business and did not meet our profitability criteria. These declines were offset by speed program revenue, which grew approximately $10 million due to increases in the total number of camera systems installed and higher average pricing. Our previous reporting of installed camera systems included systems connected to suspended programs or spare systems at client locations. We re-evaluated our metric during the first quarter of 2019, and are reporting only installed camera systems that are generating revenue, as we believe this is a more meaningful presentation. There were an average of 4,738 camera systems installed during fiscal year 2019 compared to an average of 4,306 for fiscal year 2018. The increase in camera systems was primarily due to new installations of school bus arm systems and the expansion of speed enforcement systems with existing customers. This increase was partially offset by a decline in red-light photo enforcement systems primarily due to the loss of certain Florida and Texas programs noted above. Product Sales. Product sales of $32.0 million for fiscal year 2019 include revenue generated from Government Solutions customers who purchased their equipment. Product sales increased by $26.9 million compared to $5.1 million in fiscal year 2018 which was primarily driven by sales to a single customer who is in the process of expanding their existing school zone speed program. We anticipate continued growth in product sales for fiscal year 2020. Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue decreased slightly by $0.2 million, to $5.6 million for the fiscal year 2019 from $5.8 million for fiscal 2018. The decline in cost is consistent with a slight decline in ancillary revenue generated from supporting red-light programs. Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales increased by $10.5 million, to $13.9 million for fiscal year 2019 compared to $3.4 million in fiscal 2018, and was consistent with the change in product sales. Operating Expenses. Operating expenses were $125.6 million for fiscal year 2019, and they increased $16.8 million from $108.9 million in fiscal year 2018 mainly due to the inclusion of HTA and EPC operations for the full year compared to only ten months and nine months, respectively, in 2018, but have decreased as a percentage of revenue from 29.4% to 28.0% in fiscal years 2018 and 2019, respectively. Operating expenses by segment appear in the table below. ($ in thousands) Operating expenses Commercial Services Government Solutions Total operating expenses before stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation Total operating expenses 2019 2018 2019 2018 $ % Year Ended December 31, Percentage of Revenue Increase (Decrease) 2019 vs 2018 $ $ 66,916 57,905 124,821 819 125,640 $ $ 51,221 57,525 108,746 137 108,883 49 14.9% 12.9% 27.8% 0.2% 28.0% 13.8% 15.6% 29.4% — 29.4% $ $ 15,695 380 16,075 682 16,757 30.6% 0.7% 14.8% 497.8% 15.4% Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $85.5 million for fiscal year 2019. Expenses in this line item decreased by $50.6 million from $136.1 million in fiscal year 2018 primarily due to $56.4 million of transaction expenses for the Business Combination, HTA and EPC acquisitions, non-recurring expenses of $8.8 million and $5.4 million related to fees paid under a corporate advisory services agreement in fiscal 2018 for which there were no comparable amounts in the current year. The decrease was partially offset by the stock-based compensation expense recorded for fiscal year 2019. As a result, Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased from 36.8% to 19.1% for fiscal years 2018 and 2019, respectively. Selling, general and administrative expenses by segment appear in the table below: ($ in thousands) Selling, general and administrative expenses Commercial Services Government Solutions Corporate Total selling, general and administrative expenses before stock- based compensation Stock-based compensation Total selling, general and administrative expenses $ $ 2019 2018 2019 2018 $ % Year Ended December 31, Percentage of Revenue Increase (Decrease) 2019 vs 2018 41,384 32,696 2,220 76,300 9,193 85,493 $ $ 55,370 27,827 50,737 133,934 2,135 136,069 9.2% 7.3% 0.5% 17.0% 2.1% 19.1% 15.0% 7.5% 13.7% 36.2% 0.6% 36.8% $ $ (13,986) 4,869 (48,517) (57,634) 7,058 (50,576) (25.3)% 17.5% (95.6)% (43.0)% 330.6% (37.2)% Depreciation, Amortization and Gain or Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and gain or loss on disposal of assets, net, of $115.8 million for fiscal year 2019 included $22.8 million of depreciation and $92.8 million of amortization. The increase of $12.4 million from $103.4 million in fiscal year 2018 is primarily due to the inclusion of amortization expense resulting from the HTA and EPC acquisitions for the entire fiscal year 2019 compared to partial periods in the 2018 period. Impairment of Property and Equipment. Impairment of property and equipment for fiscal year 2019 consists of a $5.9 million impairment charge as a result of a legislation ban of most red-light photo enforcement programs in Texas on June 1, 2019, which was in the Government Solutions segment. Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net decreased by $8.8 million from $69.5 million in fiscal year 2018 to $60.7 million for 2019. The average debt balances as of December 31, 2018 and 2019 were $887.8 million and $899.7 million, respectively. Although the average debt balances remained relatively consistent, interest expense was higher in the 2018 period due to the New Second Lien Term Loan, which had a higher interest rate. The decrease in interest expense in 2019 is due to the full payoff of the New Second Lien Term Loan in the fourth quarter of 2018 and increase in interest income of $1.1 million during fiscal 2019. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Other Income, Net. Other income, net increased $2.4 million, from $8.8 million in fiscal 2018 to $11.2 million for fiscal year 2019 primarily due to the increased purchasing card rebates resulting from the inclusion of HTA operations for the entire period in fiscal 2019 compared to ten months in the 2018 period. We pay a high volume of tolls on behalf of our customers with purchasing cards which generate rebates based on volume, payment terms and rebate frequency. Income Tax Provision (Benefit). The income tax provision was $13.6 million for fiscal year 2019 compared to an income tax benefit of $(16.2) million for fiscal year 2018. The effective tax rate was 28.9% in 2019 compared to an effective tax benefit rate of (21.8)% for 2018. Our effective tax rate for 2019 was higher compared to 2018 primarily due to the impact of permanent items on pre-tax book income in 2019, which increased the effective tax rate, versus the impact of permanent items on a pre-tax book loss in 2018, which had the impact of decreasing the effective tax rate. Our effective tax rate differed from the statutory federal income tax rate in 2019 and 2018 primarily due to state taxes, the impact of permanent items such as transaction costs, executive compensation, changes in uncertain tax positions, changes in the valuation allowance, lobbying expenses and meals. 50 Net Income (Loss). We had net income of $33.3 million for fiscal year 2019, compared to a net loss of $58.4 million for 2018. The increase in net income was primarily due to expenses in the 2018 period related to an aggregate of $97.1 million of acquisition, refinancing (including loss on extinguishment of debt) and integration costs associated with the HTA and EPC acquisitions for which there were no comparable amounts in fiscal year 2019. This increase was partially offset by related amortization expense and an impairment charge, noted above. For the Seven Month Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 The following table sets forth our statement of operations data for the 2017 Successor Period, and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the same period. The tables and information provided were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences. ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net Total costs and expenses Income from operations Interest expense Other income, net Total other expenses Loss before income tax benefit Income tax benefit Net income Successor Period From June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Percentage of Revenue $ $ 135,655 2,584 138,239 1,936 1,590 50,471 44,882 33,113 131,992 6,247 20,858 (2,172) 18,686 (12,439) (30,677) 18,238 Service Revenue. Service revenue of $135.7 million for the 2017 Successor Period was 98.1% of total revenue. The following table depicts service revenue by segment for the 2017 Successor Period: ($ in thousands) Service revenue Commercial Services Government Solutions Total service revenue Successor Period From June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Percentage of Revenue $ $ 55,874 79,781 135,655 98.1% 1.9% 100.0% 1.4% 1.2% 36.5% 32.5% 24.0% 95.5% 4.5% 15.1% (1.6)% 13.5% (9.0)% (22.2)% 13.2% 40.4% 57.7% 98.1% Service revenue for the Commercial Services segment was $55.9 million for the 2017 Successor Period and included revenue from tolling services, violation services and title and registration services. Tolling volume trends in the period were positive, with an increased number of tolls incurred by customers and greater adoption of tolling products resulting primarily from an increased number of cashless toll roads. This increase was partially offset by a contract negotiation with a large customer that negatively impacted price during the period. 51 Government Solutions service revenue was $79.8 million for the 2017 Successor Period and included revenue from red-light, speed, school bus arm and bus lane photo enforcement systems. Demand for new photo enforcement systems continued, with the number of installed systems during the period increasing for all products. The positive trend was partially offset by a high number of red-light systems that did not generate revenue during the period due to road construction. There were 4,303 systems installed at December 31, 2017. Product Sales. Product sales were $2.6 million for the 2017 Successor Period and included revenue generated from Government Solutions customers who purchased their equipment. Product revenue for the period was limited to bus lane systems. There are a small number of customer who purchase this equipment, and their buying patterns vary greatly from period to period. Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue was $1.9 million for the 2017 Successor Period and consisted of collection and other professional services contracted with third parties and associated with the delivery of certain ancillary service revenue. Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales was $1.6 million for the 2017 Successor Period and was directly related to product sales of bus lane systems. Operating Expenses. Operating expenses of $50.5 million for the 2017 Successor Period consisted of payroll and payroll-related costs, costs related to the operation of our call centers and other operational costs, including transaction processing, print, postage and communication costs. Immediately following the ATS Merger, we initiated several operational initiatives, including hiring a third party to review our vendor spend and initiate request for proposals to help ensure we were receiving high quality service and competitive pricing. Operating expenses were 36.5% of total revenue for the 2017 Successor Period. Operating expenses by segment appear in the table below. ($ in thousands) Operating expenses Commercial Services Government Solutions Total operating expenses Successor Period From June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Percentage of Revenue $ $ 16,425 34,046 50,471 11.9% 24.6% 36.5% Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses were $44.9 million for the 2017 Successor Period and consisted of payroll and payroll-related cost, real estate lease expense, insurance costs, legal fees and general corporate expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2017 Successor Period included $10.2 million of transaction expenses resulting from or closely aligned with the ATS Merger, $3.9 million of other non-recurring expenses and $4.2 million paid to Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC under a corporate advisory services agreement. ($ in thousands) Selling, general and administrative expenses Commercial Services Government Solutions Corporate Total selling, general and administrative expenses Successor Period From June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Percentage of Revenue $ $ 14,784 11,767 18,331 44,882 10.7% 8.5% 13.3% 32.5% 52 Depreciation, Amortization and Gain or Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and gain or loss on disposal of assets, net of $33.1 million for the 2017 Successor Period included depreciation of $14.4 million and $18.8 million of amortization. The amortization in the 2017 Successor Period resulted from $222.5 million of identifiable intangible assets recorded in connection with the ATS Merger. Interest Expense. Interest expense was $20.9 million in the 2017 Successor Period and was directly related to the 2017 Credit Facilities (defined below). In connection with the ATS Merger, we entered into the 2017 Credit Facilities, consisting of term loans with an aggregate principal amount of $450 million and a $40 million revolving credit facility. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Other Income, Net. Other income, net of $2.2 million for the 2017 Successor Period primarily related to volume rebates on our total spend on purchasing cards. We pay a high volume of tolls on behalf of our customers with purchasing cards which generate rebates based on volume, payment terms and rebate frequency. Income Tax Benefit. The income tax benefit of $30.7 million for the 2017 Successor Period had an effective benefit rate of 246.6% which was primarily impacted by the accounting for the U.S. tax reform enacted on December 22, 2017, which reduced the federal income tax rate from 35% to 21%. We recognized a net provisional benefit of $27.3 million related to the re-measurement of our net deferred tax liabilities for this rate change, affecting the rate by 219.8%. Excluding the effects of the tax reform, our tax benefit rate for the 2017 Successor Period was 26.9%. Net Income. As a result of the statement of operations activity discussed above, we had net income of $18.2 million for the 2017 Successor Period. For the Five Month Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 (Predecessor) The following table sets forth our statement of operations data for the 2017 Predecessor Period and expresses each item as a percentage of total revenue for the same period. The tables and information provided were derived from exact numbers and may have immaterial rounding differences. ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net Total costs and expenses Income from operations Interest expense Other income, net Total other income Income before income tax provision Income tax provision Net income Predecessor Period From January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Percentage of Revenue $ $ 92,531 1,340 93,871 1,369 964 35,968 40,884 12,613 91,798 2,073 875 (1,294) (419) 2,492 1,252 1,240 98.6% 1.4% 100.0% 1.5% 1.0% 38.3% 43.6% 13.4% 97.8% 2.2% 0.9% (1.4)% (0.4)% 2.7% 1.3% 1.3% 53 Service Revenue. Service revenue of $92.5 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period was 98.6% of total revenue. The following table depicts service revenue by segment for the 2017 Predecessor Period: ($ in thousands) Service revenue Commercial Services Government Solutions Total service revenue Predecessor Period From January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Percentage of Revenue $ $ 35,509 57,022 92,531 37.8% 60.7% 98.6% Service revenue for the Commercial Services segment was $35.5 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period and included revenue from tolling services, violation services and title and registration services. Tolling volume trends in the period were positive, with an increased number of tolls incurred by customers and greater adoption of tolling products as a result of an increased number of cashless toll roads. Government Solutions service revenue was $57.0 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period and included revenue from red-light, speed, school bus arm and bus lane photo enforcement systems. Demand for new photo enforcement systems continued with the number of installed systems during the period increasing for all products. There were 4,021 systems installed at May 31, 2017. Product Sales. Product sales of $1.3 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period included revenue generated from Government Solutions customers who purchased their equipment. Product revenue was limited to bus lane systems. There are a small number of customers who purchase this equipment and their buying patterns vary greatly from period to period. Cost of Service Revenue. Cost of service revenue was $1.4 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period and consisted of collection and other professional services contracted with third parties and associated with the delivery of certain ancillary service revenue. Cost of Product Sales. Cost of product sales was $1.0 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period and was directly related to product sales of bus lane systems. Operating Expenses. Operating expenses of $36.0 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period consisted of payroll and payroll-related costs, costs related to the operation of our call centers and other operational costs, including transaction processing, print, postage and communication costs. During this period, certain activities in the Commercial Services segment were outsourced, resulting in a decrease in payroll-related expenses and an increase in subcontracting expenses. Operating expenses were 38.3% of total revenue for the 2017 Predecessor Period. Operating expenses by segment appear in the table below. ($ in thousands) Operating expenses Commercial Services Government Solutions Total operating expenses Predecessor Period From January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Percentage of Revenue $ $ 11,266 24,702 35,968 12.0% 26.3% 38.3% 54 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses of $40.9 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period consisted of payroll and payroll-related costs, real estate lease expense, insurance costs, legal fees and general corporate expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the 2017 Predecessor Period included $21.8 million of transaction expenses resulting from or closely aligned with the ATS Merger, which were retained at Corporate and not allocated to the business segments. Selling, general and administrative expenses by segment appear in the table below. ($ in thousands) Selling, general and administrative expenses Commercial Services Government Solutions Corporate Total selling, general and administrative expenses Predecessor Period From January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Percentage of Revenue $ $ 9,882 9,231 21,771 40,884 10.5% 9.8% 23.2% 43.6% Depreciation, Amortization and Gain or Loss on Disposal of Assets, Net. Depreciation, amortization and gain or loss on disposal of assets, net of $12.6 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period was comprised of depreciation of long-lived assets of $11.8 million and amortization of intangible assets of $0.8 million. Interest Expense. Interest expense was $0.9 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period and was directly related to the average outstanding debt balance during that period of $51.1 million. Other Income, Net. Other income, net of $1.3 million in the 2017 Predecessor Period primarily related to volume rebates on our total spend on purchasing cards. We pay a high volume of tolls on behalf of our customers with purchasing cards which generate rebates based on volume, payment terms and rebate frequency. Income Tax Provision. The income tax expense of $1.3 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period had an effective rate of 50.3%, and was impacted by certain transaction and other expenses that were not deductible for taxes and the negative impact of the provision to return adjustment associated with research and development tax credits. Net Income. As a result of the statement of operations activity discussed above, we had net income of $1.2 million for the 2017 Predecessor Period. Liquidity and Capital Resources Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flows from operations, long-term borrowings and availability under revolving credit facilities. We have incurred significant long-term debt, as described below, to fund the ATS Merger and the HTA acquisition. We believe that the existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flows provided by operating activities will be sufficient to meet operating cash requirements and service debt obligations for at least the next 12 months. Our ability to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities depends on our future performance, which is subject to general economic, political, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. In addition, our future capital expenditures and other cash requirements could be higher than currently expected due to various factors, including any expansion of our business that it undertakes, including strategic acquisitions. Should we pursue additional strategic acquisitions, we may need to raise additional capital, which may be in the form of additional long-term debt, which may not be available to us on favorable terms, borrowings on the revolver under the 2018 Credit Facilities (defined below), equity financings or at all. See the section entitled “Risk Factors.” 55 We have the ability to borrow under our revolving credit facility to meet obligations as they come due. At December 31, 2019, we had $63.5 million available for borrowing, net of letters of credit, under the New Revolver (as defined below). The Company funded the Pagatelia acquisition discussed above with existing cash on hand as of the acquisition date for a purchase price of $26.6 million. The following table sets forth certain captions within our consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods indicated: ($ in thousands) Net cash provided by operating activities Net cash used in investing activities Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Cash Flows from Operating Activities Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Predecessor Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 $ $ 133,802 (54,973) (14,520) $ 46,017 (562,857) 574,268 $ 8,311 (553,536) 555,734 41,833 (8,786) (27,491) Cash provided by operating activities increased $87.8 million from $46.0 million for fiscal 2018 to $133.8 million for the same period in 2019. The change in cash provided by operating activities year over year was primarily due to a net income increase of $91.7 million from a loss of $58.4 million in fiscal 2018 to income of $33.3 million in fiscal 2019. The growth in net income was driven by the inclusion of the results of HTA and EPC operations for the full year in 2019 versus only partial periods in the 2018 period. It is also attributable to $97.1 million of transaction (the Business Combination, HTA and EPC acquisitions), non-recurring transformation, sponsor fee expenses and loss on extinguishment of debt in fiscal 2018 for which there are no comparable amounts in the current period. Aggregate adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operations increased by $12.5 million. The increase is primarily due to inclusion of the amortization of intangibles associated with the HTA and EPC acquisitions and stock-based compensation for the full year in 2019 versus partial periods in the 2018. The $26.5 million loss on extinguishment of debt in fiscal year 2018 for which there is no comparable amount in the current period was offset by a $5.9 million impairment charge in the 2019 period for which there were no comparable amounts in the prior period. The aggregate change in operating assets and liabilities represents an aggregate decrease of $16.5 million for fiscal 2019 versus the 2018 period. The decrease was primarily driven by an increase in prepaid expenses and the change in accrued liabilities offset by the change in accounts receivables. During the 2017 Successor Period, cash provided by operating activities was $8.3 million. This amount was primarily the result of net income for the period and a $4.2 million reduction in prepaid expenses and other assets, primarily due to the timing of the receipt of a purchasing credit for credit card purchases and a $4.8 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities due to the timing of payments to vendors, partially offset by a $17.2 million increase in accounts receivable due to the timing of billings and customer payments. During the 2017 Predecessor Period, cash provided by operating activities was $41.8 million. This amount was primarily the result of net income for the period and a $22.4 million increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities related to transaction expenses incurred by the sellers in the ATS Merger and a $8.1 million decrease in accounts receivable and unbilled receivables due to the timing of billings and customers payments. Cash Flows from Investing Activities Cash used in investing activities was $55.0 million and $562.9 million for fiscal year 2019 and 2018, respectively. The change in cash used in investing activities year over year was primarily due to acquisitions. Cash paid for the Pagatelia acquisition was $26.6 million, net of $1.1 million of cash acquired, in fiscal 2019. Cash consideration for the HTA acquisition was $531.7 million net of $3.0 million of cash acquired, and for EPC it was $2.6 million, net of $9.0 million of cash acquired. 56 During the 2017 Successor Period, cash used in investing activities was $553.5 million, which was primarily the result of the ATS Merger. During the 2017 Predecessor Period, cash used in investing activities was $8.8 million. This amount was primarily the result of $9.0 million of capital expenditures for camera systems and related items for the Government Solutions segment. Cash Flows from Financing Activities Cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $(14.5) million for the year ended December 31, 2019 which is mainly due to quarterly repayments totaling $9.1 million on long-term debt from our 2018 Credit Facilities (discussed below) and a $5.0 million employee tax withholding payment related to RSUs. Cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $574.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and was due to our entering into the 2018 Credit Facilities to fund the HTA acquisition and to repay the outstanding balance on the 2017 Credit Facilities, which totaled approximately $450.5 million, as well as the repayment of the New Second Lien Term Loan in full and the $70.0 million increase to the New First Lien Term Loan in conjunction with the Business Combination. Additionally, cash received in connection with the Business Combination was $803.3 million. Cash payments made in connection with the issuance of the 2018 Credit Facilities, the repayment of the 2017 facilities and the Business Combination were $29.5 million, $8.2 million and $24.0 million, respectively. Additionally, there was a $779.2 million distribution to the selling shareholders in the Business Combination that was partially offset by a $169.3 million capital contribution from Greenlight. During the 2017 Successor Period, cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $555.7 million. This amount was primarily the result of our entering into the 2017 Credit Facilities in connection with the ATS Merger. During the 2017 Predecessor Period, cash (used in) provided by financing activities was $(27.5) million. This amount was primarily the result of net repayments on our revolver. Debt In connection with the HTA acquisition, we entered into a First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “New First Lien Term Loan”), a Second Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “New Second Lien Term Loan” and together with the New First Lien Term Loan, the “New Term Loans”), and a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “New Revolver”) with a syndicate of lenders (collectively with the New Term Loans, the “2018 Credit Facilities”). The 2018 Credit Facilities provide for committed senior secured financing of $1.115 billion, consisting of the New Term Loans with an aggregate principal amount of $1.04 billion and the New Revolver available for loans and letters of credit with an aggregate revolving commitment of up to $75 million (based on borrowing based eligibility as described below). The 2018 Credit Facilities replaced the previous First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “Old First Lien”), the Second Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “Old Second Lien” and together with the Old First Lien, the “Old Term Loans”), which were repaid concurrent with the closing on the 2018 Credit Facilities, and a preexisting Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Old Revolver”, collectively with the Old Term Loans, the “2017 Credit Facilities”), which was undrawn at close. The outstanding balances at the date of close on the Old Term Loans, which were repaid with proceeds from the 2018 Credit Facilities and are no longer outstanding, were $323 million and $125 million, respectively. The New First Lien Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the amount initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. The New First Lien Term Loan matures on February 28, 2025. The New First Lien Term Loan bears interest based, at our option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.75% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.75% per annum. At December 31, 2019, the interest rate on the New First Lien Term Loan was 5.5%. See Note 21, Subsequent Events, in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for information on the refinancing of our debt, which reduced the interest rate by 50 basis points, effective February 20, 2020. 57 In addition, the New First Lien Term Loan contains provisions that require mandatory prepayments to be calculated as of the last day of the fiscal year, beginning with year ending December 31, 2019, as the product of the excess cash flows of the Company (as defined in the loan agreement) and the applicable percentages set forth in the following table: Consolidated first lien net leverage ratio (as defined by the New First Lien Term Loan agreement) > 3.70:1.00 < 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00 < 3.20:1.00 Applicable prepayment percentage 50% 25% 0% The Company will make a mandatory prepayment of excess cash flow calculated per the loan agreement for approximately $19.7 million during the first quarter of fiscal 2020. On July 24, 2018, we secured a $70 million incremental loan commitment under the New First Lien Term Loan. The proceeds of this incremental borrowing, together with a portion of the funds held in the Company upon the closing of the Business Combination, were used to repay our $200 million New Second Lien Term Loan in full. The New Revolver matures on February 28, 2023. Borrowing eligibility under the New Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. We may at any time, on not more than five occasions, request an increase to the New Revolver of up to an aggregate amount of $50 million. The New Revolver bears interest on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) LIBOR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on our average availability to borrow under the commitment. At December 31, 2019, we had no outstanding borrowings on the New Revolver and the availability to borrow was $63.5 million, net of $0.1 million of outstanding letters of credit. Interest on the unused portion of the New Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375% at December 31, 2019. We are also required to pay participation and fronting fees on $0.1 million in outstanding letters of credit at 1.38% as of December 31, 2019. All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the 2018 Credit Facilities are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. As of December 31, 2019, we were in compliance with the covenants in the 2018 Credit Facilities. Substantially all of our assets are pledged as collateral to secure our indebtedness under the 2018 Credit Facilities. We recognized a charge of $10.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 consisting of a $3.8 million prepayment penalty on the Old Term Loan balances, a $2.0 million write-off of preexisting deferred financing costs and $4.4 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the 2018 Credit Facilities. We also recorded a loss on extinguishment of the New Second Lien Term Loan of $16.3 million, comprised of a prepayment penalty on redemption of the New Second Lien Term Loan and the write-off of unamortized deferred financing and lender costs associated with the issuance of the loan. Commitments and Contingencies We have issued various letters of credit under contractual arrangements with certain of our vendors and customers. Outstanding letters of credit under these arrangements totaled $0.1 million and $1.0 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The letters of credit are not released until all services have been provided or the contract has been cancelled. 58 The following table summarizes our contractual commitments at December 31, 2019: ($ in thousands) Long-term debt, including current maturities (1) Interest on long-term debt (2) Operating lease agreements Purchase obligations Total 1 year Payments due by period 2 - 3 years 4 - 5 years Thereafter $ 894,421 $ 226,433 47,259 29,282 28,779 $ 45,573 4,709 29,013 18,208 $ 87,696 7,578 269 18,208 $ 86,185 5,906 — 829,226 6,979 29,066 — Amounts for 2020, 2021-2022, and 2023-2024 represent quarterly installment payments with respect to the New First Lien Term Loan. The interest rate for the New First Lien Term Loan in effect at December 31, 2019 was used for a portion of year 1 and the new interest rate as of February 20, 2020 as discussed in Note 21 is used for the remainder of year 1 and for all future periods. Refer to Note 21, Subsequent Events, in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for information on the refinancing of our debt, which reduced the interest rate by 50 basis points, effective February 20, 2020. (1) (2) Legal Proceedings We are subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. We record a liability when we believe it is probable a loss will be incurred and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable, reasonably possible or remote, and as to whether a loss or a range of such loss is estimable, often involves significant judgment about future events. We have determined that resolution of pending matters is not probable to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or financial position. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements At December 31, 2019, we did not have any material off-balance sheet financing arrangements, nor did we have any interest in entities referred to as variable interest entities. Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Judgments The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management believes that our estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. A summary of our significant accounting policies is included in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe that the critical accounting policies listed below involve our more significant judgments, assumptions, and estimates and, therefore, could have the greatest potential impact on the financial statements. Revenue Recognition Commercial Services. The Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions for the commercial fleet and rental car industries by partnering with the leading fleet management and rental car companies in North America. We have determined our performance obligation is a distinct stand-ready obligation as there is an unspecified quantity of services provided that does not diminish, and the customer is being charged only when it uses our services, such as toll payment, title and registration, etc. Payment terms for contracts with commercial fleet and rental car companies vary, but are usually billed as services are performed. 59 Government Solutions. The Government Solutions segment principally generates revenue from providing complete, end-to-end red-light, speed, school bus stop arm, and bus lane enforcement solutions. Products, when sold, are typically sold together with the services in a bundle. The average initial term of a contract is 3 to 5 years. Payment terms for contracts with government agencies vary depending on whether the consideration is fixed or variable. Payment terms for contracts with fixed consideration are usually based on equal installments over the duration of the contract. Payment terms for contracts with variable consideration are usually billed and collected as citations are issued or paid. For bundled packages, we account for individual products and services separately if they are distinct – i.e., if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundle and if a customer can benefit from it as a stand-alone item. The consideration is allocated between separate products and services in a bundle based on their stand-alone selling prices (“SSP”). We estimate the SSP of our services based upon observable evidence, market conditions and other relevant inputs. • • Product sales (sale of camera and installation) – we recognize revenue when the installation process is completed and the camera is ready to perform the services as expected by the customer. Generally, this occurs at site acceptance or first citation. We recognize revenue for the sale of the camera and installation services at a point in time. Service revenue – we have determined our performance obligation is to provide a complete end-to-end safety and enforcement solution. Promises include providing a system to capture images, processing images taken by the camera, forwarding eligible images to the local police department and processing payments on behalf of the municipality. We determined certain of the promises to our customers are capable of being distinct as they are capable of providing some measure of benefit to the customer either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer. However, we have determined the promises to our customers do not meet the criterion of being distinct within the context of our contracts. We would not be able to fulfill our promises individually as our customers could not obtain the intended benefit from the contract without us fulfilling all promises. Accordingly, we concluded that each contract represents one service offering and is a single performance obligation to our customer. Further, we account for all the services as a single continuous service. We applied the series guidance for those services as we stand ready to deliver those services over the contract period. We recognize revenue from services over time, as they are performed. Remaining Performance Obligations As of December 31, 2019, we had approximately $0.2 million of remaining performance obligations in the Government Solutions segment, which includes amounts that will be invoiced and recognized in future periods. The remaining performance obligations are limited only to arrangements that meet the definition of a contract as of December 31, 2019. As these amounts relate to the initial deferral of revenue under a contract, we expect to recognize these amounts over a two-month period at the end of the contract. We apply the practical expedient and do not disclose variable consideration allocated entirely to wholly unsatisfied stand-ready performance obligations for certain Government Solutions and Commercial Services contracts as part of the information about remaining performance obligations. The duration for these contracts ranges between 3 and 5 years for new contracts. Significant Judgments Under the new revenue standard, significant judgments are required in order to identify contracts with customers and estimate transaction prices. Additional judgments are required for the identification of distinct performance obligations, the estimation of stand-alone selling prices and the allocation of the transaction price by relative stand-alone selling prices. Assumptions regarding timing of when control transfers to the customer requires significant judgment in order to recognize revenue. We used significant judgment related to identifying the performance obligation and determining whether the services provided are able to be distinct, determining the transaction price, specifically as it is related to the different variable consideration structures identified in our contracts, and in determining the timing of revenue recognition. 60 Business Combinations We apply the asset acquisition method to account for business acquisitions. We allocate the fair value of the purchase price consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable management judgment and includes the use of independent valuation specialists to assist us in estimating fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Intangible assets represent existing customer contracts and relationships, patents, trade names, developed technology and non-compete agreement intangibles. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. Amortization of intangible assets is included in Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net in the consolidated statements of operations. We assess goodwill and intangibles for impairment annually on October 1, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be fully recoverable. We first consider the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount, we then perform a quantitative impairment test. The process of evaluating goodwill and intangibles requires significant judgment including the identification of reporting units and the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. As of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, our qualitative analysis did not indicate any impairment. We review our long-lived assets, other than goodwill and intangibles, for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. We assess recoverability by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the assets with their carrying value. If the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value. The state of Texas passed legislation as of June 1, 2019 to ban red-light photo enforcement programs across the state, with certain carve-outs for some existing programs. We considered this event an indicator for potential impairment and, as such, evaluated the recoverability of property and equipment used in the operations of red-light photo enforcement programs in Texas. As a result, we recognized an impairment charge in the Government Solutions segment of $5.9 million for fiscal year 2019, which is included in Impairment of property and equipment in the consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period, we recognized no losses of impairment of long-lived assets. We believe the carrying amounts of our remaining long-lived assets at December 31, 2019 are fully realizable and do not believe any additional impairment losses are necessary. Income Taxes We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax return in future years, while deferred tax liabilities generally represent items that generate a future tax liability for items where deductions have been accelerated for tax purposes. We provide a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the tax assets will not be realized. We calculate the valuation allowance in accordance with the authoritative guidance relating to income taxes, which requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. The realization of deferred tax assets can be affected by, among other things, the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, our experience with utilizing operating losses and tax credit carryforwards by jurisdiction and tax planning alternatives and strategies that may be available. 61 Our effective tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates, differences in the deductibility of certain expenses and inclusion of certain income items between financial statement and tax return purposes, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Under U.S. GAAP, if we determine that a tax position is more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, based solely on the technical merits of the position, we recognize the benefit. Tax code and regulations require certain items to be included in the tax return at different times than when those items are required to be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, our effective tax rate reflected in our consolidated financial statements is different from that reported in our tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as meals and entertainment expenses that are not fully deductible on our tax returns, and some are temporary differences, such as depreciation expense. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. We recognize benefits of uncertain tax positions if it is more likely than not that such positions will be sustained upon examination based solely on their technical merits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax expense or benefit. Tax Receivable Agreement At the closing of the Business Combination, the surviving entity entered into a tax receivable agreement (“TRA”) with PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC (the “Platinum Stockholder”) and Greenlight as the stockholder representative. The TRA generally provides for the payment by the post-closing company to the Platinum Stockholder of 50% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the post-closing company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination as a result of the increase in the tax basis of the intangible assets which resulted from our acquisition of HTA prior to the Business Combination. We generally will retain the benefit of the remaining 50% of these cash savings. We estimated the potential maximum benefit to be paid will be approximately $70 million, and recorded an initial liability and corresponding charge to equity at the closing of the Business Combination. Subsequently, we adjusted this amount. At December 31, 2019, the TRA was approximately $66.9 million of which $5.7 million was the current portion included in Accrued liabilities and $61.2 million included in Payable related to tax receivable agreement on the consolidated balance sheets. The remaining tax life of these intangible assets is approximately 14 years. The ultimate timing of payments of the TRA liability are uncertain due to the realization of the benefits from the HTA intangibles involving uncertainties in the amount and timing of our future taxable income. We expect to fund future payments through cash flow from operations. Recent Accounting Pronouncements For discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. 62 Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk We are exposed to interest rate market risk due to the variable interest rate on the New First Lien Term Loan described in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Interest rate risk represents our exposure to movements in interest rates associated with the variable rate debt represented by the New First Lien Term Loan. Total borrowing under the New First Lien Term Loan was $894.4 million at December 31, 2019. The New First Lien Term Loan bears interest based, at our option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.75% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.75% per annum. At December 31, 2019, the interest rate on the New First Lien Term Loan was 5.5%. Based on the December 31, 2019 balance outstanding, each 1% movement in interest rates will result in approximately a $8.9 million change in annual interest expense. See Note 21, Subsequent Events, in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for information on the refinancing of our debt, which reduced the interest rate by 50 basis points, effective February 20, 2020. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Consolidated Balance Sheets Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 63 Page 64 68 69 70 71 73 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Verra Mobility Corporation Opinion on the Financial Statements REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Verra Mobility Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, for the period from June 1, 2017 through December 31, 2017 (successor period), and for the period from January 1, 2017 through May 31, 2017 (predecessor period), and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2019, the seven- month period ended December 31, 2017 and the five-month period ended May 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 2, 2020 expressed an adverse opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. Critical Audit Matters The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate. Commercial Services Revenue Description of the Matter As described in Notes 2 and 18 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company generated aggregate commercial services revenue of $276.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 from the following service lines: toll and violation services, citation management services, and title and registration. 64  The Company‘s revenue recognition process involves several applications and data sources needed for the initiation, processing, and recording of transactions from the Company’s various revenue sources, as well as the calculation of revenue in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy. Auditing the Company's accounting for revenue from contracts with customers was challenging and complex primarily due to the high volume of transactions, as well as the multiple applications and data sources associated with the revenue recognition process. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit To test the Company’s accounting for revenue from contracts with customers, we performed substantive audit procedures that included, among others, testing on a sample basis the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data within the Company’s revenue systems, performing data analytics to test recorded revenue, tracing a sample of sales transactions to supporting documentation, and testing a sample of cash to billings reconciliations. Pagatelia Acquisition Description of the Matter On October 31, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of Pagatelia, S.L. for purchase consideration of $26.6 million. As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company accounted for this acquisition as a business combination. Auditing the accounting for the acquisition was complex due to the significant estimation uncertainty in determining the fair values of identified intangible assets, which primarily consisted of developed technology of $4.6 million and customer relationships of $5.9 million. The significant estimation uncertainty was primarily due to underlying assumptions about future performance of the acquired business and due to the limited historical data on which to base these assumptions. The significant assumptions used to form the basis of the forecasted results included revenue growth rates, earnings metrics, and discount rates. These significant assumptions were forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over its accounting for the acquisition. This included testing controls over the estimation process supporting the recognition and measurement of identified intangible assets, and management’s judgment and evaluation of underlying assumptions and estimates with regards to the fair values of the identified intangible assets. To test the estimated fair values of the identified intangible assets, our audit procedures included, among others, the involvement of internal valuation specialists to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s valuation methodology and testing of the significant assumptions described above. For example, we compared the revenue growth rates and earnings metrics to current industry and market trends. We also performed sensitivity analyses of these significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the developed technology and customer relationship intangible assets that would result from changes in the assumptions. Additionally, we tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data supporting the significant assumptions and estimates. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013. Phoenix, Arizona March 2, 2020 65 To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Verra Mobility Corporation Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We have audited Verra Mobility Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Verra Mobility Corporation (the Company) has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weakness has been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management has identified a material weakness in controls related to ineffective information technology general controls (ITGCs) in the area of user access over certain information technology (IT) systems. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2019 consolidated financial statements of the Company. This material weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2019 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated March 2, 2020, which expressed an unqualified opinion thereon. Basis for Opinion The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. 66 Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Phoenix, Arizona March 2, 2020 67 VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 ($ in thousands except per share data) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Accounts receivable, net Unbilled receivables Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Installation and service parts, net Property and equipment, net Operating lease assets Intangible assets, net Goodwill Other non-current assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Current portion of long-term debt Total current liabilities Long-term debt, net of current portion and deferred financing costs Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion Other long-term liabilities Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement Asset retirement obligation Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Commitments and contingencies (Note 17) Stockholders' equity Preferred stock, $.0001 par value, 1,000 shares authorized with no shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 Common stock, $.0001 par value, 260,000 shares authorized with 159,150 and 156,057 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively Common stock contingent consideration Additional paid-in capital Accumulated deficit Accumulated other comprehensive loss Total stockholders' equity Total liabilities and stockholders' equity See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 68 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 131,513 917 93,514 20,003 26,491 272,438 8,841 72,266 32,177 434,443 584,150 3,111 1,407,426 50,825 25,277 28,779 104,881 837,686 30,130 2,183 61,174 6,309 25,716 1,068,079 — 16 54,862 367,266 (80,220) (2,577) 339,347 1,407,426 $ 65,048 2,033 87,511 12,956 17,600 185,148 9,282 69,243 — 514,542 564,723 1,845 1,344,783 45,188 14,444 9,104 68,736 860,249 — 3,369 69,996 6,750 33,627 1,042,727 — 16 73,150 348,017 (113,306) (5,821) 302,056 1,344,783 (In thousands, except per share data) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net Impairment of property and equipment Total costs and expenses Income from operations Interest expense, net Loss on extinguishment of debt Other income, net Total other expenses (income) Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit) Income tax provision (benefit) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss): Change in foreign currency translation adjustment Total comprehensive income (loss) Net income (loss) per share: Basic Diluted Weighted average shares used in per share calculation: Basic outstanding Diluted outstanding VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Predecessor Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 416,723 32,014 448,737 5,561 13,919 125,640 85,493 115,771 5,898 352,282 96,455 60,729 — (11,198) 49,531 46,924 13,581 33,343 3,244 36,587 0.21 0.21 157,890 161,522 $ $ $ $ $ 365,076 5,070 370,146 5,788 3,447 108,883 136,069 103,353 — 357,540 12,606 69,550 26,486 (8,795) 87,241 (74,635) (16,241) (58,394) (5,821) (64,215) (0.67) (0.67) 87,320 87,320 92,531 1,340 93,871 1,369 964 35,968 40,884 12,613 — 91,798 2,073 875 — (1,294) (419) 2,492 1,252 1,240 — 1,240 (1) (1) $ $ $ 135,655 2,584 138,239 1,936 1,590 50,471 44,882 33,113 — 131,992 6,247 20,858 — (2,172) 18,686 (12,439) (30,677) 18,238 — 18,238 0.30 0.30 60,484 60,484 (1) Basic and diluted EPS for the Predecessor period are not presented for lack of comparability with the Successor periods. See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 69 VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (In thousands) Predecessor Balance as of December 31, 2016 Net income period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 Balance as of May 31, 2017 Successor Balance as of May 31, 2017 Net income period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Equity contribution Balance as of December 31, 2017 Net loss Stock issued in exchange for business acquisitions Equity infusion from Gores Private placement Gores Holdings rollover equity Capital contribution from Greenlight Return of capital to Greenlight stockholders Common stock contingent consideration Tax receivable payable to Greenlight stockholders Underwriting fees Transaction costs incurred by Gores Stock-based compensation Other comprehensive loss Balance as of December 31, 2018 Net income Cumulative effect of adoption of the new revenue accounting standard Adjustment to equity infusion from Gores Adjustment to tax receivable agreement liability Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder Vesting of restricted stock units ("RSUs") Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSU vesting Stock-based compensation Other comprehensive gain Balance as of December 31, 2019 Common Stock Preferred Stock Series A Preferred Series B Preferred Treasury Stock Common Stock Contingent Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount Consideration Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Total Stockholders' Equity 87,626 — 87,626 — — 60,484 60,484 — 12,420 39,675 43,478 — — — — — — — — — 156,057 — — — — 2,500 593 — — — 159,150 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,006 — 1,006 — — — $ — — $ — 46,400 — 46,400 — — 6 6 — 1 4 5 — — — — — — — — — 16 — — — — — — — — — 16 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ 57,471 — 57,471 23,000 — 23,000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ 45,869 — 45,869 13,000 — 13,000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ (24,500 ) — (24,500 ) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 73,150 — — — — — 73,150 — — — — (18,288 ) — — — — 54,862 $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,642 — 1,642 — — 129,020 129,020 — 117,554 403,290 399,995 (34 ) 169,259 (779,270 ) — (69,996 ) (15,345 ) (8,728 ) 2,272 — 348,017 — — (7,001 ) 2,940 18,288 — (4,990 ) 10,012 — 367,266 $ $ $ $ $ $ (5,983 ) 1,240 (4,743 ) — 18,238 — 18,238 (58,394 ) — — — — — — (73,150 ) — — — — — (113,306 ) 33,343 (257 ) — — — — — — — (80,220 ) $ $ $ $ $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (5,821 ) (5,821 ) — — — — — — — — 3,244 (2,577 ) $ $ $ $ $ $ 75,505 1,240 76,745 — 18,238 129,026 147,264 (58,394 ) 117,555 403,294 400,000 (34 ) 169,259 (779,270 ) — (69,996 ) (15,345 ) (8,728 ) 2,272 (5,821 ) 302,056 33,343 (257 ) (7,001 ) 2,940 — — (4,990 ) 10,012 3,244 339,347 See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 70 ($ in thousands) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts Impairment of property and equipment Bad debt expense Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation Loss on extinguishment of debt Installation and service parts expense Accretion expense Write-downs of installation and service parts and (gain) loss on disposal of assets Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable, net Unbilled receivables Prepaid expenses and other current assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Other liabilities Net cash provided by operating activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Acquisition of businesses, net of cash and restricted cash acquired Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment Cash proceeds from the sale of assets Net cash used in investing activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Successor borrowings on revolver Successor repayment on revolver Successor borrowings of long-term debt Successor repayment of long-term debt Successor payment of debt issuance costs Payment of debt extinguishment costs Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSU vesting Capitalization from merger with Gores Holdings Payment of underwriting and transaction costs Predecessor borrowings on note payable Predecessor repayments on note payable Predecessor payments of debt issuance costs Capital contribution from Greenlight Successor distribution to selling shareholders Proceeds from issuance of common stock Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Predecessor Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 $ 33,343 $ (58,394) $ 18,238 $ 115,566 6,641 5,898 8,100 (10,894) 10,012 — 1,166 350 205 (12,662) (6,428) (7,150) (8,194) (2,151) 133,802 (25,519) (29,685) 231 (54,973) — — — (9,104) (426) — (4,990) — — — — — — — — (14,520) 1,040 65,349 67,081 132,430 $ 103,346 9,168 — 6,025 (24,435) 2,272 26,486 1,238 396 7 (23,721) (6,124) 2,115 7,125 513 46,017 (536,699) (26,576) 418 (562,857) 468 (468) 1,103,800 (654,851) (31,753) (12,187) — 803,294 (24,024) — — — 169,259 (779,270) — 574,268 (856) 56,572 10,509 67,081 $ 33,151 1,981 — 3,441 (31,084) — — 565 154 (38) (17,153) (362) 4,342 (4,846) (78) 8,311 (537,854) (15,874) 192 (553,536) 18,531 (18,531) 444,250 (1,625) (15,917) — — — — — — — — — 129,026 555,734 — 10,509 — 10,509 $ $ See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 71 1,240 12,574 143 — 2,182 (3,327) — — 177 106 39 6,108 1,945 (1,260) 22,414 (508) 41,833 — (8,953) 167 (8,786) — — — — — — — — — 40,752 (68,213) (30) — — — (27,491) — 5,556 4,346 9,902 VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued) Supplemental cash flow information: Interest paid Income taxes paid (refunded), net Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities: Reduction to tax receivable agreement liability Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder Additions (reductions) to ARO, property and equipment, and other Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at year-end Tenant improvement allowance included in property and equipment Capital contributions received in Parent common stock Tax receivable agreement established upon merger Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Predecessor Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 $ $ 55,197 24,357 2,940 18,288 230 4,204 581 — — 60,441 762 — — 147 3,179 — 117,555 69,996 $ 18,628 8,551 $ — — (324) 3,095 — — — 836 (211) — — 211 2,794 — — — See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 72 VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. Basis of Presentation and Description of Business Basis of Presentation Verra Mobility Corporation (collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company” or “Verra Mobility”), formerly known as Gores Holdings II, Inc. (“Gores”), was originally incorporated in Delaware on August 15, 2016 as a special purpose acquisition company formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On January 19, 2017, the Company consummated its initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which its shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”). On June 21, 2018, Gores, AM Merger Sub I, Inc., a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Gores (“First Merger Sub”), AM Merger Sub II, LLC, a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Gores (“Second Merger Sub”), Greenlight Holding II Corporation (“Greenlight”), and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger as amended on August 23, 2018 by that certain Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), which provided for, among other things, (i) the merger of First Merger Sub with and into Greenlight, with Greenlight continuing as the surviving corporation (the “First Merger”) and (ii) immediately following the First Merger and as part of the same overall transaction as the First Merger, the merger of Greenlight with and into Second Merger Sub, with Second Merger Sub continuing as the surviving entity (the “Second Merger” and, together with the First Merger, the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the closing of the Business Combination on October 17, 2018 (the “Closing Date”), Gores changed its name from Gores Holdings II, Inc. to Verra Mobility Corporation, changed its trading symbols on Nasdaq from “GSHT,” and “GSHTW,” to “VRRM” and “VRRMW,” and Second Merger Sub changed its name from AM Merger Sub II, LLC to Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC. As a result of the Business Combination, Verra Mobility Corporation became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all of the equity interests of Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC and its subsidiaries. The Business Combination is treated as a reverse acquisition and recapitalization in which Greenlight is treated as the accounting acquirer (and legal acquiree) and Gores is treated as the accounting acquiree (and legal acquirer). Accordingly, as of the Closing Date, Greenlight’s historical results of operations replaced Gores’ historical results of operations for periods prior to the Business Combination, and the results of operations of both companies are included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for periods following the Merger (see Note 3). On May 31, 2017, Greenlight Acquisition Corporation (“Parent”) acquired ATS Consolidated Inc. (“ATS”) pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 15, 2017 by and among ATS, Greenlight Merger Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Parent (“ATS Merger Sub”) and Parent whereby ATS merged with and into ATS Merger Sub with the former surviving (the “ATS Merger”). Prior to the Business Combination, Parent was ultimately owned by Greenlight, which in turn was owned by certain private equity investment vehicles sponsored by Platinum Equity, LLC (collectively, “Platinum”) (see Note 3). Pursuant to the ATS Merger, a new basis of accounting at fair value was established in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”). The new stepped-up basis was pushed down by Parent to Greenlight. The consolidated financial statements and footnotes contained herein are presented in distinct periods to indicate the application of two different bases of accounting between the periods presented. All periods presented up to, and including May 31, 2017 have been labeled (“Predecessor” or “2017 Predecessor Period”) and have been prepared using the historical basis of accounting of the Predecessor. The period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 (“2017 Successor Period”) and periods after have been labeled (“Successor”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements and footnotes include a black line division separating the Predecessor period from the Successor period. As a result of purchase accounting, the pre-ATS Merger and post-ATS Merger consolidated financial statements are not comparable. 73 Description of Business Verra Mobility offers integrated technology solutions and services to commercial fleets, rental car companies and state and local governments. The Company has customers located throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. The Company is organized into two operating divisions: Commercial Services and Government Solutions (see Note 18). The Commercial Services division offers toll and violation management solutions for the commercial fleet and rental car industries by partnering with the leading fleet management and rental car companies in North America. Electronic toll payment services enable fleet drivers and rental car customers to use high-speed cashless toll lanes or all-electronic cashless toll roads. The service helps commercial fleets reduce toll management costs, while it provides rental car companies with a revenue-generating, value-added service for their customers. Electronic violation processing services reduce the cost and risk associated with vehicle-issued violations, such as toll, parking or camera-enforced tickets. Title and registration services offer title and registration processing for individuals, rental car companies and fleet management companies. In Europe, the Company provides violations processing through Euro Parking Collection plc (“EPC”) and tolling services through Pagatelia S.L (“Pagatelia”). The Government Solutions division provides complete, end-to-end red-light, speed, school bus stop arm and bus lane enforcement solutions. The Company’s programs are designed to reduce traffic violations and resulting collisions, injuries, and fatalities. The Company implements and administers traffic safety programs for municipalities, counties, school districts and law enforcement agencies of all sizes. 2. Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are normal and recurring in nature, necessary for fair financial statement presentation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the fair values assigned to net assets acquired (including identifiable intangibles) in business combinations, the carrying amounts of long-lived assets and goodwill, the carrying amount of installation and service parts, the allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, asset retirement obligations, contingent consideration and the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies. Management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable in the circumstances; however, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Prior Period Reclassifications Certain prior period amounts in the consolidated statements of operations have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a remaining maturity of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. 74 Restricted Cash The Company collects citation fees for customers under certain contracts, which it deposits daily into Company bank accounts and transfers to customer-owned bank accounts on a continuous basis. Restricted cash represents customer cash collected but not yet remitted to the customer. Restricted cash is classified as a current asset and the corresponding liability due to customers is classified in current liabilities. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and unbilled receivables. The Company limits cash and cash equivalents to highly rated financial institutions. Significant customers are those which represent more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue. Revenue from one of the Government Solutions customers, the City of New York Department of Transportation, accounted for 14.6% of total revenue for fiscal year 2019, and 13.9% for both the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period. This customer did not meet the revenue criteria above for fiscal year 2018. Revenue generated through one of the Company’s Commercial Services partners, the Hertz Corporation, accounted for 18.7%, 19.3%, 24.3% and 23.4% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period, respectively. Additionally, revenue generated through two of the Company’s Commercial Services partners, Avis Budget Group, Inc. and Enterprise Holdings, Inc., accounted for 14.5% and 13.5%, respectively, of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019. These two customers are part of the Company’s 2018 acquisition of Highway Toll Administration, LLC and Canada Highway Toll Administration (See Note 3). Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Accounts receivable and unbilled receivables are uncollateralized customer obligations due from the sale of products or services. Accounts receivable and unbilled receivables have normal trade terms less than one year and are stated at the amounts billed to the customers. Unbilled receivables are recorded when the revenue has been earned but not billed. No interest or late fees are charged on delinquent accounts. The Company records an allowance for potentially uncollectible accounts. Estimates are used in determining the allowance for doubtful accounts and are based on historical collection experience, the condition of receivables and current trends. Actual receivables are written-off against the allowance when the Company has determined the balance will not be collected. The allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $7.6 million and $6.2 million, respectively. Fair Value of Financial Instruments ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement includes a single definition of fair value to be used for financial reporting purposes, provides a framework for applying this definition and for measuring fair value under U.S. GAAP, and establishes a fair value hierarchy that categorizes into three levels the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows: Level 1 – Fair value is based on observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 – Fair value is determined using quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable. Level 3 – Fair value is determined using one or more significant inputs that are unobservable in active markets at the measurement date, such as a pricing model, discounted cash flow, or similar technique. 75 The carrying amounts reported in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The estimated fair value of the Company’s First Lien Term Loan as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and was calculated based upon available market information. The carrying value and fair value of debt is as follows: ($ in thousands) Total debt Installation and Service Parts Level in Fair Value Hierarchy 2 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value Carrying Amount Estimated Fair Value $ 866,465 $ 905,601 $ 869,353 $ 889,971 Installation and service parts consist of components used in the construction and maintenance of red-light camera and speed enforcement systems. Installation and service parts are stated at the lower of cost or market and are reclassified to property and equipment upon initiation of construction. Installation and service parts used in repairs and maintenance are recorded in operating expenses. The Company writes down installation and service parts to estimated market value based on assumptions regarding future usage. Such write-downs establish a new cost basis for the items. In estimating excess and obsolete reserves, the Company primarily evaluates estimates of usage over a 12-month period and generally provides reserves for installation and service parts on hand in excess of the estimated 12-month usage. The allowance for obsolescence as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $1.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. All repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as follows: Building Equipment installed at customer sites Computer equipment Furniture Automobiles Software Leasehold improvements 39 years 3-7 years 3-5 years 5-10 years 5-6 years 3-5 years Shorter of lease term or estimated useful life Equipment installed at customer sites includes certain installation costs that qualify for capitalization. Software costs include certain internal and external costs associated with the development of software that are incurred subsequent to the development stage. In addition, a modification or upgrade to existing software is capitalized only to the extent it results in additional functionality to existing software. Software maintenance and training costs are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalized internally developed software costs of $2.1 million, $2.2 million, $1.9 million, and $0.8 million for fiscal year 2019, fiscal year 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period, respectively. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized to earnings but assessed for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. If, based on qualitative analysis, it is determined more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a two-step goodwill impairment test is performed. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, the assignment of assets (including goodwill) to those reporting units and the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The date of the Company’s annual impairment analysis is October 1. As described in Note 18, the Company has two operating segments, which are also the Company’s reporting units. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company completed its impairment test of goodwill using a qualitative analysis and determined there were no indicators of impairment for either reporting unit. 76 Intangible Assets Intangible assets represent existing customer relationships, trademarks, developed technology and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, which approximates the utilization of their expected future benefits. Amortization of intangible assets is included in Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company annually evaluates the estimated remaining useful lives of its intangible assets to determine whether events or changes in circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Finite-Lived Intangible Assets The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment annually or whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. The Company assesses recoverability by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the assets with their carrying value. If the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value. The state of Texas passed legislation as of June 1, 2019 to ban red-light photo enforcement programs across the state, with certain carve-outs for some existing programs. The Company considered this event an indicator for potential impairment and, as such, evaluated the recoverability of property and equipment used in the operations of red-light photo enforcement programs in Texas. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment charge in the Government Solutions segment of $5.9 million for fiscal year 2019, which is included in Impairment of property and equipment in the consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period, there were no losses of impairment recognized. The Company believes the carrying amounts of its remaining long-lived assets at December 31, 2019 are fully realizable and does not believe any additional impairment losses are necessary. Self-Insurance The Company is self-insured for medical costs and has stop-loss insurance policies to limit its exposure to individual and aggregate claims made. Liabilities for these programs are estimated based on outstanding claims and claims estimated to be incurred but not yet reported using historical loss experience. These estimates are subject to variability due to changes in trends of losses for outstanding claims and incurred but not reported claims, including external factors such as the number, and cost of, claims, benefit level changes and claim settlement patterns. Asset Retirement Obligations The Company records obligations to perform certain retirement activities on camera and speed enforcement systems in the period that the related assets are placed in service. Asset retirement obligations are contractual obligations to restore property to its initial state. These obligations, which are initially estimated based on discounted cash flow estimates, are accreted to full value over time through charges to operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The associated asset retirement obligation is capitalized as part of the related asset’s carrying value and is depreciated over the asset’s estimated remaining useful life. Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs consist of the costs incurred to obtain long-term financing, including the Company’s credit agreement (See Note 9). These costs, which are a reduction to long-term debt on the consolidated balance sheets, are amortized over the term of the related debt, using the effective interest method for term debt and the straight-line method for revolving credit facilities. Amortization of deferred financing costs for fiscal year 2019, fiscal year 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period was $6.6 million, $9.2 million, $2.0 million, and $0.1 million, respectively. 77 Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in tax return in future years, while deferred tax liabilities generally represent items that generate a future tax liability for items where deductions have been accelerated for tax purposes. The Company provides a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the tax assets will not be realized. The Company calculates the valuation allowance in accordance with the authoritative guidance relating to income taxes, which requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence regarding the realizability of these deferred tax assets when measuring the need for a valuation allowance. Significant judgment is required in determining any valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. The realization of deferred tax assets can be affected by, among other things, the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, our experience with utilizing operating losses and tax credit carryforwards by jurisdiction and tax planning alternatives and strategies that may be available. The Company’s effective tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates, differences in the deductibility of certain expenses and inclusion of certain income items between financial statement and tax return purposes, and tax planning opportunities available to it in the various jurisdictions in which it operates. Under U.S. GAAP, if the Company determines that a tax position is more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, based solely on the technical merits of the position, the Company recognizes the benefit. Tax code and regulations require certain items to be included in the tax return at different times than when those items are required to be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, the effective tax rate reflected in its consolidated financial statements is different from that reported in its tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as meals and entertainment expenses that are not fully deductible on the Company’s tax returns, and some are temporary differences, such as depreciation expense. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company recognizes benefits of uncertain tax positions if it is more likely than not that such positions will be sustained upon examination based solely on their technical merits. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to the underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax expense or benefit. Stock-based Compensation On July 6, 2017, Greenlight implemented the 2017 participation plan (the “2017 Plan”), under which participants in the plan may have been entitled to receive compensation upon the occurrence of certain qualifying events. The 2017 Plan was terminated concurrent with the closing of the Business Combination. In October 2018, the Company established the Verra Mobility 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) which provides for a variety of stock-based awards to employees, consultants and directors. Stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards granted is determined based on the grant-date fair value. The Company recognizes these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of the share-based payment award. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Revenue Recognition On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Topic 606. Refer to the Recent Accounting Pronouncements section below for information related to the adoption of this standard. Credit Card Rebates The Company earns credit card rebates as purchases occur and recognizes the benefit in Other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period, the Company recorded $11.8 million, $8.9 million, $2.1 million and $1.3 million respectively, related to rebates. 78 Advertising Costs The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs for the year ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period were $2.3 million, $1.4 million, $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively and were included in Selling, general, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Foreign Currency The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates while revenue and expenses are translated from functional currencies at average monthly exchange rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity. Certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that differ from their functional currencies are re-measured at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. The foreign currency effect of the re-measurement of these assets and liabilities is included in Other income, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The impact of foreign currency re-measurements was $0.6 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and less than $0.1 million for the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period. Business Combinations The Company applies the asset acquisition method to account for business acquisitions. The Company allocates the fair value of the purchase price consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. The determination and allocation of fair values to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable management judgment, and include the use of independent valuation specialists to assist the Company in estimating fair values of acquired tangible and/or intangible assets. Although the Company believes that the assumptions applied in the determination are reasonable based on information available at the date of acquisition, actual results may differ from estimates. Segment Information The Company determined it has two operating and reportable segments (Commercial Services and Government Solutions) for which discrete financial information is available and is regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker function (“CODM”) to assess performance and make decisions about the allocation of resources. As of December 31, 2019, the CODM consists of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and certain defined representatives of the Company’s executive management team (See Note 18 for additional information on segment reporting). Recent Accounting Pronouncements Accounting Standards Adopted In January 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-01, Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, and issued an amendment within ASU 2019-04, collectively Topic 825. The main objective of the updates is to enhance the reporting model for financial instruments to provide users of financial statements with more decision-useful information. The new guidance addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. Most notably, ASU 2016-01 requires the change in fair value of available for sale securities to be recognized in net income. The pronouncement also requires the use of the exit price notion, the separate presentation of financial assets and liabilities by measurement category and form of asset, and the separate presentation in other comprehensive income of changes in fair value resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk. The Company adopted the new standard as of July 1, 2019 which did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows and disclosures. 79 Adoption of the Revenue Recognition Standard On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Topic 606 (“ASC 606”) using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts that were not completed as of the adoption date. Results for 2019 are presented under ASC 606, while prior periods were not adjusted and are reported under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”). Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies its performance obligations to customers, including, for some of its contracts, the processing of the violation on the customer’s behalf. The primary difference under ASC 606 compared to ASC 605 within the Government Solutions segment is the deferral of revenue related to certain variable price contracts until citation payment. The Company recorded a $0.3 million reduction to opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2019 for the cumulative impact of adoption related to the recognition of revenue in its Government Solutions segment. There was no cumulative impact of adoption related to the Commercial Services segment. There was no material impact upon adoption related to the costs of obtaining or fulfilling a contract. Nature of Goods and Services The following is a description of principal activities – separated by reportable segments – from which the Company generates revenue: a) b) Commercial Services segment: The Commercial Services segment offers toll and violation management solutions for the commercial fleet and rental car industries by partnering with the leading fleet management and rental car companies in North America. The Company determined its performance obligation is a distinct stand-ready obligation, as there is an unspecified quantity of services provided that does not diminish, and the customer is being charged only when it uses the Company’s services, such as toll payment, title and registration, etc. Payment terms for contracts with commercial fleet and rental car companies vary, but are usually billed as services are performed. Government Solutions segment: The Government Solutions segment principally generates revenue from providing complete, end-to-end red-light, speed, school bus stop arm, and bus lane enforcement solutions. Products, when sold, are typically sold together with services in a bundle. The average initial term of a contract is 3 to 5 years. Payment terms for contracts with government agencies vary depending on whether the consideration is fixed or variable. Payment terms for contracts with fixed consideration are usually based on equal installments over the duration of the contract. Payment terms for contracts with variable consideration are usually billed and collected as citations are issued or paid. For bundled packages, the Company accounts for individual products and services separately if they are distinct – i.e., if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundle and if a customer can benefit from it as a stand-alone item. The consideration is allocated between separate products and services in a bundle based on their stand-alone selling prices (“SSP”). The Company estimates the SSP of its services based upon observable evidence, market conditions and other relevant inputs. • • Product sales (sale of camera and installation) – The Company recognizes revenue when the installation process is completed and the camera is ready to perform the services as expected by the customer. Generally, it occurs at site acceptance or first citation. The Company recognizes revenue for the sale of the camera and installation services at a point in time. Service revenue – The Company determined its performance obligation is to provide a complete end-to-end safety and enforcement solution. Promises include providing a system to capture images, processing images taken by the camera, forwarding eligible images to the local police department and processing payments on behalf of the municipality. The Company determined that certain of the promises to its customers are capable of being distinct, as they may provide some measure of benefit to the customer either on their own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer. However, the Company determined that the promises to its customers do not meet the criterion of being distinct 80 within the context of its contracts. The Company would not be able to fulfill its promises individually, as its customers could not obtain the intended benefit from the contract without the Company fulfilling all promises. Accordingly, the Company concluded that each contract represents one service offering and is a single performance obligation to our customer. Further, the Company accounts for all the services as a single continuous service. The Company applies the series guidance for those services as it stands ready to deliver those services over the contract period. The Company recognizes revenue from services over time, as they are performed. Remaining Performance Obligations As of December 31, 2019, the Company had approximately $0.2 million of remaining performance obligations in the Government Solutions segment, which include amounts that will be invoiced and recognized in future periods. The remaining performance obligations are limited only to arrangements that meet the definition of a contract under ASC 606 as of December 31, 2019. As these amounts relate to the initial deferral of revenue under a contract, the Company expects to recognize these amounts over a two month period at the end of the contract. The Company applies the practical expedient in paragraph 606-10-50-14A of ASC 606 and does not disclose variable consideration allocated entirely to wholly unsatisfied stand-ready performance obligations for certain Government Solutions and Commercial Services contracts as part of the information about remaining performance obligations. The duration for these contracts ranges between 3 and 5 years for new contracts. Significant Judgments Under the new revenue standard, significant judgments are required in order to identify contracts with customers and estimate transaction prices. Additional judgments are required for the identification of distinct performance obligations, the estimation of stand-alone selling prices and the allocation of the transaction price by relative stand-alone selling prices. Assumptions regarding timing of when control transfers to the customer requires significant judgment in order to recognize revenue. The Company makes significant judgments related to identifying the performance obligation and determining whether the services provided are able to be distinct, determining the transaction price, specifically as it is related to the different variable consideration structures identified in the Company’s contracts, and in determining the timing of revenue recognition. Adoption of the Leases Standard In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and issued certain amendments within ASU 2018-01, 2018-10, 2018-11 and ASU 2019-01, respectively and collectively “ASU 842”. The Company lost its emerging growth company (“EGC”) status upon becoming a large accelerated filer on December 31, 2019 and became subject to non-EGC new accounting pronouncement effective dates. Accordingly, on January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU 842 using the modified retrospective transition method, first presented on December 31, 2019. There was no cumulative-effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings (the effective date method). Under the effective date method, comparative period financial information is not adjusted. The new standard requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for operating leases while the accounting for finance leases is substantially unchanged. The Company recognized $33.6 million of operating lease assets and $34.0 million of operating lease liabilities upon adoption of the new standard. The impact to deferred taxes was immaterial. The Company does not have any finance leases. The increases to assets and liabilities resulted from the recognition of ROU operating assets and lease liabilities and de-recognition of existing assets and liabilities related to leases. The Company adopted the package of practical expedients which allows us to not reassess prior conclusions related to contracts containing leases, lease classification and initial direct costs. Adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations or cash flows. 81 The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at contract inception. The Company has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components and has elected the practical expedient to account for such components as a single lease component. This election is required to be made by class of underlying asset and was elected for the Company’s leases of office and data center space. The Company initially recognizes and measures contracts containing a lease and determine lease classification at commencement. ROU operating assets and lease liabilities are measured based on the estimated present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company used its estimated incremental borrowing rate when the rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined. The estimated incremental borrowing rate is based upon information available at lease commencement including publicly available data for debt instruments. The lease term includes periods covered by options to extend when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise such options as well as periods subsequent to an option to terminate the lease if it is reasonably certain the Company will not exercise the termination option. Operating lease costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease costs are recognized as incurred. Assets and liabilities associated with operating leases are included within Operating lease assets, Accrued liabilities, and Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. See Note 10, Leases, for additional information. Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), and issued certain amendments within ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05 and ASU 2019-11, respectively and collectively Topic 326, which require companies to present assets held at amortized cost and available for sale debt securities net of the amount expected to be collected. The guidance requires the measurement of expected credit losses to be based on relevant information from past events, including historical experiences, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. The guidance will be effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2020. Different components of the guidance require modified retrospective or prospective adoption. The impact of the implementation of this standard is still being determined by the Company. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment and removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Entities will continue to have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. The same one-step impairment test will be applied to goodwill at all reporting units, even those with zero or negative carrying amounts. The amendments in this ASU are effective for goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The impact of the implementation of this standard is still being determined by the Company. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The ASU removes specific exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 in U.S. GAAP including the exception to the incremental approach for intra-period tax allocation, exceptions to accounting for basis differences when there are ownership changes in foreign investments, and the exception in interim period income tax accounting for year-to-date losses that exceed anticipated losses. The ASU also simplifies current guidance in relation to franchise taxes that are partially based on income, transactions with a government that result in a step-up in tax basis of goodwill, separate financial statements of legal entities that are not subject to tax, and enacted changes in tax laws in interim periods. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The impact of the implementation of this standard is still being determined by the Company. 82 3. Mergers and Acquisitions Verra Mobility Merger As described in Note 1, Gores and Greenlight consummated the Business Combination on October 17, 2018. Pursuant to ASC 805, the Business Combination qualified as a reverse acquisition because immediately following completion of the transaction the stockholders of Greenlight immediately prior to the Business Combination maintained effective control of Verra Mobility, the post-combination company. For accounting purposes, Greenlight is deemed the accounting acquirer in the transaction and, consequently, the transaction is treated as recapitalization of Greenlight (i.e. a capital transaction involving the issuance of stock by Greenlight in exchange for the payment of cash by Gores to the selling shareholders of Greenlight). Accordingly, the consolidated assets, liabilities and results of operations of Greenlight are the historical financial statements of Verra Mobility and the Gores assets, liabilities and results of operations are consolidated with Greenlight beginning on the acquisition date. No step-up in basis of intangible assets or goodwill was recorded for this transaction. The Company effected this treatment through opening stockholders’ equity by adjusting the number of common shares outstanding. Other than underwriting and professional fees paid to consummate the transaction, the Business Combination primarily involved the exchange of cash and equity between Gores, Greenlight and the stockholders of the respective companies. During fiscal year 2019, the Company recorded a $7.0 million decrease to the Additional paid-in capital account for a payable to Platinum, a related party, for the recapitalization related to the working capital adjustment required by the merger agreements. This amount was paid during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019. ATS Merger On May 31, 2017, ATS was acquired by Parent through the merger of ATS Merger Sub with and into ATS for a total purchase price of $548.2 million ($550.0 million less adjustments set forth in the ATS Merger agreement). On May 31, 2017, ATS Merger Sub obtained debt financing pursuant to a credit agreement entered into with a syndicate of lenders. ATS Merger Sub was merged with and into ATS on the same date, effectively making ATS the sole borrower (see Note 9). The Company employed the push down basis of accounting and allocated the consideration paid by the acquirer in connection with the ATS Merger to the Company’s assets and liabilities based on their estimated fair values at the date of the ATS Merger as presented in the table below. The excess of the cost of the ATS Merger over the net amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was recorded as goodwill. ($ in thousands) Assets acquired Cash Restricted cash Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Installation and service parts Property and equipment Goodwill Intangible assets Other non-current assets Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Accounts payable and accrued expenses Other long-term liabilities Deferred tax liability Total liabilities assumed Total purchase price $ $ 9,112 1,229 50,909 7,764 9,110 64,597 294,414 222,500 1,123 660,758 22,565 9,310 80,688 112,563 548,195 83 The identifiable intangible assets consist of $24.8 million attributable to trademarks, $13.6 million to non-compete agreements, $99.6 million to customer relationships, and $84.5 million to developed technology. The non- compete values were based on the with-or-without method. The customer relationships value was based on an excess earnings methodology utilizing projected cash flows. The trademark and the developed technology values were based on the relief-from-royalty method. The customer relationships, developed technology, non-compete and trademark intangibles were assigned useful lives of 8.5 years, 5.5 years, 5 years and 10 years, respectively. The Company subsequently adjusted the useful life of the trademark from 10 years to 3.8 years (see Note 6). The goodwill arising from the ATS Merger was assigned to the Company’s Government Solutions and Commercial Services segments in the amounts of $159.7 million and $134.7 million, respectively. The goodwill consists largely of the expected cash flows and future growth anticipated for the Company. The goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. HTA Acquisition On March 1, 2018, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of Highway Toll Administration, LLC, and Canada Highway Toll Administration (collectively, “HTA”), pursuant to a unit purchase agreement (the “Unit Agreement”) for a cash purchase price of $525.0 million subject to adjustments set forth in the Unit Agreement which aggregated $9.7 million, a $11.3 million payable to the HTA sellers for certain tax items and the issuance of 5.26 shares of Greenlight common stock resulting in an aggregate purchase price of $603.3 million (the “HTA Acquisition”). The Greenlight shares issued to the Company were determined to have a fair value of $57.3 million. The Company reflected the receipt of the Greenlight common shares as a capital contribution from Parent and then delivered these shares to the HTA sellers as non-cash purchase consideration. The Company estimated the fair value of the Greenlight common shares issued in connection with this transaction with input from management and a contemporaneous third-party valuation of the Company. Management determined the fair value of Greenlight was the same as the Company as Greenlight’s only holdings were the Company. The valuation advisory firm prepared a valuation report as of March 1, 2018. The assumptions and inputs used in connection with the valuation reflected management’s best estimate of the Company’s business condition, prospects and operating performance on the valuation date. The Company averaged the results of a discounted cash flow analysis, comparable public company analysis and comparable acquisitions analysis to determine an enterprise value of $2.1 billion. The Company then deducted debt of $1.0 billion to arrive at a concluded equity value of $1.1 billion, which was used to derive a per share value. The final allocation of the purchase consideration is summarized as follows: ($ in thousands) Assets acquired Cash Accounts receivable Prepaid expenses and other current assets Installation and service parts Property and equipment Customer relationships Developed technology Non-compete agreements Trademark Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred tax liability Total liabilities assumed Total purchase price $ $ 2,996 10,220 5,266 296 996 242,500 72,800 48,500 5,500 233,271 622,345 14,268 4,733 19,001 603,344 84 The excess of cost of the HTA Acquisition over the net amounts assigned to the fair value of the net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill and was assigned to the Company’s Commercial Services segment. The Company made certain immaterial adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation resulting in a $1.2 million net reduction to goodwill. The goodwill consists largely of the expected cash flows and future growth anticipated for the Company. Most of the goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The customer relationships value was based on an excess earnings methodology utilizing projected cash flows. The non-compete agreement values were based on the with-or-without method. The trademark and the developed technology values were based on a relief-from-royalty method. The customer relationships, developed technology, non-compete and trademark intangibles were assigned useful lives of 9 years, 5.5 years, 5 years and 3 years, respectively. The Company recognized $15.6 million of costs related to the HTA Acquisition, which were included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations for fiscal year 2018. These costs consisted of $7.2 million for acquisition services to Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC (“Advisors”) and $8.4 million of professional fees and other expenses related to the transaction. EPC Acquisition On April 6, 2018, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of EPC, pursuant to a stock purchase agreement for purchase consideration of 5.54 shares of Greenlight common stock and working capital adjustments set forth in the stock purchase agreement, which aggregated $2.6 million, resulting in an aggregate purchase price of $62.9 million (the “EPC Acquisition”). The Company reflected the receipt of the Greenlight common shares as a capital contribution from Parent and then delivered these shares to the EPC sellers as non-cash purchase consideration. The Company estimated the fair value of the Greenlight common shares issued in connection with this transaction with input from management and a contemporaneous third-party valuation of the Company. Management determined the fair value of Greenlight was the same as the Company as Greenlight’s only holdings were the Company. The valuation advisory firm prepared a valuation report as of March 1, 2018. The assumptions and inputs used in connection with the valuation reflected management’s best estimate of the Company’s business condition, prospects and operating performance on the valuation date. The Company averaged the results of a discounted cash flow analysis, comparable public company analysis and comparable acquisitions analysis to determine an enterprise value of $2.1 billion. The Company then deducted debt of $1.0 billion to arrive at a concluded equity value of $1.1 billion, which was used to derive a per share value. The final allocation of the purchase consideration is summarized as follows: ($ in thousands) Assets acquired Cash Other assets Trademark Customer relationships Developed technology Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred tax liability Total liabilities assumed Total purchase price $ $ 9,029 1,948 1,100 19,400 3,900 40,826 76,203 8,995 4,273 13,268 62,935 85 Goodwill arising from the EPC Acquisition was assigned to the Company’s Commercial Services segment and consists largely of the expected cash flows and future growth anticipated for the Company. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The customer relationships value was based on an excess earnings methodology utilizing projected cash flows. The trademark and the developed technology values were based on a relief-from- royalty method. The customer relationships, trademark, and developed technology intangibles were assigned useful lives of 10 years, 5 years and 4.5 years, respectively. The Company recognized $3.0 million of costs related to the EPC Acquisition during fiscal year 2018, which consisted of $2.5 million for acquisition services to Advisors and $0.5 million of professional fees and other expenses. Pagatelia Acquisition On October 31, 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding shares of Pagatelia S.L., (“Pagatelia”), a Spanish limited liability company that provides electronic consumer tolling and parking solutions in Spain, Portugal, France and Italy. The purchase consideration for Pagatelia was $26.6 million. The allocation of the preliminary purchase consideration is summarized as follows: ($ in thousands) Assets acquired Cash Other assets Trademark Customer relationships Developed technology Non-compete agreements Goodwill Total assets acquired Liabilities assumed Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred tax liability Total liabilities assumed Total purchase price $ $ 1,086 5,047 771 5,946 4,624 440 17,528 35,442 6,045 2,801 8,846 26,596 Goodwill arising from Pagatelia was assigned to the Company’s Commercial Services segment and consists largely of the expected cash flows and future growth anticipated for the Company. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. The customer relationships value was based on an excess earnings methodology utilizing projected cash flows. The trademark and the developed technology values were based on a relief-from-royalty method. The non-compete agreement values were based on the with-or-without method. The trademark, customer relationships, developed technology and non-compete agreements were assigned useful lives of 8.5 years, 9.5 years, 6.5 years and 3 years, respectively. Transaction costs for Pagatelia were not material. Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited) The pro forma information below gives effect to the Business Combination, the HTA Acquisition and the EPC Acquisition (collectively, the “Transactions”) as if they had been completed on the first day of each period presented. The Pagatelia acquisition was not included in the pro forma information as it was not material. The pro forma results of operations are presented for information purposes only. As such, they are not necessarily indicative of the Company’s results had the Transactions been completed on the first day of each period presented, nor do they intend to represent the Company’s future results. The pro forma information does not reflect any cost savings from 86 operating efficiencies or synergies that could result from the acquisitions and does not reflect additional revenue opportunities following the Transactions. The pro forma information includes adjustments to record the assets and liabilities associated with the Transactions at their respective fair values based on available information and to give effect to the financing for the Transactions. ($ in thousands) Revenue Income from operations Net (loss) income before income taxes Net (loss) income Earnings per share - basic Year Ended December 31, 2018 Successor 389,367 39,560 (8,743) (9,583) (0.06) $ $ $ $ Seven Months Ended December 31, 2017 Predecessor Five Months Ended May 31, 2017 210,563 29,242 1,596 27,360 0.18 $ $ 138,178 17,148 (1,669) (1,219) (0.01) The pro forma results include adjustments to reflect additional amortization of intangibles associated with the acquired businesses and interest expense for debt issued in connection with the HTA Acquisition. 4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following at December 31: ($ in thousands) Prepaid tolls Prepaid services Deposits Prepaid computer maintenance Prepaid insurance Photo enforcement equipment held for sale Prepaid income taxes Other Total prepaid expenses and other current assets 5. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net, consists of the following at December 31: ($ in thousands) Equipment installed at customer sites Software Leasehold improvements Computer equipment Furniture Automobiles Construction in progress Property and equipment Less: accumulated depreciation Property and equipment, net 2019 2018 $ $ $ $ 10,116 5,201 3,642 2,923 1,485 1,410 1,025 689 26,491 71,464 13,839 8,809 8,882 1,681 2,128 4,773 111,576 (39,310) 72,266 $ $ $ $ 2019 8,434 3,017 839 1,709 1,230 — 1,562 809 17,600 70,164 11,189 7,899 5,758 1,826 1,289 2,097 100,222 (30,979) 69,243 2018 Depreciation expense was $22.8 million, $22.5 million, $14.4 million, and $11.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the 2017 Successor Period, and the 2017 Predecessor Period respectively, including depreciation related to costs to develop or implement software for internal use of $3.8 million, $2.9 million, $0.9 million and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period, respectively. 87 6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment: ($ in thousands) Balance at December 31, 2017 Goodwill from HTA Acquisition Goodwill from EPC Acquisition Measurement period adjustments Foreign currency translation adjustment Balance at December 31, 2018 Goodwill from Pagatelia acquisition Foreign currency translation adjustment Balance at December 31, 2019 The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of separately identifiable intangible assets are as follows: ($ in thousands) Trademarks Non-compete agreements Customer relationships Developed technology Gross carrying value of intangible assets Less: accumulated amortization Intangible assets, net ($ in thousands) Trademarks Non-compete agreements Customer relationships Developed technology Gross carrying value of intangible assets Less: accumulated amortization Intangible assets, net Commercial Services Government Solutions Total 134,668 232,033 40,826 1,238 (3,788) 404,977 17,528 1,899 424,404 $ $ 159,746 — — — — 159,746 — — 159,746 $ $ 294,414 232,033 40,826 1,238 (3,788) 564,723 17,528 1,899 584,150 $ $ Weighted Average Remaining Useful Life 1.5 years 3.0 years 6.9 years 3.3 years Weighted Average Remaining Useful Life 2.7 years 4.0 years 7.9 years 4.3 years Weighted Average Amortization Period 3.8 years 5.0 years 8.9 years 5.5 years Weighted Average Amortization Period 3.7 years 5.0 years 8.9 years 5.5 years At December 31, 2019 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization $ $ 32,127 62,549 366,533 165,708 626,917 (192,474) 434,443 19,106 24,834 82,903 65,631 192,474 At December 31, 2018 Gross Carrying Amount Accumulated Amortization 31,302 62,100 359,768 160,852 614,022 $ $ (99,480) 514,542 8,902 12,390 42,201 35,987 99,480 $ $ $ $ Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the 2017 Successor Period, and the 2017 Predecessor Period was $92.8 million, $80.8 million, $18.8 million, and $0.8 million, respectively. 88 Estimated amortization expense in future years is expected to be: ($ in thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total 7. Accrued Liabilities Accrued liabilities consist of the following at December 31: ($ in thousands) Accrued salaries and wages Current portion of related party TRA liability Current portion of operating lease liabilities Advanced deposits payable Restricted cash due to customers Accrued sales commissions Income taxes payable Accrued interest payable Deferred rent Other Total accrued liabilities 8. Asset Retirement Obligation The following table summarizes changes in the Company’s asset retirement obligation for the years ended December 31: ($ in thousands) Asset retirement obligation, beginning balance Liabilities incurred Accretion expense Liabilities settled Asset retirement obligation, ending balance 9. Debt The following table provides a summary of the Company’s long-term debt at December 31: ($ in thousands) New First Lien Term Loan, due February 28, 2025 Less: original issue discounts Less: unamortized deferred financing costs Total debt Less: current portion of long-term debt Total long-term debt, net of current portion 89 $ $ 2019 2018 $ $ $ $ $ $ 10,319 5,730 2,970 2,875 917 612 348 210 — 1,296 25,277 6,750 230 350 (1,021) 6,309 894,421 (4,778) (23,178) 866,465 (28,779) 837,686 $ $ $ $ $ $ 2019 2019 2018 2018 93,881 85,590 80,846 52,277 41,786 80,063 434,443 8,340 — — 805 2,033 463 862 232 523 1,186 14,444 6,373 147 396 (166) 6,750 903,524 (5,819) (28,352) 869,353 (9,104) 860,249 The following table presents the aggregate principal payments in future years of long-term debt at December 31, 2019: ($ in thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total $ $ 28,779 9,104 9,104 9,104 9,104 829,226 894,421 In connection with the ATS Merger, ATS Consolidated, Inc., subsequently renamed VM Consolidated, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “Old First Lien”), a Second Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “Old Second Lien”), (collectively the “Old Term Loans”), and a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Old Revolver”) with a syndicate of lenders (collectively, the “2017 Credit Facilities”). The 2017 Credit Facilities provided for committed senior secured financing of $490.0 million, consisting of the following: the Old Term Loans with an aggregate principal amount of $450.0 million; and the Old Revolver, available for loans and letters of credit with an aggregate revolving commitment of up to $40.0 million (based on borrowing based eligibility as described below). In connection with the HTA Acquisition, the Company replaced the 2017 Credit Facilities by entering into a First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “New First Lien Term Loan”), a Second Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement (the “New Second Lien Term Loan”), (collectively the “New Term Loans”) and a Revolving Credit Agreement (the “New Revolver”) with a syndicate of lenders (collectively, the “2018 Credit Facilities”). The 2018 Credit Facilities provide for committed senior secured financing of $1.115 billion, consisting of the New Term Loans with an aggregate principal amount of $1.04 billion and the New Revolver available for loans and letters of credit with an aggregate revolving commitment of up to $75 million (based on borrowing based eligibility as described below). The pre-existing Old Term Loans were repaid concurrent with the closing on the 2018 Credit Facilities and the pre-existing Old Revolver was undrawn at close. The outstanding balances at the date of close on the Old Term Loans, which were repaid with proceeds from the 2018 Credit Facilities, were $323.4 million and $125 million, respectively. In July 2018, the Company amended the New First Lien Term Loan (the “New First Lien Term Loan Amendment”) to expand the aggregate principal loan amount from $840 million to $910 million and to modify certain defined terms. In connection with this amendment, the Company incurred a consent fee of $0.4 million, which was capitalized as deferred financing costs and is being amortized over the remaining life of the New First Lien Term Loan. The additional $70 million along with funds contributed by Platinum were used to repay the $200 million New Second Lien Term Loan in full contemporaneously with the close of the Business Combination on October 17, 2018. The New First Lien Term Loan is repayable at 1.0% per annum of the amount initially borrowed, paid in quarterly installments. The New First Lien Term Loan matures on February 28, 2025. The New First Lien Term Loan bears interest based, at our option, on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.75% per annum, or (2) an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin of 2.75% per annum. At December 31, 2019, the interest rate on the New First Lien Term Loan was 5.5%. See Note 21, Subsequent Events, for information on the refinancing of the Company’s debt which reduced the interest rate by 50 basis points, effective February 20, 2020. 90 In addition, the New First Lien Term Loan contains provisions that require mandatory prepayments to be calculated as of the last day of the fiscal year, beginning with year ending December 31, 2019, as the product of the excess cash flows of the Company (as defined in the loan agreement) and the applicable percentages set forth in the following table: Consolidated first lien net leverage ratio (as defined by the New First Lien Term Loan agreement) > 3.70:1.00 < 3.70:1.00 and > 3.20:1.00 < 3.20:1.00 Applicable prepayment percentage 50% 25% 0% The Company will make a mandatory prepayment of excess cash flow calculated per the loan agreement for approximately $19.7 million during the first quarter of fiscal 2020. The New Revolver matures on February 28, 2023. Borrowing eligibility under the New Revolver is subject to a monthly borrowing base calculation based on (i) certain percentages of eligible accounts receivable and inventory, less (ii) certain reserve items, including outstanding letters of credit and other reserves. The New Revolver bears interest on either (1) LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or (2) an alternate base rate, plus an applicable margin. The margin percentage applied to (1) LIBOR is either 1.25%, 1.50%, or 1.75%, or (2) the base rate is either 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75%, depending on the Company’s average availability to borrow under the commitment. At December 31, 2019, the Company had no outstanding borrowings on the New Revolver and availability to borrow was $63.5 million, net of $0.1 million of outstanding letters of credit. Interest on the unused portion of the New Revolver is payable quarterly at 0.375% at December 31, 2019. The Company is also required to pay participation and fronting fees on $0.1 million in outstanding letters of credit at 1.38% as of December 31, 2019. All borrowings and other extensions of credits under the 2018 Credit Facilities are subject to the satisfaction of customary conditions and restrictive covenants including absence of defaults and accuracy in material respects of representations and warranties. At December 31, 2019, the Company was compliant with the 2018 Credit Facilities covenants. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are pledged as collateral to secure the Company’s indebtedness under the 2018 Credit Facilities. The Company recognized a charge of $10.2 million in fiscal year 2018 consisting of a $3.8 million prepayment penalty on the Old Term Loan balances, a $2.0 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and $4.4 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the 2018 Credit Facilities. The Company recognized a charge of $16.3 million in fiscal year 2018 consisting of a $4.0 million prepayment penalty on the New Second Lien Term Loan balance, a $3.4 million write-off of pre-existing deferred financing costs and $8.9 million of lender and third-party costs associated with the issuance of the New Second Lien Term Loan. The Company recorded interest expense, including amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts, of $60.7 million, $69.6 million, $20.9 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and 2017 Predecessor Period, respectively. The weighted average effective interest rate of the Company’s outstanding borrowing under the 2018 Credit Facilities was 5.5% at December 31, 2019. 91 10. Leases The Company’s operating leases primarily consist of office and data center space expiring at various dates through April 2035. Certain leases include options to renew or terminate at the Company’s discretion. The lease term includes periods covered by options to extend when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise such options as well as periods subsequent to an option to terminate the lease if it is reasonably certain the Company will not exercise the termination option. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company does not have material short term leases and does not engage in subleasing activities. Upon adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2019, the Company recognized $33.6 million of operating lease assets and $34.0 million of operating lease liabilities. As of December 31, 2019, operating leases have a remaining weighted average lease term of 12.8 years and operating lease liabilities were measured using a weighted average discount rate of 5.5%. The Company does not have any finance leases. The total operating lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $5.7 million. The following is a summary of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019: ($ in thousands) Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion Current portion Total operating lease liabilities The following provides future maturities of operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2019: ($ in thousands) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Thereafter Total minimum payments Less: Amount representing interest Total 11. Net Income (Loss) Per Share $ $ $ $ $ 30,130 2,970 33,100 4,709 4,305 3,273 2,957 2,949 29,066 47,259 (14,159) 33,100 Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average shares outstanding during the period, without consideration of common stock equivalents. Diluted net income (loss) per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average shares outstanding for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents outstanding for the period, determined using the treasury-stock method. 92 The components of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share are as follows: (In thousands, except per share data) Numerator: Net income (loss) Denominator: Weighted average shares - basic Common stock equivalents Weighted average shares - diluted Net income (loss) per common share - basic Net income (loss) per common share - diluted Antidilutive weighted average shares excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share: Contingently issuable shares (2) Warrants Restricted stock units Total antidilutive shares excluded $ $ $ Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Predecessor Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 33,343 $ (58,394) $ 18,238 $ 1,240 $ $ 157,890 3,632 161,522 0.21 0.21 8,304 5,000 21 13,325 87,320 — 87,320 (0.67) (0.67) $ $ 10,000 20,000 4,437 34,437 60,484 — 60,484 0.30 0.30 — 20,000 — 20,000 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) The net income (loss) per share in the Predecessor Period is not meaningful or comparable as the Company had a significantly different capital structure than in the Successor period. Accordingly, the Predecessor earnings (loss) per share are not presented. Contingently issuable shares relate to the earn-out agreement as discussed in Note 16, Related Party Transactions. 12. Income Taxes On December 22, 2017, the U.S. enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) which significantly changed U.S. tax law. The Tax Act lowered the Company’s U.S. statutory federal income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. The Tax Act made modifications to allowable tax depreciation, the deductibility of compensation for officers, meals and entertainment expenses, and interest expense, among other provisions. In addition, the Tax Act created a new minimum tax on certain foreign earnings, for which the Company has elected to take into account in the period where applicable. The Company completed its accounting for the income tax effects of the Tax Act in the year ended December 31, 2018, in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118. The income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit) consisted of: ($ in thousands) U.S. Foreign Total income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit) Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Predecessor Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 $ $ 49,922 (2,998) 46,924 $ $ (75,283) 648 (74,635) $ $ (12,439) — (12,439) $ $ 2,492 — 2,492 93 The income tax provision (benefit) consisted of the following items: ($ in thousands) Current Federal State Foreign Total current tax expense Deferred Federal State Foreign Total deferred tax expense Income tax provision (benefit) Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Predecessor Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 $ $ 16,901 7,316 673 24,890 (8,542) (2,092) (675) (11,309) 13,581 $ $ 5,687 1,624 883 8,194 (18,334) (5,669) (432) (24,435) (16,241) $ $ $ 188 219 — 407 (31,091) 7 — (31,084) (30,677) $ A reconciliation of the income tax provision (benefit) and the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to the income (loss) before tax provision (benefit) is as follows: ($ in thousands) Income tax provision (benefit) at statutory rate State income taxes, net of federal income tax effect Tax rate changes/ valuation of deferred tax items 162(m) limitation Non-deductible expenses Unrecognized tax benefits Change in valuation allowance Non-deductible transaction costs Research and development credits Global intangible low tax inclusion Other Total income tax provision (benefit) Successor For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 2018 Period from June 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 Predecessor Period from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2017 $ $ $ 9,854 2,360 998 1,289 450 (741) 317 270 (232) — (984) 13,581 $ 94 (15,674) (3,785) (1,457) — 676 600 2,149 1,172 (602) 478 202 (16,241) $ $ (4,354) 149 (27,337) — 297 (188) — 827 — — (71) (30,677) $ $ 4,127 453 — 4,580 (3,115) (213) — (3,328) 1,252 872 230 (1,267) — 240 (328) — 822 660 — 23 1,252 Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities consist of the following at December 31: ($ in thousands) Deferred tax assets: Accrued expenses and other Allowance for doubtful accounts Net operating loss carryforward Interest expense limitation carryforward Federal and state income tax credits ASC 842 operating lease liabilities Transaction and financing costs Other Gross deferred tax assets Valuation allowance Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance Deferred tax liabilities: Intangible assets and transaction costs Property and equipment Prepaid assets ASC 842 operating lease assets Gross deferred tax liabilities Total deferred tax liabilities, net 2019 2018 $ $ 1,538 2,280 2,612 5,687 1,060 8,660 2,635 1,935 26,407 (2,564) 23,843 (30,606) (9,941) (604) (8,408) (49,559) (25,716) $ $ 2,250 1,861 2,385 9,030 613 — — 816 16,955 (2,254) 14,701 (38,812) (9,084) (432) — (48,328) (33,627) In accordance with ASC 740-10, Income Taxes, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The realization of deferred tax assets can be affected by, among other things, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the length of statutory carryforward periods, the Company’s experience with utilizing operating losses and tax credit carryforwards by jurisdiction, and tax planning alternatives that may be available. The Company performed an analysis of the reversal of the deferred tax assets, and then considered the overall business environment, historical earnings and the outlook for future years. The Company determined that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain state net operating loss carryforwards will not be realized as of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, and as such provided a valuation allowance of $2.6 million and $2.3 million, respectively. The net operating loss carryforwards represent $25.5 million and $39.3 million of state net operating losses at December 31, 2019, and 2018, respectively, of which an insignificant portion begin to expire in 2020. The utilization of some of these state net operating losses may also be subject to annual limitations due to ownership change rules under the Internal Revenue Code. The Company has certain tax credits of $1.8 million and $0.6 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which if unused will begin to expire in 2026. In addition, during fiscal year 2018, the Company generated an interest limitation carry forward that does not expire, of which $22.5 million remains as of December 31, 2019. 95 The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31: ($ in thousands) Balance at the beginning of the year Increases/(decreases) related to current year tax positions Increases/(decreases) related to prior year tax positions Settlements with taxing authorities Expiration due to statute of limitations Change in the valuation allowance Balance at the end of the year 2019 2018 $ $ 2,529 (79) 45 — (760) — 1,735 $ $ 2,634 (105) — — — — 2,529 Unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were $1.7 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2019 were $1.6 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. The Company does not expect its unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next 12 months. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. The Company recognized less than $0.1 million for fiscal year 2019 and $0.4 million for fiscal year 2018, in interest and penalties. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had accrued interest and penalties of $0.9 million and $0.9 million, respectively. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions by recognizing the financial statement effects of a tax position only when, based on technical merits, it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained under examination. The Company is subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and taxing authorities in various states. The Company’s U.S. federal income tax returns remain subject to examination by tax authorities for the years 2016 to 2019. The Company’s state income tax returns are under examination by certain states for tax years 2015 to 2017, and other state income tax returns are subject to examination for tax years 2014 to 2018. Tax returns for years prior to 2014 remain open in a number of states due to tax attributes generated but not utilized yet. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of additional tax deficiencies in each of the tax jurisdictions and, accordingly, makes appropriate adjustments to the tax provision as deemed necessary. 13. Stockholders’ Equity Authorized and Outstanding Stock In conjunction with the Business Combination on October 17, 2018, the Company made changes to its capital stock. The Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of 261,000,000 shares of capital stock, consisting of (i) 260,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, and (ii) 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, each at par value of $0.0001 per share. The outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. As a result of the Business Combination, the shares issued to Greenlight are reflected as if they were issued and outstanding beginning on May 31, 2017, the date of the ATS Merger. Warrants As of December 31, 2019, there were warrants outstanding to acquire 19,999,967 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock including: (i) 6,666,666 warrants originally issued to Gores Sponsor II, LLC in a private placement in connection with the IPO (the “Private Placement Warrants”); and (ii) 13,333,301 warrants issued in connection with the IPO (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Placement Warrants, the “Warrants”). The Warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of our Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to certain adjustments. 96 The Warrants became exercisable on November 16, 2018, 30 days following the completion of the Business Combination, and expire five years after that date, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. The Company may redeem the outstanding Warrants at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of its Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third business day before it sends the notice of redemption to the Warrant holders. The Private Placement Warrants, however, are nonredeemable so long as they are held by Gores Sponsor II, LLC or its permitted transferees. 14. Equity Incentive Plan In October 2018, the Company established the Verra Mobility 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) which provides for a variety of stock-based awards to employees, consultants and directors. The maximum number of shares of the Company’s common stock that may be subject to awards under the 2018 Plan was 10,864,000 as of December 31, 2019, subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the 2018 Plan. At December 31, 2019, the Company had an aggregate of 7,266,882 shares of common stock available for future grants under the 2018 Plan. The Company’s restricted stock units (“RSUs”) consist of a right to receive shares on one or more vesting dates in the future. RSUs granted to employees vest ratably over four years from their individual award dates, subject to continued employment on the applicable vesting dates. RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest on the earlier of (a) first anniversary of the vesting start date, or (b) the date immediately prior to the next annual stockholders meeting held by the Company occurring after the date of grant. The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s RSUs: Balance at December 31, 2017 Granted Vested Forfeited Balance at December 31, 2018 Granted Vested Forfeited Balance at December 31, 2019 Shares (in thousands) RSUs — 4,437 — — 4,437 400 (953) (880) 3,004 $ $ $ $ $ $ Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value — 10.13 — — 10.13 11.32 10.13 10.17 10.28 No RSUs granted pursuant to the 2018 Plan vested in 2018. The fair value of RSUs vested during fiscal year 2019 was $13.2 million. As of December 31, 2019, we had $28.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs under the 2018 Plan which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years. The following details the components of stock-based compensation for the respective periods: ($ in thousands) Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Total stock-based compensation expense December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 $ $ 819 9,193 10,012 $ $ 137 2,135 2,272 There was no stock-based compensation expense related to the 2017 Successor Period or 2017 Predecessor Period, as such none was included in the table above. Tax benefits attributable to stock-based compensation represented approximately $3.4 million and $0 of stock-based compensation expense, before limitations under section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. 97 15. Employee Benefit Plan The Company has a 401(k) plan that covers substantially all employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. Covered employees may elect to have a portion of their compensation withheld up to the statutory limit. The 401(k) plan includes a company match that vests immediately. The Company made employer contributions of $1.7 million, $1.6 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period, respectively. 16. Related Party Transactions Tax Receivable Agreement At the closing of the Business Combination, the Company entered into a tax receivable agreement (“TRA”) with PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC (the “Platinum Stockholder”) and Greenlight as the stockholder representative. The TRA generally provides for the payment by the post-closing company to the Platinum Stockholder of 50% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the post-closing company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination as a result of the increase in the tax basis of the intangible assets which resulted from the acquisition of HTA by Verra Mobility prior to the Business Combination. The post-closing company generally will retain the benefit of the remaining 50% of these cash savings. The Company estimated the potential maximum benefit to be paid will be approximately $70.0 million, and recorded an initial liability and corresponding charge to equity at the closing of the Business Combination. Subsequently, the Company adjusted this amount. At December 31, 2019, the TRA was approximately $66.9 million of which $5.7 million was the current portion included in Accrued liabilities and $61.2 million included in Payable related to tax receivable agreement on the consolidated balance sheets. Earn-Out Agreement Under the Merger Agreement, the Platinum Stockholder is entitled to receive additional shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Earn-Out Shares”) if the volume weighted average closing sale price of one share of Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq exceeds certain thresholds for a period of at least 10 days out of 20 consecutive trading days at any time during the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination (the “Common Stock Price”). The Earn-Out Shares are issued by the Company to the Platinum Stockholder as follows: Common Stock Price thresholds > $13.00 > $15.50 > $18.00 > $20.50 One-time issuance of shares 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 If any of the Common Stock Price thresholds above (each, a “Triggering Event”) are not achieved within the five-year period following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company will not be required to issue the Earn-Out Shares in respect of such Common Stock Price threshold. In no event shall the Platinum Stockholder be entitled to receive more than an aggregate of 10,000,000 Earn-Out Shares. If, during the earn-out period, there is a change of control (as defined in the Merger Agreement) that will result in the holders of Parent Class A Common Stock receiving a per share price equal to or in excess of the applicable Common Stock Price required in connection with any Triggering Event (an “Acceleration Event”), then immediately prior to the consummation of such change of control: (a) any such Triggering Event that has not previously occurred shall be deemed to have occurred; and (b) Parent shall issue the applicable Earn-Out Shares to the cash consideration stockholders (as defined in the Merger Agreement) (in accordance with their respective pro rata cash share), and the recipients of the issued Earn-Out Shares shall be eligible to participate in such change of control. 98 The Company estimated the original fair value of the contingently issuable shares to be $73.15 million, of which $54.9 million remains contingently issuable as of December 31, 2019. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation option-pricing model to arrive at its original estimate. Each tranche was valued separately giving specific consideration to the tranche’s price target. The simulation considered volatility and risk free rates utilizing a peer group based on a five year term. This was initially recorded as a distribution to shareholders and was presented as Common stock contingent consideration. Upon the occurrence of a Triggering Event, any issuable shares would be transferred from Common stock contingent consideration to Common stock and Additional paid-in capital accounts. Any contingently issuable shares not issued as a result of a Triggering Event not being attained by the end of earn-out period will be cancelled. On April 26, 2019, the Triggering Event for the issuance of the first tranche of Earn-Out Shares occurred, as the volume weighted average closing sale price per share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as of that date had been greater than $13.00 for 10 out of 20 consecutive trading days. This Triggering Event resulted in the issuance of 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and an increase in the Company’s Common stock and Additional paid-in capital accounts of $18.3 million, with a corresponding decrease to the Common stock contingent consideration account. See Note 21, Subsequent Events, for information on the issuance of the second tranche of Earn- Out Shares. Platinum Stockholder Secondary Offerings On June 10, 2019, the Platinum Stockholder sold 15,000,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock in a secondary offering. On July 8, 2019, the underwriters of the secondary offering fully exercised the overallotment option granted at the time of the secondary offering to purchase an additional 2,250,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock at the secondary offering price of $12.50 per share, less underwriting discounts and commissions, from the Platinum Stockholder. On November 18, 2019, the Platinum Stockholder sold 17,250,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock in a secondary offering at a price per share of $14.10. The offering consisted of an initial 15,000,000 shares, along with an additional 2,250,000 shares purchased pursuant to the underwriter’s exercise in full of an overallotment option granted by the Platinum Stockholder. The Company received no proceeds from either secondary offering conducted by the Platinum Stockholder during 2019. The Company incurred $1.7 million in expenses related to the secondary offerings, consisting of various registration, filing and professional services fees, which were included in the Selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Specifically, pursuant to the Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 17, 2018, the Company was required to pay, among other things, all registration and filing fees, reasonable fees and expenses of legal counsel for the Platinum Stockholder, and road show and marketing expenses. After giving effect to both secondary offerings and exercises of the overallotment options, the Platinum Stockholder held approximately 13.7% of the Company’s outstanding Class A Common Stock. Advisory Services Agreement The Company had a corporate advisory services agreement with Advisors whereby the Company paid a management fee for services and related expenses incurred by Advisors in the provision of those services. The Company paid $4.2 million and $5.4 million in management fees for the 2017 Successor Period and fiscal year 2018, respectively. The Company paid $9.7 million related to the provision of acquisition related services and $2.8 million related to the provision of debt financing related services during fiscal year 2018. The agreement was terminated effective October 17, 2018 in connection with the Business Combination. On January 7, 2019, the Company entered into a new corporate advisory services agreement with Advisors to provide certain transactional and corporate advisory services to the Company as mutually agreed by the parties. No fees are payable under the agreement, but the Company must reimburse Advisors for its out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with services rendered. There were no significant payments made during fiscal year 2019. 99 17. Commitments and Contingencies The Company has issued various letters of credit under contractual arrangements with certain of its vendors and customers. Outstanding letters of credit under these arrangements totaled $0.1 million at December 31, 2019. The Company has non-cancelable purchase commitments to certain vendors. The aggregate non-cancelable purchase commitments outstanding at December 31, 2019 were $29.3 million. The Company is subject to tax audits in the normal course of business and does not have material contingencies recorded related to such audits. Legal Proceedings The Company is subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The Company records a liability when it believes it is probable a loss will be incurred and the amount of loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable, reasonably possible or remote, and as to whether a loss or a range of such loss is estimable, often involves significant judgment about future events. The Company has determined that resolution of pending matters is not probable to have a material adverse impact on its consolidated results of operations, cash flows, or financial position. However, the outcome of litigation is inherently uncertain. 18. Segment Reporting The Company has two operating and reportable segments, Commercial Services and Government Solutions. Commercial Services offers toll and violation management solutions and title and registration services to commercial fleet vehicle owners, rental car companies and violation issuing authorities. Government Solutions implements and administers traffic safety programs and products for municipalities and local government agencies of all sizes. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker function (“CODM”) is comprised of the Company’s CEO and certain defined representatives of the Company’s executive management team. The Company’s CODM monitors operating performance, allocates resources and deploys capital based on these two segments. Segment performance is based on revenues and income (loss) from operations before depreciation, amortization, gain (loss) on disposal of assets, net, impairment of property and equipment, and stock-based compensation. The measure also excludes interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, income taxes and is inclusive of other income, net. The tables below refer to this measure as Segment profit (loss). The aforementioned items are not indicative of operating performance, and, as a result are not included in the measures that are reviewed by the CODM for the operating and reportable segments. Other income, net consists primarily of credit card rebates earned on the prepayment of tolling violations and is therefore included in Segment profit (loss). There are no significant non-cash items reported in Segment profit (loss). The Company allocates certain corporate expenses to the two segments. The corporate expenses are allocated using several different factors depending on the item being allocated. These factors range from specific identification to headcount based to split proportionately between the two operating and reportable segments. The Corporate and other columns below include all of the items above that are not included in Segment profit (loss) plus transaction expenses, fees to Advisors and other items designated by the CODM as corporate initiatives. The Company does not disaggregate assets by segment other than equipment installed at customer sites and automobiles, which had carrying values of $46.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019 and carrying values of $46.8 million and $0.8 million, respectively, at December 31, 2018 all of which relate solely to the Government Solutions segment. Refer to Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets for goodwill balances by segment. 100 The following tables set forth financial information by segment for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the 2017 Successor Period and the 2017 Predecessor Period: Successor ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Other income, net Segment profit (loss) Segment profit (loss) Depreciation and amortization Loss on disposal of assets, net Impairment of property and equipment Stock-based compensation Interest expense, net Income (loss) before income tax provision ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Other (income) expenses, net Segment profit (loss) Segment profit (loss) Depreciation and amortization Loss on disposal of assets, net Stock-based compensation Interest expense Loss on extinguishment of debt (Loss) income before income tax (benefit) Commercial Services Government Solutions Corporate and Other For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Total 276,479 — 276,479 3,709 — 66,916 41,384 (10,920) 175,390 175,390 — 145 — — — 175,245 Commercial Services 222,611 — 222,611 3,078 — 51,221 55,370 (8,680) 121,622 121,622 — — — — — 121,622 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 101 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 140,244 32,014 172,258 1,852 13,919 57,905 32,696 (278) 66,164 66,164 — 60 5,898 — — 60,206 $ $ $ $ For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Government Solutions Corporate and Other 142,465 5,070 147,535 2,710 3,447 57,525 27,827 (117) 56,143 56,143 — — — — — 56,143 $ $ $ $ — — — — — — 2,220 — (2,220) (2,220) 115,566 — — 10,012 60,729 (188,527) — — — — — — 50,737 2 (50,739) (50,739) 103,346 7 2,272 69,550 26,486 (252,400) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 416,723 32,014 448,737 5,561 13,919 124,821 76,300 (11,198) 239,334 239,334 115,566 205 5,898 10,012 60,729 46,924 365,076 5,070 370,146 5,788 3,447 108,746 133,934 (8,795) 127,026 127,026 103,346 7 2,272 69,550 26,486 (74,635) Total ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Other (income) expenses, net Segment profit (loss) Segment profit (loss) Depreciation and amortization Gain on disposal of assets, net Interest expense (Loss) income before income tax (benefit) Predecessor ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Other income, net Segment profit (loss) Segment profit (loss) Depreciation and amortization Loss on disposal of assets, net Interest expense Income (loss) before income tax provision Commercial Services Government Solutions Corporate and Other For the Seven Months Ended December 31, 2017 Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 55,874 — 55,874 426 — 16,425 14,784 (2,114) 26,353 26,353 — — — 26,353 Commercial Services 35,509 — 35,509 194 — 11,266 9,882 (1,243) 15,410 15,410 — — — 15,410 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 79,781 2,584 82,365 1,510 1,590 34,046 11,767 (63) 33,515 33,515 — — — 33,515 $ $ $ $ For the Five Months Ended May 31, 2017 Corporate and Other Government Solutions 57,022 1,340 58,362 1,175 964 24,702 9,231 (49) 22,339 22,339 — — — 22,339 $ $ $ $ — — — — — — 18,331 5 (18,336) (18,336) 33,151 (38) 20,858 (72,307) — — — — — — 21,771 (2) (21,769) (21,769) 12,574 39 875 (35,257) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 135,655 2,584 138,239 1,936 1,590 50,471 44,882 (2,172) 41,532 41,532 33,151 (38) 20,858 (12,439) 92,531 1,340 93,871 1,369 964 35,968 40,884 (1,294) 15,980 15,980 12,574 39 875 2,492 Total The Company operates in the United States, Canada and Europe. Revenues are attributable to countries based upon the location of the customer. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company’s international revenues were $14.5 million and $11.0 million, respectively. The Company’s international revenues for the 2017 Successor period and the 2017 Predecessor period were zero. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are in the United States. 102 19. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited) ($ in thousands, except per share data) For the year ended December 31, 2019 Total revenue Income from operations Net income Earnings per share - basic and diluted ($ in thousands, except per share data) For the year ended December 31, 2018 Total revenue (Loss) income from operations Net (loss) income Earnings (loss) per share - basic and diluted First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter $ $ $ $ 98,461 17,966 2,820 0.02 69,241 (7,263) (22,158) (0.35) $ $ $ $ First Quarter 109,575 17,636 3,591 0.02 98,197 11,784 (4,795) (0.07) $ $ $ $ Second Quarter Third Quarter 128,240 36,659 17,752 0.11 107,602 26,195 6,513 0.09 $ $ $ $ 112,461 24,194 9,180 0.06 Fourth Quarter(a) 95,106 (18,110) (37,954) (0.27) (a) The Company recorded certain out-of-period adjustments that reduced revenue in the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2018, which aggregated to $4.2 million. The impact of these adjustments to the Company’s fourth quarter consolidated financial statements was not material. 20. Guarantor/Non-Guarantor Financial Information (Unaudited) VM Consolidated, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, is the lead borrower of the New First Lien Term Loan and the New Revolver. VM Consolidated, Inc. is owned by the Company through a series of holding companies that ultimately end with the Company. VM Consolidated, Inc. is wholly-owned by Parent, which is wholly-owned by Greenlight Intermediate Holding Corporation, which is wholly-owned by Greenlight Holding Corporation, which is wholly-owned by Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC, which is wholly-owned by Verra Mobility Corporation or the Company. Prior to the Business Combination, VM Consolidated, Inc. was known as ATS Consolidated, Inc. and its financial information was the same as the lead borrower. The principal elimination entries relate to investments in subsidiaries and intercompany balances and transactions, including transactions with the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary guarantors and non-guarantor subsidiaries. The following financial information presents the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and the related Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2019 for the Company, combined guarantor subsidiaries and combined non-guarantor subsidiaries: 103 ($ in thousands) Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents Restricted cash Accounts receivable, net Unbilled receivables Investment in subsidiary Prepaid expenses and other current assets Total current assets Installation and service parts, net Property and equipment, net Operating lease assets Intangible assets, net Goodwill Due from affiliates Other non-current assets Total assets Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Current portion of long-term debt Total current liabilities Long-term debt, net of current portion and deferred financing costs Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion Other long-term liabilities Payable to related party pursuant to tax receivable agreement Due to affiliates Asset retirement obligation Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Total stockholders' equity Total liabilities and stockholders' equity Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2019 Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent) VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary) Non- guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ $ $ $ — — — — 170,088 — 170,088 — — — — — 169,259 — 339,347 — — — — — — — — — — — — 339,347 339,347 $ $ $ $ 104 113,369 917 88,946 19,316 54,254 24,098 300,900 8,841 69,878 31,910 405,028 524,766 25,519 3,096 1,369,938 36,314 22,151 28,779 87,244 837,686 30,068 2,183 61,174 155,289 6,309 19,897 1,199,850 170,088 1,369,938 $ $ $ $ 18,144 — 4,568 687 — 2,393 25,792 — 2,388 267 29,415 59,384 — 15 117,261 14,511 3,126 — 17,637 — 62 — — 39,489 — 5,819 63,007 54,254 117,261 $ $ $ $ — — — — (224,342) — (224,342) — — — — — (194,778) — (419,120) — — — — — — — — (194,778) — — (194,778) (224,342) (419,120) $ $ $ $ 131,513 917 93,514 20,003 — 26,491 272,438 8,841 72,266 32,177 434,443 584,150 — 3,111 1,407,426 50,825 25,277 28,779 104,881 837,686 30,130 2,183 61,174 — 6,309 25,716 1,068,079 339,347 1,407,426 ($ in thousands) Service revenue Product sales Total revenue Cost of service revenue Cost of product sales Operating expenses Selling, general and administrative expenses Depreciation, amortization and (gain) loss on disposal of assets, net Impairment of property and equipment Total costs and expenses Income (loss) from operations (Income) loss from equity investment Interest expense, net Other income, net Total other (income) expenses Income before income tax provision (benefit) Income tax provision (benefit) Net income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss): Change in foreign currency translation adjustment Total comprehensive income (loss) Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income Year Ended December 31, 2019 Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent) VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary) Non- guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated — — — — — — — — — — — (33,343) — — (33,343) 33,343 — 33,343 $ $ 402,245 32,014 434,259 2,921 13,919 119,796 78,276 112,297 5,898 333,107 101,152 4,641 60,773 (11,188) 54,226 46,926 13,583 33,343 $ $ 14,478 — 14,478 2,640 — 5,844 7,217 3,474 — 19,175 (4,697) — (44) (10) (54) (4,643) (2) (4,641) $ $ — — — — — — — — — — — 28,702 — — 28,702 (28,702) — (28,702) $ $ — 33,343 $ 3,244 36,587 $ — (4,641) $ — (28,702) $ 416,723 32,014 448,737 5,561 13,919 125,640 85,493 115,771 5,898 352,282 96,455 — 60,729 (11,198) 49,531 46,924 13,581 33,343 3,244 36,587 $ $ $ 105 ($ in thousands) Cash Flows from Operating Activities: Net income (loss) Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization Amortization of deferred financing costs and discounts Impairment of property and equipment Bad debt expense Deferred income taxes Stock-based compensation Installation and service parts expense Accretion expense Write-downs of installation and service parts and (gain) on disposal of assets (Income) loss from equity investment Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable, net Unbilled receivables Prepaid expenses and other current assets Accounts payable and accrued liabilities Due to affiliates Other liabilities Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities Cash Flows from Investing Activities: Acquisition of business, net of cash and restricted cash acquired Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment Cash proceeds from the sale of assets Net cash used in investing activities Cash Flows from Financing Activities: Successor repayment of long-term debt Successor payment of debt issuance costs Payment of employee tax withholding related to RSU vesting Net cash used in financing activities Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - beginning of period Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash - end of period Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Year Ended December 31, 2019 Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent) VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary) Non- guarantor Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated $ 33,343 $ 33,343 $ (4,641) $ (28,702) $ — — — — — — — — — (33,343) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 112,092 6,641 5,898 8,098 (9,888) 10,012 1,166 350 205 4,641 (11,166) (6,361) (6,890) (10,549) (35,111) (2,151) 100,330 — (28,319) 231 (28,088) (9,104) (426) (4,990) (14,520) — 57,722 56,564 114,286 $ 3,474 — — 2 (1,006) — — — — — (1,496) (67) (260) 2,355 35,111 — 33,472 (25,519) (1,366) — (26,885) — — — — 1,040 7,627 10,517 18,144 $ — — — — — — — — — 28,702 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ $ 106 33,343 115,566 6,641 5,898 8,100 (10,894) 10,012 1,166 350 205 — (12,662) (6,428) (7,150) (8,194) — (2,151) 133,802 (25,519) (29,685) 231 (54,973) (9,104) (426) (4,990) (14,520) 1,040 65,349 67,081 132,430 Supplemental cash flow information: Interest paid Income taxes paid, net Verra Mobility Corporation and Subsidiaries Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued) Year Ended December 31, 2019 Verra Mobility Corporation (Ultimate Parent) VM Consolidated Inc. (Guarantor Subsidiary) Non- guarantor Subsidiaries $ $ — — 55,197 24,109 $ $ — 248 Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities: Reduction to tax receivable agreement liability Earn-out shares issued to Platinum Stockholder Additions to ARO, property and equipment, and other Purchases of installation and service parts and property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities at year-end Tenant improvement allowance included in property and equipment 2,940 18,288 — — — — — 230 4,204 581 — — — — — Eliminations Consolidated $ — — — — — — — 55,197 24,357 2,940 18,288 230 4,204 581 21. Subsequent Events Earn-Out Agreement On January 27, 2020, the Triggering Event for the issuance of the second tranche of Earn-Out Shares occurred, as the volume weighted average closing sale price per share of the Company’s Class A Common Stock as of that date had been greater than $15.50 for 10 out of 20 consecutive trading days. This Triggering Event resulted in the issuance of 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock. First Lien Term Loan Amendment On February 20, 2020, certain wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 (the “Second Amendment”) to the New First Lien Term Loan with the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent. Pursuant to the terms of the Second Amendment, the Company consummated a permitted refinancing of the entire outstanding amount under the New First Lien Term Loan and incurred a new Term B-1 Loan (the “New Term B-1 Loan”) in the aggregate principal amount of $894.4 million. The proceeds from the New Term B-1 Loan were used in their entirety to prepay in full the then outstanding principal amount of the existing term loan. In connection with the refinancing, the interest rate on the approximately $894.4 million outstanding balance of the New Term B-1 Loan was reduced by 50 basis points to LIBOR + 3.25% from LIBOR + 3.75% with the LIBOR floor unchanged at 0.00%. The New Term B-1 Loan will be subject to a prepayment premium of 1.00% of the principal amount repaid for any voluntary prepayment or mandatory prepayment with proceeds of debt that has a lower effective yield than the New Term B-1 Loan or any amendment to the New Term B-1 Loan that reduces the interest rate thereon, in each case, to the extent occurring within six months of the effective date of the Second Amendment. The maturity date for the New First Lien Term Loan remains February 28, 2025, and no changes were made to the financial covenants or other debt repayment terms. 107 Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure None. Item 9A. Controls and Procedures Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures Our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to ensure that information required to be disclosed is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and financial officers, to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, with assistance from other members of management, have reviewed the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2019 and, based on their evaluation, have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of such date due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting, described below. Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and the dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that our transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness for future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013). A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. We identified a material weakness in internal control related to ineffective information technology general controls (“ITGCs”) in the area of user access over certain information technology (“IT”) systems that support the Company’s financial reporting processes. Certain business process controls (automated and manual) that are dependent on the affected ITGCs were also deemed ineffective. Based on this material weakness, our management concluded that at December 31, 2019, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective. Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an adverse audit report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, which appears in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 108 Remediation Management has been implementing and continues to implement measures designed to ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weakness are remediated, such that these controls are designed, implemented, and operating effectively. These remediation actions include: (i) creating and filling an IT Compliance Oversight function; (ii) developing a training program addressing ITGCs and policies, including educating control owners concerning the principles and requirements of each control, with a focus on those related to user access over IT systems impacting financial reporting; (iii) developing and maintaining documentation underlying ITGCs to promote knowledge transfer upon personnel and function changes; (iv) developing enhanced risk assessment procedures and controls related to changes in IT systems; (v) implementing an IT management review and testing plan to monitor ITGCs with a specific focus on systems supporting our financial reporting processes; and (vi) enhanced quarterly reporting on the remediation measures to the Audit Committee. We believe that these actions will remediate the material weakness. The weakness will not be considered remediated, however, until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We expect that the remediation of this material weakness will be completed prior to the end of fiscal 2020. Changes in Internal Control over Financing Reporting There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Subsequent to December 31, 2019 and in connection with the identification of the material weakness discussed above, we are taking remediation steps to improve our internal control over financial reporting. Item 9B. Other Information None. 109 PART III Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Item 11. Executive Compensation The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019. 110 PART IV Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules (a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 1. Consolidated Financial Statements The financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed in the “Index to Consolidated Financial Statements” under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 2. Financial Statement Schedules • Appendix A, Schedule II – Consolidated Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Schedules not listed above are omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or notes to the consolidated financial statements under Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 3. Exhibits. The exhibits listed below are filed as part of this Annual Report. References under the caption “Incorporated by Reference” to exhibits or other filings indicate that the exhibit or other filing has been filed, that the indexed exhibit and the exhibit referred to are the same and that the exhibit referred to is incorporated by reference. 111 Exhibit Number Description 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 10.1 10.2 Merger Agreement, dated as of June 21, 2018, by and among Gores Holdings II, Inc., AM Merger Sub I, Inc., AM Merger Sub II, LLC, Greenlight Holding II Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, in its capacity as the Stockholder Representative. Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 23, 2018, by and among Gores Holdings II, Inc., AM Merger Sub I, Inc., AM Merger Sub II, LLC, Greenlight Holding II Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, in its capacity as the Stockholder Representative. Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Verra Mobility Corporation. Amended and Restated Bylaws of Verra Mobility Corporation. Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate. Specimen Warrant Certificate. Warrant Agreement, dated January 12, 2017, between the Registrant and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent. First Amendment to Warrant Agreement, dated January 15, 2020, by and among the Registrant, Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company. Description of Verra Mobility Corporation’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act. Form of Indemnity Agreement. Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement dated October 17, 2018, by and among Verra Mobility Corporation, Gores Sponsor II LLC, Randall Bort, William Patton, Jeffrey Rea and the stockholders of Greenlight Holding II Corporation. 8-K 8-K S-1 S-1 8-K S-1 8-K 112 EXHIBIT INDEX Form 8-K File No. 001-37979 8-K 001-37979 Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Filing Date Filed Herewith 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.2 4.3 4.1 June 21, 2018 Aug. 24, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 Dec. 9, 2016 Dec. 9, 2016 Jan. 19, 2017 001-37979 001-37979 333-21503 333-21503 001-37979 333-21503 001-37979 10.7 10.2 Dec. 9, 2016 Oct. 22, 2018 X X Exhibit Number Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Filed Herewith Incorporated by Reference 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Investor Rights Agreement dated October 17, 2018, by and among Verra Mobility Corporation and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC. Tax Receivable Agreement dated October 17, 2018, by and among Verra Mobility Corporation, the persons identified as “Stockholders” on Schedule 1 thereto, and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC, solely in its capacity as the stockholders’ representative thereunder. Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of March 1, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, ATS Consolidated Inc., each of the other borrowers party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement dated as of March 1, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, ATS Consolidated, Inc., American Traffic Solutions, Inc., Lasercraft, Inc., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. Amendment No. 1 to Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of July 24, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, Verra Mobility Corporation (formerly known as ATS Consolidated Inc.), each of the other borrowers party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. Amendment No. 1 to First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement dated as of July 24, 2018, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, Verra Mobility Corporation (formerly known as ATS Consolidated, Inc.), American Traffic Solutions, Inc., Lasercraft, Inc., the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. 8-K 8-K 001-37979 001-37979 10.3 10.4 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 8-K 001-37979 10.5 Oct. 22, 2018 8-K 001-37979 10.6 Oct. 22, 2018 8-K 001-37979 10.7 Oct. 22, 2018 8-K 001-37979 10.8 Oct. 22, 2018 113 Incorporated by Reference Form 8-K File No. 001-37979 Exhibit 10.1 Filing Date Feb. 25, 2020 Filed Herewith Exhibit Number 10.9 10.10# 10.11# Description Amendment No. 2 to First Lien Term Loan Credit Agreement dated as of February 20, 2020, among Greenlight Acquisition Corporation, VM Consolidated, Inc. (formerly known as ATS Consolidated, Inc.), each of the other borrowers and subsidiary guarantors party thereto, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A. as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent. Employee Offer Letter by and between American Traffic Solutions, Inc. and David Roberts, dated June 27, 2014. Offer Letter Revision by and between American Traffic Solutions, Inc. and David Roberts, dated as of December 22, 2014. 10.12# Employee Offer Letter by and between American Traffic Solutions, Inc. and Patricia Chiodo, dated May 15, 2015. 10.13# Offer Letter Revision by and between American Traffic Solutions, Inc. and Patricia Chiodo, dated as of June 1, 2015. 10.14# Employee Offer Letter by and between American Traffic Solutions, Inc. and Vincent Brigidi, dated September 30, 2014. 10.15# Revisions to Employment Terms by and between American Traffic Solutions, Inc. and Vincent Brigidi, dated as of February 29, 2016. 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 8-K 001-37979 001-37979 001-37979 001-37979 001-37979 001-37979 10.16# Employee Offer Letter by and between VM Consolidated, Inc. and Garrett Miller, dated 10-Q 001-37979 as of April 24, 2019. 10.17# Employee Offer Letter by and between American Traffic Solutions, Inc. and Rebecca 10.18# 10.19# Collins, dated as of April 21, 2016. Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit and Agreement under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. 001-37979 001-37979 8-K 8-K 114 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.1 10.17 10.18 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 August 6, 2019 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 X Exhibit Number Description 10.20# Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit and Agreement for Non-U.S. Participants under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. 10.21# Form of Greenlight Holding Corporation 2018 Participation Plan Termination 10.22# 10.23# Agreement. Verra Mobility Corporation Annual Incentive Bonus Plan. Form of Notice of Grant of Restricted Stock Unit for Non-Employee Directors under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. 10.24# Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option and Agreement under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. 10.25# Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option and Agreement for U.K. Participants under the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. 10.26# Form of Notice of Grant of Performance Share Unit and Agreement under the Verra 21.1 23.1 24.1 31.1 31.2 Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan. List of Subsidiaries Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Power of Attorney (included on the signature pages herein). Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a‑14(a) and 15d‑14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 32.1* Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Form 8-K 8-K 8-K 10-K File No. 001-37979 001-37979 001-37979 001-37979 Incorporated by Reference Exhibit Filing Date Filed Herewith 10.19 10.20 10.1 10.30 Oct. 22, 2018 Oct. 22, 2018 March 5, 2019 March 18, 2019 X X X X X X X X X 115 Exhibit Number Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Incorporated by Reference 32.2* Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. 101.INS 101.SCH 101.CAL 101.DEF 101.LAB 101.PRE 104 Inline XBRL Instance Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document. Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase document. Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). Filed Herewith X X X X X X X X # * Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Item 16. Form 10-K Summary None. 116 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Date: March 02, 2020 VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION By: /s/ David Roberts David Roberts President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) 117 KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints David M. Roberts and Patricia D. Chiodo, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorney- in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the SEC, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or her or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done or by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated: POWER OF ATTORNEY Signature /s/ David Roberts David Roberts /s/ Patricia D. Chiodo Patricia D. Chiodo /s/ Douglas Davis Douglas Davis /s/ Jay L. Geldmacher Jay L. Geldmacher /s/ Bryan Kelln Bryan Kelln /s/ Jacob Kotzubei Jacob Kotzubei /s/ John Rexford John Rexford /s/ Cynthia Russo Cynthia Russo Capacity in Which Signed President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director 118 Date March 02, 2020 March 02, 2020 March 02, 2020 March 02, 2020 March 02, 2020 March 02, 2020 March 02, 2020 March 02, 2020 Appendix A Verra Mobility Corporation Schedule II Consolidated Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Seven Months Ended December 31, 2017 and the Five Months Ended May 31, 2017 ($ in thousands) Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Seven Months Ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) Five Months Ended May 31, 2017 (Predecessor) Tax Valuation Allowance Year Ended December 31, 2019 Year Ended December 31, 2018 Seven Months Ended December 31, 2017 (Successor) Five Months Ended May 31, 2017 (Predecessor) Balance at Beginning of Period Charged/Credited to Net Income (Loss) Charged to Other Account Charges Utilized/ Write-offs Balance at End of Period $ $ $ $ 6,221 5,497 7,158 6,431 2,254 105 86 86 119 $ $ 8,100 6,025 3,776 2,182 310 2,149 19 — $ $ — — — — — — — — $ $ (6,684) (5,301) (5,437) (1,455) — — — — 7,637 6,221 5,497 7,158 2,564 2,254 105 86 FIRST AMENDMENT TO WARRANT AGREEMENT Exhibit 4.4 THIS FIRST AMENDMENT TO WARRANT AGREEMENT (this “First Amendment”), dated as of January 15, 2020, is made by and among Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation (as successor by merger to Gores Holdings II, Inc.) (“Verra Mobility”), Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, a New York corporation, as warrant agent (“Continental”), and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, a New York limited liability trust company (“AST”). Capitalized terms used herein, but not otherwise defined, shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Existing Warrant Agreement (as defined below). WHEREAS, Gores Holdings II, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Gores”) and Continental are parties to that certain Warrant Agreement, dated as of January 12, 2017 (the “Existing Warrant Agreement”), pursuant to which Gores issued 13,333,333 warrants in connection with its initial public offering (the “Public Warrants”) and 6,666,666 warrants in connection with a private placement (the “Private Placement Warrants” and, together with the Public Warrants, the “Warrants”), each representing the right to purchase one share of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”); WHEREAS, on June 21, 2018, Gores, AM Merger Sub I, Inc., a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Gores (“First Merger Sub”), AM Merger Sub II, LLC, a direct, wholly-owned subsidiary of Gores (“Second Merger Sub”), Greenlight Holding II Corporation (“Greenlight”), and PE Greenlight Holdings, LLC entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended to date, the “Merger Agreement”), which provided for, among other things, (i) the merger of First Merger Sub with and into Greenlight, with Greenlight continuing as the surviving corporation (the “First Merger”) and (ii) immediately following the First Merger and as part of the same overall transaction as the First Merger, the merger of Greenlight with and into Second Merger Sub, with Second Merger Sub continuing as the surviving entity (the “Second Merger” and, together with the First Merger and the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Business Combination”); WHEREAS, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination on October 17, 2018, Gores changed its name from “Gores Holdings II, Inc.” to “Verra Mobility Corporation” and changed its trading symbol for the Common Stock from “GSHT” to “VRRM” (collectively, the “Name Change”); WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 8.2.1 of the Existing Warrant Agreement, Continental has agreed to resign its duties as the Warrant Agent as of the date hereof, and AST has agreed to serve as successor Warrant Agent from and after the date hereof; and WHEREAS, pursuant to Section 9.8 of the Existing Warrant Agreement, the parties may amend the Existing Warrant Agreement without the consent of the Registered Holders with respect to matters that the parties deem shall not adversely affect the interest of the Registered Holders. NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements contained herein and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound hereby, the parties hereto agree as follows: 1 Amendments to Existing Warrant Agreement. The parties hereby amend the Existing Warrant Agreement as provided in this Section 1: 1.1 Change in Warrant Agent. References to “Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company” in the Existing Warrant Agreement shall be replaced with “American Stock Transfer & Trust Company,” and it shall be understood that “Warrant Agent” shall hereafter refer to American Stock Transfer & Trust Company. 1.2 Change to Section 7.4.2. Section 7.4.2 of the Existing Warrant Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows: 7.4.2 Cashless Exercise at Company’s Option. If the Common Stock is at the time of any exercise of a Warrant not listed on a national securities exchange such that it satisfies the definition of a “covered security” under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act (or any successor rule), the Company may, at its option, (i) require holders of Public Warrants who exercise Public Warrants to exercise such Public Warrants on a “cashless basis” in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act (or any successor rule) as described in subsection 7.4.1 and (ii) in the event the Company so elects, the Company shall (x) not be required to file or maintain in effect a registration statement for the registration, under the Securities Act, of the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, and (y) use its best efforts to register the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrant under the blue sky laws of the state of residence of the exercising Public Warrant holder to the extent an exemption is not available. All Cashless Exercise calculation will per performed by the company. Upon completion of the calculation the company will provide issuance instructions to the Warrant Agent. The Warrant Agent will have no liability or responsibility related to a cashless exercise. 1.3 Change of Address of Warrant Agent. Section 9.2 of the Existing Warrant Agreement is hereby amended to direct that any notice, statement or demand authorized by the Existing Warrant Agreement to be given or made by the holder of any Warrant or by the Company to or on the Warrant Agent pursuant to Section 9.2 shall be delivered to: American Stock Transfer & Trust Company 48 Wall Street, 22nd Floor New York, NY 10005 Email: Reorgwarrants@astfinancial.com 1.4 Change of Address of Company. Section 9.2 of the Existing Warrant Agreement is hereby amended to direct that any notice, statement or demand authorized by the Existing Warrant Agreement to be given or made by the Warrant Agent or by the holder of any Warrant to or on the Company pursuant to Section 9.2 shall be delivered to: Verra Mobility Corporation 1150 N. Alma School Road Mesa, AZ 85201 Attention: General Counsel 2 Resignation of Current Warrant Agent and Appointment of Successor Warrant Agent. Continental hereby resigns as Warrant Agent under the Existing Warrant Agreement, Verra Mobility hereby appoints AST to act as Warrant Agent under the Existing Warrant Agreement, and AST hereby accepts such appointment and agrees to perform the same in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the Existing Warrant Agreement, as modified by this First Amendment. 3 Verra Mobility in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Existing Warrant Agreement, as amended by this First Amendment. Right to Acquire Verra Mobility Common Stock. As a result of the Name Change, holders that validly exercise their Warrants during the Exercise Period will receive Common Stock of 4 Miscellaneous Provisions. 4.1 Successors. All the covenants and provisions of this First Amendment by or for the benefit of the parties hereto shall bind and inure to the benefit of their respective successors and assigns. 4.2 Applicable Law. The validity, interpretation and performance of this First Amendment shall be governed in all respects by the laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to conflicts of law principles that would result in the application of the substantive laws of another jurisdiction. Verra Mobility hereby agrees that any action, proceeding or claim against it arising out of or relating in any way to this First Amendment shall be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and irrevocably submits to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be exclusive. Verra Mobility hereby waives any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum. 4.3 Counterparts. This First Amendment may be executed in any number of original or facsimile counterparts and each of such counterparts shall for all purposes be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument. 4.4 Effect of Headings. The section headings herein are for convenience only and are not part of this First Amendment and shall not affect the interpretation thereof. 4.5 Severability. This First Amendment shall be deemed severable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of any term or provision hereof shall not affect the validity or enforceability of this First Amendment or of any other term or provision hereof. Furthermore, in lieu of any such invalid or unenforceable term or provision, the parties hereto intend that there shall be added as a part of this First Amendment a provision as similar in terms to such invalid or unenforceable provision as may be possible and be valid and enforceable. 4.6 Effect on Existing Warrant Agreement. Other than as specifically set forth herein, all other terms and provisions of the Existing Warrant Agreement shall remain unaffected by the terms of this First Amendment, and shall continue in full force and effect. 4.7 Entire Agreement. The Existing Warrant Agreement, as modified by this First Amendment, constitutes the entire understanding of the parties and supersedes all prior agreements, understandings, arrangements, promises and commitments, whether written or oral, express or implied, relating to the subject matter hereof, and all such prior agreements, understandings, arrangements, promises and commitments are hereby canceled and terminated. [Signature page follows] IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this First Amendment to be duly executed as of the date first above written. VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION By: /s/ Rebecca Collins Name: Rebecca Collins Title: General Counsel CONTINENTAL STOCK TRANSFER & TRUST COMPANY By: /s/ Isaac Kagan Name: Isaac Kagan Title: Account Administrator AMERICAN STOCK TRANSFER & TRUST COMPANY, LLC By: /s/ Michael Legregin Name: Michael Legregin Title: Senior Vice President [Signature Page to First Amendment to Warrant Agreement] Exhibit 4.5 General DESCRIPTION OF VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION’S SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Verra Mobility Corporation (the “Company,”” we,” or “our”) is incorporated in the state of Delaware. The rights of our stockholders are generally governed by Delaware law, our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws (each as amended and restated and in effect as of the date hereof). The terms of our Class A Common Stock are therefore subject to Delaware law, including the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) and the common and constitutional law of Delaware. This exhibit describes the general terms of our Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants (defined below). It is a summary and is not intended to be a complete description of the rights and preferences of such securities. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws as they exist on the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference or filed as an exhibit to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of which this exhibit is a part, and amendments or restatements of each will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in future periodic or current reports in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Authorized Capital Stock Prior to the Business Combination, our certificate of incorporation authorized the issuance of 261,000,000 shares of capital stock, consisting of (i) 260,000,000 shares of Common Stock, including (A) 250,000,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and (B) 10,000,000 shares of Class F Common Stock, $0.0001 per share, and (ii) 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. Immediately prior to the completion of the Business Combination, each outstanding share of Class F Common Stock automatically converted into one share of Class A Common Stock, and, concurrently with such conversion, the number of authorized shares of Class F Stock was automatically reduced to zero. Voting Rights Except as otherwise required by law or as otherwise provided in any certificate of designation for any series of preferred stock, the holders of common stock possess all voting power for the election of our directors and all other matters requiring stockholder action and are entitled to one vote per share on matters to be voted on by stockholders. The holders of Class A Common Stock shall at all times vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of common stock under our certificate of incorporation. With respect to any matter other than the election of directors or a matter for which the affirmative vote of the holders of a specified portion of the shares entitled to vote is required under Delaware law or by our certificate of incorporation, the act of the stockholders shall be the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on, and voted for or against, the matter at a meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present; provided that, for purposes thereof, all abstentions and broker non-votes shall not be counted as voted either for or against such matter. Dividends distributions, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our Board in its discretion out of funds legally available therefor and shall share equally on a per-share basis in such dividends and distributions. Subject to the rights, if any, of the holders of any outstanding shares of preferred stock, under our certificate of incorporation, holders of Class A Common Stock will be entitled to receive such dividends and other Liquidation, Dissolution and Winding Up stockholders, ratably in proportion to the number of shares of Class A Common Stock held by them, after the rights of holders of the preferred stock have been satisfied. In the event of the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, the holders of common stock will be entitled to receive the remaining assets of the Company available for distribution to Preemptive or Other Rights Our stockholders have no preemptive or other subscription rights, and there are no sinking fund or redemption provisions applicable to our common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of common stock are subject to and may be adversely affected by the rights of holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate in the future. The rights, preferences and privileges that may be granted to holders of our preferred stock, were we to issue such preferred stock, could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of common stock. Our issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of common stock and the likelihood that such holders will receive dividend payments and payments upon liquidation. Election of Directors respect to the election of directors. Accordingly, directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast at an annual meeting of stockholders by holders of our Common Stock. Our Board is currently divided into three classes—Class I, Class II and Class III, with only one class of directors being elected in each year and each class serving a three-year term. There is no cumulative voting with Fully Paid and Non-assessable All outstanding shares of our common stock are fully paid and non-assessable. Warrants Each warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of our Class A Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, and expiring on October 17, 2023, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. No warrant will be exercisable for cash or on a cashless basis, and we will not be obligated to issue any shares to holders seeking to exercise their warrants, unless the issuance of the shares upon such exercise is registered or qualified under the securities laws of the state of the exercising holder, or an exemption is available. to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round down to the nearest whole number the number of shares of Class A Common Stock to be issued to the warrant holder. The warrants may be exercised only for a whole number of shares of Class A Common Stock. No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the warrants. If, upon exercise of the warrants, a holder would be entitled If the number of outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock is increased by a stock dividend payable in shares of Class A Common Stock, or by a split-up of shares of Class A Common Stock or other similar event, then, on the effective date of such stock dividend, split-up or similar event, the number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable on exercise of each warrant will be increased in proportion to such increase in the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. If the number of outstanding shares of our Class A Common Stock is decreased by a consolidation, combination, reverse stock split or reclassification of shares of Class A Common Stock or other similar event, then, on the effective date of such consolidation, combination, reverse stock split, reclassification or similar event, the number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable on exercise of each warrant will be decreased in proportion to such decrease in outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock. Public Warrants During the time the warrants are exercisable, we may call certain warrants that were issued in connection with our initial public offering (the “Public Warrants”) for redemption: • • • in whole and not in part; at a price of $0.01 per warrant; upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each Public Warrant holder; and • if, and only if, the last reported sale price of our Class A Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third trading day prior to the date we send the notice of redemption to the warrant holder. If and when the Public Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. If we call the Public Warrants for redemption as described above, our management will have the option to require the holders that wish to exercise their warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.” If our management takes advantage of this option, all holders of Public Warrants would pay the exercise price by surrendering their warrants for that number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the warrants and the “fair market value” by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” shall mean the average reported last sale price of the Class A Common Stock for the ten trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of Public Warrants. If our management takes advantage of this option, the notice of redemption will contain the information necessary to calculate the number of shares of Class A Common Stock to be received upon exercise of the Public Warrants, including the "fair market value" in such case. Requiring a cashless exercise in this manner would reduce the number of shares to be issued and thereby lessen the dilutive effect of a redemption of the Public Warrants. least 50% of the then-outstanding Public Warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders of Public Warrants. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval by the holders of at Private Placement Warrants Our sponsor, Gores Sponsor II LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Sponsor”) purchased certain warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) at a price of $1.50 each in a private placement that occurred on the closing date of our initial public offering. The Private Placement Warrants are not redeemable by us so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees. Otherwise, the Private Placement Warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the Public Warrants. If the Private Placement Warrants are held by holders other than the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, the Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by us and exercisable by the holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants. If holders of the Private Placement Warrants elect to exercise on a cashless basis, they would pay the exercise price by surrendering their warrants for that number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of Class A Common Stock underlying the exercised warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the Private Placement Warrants and the “fair market value” by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” shall mean the average reported last sale price of the Class A Common Stock for the ten trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of warrant exercise is sent to the warrant agent. Certain Anti-Takeover Provisions of Delaware Law, our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws We have “opted out” of Section 203 of the DGCL (“Section 203”), regulating corporate takeovers, such election becoming effective on October 17, 2018. Instead, our certificate of incorporation contains a provision that is substantially similar to Section 203, but excludes the investment funds affiliated with The Gores Group LLC and Platinum Equity, LLC, each of their successors, certain affiliates and each of their respective transferees from the definition of “interested stockholder.” Section 203 prevents certain Delaware corporations, under certain circumstances, from engaging in a “business combination” with: • a stockholder who owns fifteen percent (15%) or more of our outstanding voting stock (otherwise known as an “interested stockholder”); • • • • • an affiliate of an interested stockholder; or an associate of an interested stockholder, for three years following the date that the stockholder became an interested stockholder. A “business combination” includes a merger or sale of more than ten percent (10%) of our assets. However, the above provisions of Section 203 do not apply if: our Board approves the transaction that made the stockholder an “interested stockholder,” prior to the date of the transaction; after the completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, that stockholder owned at least eighty-five percent (85%) of our voting stock outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, other than statutorily excluded shares of common stock; or on or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by our Board and authorized at a meeting of our stockholders, and not by written consent, by an affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock not owned by the interested stockholder. Our certificate of incorporation provides that our Board is classified into three classes of directors. As a result, in most circumstances, a person can gain control of our Board only by successfully engaging in a proxy contest at two or more annual meetings. Our certificate of incorporation requires the approval by affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of our common stock to make any amendment to key provisions of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws. In addition, our certificate of incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors. Our Board is empowered to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the Board or the resignation, death or removal of a director in certain circumstances; directors may be removed from the Board only for cause. Stockholder action by written consent is prohibited, which forces stockholder action to be taken at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders. Meetings of the stockholders may be called only by members of our Board, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or to take action, including the removal of directors. or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to obtain control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise. Our certificate of incorporation provides for 1,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock may enable our Board to issue preferred stock with voting Our authorized but unissued common stock and preferred stock are available for future issuances without stockholder approval and could be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future offerings to raise additional capital, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved common stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise. Forum Selection Clause Subject to certain limitations, our bylaws provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring: (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees or our stockholders; (c) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or the our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; or (d) any action asserting a claims governed by the internal affairs doctrine. In addition, our bylaws provide that unless consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the federal securities laws of the United States against us, our officers, directors, employees or underwriters. Exhibit 10.17 April 21, 2016 Rebecca Collins Dear Rebecca, American Traffic Solutions. Inc. (the “Company”) is extremely pleased to offer you employment. I hope to be welcoming you aboard soon! Before doing so, however, we want to set forth the terms and conditions that would govern your employment with the Company. While a bit formal, we find that putting the terms of an employment offer in writing helps avoid any future misunderstandings and makes for a more pleasant work relationship for all involved. So please review this offer letter carefully and feel free to let me know if you have any questions concerning it. Your title will be Senior Vice President, General Counsel. We expect that you will begin no later than May 10, 2016. ATS reserves the right to perform background checks, not limited to credit, driving, and criminal records. This offer letter and your employment with ATS is contingent on the results of your background check. If discrepancies or issues in background information are reported, ATS reserves the right to rescind this offer of employment or terminate active employment if problematic background information is reported before or after your initial start date. You will be reporting to me. Your responsibilities and reporting relationship may, of course, change over time. As a Company employee, you will receive the following benefits: • • • • • Compensation: The Company will pay you on an annual basis at a rate of $275,000.00 per year, equivalent to the rate of $10,576.92 on a bi-weekly basis (before applicable withholding and taxes) on the Company’s regular paydays. (All pay checks are issued one week in arrears). The Company may periodically review and adjust your salary. You will be classified as an exempt employee and thus not eligible for overtime compensation. Bonus: You will have the opportunity to participate in an ATS bonus plan, subject to and on the terms and conditions set forth in that plan, which base any bonus amounts on Company performance. Your Target Bonus is 50% of your annual salary for the applicable plan year. Following your start date, you will be provided with documents that outline the specific payment and eligibility criteria, including the financial components of the plan. Long Term Incentive Plan: You will receive a grant of 275,000 stock units under the Company’s current equity incentive plan applicable to executives of the Company, subject to Board Approval and on the terms set forth in that plan and in the applicable grant agreement, which will be provided to you. Comprehensive Leave: Upon starting employment, you will receive a prorated allotment of Paid-Time-Off (PTO) corresponding to your actual start date (anticipated to be no later than May 16, 2016), based on Company policies. For the calendar year 2016, it is anticipated that you will receive a total allotment of 88 PTO hours (11 days) upon hire. For the calendar year 2017, you will receive a total allotment of 136 hours (17 days). All PTO benefits are subject to and administered in accordance with the Company’s PTO policy and practices. Health Care, 401(k) Plan and Other Benefits: The Company currently has benefit plans covering things such as medical insurance, disability, and 401(k). You are eligible for medical benefits on your first day of employment (anticipated to be May 16, 2016). You are eligible to participate in the Company’s 401(k)plan, on the terms and condition set forth in that plan, on the first day of the month following 30 days of employment, which we anticipate to be July 1, 2016. Additional information concerning these benefits will be provided or is available upon request. If you accept this offer, make sure to review the Company’s benefits plans and policies so that you fully understand them. These policies and benefits may change at the Company’s discretion. • Severance: In the event your employment is terminated by the Company without Cause, as defined below, or if you terminate your employment with the Company for Good Reason, also as defined below, in each case, subject to your execution (and, if applicable, non-revocation) of an agreement releasing all claims against the Company containing standard terms acceptable to the Company, the Company will pay your bi-weekly salary (as of the date of termination) and pay the premium required for you to continue group health insurance coverage under the Company’s plans pursuant to COBRA (at the coverage level selected by you as of the open enrollment period immediately preceding your last day of employment with the Company), each for the 12-month period immediately following your last day of employment with the Company. • • “Good Reason” means a change in authority, duties, responsibilities, reporting lines, or other action by the Company resulting in a material diminution of, or material alteration to, your position, which remains unremedied for the period of 30 consecutive days after you provide written notice to the Company’s Chief Operations Officer of the conditions you contend amount or give rise to Good Reason. The Company requests, as a matter of professional courtesy, that you provide three months’ advance notice of any voluntary resignation of employment. “Cause” means: (1) your being charged with a felony or misdemeanor criminal offense, other than a misdemeanor traffic offense; (2) your engagement in any act involving gross misconduct or dishonesty that is materially injurious to Company or any of its affiliates; (3) your willful and continued breach of, or failure substantially to perform under or comply with, any of the material terms and covenants of any written agreement with the Company or any of its affiliates; (4) your willful and continued breach of, or refusal or failure substantially to perform under, any policy or reasonable performance goals set by the Company or its affiliates with respect to your job duties or responsibilities, the operation of Company’s or its affiliates’ business and affairs, or the management of Company’s or its affiliates’ employees; (5) suspension or loss of your license to practice law in any jurisdiction in which you are admitted to practice (other than a temporary suspension related to failure to complete required continuing legal education requirements, which is thereafter cured by you within 90 days); or (6) you commit or have committed (or are reasonably believed by the Company to have committed) a breach of any laws or regulations which may affect or relate to the conduct of the Company’s or its affiliates’ business; provided, however, that with respect to (3) and (4) above, you will be provided notice of any misconduct and/or breach constituting Cause and given reasonable opportunity (not to exceed 30 consecutive days) to cure the misconduct and/or breach (unless such misconduct and/or breach is determined by the Company not to be susceptible to cure, in which case termination shall be deemed to be immediate), and provided further that such thirty (30) consecutive day cure period shall only be available for the first such misconduct and/or breach of the same or substantially similar type and subsequent misconduct and/or breach of the same or substantially similar type shall constitute Cause without regard to your subsequent cure of same. Prior to your employment, you are required to be tested for illegal substances pursuant to the Company’s Substance Abuse Policy, which you must review and sign. You will also be required to sign the Company’s standard form of confidentiality agreement. Your employment relationship with the Company will at all times be what is called “at will.” That is, even after accepting this employment offer, you will have the right to quit at any time, and the Company will have the right to end your employment relationship with the Company at any time; for any reason; with or without cause; or for no reason. Of course we hope everything works out for the best, but the Company wants to make sure that you understand that nothing in this letter or in any Company policy or statement (including any verbal statements made to you during negotiations about working at the Company) is intended to or does create anything but an at-will employment relationship. Only the Company’s Board of Directors may modify your at-will employment status, or guarantee that you will be employed for a specific period of time. Such modification must be in writing, approved by the Board of Directors, and signed by an authorized Company representative. The offer reflected in this letter will remain open until April 25, 2016 unless revoked before then by the Company. To accept this offer, please carefully read the statement below, sign where indicated, and return the letter 1150 North Alma School Road, Mesa, Arizona 85201 ● TEL 480.443.7000 ● www.atsol.com to me. Please let me know if you have any questions about the matters discussed in this letter, or otherwise. We sincerely hope that you will accept this offer, and we look forward to working with you. Sincerely, American Traffic Solutions, Inc. /s/ David Roberts David Roberts President & COO I understand, acknowledge, and agree to the terms and conditions of employment described in this letter and accept employment with the Company on these terms and conditions. /s/ Rebecca Collins_____________ Rebecca Collins 4/21/16 Date 1150 North Alma School Road, Mesa, Arizona 85201 ● TEL 480.443.7000 ● www.atsol.com Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Company”) has granted to the Participant an option (the “Option”) to purchase certain shares of Stock pursuant to the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), as follows: VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION NOTICE OF GRANT OF STOCK OPTION (For U.S. Participants) Exhibit 10.24 Participant: Date of Grant: Employee ID: Number of Option Shares: , subject to adjustment as provided by the Option Agreement. Exercise Price: $ Vesting Start Date: Option Expiration Date: The tenth anniversary of the Date of Grant Tax Status of Option: Stock Option. (Enter “Incentive” or “Nonstatutory.” If blank, this Option will be a Nonstatutory Stock Option.) Vested Shares: Except as provided in the Option Agreement and provided the Participant’s Service has not terminated prior to the applicable date, the number of Vested Shares (disregarding any resulting fractional share) as of any date is determined by multiplying the Number of Option Shares by the “Vested Ratio” determined as of such date, as follows: Prior to first anniversary of Vesting Start Date On first anniversary of Vesting Start Date (the “Initial Vesting Date”) On 2nd anniversary of Vesting Start Date On 3rd anniversary of Vesting Start Date On 4th anniversary of Vesting Start Date Vested Ratio 0% 25% 25% 25% 25% Superseding Agreement: [None] By their signatures below or by electronic acceptance or authentication in a form authorized by the Company, the Company and the Participant agree that the Option is governed by this Grant Notice and by the provisions of the Option Agreement and the Plan, both of which are made a part of this document, and by the Superseding Agreement, if any. The Participant acknowledges that copies of the Plan, the Option Agreement and the prospectus for the Plan are available on the Company’s internal web site and may be viewed and printed by the Participant for attachment to the Participant’s copy of this Grant Notice. The Participant represents that the Participant has read and is familiar with the provisions of the Option Agreement and the Plan, and hereby accepts the Option subject to all of their terms and conditions. VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION PARTICIPANT [officer name] [officer title] By: Address: Signature Date ATTACHMENTS: 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended to the Date of Grant; Stock Option Agreement, Exercise Notice and Plan Prospectus Address VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT (For U.S. Participants) Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Company”) has granted to the Participant named in the Notice of Grant of Stock Option (the “Grant Notice”) to which this Stock Option Agreement (the “Option Agreement”) is attached an option (the “Option”) to purchase certain shares of Stock upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Grant Notice and this Option Agreement. The Option has been granted pursuant to and shall in all respects be subject to the terms and conditions of the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), as amended to the Date of Grant, the provisions of which are incorporated herein by reference. By signing the Grant Notice, the Participant: (a) acknowledges receipt of, and represents that the Participant has read and is familiar with, the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement, the Plan and a prospectus for the Plan prepared in connection with the registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission of shares issuable pursuant to the Option (the “Plan Prospectus”), (b) accepts the Option subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement and the Plan and (c) agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the Committee upon any questions arising under the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement or the Plan. 1. DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTION. 1.1 Definitions. Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in the Grant Notice or the Plan. Construction. Captions and titles contained herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of any provision of this Option Agreement. Except when otherwise indicated by the context, the singular shall include the plural and the plural shall include the singular. Use of the term “or” is not intended to be exclusive, unless the context clearly requires otherwise. 1.2 2. TAX CONSEQUENCES. 2.1 Tax Status of Option. This Option is intended to have the tax status designated in the Grant Notice. Incentive Stock Option. If the Grant Notice so designates, this Option is intended to be an Incentive Stock Option within the meaning of Section 422(b) of the Code, but the Company does not represent or warrant that this Option qualifies as such. The Participant should consult with the Participant’s own tax advisor regarding the tax effects of this Option and the requirements necessary to obtain favorable income tax treatment under Section 422 of the Code, including, but not limited to, holding period requirements. (NOTE TO PARTICIPANT: If the Option is exercised more than three (3) months after the date on which you cease to be an Employee (other than by reason of your death or permanent and total disability as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code), the Option will be treated as a Nonstatutory Stock Option and not as an Incentive Stock Option to the extent required by Section 422 of the Code.) (a) 2 an Incentive Stock Option within the meaning of Section 422(b) of the Code. (b) Nonstatutory Stock Option. If the Grant Notice so designates, this Option is intended to be a Nonstatutory Stock Option and shall not be treated as 2.2 ISO Fair Market Value Limitation. If the Grant Notice designates this Option as an Incentive Stock Option, then to the extent that the Option (together with all Incentive Stock Options granted to the Participant under all stock option plans of the Participating Company Group, including the Plan) becomes exercisable for the first time during any calendar year for shares having a Fair Market Value greater than One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000), the portion of such options which exceeds such amount will be treated as Nonstatutory Stock Options. For purposes of this Section 2.2, options designated as Incentive Stock Options are taken into account in the order in which they were granted, and the Fair Market Value of stock is determined as of the time the option with respect to such stock is granted. If the Code is amended to provide for a different limitation from that set forth in this Section 2.2, such different limitation shall be deemed incorporated herein effective as of the date required or permitted by such amendment to the Code. If the Option is treated as an Incentive Stock Option in part and as a Nonstatutory Stock Option in part by reason of the limitation set forth in this Section 2.2, the Participant may designate which portion of such Option the Participant is exercising. In the absence of such designation, the Participant shall be deemed to have exercised the Incentive Stock Option portion of the Option first. Separate certificates representing each such portion shall be issued upon the exercise of the Option. (NOTE TO PARTICIPANT: If the aggregate Exercise Price of the Option (that is, the Exercise Price multiplied by the Number of Option Shares) plus the aggregate exercise price of any other Incentive Stock Options you hold (whether granted pursuant to the Plan or any other stock option plan of the Participating Company Group) is greater than $100,000, you should contact the Chief Financial Officer of the Company to ascertain whether the entire Option qualifies as an Incentive Stock Option.) 3. ADMINISTRATION. All questions of interpretation concerning the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement, the Plan or any other form of agreement or other document employed by the Company in the administration of the Plan or the Option shall be determined by the Committee. All such determinations by the Committee shall be final, binding and conclusive upon all persons having an interest in the Option, unless fraudulent or made in bad faith. Any and all actions, decisions and determinations taken or made by the Committee in the exercise of its discretion pursuant to the Plan or the Option or other agreement thereunder (other than determining questions of interpretation pursuant to the preceding sentence) shall be final, binding and conclusive upon all persons having an interest in the Option. Any Officer shall have the authority to act on behalf of the Company with respect to any matter, right, obligation, or election which is the responsibility of or which is allocated to the Company herein, provided the Officer has apparent authority with respect to such matter, right, obligation, or election. 4. EXERCISE OF THE OPTION. Right to Exercise. Except as otherwise provided herein, the Option shall be exercisable on and after the Initial Vesting Date and prior to the termination of the Option (as provided in Section 6) in an amount not to exceed the number of Vested Shares less the number of shares previously acquired upon exercise of the Option. In no event shall the Option be exercisable for more shares than the Number of Option Shares, as adjusted pursuant to Section 9. 4.1 Method of Exercise. Exercise of the Option shall be by means of electronic or written notice (the “Exercise Notice”) in a form authorized by the Company. An electronic Exercise Notice must be digitally signed or authenticated by the Participant in such manner as required by the notice and transmitted to the Company or an authorized representative of the Company (including a third-party administrator designated by the Company). In the event that the Participant is not authorized or is unable to provide an electronic Exercise Notice, the Option shall be exercised by a written Exercise Notice addressed to the Company, which shall be 4.2 3 signed by the Participant and delivered in person, by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, by confirmed facsimile transmission, or by such other means as the Company may permit, to the Company, or an authorized representative of the Company (including a third-party administrator designated by the Company). Each Exercise Notice, whether electronic or written, must state the Participant’s election to exercise the Option, the number of whole shares of Stock for which the Option is being exercised and such other representations and agreements as to the Participant’s investment intent with respect to such shares as may be required pursuant to the provisions of this Option Agreement. Further, each Exercise Notice must be received by the Company prior to the termination of the Option as set forth in Section 6 and must be accompanied by full payment of the aggregate Exercise Price for the number of shares of Stock being purchased. The Option shall be deemed to be exercised upon receipt by the Company of such electronic or written Exercise Notice and the aggregate Exercise Price. 4.3 Payment of Exercise Price. Forms of Consideration Authorized. Except as otherwise provided below, payment of the aggregate Exercise Price for the number of shares of Stock for which the Option is being exercised shall be made (i) in cash, by check or in cash equivalent; (ii) if permitted by the Company and subject to the limitations contained in Section 4.3(b), by means of (1) a Cashless Exercise, (2) a Net-Exercise, or (3) a Stock Tender Exercise; or (iii) by any combination of the foregoing. (a) Limitations on Forms of Consideration. The Company reserves, at any and all times, the right, in the Company’s sole and absolute discretion, to establish, decline to approve or terminate any program or procedure providing for payment of the Exercise Price through any of the means described below, including with respect to the Participant notwithstanding that such program or procedures may be available to others. (b) Cashless Exercise. A “Cashless Exercise” means the delivery of a properly executed Exercise Notice together with irrevocable instructions to a broker in a form acceptable to the Company providing for the assignment to the Company of the proceeds of a sale or loan with respect to shares of Stock acquired upon the exercise of the Option in an amount not less than the aggregate Exercise Price for such shares (including, without limitation, through an exercise complying with the provisions of Regulation T as promulgated from time to time by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System). (i) Net-Exercise. A “Net-Exercise” means the delivery of a properly executed Exercise Notice electing a procedure pursuant to which (1) the Company will reduce the number of shares otherwise issuable to the Participant upon the exercise of the Option by the largest whole number of shares having a Fair Market Value that does not exceed the aggregate Exercise Price for the shares with respect to which the Option is exercised, and (2) the Participant shall pay to the Company in cash the remaining balance of such aggregate Exercise Price not satisfied by such reduction in the number of whole shares to be issued. Following a Net-Exercise, the number of shares remaining subject to the Option, if any, shall be reduced by the sum of (1) the net number of shares issued to the Participant upon such exercise, and (2) the number of shares deducted by the Company for payment of the aggregate Exercise Price. (ii) Stock Tender Exercise. A “Stock Tender Exercise” means the delivery of a properly executed Exercise Notice accompanied by (1) the Participant’s tender to the Company, or attestation to the ownership, in a form acceptable to the Company of whole shares of Stock having a Fair Market Value that does not exceed the aggregate Exercise Price for the shares with respect to which the Option is exercised, and (2) the Participant’s payment to the Company in cash of the remaining balance of such aggregate Exercise Price not satisfied by such shares’ Fair Market Value. A Stock Tender Exercise shall not be permitted if it would constitute a violation of the provisions of any law, regulation or agreement restricting the redemption of the Company’s stock. If required by the Company, the Option may not be exercised by tender to the Company, or attestation to the ownership, of shares of Stock unless such shares either have been owned by the Participant for (iii) 4 a period of time required by the Company (and not used for another option exercise by attestation during such period) or were not acquired, directly or indirectly, from the Company. 4.4 Tax Withholding. In General. At the time the Option is exercised, in whole or in part, or at any time thereafter as requested by a Participating Company, the Participant hereby authorizes withholding from payroll and any other amounts payable to the Participant, and otherwise agrees to make adequate provision for (including by means of a Cashless Exercise to the extent permitted by the Company), any sums required to satisfy the federal, state, local and foreign tax (including any social insurance) withholding obligations of the Participating Company Group, if any, which arise in connection with the Option. The Company shall have no obligation to deliver shares of Stock until the tax withholding obligations of the Participating Company Group have been satisfied by the Participant. (a) Withholding in Shares. The Company shall have the right, but not the obligation, to require the Participant to satisfy all or any portion of a Participating Company’s tax withholding obligations upon exercise of the Option by deducting from the shares of Stock otherwise issuable to the Participant upon such exercise a number of whole shares having a fair market value, as determined by the Company as of the date of exercise, not in excess of the amount of such tax withholding obligations determined by the applicable minimum statutory withholding rates if required to avoid liability classification of the Option under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. (b) Beneficial Ownership of Shares; Certificate Registration. The Participant hereby authorizes the Company, in its sole discretion, to deposit for the benefit of the Participant with any broker with which the Participant has an account relationship of which the Company has notice any or all shares acquired by the Participant pursuant to the exercise of the Option. Except as provided by the preceding sentence, a certificate for the shares as to which the Option is exercised shall be registered in the name of the Participant, or, if applicable, in the names of the heirs of the Participant. 4.5 4.6 Restrictions on Grant of the Option and Issuance of Shares. The grant of the Option and the issuance of shares of Stock upon exercise of the Option shall be subject to compliance with all applicable requirements of federal, state or foreign law with respect to such securities. The Option may not be exercised if the issuance of shares of Stock upon exercise would constitute a violation of any applicable federal, state or foreign securities laws or other law or regulations or the requirements of any stock exchange or market system upon which the Stock may then be listed. In addition, the Option may not be exercised unless (i) a registration statement under the Securities Act shall at the time of exercise of the Option be in effect with respect to the shares issuable upon exercise of the Option or (ii) in the opinion of legal counsel to the Company, the shares issuable upon exercise of the Option may be issued in accordance with the terms of an applicable exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. THE PARTICIPANT IS CAUTIONED THAT THE OPTION MAY NOT BE EXERCISED UNLESS THE FOREGOING CONDITIONS ARE SATISFIED. ACCORDINGLY, THE PARTICIPANT MAY NOT BE ABLE TO EXERCISE THE OPTION WHEN DESIRED EVEN THOUGH THE OPTION IS VESTED. The inability of the Company to obtain from any regulatory body having jurisdiction the authority, if any, deemed by the Company’s legal counsel to be necessary to the lawful issuance and sale of any shares subject to the Option shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell such shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained. As a condition to the exercise of the Option, the Company may require the Participant to satisfy any qualifications that may be necessary or appropriate, to evidence compliance with any applicable law or regulation and to make any representation or warranty with respect thereto as may be requested by the Company. 4.7 Fractional Shares. The Company shall not be required to issue fractional shares upon the exercise of the Option. 5 5. NONTRANSFERABILITY OF THE OPTION. During the lifetime of the Participant, the Option shall be exercisable only by the Participant or the Participant’s guardian or legal representative. The Option shall not be subject in any manner to anticipation, alienation, sale, exchange, transfer, assignment, pledge, encumbrance, or garnishment by creditors of the Participant or the Participant’s beneficiary, except transfer by will or by the laws of descent and distribution. Following the death of the Participant, the Option, to the extent provided in Section 7, may be exercised by the Participant’s legal representative or by any person empowered to do so under the deceased Participant’s will or under the then applicable laws of descent and distribution. 6. TERMINATION OF THE OPTION. last date for exercising the Option following termination of the Participant’s Service as described in Section 7, or (c) a Change in Control to the extent provided in Section 8. The Option shall terminate and may no longer be exercised after the first to occur of (a) the close of business on the Option Expiration Date, (b) the close of business on the 7. EFFECT OF TERMINATION OF SERVICE. exercisable after the Participant’s termination of Service to the extent it is then vested only during the applicable time period as determined below and thereafter shall terminate. 7.1 Option Exercisability. The Option shall terminate immediately upon the Participant’s termination of Service to the extent that it is then unvested and shall be Disability. If the Participant’s Service terminates because of the Disability of the Participant, the Option, to the extent unexercised and exercisable for Vested Shares on the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, may be exercised by the Participant (or the Participant’s guardian or legal representative) at any time prior to the expiration of twelve (12) months after the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, but in any event no later than the Option Expiration Date. (a) Death. If the Participant’s Service terminates because of the death of the Participant, the Option, to the extent unexercised and exercisable for Vested Shares on the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, may be exercised by the Participant’s legal representative or other person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by reason of the Participant’s death at any time prior to the expiration of twelve (12) months after the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, but in any event no later than the Option Expiration Date. The Participant’s Service shall be deemed to have terminated on account of death if the Participant dies within three (3) months after the Participant’s termination of Service. (b) Termination for Cause. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Option Agreement to the contrary, if the Participant’s Service is terminated for Cause or if, following the Participant’s termination of Service and during any period in which the Option otherwise would remain exercisable, the Participant engages in any act that would constitute Cause, the Option shall terminate in its entirety and cease to be exercisable immediately upon such termination of Service or act. (c) Other Termination of Service. If the Participant’s Service terminates for any reason, except Disability, death or Cause, the Option, to the extent unexercised and exercisable for Vested Shares by the Participant on the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, may be exercised by the Participant at any time prior to the expiration of three (3) months after the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, but in any event no later than the Option Expiration Date. (d) 7.2 Extension if Exercise Prevented by Law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, other than termination of the Participant’s Service for Cause, if the exercise of the Option within the applicable time periods 6 set forth in Section 7.1 is prevented by the provisions of Section 4.6, the Option shall remain exercisable until the later of (a) thirty (30) days after the date such exercise first would no longer be prevented by such provisions, or (b) the end of the applicable time period under Section 7.1, but in any event no later than the Option Expiration Date. 8. 9. EFFECT OF CHANGE IN CONTROL. In the event of a Change in Control, the Option shall be treated as set forth in Section 13 of the Plan. ADJUSTMENTS FOR CHANGES IN CAPITAL STRUCTURE. The Option shall be subject to and treated as set forth in Section 4.3 of the Plan. 10. RIGHTS AS A STOCKHOLDER, DIRECTOR, EMPLOYEE OR CONSULTANT. The Participant shall have no rights as a stockholder with respect to any shares covered by the Option until the date of the issuance of the shares for which the Option has been exercised (as evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company or of a duly authorized transfer agent of the Company). No adjustment shall be made for dividends, distributions or other rights for which the record date is prior to the date the shares are issued, except as provided in Section 9. If the Participant is an Employee, the Participant understands and acknowledges that, except as otherwise provided in a separate, written employment agreement between a Participating Company and the Participant, the Participant’s employment is “at will” and is for no specified term. Nothing in this Option Agreement shall confer upon the Participant any right to continue in the Service of a Participating Company or interfere in any way with any right of the Participating Company Group to terminate the Participant’s Service as a Director, an Employee or Consultant, as the case may be, at any time. 11. NOTICE OF SALES UPON DISQUALIFYING DISPOSITION. The Participant shall dispose of the shares acquired pursuant to the Option only in accordance with the provisions of this Option Agreement. In addition, if the Grant Notice designates this Option as an Incentive Stock Option, the Participant shall (a) promptly notify the Chief Financial Officer of the Company if the Participant disposes of any of the shares acquired pursuant to the Option within one (1) year after the date the Participant exercises all or part of the Option or within two (2) years after the Date of Grant and (b) provide the Company with a description of the circumstances of such disposition. Until such time as the Participant disposes of such shares in a manner consistent with the provisions of this Option Agreement, unless otherwise expressly authorized by the Company, the Participant shall hold all shares acquired pursuant to the Option in the Participant’s name (and not in the name of any nominee) for the one-year period immediately after the exercise of the Option and the two-year period immediately after Date of Grant. At any time during the one-year or two-year periods set forth above, the Company may place a legend on any certificate representing shares acquired pursuant to the Option requesting the transfer agent for the Company’s stock to notify the Company of any such transfers. The obligation of the Participant to notify the Company of any such transfer shall continue notwithstanding that a legend has been placed on the certificate pursuant to the preceding sentence. 12. LEGENDS. The Company may at any time place legends referencing any applicable federal, state or foreign securities law restrictions on all certificates representing shares of stock subject to the provisions of this Option Agreement. The Participant shall, at the request of the Company, promptly present to the Company any and all certificates representing shares acquired pursuant to the Option in the possession of the Participant in order to carry out the provisions of this Section. Unless otherwise specified by the Company, legends placed on such certificates may include, but shall not be limited to, the following: 7 “THE SHARES EVIDENCED BY THIS CERTIFICATE WERE ISSUED BY THE CORPORATION TO THE REGISTERED HOLDER UPON EXERCISE OF AN INCENTIVE STOCK OPTION AS DEFINED IN SECTION 422 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1986, AS AMENDED (“ISO”). IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE PREFERENTIAL TAX TREATMENT AFFORDED TO ISOs, THE SHARES SHOULD NOT BE TRANSFERRED PRIOR TO EITHER THE TWO YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE DATE OF GRANT OR THE ONE-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE DATE OF EXERCISE. SHOULD THE REGISTERED HOLDER ELECT TO TRANSFER ANY OF THE SHARES PRIOR TO THIS DATE AND FOREGO ISO TAX TREATMENT, THE TRANSFER AGENT FOR THE SHARES SHALL NOTIFY THE CORPORATION IMMEDIATELY. THE REGISTERED HOLDER SHALL HOLD ALL SHARES PURCHASED UNDER THE INCENTIVE STOCK OPTION IN THE REGISTERED HOLDER’S NAME (AND NOT IN THE NAME OF ANY NOMINEE) PRIOR TO THIS DATE OR UNTIL TRANSFERRED AS DESCRIBED ABOVE.” 13. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Termination or Amendment. The Committee may terminate or amend the Plan or the Option at any time; provided, however, that except as provided in Section 8 in connection with a Change in Control, no such termination or amendment may have a materially adverse effect on the Option or any unexercised portion thereof without the consent of the Participant unless such termination or amendment is necessary to comply with any applicable law or government regulation. No amendment or addition to this Option Agreement shall be effective unless in writing. 13.1 the intent of this Option Agreement. 13.2 Further Instruments. The parties hereto agree to execute such further instruments and to take such further action as may reasonably be necessary to carry out forth herein, be binding upon the Participant and the Participant’s heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns. 13.3 Binding Effect. This Option Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the successors and assigns of the Company and, subject to the restrictions on transfer set 13.4 Delivery of Documents and Notices. Any document relating to participation in the Plan or any notice required or permitted hereunder shall be given in writing and shall be deemed effectively given (except to the extent that this Option Agreement provides for effectiveness only upon actual receipt of such notice) upon personal delivery, electronic delivery at the e-mail address, if any, provided for the Participant by a Participating Company, or upon deposit in the U.S. Post Office or foreign postal service, by registered or certified mail, or with a nationally recognized overnight courier service, with postage and fees prepaid, addressed to the other party at the address of such party set forth in the Grant Notice or at such other address as such party may designate in writing from time to time to the other party. (a) Description of Electronic Delivery and Signature. The Plan documents, which may include but do not necessarily include: the Plan, the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement, the Plan Prospectus, and any reports of the Company provided generally to the Company’s stockholders, may be delivered to the Participant electronically. In addition, if permitted by the Company, the Participant may deliver electronically the Grant Notice and Exercise Notice called for by Section 4.2 to the Company or to such third party involved in administering the Plan as the Company may designate from time to time. Such means of electronic delivery may include but do not necessarily include the delivery of a link to a Company intranet or the Internet site of a third party involved in administering the Plan, the delivery of the document via e-mail or such other means of electronic delivery specified by the Company. Any and all such documents and notices may be electronically signed. 8 (b) Consent to Electronic Delivery and Signature. The Participant acknowledges that the Participant has read Section 13.4(a) of this Option Agreement and consents to the electronic delivery of the Plan documents and, if permitted by the Company, the delivery of the Grant Notice and Exercise Notice, as described in Section 13.4(a). The Participant agrees that any and all such documents requiring a signature may be electronically signed and that such electronic signature shall have the same effect as handwritten signature for the purposes of validity, enforceability and admissibility. The Participant acknowledges that he or she may receive from the Company a paper copy of any documents delivered electronically at no cost to the Participant by contacting the Company by telephone or in writing. The Participant further acknowledges that the Participant will be provided with a paper copy of any documents if the attempted electronic delivery of such documents fails. Similarly, the Participant understands that the Participant must provide the Company or any designated third party administrator with a paper copy of any documents if the attempted electronic delivery of such documents fails. The Participant may revoke his or her consent to the electronic delivery of documents described in Section 13.4(a) or may change the electronic mail address to which such documents are to be delivered (if the Participant has provided an electronic mail address) at any time by notifying the Company of such revoked consent or revised e-mail address by telephone, postal service or electronic mail. Finally, the Participant understands that he or she is not required to consent to electronic delivery of documents described in Section 13.4(a). Integrated Agreement. The Grant Notice, this Option Agreement and the Plan, together with the Superseding Agreement, if any, shall constitute the entire understanding and agreement of the Participant and the Participating Company Group with respect to the subject matter contained herein and supersede any prior agreements, understandings, restrictions, representations, or warranties among the Participant and the Participating Company Group with respect to such subject matter. To the extent contemplated herein, the provisions of the Grant Notice, the Option Agreement and the Plan shall survive any exercise of the Option and shall remain in full force and effect. 13.5 residents entered into and to be performed entirely within the State of Delaware. 13.6 Applicable Law. This Option Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Delaware as such laws are applied to agreements between Delaware 13.7 Counterparts. The Grant Notice may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. 9 Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Company”) has granted to the Participant an option (the “Option”) to purchase certain shares of Stock pursuant to the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), as follows: VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION NOTICE OF GRANT OF STOCK OPTION (For U.K. Participants) Exhibit 10.25 Participant: Date of Grant: Employee ID: Number of Option Shares: , subject to adjustment as provided by the Option Agreement. Exercise Price: US$ Vesting Start Date: Option Expiration Date: The tenth anniversary of the Date of Grant. US Tax Status of Option: Nonstatutory Stock Option. Vested Shares: Except as provided in the Option Agreement and provided the Participant’s Service has not terminated prior to the applicable date, the number of Vested Shares (disregarding any resulting fractional share) as of any date is determined by multiplying the Number of Option Shares by the “Vested Ratio” determined as of such date, as follows: Vested Ratio Prior to first anniversary of Vesting Start Date On first anniversary of Vesting Start Date (the “Initial Vesting Date”) On 2nd anniversary of Vesting Start Date On 3rd anniversary of Vesting Start Date On 4th anniversary of Vesting Start Date 0 25% 25% 25% 25% Superseding Agreement: [None] By their signatures below or by electronic acceptance or authentication in a form authorized by the Company, the Company and the Participant agree that the Option is governed by this Grant Notice and by the provisions of the Option Agreement and the Plan, both of which are made a part of this document, and by the Superseding Agreement, if any. The Participant acknowledges that copies of the Plan, the Option Agreement and the prospectus for the Plan are available on the Company’s internal web site and may be viewed and printed by the Participant for attachment to the Participant’s copy of this Grant Notice. The Participant represents that the Participant has read and is familiar with the provisions of the Option Agreement and the Plan, and hereby accepts the Option subject to all of their terms and conditions. VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION PARTICIPANT By: [officer name] Signature [officer title] Address: Date Address ATTACHMENTS: 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended to the Date of Grant; Stock Option Agreement, Exercise Notice and Plan Prospectus VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT (For U.K. Participants) Verra Mobility Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Company”) has granted to the Participant named in the Notice of Grant of Stock Option (the “Grant Notice”) to which this Stock Option Agreement (the “Option Agreement”) is attached an option (the “Option”) to purchase certain shares of Stock upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Grant Notice and this Option Agreement. The Option has been granted pursuant to and shall in all respects be subject to the terms and conditions of the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), as amended to the Date of Grant, the provisions of which are incorporated herein by reference. By signing the Grant Notice, the Participant: (a) acknowledges receipt of, and represents that the Participant has read and is familiar with, the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement, the Plan and a prospectus for the Plan prepared in connection with the registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission of shares issuable pursuant to the Option (the “Plan Prospectus”), (b) accepts the Option subject to all of the terms and conditions of the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement and the Plan and (c) agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the Committee upon any questions arising under the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement or the Plan. 1. DEFINITIONS AND CONSTRUCTION. 1.1 Definitions. Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms shall have the meanings assigned to such terms in the Grant Notice or the Plan. Construction. Captions and titles contained herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the meaning or interpretation of any provision of this Option Agreement. Except when otherwise indicated by the context, the singular shall include the plural and the plural shall include the singular. Use of the term “or” is not intended to be exclusive, unless the context clearly requires otherwise. 1.2 2. U.S. TAX STATUS OF OPTION. For US tax purposes, to the extent applicable, this Option is intended to be a Nonstatutory Stock Option and shall not be treated as an Incentive Stock Option within the meaning of Section 422(b) of the Code. 3. ADMINISTRATION. All questions of interpretation concerning the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement, the Plan or any other form of agreement or other document employed by the Company in the administration of the Plan or the Option shall be determined by the Committee. All such determinations by the Committee shall be final, binding and conclusive upon all persons having an interest in the Option, unless fraudulent or made in bad faith. Any and all actions, decisions and determinations taken or made by the Committee in the exercise of its discretion pursuant to the Plan or the Option or other agreement thereunder (other than determining questions of 2 interpretation pursuant to the preceding sentence) shall be final, binding and conclusive upon all persons having an interest in the Option. Any Officer shall have the authority to act on behalf of the Company with respect to any matter, right, obligation, or election which is the responsibility of or which is allocated to the Company herein, provided the Officer has apparent authority with respect to such matter, right, obligation, or election. 4. EXERCISE OF THE OPTION. Right to Exercise. Except as otherwise provided herein, the Option shall be exercisable on and after the Initial Vesting Date and prior to the termination of the Option (as provided in Section 6) in an amount not to exceed the number of Vested Shares less the number of shares previously acquired upon exercise of the Option. In no event shall the Option be exercisable for more shares than the Number of Option Shares, as adjusted pursuant to Section 9. 4.1 4.2 Method of Exercise. Exercise of the Option shall be by means of electronic or written notice (the “Exercise Notice”) in a form authorized by the Company. An electronic Exercise Notice must be digitally signed or authenticated by the Participant in such manner as required by the notice and transmitted to the Company or an authorized representative of the Company (including a third-party administrator designated by the Company). In the event that the Participant is not authorized or is unable to provide an electronic Exercise Notice, the Option shall be exercised by a written Exercise Notice addressed to the Company, which shall be signed by the Participant and delivered in person, by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, by confirmed facsimile transmission, or by such other means as the Company may permit, to the Company, or an authorized representative of the Company (including a third-party administrator designated by the Company). Each Exercise Notice, whether electronic or written, must state the Participant’s election to exercise the Option, the number of whole shares of Stock for which the Option is being exercised and such other representations and agreements as to the Participant’s investment intent with respect to such shares as may be required pursuant to the provisions of this Option Agreement. Further, each Exercise Notice must be received by the Company prior to the termination of the Option as set forth in Section 6 and must be accompanied by full payment of the aggregate Exercise Price for the number of shares of Stock being purchased. The Option shall be deemed to be exercised upon receipt by the Company of such electronic or written Exercise Notice and the aggregate Exercise Price. 4.3 Payment of Exercise Price. Forms of Consideration Authorized. Except as otherwise provided below, payment of the aggregate Exercise Price for the number of shares of Stock for which the Option is being exercised shall be made (i) in cash, by check or in cash equivalent; (ii) if permitted by the Company and subject to the limitations contained in Section 4.3(b), by means of (1) a Cashless Exercise, (2) a Net-Exercise, or (3) a Stock Tender Exercise; or (iii) by any combination of the foregoing. (a) Limitations on Forms of Consideration. The Company reserves, at any and all times, the right, in the Company’s sole and absolute discretion, to establish, decline to approve or terminate any program or procedure providing for payment of the Exercise Price through any of the means described below, including with respect to the Participant notwithstanding that such program or procedures may be available to others. (b) Cashless Exercise. A “Cashless Exercise” means the delivery of a properly executed Exercise Notice together with irrevocable instructions to a broker in a form acceptable to the Company providing for the assignment to the Company of the proceeds of a sale or loan with respect to shares of Stock acquired upon the exercise of the Option in an amount not less than the aggregate Exercise Price for such shares (including, without limitation, through an exercise complying with the provisions of Regulation T as promulgated from time to time by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System). (i) 3 Net-Exercise. A “Net-Exercise” means the delivery of a properly executed Exercise Notice electing a procedure pursuant to which (1) the Company will reduce the number of shares otherwise issuable to the Participant upon the exercise of the Option by the largest whole number of shares having a Fair Market Value that does not exceed the aggregate Exercise Price for the shares with respect to which the Option is exercised, and (2) the Participant shall pay to the Company in cash the remaining balance of such aggregate Exercise Price not satisfied by such reduction in the number of whole shares to be issued. Following a Net-Exercise, the number of shares remaining subject to the Option, if any, shall be reduced by the sum of (1) the net number of shares issued to the Participant upon such exercise, and (2) the number of shares deducted by the Company for payment of the aggregate Exercise Price. (ii) Stock Tender Exercise. A “Stock Tender Exercise” means the delivery of a properly executed Exercise Notice accompanied by (1) the Participant’s tender to the Company, or attestation to the ownership, in a form acceptable to the Company of whole shares of Stock having a Fair Market Value that does not exceed the aggregate Exercise Price for the shares with respect to which the Option is exercised, and (2) the Participant’s payment to the Company in cash of the remaining balance of such aggregate Exercise Price not satisfied by such shares’ Fair Market Value. A Stock Tender Exercise shall not be permitted if it would constitute a violation of the provisions of any law, regulation or agreement restricting the redemption of the Company’s stock. If required by the Company, the Option may not be exercised by tender to the Company, or attestation to the ownership, of shares of Stock unless such shares either have been owned by the Participant for a period of time required by the Company (and not used for another option exercise by attestation during such period) or were not acquired, directly or indirectly, from the Company. (iii) 4.4 Tax Withholding. (a) In General. At the time the Option is exercised, in whole or in part, or at any time thereafter as requested by a Participating Company, the Participant hereby authorizes withholding from payroll and any other amounts payable to the Participant, and otherwise agrees to make adequate provision for (including by means of a Cashless Exercise to the extent permitted by the Company), any sums required to satisfy the federal, state, local and foreign tax (including any social insurance or National Insurance Contributions) withholding obligations of the Participating Company Group, if any, which arise in connection with the Option, including, without limitation, obligations arising upon (i) the grant, vesting or exercise, in whole or in part, of the Option, (ii) the transfer, in whole or in part, of any shares acquired upon exercise of the Option, (iii) the operation of any law or regulation providing for the imputation of interest, or (iv) the lapsing of any restriction with respect to any shares acquired upon exercise of the Option (“Tax Obligations”). The Option is not exercisable unless the Tax Obligations of the Participating Company Group are satisfied. Accordingly, the Company shall have no obligation to deliver shares of Stock until the Tax Obligations of the Participating Company Group have been satisfied by the Participant. The Participant acknowledges that the ultimate liability for all Tax Obligations legally due by the Participant is and remains the Participant’s responsibility and that the Company (a) makes no representations or undertakings regarding the treatment of any Tax Obligations in connection with any aspect of the Option and (b) does not commit to structure the terms of the grant or any other aspect of the Option to reduce or eliminate the Participant’s liability for Tax Obligations. The Company shall have no obligation to deliver shares of Stock until the Tax Obligations of the Participating Company Group have been satisfied by the Participant. Withholding in Shares. The Company shall have the right, but not the obligation, to require the Participant to satisfy all or any portion of a Participating Company’s Tax Obligations upon exercise of the Option by deducting from the shares of Stock otherwise issuable to the Participant upon such exercise a number of whole shares having a fair market value, as determined by the Company as of the date of exercise, not in excess of the amount of such Tax Obligations determined by the applicable minimum statutory withholding (b) 4 rates if required to avoid liability classification of the Option under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Beneficial Ownership of Shares; Certificate Registration. The Participant hereby authorizes the Company, in its sole discretion, to deposit for the benefit of the Participant with any broker with which the Participant has an account relationship of which the Company has notice any or all shares acquired by the Participant pursuant to the exercise of the Option. Except as provided by the preceding sentence, a certificate for the shares as to which the Option is exercised shall be registered in the name of the Participant, or, if applicable, in the names of the heirs of the Participant. 4.5 4.6 Restrictions on Grant of the Option and Issuance of Shares. The grant of the Option and the issuance of shares of Stock upon exercise of the Option shall be subject to compliance with all applicable requirements of federal, state or foreign law with respect to such securities. The Option may not be exercised if the issuance of shares of Stock upon exercise would constitute a violation of any applicable federal, state or foreign securities laws or other law or regulations or the requirements of any stock exchange or market system upon which the Stock may then be listed. In addition, the Option may not be exercised unless (i) a registration statement under the Securities Act shall at the time of exercise of the Option be in effect with respect to the shares issuable upon exercise of the Option or (ii) in the opinion of legal counsel to the Company, the shares issuable upon exercise of the Option may be issued in accordance with the terms of an applicable exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. THE PARTICIPANT IS CAUTIONED THAT THE OPTION MAY NOT BE EXERCISED UNLESS THE FOREGOING CONDITIONS ARE SATISFIED. ACCORDINGLY, THE PARTICIPANT MAY NOT BE ABLE TO EXERCISE THE OPTION WHEN DESIRED EVEN THOUGH THE OPTION IS VESTED. The inability of the Company to obtain from any regulatory body having jurisdiction the authority, if any, deemed by the Company’s legal counsel to be necessary to the lawful issuance and sale of any shares subject to the Option shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell such shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained. As a condition to the exercise of the Option, the Company may require the Participant to satisfy any qualifications that may be necessary or appropriate, to evidence compliance with any applicable law or regulation and to make any representation or warranty with respect thereto as may be requested by the Company. 4.7 Fractional Shares. The Company shall not be required to issue fractional shares upon the exercise of the Option. 5. NONTRANSFERABILITY OF THE OPTION. During the lifetime of the Participant, the Option shall be exercisable only by the Participant or the Participant’s guardian or legal representative. The Option shall not be subject in any manner to anticipation, alienation, sale, exchange, transfer, assignment, pledge, encumbrance, or garnishment by creditors of the Participant or the Participant’s beneficiary, except transfer by will or by the laws of descent and distribution. Following the death of the Participant, the Option, to the extent provided in Section 7, may be exercised by the Participant’s legal representative or by any person empowered to do so under the deceased Participant’s will or under the then applicable laws of descent and distribution. 6. TERMINATION OF THE OPTION. last date for exercising the Option following termination of the Participant’s Service as described in Section 7, or (c) a Change in Control to the extent provided in Section 8. The Option shall terminate and may no longer be exercised after the first to occur of (a) the close of business on the Option Expiration Date, (b) the close of business on the 5 7. EFFECT OF TERMINATION OF SERVICE. exercisable after the Participant’s termination of Service to the extent it is then vested only during the applicable time period as determined below and thereafter shall terminate. 7.1 Option Exercisability. The Option shall terminate immediately upon the Participant’s termination of Service to the extent that it is then unvested and shall be Disability. If the Participant’s Service terminates because of the Disability of the Participant, the Option, to the extent unexercised and exercisable for Vested Shares on the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, may be exercised by the Participant (or the Participant’s guardian or legal representative) at any time prior to the expiration of twelve (12) months after the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, but in any event no later than the Option Expiration Date. (a) Death. If the Participant’s Service terminates because of the death of the Participant, the Option, to the extent unexercised and exercisable for Vested Shares on the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, may be exercised by the Participant’s legal representative or other person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by reason of the Participant’s death at any time prior to the expiration of twelve (12) months after the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, but in any event no later than the Option Expiration Date. The Participant’s Service shall be deemed to have terminated on account of death if the Participant dies within three (3) months after the Participant’s termination of Service. (b) Termination for Cause. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Option Agreement to the contrary, if the Participant’s Service is terminated for Cause or if, following the Participant’s termination of Service and during any period in which the Option otherwise would remain exercisable, the Participant engages in any act that would constitute Cause, the Option shall terminate in its entirety and cease to be exercisable immediately upon such termination of Service or act. (c) Other Termination of Service. If the Participant’s Service terminates for any reason, except Disability, death or Cause, the Option, to the extent unexercised and exercisable for Vested Shares by the Participant on the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, may be exercised by the Participant at any time prior to the expiration of three (3) months after the date on which the Participant’s Service terminated, but in any event no later than the Option Expiration Date. (d) Extension if Exercise Prevented by Law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, other than termination of the Participant’s Service for Cause, if the exercise of the Option within the applicable time periods set forth in Section 7.1 is prevented by the provisions of Section 4.6, the Option shall remain exercisable until the later of (a) thirty (30) days after the date such exercise first would no longer be prevented by such provisions, or (b) the end of the applicable time period under Section 7.1, but in any event no later than the Option Expiration Date. 7.2 8. 9. EFFECT OF CHANGE IN CONTROL. In the event of a Change in Control, the Option shall be treated as set forth in Section 13 of the Plan. ADJUSTMENTS FOR CHANGES IN CAPITAL STRUCTURE. The Option shall be subject to and treated as set forth in Section 4.3 of the Plan. 6 10. RIGHTS AS A STOCKHOLDER. The Participant shall have no rights as a stockholder with respect to any shares covered by the Option until the date of the issuance of the shares for which the Option has been exercised (as evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company or of a duly authorized transfer agent of the Company). No adjustment shall be made for dividends, distributions or other rights for which the record date is prior to the date the shares are issued, except as provided in Section 9. 11. SERVICE CONDITIONS. In accepting the Option, the Participant acknowledges and agrees that: Any notice period mandated under applicable law shall not be treated as Service for the purpose of determining the vesting of the Option; and the Participant’s right to vesting of shares in settlement of the Option after termination of Service, if any, will be measured by the date of termination of the Participant’s active Service and will not be extended by any notice period mandated under applicable law. Subject to the foregoing and the provisions of the Plan, the Company, in its sole discretion, shall determine whether the Participant’s Service has terminated and the effective date of such termination. (a) any time, unless otherwise provided in the Plan and this Option Agreement. (b) The Plan is established voluntarily by the Company. It is discretionary in nature and it may be modified, amended, suspended or terminated by the Company at Options, even if Options have been granted repeatedly in the past. (c) The grant of the Option is voluntary and occasional and does not create any contractual or other right to receive future grants of Options, or benefits in lieu of (d) (e) All decisions with respect to future Option grants, if any, will be at the sole discretion of the Company. The Participant’s participation in the Plan shall not create a right to further Service with the Company or another Participating Company and shall not interfere with the ability of with the Company or another Participating Company to terminate the Participant’s Service at any time, with or without cause, subject to applicable law. (f) (g) The Participant is voluntarily participating in the Plan. The Option is an extraordinary item that does not constitute compensation of any kind for Service of any kind rendered to the Company or any Participating Company, and which is outside the scope of the Participant’s employment contract, if any. termination, redundancy, end-of-service payments, bonuses, long-service Options, pension or retirement benefits or similar payments. (h) The Option is not part of normal or expected compensation or salary for any purpose, including, but not limited to, calculating any severance, resignation, (i) In the event that the Participant is not an employee of a Participating Company, the Option grant will not be interpreted to form an employment contract or relationship with a Participating Company. 7 (j) The future value of the underlying shares is unknown and cannot be predicted with certainty. The value of the shares may increase or decrease. No claim or entitlement to compensation or damages arises from termination of the Option or diminution in value of the Option or shares and the Participant irrevocably releases Participating Company Group from any such claim that may arise. If, notwithstanding the foregoing, any such claim is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have arisen then, by signing this Option Agreement, the Participant shall be deemed irrevocably to have waived the Participant’s entitlement to pursue such a claim. (k) 12. DATA PRIVACY. (a) Data Collected and Purposes of Collection. The Participant understands that the Company, acting as controller, as well as the employing Participating Company, will process, to the extent permissible under applicable law, certain personal information about the Participant, including name, home address and telephone number, information necessary to process the Options (e.g., mailing address for a check payment or bank account wire transfer information), date of birth, social insurance number or other identification number, salary, nationality, job title, employment location, details of all Options granted, canceled, vested, unvested or outstanding in the Participant’s favor, and where applicable service termination date and reason for termination, any capital shares or directorships held in the Company (where needed for legal or tax compliance), and any other information necessary to process mandatory tax withholding and reporting (all such personal information is referred to as “Data”). The Data is collected from the Participant, any Parents or Subsidiaries, and from the Company or other Subsidiary companies, for the purpose of implementing, administering and managing this Option Agreement pursuant to its terms. The legal bases (that is, the legal justification) for processing the Data is that it is necessary to perform, administer and manage this Option Agreement and in Company’s legitimate interests, which means the Company is using the relevant Data to conduct and develop its business activities, subject to the Participant’s interest and fundamental rights. The Data must be provided in order for the Participant to participate in this Option Agreement and for the parties to this Option Agreement to perform their respective obligations thereunder. If the Participant does not provide Data, he or she will not be able to participate in and become a party to this Option Agreement. (b) Transfers and Retention of Data. The Participant understands that the Data will be transferred to and among Company and Company’s other subsidiaries or affiliates (including any Parents or Subsidiaries), as well as service providers (such as stock administration providers, brokers, transfer agents, accounting firms, payroll processing firms or tax firms), for the purposes explained above. The Participant understands that the recipients of the Data may be located in the United States and in other jurisdictions outside of the European Economic Area where we or our service providers have operations. The United States and some of these other jurisdictions have not been found by the European Commission to have adequate data protection safeguards. If Company or its affiliates or subsidiaries transfer Data outside of the European Economic Area, we will take steps as required and recognized by the European Commission to provide adequate safeguards for the transferred Data, such as the European Commission approved standard contractual clauses or certification schemes, such as the EU-US Privacy Shield. The Participant has a right to obtain details of the mechanism(s) under which the Participant’s Data is transferred outside of the European Economic Area, or the United Kingdom, which the Participant may exercise by contacting privacy@verramobility.com. (c) The Participant’s Rights in Respect of Data. The Participant has the right to access the Participant’s Data being processed by the Company as well as understand why Company is processing such Data. Additionally, subject to applicable law, the Participant is entitled to have any inadequate, incomplete or incorrect Data corrected (that is, rectified). Further, subject to applicable law, the Participant may be entitled to 8 the following rights in regard to his or her Data: (i) to object to the processing of Data; (ii) to have his or her Data erased, under certain circumstances, such as where it is no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which it was processed; (iii) to restrict the processing of the Participant’s Data so that it is stored but not actively processed (e.g., while the Company assesses whether the Participant is entitled to have Data erased) under certain circumstances; (iv) to port a copy of the Data provided pursuant to this Option Agreement or generated by the Participant, in a common machine-readable format; (v) to withdraw the Participant’s consent to Company’s processing of Data; and (vi) to obtain a copy of the appropriate safeguards under which Data is transferred to a third country or international organization. To exercise his or her rights, the Participant may contact the local human resources representative. The Participant may also contact the relevant data protection supervisory authority, as he or she has the right to lodge a complaint. 13. LEGENDS. The Company may at any time place legends referencing any applicable federal, state or foreign securities law restrictions on all certificates representing shares of stock subject to the provisions of this Option Agreement. The Participant shall, at the request of the Company, promptly present to the Company any and all certificates representing shares acquired pursuant to the Option in the possession of the Participant in order to carry out the provisions of this Section. Unless otherwise specified by the Company, legends placed on such certificates may include, but shall not be limited to, the following: 14. NON-QUALIFIED GRANTS. The Option is not intended to be tax-qualified or tax preferred under current tax rules and regulations in the United Kingdom. 15. TAX CONSULTATION. The Participant understands that he or she may suffer adverse tax consequences as a result of the Participant’s acquisition or disposition of the shares. The Participant represents that he or she will consult with any tax advisors that the Participant deems appropriate in connection with the acquisition or disposition of the shares and that the Participant is not relying on the Company or any Participating Company for any tax advice. 16. UK SECURITIES LAW INFORMATION. The grant of the Options is exempt from the requirement to publish a prospectus under the EU Prospectus Regulation as implemented in the United Kingdom. This Option Agreement is not an approved prospectus for the purposes of section 85(1) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (“FSMA”) and no offer of transferable securities to the public (for the purposes of section 102B of FSMA) is being made in connection with this Option Agreement. This Option Agreement and the Option are exclusively available in the UK to bona fide employees and former employees of the Company or its Affiliate. 17. PROHIBITION AGAINST INSIDER DEALING. The Participant should be aware of: (a) the insider dealing rules of the Regulation (EU) No 596/2014 of the European Parliament and Council (Market Abuse Regulation) which apply in the UK; and (b) the UK's insider dealing rules under the Criminal Justice Act 1993; each of which may affect transactions under the Plan such as the acquisition or sale of shares acquired under the Plan, if the Participant has inside information regarding the Company. If the Participant is uncertain whether the insider dealing rules apply, the Company recommends that the Participant consults with a legal advisor. The Company cannot be held liable if the 9 Participant violates the UK's insider dealing rules. The Participant is responsible for ensuring his or her compliance with these rules. 18. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Termination or Amendment. The Committee may terminate or amend the Plan or the Option at any time; provided, however, that except as provided in Section 8 in connection with a Change in Control, no such termination or amendment may have a materially adverse effect on the Option or any unexercised portion thereof without the consent of the Participant unless such termination or amendment is necessary to comply with any applicable law or government regulation. No amendment or addition to this Option Agreement shall be effective unless in writing. 18.1 the intent of this Option Agreement. 18.2 Further Instruments. The parties hereto agree to execute such further instruments and to take such further action as may reasonably be necessary to carry out forth herein, be binding upon the Participant and the Participant’s heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns. 18.3 Binding Effect. This Option Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the successors and assigns of the Company and, subject to the restrictions on transfer set 18.4 Delivery of Documents and Notices. Any document relating to participation in the Plan or any notice required or permitted hereunder shall be given in writing and shall be deemed effectively given (except to the extent that this Option Agreement provides for effectiveness only upon actual receipt of such notice) upon personal delivery, electronic delivery at the e-mail address, if any, provided for the Participant by a Participating Company, or upon deposit in the U.S. Post Office or foreign postal service, by registered or certified mail, or with a nationally recognized overnight courier service, with postage and fees prepaid, addressed to the other party at the address of such party set forth in the Grant Notice or at such other address as such party may designate in writing from time to time to the other party. (a) Description of Electronic Delivery and Signature. The Plan documents, which may include but do not necessarily include: the Plan, the Grant Notice, this Option Agreement, the Plan Prospectus, and any reports of the Company provided generally to the Company’s stockholders, may be delivered to the Participant electronically. In addition, if permitted by the Company, the Participant may deliver electronically the Grant Notice and Exercise Notice called for by Section 4.2 to the Company or to such third party involved in administering the Plan as the Company may designate from time to time. Such means of electronic delivery may include but do not necessarily include the delivery of a link to a Company intranet or the Internet site of a third party involved in administering the Plan, the delivery of the document via e-mail or such other means of electronic delivery specified by the Company. Any and all such documents and notices may be electronically signed. (b) Consent to Electronic Delivery and Signature. The Participant acknowledges that the Participant has read Section 18.4(a) of this Option Agreement and consents to the electronic delivery of the Plan documents and, if permitted by the Company, the delivery of the Grant Notice and Exercise Notice, as described in Section 18.4(a). The Participant agrees that any and all such documents requiring a signature may be electronically signed and that such electronic signature shall have the same effect as handwritten signature for the purposes of validity, enforceability and admissibility. The Participant acknowledges that he or she may receive from the Company a paper copy of any documents delivered electronically at no cost to the Participant by contacting the Company by telephone or in writing. The Participant further acknowledges that the Participant will be provided with a paper copy of any documents if the attempted electronic delivery of such documents fails. Similarly, the Participant understands that the Participant must provide the Company or any designated third-party administrator with a paper copy of any documents if the attempted electronic delivery of such documents 10 fails. The Participant may revoke his or her consent to the electronic delivery of documents described in Section 18.4(a) or may change the electronic mail address to which such documents are to be delivered (if the Participant has provided an electronic mail address) at any time by notifying the Company of such revoked consent or revised e-mail address by telephone, postal service or electronic mail. Finally, the Participant understands that he or she is not required to consent to electronic delivery of documents described in Section 18.4(a). Integrated Agreement. The Grant Notice, this Option Agreement and the Plan, together with the Superseding Agreement, if any, shall constitute the entire understanding and agreement of the Participant and the Participating Company Group with respect to the subject matter contained herein and supersede any prior agreements, understandings, restrictions, representations, or warranties among the Participant and the Participating Company Group with respect to such subject matter. To the extent contemplated herein, the provisions of the Grant Notice, the Option Agreement and the Plan shall survive any exercise of the Option and shall remain in full force and effect. 18.5 residents entered into and to be performed entirely within the State of Delaware. 18.6 Applicable Law. This Option Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Delaware as such laws are applied to agreements between Delaware 18.7 Counterparts. The Grant Notice may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. 11 VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS NOTICE OF GRANT AND AWARD AGREEMENT Exhibit 10.26 Corporation (the “Company”), pursuant to its 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), this Notice of Grant (“Grant Notice”) and the attached Award Agreement (the “Agreement”), hereby grants to the holder listed below (the “Participant”), an award (the “Award”) of Performance Share Units (the “Units”), each of which represents the right to receive on the applicable Settlement Date one (1) share of Stock (each a “Share”), as follows: Participant: Grant Date: Target Number of Units: , subject to adjustment as provided by the Agreement. Maximum Number of Units: , which is 150% of the Target Number of Units, subject to adjustment as provided by the Agreement. Performance Period: Performance Measure: Comparator Group: Earned Units: Relative TSR Factor: The three-year period beginning [________] and ending [_________], subject to Section 9.1 of the Agreement (the “Performance Period Relative Total Stockholder Return (“Relative TSR”), meaning the difference, measured in percentage points (rounded to the nearest 1/100 of 1%), for the Performance Period between Company Annualized TSR and Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR, all as determin in accordance with Section 2 of the Agreement. The group of companies determined in accordance with Appendix B (each, a “Comparator Group Company”). A number of Units (rounded up to the nearest whole Unit), if any (not to exceed the Maximum Number of Units), equal to the product of (i) the Target Number of Units and (ii) the Relative TSR Factor, as illustrated by Appendix A. A percentage (rounded to the nearest 1/100 of 1% and not greater than 150% or less than 50%) determined in accordance with Section 2 the Agreement; provided, however, that (i) the Relative TSR Factor shall be zero percent (0%) if the Relative TSR is less than negative 8 and (ii) the Relative TSR Factor shall not exceed 100% if the Company Absolute TSR for the Performance Period is less than zero percen (0%). Determination of the Relative TSR Factor is illustrated by Appendix A. Vesting Date: Vested Units: Settlement Date: [_________], except as otherwise provided by the Agreement. Provided that the Participant’s Service has not terminated prior to the Vesting Date (except as otherwise provided by the Agreement), the Earned Units, if any, shall become Vested Units on the Vesting Date. For each Vested Unit, except as otherwise provided by the Agreement, the Settlement Date shall be the Vesting Date or as soon thereafter practicable; provided, however that the Committee, in its discretion, may specify as the Settlement Date a later date on which the sale of Shares to be issued in settlement of Vested Units would not violate the Trading Compliance Policy, but in any even no later than the 15th day of the third calendar month following the end of the Applicable Year in which the Vesting Date occurs. For this purpose, “Applicabl Year” means the calendar year or the Company’s fiscal year, whichever year ends later. By their signatures below or by electronic acceptance or authentication in a form authorized by the Company, the Company and the Participant agree that the Award is governed by this Grant Notice and by the provisions of the Plan and the Agreement, both of which are made part of this document. The Participant acknowledges that copies of the Plan, the Agreement and the prospectus for the Plan are available on the Company’s internal web site and may be viewed and printed by the Participant for attachment to the Participant’s copy of this Grant Notice. The Participant represents that the Participant has read and is familiar with the provisions of the Plan and the Agreement, and hereby accepts the Award subject to all of their terms and conditions. The Participant hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the Committee upon any questions arising under the Plan or relating to the Units. VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION PARTICIPANT By: Print Name: Title: Address: 2 By: Print Name: Address: ILLUSTRATION OF RELATIVE TSR FACTOR AND RESULTING NUMBER OF EARNED UNITS APPENDIX A Relative TSR (Percentage point difference (rounded to nearest 1/100 of 1%) of Company Annualized TSR over/under Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR) Maximum:8% and above 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% -1% -2% -3% -4% -5% -6% -7% -8% Target:0% Threshold:Less than -8% Relative TSR Factor (Rounded to nearest 1/100 of 1%) 150.00% 143.75% 137.50% 131.25% 125.00% 118.75% 112.50% 106.25% 100.00% 93.75% 87.50% 81.25% 75.00% 68.75% 62.50% 56.25% 50.00% 0% (Per 1,000 Target Units, rounded up to ne Earned Units 1,500 1,438 1,375 1,313 1,250 1,188 1,125 1,063 1,000 938 875 813 750 688 625 563 500 0 • • • • The Relative TSR Factor may not exceed 150%. If the Company Absolute TSR for the Performance Period is a negative number, the Relative TSR Factor may not exceed 100% even if the Company Annualized TSR exceeds the Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR. If the Relative TSR is less than negative 8%, the Relative TSR Factor shall be zero percent (0%). The Relative TSR Factor is determined by linear interpolation for Relative TSRs falling between the whole numbers represented in the table above. APPENDIX A CONTINUED Assumptions Company: Beginning Average Per Share Closing Price Ending Average Per Share Closing Price Dividends per Share Performance Period Comparator Group: Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR Computations Company Annualized TSR Relative TSR Relative TSR Factor Earned Units Assumptions Company: Beginning Average Per Share Closing Price Ending Average Per Share Closing Price Dividends per Share Performance Period Comparator Group: Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR Computations: Company Annualized TSR Relative TSR Relative TSR Factor Earned Units 2 ILLUSTRATIONS OF CALCULATION OF EARNED UNITS PER 1,000 TARGET UNITS Company Annualized TSR Exceeds Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR [($26/$15) (1/3) – 1] x 100% 20.12% – 15% (5.12% x 6.25) + 100% 1,000 x 132.00% Company Annualized TSR Is Less Than Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR [($20/$15) (1/3) – 1] x 100% 10.06% – 15% (– 4.94% x 6.25) + 100% 1,000 x 69.13% $15.00 $26.00 $0.00 3 years 15.00% 20.12% 5.12% 132.00% 1,320 $15.00 $20.00 $0.00 3 years 15.00% 10.06% – 4.94% 69.13% 691 APPENDIX B COMPARATOR GROUP The Comparator Group consists of all companies that, as of the Grant Date, are included in the Data Processing and Outsourced Services Industry component of the Russell 3000 Index having a market cap of less than $10 billion (the “Comparator Group Criteria”). As of the Grant Date, the Comparator Group consists of the following constituent companies: Alliance Data Conduent Sabre Genpact Limited MAXIMUS Euronet CoreLogic WEX, Inc. Sykes Enterprises TTEC Holdings Exela Technologies Cardtronics plc Black Knight CSG Systems Int’l Exl Service StarTek EVO Payments EVERTEC Priority Technology i3 Verticals NIC Inc. Int’l Money Express PRGX Global Cass Information PaySign ----- ----- The Comparator Group established as of the Grant Date, and, if applicable, a constituent’s company’s Total Stockholder Return for the Performance Period, will only be modified during the Performance Period as follows: • • • • A constituent company that becomes bankrupt during the Performance Period will remain a member of the Comparator Group, but its Annualized TSR for the Performance Period will be deemed to equal negative 100%. A constituent company that is acquired or ceases to be publicly traded for a reason other than bankruptcy during the Performance Period will be excluded from the Comparator Group. A constituent company that distributes a portion of its business in a spin-off transaction during the Performance Period and that remains publicly traded will be retained in the Comparator Group, but the company that is spun off will not be included in the Comparator Group. A constituent company that ceases to satisfy the Comparator Group Criteria during the Performance Period nevertheless will be retained in the Comparator Group. VERRA MOBILITY CORPORATION PERFORMANCE SHARE UNITS AWARD AGREEMENT (U.S. PARTICIPANTS) d to the Participant named in the Grant Notice to which this Agreement is attached an Award consisting of Performance Share Units (the “Units”) subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Grant Notice and this Agreement. The Award has been granted pursuant to the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), as amended to the Grant Date, the provisions of which are incorporated herein by reference. apitalized terms shall have the meanings assigned under the Plan. 1. THE AWARD. The Company hereby awards to the Participant the Target Number of Units set forth in the Grant Notice, which, depending on the extent to which the Performance Goal is attained during the Performance Period, may result in the Participant earning as little as zero (0) Units or as many as the Maximum Number of Units. Subject to the terms of this Agreement and the Plan, each Unit, to the extent it is earned and becomes a Vested Unit, represents a right to receive on the Settlement Date one (1) Share. Unless and until a Unit has been determined to be an Earned Unit and has vested and become a Vested Unit as set forth in the Grant Notice, the Participant will have no right to settlement of such Units. Prior to settlement of Vested Units, such Units will represent an unfunded and unsecured obligation of the Company. 2. CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS. “Annualized TSR Percentage” means, for the Company and each Comparator Group Company, the compound annual growth rate, expressed as a percentage (rounded to the nearest 1/100 of 1%), in the value of one share of such company’s common stock during the Performance Period due to the appreciation in the price per share and dividends paid during such period with respect to such share, assuming dividends are reinvested, calculated as follows: 2.1 x 100% Where, “Ending Price” is the Ending Average Per Share Closing Price of such company; “Dividends” are the aggregate values of all dividends paid to a stockholder of record of such company with respect to one share of common stock during the Performance Period; “Beginning Price” is the Beginning Average Per Share Closing Price of such company; and “N” is the number of 12-month periods that have elapsed between the first day of the Performance Period and the last day of the Performance Period (which may not be a full integer if computed in connection with a Change in Control or a termination of employment under Section 9.2). “Average Per Share Closing Price” means, for the Company and each Comparator Group Company, the average of the daily closing prices per share of common stock of such company as reported on the national or regional securities exchange or quotation system constituting the primary market for such common stock for all trading days falling within the applicable averaging period. 2.2 the 20 trading days beginning on the first trading day occurring on or immediately following the first day of the Performance Period. 2.3 “Beginning Average Per Share Closing Price” means, for the Company and each Comparator Group Company, the Average Per Share Closing Price for 20 trading days ending on the last trading day of the Performance Period. 2.4 “Ending Average Per Share Closing Price” means, for the Company and each Comparator Group Company, the Average Per Share Closing Price for the “Company Absolute TSR” means the percentage point increase or decrease (rounded to the nearest 1/100 of 1%) equal to the quotient of (a) the sum of (i) the Ending Average Per Share Closing Price of the Company and (ii) the aggregate value of all dividends paid to a stockholder of record of the Company with respect to one Share during the Performance Period, divided by (b) the Beginning Average Per Share Closing Price of the Company. 2.5 2.6 2.7 Group Companies for the Performance Period. “Company Annualized TSR” means the Company’s Annualized TSR Percentage for the Performance Period. “Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR” means the median Annualized TSR Percentage of the Annualized TSR Percentages of all Comparator equal to (a) Company Annualized TSR minus (b) Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR. 2.8 “Relative TSR” means, for the Performance Period, the positive or negative difference, measured in percentage points (rounded to the nearest 1/100 of 1%), 2.9 “Relative TSR Factor” means a percentage (rounded to the nearest 1/100 of 1%) determined as follows: TSR Factor shall be calculated as follows: calculated as follows: (a) (b) Zero or Positive Relative TSR. If the Relative TSR for the Performance Period is equal to or greater than zero (0), the Relative Negative Relative TSR. If the Relative TSR for the Performance Period is less than zero (0), the Relative TSR Factor shall be Notwithstanding the foregoing, the calculation of the Relative TSR Factor shall be qualified by the following: (i) the Relative TSR Factor may not exceed 150%; 2 may not exceed 100% even if the Company Annualized TSR exceeds the Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR; and (ii) if the Company Absolute TSR for the Performance Period is a negative number, the Relative TSR Factor (iii) if the Relative TSR is less than negative 8%, the Relative TSR Factor shall be zero percent (0%). 3. COMMITTEE DETERMINATION OF EARNED UNITS. Committee shall determine the level of attainment of the Performance Measure during the Performance Period, the resulting Relative TSR Factor and the number of Units which have become Earned Units. 3.1 Level of Performance Measure Attained. As soon as practicable following completion of the Performance Period, but in any event no later than the Settlement Date, the 3.2 Adjustment for Leave of Absence or Part-Time Work. Unless otherwise required by law or Company policy, if the Participant takes one or more unpaid leaves of absence in excess of thirty (30) days in the aggregate during the Performance Period, the number of Units which would otherwise become Earned Units shall be prorated on the basis of the number of days of the Participant’s Service during the Performance Period during which the Participant was not on an unpaid leave of absence. Unless otherwise required by law or Company policy, if the Participant commences working on a part-time basis during the Performance Period, the Committee may, in its discretion, reduce on a pro rata basis (reflecting the portion of the Performance Period worked by the Participant on a full-time equivalent basis) the number of Units which would otherwise become Earned Units, or provide that the number of Units which would otherwise become Earned Units shall be reduced as provided by the terms of an agreement between the Participant and the Company pertaining to the Participant’s part-time schedule. 4. VESTING OF EARNED UNITS. 4.1 4.2 Normal Vesting. Except as otherwise provided by this Agreement, Earned Units shall vest and become Vested Units as provided in the Grant Notice. Vesting Upon a Change in Control. In the event of a Change in Control, the vesting of Earned Units shall be determined in accordance with Section 9.1. Vesting Upon Involuntary Termination in Anticipation of a Change in Control. In the event that Participant’s Service is terminated by the Company for a reason other than for Cause, death or Disability (an “Involuntary Termination”), and such Involuntary Termination either (a) occurred within the ninety (90) day period prior to the effective date of a Change in Control or (b) is demonstrated by the Participant to the reasonable satisfaction of the Committee to have been at the request of a third party who is a party to such Change in Control (in either case, an “Involuntary Termination in Anticipation of a Change in Control”), then the vesting of Earned Units shall be determined in accordance with Section 9.2. 4.3 date of a Change in Control, the Participant’s Service terminates due to Involuntary Termination, then the vesting of Earned Units shall be determined in accordance with Section 9.3. 4.4 Vesting Upon Involuntary Termination Following a Change in Control. In the event that upon or within twelve (12) months following the effective 3 ATION OF SERVICE. 5. shall automatically reacquire all Units which are not, as of the time of such termination, Vested Units, and the Participant shall not be entitled to any payment therefor. In the event that the Participant’s Service terminates for any reason, with or without cause, other than as described in Section 4.3 or 4.4, the Participant shall forfeit and the Company ENT OF THE AWARD. 6. Issuance of Shares. Subject to the provisions of Section 6.3 and Section 7 below, the Company shall issue to the Participant on the Settlement Date with respect to each Vested Unit to be settled on such date one (1) Share. Shares issued in settlement of Vested Units shall not be subject to any restriction on transfer other than any such restriction as may be required pursuant to Section 6.3. 6.1 Beneficial Ownership of Shares; Certificate Registration. The Participant hereby authorizes the Company, in its sole discretion, to deposit any or all Shares acquired by the Participant pursuant to the settlement of the Award with the Company’s transfer agent, including any successor transfer agent, to be held in book entry form, or to deposit such Shares for the benefit of the Participant with any broker with which the Participant has an account relationship of which the Company has notice. Except as provided by the foregoing, a certificate for the Shares acquired by the Participant shall be registered in the name of the Participant, or, if applicable, in the names of the heirs of the Participant. 6.2 6.3 Restrictions on Grant of the Award and Issuance of Shares. The grant of the Award and issuance of Shares upon settlement of the Award shall be subject to compliance with all applicable requirements of U.S. federal, state or foreign law with respect to such securities. No Shares may be issued hereunder if the issuance of such Shares would constitute a violation of any applicable U.S. federal, state or foreign securities laws or other laws or regulations or the requirements of any stock exchange or market system upon which the Stock may then be listed. The inability of the Company to obtain from any regulatory body having jurisdiction the authority, if any, deemed by the Company’s legal counsel to be necessary to the lawful issuance of any Shares subject to the Award shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue such Shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained. As a condition to the settlement of the Award, the Company may require the Participant to satisfy any qualifications that may be necessary or appropriate, to evidence compliance with any applicable law or regulation and to make any representation or warranty with respect thereto as may be requested by the Company. Further, regardless of whether the transfer or issuance of the Shares to be issued pursuant to the Units has been registered under the Securities Act or has been registered or qualified under the securities laws of any State, the Company may impose additional restrictions upon the sale, pledge, or other transfer of the Shares (including the placement of appropriate legends on stock certificates and the issuance of stop-transfer instructions to the Company’s transfer agent) if, in the judgment of the Company and the Company’s counsel, such restrictions are necessary in order to achieve compliance with the provisions of the Securities Act, the securities laws of any State, or any other law. Fractional Shares. The Company shall not be required to issue fractional Shares upon the settlement of the Award. 6.4 THHOLDING AND ADVICE. 7. In General. Subject to Section 7.2, at the time the Grant Notice is executed, or at any time thereafter as requested by the Company, the Participant hereby authorizes withholding from payroll and any other amounts payable to the Participant, and otherwise agrees to make adequate provision for, any sums required to satisfy the U.S. federal, state, and local taxes and (if applicable) taxes imposed by 7.1 4 jurisdictions outside of the United States (including income tax, social insurance contributions, payment on account and any other taxes) and required by law to be withheld with respect to any taxable event arising as a result of the Participant’s participation in the Plan (referred to herein as “Tax-Related Items”). Withholding of Taxes. The Company or any other Participating Company, as appropriate, shall have the authority and the right to deduct or withhold, or require the Participant to remit to the applicable Participating Company, an amount sufficient to satisfy applicable Tax-Related Items or to take such other action as may be necessary in the opinion of the applicable Participating Company to satisfy such Tax-Related Items (including hypothetical withholding tax amounts if the Participant is covered under a Company tax equalization policy). In this regard, the Participant authorizes the applicable Participating Company or their respective agents, at their discretion, to satisfy the obligations with regard to all Tax-Related Items by one or a combination of the following: 7.2 withholding from the Participant’s wages or other cash compensation paid to the Participant by the applicable Participating Company; or (a) (b) Participant’s behalf pursuant to this authorization); or withholding from proceeds of the sale of Shares acquired upon vesting and settlement of the Units, either through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by the Company (on the withholding in Shares to be issued upon vesting and settlement of the Units; or (c) (d) direct payment from the Participant. To avoid negative accounting treatment, the Company may withhold or account for Tax-Related Items by considering applicable minimum statutory withholding amounts or other applicable withholding rates. If the Participant is covered by a Company tax equalization policy, the Participant agrees to pay to the Company any additional hypothetical tax obligation calculated and paid under the terms and conditions of such tax equalization policy. Finally, the Participant shall pay to the applicable Participating Company any amount of Tax-Related Items that the Participating Company may be required to withhold as a result of his or her participation in the Plan that cannot be satisfied by the means previously described. The Company may refuse to issue or deliver the Shares that may be issued in connection with the settlement of the Units if the Participant fails to comply with his or her Tax-Related Items obligations. Tax Advice. The Participant represents, warrants and acknowledges that the Company has made no warranties or representations to the Participant with respect to the income tax consequences of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and the Participant is in no manner relying on the Company or the Company’s representatives for an assessment of such tax consequences. THE PARTICIPANT UNDERSTANDS THAT THE TAX LAWS AND REGULATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE. THE PARTICIPANT SHOULD CONSULT HIS OR HER OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE UNITS. NOTHING STATED HEREIN IS INTENDED OR WRITTEN TO BE USED, AND CANNOT BE USED, FOR THE PURPOSE OF AVOIDING TAXPAYER PENALTIES. 7.3 ZATION TO RELEASE NECESSARY PERSONAL INFORMATION. 8. The Participant hereby authorizes and directs the Participant’s employer to collect, use and transfer in electronic or other form, any personal information (the “Data”) regarding the Participant’s Service, the nature and amount of the Participant’s compensation and the fact and conditions of the Participant’s participation in the Plan (including, but not limited to, the Participant’s name, home address, telephone number, date of birth, social security number (or any other social or national identification 5 number), salary, nationality, job title, number of Shares held and the details of all Units or any other entitlement to Shares awarded, cancelled, exercised, vested, unvested or outstanding) for the purpose of implementing, administering and managing the Participant’s participation in the Plan. The Participant understands that the Data may be transferred to the Company or any other Participating Company, or to any third parties assisting in the implementation, administration and management of the Plan, including any requisite transfer to a brokerage firm or other third party assisting with administration of the Award or with whom Shares acquired upon settlement of this Award or cash from the sale of such Shares may be deposited. The Participant acknowledges that recipients of the Data may be located in different countries, and those countries may have data privacy laws and protections different from those in the country of the Participant’s residence. Furthermore, the Participant acknowledges and understands that the transfer of the Data to the Company or any of other Participating Company, or to any third parties is necessary for Participant’s participation in the Plan. The Participant may at any time withdraw the consents herein, by contacting the Company’s stock administration department in writing. The Participant further acknowledges that withdrawal of consent may affect the Participant’s ability to realize benefits from the Award, and the Participant’s ability to participate in the Plan. GE IN CONTROL. 9. accordance with an employment agreement or other agreement between the Company and the Participant which is applicable to this Award. In the event of a Change in Control, this Section 9 shall determine the treatment of the Units which have not otherwise become Vested Units, except as otherwise determined in Effect of Change in Control on Award. In the event of a Change in Control, the Performance Period shall end on the day immediately preceding the Change in Control (the “Adjusted Performance 9.1 Period”). The number of Earned Units and the vesting of those Units shall be determined for the Adjusted Performance Period in accordance with the following: following modifications shall be made to the components of the Relative TSR Factor: (a) Earned Units. In the Committee’s determination of the number of Earned Units for the Adjusted Performance Period, the The Company’s Annualized TSR Percentage shall be determined for the Adjusted Performance Period as provided by Section 2.1, except that the Ending Average Per Share Closing Price for the 20 trading days ending on the last day of the Adjusted Performance Period shall be replaced with the price per Share to be paid to the holder thereof in accordance with the definitive agreement governing the transaction constituting the Change in Control (or, in the absence of such agreement, the closing price per Share as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market for the last trading day of the Adjusted Performance Period), increased by the aggregate of all cash dividends paid to the holder of a share of Stock during the Adjusted Performance Period. (i) that the Ending Average Per Share Closing Price for each Comparator Group Company shall be determined for the 20 trading days ending on the last day of the Adjusted Performance Period. (ii) The Comparator Group Median Annualized TSR shall be determined as provided by Section 2.7, except Vested Units. As of the last day of the Adjusted Performance Period and provided that the Participant’s Service has not terminated prior to such date (except as provided by Section 9.2), a portion of the Earned Units determined in accordance with Section 9.1(a) shall become Vested Units (the “Accelerated Units”), with such portion determined by multiplying the total number of Earned Units by a fraction, the numerator of which equals the number of days contained in the Adjusted (b) 6 Performance Period and the denominator of which equals the number of days contained in the original Performance Period determined without regard to this Section. The Accelerated Units shall be settled in accordance Section 6 immediately prior to the consummation of the Change in Control. Except as otherwise provided by Section 9.3, that portion of the Earned Units determined in accordance with Section 9.1(a) in excess of the number of Accelerated Units shall become Vested Units on the Vesting Date of the original Performance Period determined without regard to this Section, provided that the Participant’s Service has not terminated prior to such Vesting Date. Such Vested Units shall be settled on the Settlement Date in accordance with Section 6, provided that payment for each Vested Unit shall be made in the amount and in the form of the consideration (whether stock, cash, other securities or property or a combination thereof) to which a holder of a Share on the effective date of the Change in Control was entitled (and if holders were offered a choice of consideration, the type of consideration chosen by the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares). Involuntary Termination in Anticipation of a Change in Control. In the event that the Participant’s Service terminates due to Involuntary Termination in Anticipation of a Change in Control, the number of Earned Units shall be determined in the manner specified by Section 9.1 as of the day immediately preceding the Change in Control, with respect to an Adjusted Performance Period ending on such day. The number of Earned Units so determined shall vest in full and become Vested Units, and such Vested Units shall be settled in accordance Section 6 immediately prior to the consummation of the Change in Control. 9.2 9.3 Involuntary Termination Following Change in Control. In the event that upon or within twelve (12) months following the effective date of the Change in Control, the Participant’s Service terminates due to Involuntary Termination, the vesting of the Earned Units determined in accordance with Section 9.1(a) in excess of the number of Accelerated Units shall be deemed Vested Units effective as of the date of the Participant’s Involuntary Termination and shall be settled in accordance with Section 6, treating the date of the Participant’s termination of Service as the Vesting Date, and provided that payment for each Vested Unit shall be made in the amount and in the form of the consideration (whether stock, cash, other securities or property or a combination thereof) to which a holder of a Share on the effective date of the Change in Control was entitled (and if holders were offered a choice of consideration, the type of consideration chosen by the holders of a majority of the outstanding Shares). 10. ADJUSTMENTS FOR CHANGES IN CAPITAL STRUCTURE. The number of Units awarded pursuant to this Agreement is subject to adjustment as provided in Section 4.3 of the Plan. Upon the occurrence of an event described in Section 4.3 of the Plan, any and all new, substituted or additional securities or other property to which a holder of a Share issuable in settlement of the Award would be entitled shall be immediately subject to the Agreement and included within the meaning of the term “Shares” for all purposes of the Award. The Participant shall be notified of such adjustments and such adjustments shall be binding upon the Company and the Participant. TITLEMENT OR CLAIMS FOR COMPENSATION. 11. The Participant’s rights, if any, in respect of or in connection with the Units are derived solely from the discretionary decision of the Company to permit the Participant to participate in the Plan and to benefit from a discretionary Award. By accepting the Units, the Participant expressly acknowledges that there is no obligation on the part of the Company to continue the Plan and/or grant any additional Units or other Awards to the Participant. The Units are not intended to be compensation of a continuing or recurring nature, or part of the Participant’s normal or expected compensation, and in no way represents any portion of the Participant’s salary, compensation, or other remuneration for purposes of pension benefits, severance, redundancy, resignation or any other purpose. 11.1 7 Neither the Plan nor the Units shall be deemed to give the Participant a right to remain an Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or any other Participating Company. The Participating Company Group reserves the right to terminate the Service of the Participant at any time, with or without cause, and for any reason, subject to applicable laws, the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and a written employment agreement (if any), and the Participant shall be deemed irrevocably to have waived any claim to damages or specific performance for breach of contract or dismissal, compensation for loss of office, tort or otherwise with respect to the Plan, the Units or any other outstanding Award that is forfeited and/or is terminated by its terms or to any future Award. 11.2 12. RIGHTS AS A STOCKHOLDER. The Participant shall have no rights as a stockholder with respect to any Shares that may be issued in settlement of this Award until the date of the issuance of a certificate for such Shares (as evidenced by the appropriate entry on the books of the Company or of a duly authorized transfer agent of the Company). No adjustment shall be made for dividends, dividend equivalents, distributions or other rights for which the record date is prior to the date such certificate is issued, except as provided in Section 10. LANEOUS PROVISIONS. 13. Amendment. The Committee may amend this Agreement at any time; provided, however, that no such amendment may adversely affect the Participant’s rights under this Agreement without the consent of the Participant, except to the extent such amendment is necessary to comply with applicable law, including, but not limited to, Code Section 409A. No amendment or addition to this Agreement shall be effective unless in writing. 13.1 Nontransferability of the Award. Prior to the issuance of Shares on the applicable Settlement Date, no right or interest of the Participant in the Award nor any Shares issuable on settlement of the Award shall be in any manner pledged, encumbered, or hypothecated to or in favor of any party other than the Company or shall become subject to any lien, obligation, or liability of such Participant to any other party other than the Company. Except as otherwise provided by the Committee, no Award shall be assigned, transferred or otherwise disposed of other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution. All rights with respect to the Award shall be exercisable during the Participant’s lifetime only by the Participant or the Participant’s guardian or legal representative. 13.2 Further Instruments. The parties hereto agree to execute such further instruments and to take such further action as may reasonably be necessary to carry out the intent of this Agreement. 13.3 13.4 Participant’s heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns. Binding Effect. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the successors and assigns of the Company and, subject to the restrictions on transfer set forth herein, be binding upon the Participant and the Notices. Any notice required to be given or delivered to the Company under the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing and addressed to the Company at its principal corporate offices. Any notice required to be given or delivered to the Participant shall be in writing and addressed to the Participant at the address maintained for the Participant in the Company’s records or at the address of the local office of the Company or of any other Participating Company at which the Participant works. 13.5 Construction of Agreement. The Grant Notice, this Agreement, and the Units evidenced hereby (i) are made and granted pursuant to the Plan and are in all respects limited by and subject 13.6 8 to the terms of the Plan, and (ii) constitute the entire agreement between the Participant and the Company on the subject matter hereof and supersede all proposals, written or oral, and all other communications between the parties related to the subject matter. All decisions of the Committee with respect to any question or issue arising under the Grant Notice, this Agreement or the Plan shall be conclusive and binding on all persons having an interest in the Units. Governing Law. The interpretation, performance and enforcement of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Delaware without regard to the conflict-of-laws rules thereof or of any other 13.7 jurisdiction. 13.8 Section 409A. (a) Compliance with Section 409A. Notwithstanding any other provision of the Plan, this Agreement or the Grant Notice, the Plan, this Agreement and the Grant Notice shall be interpreted in accordance with, and incorporate the terms and conditions required by, Section 409A of the Code (together with any Department of Treasury regulations and other interpretive guidance issued thereunder, including without limitation any such regulations or other guidance that may be issued after the date hereof). The vesting and settlement of Units awarded pursuant to this Agreement are intended to qualify for the “short-term deferral” exemption from Code Section 409A. The Company reserves the right, to the extent the Company deems necessary or advisable in its sole discretion, to unilaterally amend or modify the Plan and/or this Agreement to ensure that the Units qualify for exemption from or comply with Section 409A of the Code; provided, however, that the Company makes no representations that the Units will be exempt from Section 409A and makes no undertaking to preclude Section 409A from applying to the Units. (b) Separation from Service; Required Delay in Payment to Specified Employee. Notwithstanding anything set forth herein to the contrary, no amount payable pursuant to this Agreement on account of the Participant’s termination of Service which constitutes a “deferral of compensation” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code shall be paid unless and until the Participant has incurred a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A. Furthermore, to the extent that the Participant is a “specified employee” within the meaning of Section 409A as of the date of the Participant’s separation from service, no amount that constitutes a deferral of compensation which is payable on account of the Participant’s separation from service shall paid to the Participant before the date (the “Delayed Payment Date”) which is the first day of the seventh month after the date of the Participant’s separation from service or, if earlier, the date of the Participant’s death following such separation from service. All such amounts that would, but for this Section, become payable prior to the Delayed Payment Date will be accumulated and paid on the Delayed Payment Date. Administration. The Committee shall have the power to interpret the Plan and this Agreement and to adopt such rules for the administration, interpretation and application of the Plan as are consistent therewith and to interpret, amend or revoke any such rules. All actions taken and all interpretations and determinations made by the Committee in good faith shall be final and binding upon the Participant, the Company and all other interested persons. No member of the Committee or the Board shall be personally liable for any action, determination or interpretation made in good faith with respect to the Plan, this Agreement or the Units. 13.9 instrument. 13.10 Counterparts. The Grant Notice may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable for any reason, it shall be adjusted rather than voided, if possible, in order to achieve the intent of the parties 13.11 9 to the extent possible. In any event, all other provisions of this Agreement shall be deemed valid and enforceable to the full extent possible. Relocation Outside the United States. If the Participant relocates to a country outside the United States, the Company reserves the right to impose other requirements on the Participant’s participation in the Plan, on the Units and on any Shares acquired under the Plan, to the extent the Company determines necessary or advisable in order to comply with local law or facilitate the administration of the Plan, and to require the Participant to sign any additional agreements or undertakings that may be necessary to accomplish the foregoing. 13.12 10 Entity Jurisdiction of Formation Subsidiaries of Verra Mobility Corporation Exhibit 21.1 Verra Mobility Holdings, LLC Greenlight Holding Corporation Greenlight Intermediate Holding Corporation Greenlight Acquisition Corporation VM Consolidated, Inc. American Traffic Solutions, Inc. LaserCraft, Inc. Mulvihill ICS, Inc. Mulvihill Electrical Enterprises, Inc. American Traffic Solutions Consolidated, L.L.C. American Traffic Solutions, L.L.C. ATS Processing Services, L.L.C. PlatePass, L.L.C. ATS Tolling LLC Sunshine State Tag Agency LLC Auto Tag of America LLC Auto Titles of America LLC Highway Toll Administration, LLC Canadian Highway Toll Administrations, Ltd Toll Buddy, LLC Violation Management Solutions, LLC Euro Parking Collection, plc Contractum Limited EPC Hungary Kft EPC Finance Limited Verra Mobility B.V. Verra Mobility France S.A.S. Pagatelia, S.L. Verra Mobility Ireland Ltd. Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Kansas Georgia New York New York Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware Delaware New York British Columbia Delaware Delaware England and Wales England and Wales Hungary England and Wales Netherlands France Spain Ireland We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements: (1) (2) Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-227952), Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-212019) pertaining to the Verra Mobility Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan; CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM of our reports dated March 2, 2020, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Verra Mobility Corporation and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Verra Mobility Corporation, included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) for the year ended December 31, 2019. Exhibit 23.1 /s/ Ernst & Young LLP Phoenix, Arizona March 2, 2020 EXHIBIT 31.1 I, David Roberts, certify that: CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Verra Mobility Corporation; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the Registrant and have: a) b) c) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. 5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) Date: March 2, 2020 All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. By: /s/ David Roberts David Roberts President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) EXHIBIT 31.2 I, Patricia Chiodo, certify that: CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 1. 2. 3. 4. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Verra Mobility Corporation; Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the Registrant and have: a) b) c) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. 5. The Registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) b) Date: March 2, 2020 All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. By: /s/ Patricia Chiodo Patricia Chiodo Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.1 I, David Roberts, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of Verra Mobility Corporation, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge: (1) (2) Date: March 2, 2020 the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Verra Mobility Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2019 (Annual Report), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and the information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Verra Mobility Corporation. By: /s/ David Roberts David Roberts President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (Principal Executive Officer) CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 EXHIBIT 32.2 I, Patricia Chiodo, Chief Financial Officer of Verra Mobility Corporation, do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge: (1) (2) Date: March 2, 2020 the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Verra Mobility Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2019 (Annual Report), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and the information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Verra Mobility Corporation. By: /s/ Patricia Chiodo Patricia Chiodo Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) 

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