Vicor
Annual Report 2015

Plain-text annual report

2015 Annual Report & Proxy Statement Financial Highlights 2011 - 2015 (In thousands, except per share amounts) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Net Revenues $252,968 $218,507 $199,160 $225,731 $220,194 Income (Loss) from Operations 13,686 (2,785) (20,467) (14,763) (267) Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Vicor Corporation Net Income (Loss) Per Share Attributable to Vicor Corporation Weighted Average Shares Working Capital Total Assets Total Liabilities Total Equity 8,843 (4,077) (23,640) (13,887) 4,927 $0.21 $(0.10) $(0.60) $(0.36) $0.13 41,856 41,811 $124,386 $128,498 208,141 202,581 23,431 20,608 39,195 $97,869 165,640 23,303 38,569 $90,321 155,542 24,990 39,146 $94,905 157,545 21,460 $184,710 $181,973 $142,337 $130,552 $136,085 Return on Average Equity 4.9% (2.2%) (14.6%) (10.2%) 3.7% Vicor’s Value Proposition = Customers’ Competitive Advantage At Vicor, we enable customers to efficiently convert and manage power from the wall plug to point-of-load. We master the entire power chain with a comprehensive portfolio of high-efficiency, high-density, power distribution architectures addressing a broad range of performance-critical applications. Vicor’s approach gives power system architects the flexibility to choose from modular, plug-and-play components ranging from bricks to semiconductor-centric solutions. By integrating our world-class manufacturing and applications development, we can quickly customize our power components to meet a customer’s unique power system needs. Vicor Corporation designs, manufactures and markets innovative, high performance modular power components, from bricks to semiconductor-centric solutions, to enable customers to efficiently convert and manage power from the wall plug to the point-of-load. Complementing an extensive portfolio of patented innovations in power conversion and power distribution with significant application development expertise, Vicor offers comprehensive product lines addressing a broad range of power conversion and management requirements across all power distribution architectures, including Centralized Power Architectures, Distributed Power Architectures, Intermediate Bus Architectures, Factorized Power Architectures and Controlled Bus Architectures. Vicor focuses on solutions for performance- critical applications in the following markets: aerospace and defense electronics, enterprise and high performance computing, industrial equipment and automation, telecommunications and network infrastructure, and vehicles and transportation. Dear Stockholder: You are cordially invited to attend the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) of Vicor Corporation (the “Corporation”). The Annual Meeting will be held at the following date, time, and location: April 29, 2016 DATE: TIME: PLACE: Offices of Foley & Lardner LLP Friday, June 17, 2016 9:00 a.m. 111 Huntington Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02199 The attached Notice of Annual Meeting and Proxy Statement cover the formal business of the Annual Meeting and contain a discussion of the matters to be voted upon at the Annual Meeting. At the Annual Meeting, the Corporation’s management also will report on the operations of the Corporation and be available to respond to appropriate questions from stockholders. The Board of Directors encourages you to promptly complete, date, sign, and return your Proxy Card as soon as possible. If you attend the Annual Meeting and wish to vote your shares in person, you may revoke your proxy at that time. Sincerely yours, PATRIZIO VINCIARELLI Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] VICOR CORPORATION NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS TO BE HELD ON FRIDAY, JUNE 17, 2016 NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) of Vicor Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the “Corporation”), will be held on Friday, June 17, 2016, at 9:00 a.m., local time, at the offices of Foley & Lardner LLP, 111 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02199, for the following purposes: 1. To fix the number of Directors at 10 and to elect the 10 nominees named in the attached proxy statement as Directors to hold office until the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified, and 2. To consider and act upon any other matters that may be properly brought before the Annual Meeting and at any adjournments or postponements thereof. Any action may be taken on the foregoing matters at the Annual Meeting on the date specified above, or on any date or dates to which, by original or later adjournment, the Annual Meeting may be adjourned or to which the Annual Meeting may be postponed. The Board of Directors has fixed the close of business on April 29, 2016, as the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting and any adjournments or postponements thereof. Only stockholders of record at the close of business on April 29, 2016 will be entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting and any adjournments or postponements thereof. You are requested to authorize a proxy to vote your shares by completing, dating, and signing the enclosed Proxy Card, which is being solicited by the Board of Directors, and by mailing it promptly in the enclosed postage-prepaid envelope. Any proxy may be revoked by a written declaration delivered to the Corporation stating that the proxy is revoked or by delivery of a properly executed, later dated proxy. Stockholders of record who attend the Annual Meeting may vote in person by notifying our Corporate Secretary, even if they have previously delivered a signed Proxy Card. By Order of the Board of Directors Andover, Massachusetts April 29, 2016 James A. Simms Corporate Secretary Whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting, please complete, sign, date, and promptly return the enclosed Proxy Card in the enclosed postage-prepaid envelope as soon as possible. If you attend the Annual Meeting, you may vote your shares in person if you wish, even if you have previously returned your Proxy Card. [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] VICOR CORPORATION 25 FRONTAGE ROAD ANDOVER, MASSACHUSETTS 01810 TELEPHONE (978) 470-2900 PROXY STATEMENT FOR THE 2016 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS TO BE HELD ON FRIDAY, JUNE 17, 2016 April 29, 2016 This Proxy Statement is furnished in connection with the solicitation of proxies by the Board of Directors (the “Board” and each member thereof being a “Director”) of Vicor Corporation (the “Corporation”) from owners of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation (the “Stockholders”, or as an individual, a “Stockholder”) for use at the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) of the Corporation to be held on Friday, June 17, 2016, at 9:00 a.m., local time, at the offices of Foley & Lardner LLP, 111 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02199, and at any adjournments or postponements thereof. At the Annual Meeting, Stockholders will be asked to consider and vote on the election of the 10 individuals named in the proxy statement as Directors and any other matters that may be properly brought before the Annual Meeting and at any adjournments or postponements thereof. In this Proxy Statement, we refer to Vicor Corporation as “Vicor,” “the Corporation,” “we,” “us,” or “our.” In addition, the term “Proxy Solicitation Materials” includes this Proxy Statement, the Notice of Annual Meeting, and the Proxy Card. The Proxy Solicitation Materials are first being sent to Stockholders of record on or about May 9, 2016. The Board has fixed the close of business on April 29, 2016 as the record date for the determination of Stockholders entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting (the “Record Date”). Only Stockholders of record at the close of business on the Record Date will be entitled to receive notice of and to vote at the Annual Meeting. As of March 31, 2016, there were 27,037,328 shares of Common Stock and 11,758,218 shares of Class B Common Stock of the Corporation outstanding and entitled to vote. Each share of Common Stock entitles the holder thereof to one vote per share, and each share of Class B Common Stock entitles the holder thereof to 10 votes per share. Shares of Common Stock and Class B Common Stock will vote together as a single class, reflecting their respective voting entitlement, on each proposal at the Annual Meeting. Stockholders are requested to complete, date, sign, and return the accompanying Proxy Card in the enclosed postage-prepaid envelope. Shares represented by a properly executed Proxy Card received prior to the vote at the Annual Meeting and not revoked will be voted at the Annual Meeting as directed on the Proxy Card. If a properly executed Proxy Card is submitted and no instructions are given, the shares so represented will be voted FOR the election of each individual candidate nominated for election as a Director set forth herein (individually, a “Nominee”, and collectively, “Nominees”). We do not anticipate any matters other than those set forth in this Proxy Statement will be presented at the Annual Meeting. If other matters are properly presented, proxies will be voted in accordance with the discretion of the proxy holders. A Stockholder of record may revoke a proxy at any time before it has been exercised by: (1) delivering a written revocation to our Corporate Secretary, James A. Simms, at the address of the Corporation set forth above; (2) filing a duly executed Proxy Card bearing a later date; or (3) appearing in person, notifying the Corporate Secretary of such revocation, and voting by ballot at the Annual Meeting. Any Stockholder of record as of the Record Date attending the Annual Meeting may vote in person whether or not a proxy has been previously submitted, but the presence (without further action) of a Stockholder at the Annual Meeting will not constitute revocation of a previously submitted proxy. The presence, in person or by proxy, of Stockholders representing a majority in interest of all capital stock issued, outstanding, and entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at the Annual Meeting. Because of his ownership of shares of Class B Common Stock and shares of Common Stock, representing 82.8% of the total voting shares, a quorum is assured by the presence of Dr. Patrizio Vinciarelli, Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer, who will preside over the Annual Meeting. Shares that reflect abstentions or “broker non-votes” (i.e., shares held by investment brokerage firms or other nominees that are represented at the Annual Meeting but as to which such brokers or nominees have not received instructions from the beneficial owners or persons entitled to vote such shares and, with respect to one or more but not all matters, such brokers or nominees do not have discretionary voting power to vote such shares) will be counted for purposes of determining whether a quorum is present for the transaction of business at the Annual Meeting. The cost of solicitation of proxies in the form enclosed herewith will be borne by the Corporation. In addition to the solicitation of proxies by mail, Directors, officers, and employees of the Corporation also may solicit proxies personally or by telephone, e-mail, or other form of electronic communication without special compensation for such activities. The Corporation also will request those holding shares in their names or in the names of their nominees that are beneficially owned by others to forward proxy materials to and obtain proxies from such beneficial owners. The Corporation will reimburse such holders for their reasonable expenses in connection therewith. The Corporation’s 2015 Annual Report (the “Annual Report”), including financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, will be mailed to Stockholders concurrently with this Proxy Statement. The Annual Report, however, is not part of the Proxy Solicitation Materials. The Corporation and certain intermediaries (e.g., banks, brokers, and nominees) may deliver only one copy of the Annual Report and Proxy Solicitation Materials to Stockholders sharing an address. The Corporation will deliver promptly, upon written or oral request, a separate copy of the Annual Report or Proxy Solicitation Materials, as applicable, to a Stockholder at a shared address. In order to receive such a separate document, please contact our Corporate Secretary, Mr. Simms, at the address of the Corporation set forth above. If Stockholders sharing an address (i) currently receive a single copy of the Annual Report and Proxy Solicitation Materials and wish to receive separate copies of such materials in the future or (ii) currently receive separate copies of the Annual Report and Proxy Solicitation Materials and wish to receive a single copy of such materials in the future, please contact Mr. Simms, our Corporate Secretary, or the applicable intermediary, as the case may be. IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING TO BE HELD ON JUNE 17, 2016: The Proxy Solicitation Materials and Annual Report are available at www.vicorpower.com. PROPOSAL ONE ELECTION OF 10 DIRECTORS In accordance with the requirements of the Corporation’s By-Laws, the Board recommends the number of Directors be fixed at 10 and has nominated all of the Nominees named below for election to the Board. Each of the 10 Nominees presently serves as a Director. If elected, each Nominee will serve until the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until his respective successor is duly elected and qualified or until his death, resignation, or removal. Properly executed Proxy Cards will be voted FOR the Nominees unless otherwise specified. Each Nominee has consented to stand for election and the Board anticipates each of the Nominees, if elected, will serve as a Director. However, if any person nominated by the Board is unable to serve or, for good cause, will not serve, proxies solicited hereby will be voted for the election of another person designated by the Board, if one is nominated. 2 A plurality of the votes cast for a Nominee by the Stockholders of Common Stock and Class B Common Stock, voting together as a single class, shall elect such Nominee. Accordingly, abstentions, broker non-votes, and votes withheld from any Nominee will have no effect on this proposal. There is no cumulative voting. Because the number of incumbent Directors standing for reelection (i.e., 10) is equal to the number of Nominees, and the Corporation’s By-Laws provide for election by plurality, any number of votes cast for a Nominee assures that Nominee of election as a Director. Dr. Vinciarelli beneficially owned, as of March 31, 2016, 9,828,272 shares of Common Stock and 11,023,648 shares of Class B Common Stock, together representing 82.8% of the voting power of the outstanding stock of the Corporation, sufficient to elect each of the nominees named below. He has stated an intention to vote in favor of fixing the number of Directors at 10 and in favor of the election of all Nominees. Information Regarding Nominees and Qualifications The following sets forth certain information as of March 31, 2016, with respect to the 10 Nominees for election to the Board. The information presented includes information each Director has provided us about age, all positions held, principal occupation and business experience for the past five years, and the names of other publicly-held companies for which the Director currently serves as a director or has served as a director during the past five years. In addition to the information presented below regarding each Nominee’s specific experience, qualifications, and skills that led the Board as a whole to conclude the Nominee possessed the necessary attributes to serve as a Director, the Board as a whole also considered each Nominee’s reputation for integrity, honesty, and adherence to high ethical standards. Information regarding the beneficial ownership of shares of the capital stock of the Corporation by such persons is set forth in the section of this Proxy Statement entitled “Principal and Management Stockholders.” See also “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.” There is no family relationship among any of the Directors and/or executive officers of the Corporation. Nominee Director Since Age Patrizio Vinciarelli . . . . . . . . . . 69 1981 Estia J. Eichten . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 1981 Background and Qualifications Dr. Vinciarelli founded the Corporation in 1981 and has been Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer since that time. Prior to founding the Corporation, from 1977 until 1980, he was a Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. From 1973 through 1976, he was a Fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), in Meyrin, Switzerland. Dr. Vinciarelli received his doctorate in Physics from the University of Rome, Italy. Dr. Vinciarelli holds more than 100 patents for power conversion technology. Dr. Vinciarelli is qualified to serve on our Board given his role as the Corporation’s founder, President, and Chief Executive Officer, his role in the development of our patents and proprietary technologies and the design of our products, and his standing as a leading innovator in the power conversion industry. Dr. Eichten, an early investor who contributed to the founding of the Corporation, has held various positions with the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory since 1981, being named a Senior Scientist in 1989. Earlier, he had been an Associate Professor of Physics at Harvard University. Dr. Eichten received both his B.S. and Ph.D. in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has been an Alfred 3 Nominee Director Since Age Background and Qualifications David T. Riddiford . . . . . . . . . . 80 1984 Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 1999 P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow and currently is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2011, Dr. Eichten and three collaborators were awarded the prestigious J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics in acknowledgement of outstanding achievement in particle physics theory. While a Director of the Corporation, he has served since July 2000 as a Director of VLT, Inc., a wholly- owned subsidiary of the Corporation, which owns a majority of the Corporation’s patents. Dr. Eichten’s qualifications to serve on our Board include his extensive knowledge of electronics and power conversion, as well as the deep understanding of our products and organization acquired in his 35 years of service as a Director. Mr. Riddiford is a retired professional investor. He served from 1987 until his retirement in 2005 as the general partner of Pell, Rudman Venture Management, L.P., the general partner of PR Venture Partners, L.P., a venture capital affiliate of Pell, Rudman & Co., Inc., an investment advisory firm. Mr. Riddiford also served, from 1989 until 2010, as a member of the Board of Directors of Datawatch Corporation, a publicly-held provider of enterprise reporting and business intelligence solutions. He received his B.A. from Yale University and J.D. from the William Mitchell College of Law. Mr. Riddiford’s qualifications to serve on our Board include four decades of experience in investing, monitoring, and advising companies as a venture capitalist, his substantial financial expertise, as well as the deep understanding of our business acquired in his 32 years of service as a Director. Mr. Kelleher has been President of the Corporation’s Brick Business Unit since 2006. In April 2016, he announced his intention to retire as an employee of the Corporation, effective December 31, 2016, after 23 years of service. Mr. Kelleher will continue to serve as a Director following his retirement as an employee. Mr. Kelleher previously served as Senior Vice President, Global Operations, and General Manager of the Corporation’s Brick Business Unit (from 2005 to 2006), Senior Vice President, Global Operations (from 1999 to 2005), and Senior Vice President, International Operations (from 1993 to 1999). From 1981 until joining the Corporation in 1993, Mr. Kelleher was employed by Computer Products Inc., a manufacturer of power conversion products, where he held the position of Corporate Vice President and President of the Power Conversion Group. He received B.Eng. and M.B.A. degrees from University College Cork and University College Dublin, respectively. Mr. Kelleher’s qualifications to serve on our Board include his long-standing tenure as a senior executive in the power 4 Nominee Director Since Age Background and Qualifications Samuel J. Anderson . . . . . . . . . 59 2001 Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2007 conversion industry, his leadership role in the Corporation, and his considerable experience in power industry sales and operations management. Mr. Anderson has been the Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer of IceMOS Technology Corporation, a privately-held developer and manufacturer of specialized semiconductor substrates, as well as high voltage power switching devices utilizing its proprietary technology, since 2002. Mr. Anderson was the Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Great Wall Semiconductor Corporation (“GWS”), of which the Corporation was an owner of non-voting convertible preferred stock, from 2002 to September 2015, when GWS was acquired by Intersil Corporation. Previously, Mr. Anderson was Vice President of Corporate Business Development of ON Semiconductor Corporation, a supplier of semiconductors (from 1999 to 2001) and held various positions within the semiconductor operations of Motorola, Inc., the predecessor organization (from 1984 to 1999). Mr. Anderson also served, from 2001 to 2011, as non-executive Chairman of the Board of Directors of Advanced Analogic Technologies Inc., a supplier of power management semiconductors, when the company was acquired by Skyworks Solutions, Inc. Mr. Anderson holds numerous U.S. patents for semiconductor technologies. He received an M.S. in Microelectronics from Arizona State University, an M.S. in Physics from Queen’s University of Belfast, and a B.S. in Electronics from the University of Ulster. Mr. Anderson is qualified to serve on our Board given his acknowledged technical expertise, understanding of power conversion technologies, and his experience as an executive and director of other companies in the semiconductor and power management industries. Mr. Tuozzolo has been President of Picor Corporation, a subsidiary of the Corporation, since 2003. Previously, he had been Director of Integrated Circuit Engineering for the Corporation, from February 2003 to November 2003, and Manager of Integrated Circuit Design, from 2001 to February 2003. Before joining the Corporation in 2001, Mr. Tuozzolo was a Principal Design Engineer for SIPEX Corporation, from 1999 to 2001. Mr. Tuozzolo has authored nine U.S. patents in semiconductor design. He attended the University of Rome and holds B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Rhode Island. Mr. Tuozzolo is qualified to serve on our Board given his leadership role within the Corporation, his extensive experience in the semiconductor and power management industries, and his technical expertise regarding our products. 5 Nominee Director Since Age James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2008 Jason L. Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2008 Background and Qualifications Mr. Simms has been our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Corporate Secretary since 2008. In February 2016, Mr. Simms was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of VLT, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Corporation that owns a majority of the Corporation’s patents. From 2007 until 2008, he was a Managing Director of Needham & Company, LLC, an investment banking and asset management firm. Previously, he had served as a Managing Director with the investment banking firm of Janney Montgomery Scott LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company (from 2004 to 2007) and as a Managing Director of the investment banking firm of Adams, Harkness & Hill, Inc. (from 1997 to 2004). Mr. Simms served as a member of the Board of Directors of PAR Technology Corporation (from 2001 to 2014), a publicly-held provider of information technology solutions in the hospitality and specialty retail industries and a provider of advanced technology systems and support services to the United States military and other governmental agencies. Mr. Simms received a B.A. from the University of Virginia and an M.B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School. Mr. Simms is qualified to serve on our Board given his prior career in investment banking, his familiarity with corporate finance and securities markets, his expertise with complex financial and regulatory matters, and his experience as a director of other companies. Since June 2015, Mr. Carlson has been the Chief Executive Officer of congatec AG, a technology and service provider for embedded computing solutions. Previously, Mr. Carlson was President and Chief Executive Officer, as well as a member of the Board of Directors, of QD Vision, Inc., a privately-held developer of nanomaterial-based solutions for advanced display and lighting applications, from 2010 to May 2015. From 2010 to 2011, Mr. Carlson also served as a member of the Board of Directors of Advanced Analogic Technologies, Inc., a publicly-traded developer of power management semiconductors, which was acquired by Skyworks Solutions, Inc. in January 2012. From 2006 until joining QD Vision in 2010, he was President and Chief Executive Officer of Emo Labs, Inc., a privately-held developer of innovative audio speaker technology. From 2002 to 2005, Mr. Carlson was President and Chief Executive Officer of Semtech Corporation, a publicly-traded vendor of analog and mixed- signal semiconductors, with an emphasis on power management applications. From 1999 to 2002, he was Vice President & General Manager for the Crystal Product Division and the Consumer Products & Data Acquisition Division of Cirrus Logic, Inc. a publicly-traded vendor of analog and mixed-signal semiconductors for consumer and industrial 6 Nominee Director Since Age Background and Qualifications Liam K. Griffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2009 H. Allen Henderson . . . . . . . . . 68 2014 applications. Mr. Carlson joined Cirrus Logic in 1999 when that company acquired AudioLogic, Inc., of which he had been Chief Executive Officer. He began his career as a founder of ReSound Corporation, a pioneering developer of digital hearing aids, which completed its initial public offering in 1993. Mr. Carlson’s qualifications to serve on our Board include his experience as both a public company executive and as an entrepreneur, his experience as a director of other companies, his understanding of the evolution of technical innovation in the semiconductor and power conversion industries, and his financial expertise. Mr. Carlson has served as Chairman of the Audit Committee of the Board since joining the Board in 2008. Mr. Griffin has been President for Skyworks Solutions, Inc., a designer, manufacturer and marketer of performance analog and mixed signal semiconductors since May 2014. Previously, Mr. Griffin served as Executive Vice President and Corporate General Manager, from 2012 to 2014, Executive Vice President and General Manager, High Performance Analog, from 2011 to 2012, and Senior Vice President, Sales and Marketing, from 2001 to 2010, for Skyworks Solutions and its predecessor, Alpha Industries, Inc. Earlier, he was employed by Vectron International, a division of Dover Corporation, as Vice President of Worldwide Sales from 1997 to 2001, and as Vice President of North American Sales from 1995 to 1997. His prior experience also included positions in marketing and engineering with units of AT&T Inc. Mr. Griffin received B.S. and M.B.A. degrees from the University of Massachusetts and Boston University, respectively. Mr. Griffin’s qualifications to serve on our Board of Directors include his experience in building and managing sales and marketing organizations in technology-driven, global organizations. Mr. Henderson retired from the Corporation in February 2016, having served in various leadership roles since joining the Corporation in 1985. He served as a Corporate Vice President since 1999 and was President of our Westcor Division from 1999 to until its closure in 2014. Mr. Henderson has also served, from 2000 until his retirement, as President and Chief Executive Officer of VLT, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Corporation that owns a majority of the Corporation’s patents. Prior to joining the Corporation, Mr. Henderson was employed at Boschert, Inc., a manufacturer of power supplies, since 1984, serving as Director of Marketing. Mr. Henderson received a B.A.E.E. from Brown University and an M.B.A. from Duke University. 7 Nominee Director Since Age Background and Qualifications Mr. Henderson’s qualifications to serve on our Board include his long-standing leadership role within the Corporation, his extensive experience in the power conversion industry and knowledge of our products from his 31 years with the Corporation. The Board unanimously recommends a vote FOR fixing the number of Directors at 10 and the election of all of the Nominees. 8 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Status as a Controlled Company As of March 31, 2016, there were 27,037,328 shares of Common Stock and 11,758,218 shares of Class B Common Stock of the Corporation outstanding and entitled to vote. Our Common Stock is listed for trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ-GS”) and, as such, we are subject to the listing requirements set forth in the Marketplace Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (the “Nasdaq Rules”). The Corporation is a “controlled company” in accordance with the governance provisions of the Nasdaq Rules, because Dr. Vinciarelli, Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer, holds more than 50% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Accordingly, the Corporation relies on certain exemptions from corporate governance requirements available to us under the Nasdaq Rules for a controlled company. Dr. Vinciarelli owned, as of March 31, 2016, 9,828,272 shares of our Common Stock and 11,023,648 shares of our Class B Common Stock. Each share of Class B Common Stock, which entitles the holder thereof to 10 votes per share, is exchangeable on a one for one basis into a share of Common Stock, which entitles the holder thereof to one vote per share. As of March 31, 2016, Dr. Vinciarelli owned 35.9% of our Common Stock and 93.7% of our Class B Common Stock, which together represent 82.8% of total voting power, giving him effective control of our governance. Because of the Corporation’s status as a controlled company, we are not required to comply with listing standards requiring a majority of independent Directors on our Board, the determination of the compensation of our executive officers solely by independent Directors, and the recommendation of nominees for Director solely by independent Directors. Upon consideration of the independence criteria under the Nasdaq Rules, the Board has determined four of our 10 Directors (Messrs. Carlson, Eichten, Griffin and Riddiford) are independent as defined by the Nasdaq Rules. While we do rely on our exemption, as a controlled company, from the Nasdaq Rules requirement that our Board be comprised of a majority of independent Directors, Nasdaq Rules nevertheless require our Board to have an Audit Committee comprised of no fewer than three Directors, all of whom are independent. Nasdaq Rules further require all members of the Audit Committee have the ability to read and fully understand financial statements and at least one member of the Audit Committee possess financial sophistication (i.e., qualify to be identified as a “Audit Committee Financial Expert” under Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002). Messrs. Carlson, Eichten, Griffin and Riddiford each serve on the Audit Committee, and the Board has determined each of the members of the Audit Committee are independent under Nasdaq’s Rules and Messrs. Carlson and Riddiford each qualify as Audit Committee Financial Experts under Section 407 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002. We rely on our exemption, as a controlled company, from the Nasdaq Rules requirement that the compensation of our executive officers, including Dr. Vinciarelli, our Chief Executive Officer, be determined solely by independent Directors. However, all four members of the Compensation Committee of the Board, Messrs. Carlson, Eichten, Griffin and Riddiford, are considered independent, and the Compensation Committee is solely responsible for the administration of the Corporation’s stock option plans, with authority delegated by the Board to approve all recommended stock option awards. We also rely on our exemption, as a controlled company, from the Nasdaq Rules requirement that the Board have a standing committee responsible for Director nominations and other governance matters. The Board believes it, as a whole, is in the best position to evaluate potential candidates for nomination as Director and, therefore, the full Board performs the function of such a committee. Finally, while we rely on the exemptions from certain Nasdaq Rules requirements described above, we are not exempt from the requirement that independent Directors have regularly scheduled meetings at which only 9 independent Directors are present. At each meeting of the Board, the independent Directors conduct such “executive sessions,” frequently with our outside counsel as an invited guest. In addition, at each meeting of the Audit Committee, which is comprised of the four independent Directors, the independent Directors conduct private meetings with representatives of our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP (“KPMG”). The Board and Its Committees Our Board, which currently consists of the 10 Nominees, has two standing committees: the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee. The Board held four in-person meetings and acted by written consent in lieu of meetings on ten occasions during 2015. Each of the Directors attended 75% or more of the total number of meetings of the Board and meetings of the committees thereof on which each such Director serves. Directors are expected to attend each year’s Annual Meeting in person unless doing so is impracticable due to unavoidable conflicts. All of the Directors, except Mr. Carlson, attended the 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Information regarding the functions performed by the Audit Committee is set forth in the section of this Proxy Statement entitled “Report of the Audit Committee.” The Audit Committee is governed by a written charter, approved by the Board on February 3, 2007, and reviewed each year. As stated above, the Board has determined all four members of the Audit Committee are independent under the applicable Nasdaq Rules and Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regulations. The Board also has determined that Messrs. Carlson and Riddiford meet the definition of “Audit Committee Financial Expert” as defined by Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K. The Audit Committee charter is posted on the Corporation’s website, www.vicorpower.com, under the heading “About Vicor” and the subheading “Corporate Governance.” The Audit Committee held five meetings during 2015. The Compensation Committee is responsible for approving, based on the recommendation of Dr. Vinciarelli, the compensation for the executive officers of the Corporation, approving all grants of stock options by the Corporation and its subsidiaries, and administering the Corporation’s stock option plans pursuant to authority delegated to it by the Board. The Compensation Committee is governed by a written charter, approved by the Board on October 18, 2013, and subject to review each year. The Compensation Committee held three meetings during 2015 and acted by written consent in lieu of meeting on 24 occasions to approve stock option awards granted during 2015. The Compensation Committee charter is posted on the Corporation’s website, www.vicorpower.com, under the heading “About Vicor” and the subheading “Corporate Governance”. Board Leadership and Role in Risk Management Given the Corporation’s status as a controlled company and Dr. Vinciarelli’s leadership of the Corporation since its founding, he fulfills both the roles of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. As Chairman of the Board, Dr. Vinciarelli presides over meetings of the Board and, in collaboration with Mr. Simms, in his capacity as Corporate Secretary, establishes an agenda for each meeting. The Board does not have a lead independent Director. As Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Vinciarelli is responsible for setting the strategic direction of the Corporation, the leadership of the organization, and the operational and financial performance of the Corporation. Under Dr. Vinciarelli’s leadership, the Board provides the highest level of direction and authority for the Corporation. The Board advises and oversees executive management, which, under Dr. Vinciarelli’s leadership, is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the Corporation’s affairs. The Board reviews, assesses, and directs our long-term strategic plans and provides oversight and guidance on all matters influencing the Corporation’s well-being. 10 The Board has an active role, as a whole and also at the committee level, in overseeing identification, analysis, and management of the Corporation’s risks. The Board regularly reviews information regarding the Corporation’s strategy, operations, financial performance and position, and legal and regulatory affairs, addressing the risks associated with each. Messrs. Kelleher, Simms, and Tuozzolo, in their capacities as President of the Brick Business Unit, Chief Financial Officer, and President of Picor Corporation, respectively, provide first-hand information and insight to the Board regarding all enterprise risks. Mr. Anderson, as the former Chief Executive Officer of an important supplier to the Corporation, provides valuable external perspectives on a range of challenges facing the Corporation, including evolving technology and intensifying competition. The independent Directors, given their breadth of experience and expertise, as well as their governance responsibilities as the sole members of the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee, contribute to an ongoing assessment of the integrity of our financial reporting processes and systems and the appropriateness and effectiveness of our compensation programs. While the Board is ultimately responsible for the Corporation’s risk management, the Audit Committee, comprised of independent Directors, plays a primary and important role in assisting the Board in overseeing such responsibilities, with particular focus, as mandated by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, on the integrity and effectiveness of the Corporation’s financial reporting processes. The Audit Committee reviews our guidelines and policies on management of enterprise risks, including assessment and management of the Corporation’s major financial exposures and management’s monitoring and control of such exposures. At each meeting of the Audit Committee, members of management, led by Mr. Simms, in his capacity as Chief Financial Officer, present information addressing issues related to risk identification, analysis, and mitigation. Also at each meeting of the Audit Committee, the committee members meet privately with representatives of our independent auditors, KPMG. In addition to the risk oversight role undertaken by the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee assists the Board in overseeing the Corporation’s compensation policies and practices as they relate to the Corporation’s risk management and risk-taking incentives. The Compensation Committee has determined the compensation policies and practices for the Corporation’s employees are not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on the Corporation, as the incentives of the Corporation’s compensation programs are believed to be aligned with our strategic, operational, and financial goals and the interest of our Stockholders. Director Nomination Process As indicated above, the full Board performs the Director nomination function for the Corporation. The Board does not have a charter governing the Director nomination process, although it has established Director nomination procedures setting forth the process for identifying and evaluating Director nominees. The Corporation’s By-Laws require that our Stockholders approve the number of Directors for the coming year at each Annual Meeting of Stockholders, although the By-Laws also allow the Board to reduce the number of Directors in the event of a vacancy on the Board and to increase the number of Directors at any time by majority vote of the Directors then serving. Board Membership Criteria — At a minimum, the Board must be satisfied each candidate for nomination has high personal and professional integrity, has demonstrated exceptional ability and judgment, and is expected, in the judgment of the Board, to be highly effective, in collaboration with the other nominees to the Board, in collectively serving the interests of the Corporation and our Stockholders. In addition to the minimum qualifications set forth above, the Board seeks to select for nomination persons possessing relevant industry or technical experience and, in order to comply with the Nasdaq Rules regarding independence of Audit Committee members is maintained, persons meeting the independence requirements of the Nasdaq Rules and SEC regulations. Identifying and Evaluating Nominees — The Board may solicit recommendations from any sources it deems appropriate. The Board will evaluate all candidates for nomination in the same manner, evaluating the qualifications of any recommended candidate and conducting inquiries it deems appropriate, without discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, disability, or any other basis. In 11 identifying and evaluating candidates for nomination, the Board may consider, in addition to the minimum professional qualifications discussed above and other criteria for Board membership approved by the Board from time to time, all facts and circumstances it deems appropriate or advisable, including, among other things, the breadth of experience, geographic representation, and backgrounds of other nominees. Based on these considerations, the Board may nominate a candidate it believes will, together with the other nominees, best serve the interests of the Corporation and our Stockholders. Stockholder Recommendations — The Board’s policy is to review and consider, in accordance with the procedures described above, any candidates for nomination recommended by Stockholders entitled to vote for the election of Directors. All Stockholder recommendations of candidates for nomination must be submitted to our Corporate Secretary, Mr. Simms, at the address of the Corporation set forth above. All Stockholder recommendations for Director candidates must include the following information: • the name and address of record of the Stockholder; • a representation that the Stockholder is a record holder of shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote in the election of Directors, or if the Stockholder is not a record holder, evidence of ownership in accordance with Rule 14a-8(b)(2) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”); • the name, age, business and residential address, educational background, current principal occupation or employment, and principal occupation or employment for the preceding five full fiscal years of the candidate for nomination; • a description of the qualifications and background of the candidate for nomination that addresses the minimum qualifications and other criteria for Board membership approved by the Board from time to time; • a description of all arrangements or understandings between the Stockholder and the candidate for nomination; • the written consent of the candidate for nomination (a) to be named in the proxy statement relating to the Corporation’s next annual meeting and (b) to serve as a Director if elected at such annual meeting; and • any other information regarding the candidate for nomination required to be included in a proxy statement filed pursuant to the rules of the SEC. Any stockholder seeking to present a Director nomination at an annual meeting must comply with the notice procedures in our By-Laws as described herein under “Stockholder Proposals.” Communications with the Board If a Stockholder wishes to communicate with any Director or the Board as a whole, he or she may do so by addressing such communications to:[Name(s) of Director(s)/Board of Directors of Vicor Corporation], c/o James A. Simms, Corporate Secretary, Vicor Corporation, 25 Frontage Road, Andover, MA 01810. All correspondence should be sent via certified U.S. mail, return receipt requested. All correspondence received will be forwarded promptly to the addressee(s). Code of Business Conduct The Corporation has established and adopted a Code of Business Conduct. This Code of Business Conduct is posted on the Corporation’s website, www.vicorpower.com, under the heading “About Vicor” and the subheading “Corporate Governance”. 12 Executive Officers Executive officers of the Corporation (designated as our “corporate officers” in accordance with our By- Laws) are appointed annually by the Board and hold office until the first meeting of the Board following the next annual meeting of Stockholders and until their successors are elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, resignation, or removal. The following persons are the Corporation’s executive officers: Patrizio Vinciarelli, Ph.D., 69, Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Vinciarelli’s background and experience is contained in the section of the Proxy Statement entitled “Information Regarding Nominees.” Sean Crilly, 58, Corporate Vice President, Engineering, Power Systems since June 2015. From December 2012 to May 2015, Mr. Crilly served as Vice President, Engineering, VI Chip. From 2006 to 2012, Mr. Crilly held the position of Director of Sustaining Engineering, and, from 2000 to 2006, the position of Manager, Test Engineering. Previously, Mr. Crilly held the positions of Project Manager, from 1996 to 2000, and Senior Test Engineer, from 1993 to 1996. Prior to joining the Corporation in 1993, Mr. Crilly was Vice President of Applications Engineering at Intepro Systems, specializing in power electronics test equipment. Earlier, he was employed in engineering roles at Schaffner and Nixdorf Computer. Mr. Crilly received a B.Eng. in Electronics from the Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland. Philip D. Davies, 56, Corporate Vice President, Global Sales and Marketing, since February 2011. Prior to joining the Corporation, Mr. Davies was employed by the Solid State Light Engine business unit of OSRAM Sylvania as Business Creation Team Leader from September 2010 to February 2011. From 2006 to 2010, Mr. Davies held the position of Vice President, Sales and Marketing, with NoblePeak Vision Corporation, a developer of night vision camera cores. From 1995 to 2006, Mr. Davies served in various positions with Analog Devices, Inc., a manufacturer of high-performance analog, mixed signal and digital signal processing integrated circuits, most recently as Director of World Wide Business Development. From 1987 to 1995, Mr. Davies served in a number of positions with Allegro MicroSystems, Inc., a manufacturer of high-performance power and Hall- effect sensor integrated circuits, most recently as Vice President, Engineering. Mr. Davies received a B.S.E.E. and a Masters degree in Power Electronics from the University of Glamorgan. Nancy L. Grava, 45, Corporate Vice President, Human Resources, since July 2015. From 2009 to June 2015, Ms. Grava held the position of Director, Human Resources. From 2002 to 2009, Ms. Grava held the position of Senior Manager, Compensation and Benefits and, from 1999 to 2002, the position of Manager, Compensation and Benefits. Previously, Ms. Grava held various other positions within Human Resources since joining the Corporation in 1993. Ms. Grava received a B.A. from the Massachusetts School of Liberal Arts and an M.B.A. from Bentley University. Alex Gusinov, 52, Corporate Vice President, Engineering, Power Components since June 2015. From 2006 to 2015, Mr. Gusinov served as Vice President of Design Engineering for Picor Corporation. He joined Picor in 2004 as Director of IC Design. Prior to joining Picor, Mr. Gusinov was employed by SIPEX Corporation from 1996 to 2004, most recently as Vice President of Design Engineering, Power Management. From 1986 to 1996, he was employed by Analog Devices, Inc., developing integrated circuits for telecom, fiber optics, video, and related applications. Mr. Gusinov received a B.S.E.E. from Boston University and an M.S. in Engineering Management from Gordon Institute of Tufts University. Joseph A. Jeffery, Jr., 65, Corporate Vice President and Chief Information Officer since September 2015. From 2009 to 2015, Mr. Jeffery served as Vice President, Applications Development. From 1999 to 2009, Mr. Jeffery held the position of Director of Manufacturing Systems. Prior to joining the Corporation, Mr. Jeffery was employed for 27 years by M/A-COM Technology Solutions, serving in a variety of technical and management positions in their microwave, millimeter wave semiconductor, and IC business units. Mr. Jeffery received an Associate’s degree (EEE) from the Wentworth Institute of Technology. 13 Barry Kelleher, 67, Corporate Vice President and President of the Corporation’s Brick Business Unit. In April 2016, Mr. Kelleher announced his intention to retire as an employee of the Corporation, effective December 31, 2016. Mr. Kelleher will continue to be an employee of the Company until that date, providing a range of services associated with the transition of his operational responsibilities to Mr. McNamara. Mr. Kelleher’s background and experience is contained in the section of the Proxy Statement entitled “Information Regarding Nominees.” Michael S. McNamara, 55, Corporate Vice President, General Manager, Operations, since June 2015. Mr. McNamara held the positions of Corporate Vice President, Quality and Technical Operations, from May 2011 to May 2015, Vice President, Quality and Technical Operation of the Corporation’s Brick Business Unit from 2008 to April 2011, Vice President, Quality of the Corporation’s Brick Business Unit from 2006 to 2008, Senior Director of Quality from 2001 to 2008, Manager of Quality, Data and Analysis from 1999 to 2001 and Senior Quality Engineer from 1995 to 1999. Prior to joining the Corporation in 1995, Mr. McNamara was employed by Alpha Industries Inc., the predecessor to Skyworks Solutions, Inc. Mr. McNamara received a B.S. in Industrial Technology from the University of Lowell. Richard J. Nagel, Jr., 59, Corporate Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer, since May 2006. From December 2007 to April 2008, Mr. Nagel also held the position of Interim Chief Financial Officer. From 2005 to 2006, Mr. Nagel held the position of Senior Director, Corporate Controller, and, from 1996 to 2005, Director, Corporate Controller. Prior to joining the Corporation in 1996, Mr. Nagel was employed by Ernst & Young LLP, an international public accounting firm, serving in a variety of positions from 1982 to 1996, most recently as Senior Manager. Mr. Nagel received a B.A. from Amherst College and an M.B.A. from the University of Rochester. James A. Simms, 56, Corporate Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Corporate Secretary. Mr. Simms’ background and experience is contained in the section of the Proxy Statement entitled “Information Regarding Nominees.” Claudio Tuozzolo, 53, Corporate Vice President and President of Picor Corporation, a subsidiary of the Corporation. Mr. Tuozzolo’s background and experience is contained in the section of the Proxy Statement entitled “Information Regarding Nominees.” PRINCIPAL AND MANAGEMENT STOCKHOLDERS The following table sets forth the beneficial ownership of the Corporation’s Common Stock and Class B Common Stock held by (1) each person or entity known to the Corporation to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent of the outstanding shares of either class of the Corporation’s common stock, (2) each Director and Nominee, (3) each executive officer of the Corporation, and (4) all Directors and executive officers as a group, in each case based on representations of the Directors and executive officers as of March 31, 2016, and a review of filings on Schedules 13D and 13G under the Exchange Act. Except as otherwise specified, the named beneficial owner has sole voting and investment power over the shares set forth opposite such beneficial owner’s name. The information in the table reflects shares outstanding of each of the two classes of common stock on March 31, 2016, and does not, except as otherwise indicated below, take into account conversions after such date, if any, of shares of Class B Common Stock into Common Stock, which, if they were to occur, would increase the voting control of persons who retain shares of Class B Common Stock. The percentages shown have been determined as of March 31, 2016, in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, and are based on a total of 38,795,546 shares of common stock that were outstanding on such date, of which 27,037,328 were shares of Common Stock, entitled to one vote per share, and 11,758,218 were shares of Class B Common Stock, entitled to 10 votes per share. Each share of Class B Common Stock is convertible into one share of Common Stock at any time upon the election of the holder thereof. 14 Pursuant to the provisions of our certificate of incorporation, shares of Class B Common Stock are transferrable only under the limited circumstances set forth therein and generally must be converted into shares of Common Stock in order to be sold. Such conversion may be effected by the delivery of the certificate(s) representing shares of Class B Common Stock, accompanied by a written notice of the election by the record holder thereof to convert, to either Mr. Simms, in his capacity as Corporate Secretary, c/o Vicor Corporation, 25 Frontage Road, Andover, MA 01810, or to the then-current transfer agent for our Common Stock. Any transfer of shares of Class B Common Stock not permitted under the provisions of our certificate of incorporation will result in the automatic conversion of those shares of Class B Common Stock into an equal number of shares of Common Stock. Total Number of Shares Beneficially Owned(2)(3) Percent of Common Stock Beneficially Owned Percent of Class B Common Stock Beneficially Owned Percent of Voting Power Name of Beneficial Owner(1) Patrizio Vinciarelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estia J. Eichten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David T. Riddiford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philip D. Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael S. McNamara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liam K. Griffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jason L. Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Allen Henderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Samuel J. Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard J. Nagel, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph A. Jeffery, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sean Crilly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alex Gusinov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nancy L. Grava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Directors and executive officers 20,851,920(4) 1,150,975(5) 108,040 108,023(6) 65,852 53,649 24,000 22,761 21,051 13,761 10,807 8,490 6,500 5,568 5,180 4,200 2,620 35.9% 1.7% * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 38.9% as a group (17 persons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,463,397 Ashford Capital Management, Inc.(7) One Walker’s Mill Road Wilmington, DE 19807 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BlackRock, Inc.(8) 55 East 52nd Street New York, NY 10055 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * Less than 1% 1,714,761 6.3% 1,679,115 6.1% 93.7% 5.9% * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 82.8% 5.1% * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 99.6% 88.1% * * 1.2% 1.2% (1) The address for each of the beneficial owners named in the table, but not specified therein, is: c/o Vicor Corporation, 25 Frontage Road, Andover, MA 01810. 15 (2) Includes shares issuable upon the exercise of options to purchase Common Stock that are exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of March 31, 2016, in the following amounts: Name of Beneficial Owner Philip D. Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael S. McNamara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liam K. Griffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jason L. Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estia J. Eichten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David T. Riddiford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. Allen Henderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard J. Nagel, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sean Crilly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joseph A. Jeffery, Jr. Nancy L. Grava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Samuel J. Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shares 65,852 63,040 51,392 24,000 22,761 21,051 13,761 11,051 11,051 10,588 6,500 5,080 5,020 2,620 1,243 (3) The calculation of the total number of shares beneficially owned includes 11,023,648 shares of Class B Common Stock owned by Dr. Vinciarelli and 690,700 shares of Class B Common Stock owned by Dr. Eichten. No other executive officer or Director owns shares of Class B Common Stock. (4) (5) Includes 69,379 shares of Common Stock held by the Patrizio Vinciarelli Irrevocable Trust U/A, of which Dr. Vinciarelli is a trustee. Includes 8,750 shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by Dr. Eichten’s spouse. In addition, includes 48,145 shares of Common Stock held by the Belle S. Feinberg Memorial Trust, of which Dr. Eichten is a trustee. (6) Includes 4,500 shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by Mr. Riddiford’s spouse. (7) (8) Information reported is based upon a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 12, 2016, reflecting holdings as of December 31, 2015. All shares are held by Ashford Capital Management, Inc., which holds sole voting power and sole dispositive power with regard to 1,714,761 shares. Information reported is based upon a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on January 27, 2016, reflecting holdings as of December 31, 2015. All shares are held by BlackRock, Inc., which holds sole voting power with regard to 1,652,719 shares and sole dispositive power with regard to 1,679,115 shares. COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Philosophy The primary objective of the Corporation’s compensation programs is to attract, motivate, and retain highly qualified and productive employees using a combination of cash and equity based rewards intended to motivate and reward superior performance. Salaries and, in appropriate circumstances, cash bonuses encourage effective performance relative to current plans and objectives, while stock options may be utilized to attract new employees, reward outstanding performers, promote longer-term focus, and more closely align the interests of employees with those of Stockholders. 16 2014 Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation At the Corporation’s annual meeting of Stockholders held on June 20, 2014, Stockholders approved, on an advisory basis, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in our proxy statement for that annual meeting (a “Say on Pay” vote). The Compensation Committee believes this affirms Stockholders’ support of the Corporation’s approach to executive compensation and, therefore, did not change its approach during 2015. At the 2011 annual meeting of Stockholders, Stockholders cast an advisory vote on the frequency of future Say on Pay votes. The frequency receiving the highest number of votes was every three years, and, in accordance with the outcome of that advisory vote, our Board decided to hold a Say on Pay advisory vote every three years. Accordingly, our Board will next hold a Say on Pay advisory vote at the 2017 Annual Meeting. Overview of Executive Compensation Dr. Vinciarelli, with input from Ms. Grava, our Corporate Vice President, Human Resources, makes periodic recommendations to the Compensation Committee with respect to the compensation of executives and other employees in leadership positions. The Compensation Committee approves the annual salary of Dr. Vinciarelli. Potential elements of compensation for our executive officers include: a base salary, cash bonuses, stock option awards, subsidized participation in group health, disability, and life insurance, cash contributions to a 401(k) tax-qualified retirement saving plan sponsored by the Corporation, and certain perquisites. All employees, including our Named Executive Officers, are employees-at-will and, as such, do not have employment contracts with the Corporation. Each component of compensation is described in the following table: Component Characteristics/Frequency Objective Base Salary Cash Bonus (Contingent) Salaries are established for a new hire based on the qualifications of the individual, the talents and skills sought for the position, and the comparable market level of salaries paid by position and/or geography. Salaries are reviewed and revised annually, based on the performance of the individual. Each year a target percentage for an organization-wide merit increase in salaries, based on the Corporation’s performance and an assessment of increases in the cost of living, is presented to Dr. Vinciarelli for approval. Certain senior sales and marketing personnel are eligible to participate in sales incentive programs, with cash bonuses paid based on achievement of various objectives. These programs generally are structured annually, with payments made quarterly. The Corporation does not have a policy regarding or a program involving discretionary cash bonuses for personnel outside of the sales or marketing functions. 17 We seek to attract and retain the best available individual talent. We structure salaries to provide a fixed amount of annual compensation reflecting (a) the individual’s performance, and (b) the performance of the Corporation and the business unit within which the individual is employed. We seek to provide short-term, tangible motivation for certain senior sales and marketing personnel to meet objectives, whether these objectives involve dollar volumes, market penetration, or other defined quantitative objectives. Component Characteristics/Frequency Objective Stock Option Awards (Contingent) Fringe Benefits Retirement Benefits Perquisites We generally award non-qualified stock options to a new employee upon hiring. Depending upon the business unit into which the individual is hired, we award stock options for the purchase of shares of Vicor Corporation, VI Chip Corporation, or Picor Corporation. Certain new hires have been awarded stock options granted by all three entities. From time to time, existing employees will be rewarded for superior performance through the award of stock options. The Corporation does not have a policy regarding or a program involving discretionary awards of stock options. We offer a package of fringe benefits to all employees, including all Named Executive Officers, and their dependents, portions of which are paid for, in whole or in part, by the employee. The benefits we offer include: life, health, dental, vision, and long-term care insurance; disability and workers’ compensation insurance; healthcare reimbursement accounts; tuition reimbursement; and paid time off. The Corporation sponsors a 401(k) tax- qualified retirement saving plan open to all employees. In any plan year, the Corporation will make a matching contribution equal to 50% of the first 3% of the participant’s compensation that has been contributed to the plan, up to a maximum matching contribution of $3,975. Participants received up to $3,975 in matching funds in 2015 from the Corporation. All Named Executive Officers, with the exception of Dr. Vinciarelli, participated in the 401(k) plan and received matching funds. The Corporation does not provide any nonqualified defined contribution plans, deferred compensation plans, retirement health insurance, or other post-employment benefits. Executive officers, including all Named Executive Officers, are eligible to participate in supplemental health, dental, and vision insurance, and receive a fixed cash automobile allowance, as well as reimbursement for fuel expenses. 18 We seek to motivate recipients to contribute to achieving longer-term performance goals, potentially contributing to an increase in the value of the shares underlying the stock option awards, thereby aligning economic interests of recipients with Stockholders. We seek to provide a competitive package of benefits addressing the health and welfare needs of employees, reflecting our overall compensation philosophy of attracting and retaining talented individuals. We seek to provide retirement benefits that are competitive with other companies of our size and industry focus, reflecting our overall compensation philosophy of attracting and retaining talented individuals. The limited perquisites we currently offer are intended to provide benefits to our executives comparable to those received by executives of other companies of our size and industry focus, or, as is the case with fuel reimbursement, to support business purposes. Stock Option Programs As described above, awards of stock options for the purchase of shares of Vicor Corporation, VI Chip Corporation, and Picor Corporation are a component of our executive compensation. We generally award non- qualified stock options to a new employee upon hiring. Depending upon the business unit into which the individual is hired, we award stock options for the purchase of shares of Vicor Corporation, VI Chip Corporation, or Picor Corporation. Certain new hires have been awarded stock options granted by all three entities. From time to time, existing employees will be rewarded for superior performance through the award of additional stock options. The Corporation does not have a policy regarding or a program involving discretionary awards of stock options. The Compensation Committee approves all stock option grants. We have no set formula for the discretionary award of options. During 2015, 2014, and 2013, options for the purchase of the Corporation’s Common Stock were awarded under the Vicor Corporation Amended and Restated 2000 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “Vicor 2000 Plan”). The exercise price of stock options for the purchase of the Corporation’s Common Stock is set at the closing price of a share of the Corporation’s Common Stock on NASDAQ-GS on the effective date of the grant. These option grants vest pro rata over five years and have a 10-year term. During 2015, 2014, and 2013, options for the purchase of VI Chip Corporation (“VI Chip”) common stock were awarded under the VI Chip Corporation 2007 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2007 VI Chip Plan”). These option grants vest pro rata over five years and have a 10-year term. On August 27, 2010, VI Chip awarded, also under the 2007 VI Chip Plan, 10-year term options with vesting tied to the achievement of certain financial performance goals. No further awards of such performance-based options have been made. All awards were reviewed and approved by the VI Chip Board of Directors and the Corporation’s Compensation Committee. VI Chip stock options are granted at a price not less than the fair value of a share of VI Chip common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the VI Chip Board of Directors and the Corporation’s Compensation Committee, consistent with the valuation procedural requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. During 2015, 2014, and 2013, options for the purchase of Picor Corporation (“Picor”) common stock were awarded under the Picor Corporation 2001 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2001 Picor Plan”). These option grants vest pro rata over five years and have a 10-year term. All option grants were reviewed and approved by the Picor Board of Directors and the Corporation’s Compensation Committee. Picor stock options are granted at a price not less than the fair value of a share of Picor common stock on the date of grant, as determined by the Picor Board of Directors and the Corporation’s Compensation Committee, consistent with the valuation procedural requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. On May 17, 2013, the Corporation commenced an offer (the “Exchange Offer”) to its employees and Directors to voluntarily exchange outstanding options to purchase shares of the Corporation’s Common Stock granted before January 1, 2013, whether or not vested, on a one-for-one basis, for replacement options to purchase shares of Common Stock. Outstanding options eligible for exchange included options with time-based vesting provisions as well as options with performance-based vesting provisions tied to the achievement of certain financial performance goals by our Brick Business Unit. Options for the purchase of shares of common stock of the Corporation’s subsidiaries, VI Chip and Picor, were not eligible for exchange. With the exception of Dr. Vinciarelli, who held no options to purchase shares of our Common Stock, all of the Corporation’s executive officers and Directors participated in the Exchange Offer. Because of a sustained and significant decline in the price of a share of our Common Stock through 2012 and into 2013, approximately 91% of outstanding options for the purchase of Common Stock, as of the date of the Exchange Offer, were out-of-the-money (i.e., the price at which an option could be exercised to purchase a 19 share of Common Stock was above the then current market value of such a share). In assessing the rationale of and merits of the Exchange Offer, the Board concluded outstanding options were no longer effective as incentives to retain and motivate employees. In structuring the Exchange Offer, the Board considered the interests and objectives of employee option holders and non-employee Stockholders, concluding the benefit to employee option holders of receiving stock options with a presumably lower exercise price and longer exercise period likewise would benefit all Stockholders by ensuring valuable employees were retained and provided proper incentives through the five-year vesting term of the new options. The objective of the Corporation’s stock option programs has been, and continues to be, to link the personal interests of award recipients to those of Stockholders, and the Board concluded the Exchange Offer was an important component in achieving that objective. The Exchange Offer expired on June 17, 2013, with 638 eligible employees and Directors participating, resulting in the grant of new options for the purchase of 1,531,077 shares of Common Stock, representing approximately 91% of options eligible for exchange under the Exchange Offer. The stock option award data for Named Executive Officers presented below in the table “Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal 2015” reflect the disproportionate impact of the Exchange Offer on 2013 compensation totals. During the fourth quarter of 2014, the Corporation cancelled certain stock options previously awarded to Messrs. Davies, Kelleher, and Simms in 2013 and awarded to those executives new stock options representing an equivalent value, as calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Subsequent to the 2013 awards, the Corporation determined those grants exceeded the limit on the number of stock options that may be granted to an individual in a year, according to the terms of the 2000 Plan. In connection with this action, recorded for financial reporting purposes as a modification of existing options, a total of 129,028 stock options awarded in 2013 (the “Original Grants”) were cancelled and a total of 150,355 new stock options were awarded (the “New Grants”) to each of the three executives, as follows: Named Executive Officer 2013 Cancelled Original Grants 2014 New Grants Philip D. Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,000 69,514 29,514 39,257 77,337 33,761 129,028 150,355 In accordance with the authoritative guidance for share-based compensation under the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718: Compensation — Stock Compensation, there was no incremental increase in fair value associated with the New Grants to Messrs. Davies, Kelleher, and Simms. 20 SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE FOR FISCAL 2015 Named Executive Officer(1) Year Salary(2) Bonus Option Awards(3) All Other Compensation(4) Patrizio Vinciarelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, and Corporate Secretary 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Philip D. Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 2013 Corporate Vice President, Global Sales and Marketing Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate Vice President and President, Brick Business Unit Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate Vice President and President of Picor Corporation 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 $390,142 390,142 390,142 $ — $ — — — — — $41,188 33,823 37,265 330,494 318,509 308,639 296,021 281,925 268,500 350,805 354,900 354,900 330,504 316,771 301,687 27,278 — — 26,690 — 238,773 — 30,000 — — — 346,743 27,278 — — 26,690 — 330,717 27,278 — — 26,690 — 106,702 33,680 35,228 33,446 28,677 23,479 18,585 41,774 39,224 39,613 29,119 24,198 25,643 Total $431,330 423,965 427,407 391,452 380,427 580,858 354,698 305,404 633,828 419,857 420,814 725,230 386,901 367,659 434,032 (1) As defined by Item 402 of Regulation S-K, “Named Executive Officers” are: (a) our principal executive officer or that executive acting in a similar capacity during the last completed fiscal year; (b) our principal financial officer or that executive acting in a similar capacity during the last completed fiscal year; (c) our three most highly compensated executives (other than the principal executive officer and principal financial officer) serving as executives at the end of the last completed fiscal year; and (d) up to two additional individuals for whom disclosure would have been provided pursuant to (c) herein but for the fact that the individual was not serving as an executive at the end of the last completed fiscal year. (2) The amounts shown reflect the actual salary amounts paid to the Named Executive Officers in each respective year. (3) The amounts shown reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of stock option awards in each year presented, including the aggregate grant date fair value of the replacement stock option awards in the Exchange Offer, as described above in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis section of this proxy statement under “Stock Option Programs.” These values have been determined under the principles used to calculate the grant date fair value of equity awards for purposes of the Corporation’s financial statements. These amounts do not correspond to the actual value that may be recognized by each Named Executive Officer. Refer to Note 3, “Stock-Based Compensation and Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed on March 8, 2016, for the relevant assumptions used to determine the valuation of the Corporation’s option awards and additional information regarding the Exchange Offer. The amounts reported under “Option Awards” shown for Messrs. Kelleher, Simms, and Tuozzolo, also include stock options granted as compensation for their service on the Corporation’s Board. During the fourth quarter of 2014, the Corporation cancelled certain stock options previously awarded to Messrs. Davies, Kelleher, and Simms in 2013 and awarded to those executives new stock options representing an equivalent value, as calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Original Grants and the New Grants made to Messrs. Davis, Kelleher, and Simms are further described in the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” section of this Proxy Statement under the heading “Stock Option Programs.” In accordance with the authoritative guidance for share-based compensation under the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718: Compensation — Stock Compensation, there was no incremental increase in fair value associated with the New Grants to Messrs. Davies, Kelleher, and Simms and therefore no value is included under “Option Awards” with respect to the New Grants in 2014. 21 (4) “All Other Compensation” amounts include car allowance, fuel allowance, supplemental health, dental and vision insurance, the taxable portion of life insurance benefits, and the Corporation’s matching 401(k) plan contribution for each Named Executive Officer shown. Dr. Vinciarelli’s car allowance is $10,800. Stock Option Plan Information The following table sets forth certain aggregated information for the Corporation as of December 31, 2015 (the end of the most recently completed fiscal year), regarding equity securities underlying stock option awards made under the Vicor 2000 Plan, the 2007 VI Chip Plan, and the 2001 Picor Plan. All equity compensation plans of the Corporation have been approved by Stockholders. Stock options issued under the Vicor 2000 Plan, the 2007 VI Chip Plan, and the 2001 Picor Plan carry a change in control provision that automatically accelerates vesting and makes unvested options fully exercisable upon a change of control, as defined in the applicable plan. Number of Shares to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Stock Options Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Stock Options Number of Shares Remaining Available for Issuance under Stock Option Plans Vicor 2000 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 VI Chip Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 Picor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,848,067 10,097,500 9,725,067 $8.57 1.00 0.62 988,520 1,895,900 8,143,973 GRANTS OF PLAN-BASED AWARDS FOR FISCAL 2015 The following table presents the Corporation’s grants of plan-based awards to Named Executive Officers during 2015. All grants to Named Executive Officers during 2015 were under the Vicor 2000 Plan as follows: Vicor 2000 Plan Named Executive Officer Number of Shares Underlying Option Award Grant Date(1) Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 3,726 3,726 3,726 Exercise Price per Share of Option Award $13.42 $13.42 $13.42 Grant Date Fair Value of Option Award(2) $27,278 $27,278 $27,278 (1) The three awards shown were associated with the annual award to Directors, excluding Dr. Vinciarelli, of non-qualified stock options as compensation for service on the Corporation’s Board of Directors. (2) Refer to Note 3, “Stock-Based Compensation and Employee Benefit Plans,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed on March 8, 2016, for the relevant assumptions used to determine the valuation of option awards. For the three awards shown, the formula used to calculate the number of stock options annually awarded to Directors, excluding Dr. Vinciarelli, is $50,000 divided by the closing price of a share of Common Stock as reported on the NASDAQ-GS on the day of the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Accordingly, on June 19, 2015, the three Named Executive Officers who also serve as Directors were awarded non-qualified stock options to purchase up to 3,726 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $13.42 per share. 22 OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR-END 2015 The following tables present the outstanding equity awards at December 31, 2015 held by our Named Executive Officers under the Vicor 2000 Plan, the 2007 VI Chip Plan and the 2001 Picor Plan as follows: Vicor 2000 Plan Named Executive Officer Philip A. Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Shares Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable(1) Number of Shares Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable(1)(2) Option Exercise Price per Share 12,000 40,000 7,852 5,000 7,140 17,541 1,243 15,468 — 10,000 28,280 10,000 — 1,764 1,243 6,753 — 5,000 6,280 3,528 1,243 — 18,000 30,000 31,405 15,000 21,415 — 4,969 61,869 3,726 15,000 27,415 — 7,541 — 4,969 27,008 3,726 15,000 9,415 5,291 4,969 3,726 $ 5.35 6.29 11.42 5.35 6.29 7.34 8.05 11.42 13.42 5.35 6.29 7.34 8.38 5.67 8.05 11.42 13.42 5.35 6.29 5.67 8.05 13.42 Option Expiration Date 5/14/2023 6/17/2023 10/23/2024 5/14/2023 6/17/2023 6/17/2023 6/20/2024 10/23/2024 6/19/2025 5/14/2023 6/17/2023 6/17/2023 6/17/2023 6/21/2023 6/20/2024 10/23/2024 6/19/2025 5/14/2023 6/17/2023 6/21/2023 6/20/2024 6/19/2025 (1) Generally, stock options with time-based vesting provisions awarded under the Vicor 2000 Plan become exercisable in five equal annual installments, beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant. (2) The unexercisable option vesting schedule under the Vicor 2000 Plan as of December 31, 2015, is as follows: Named Executive Officer Grant Date Underlying Shares Vesting Date Philip D. Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5/14/2013 5/14/2013 5/14/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 6,000 6,000 6,000 20,000 10,000 7,852 7,851 7,851 7,851 5/14/2016 5/14/2017 5/14/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 10/23/2016 10/23/2017 10/23/2018 10/23/2019 23 Named Executive Officer Grant Date Underlying Shares Vesting Date Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5/14/2013 5/14/2013 5/14/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 5/14/2013 5/14/2013 5/14/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 10/23/2014 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 24 5,000 5,000 5,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 855 855 854 639 639 639 1,645 1,645 1,644 1,243 1,242 1,242 1,242 15,468 15,467 15,467 15,467 746 745 745 745 745 5,000 5,000 5,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 855 855 854 639 639 639 1,645 1,645 1,644 7,541 1,243 1,242 1,242 1,242 6,752 6,752 6,752 6,752 746 745 745 745 745 5/14/2016 5/14/2017 5/14/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/20/2016 6/20/2017 6/20/2018 6/20/2019 10/23/2016 10/23/2017 10/23/2018 10/23/2019 6/19/2016 6/19/2017 6/19/2018 6/19/2019 6/19/2020 5/14/2016 5/14/2017 5/14/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/20/2016 6/20/2017 6/20/2018 6/20/2019 10/23/2016 10/23/2017 10/23/2018 10/23/2019 6/19/2016 6/19/2017 6/19/2018 6/19/2019 6/19/2020 Named Executive Officer Grant Date Underlying Shares Vesting Date Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5/14/2013 5/14/2013 5/14/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/17/2013 6/21/2013 6/21/2013 6/21/2013 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 6/20/2014 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 6/19/2015 5,000 5,000 5,000 855 855 854 1,645 1,645 1,644 639 639 639 1,764 1,764 1,763 1,243 1,242 1,242 1,242 746 745 745 745 745 5/14/2016 5/14/2017 5/14/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/17/2016 6/17/2017 6/17/2018 6/21/2016 6/21/2017 6/21/2018 6/20/2016 6/20/2017 6/20/2018 6/20/2019 6/19/2016 6/19/2017 6/19/2018 6/19/2019 6/19/2020 2007 VI Chip Plan Named Executive Officer Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patrizio Vinciarelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of Shares Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable(1) 50,000 100,000 4,000,000 — Number of Shares Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable(1)(2) — — — 1,500,000 Option Exercise Price per Share $1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Option Expiration Date 5/14/2017 12/31/2020 6/4/2017 12/31/2020 (1) Under the 2007 VI Chip Plan, Mr. Kelleher, Mr. Simms, and Dr. Vinciarelli have been awarded non- qualified stock options with time-based vesting provisions. Mr. Kelleher was awarded 50,000 such options in 2008, Mr. Simms was awarded 100,000 such options in 2010, and Dr. Vinciarelli was awarded 4,000,000 such options in 2007. Such options possess a 10-year term and became exercisable over five equal annual installments, beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant. (2) Under the 2007 VI Chip Plan, Dr. Vinciarelli, in 2010, was awarded 1,500,000 non-qualified stock options with vesting provisions tied to achievement of certain margin targets by VI Chip. Each quarter, management assesses the probability such margin targets will be achieved within the term of the options and records stock-based compensation expense related to such options based on this assessment. However, the margin targets have not been achieved and, accordingly, no such options have vested. 25 2001 Picor Plan Named Executive Officer Number of Shares Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable(1) Number of Shares Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable(1)(2) Option Exercise Price per Share Option Expiration Date James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,000 — $0.57 11/1/2020 Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 125,000 1,329,340 151,947 123,200 4,800 — — — 101,297 492,800 19,200 0.88 1.01 0.57 0.64 0.41 0.41 6/5/2016 6/12/2018 11/1/2020 6/18/2022 4/14/2024 9/10/2024 (1) Stock options awarded under the 2001 Picor Plan become exercisable in five equal annual installments beginning on the first anniversary of the date of grant. (2) The unexercisable option vesting schedule under the 2001 Picor Plan is as follows as of December 31, 2015: Named Executive Officer Grant Date Underlying Shares Vesting Date Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6/18/2012 6/18/2012 4/14/2014 4/14/2014 4/14/2014 4/14/2014 9/10/2014 9/10/2014 9/10/2014 9/10/2014 50,649 50,648 123,200 123,200 123,200 123,200 4,800 4,800 4,800 4,800 6/18/2016 6/18/2017 4/14/2016 4/14/2017 4/14/2018 4/14/2019 9/10/2016 9/10/2017 9/10/2018 9/10/2019 OPTIONS EXERCISES AND STOCK VESTED FOR FISCAL 2015 The following table presents option exercises by our Named Executive Officers during 2015. All options exercised by Named Executive Officers during 2015 were under the Vicor 2000 Plan as follows: 2000 Vicor Plan Named Executive Officer Number of Shares Acquired upon Exercise Value Realized upon Exercise(1) Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000 $38,459 (1) Represents the difference between the exercise price and the fair market value of the underlying Common Stock on the date of exercise. 26 POTENTIAL PAYMENTS UPON TERMINATION, UPON A CHANGE OF CONTROL, AND UPON TERMINATION FOLLOWING A CHANGE OF CONTROL As all of our employees are employees-at-will, no amounts become due or payable to any of our executives upon termination of employment, regardless of whether a change of control has occurred. However, each of the Vicor 2000 Plan, the 2007 VI Chip Plan, and the 2001 Picor Plan provides that all unvested options thereunder will become vested and exercisable as of a change of control, as defined in each of the plans. Accordingly, our Named Executive Officers would have received the amounts set forth below based on the vesting of their unvested options had a change of control of the Corporation occurred on December 31, 2015. All amounts below relate to unvested stock options under the Vicor 2000 Plan as the unvested outstanding awards under the 2007 VI Chip Plan and the 2001 Picor Plan were out-of-the-money on December 31, 2015. Vicor 2000 Plan Named Executive Officer Number of Unvested Options as of December 31, 2015(1) Intrinsic Value of Unvested Options as of December 31, 2015(2) Philip D. Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barry Kelleher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . James A. Simms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claudio Tuozzolo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,000 41,384 54,925 34,675 $152,760 122,471 145,032 106,765 (1) Information for the Vicor 2000 Plan excludes unvested options with exercise prices exceeding the market value of the Corporation’s stock as of December 31, 2015. (2) Calculated as the aggregate amount by which the fair market value as of December 31, 2015 of the shares underlying the unvested options (i.e., the product of the closing price of a share of Common Stock as reported on the NASDAQ-GS on that date, $9.12, and the number of unvested options) exceeded the aggregate exercise price of the unvested options as of that date. Overview of Director Compensation DIRECTORS’ COMPENSATION FOR FISCAL 2015 The level of compensation of non-employee Directors is reviewed on an annual basis by the Board as a whole. To determine the appropriateness of the current level of compensation for non-employee Directors, the Board reviews data from a number of different sources including publicly available data describing director compensation in peer companies. Non-employee Directors are compensated through a combination of cash payments and awards of options for the purchase of our Common Stock. Each non-employee Director receives a quarterly retainer of $7,500 for his or her services. Expenses incurred by non-employee Directors in attending Board meetings and meetings of the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee are reimbursed by the Corporation. Directors who are employees do not receive cash compensation for service on the Board. Additionally, each Director, other than any Director holding in excess of 10% of the total number of shares of the capital stock of the Corporation (i.e., Dr. Vinciarelli), receives an annual grant of non-qualified stock options following the Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the Vicor 2000 Plan. Currently, the formula to calculate the stock option award is $50,000 divided by the closing price of a share of Common Stock as reported on the NASDAQ-GS on the day of the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Accordingly, on June 19, 2015, each Director, other than Dr. Vinciarelli, was awarded non-qualified stock options to purchase up to 3,726 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $13.42 per share. Stock options granted to Directors as compensation for their service on the Board vest at a rate of 20% per year on each of five successive anniversaries of the date of award. 27 The table below reflects non-employee Director compensation for fiscal 2015: Non-Employee Director Samuel J. Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jason L. Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estia J. Eichten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liam K. Griffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David T. Riddiford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fees Earned or Paid in Cash $30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Option Awards(1) Total Compensation $27,278 27,278 27,278 27,278 27,278 $57,278 57,278 57,278 57,278 57,278 (1) These amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of stock option awards granted during 2015. For the five awards shown, the formula used to calculate the number of stock options annually awarded to Directors, excluding Dr. Vinciarelli, is $50,000 divided by the closing price of a share of Common Stock as reported on the NASDAQ-GS on the day of the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Accordingly, on June 19, 2015, the five non-employee Directors were awarded non-qualified stock options to purchase up to 3,726 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $13.42 per share. Refer to Note 3, “Stock-Based Compensation and Employee Benefit Plans”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed on March 8, 2016, for the relevant assumptions used to determine the valuation of option awards. (2) The aggregate grant date fair value and aggregate number of stock options awarded and outstanding as of December 31, 2015 was as follows: Name Samuel J. Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jason L. Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estia J. Eichten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liam K. Griffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David T. Riddiford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grant Date Fair Value of Stock Options $ 77,666 99,197 87,507 143,788 87,507 Number of Awards Outstanding 24,644 41,228 34,452 41,228 34,452 $495,665 176,004 The table below reflects employee Director compensation for fiscal 2015: Employee Director(1) Option Awards(2) Total Compensation H. Allen Henderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27,278 $27,278 (1) Dr. Vinciarelli has been omitted from this table, as he receives no compensation for serving on the Board. Messrs. Kelleher, Simms, and Tuozzolo have been omitted from this table because their stock option awards are included in the Summary Compensation Table. (2) These amounts reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of stock option awards granted during 2015. For the award shown, the formula used to calculate the number of stock options annually awarded to Directors, excluding Dr. Vinciarelli, is $50,000 divided by the closing price of a share of Common Stock as reported on the NASDAQ-GS on the day of the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Accordingly, on June 19, 2015, Mr. Henderson, an employee at the time of the award, was awarded non-qualified stock options to purchase up to 3,726 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $13.42 per share. Refer to Note 3, “Stock-Based Compensation and Employee Benefit Plans”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed on March 8, 2016, for the relevant assumptions used to determine the valuation of option awards. 28 (3) The aggregate grant date fair value and aggregate number of stock options awarded and outstanding as of December 31, 2015 was as follows: Name Grant Date Fair Value of Stock Options Number of Awards Outstanding H. Allen Henderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $98,450 31,665 29 REPORT OF THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE The Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”) required by Item 402(b) of Regulation S-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, with management. Based on the reviews and discussions referred to above, the Compensation Committee recommended to the Board that the CD&A be included in this Proxy Statement and be incorporated by reference into our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, for filing with the SEC and distribution to Stockholders. Submitted by the Compensation Committee: Jason L. Carlson, Chairman Estia J. Eichten Liam K. Griffin David T. Riddiford Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation Messrs. Carlson, Eichten, Griffin, and Riddiford serve on the Compensation Committee. Messrs. Carlson, Eichten, Griffin, and Riddiford are independent Directors, and the Board is not aware of any committee interlocks or other relationships that would require disclosure pursuant to Item 407(e)(4) of Regulation S-K. REPORT OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE The Audit Committee oversees the Corporation’s financial reporting process on behalf of the Board. Management has the primary responsibility for the financial statements and the reporting process including the systems of internal controls. In fulfilling its oversight responsibilities, the Audit Committee reviewed the audited financial statements in the Annual Report with management, including a discussion of the quality, not just the acceptability, of the accounting principles, the reasonableness of significant judgments, and the clarity of disclosures in the financial statements. The Audit Committee reviewed and discussed with our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG, which is responsible for expressing an opinion on the conformity of those audited financial statements with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, the quality, not just the acceptability, of the Corporation’s accounting principles and such other matters as are required to be discussed with the Audit Committee in accordance with standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) under Standard No. 16 “Communications with Audit Committees.” In addition, the Audit Committee has discussed with KPMG the auditors’ independence from management and the Corporation, including the matters in the written disclosures from the independent auditors required by applicable requirements of the PCAOB regarding independent accountant’s communications with the audit committee concerning independence. The Audit Committee discussed with KPMG the overall scope and plans for its audit. The Audit Committee periodically meets with KPMG, with and without management present, to discuss the results of its audit, its evaluation of the Corporation’s internal controls and the overall quality of the Corporation’s financial reporting. Based on the reviews and discussions referred to above, the Audit Committee recommended to the Board (and the Board approved) that the audited financial statements be included in the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, for filing with the SEC, which occurred on March 8, 2016. Submitted by the Audit Committee: Jason L. Carlson, Chairman Estia J. Eichten Liam K. Griffin David T. Riddiford 30 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions In September 2015, Intersil Corporation (“Intersil”) acquired, through a statutory merger, Great Wall Semiconductor Corporation (“GWS”), in which the Corporation held non-voting convertible preferred stock. GWS and its subsidiary designed and sold semiconductors, conducted research and development activities, and developed and licensed patents. Mr. Anderson, a Director of the Corporation, was the founder, Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), as well as the majority voting shareholder, of GWS. The Corporation accounted for its investment in GWS under the equity method. The Corporation determined, while GWS was a variable interest entity, the Corporation was not the primary beneficiary. The key factors in the Corporation’s assessment were that the CEO of GWS had: (i) the power to direct the activities of GWS that most significantly impact its economic performance, and (ii) an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from GWS, respectively, that could potentially be significant to GWS. At the time of the merger transaction, the Corporation’s gross investment totaled $4,999,719. However, during the fourth quarter of 2008, the Corporation determined a decline in value judged to be other-than- temporary had occurred and, as such, the investment’s recorded value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, as of December 31, 2008, was reduced to zero. Management’s decision to reduce the remaining investment balance to zero at that time was based on GWS’ continued operating losses, the impact of the global economic crisis on the current and short-term outlook for its operations, a negative working capital position as of December 31, 2008, and a valuation based on discounted cash flows. Under the terms of the merger agreement between GWS and Intersil, and in accordance with the terms of the shareholder agreement under which the Corporation made its investments, all preferred stock was redeemed at full preference value (i.e., purchased for cash equal to the original investment amount). This redemption was effected through the exchange of a share of preferred stock for (a) the right to receive the preference value in cash upon surrender of the preferred shares and (b) the non-transferable right to receive certain cash payments as additional consideration, after a period of 16 months, associated with (i) the release by Intersil of some or all of the $2,625,000 portion of total consideration held in escrow by Intersil for potential funding of indemnification and related obligations made by GWS and its selling shareholders and (ii) additional consideration of up to $4,000,000, payable in the event Intersil achieved certain revenue goals related to GWS products. Immediately after the closing of the merger transaction, the Corporation received the full preference value, equal to its gross investment in GWS. Because the net investment on the Corporation’s Consolidated Balance Sheet had a value of zero, the full preference value was recorded as a gain from sale of equity method investment in the third quarter of 2015. Just prior to the merger, the Corporation also received, as a dividend from GWS, shares of an entity in which GWS held an investment. Such shares were deemed by the Corporation to have a value of zero on the date of receipt. While the Corporation’s shares of preferred stock were never converted into shares of non-voting common stock, as provided for in the terms of the shareholder agreement under which the Corporation made its investment, the proportionate share of the contingent amounts described above was calculated assuming such a conversion, resulting in a pro forma proportionate share for the Corporation of any amounts paid of 27.0%. The Corporation will record its proportionate share of any additional consideration when it is determined to be realizable. As a former stockholder of GWS, the Corporation is subject to the indemnification provisions in the merger agreement, as noted above. In certain cases, the Corporation’s indemnification obligation can extend to the full amount of the merger consideration received by the Corporation, however, the Corporation believes the likelihood of any such indemnification obligation occurring is remote. The Corporation and GWS were parties to an intellectual property cross-licensing agreement, a license agreement (see below), and two supply agreements, under which the Corporation purchased certain components from GWS. Intersil, through the merger transaction, has assumed all of GWS’ rights and obligations under these agreements. Corporation purchases from GWS totaled approximately $1,662,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the approximate date of the sale. 31 The Corporation’s policy and procedures with respect to the review, approval, and/or ratification of related party transactions are set forth in the Charter of the Audit Committee and, in summary, require the Audit Committee to review and approve all related party transactions required to be disclosed pursuant to SEC Regulation S-K, Item 404, and to discuss with management the business rationale for the transactions, whether the transactions are on terms that are fair to the Corporation, and whether appropriate disclosures have been made. The related party transactions described above were subject to this policy. SECTION 16(a) BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP REPORTING COMPLIANCE Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Corporation’s executive officers and Directors, and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the Corporation’s equity securities (collectively, “Insiders”), to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC. Insiders are required by SEC regulations to furnish the Corporation with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. To the Corporation’s knowledge, based solely on a review of copies of such reports and written representations that no other reports were required during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, all transactions in the Corporation’s securities that were engaged in by Insiders, and therefore required to be disclosed pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, were timely reported. INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Audit Committee, acting under authorization of the Board of Directors, pursuant to the Audit Committee Charter, and following the Corporation’s By-Laws, selected KPMG as the independent registered public accounting firm for the Corporation for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2015. A representative of KPMG is expected to be present at the Annual Meeting and will be given the opportunity to make a statement. The representative is expected to be available to respond to appropriate questions from Stockholders. The following table summarizes the fees for services rendered by KPMG for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 in each of the following categories: Name 2015 2014 Audit Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Audit Related Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,049,000 27,000 225,000 $ 895,000 25,000 141,000 Total Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,301,000 $1,061,000 Audit Fees include services provided in connection with the audit of the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements (including internal control reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002), the reviews of the Corporation’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, assistance with and review of documents filed with the SEC, statutory audits required internationally and accounting consultations that relate to the audited financial statements. Audit-Related Fees include services provided in connection with audits of the 401(k) tax-qualified retirement saving plan sponsored by the Corporation. Tax Fees include services provided in connection with tax compliance, tax advice, tax planning, and assistance with tax audits. Pursuant to the provisions of the Charter of the Audit Committee, the Audit Committee must pre-approve all auditing services and the terms thereof and non-audit services (other than non-audit services prohibited under Section 10A(g) of the Exchange Act or the applicable rules of the SEC or the PCAOB) to be provided to the Corporation by our independent registered public accounting firm; provided, however, the pre-approval requirement is waived with respect to the provision of non-audit services for the Corporation if the de minimus 32 provisions of Section 10A(i)(1)(B) of the Exchange Act are satisfied. Under the Charter, the authority to pre- approve non-audit services may be delegated to one or more members of the Audit Committee, who are required to present all decisions to pre-approve an activity to the full Audit Committee at its first meeting following such decision. The Audit Committee approved all audit and non-audit services provided to the Corporation by KPMG for fiscal years 2015 and 2014. The Audit Committee has selected KPMG as the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2016. STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS Stockholder proposals intended to be presented at the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders must be received by the Corporation on or before January 9, 2017, in order to be considered for inclusion in the Corporation’s proxy statement and form of proxy. These proposals must also comply with the rules of the SEC governing the form and content of proposals in order to be included in the Corporation’s proxy statement and form of proxy and should be directed to: James A. Simms, Corporate Secretary, Vicor Corporation, 25 Frontage Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810. It is suggested that any Stockholder proposal be transmitted by certified mail, return receipt requested. In addition, our By-Laws provide that, for any Stockholder proposal or Director nomination to be properly presented at the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, but not for inclusion in our proxy statement and form of proxy, the Stockholder proposal or Director nomination must comply with the requirements set forth in our By- Laws and we must receive notice of the matter not less than 90 nor more than 120 days prior to June 16, 2017. Thus, to be timely, notice of a Stockholder proposal or Director nomination for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders must be received by our Corporate Secretary no earlier than February 20, 2017 and no later than March 21, 2017. However, if the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is not scheduled to be held within a period that commences on May 20, 2017 and ends on July 16, 2017, and instead, such meeting is scheduled to be held on a date outside that period, notice of a Stockholder proposal or Director nomination, to be timely, must be received by our Corporate Secretary by the later of 90 days prior to such other meeting date or 10 days following the date such other meeting date is first publicly announced or disclosed. Notwithstanding the foregoing notice deadlines under our By-Laws, in the event that the number of Directors to be elected to our Board at the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is increased and either all of the nominees for Director at the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or the size of the increased Board is not publicly announced or disclosed by us by March 24, 2017, notice will be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if the notice is delivered to our Corporate Secretary no later than 10 days following the first date all such nominees or the size of the increased Board is publicly announced or disclosed. Proxies solicited by the Board will confer discretionary voting authority with respect to Stockholder proposals, other than proposals to be considered for inclusion in the Corporation’s proxy statement described above, that the Corporation receives at the above address after March 24, 2017. These proxies will also confer discretionary voting authority with respect to Stockholder proposals, other than proposals to be considered for inclusion in the Corporation’s proxy statement described above, that the Corporation receives on or before March 24, 2017, subject to SEC rules governing the exercise of this authority. 33 [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 10-K Í ‘ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission file number 0-18277 VICOR CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 25 Frontage Road, Andover, Massachusetts (Address of principal executive offices) 04-2742817 (IRS employer identification no.) 01810 (Zip code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (978) 470-2900 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Common Stock, $.01 par value (Title of Class) The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ‘ No Í Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ‘ No Í Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes Í No ‘ Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Í Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large Accelerated Filer ‘ Accelerated Filer Í Smaller Reporting Company ‘ Non-accelerated Filer ‘ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ‘ No Í The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity of the registrant held by non-affiliates (for this purpose, persons and entities other than executive officers and directors) of the registrant, as of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2015) was approximately $199,714,000. Title of Each Class Class A Common Stock Class B Common Stock Number of Shares of Common Stock Outstanding as of February 29, 2016 27,035,328 11,758,218 DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Portions of the Company’s definitive proxy statement (the “Definitive Proxy Statement”) to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A and relating to the Company’s 2016 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III. PART I In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless the context indicates otherwise, references to “Vicor®,” “the Company,” “our company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and similar references, refer to Vicor Corporation and subsidiaries. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intend,” “estimate,” “plans,” “assumes,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “continue,” “prospective,” “project,” and other similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements also include statements regarding: the transition of our business strategically and organizationally from serving a large number of relatively low volume customers across diversified markets and geographies to serving a small number of relatively large volume customers, typically concentrated in computing and communications; the level of customer orders overall and, in particular, from large customers and the delivery lead times associated therewith; the financial and operational impact of customer changes to shipping schedules; the derivation of a portion of our sales in each quarter from orders booked in the same quarter; our ongoing development of power conversion architectures, switching topologies, packaging technologies, and products; our plans to invest in expanded manufacturing capacity and the timing and location thereof; our continued success depending in part on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel; our belief cash generated from operations and the total of our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund operations for the foreseeable future; our belief that we have limited exposure to currency risks; our intentions regarding the declaration and payment of cash dividends; our intentions regarding protecting our rights under our patents; and our expectation that no current litigation or claims will have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations. These statements are based upon our current expectations and estimates as to the prospective events and circumstances that may or may not be within our control and as to which there can be no assurance. Actual results could differ materially from those implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including our ability to: develop and market new products and technologies cost effectively and on a timely basis; leverage our new technologies in standard products to promote market acceptance of our approach to power system architecture; leverage design wins into increased product sales; continue to meet requirements of key customers and prospects; enter into licensing agreements increasing our market opportunity and accelerating market penetration; realize significant royalties under such licensing agreements; achieve sustainable bookings rates for our products across served markets and geographies; improve manufacturing and operating efficiencies; successfully enforce our intellectual property rights; successfully defend outstanding litigation; hire and retain key personnel; and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, including our ability to obtain required financial information for investments on a timely basis, our ability to assess the value of assets, including illiquid investments, and the accounting therefor. These and other factors that may influence actual results are described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including but not limited to those described under Part I, Item I — “Business,” under Part I, Item 1A — “Risk Factors,” under Part I, Item 3 — “Legal Proceedings,” and under Part II, Item 7 — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. The discussion of our business contained herein, including the identification and assessment of factors that may influence actual results, may not be exhaustive. Therefore, the information presented should be read together with other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, including Forms 10-Q and 8-K, which may supplement, modify, supersede, or update the factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements as a result of future events or developments, except as required by law. ITEM 1. BUSINESS Overview Vicor Corporation designs, develops, manufactures, and markets modular power components and power systems for converting, regulating, and controlling electric current. We consider power components analogous to 1 building blocks, and our strategy is based largely on products, performing distinct functions, that can be flexibly combined to enable a complete power system. We serve customers with applications for which the high conversion efficiency (i.e., the ratio of output power in watts to the power consumed by the device) and high power density (i.e., the amount of power in watts divided by the volume of the device) of our products are well suited. We also offer a range of subsystems, utilizing our modular components, to meet the specific needs of certain customers. In the market segments we serve, we position the Company as a vendor of power components that can be utilized individually, given their market-leading performance, or combined, given their level of integration, to create highly-differentiated power management solutions. We articulate this positioning through our “Power Component Design Methodology”, which is our approach to providing our customers the modular products, design tools, and support to enable the rapid design of comprehensive power conversion and management systems. Our website, www.vicorpower.com, sets forth detailed information describing our Power Component Design Methodology, all of our products, the applications for which they may be used, and our suite of design tools. The information contained on our website is not a part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K and shall not be deemed “filed” under the Exchange Act. We are headquartered in Andover, Massachusetts, where our manufacturing facility is located. We conduct business primarily through the activities of our Brick Business Unit (“BBU”), established in 2005, and our two operating subsidiaries, Picor Corporation, established in 2001, and VI Chip Corporation, established in 2007. Picor Corporation is headquartered in North Smithfield, Rhode Island, and also has personnel based in Andover, Massachusetts. VI Chip Corporation also is headquartered in Andover, Massachusetts, where its manufacturing facilities are co-located with those of the BBU. Our Vicor Custom Power™ locations are geographically distributed across the United States and all are incorporated in Delaware. In December 2015, we completed the statutory merger of one Vicor Custom Power subsidiary, Mission Power Solutions, Inc., with and into another subsidiary, Northwest Power, Inc., after which we closed the Mission Power Solutions location. Also in December 2015, we sold our 49% ownership interest in Aegis Power Systems, Inc. to Aegis Power Systems, thereby ending our formal relationship with the subsidiary. The consolidated financial statements presented herein reflect these transactions. Internationally, we conduct business through subsidiaries incorporated in or branch offices established in individual countries. Vicor Japan Company, Ltd. (“VJCL”), our majority-owned Japanese subsidiary, which is engaged in sales and customer support activities exclusively for the Japanese market, is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Vicor B.V., a wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in the Netherlands, serves as our European distribution center. We have established individual subsidiaries or branch offices to conduct the activities of Technical Support Centers (“TSCs”) located outside of the United States. VLT, Inc., incorporated in California, is our wholly-owned licensing subsidiary. VICR Securities Corporation, incorporated in Massachusetts, is a subsidiary established to hold certain investment securities. Our subsidiaries and their legal domicile are set forth in Exhibit 21.1 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The activities of all of the above named entities are consolidated in the financial statements presented herein. We were incorporated in Delaware in 1981. Shares of our Common Stock were listed on the NASDAQ National Market System in April 1990 under the ticker symbol VICR, and we completed an initial public offering of our shares in May 1991. 2 Market Background and Our Strategy In electrically-powered devices utilizing alternating current (“AC”) voltage from a primary AC source (for example, a wall outlet), a power system converts AC voltage into the stable direct current (“DC”) voltage necessary to power subsystems and/or individual applications and devices (known as “loads”). In many electronic devices, this DC voltage may be further converted to one or more higher or lower voltages required by a range of loads. In equipment utilizing DC voltage from a primary DC source (for example, a battery), the initial DC voltage similarly may require further conversion to one or more voltages. Because numerous applications requiring different DC voltages and varied power ratings may exist within an electronic device, and system power architectures themselves vary, we offer an extensive range of products and accessories in numerous application-specific configurations. We believe our product offering is among the most comprehensive in the market segments we serve. Since the Company was founded, our product strategy has been driven by innovations in design, largely enabled by our focus on the development of differentiated technologies, often implemented in proprietary semiconductor circuitry. Many of our products incorporate patented or proprietary implementations of high- frequency switching topologies, which enable the design of converter modules much smaller and more efficient than conventional alternatives. Emphasizing the superior power density and performance advantages of this technology, our primary product strategy since our founding has been to offer a comprehensive range of component-level building blocks to configure a power system specific to a customer’s needs. Our strategy, competitive positioning, and product offerings, all based on highly differentiated product performance, have anticipated the evolution of system power architectures. As system designs advanced along with the demands of the loads powered, the inherent limitations of historically accepted system power architectures have caused designers to seek out improved solutions. In 1984, we introduced a significant enhancement of the standardized DC-DC converter: the fully- encapsulated “brick” module. Our innovative, patented technology utilized our implementation of zero current soft switching topology to deliver unprecedentedly high switching frequencies and, in turn, unprecedented power density. Superior conversion efficiency, overall performance improvements, and full encapsulation (which provided shielding from environmental influences) contributed to significant enhancement of thermal performance characteristics, an important competitive advantage. Such thermal performance enhancement has been critical to the differentiation of our power converters, as the by-product of voltage conversion is heat, which must be dissipated in order to assure the performance of the converter itself and the overall system to which it is delivering power. The brick module integrated transformation, regulation, isolation, filtering, and/or input protection into a single device, thereby driving the adoption of the Distributed Power Architecture (“DPA”). The dominant system power architecture up until that time, the Centralized Power Architecture (“CPA”), generates all system voltages centrally and distributes these voltages to loads using individual distribution buses (i.e., a conductive circuit, generally made of copper). CPA became expensive and impractical for electronic systems increasingly characterized by widely distributed loads requiring lower voltages, higher currents, and higher speeds. DPA, enabled by the brick concept, allows the distribution of one DC voltage system-wide and downstream conversion of that voltage, with a brick, at a specific load. This approach allows electricity to be distributed through a complex system in the most efficient manner, at a uniform higher voltage (typically 48 volts), thereby dramatically reducing distribution and conversion losses, lowering copper consumption, and significantly increasing design flexibility. With patented advances in switching topology and converter design, Vicor became a leading vendor of brick DC-DC converters in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly within the telecommunications infrastructure segment of the market. With the advent of enterprise computing in the 1990s, the limitations of DPA became apparent, as the number of different loads on a system board increased beyond the level for which DPA and bricks were well- 3 suited. The Intermediate Bus Architecture (“IBA”), a multi-stage extension of DPA, addressed the space constraints, performance requirements, and cost challenges of highly complex system boards by further separating the functions of DC conversion carried out by the brick, which in IBA is replaced by an isolated bus converter delivering a stepped-down (i.e., reduced), unregulated voltage to a non-isolated point-of-load regulator. For computing and, later, networking applications, IBA was more scalable and cost-efficient, as numerous brick DC-DC converters on a system board were replaced by one brick DC-DC converter, providing one system-wide distributed voltage, accompanied by numerous, lower-cost bus converters providing an intermediate bus voltage, typically from 5 to 14 volts, to point-of-load regulators. Two significant industry changes coincided with the broad adoption of IBA in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. The first change was the significant decline of the telecommunications infrastructure segment that represented our primary focus, while the second change was a pronounced shift toward product commoditization, primarily driven by globalization. These two changes had an interrelated impact on our strategy, as the primary driver of IBA adoption was initial cost reduction, not system conversion efficiency. As such, IBA was broadly implemented using 12 volt distribution, not the more efficient 48 volt distribution, our core competency. Unwilling to pursue rapidly commoditized market opportunities, notably in IBA, and unwilling to relocate our manufacturing to lower-cost countries, we shifted our strategy and operations in the 2000s to emphasize “mass customization”, using highly automated, efficient, domestic manufacturing to serve customers with product design and performance requirements, across a wide range of worldwide market segments, that could not be met by high-volume oriented competitors. We focused on applications, largely implementations of DPA, for which our brick DC-DC converters were well-suited, in market segments such as aerospace and defense electronics, industrial automation and equipment, instrumentation and test equipment, and transportation (e.g., rail). This strategy has been the basis upon which the BBU has competed since this strategic and operational shift. The customers served range from independent manufacturers of highly specialized electronic devices to larger original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and their contract manufacturers. During the 2000s, we embarked on a long-term strategy based on our belief that our competitors’ products and existing system power architectures, notably IBA, would not meet evolving market requirements, notably system conversion efficiency. Over the last decade, we have invested significantly in the development of new power component technologies and product concepts addressing two meaningful market trends, the first toward higher required conversion efficiencies, and the second toward higher currents, more and diverse on-board voltages, and the higher performance demands of numerous complex loads. Reflecting the versatile, building block approach of our Power Component Design Methodology, we introduced our Factorized Power Architecture™ (“FPA”), an innovative, component-based approach to flexible, rapid system design, based on separate components optimized to perform a specific function. We continue to believe FPA represents a compelling architectural alternative to other architectural implementations, as it offers superior conversion efficiency, higher power density, improved system responsiveness, and an attractive total cost of ownership, while offering design flexibility FPA increases total system conversion efficiency by separating power conversion stages, reducing the number of stages required (i.e., duplicated functions requiring separate components), reducing system distribution losses, and reducing power dissipation at the point-of-load. To support implementation of FPA, we introduced our initial range of VI Chip modules exploiting our proprietary expertise in soft switching topologies and control, power semiconductors, materials, and packaging: the PRM® (Pre-Regulator Module), a non-isolated buck-boost regulator; the BCM® (Bus Converter Module), an isolated, fixed ratio intermediate bus voltage converter; and the VTM® (Voltage Transformation Module), an isolated current multiplier (i.e., voltage converter). The VTM and BCM utilize on our Sine Amplitude Converter™ switching topology, a patented fixed-frequency implementation of zero current / zero voltage soft switching, while the PRM is based on our proprietary implementation of zero voltage soft switching (“ZVS”), which is optimized for buck-boost voltage regulation. All three products incorporate technologies for which we have been issued patents or have patent applications pending. 4 Beginning in 2011, we began to shift our strategic focus toward higher-volume opportunities with global OEMs and their contract manufacturers, as FPA and VI Chip modules offered superior power density, conversion efficiency, and thermal management characteristics for board-based, rack-mounted point-of-load applications, notably for microprocessors requiring tightly regulated high currents. FPA and our first-generation VI Chip modules were adopted by customers for use in demanding applications, most notably supercomputing, sophisticated test instrumentation, and defense electronics. However, broader adoption was inhibited by cost considerations and, to a lesser extent, a narrow product range. In response, we undertook development of a substantially improved product platform, which we introduced in 2013. Our “ChiP” platform (ChiP is an acronym for “Converter housed in Package™”) specifically was designed to be a scalable, leveragable module format with lower manufacturing costs. ChiPs are offered in the same functional families as the earlier VI Chip modules, using the same advanced switching topologies, but, because of the format’s design flexibility and improved manufacturability, we are able to offer much broader ranges of performance specifications within existing and new functional families. Because ChiPs were designed to be manufactured with lower costs, we are able to profitably sell ChiPs and ChiP-based solutions at competitive prices, on a cents-per-watt basis, comparable to prices of alternative commodity products. While our first- generation VI Chip modules were designed to facilitate FPA implementations, ChiP modules support all known power distribution architectures, including FPA, thereby expanding our addressable market opportunity (i.e., the range of customer applications across which our products can be used). At the same time, our Picor subsidiary undertook development of a high-performance family of point-of- load regulators, in “SiP” (System in Package LGA package) format, to be integrated into our expanded product portfolio, truly enabling comprehensive power management solutions to point(s)-of-load. These Cool-Power® point-of-load regulators have been designed to meet the requirements of high-volume OEMs for cost- effectiveness, design flexibility, and high performance. In 2014, we introduced the “VIA” packaging concept (VIA is an acronym for “Vicor Integrated Adaptor™”), a rugged, double-sided package for ChiP modules integrating complementary components, circuitry, and superior thermal management. The VIA package provides customers an advanced, turn-key solution for their demanding power needs, cost-effectively accelerating design cycles and time-to-market, while providing superior power density. The VIA package is particularly differentiated by the flexibility it provides designers, as it offers substantial thermal advantages and its form factor allows a broad range of installation options. We consider the VIA package to be strategically important, as it has been designed to be used in the widest range of power system architectures and applications, as well as serving as the packaging platform for our line of ChiP-based AC-DC front end converters, a critical element of our comprehensive product portfolio enabling highly-differentiated power management solutions from the AC or DC source to the point(s)-of-load. The VIA package enables us to target applications ranging from those addressed by our legacy brick products to the most challenging emerging applications. With the introduction of innovative new products, we began executing a transitional go-to-market strategy based on our Power Component Design Methodology, exploiting our historical strengths, while addressing both the realities of today’s power conversion marketplace and our vision of its long-term direction. This strategy involves maintaining a profitable legacy business in bricks and brick-based system solutions, while investing in and transitioning to a new, advanced product portfolio based largely on the ChiP platform, targeting high growth opportunities. Today, we target well-defined applications for which the high conversion efficiency and high power density of our products are well suited within the following industrial and military market segments: aerospace and aviation; defense electronics; enterprise and high performance computing (including large scale datacenters); industrial automation, instrumentation, and test equipment; medical diagnostics; telecommunications and network equipment and infrastructure; and vehicles and transportation infrastructure. With our new, advanced products, we also are pursuing opportunities in emerging market segments, including: hybrid and electric 5 vehicles; commercial solid state lighting; and 380 volt DC-based facility infrastructure (also referred to as “HVDC” (for high voltage DC distribution) or “micro-grids”). Our competitive positioning has been, and will continue to be, supported by our long-standing commitment to research and development of power conversion technologies, advanced packaging and manufacturing, and innovative approaches to solving customer problems. We incurred approximately $41,472,000, $41,479,000, and $39,848,000 in research and development expenses in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, representing approximately 18.8%, 18.4%, and 20.0% of revenues in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. As stated, our strategy involves maintaining high levels of customer engagement and support, which has resulted in significant expansion of our sales and application engineering infrastructure over historical levels, notably in high growth regions of the world such as China, Korea, and India. We incurred approximately $37,336,000, $38,056,000, and $35,478,000 in marketing and sales expenses in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, representing approximately 17.0%, 16.9%, and 17.8% of revenues in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. We intend to maintain spending in support of research and development and marketing and sales at levels, on an absolute basis, consistent with prior periods. If we successfully execute our strategy, we believe our revenue should increase and, if so, the percentages of revenue represented by spending on research and development and marketing and sales should decline. Competition Despite significant consolidation, the growth of large-scale, low-cost competitors, and increased application overlap with vendors of solutions based on semiconductors and discrete components, the global merchant market for AC-DC and DC-DC power conversion solutions remains fragmented, with over 1,000 merchant vendors. The market is made up of many large, diversified manufacturers, as well as many smaller manufacturers focused on specialized products or narrowly defined market segments or geographies. The overall market, including those segments in which we compete, is characterized by rapid commoditization and intense price competition. Although numerous third party industry studies estimate the total global merchant market for AC-DC and DC-DC switching power supplies to exceed $20 billion of annual revenue, representing approximately two-thirds of the total annual consumption of switching power supplies (i.e., the sum of merchant and captive volumes consumed), the Company competes in smaller, well-defined industrial and military market segments. We believe AC-DC power supplies represent more than 85% of the total merchant market, reflecting a wide range of battery charging applications, primarily in the consumer, mobile device, and office computing segments (commodity segments in which we do not compete, together representing more than 50% of the total merchant market). Based on our own assessment of the segments in which we do compete, we estimate our aggregate addressable market opportunity within the AC-DC portion of the merchant market approaches $1 billion annually, while we estimate our aggregate addressable market opportunity within the DC-DC portion of the merchant market exceeds $3 billion annually. Despite our relative position in the overall merchant market, our small historical presence in the AC-DC portion of the merchant market, and the competitive presence of numerous, far larger vendors in the market segments we serve, we believe we are consistently among the largest volume vendors of solutions for the conversion, regulation, and control of DC-DC current, particularly in the market segments we serve. However, numerous competitors in these market segments have significantly greater financial and marketing resources and longer operating histories than we do. The competitive characteristics of market segments we serve with our transitional go-to-market strategy may vary. Generally, competition is based on product price, product performance, design flexibility (i.e., ease of use), and product availability. We seek to position ourselves with customers across all market segments served in 6 a manner that reduces our vulnerability to commoditization. As we shift our strategy to focus more on higher volume OEM opportunities, we are emphasizing what we believe are our sustainable competitive advantages: the differentiation of our products’ superior performance and power densities; a compelling value proposition based on lower total cost of ownership enabled by superior power conversion efficiencies; and the advantageous design flexibility enabled by our products and tools. The BBU, given its history, continues to compete on the basis of differentiated responsiveness to individual customer requirements enabled by our mass customization capabilities, largely with brick DC-DC converters. However, the BBU is pursuing opportunities for which our new products are appropriate, particularly with VIA packaged ChiPs. Our VI Chip and Picor subsidiaries, given our focus on higher-volume OEM opportunities with our new, innovative products, seek to build customer awareness and acceptance of our products and value propositions through the high levels of customer engagement and support described above. VI Chip and Picor are pursuing applications with these OEMs and their contract manufacturers in market segments for which the advantages of our new products are most compelling. In particular, we are marketing FPA, enabled by our new products, as an alternative to IBA and other distributed architectures, primarily in enterprise computing (notably large-scale datacenters). A complement to this customer-specific effort is the ongoing development of collaborative relationships with influential suppliers to our OEM customers. Our Products Reflecting our Power Component Design Methodology, we offer a comprehensive range of individual, highly integrated building blocks enabling design of a power system specific to a customer’s needs. Since introducing and popularizing the encapsulated brick package format during the 1980s, our product focus has been on high performance DC-DC switching converters providing the transformation, regulation, isolation, filtering, and/or input protection necessary to power and protect sophisticated electronic loads. With the development of FPA, VI Chip modules, Picor point-of-load regulators, and, most recently, ChiP modules and the VIA packaging platform, we believe we offer the most advanced range of high-performance power components in the industry. A secondary and highly complementary product strategy has been to vertically integrate our component-level building blocks into complete power systems representing turnkey AC-DC and DC-DC solutions for our customers’ power needs. Reflecting our history and direction, we broadly categorize our products as either “legacy” or “advanced”, generally based on design, performance, and form factor considerations, as well as the range of applications for which the products are appropriate. Legacy Products The following product groups include those that historically generated the majority of our revenue. Some of our brick product lines have been in production for over a decade, reflecting the long-established relationships we have with many customers and the long-standing suitability of our products to their demanding applications. Their generally long lifecycles and well-established share of targeted market segments provide the competitive foundation and organizational resources for our transitional go-to-market strategy. • Bricks (Modular DC-DC Converters and Complementary Components) We offer brick modules as DC-DC converters, as well as complementary components providing AC line rectification, input filtering, power factor correction, and transient protection. All of our brick modules are encapsulated with a dielectric, thermally-conductive material, thereby providing electrical insulation, thermal conductivity, and environmental protection of the electronic circuitry. These products are well-established as important, reliable elements of conventional power systems architectures. The BBU currently offers seven families of high power density, component-level DC-DC converters, representing the broadest selection of DC-DC converter modules in the industry: the VI-200™, VI- 7 J00™, MI-200™, MI-J00™, and the FasTrak™ module line, our highest volume products, made up of the Maxi, Mini, and Micro product families. All of our DC-DC converters are based on our proprietary approach to resonant soft switching, enabling high efficiencies and power densities. Wide ranges of input voltage (from nine to 425 volts), output voltages (from two to 54 volts), and output power (up to 600 watts) are offered, allowing end users to select components appropriate to their individual applications. The products differ in temperature grades, maximum power ratings, performance characteristics, pin configuration, and, in certain cases, characteristics specific to the targeted market. Brick DC-DC converters are offered in sizes, depending on family, ranging from 116.9 x 61.0 x 12.7 mm (full brick), to 57.9 x 61.0 x 12.7 mm (half brick), to 57.9 x 36.8 x 12.7 mm (quarter brick). Products from our broad line of complementary components are used to condition and/or filter the input and output voltages of the brick DC-DC converter. Generally, these components address customer requirements at the AC current source, upstream from our DC-DC converters, providing rectification of the AC current, input filtering, inrush limiting, and transient protection. An example of such a complementary product is our HAM™ (Harmonic Attenuator Module), a front end providing power factor correction. The HAM utilizes a proprietary zero current switching boost converter, allowing it to provide output power of up to 675 watts and DC output voltage of 365 volts. We also offer numerous accessories (for example, base plates and heat sinks) to meet customer requirements. These products are generally targeted at applications requiring high performance and reliability in the following market segments: aerospace and aviation; defense electronics; industrial automation, instrumentation, and test equipment; medical diagnostics; telecommunications infrastructure; and vehicles and transportation infrastructure. • Open-Frame Intermediate Bus Converters We offer an extensive line of open-frame (i.e., not encapsulated) intermediate bus converters (“IBCs”) for implementation of multi-stage power conversion. These devices utilize the same Sine Amplitude Converter switching topology utilized in our VTM and BCM modules in the VI Chip and ChiP formats. These low profile, isolated, fixed-ratio IBCs conform to industry standard quarter-brick and eighth-brick sizes, but offer increased capabilities and exceptional performance. These devices typically are used in telecommunications and networking equipment applications. Because our IBCs represent pin compatible upgrades for existing designs, a customer, for example, can replace a competitor’s quarter-brick unit with our eighth-brick converter, using half the available space, while meaningfully improving system performance. • Cool-Power High Density ZVS DC-DC Converters We offer a family of isolated DC-DC converters delivering up to 60 watts in a very small (22 x 16.5 x 6.7 mm ) surface-mount package. Because these small devices are packaged in the VI Chip over- molded package, they are able to withstand harsh environments in applications for which space is limited and light weight is advantageous (e.g., aerospace, aviation, and defense electronics). These high density converter modules are offered in three input voltages: 48 volt nominal for communication applications; 28 volt nominal for rugged high temperature or military applications; and 24 volt nominal for industrial applications. Cool-Power converters utilize our proprietary zero voltage soft switching topology (“ZVS”) to achieve high-switching frequencies enabling best-in-class power density, while reducing input and output filtering requirements. • Configurable Products Utilizing our modular brick components to drive system function, we offer numerous configurable product families that provide complete power solutions configured to a customer’s specific needs, often 8 with multiple voltage outputs. These near-custom products exploit the benefits and flexibility of our modular approach to offer higher performance, higher power densities, lower costs, and faster delivery than many competitive offerings. These AC-DC and DC-DC configurable products are designed, developed, and manufactured by the BBU and, for the Japanese market, VJCL. Our highest volume configurable product, the FlatPAC™, is representative of our approach to integrating our power components to create high-performance solutions. FlatPACs, available in thousands of configurations in three package variants based on the number of DC output voltages, are complete, conductively-cooled AC-DC conversion solutions comprised of our VI-200 DC-DC converter modules and our complementary components, described above, providing rectification and filtering of the AC input voltage. Our configurable products typically are used in a range of CPA and distributed power architecture implementations in industrial and transportation applications, as well as medical instrumentation. • Custom Power Systems Certain customers rely on us to design, develop, and manufacture custom power systems to meet performance and/or form factor requirements that cannot be met with off-the-shelf system solutions. These low-volume, high value-add products frequently are designed to function reliably in the harsh environments associated with aerospace, aviation, and defense applications, but also are used in applications ranging from industrial equipment to medical instrumentation. By utilizing our modular components to drive system function, we have been able to meet such customers’ needs with reliable, high power density, turnkey solutions. Advanced Products The following product groups include those that reflect our vision of the direction of the market segments we serve with our Power Component Design Methodology. Many of these products are targeted toward FPA implementations, but our more recently introduced products are suitable for other distributed architectures. • ChiPs (Modular Power Components) In 2013, our VI Chip Corporation subsidiary introduced the ChiP platform, designed to be a scalable, leveragable module format with lower manufacturing costs. We believe the ChiP platform establishes best-in-class standards for a new generation of scalable power modules, while expanding our capability range and, in turn, our addressable market opportunity. Combining advanced magnetic structures, proprietary power semiconductors, and proprietary microcontrollers in a high density interconnect substrate, the ChiP delivers superior thermal management characteristics, allowing customers to achieve low cost power system solutions with previously unattainable system efficiency, size, and weight. ChiP modules also have lower manufacturing costs than our original VI Chips, thereby allowing us to offer highly differentiated products, not only with superior total cost of ownership over time, but at attractive initial price points. Our goal is to offer ChiP modules and solutions on a cents per watt basis near or equivalent to the prices of competitive product offerings, thereby presenting customers with a compelling value proposition. ChiPs are produced in the same functional families as our earlier VI Chip FPA modules (i.e., PRM, BCM, and VTM), but today we offer five package sizes ranging from 13 by 23 mm to 61 by 23 mm. We currently offer over 100 specific ChiP module variants, reflecting the multiple configurations, based on dimensions, lead formats, and performance specifications, enabled by the flexible module format. During 2015, we accelerated our introduction of ChiP modules, adding new products and additional variants within the product families. During the year, we introduced 36 new ChiP modules, all of which are available for purchase. Our unprecedented pace of ChiP product development is evidenced further by our completion during 2015 of over 60 additional base and derivative designs that have not yet been released for sale. Based on our current design and development activities, we 9 anticipate, in 2016, additional expansion of the range of package sizes, board or chassis mounting alternatives, and performance characteristics of our ChiP product offerings. Notably, in 2015, we introduced more than two dozen new DCM® (Direct Current Module) variants in ChiP format, in commercial and military grades. We currently offer the ChiP DCM in approximately 45 commercial and military variants in either a 4623 (i.e., 46 x 23 mm) package, capable of up to 600 watts, or a 3623 package, capable of up to 320 watts. ChiP DCMs are offered with nominal input voltages of 24, 28, 48, 270, 290, and 300 volts and nominal output voltages of 48, 36, 28, 24, 15, 12, and 5 volts. These isolated DC-DC converters are an important element of our competitive positioning. Given their function and form factor, ChiP DCMs should be very familiar to customers currently purchasing our brick DC-DC converters. In addition, the DCM, utilizing our most recent advances in ZVS soft switching and thermal management, offers enhanced performance compared to our legacy bricks. Reflecting our Power Component Design Methodology, DCMs can be integrated easily into complete power management solutions using our complementary components. The flexibility of the ChiP DCM design also allows a designer to array up to eight modules in parallel, without performance derating or the need for additional circuitry. When configured in this manner, a designer can implement a highly efficient conversion solution of up to 4.8 kilowatts, optimized for size and weight. Also in 2015, we expanded our ChiP BCM family of isolated, fixed ratio bus converters. We offer a low voltage family of ChiP BCMs for board-level IBA implementations and a high voltage family for voltage conversion, either individually or in arrays, in HVDC micro-grid applications (e.g., datacenters). Both families are configured in our 6123 ChiP package and provide peak conversion efficiencies up to 97.9%. The low voltage family accepts input voltages from 36 to 60 volts and generates output voltages from 2.4 to 55 volts, with power up to 1.95 kilowatts. The high voltage family accepts input voltages from 330 to 365 volts (or alternatively, 260 to 410 volts) and generates output voltages from 8.1 to 51.3 volts, with power up to 1.75 kilowatts. We believe ChiP BCMs, with power densities of up to 2,750 W/in3, deliver the highest efficiency and highest density of any bus converters available. All of our bus converters utilize our Sine Amplitude Converter switching topology, which delivers unmatched conversion efficiency and power density, with low noise and fast speed (i.e., transient response). In addition, the low AC impedance of our bus converter designs enables bulk capacitance, normally located at the input of a point-of-load regulator, to be placed at the high voltage input to our BCM, thereby reducing the bulk capacitance required, while saving board area and system cost. With the wide range of ChiP BCMs we offer, complemented by our expanding offerings of ChiP and SiP point-of-load regulators, we believe we are well-positioned to expand our share of market segments in which IBA implementations are preferred. We also believe we are well-positioned with these products to establish a leadership position in the emerging HVDC market segment. Our family of NBM™ bidirectional bus converter modules, a non-isolated BCM derivative introduced in 2015, is representative of the platform leverage afforded by the ChiP concept. Bidirectional power transfer capability is attractive in applications employing batteries and battery chargers, as it allows for less circuitry and management overhead. NBMs enable more efficient transmission of power from low voltage sources to remote, low voltage loads by means of a higher voltage intermediate bus, providing voltage boost (i.e., step-up) and voltage buck (i.e., step-down) at each end of the bus. We are targeting emerging applications in hybrid vehicles, as our 6123 NBM provides up 2.4 kilowatts of power, up to 98.3% operating efficiency, and market-leading power density of up to 3,532 W/in3, making it ideal for space constrained applications in which isolation is managed at the system level (as is the case in hybrid vehicles). Given our expertise in 48 volt applications, we believe our NBM family is extremely well suited for the requirements of the proposed LV148 standard, which has been advanced by major European automotive OEMs in support of industry adoption of the higher efficiency 48 volt bus. ChiP modules are targeted at applications, regardless of the power distribution architecture, for which their high level of differentiation is appropriate. Across distributed power system architectures, ChiPs 10 are targeted at aerospace and aviation (e.g., for use in unmanned aerial vehicles, due to their small form factor and light weight); defense electronics (e.g., for use in airborne, seaborne, or field radar, due to their high power capabilities, conversion efficiencies, ruggedness, and reliability); industrial automation, instrumentation, and test equipment (e.g., for use in semiconductor testing, due to their power density and tight regulation); telecommunications and networking infrastructure (e.g., for use in pole-mounted small-cell base stations in urban environments, due to their form factor, reliability, and cost/performance profile); and vehicles (e.g., in hybrid electric vehicles, due to their form factor, light weight, differentiated performance, and cost/performance profile). As stated, we also are pursuing applications with OEMs and their contract manufacturers in market segments for which the advantages of ChiPs are most compelling. In particular, we are marketing FPA, enabled by our new products, as an alternative to IBA and other distributed architectures, primarily in enterprise computing (notably large- scale datacenters, for which we believe our PRM and VTM combination represents the smallest, most efficient 48 volt to microprocessor solution available). Our extensive product roadmap for ChiP modules includes the further expansion of product families, in terms of power levels, performance, and dimensions, military grade versions of several products, and the addition of various approaches to chassis and board mounting, all targeted at increasing our addressable market opportunity. • VIAs (Vicor Integrated Adapter Package) In 2014, we introduced the VIA platform, a rugged, double-sided, copper-alloy package for ChiP modules, integrating complementary components, circuitry, and superior thermal management through conductive cooling. In 2015, we released to production our first VIA-based products and currently offer over 70 VIA packages for ChiP DCMs, BCMs, and PFMs. We consider the VIA platform to be important to our transitional go-to-market strategy, as it has been designed to enable the use of ChiP modules across the widest range of power system architectures and applications. It is an easy-to-use power management solution, providing customers an advanced, turn- key solution for their demanding power needs, cost-effectively accelerating design cycles and time-to- market, while providing superior power density. The VIA platform is particularly differentiated by the flexibility it provides designers, as it offers substantial thermal advantages and its form factor allows a broad range of installation options. In numerous applications, the package simplifies thermal design considerations and, in some instances, eliminates the need for a fan for convection cooling, improving overall system reliability and further minimizing the power system footprint. Offered in board and chassis mount configurations, all VIA packages have a vertical dimension of 9.3 mm and a width of 35.5 mm, and, depending on the packaged ChiP module and its functionality, range in length from 72.0 to 141.4 mm. The VIA platform facilitates our latest AC front-end solution, based on the ChiP PFM® (Power Factor Module). The VIA PFM represents a significant improvement over our legacy front-end solutions, thereby enhancing our positioning as a supplier of highly-differentiated power management solutions from the AC source to the point(s) of load. The VIA PFM achieves a market-leading power density of 127 W/in³, supplying an isolated DC output of either 24 or 48 volts, at up to 400 watts, from a universal AC input. It operates with active power factor correction at 93% peak conversion efficiency, which is an unprecedented level for an AC-DC converter of this size and power density. Combining the VIA PFM with our small AIM™ (“AC Input Module”), which provides AC rectification, filtering, transient protection, and inrush limiting capabilities, creates a high-performance AC-DC front-end solution with an unmatched size profile. This solution is especially well-suited for emerging applications with size constraints, including small-cell base stations and commercial LED lighting. The VIA platform also facilitates the VIA DCM, which is an important product for executing our strategic transition. We currently offer seven variants of the VIA DCM. The product family integrates filtering, output voltage regulation, circuitry protection, and a control interface, giving the VIA DCM the function of a conventional brick DC-DC converter, while offering higher conversion efficiency, 11 superior power density, and the design flexibility described above. As such, we are positioning the VIA DCM as a successor to our legacy brick DC-DC converters, notably in advanced, challenging applications. However, the VIA DCM also is positioned as an innovative, high-performance element of our Power Component Design Methodology, as it has been designed to be integrated with our other products to facilitate design of comprehensive power system solutions. In 2015, we introduced a High Voltage VIA BCM, for use in HVDC distribution applications. As with the VIA PFM, this product is differentiated by its small size, very low profile, and thermal advantages, which provide substantial design flexibility. • Cool-Power® ZVS Modules (System-in-Package Point-of-Load Regulators) First introduced in 2012 by our Picor Corporation subsidiary, the Cool-Power brand of non-isolated, point-of-load regulators currently consists of 31 variants of buck (i.e., the device steps down voltage) regulators, four of which were introduced in 2015, and three variants of buck-boost (i.e., the device lowers or increases voltage) regulators, all of which were introduced in 2015. We believe Cool-Power buck regulators provide best in class conversion efficiency (up to 98%), allowing customers to deploy more efficient designs, regardless of power system architecture, based on the compatibility of these point-of-load regulators with higher, more efficient input voltages. Operating from nominal input voltages of 12, 24, or 48 volts, these regulators are optimized for applications requiring tight point-of-load regulation, such as computer and video processors, delivering the highest power density possible at an attractive cost. The high conversion efficiency of our Cool-Power regulators is enabled by the high switching frequencies of our proprietary ZVS topology, which minimizes switching losses, while maximizing dynamic response to line and load transients. Along with ZVS control circuitry, the advanced design of Cool-Power regulators incorporates proprietary sampled feedback control and proprietary power semiconductors, all within a high-density, surface-mount package. The low noise of our ZVS approach also reduces the size of external filtering components, thereby improving overall power density. Cool-Power regulators are competitively well-positioned to address market trends toward higher required conversion efficiencies and higher currents at the point-of-load. The recent addition of buck- boost variants expands our capabilities to include loads powered by batteries, which are subject to varying voltage delivery over their discharge cycle. We believe these products will be an important contributor to our long-term success, as they represent a meaningful element of our Power Component Design Methodology, enabling comprehensive, highly integrated solutions for FPA and other distributed architectural implementations, fulfilling our strategic commitment to offering integrated solutions all the way to the point-of-load. Our success to date with these products has frequently been when they have been part of an integrated FPA solution, delivering a tightly regulated voltage to a downstream VTM serving as a current multiplier, which in turn delivers low voltage, high amperage, regulated current to the point-of-load, typically a microprocessor. • Power Path Management Components Our Picor subsidiary offers a limited range of specialized components for circuit protection, all of which are characterized by small size, ease-of-use, and differentiated performance. The highest volume products are QuietPower® filters for input filtering of electro-magnetic interference and output noise (i.e., ripple attenuation). Other products include: the Cool-Switch®, a load-disconnect switch solution, which functions as a high-speed electronic circuit breaker; the Cool-Swap®, a “hot swap” circuit breaker controller enabling safe system operation during circuit card insertion; and the Cool-ORing®, a high-density, active ORing solution enabling accurate, fast detection and isolation of circuit faults, while significantly reducing power dissipation and eliminating the need for heat sinking. We also offer numerous families of discrete components, capacitors, and electronic and mechanical accessories, all compatible with our power components. 12 We consider these products to be a valuable complement to our Power Component Design Methodology, despite their relatively small sales volumes, as they enable customers, assisted by our application engineers, to source from Vicor their complete solution to power conversion and management. • VI Chips (Modular Power Components) We continue to offer the first generation of VI Chip PRM, BCM, and VTM modules, in full (32.5 by 22.0 by 6.73 mm) and half (22.0 by 16.5 by 6.73 mm) sizes, targeting FPA implementations. These products remain compelling solutions for certain applications, notably in defense electronics, medical instrumentation, and test and measurement applications. We also offer a limited number of VI Chips in our “VI Brick” packaging, which incorporates complementary circuitry and offers superior thermal characteristics, while facilitating a range of board mounting alternatives. With the introduction of ChiPs and VIA packaging, we anticipate our sales of the first generation of VI Chips and VI Bricks will be limited to shipments to existing customers during the life cycles of the applications into which these products have been designed. We expect the life cycles of many of these applications may continue for several years. Patents and Intellectual Property An important element of our strategy is to protect our competitive leadership with domestic and foreign patents and patent applications that cover our products and much of their enabling technologies. We believe our competitive leadership is further protected by proprietary trade secrets associated with our use of certain components and materials of our own design, as well as our significant experience with manufacturing, packaging, and testing these complex devices. We believe our patents afford advantages by building fundamental and multilayered barriers to competitive encroachment upon key features and performance benefits of our principal product families. Our patents cover the fundamental switching topologies used to achieve the performance attributes of our converter product lines; converter array architectures; product packaging design; product construction; high frequency magnetic structures; as well as automated equipment and methods for circuit and product assembly. In the United States, as of December 31, 2015, we have been issued 93 total patents, which expire between 2016 and 2034. We also have a number of patent applications pending in the United States and certain countries of Europe and Asia. We have vigorously protected our rights under these patents and will continue to do so. Although we believe patents are an effective way of protecting our technology, there can be no assurances our patents will prove to be enforceable in any given jurisdiction. In addition to generating revenue from product sales, we seek to license our intellectual property. In granting licenses, we generally retain the right to use our patented technologies and manufacture and sell our products in all licensed geographic areas and fields of use. Licenses are granted and administered through our wholly-owned subsidiary, VLT, Inc., which is the assignee for our patents that may be subject to licensing. Revenues from licensing arrangements have not exceeded 10% of our consolidated revenues in any of the last three fiscal years. Customers and Backlog The applications in which our products are used are in the higher-performance, higher-power segments of the market segments we serve. The BBU has customers concentrated in aerospace and aviation, defense electronics, industrial automation and equipment, medical diagnostics, rail transportation, and test and measurement instrumentation. VI Chip and Picor have customers concentrated in the datacenter and 13 supercomputer segments of the computing market, although they also target applications in aerospace and aviation, defense electronics, electric and hybrid vehicles, instrumentation and test equipment, networking equipment, and solid state lighting. With our strategic emphasis on larger, high-volume customers, we expect to experience a greater concentration of sales among relatively fewer customers. For the year ended December 31, 2015, one customer, NuPower Electronic, Ltd., accounted for approximately 16.2% of net revenues, and our five largest customers represented approximately 33.4% of net revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2014, one customer (NuPower Electronic, Ltd.) accounted for approximately 14.7% of net revenues, and our five largest customers represented approximately 32.6% of net revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2013, two customers (NuPower Electronic, Ltd. and Tech-Front Computer, Ltd.) accounted for approximately 10.9% and 10.1% of net revenues, respectively, and our five largest customers represented approximately 29.2% of net revenues. International revenues, as a percentage of total revenues, were approximately 59.6%, 60.5%, and 59.5% in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Net revenues from customers in Hong Kong and China accounted for approximately 21.8% and 12.4%, respectively, of total net revenues in 2015, approximately 20.2% and 12.0%, respectively, of total net revenues in 2014 and approximately 16.2% and 11.3%, respectively, of total net revenues in 2013. International sales have increased from historical levels primarily due to higher volumes of shipments to foreign contract manufacturers utilized by domestic and international OEMs. As we have substantially expanded our sales and customer support activities and resources internationally, particularly in Asia, we expect international sales to continue to increase as a percentage of total revenue. As of December 31, 2015, we had a backlog of approximately $39,073,000, compared to $54,249,000 as of December 31, 2014. Backlog, as presented here, consists of orders for products for which shipment is scheduled within the following 12 months, subject to normal customer cancellation policies. A portion of our revenue in any quarter is, and will continue to be, derived from orders booked and shipped in the same quarter. Over the past two years, the portion of sales booked and shipped in the same quarter has represented less than two-fifths of our quarterly revenue, as we typically only build products to customer specifications upon receipt of a purchase order (i.e., we typically do not maintain significant inventories of finished goods for the BBU and VI Chip). Products sold by the BBU may have a lead time (i.e., the period between receipt of an order and shipment of the product) of up to six weeks, although the average lead time for 2015 was less than four weeks. Products sold by VI Chip typically have a lead time in excess of eight weeks, reflecting higher efficiencies associated with our ChiP modules. Lead times for the BBU and VI Chip may shorten (and have shortened) during periods of sustained volume. Picor, given its fabless model, builds inventories based on expected customer demand and orders from stocking distribution partners. As such, the portion of sales booked and shipped in the same quarter can vary considerably depending on the relative volumes of BBU, VI Chip, and Picor products booked within the quarter. Sales and Marketing We reach and serve customers through several channels: a direct sales force world-wide; a network of independent sales representative organizations in North America and South America; independent non-stocking distributors in Europe and Asia; and three stocking distributors, Digi-Key Corporation, Future Electronics Incorporated, and Mouser Electronics, Inc. These channels are supported by regional TSCs, each offering application engineering and sales support for customers and our channel partners. Domestic TSCs are located in: Andover, Massachusetts; Lombard, Illinois; and Santa Clara, California. International TSCs are located in: Hong Kong, China; Shanghai, China; Munich, Germany; Bangalore, India; Milan, Italy; Taipei, Taiwan (Republic of China); Seoul, South Korea; and Camberley, United Kingdom. Because of the technically complex nature of our products and the applications they address, we maintain an extensive staff of Field Applications Engineers to support our own sales and customer support activities, as well as those of our channel partners. Field Application Engineers, based in our TSCs, provide direct technical support worldwide by reviewing new applications and technical matters with existing and potential customers, as well as 14 our channel partners. Product Line Engineers, located in our Andover headquarters, support Field Application Engineers assigned to all of our TSCs. We utilize an in-house distributor support initiative, Vicor Express™, to support our regional distributors in the European Union and small, low volume customers not served by these regional distributors. Vicor Express is focused on new customer lead generation through marketing in local languages, support of small-volume customers targeted for transition to distributors as volumes increase, and close coordination of distributor activities with these customers. Vicor Express customers place orders, denominated in Euros or Pounds Sterling, with Vicor B.V., which serves as importer of record for direct shipments by Vicor from Andover, Massachusetts, to customers in the European Union. European TSCs participating in the Vicor Express initiative do not accept purchase orders from any customers and do not record any revenue associated with shipments from Vicor to Vicor B.V. Vicor also reaches customers via our electronic commerce capability through our website, www.vicorpower.com. Registered customers in the United States, Canada, and certain European countries are able to purchase prototype quantities of selected products online. Our Internet-based resources are an important element of our efforts to interact and support customers. Within our website, Vicor PowerBenchTM is a workspace of tools and references allowing engineers to select, architect, and implement power systems using Vicor’s products. During 2015, we continued to enhance our highly differentiated WhiteboardTM tool, which allows users to configure and analyze their own power system designs or those from an extensive library of designs addressing a wide range of applications. Users can modify the operating condition for each component of their design to match the intended application and perform efficiency and loss analysis of individual components and the full power system. We are aggressively expanding the range and capabilities of engineering tools we make available online to customers and prospective customers. We generally sell our products on the basis of our standard terms and conditions, and we most commonly warrant our products for a period of two years. In a limited number of circumstances, we have entered into supply contracts with certain high-volume customers calling for extended warranty terms. With our distribution partners, we also enter into contracts. With our stocking distributors, these contracts provide for our product warranties to transfer to the end customer upon final sale of our product(s) by the stocking distributor. Manufacturing, Quality Assurance, and Supply Chain Management Our BBU and VI Chip manufacturing facilities are co-located in Andover, Massachusetts, where we are headquartered. Picor, given its fabless model, outsources manufacturing, packaging, and testing of its products under contract to partners in the United States and Asia. Our primary manufacturing processes consist of assembly of electronic components onto printed circuit boards; automatic testing of components; wave, reflow and infrared soldering of assembled components; encapsulation or over-molding of converter subassemblies and assemblies; final environmental stress screening of certain products; and product inspection and testing using automated equipment. These processes are largely automated, but their labor components require relatively high levels of skill and training. We pursue a manufacturing strategy based upon the continuous improvement of product quality, volume throughput, and reduced manufacturing costs. Product quality and reliability are critical to our success and, as such, we emphasize quality and reliability in our design and manufacturing activities. We follow industry best practices in manufacturing and are compliant with ISO 9001 certification standards (as set forth by the International Organization for Standardization). Our quality assurance practices include rigorous testing and, as necessary, burn-in and temperature cycling (i.e., extended operation of a product to confirm performance) of our products using automated equipment. We continue to make investments in automated manufacturing equipment, particularly for our ChiP modules and VIA packaging platforms. Based on current estimates of ChiP and VIA manufacturing volumes and 15 our capacity requirements, we do not expect to incur capital expenditures during 2016 materially higher than we incurred during recent years. Components and materials used in our products are purchased from a variety of domestic and international vendors. Most of the components are available from multiple sources, whether directly from suppliers or indirectly through distributors. In instances of single source items, we maintain levels of inventories we consider to be appropriate to enable meeting the delivery requirements of customers. Incoming components, assemblies, and other parts are subjected to several levels of inspection procedures, and we maintain robust data on our inventories in order to support our quality assurance procedures. Picor, given its fabless model, relies on a limited number of wafer foundries and providers of packaging and test services. Our proprietary switching controllers were designed by and are sourced through Picor, which relies on these wafer foundries and service providers for supply continuity and sufficiency of these critical semiconductor devices. See Note 17 — Segment Information to the Consolidated Financial Statements for certain financial information associated with the operations and manufacturing activities of our business segments. Employees As of December 31, 2015, we had 964 full time employees and 21 part time employees. None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We believe our continued success depends, in part, on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Although there is strong demand for qualified personnel, we have not to date experienced difficulty in attracting and retaining sufficient engineering and technical personnel to meet our needs (see Part I, Item 1A — “Risk Factors”). Available Information We maintain a website with the address www.vicorpower.com and make available free of charge through this website our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish such material to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. We also make available on our website our Code of Business Conduct, as well as the charters for the Audit and Compensation Committees of our Board of Directors. While our website sets forth extensive information, including information regarding our products and the applications in which they may be used, such information is not a part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K and shall not be deemed “filed” under the Exchange Act. 16 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of, among other factors, the risk factors set forth below. Our future operating results are difficult to predict and are subject to fluctuations. Our operating results, including revenues, gross margins, operating expenses, and net income (loss), have fluctuated on a quarterly and annual basis. Our focus on higher volume opportunities with OEMs and their contract manufacturers has caused the impact of a relative few such customers to disproportionately influence our operating results. Unanticipated delays in purchase orders from and shipments to these customers have resulted in lower revenue, contributing to our recent operating losses. We cannot predict when, or if, we will return to profitability. Our future operating results may be materially affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • changes in demand for our products and for our customers’ end-products incorporating our products, as well as our ability to respond efficiently to such changes in demand, including changes in order lead times and the volume of product for which orders are received and the product shipped within an individual quarter; our ability to manage our supply chain, inventory levels, and our own manufacturing capacity or that of third-party partners in the event of delays or cancellation of significant customer orders; our ability to effectively coordinate changes in the mix of products we manufacture and sell, while managing our ongoing transition in organizational focus from traditional brick power components to our new products; our ability to provide and maintain a high level of support to an increasing number of demanding, high volume customers; the ability of our third party suppliers, service subcontractors, and manufacturers to supply us with sufficient quantities of high quality products, components, or services on a timely basis; the effectiveness of our efforts to continuously reduce product costs and manage operating expenses; our ability to utilize our manufacturing facilities and personnel at efficient levels, maintaining production capacity and manufacturing yields; the timing of our new product introductions and our ability to meet customer expectations for timely delivery of fully qualified products; the timing of new product introductions or other competitive actions (e.g., product price reductions) by our competitors; the ability to hire, retain, and motivate qualified employees to meet the demands of our customers; intellectual property disputes; potential significant litigation-related costs; adverse economic conditions in the United States and those international markets in which we operate; adverse budgetary conditions within the U.S. government, particularly the Department of Defense, which continue to limit spending on current and anticipated programs into which we sell or anticipate to sell our products; costs related to compliance with increasing worldwide governance, quality, environmental, and other regulations; and 17 • the effects of events outside of our control, including natural disasters, public health emergencies, terrorist activities, political risks, including international conflicts, information security breaches, communication interruptions, and other force majeure. As a result of these and other factors, we cannot assure you we will not experience significant fluctuations in future operating results on a quarterly or annual basis. In addition, if our operating results do not meet the expectations of investors, the market price of our Common Stock may decline. Our stock price has been volatile and may fluctuate in the future. Because of the factors set forth below, among others, the trading price of our Common Stock has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate significantly: • • • • • • • • • • • volatility of the financial markets; uncertainty regarding the prospects of domestic and foreign economies; uncertainty regarding domestic and international political conditions, including tax policies; actual or anticipated fluctuations in our operating performance or that of our competitors; the performance and prospects of our major customers; announcements by us or our competitors of significant new products, technical innovations, or litigation; investor perception of our company and the industry in which we operate; the absence of earnings estimates and supporting research by investment analysts; the liquidity of the market for our Common Stock; the uncertainty of the declaration and payment of future cash dividends on our Common Stock; and the concentration of ownership of our Common Stock by Dr. Vinciarelli, our Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, and President. We do not actively communicate with investment analysts and, as a consequence, there are no earnings estimates or supporting research coverage of Vicor and our Common Stock. While we seek to be transparent in our financial reporting, public statements, and related disclosures, the absence of research coverage may limit investor interest in our Common Stock. Because our operating results have fluctuated on a quarterly and annual basis, investors may have difficulty in assessing our current and future performance. In the past, we have declared and paid cash dividends on our Common Stock. The payment of dividends is based on the periodic determination by our Board of Directors that we have adequate capital to fund anticipated operating requirements and that excess cash is available for distribution to stockholders via a dividend. We have no formal policy regarding dividends and, as such, investors cannot make assumptions regarding the possibility of future dividend payments nor the amounts and timing thereof. The ownership of our Common Stock is concentrated between Dr. Vinciarelli and a limited number of institutional investors. Dr. Vinciarelli owned, as of December 31, 2015, 9,828,271 shares of our Common Stock, as well as 11,023,648 shares of our Class B Common Stock (convertible on a one-for-one basis into Common Stock), together representing 54.8% of total issued and outstanding shares. Accordingly, the market float for our Common Stock and average daily trading volumes are relatively small, which can negatively impact investors’ ability to buy or sell shares of our Common Stock in a timely manner. Dr. Vinciarelli owns 93.7% of our issued and outstanding Class B shares, which possess 10 votes per share. Dr. Estia J. Eichten, a member of our Board of Directors, owns the majority of the balance of Class B shares 18 issued and outstanding. As such, Dr. Vinciarelli, controlling in aggregate 82.9% of our outstanding voting securities, has effective control of our governance. The ongoing uncertainty in global economies could materially and adversely affect our business and consolidated operating results. Disruption and further deterioration of global economic conditions, including relative strength of the U.S. Dollar, may reduce customer purchases of our products, thereby reducing our revenues and earnings. In addition, such adverse conditions may, among other things, result in increased price competition for our products, increased risk of excess and obsolete inventories, increased risk in the collectability of our accounts receivable from our customers, increased risk in potential reserves for doubtful accounts and write-offs of accounts receivable, and higher operating costs as a percentage of revenues. We compete with many companies possessing far greater resources. Some of our competitors have greater financial, manufacturing, technical, sales and marketing resources than we have. We compete with domestic and foreign manufacturers of integrated power supplies and power conversion components. With the growth of our VI Chip and Picor product lines, we increasingly are competing with global manufacturers of power management products with far larger organizations and broader semiconductor-based product lines. Competition is generally based on design and quality of products, product performance, features and functionality, and product pricing, availability and capacity, with the relative importance of these factors varying among products, markets and customers. Existing or new competitors may develop products or technologies that more effectively address the demands of our customers and markets with enhanced performance, features and functionality or lower cost. If we fail to develop and commercialize leading- edge technologies and products that are cost effective and maintain high standards of quality, and introduce them to the market on a timely basis, our competitive position and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Our future success depends upon our ability to develop and market differentiated, leading-edge power conversion products for larger customers, potentially contributing to lengthy product development and sales cycles that may result in significant expenditures before revenues are generated. Our future operating results are dependent on the growth in such customers’ businesses and on our ability to profitably develop and deliver products meeting customer requirements. The power system industry and the industries in which many of our customers operate are characterized by intense competition, rapid technological change, quickened product obsolescence, and price erosion for mature products, each of which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. We are following a strategy based on the development of differentiated products addressing what we believe to be the long-term limitations of traditional power architectures, while at the same time sustaining the performance of the BBU, which manufactures and markets our lines of legacy brick products. The development of new products is often a complex, time-consuming, and costly process involving significant investment in research and development, with no assurance of return on investment. Although we have introduced many products over the past three years, there can be no assurance we will be able to continue to develop and introduce new and improved products in a timely or efficient manner. Similarly, there can be no assurance recently introduced or to be developed products will achieve customer acceptance. Our future success depends substantially upon customer acceptance of our innovative products. As we have been in the early stages of market penetration for these products, we have experienced lengthy periods during which we have focused our product development efforts on the specific requirements of a limited number of large customers, followed by further periods of delay before meaningful purchase orders are received. These lengthy development and sales cycle times increase the possibility a customer may decide to cancel or change product plans, which could reduce or eliminate our sales to that customer. As a result, we may incur significant 19 product development expenses, as well as significant sales and marketing expenses, before we generate the related revenues for these products. Furthermore, we may never generate the anticipated revenues from a product after incurring such expenses if our customer cancels or changes its product plans. We are shifting our go-to-market strategy to focus on larger opportunities with global OEMs and their contract manufacturers. Our growth is therefore dependent on: the pace at which these OEMs develop their own new products, the acceptance of our products by these OEMs, and the success of the OEM products incorporating our new products. If we fail to anticipate changes in our customers’ businesses and their changing product needs or do not successfully identify and enter new markets, our results of operations and financial position could be negatively impacted. We cannot assure you the markets we serve will grow in the future, our existing and new products will meet the requirements of these markets, or we can maintain adequate gross margins or operating profits in these markets. Our operating results recently have been influenced by a limited number of customers, and our future results may be similarly influenced. Since it was established, our VI Chip subsidiary has derived a substantial portion of its revenue in any given year from one customer, whether through sales directly to the customer or indirectly to the customer’s contract manufacturers. Similarly, our Picor subsidiary has derived a substantial portion of its third-party revenue from a limited number of customers, including those customers served by VI Chip. This concentration of revenue is a reflection of the relatively early stage of adoption of the technologies, architectures, and products offered by these subsidiaries, and their targeting of market leading innovators as initial customers. Our current sales and marketing efforts, in part, are focused on accelerating the adoption of VI Chip and Picor products by a diversified customer base across a number of identified market segments. However, we cannot assure you our new strategy will be successful and such diversification of customers will be achieved. Further stagnation of spending by the U.S. Department of Defense or a pronounced shift in the nature of such spending may negatively influence our operating results. Customers in the defense electronics segment historically have contributed a meaningful portion of our revenue, primarily in the BBU, which sells military-grade brick modules and, through our Vicor Custom Power businesses, customer-specific systems incorporating our brick modules, primarily for C4I (Command, Control, Communications, Computing, and Intelligence) applications. However, shifts in Department of Defense spending priorities and ongoing budget constraints have contributed to a decline in such revenue as a percentage of our consolidated revenue. An additional risk to our defense electronics volume is associated with the organizational structure, capacity, and ownership of our Vicor Custom Power businesses. In December 2015, we completed the statutory merger of one Vicor Custom Power subsidiary, Mission Power Solutions, Inc. with and into another subsidiary, Northwest Power, Inc., after which we closed the Mission Power Solutions location. Also in December 2015, we sold our 49% ownership interest in Aegis Power Systems, Inc. to Aegis Power Systems, thereby ending our formal relationship with the subsidiary. We undertook these transactions in order to consolidate our custom organization, reduce manufacturing capacity, and reduce our cost structure. Also, Converpower Corporation, in which we hold a 49% ownership interest, ceased operations in December 2015, transferring its inventory and certain fixed assets to Granite Power Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary we established to assume the operations of a previously unincorporated Vicor Custom Power location (i.e., a division). We anticipate the formal transaction with Converpower will be completed during the first quarter of 2016. If the performance of the remaining three Vicor Custom Power subsidiaries does not improve during 2016, we may choose to further consolidate our locations or otherwise rationalize our associated cost structure, which may impact our ability to compete cost effectively in this market segment. 20 We may not be able to procure necessary key components for our products, or we may purchase excess raw material inventory or unusable inventory, possibly impacting our operating results. The power systems industry, and the electronics industry as a whole, can be subject to pronounced business cycles and otherwise subject to sudden and sharp changes in demand. Our success, in part, is dependent on our ability to forecast and procure inventories of raw materials and components to match production schedules and customer delivery requirements. Many of our products require raw materials supplied by a limited number of vendors and, in some instances, a single vendor. During certain periods, key components or materials required to build our products may become unavailable in the timeframe required for us to meet our customers’ needs. Our inability to secure sufficient materials and components to build products for our customers has, in the past, negatively impacted our sales and operating results and could do so again. We may choose, and have chosen, to mitigate this risk by increasing the levels of inventory for certain materials and components. Such increased inventory levels may increase the potential risk for excess or obsolete inventories, should our forecasts fail to materialize or if there are negative factors impacting our customers’ end markets, leading to order cancellation. If we identify excess inventory or determine certain inventory is obsolete (i.e., unusable), we may record additional inventory reserves (i.e., expenses representing the write-off of the excess or obsolete inventory), which could have an adverse effect on our gross margins and on our operating results. We rely on third-party vendors and subcontractors for supply of components, assemblies, and services and, therefore, cannot control the availability or quality of such components, assemblies, and services. We depend on third-party vendors and subcontractors to supply components, assemblies, and services used in our products, some of which are supplied by a single vendor, and have experienced shortages of certain semiconductor components, incurred additional and unexpected costs to address the shortages, and experienced delays in production and shipping. If suppliers or subcontractors cannot provide their products or services on time or to our specifications, we may not be able to meet the demand for our products and our delivery times may be negatively affected. In addition, we cannot directly control the quality of the products and services provided by third parties. In order to grow revenue, we likely will need to identify and qualify new suppliers and subcontractors to supplant or replace existing suppliers and subcontractors which is a time-consuming and expensive process. In addition, any qualification of new suppliers may require customers of our products utilizing products and services from new suppliers and service providers to undergo a re-qualification process. Such circumstances likely would lead to disruptions in our production, increased production costs, delays in shipping to our customers, and/or increases in prices paid to third parties for products and services. We are exposed to foreign economic, political, and other external risks. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, our revenues from sales outside the United States were 59.6%, 60.5%, and 59.5%, respectively, of the Company’s total revenues. We expect international sales will continue to be a significant component of total sales, since many of the global manufacturers we target as customers increasingly utilize offshore contract manufacturers and rely upon those contract manufacturers to place orders directly with us. We also expect international revenue from our distributors to increase. While our currency risks are limited, as our sales are denominated in U.S. Dollars worldwide, with the exception of sales by VJCL and Vicor B.V., our international activities expose us to special risks including, but not limited to, regulatory requirements, economic and political instability, transportation delays, foreign currency controls and market fluctuations, trade barriers and tariffs, and unfavorable shifts in foreign exchange rates. In addition, our international customers’ business may be negatively affected by the ongoing crisis in the global credit and financial markets, or by economic sanctions, as were imposed in 2014 by the U.S. Department of the Treasury against certain Russian entities. Sudden or unexpected changes in the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. 21 We may be unable to adequately protect our proprietary rights, which may limit our ability to compete effectively. We operate in an industry in which the ability to compete depends on the development or acquisition of proprietary technologies that must be protected to preserve the exclusive use of such technologies. We devote substantial resources to establish and protect our patents and proprietary rights, and we rely on patent and intellectual property law to protect such rights. This protection, however, may not prevent competitors from independently developing products similar or superior to our products. We may be unable to protect or enforce current patents, may rely on unpatented technology that competitors could restrict, or may be unable to acquire patents in the future, all of which may have a material adverse effect on our competitive position. In addition, the intellectual property laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as those of the United States. We have been and may need to continue to defend or challenge patents. We have incurred and expect to incur significant financial costs in the defense of our patented technologies and have devoted and expect to devote significant resources to these efforts which, if unsuccessful, may have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial position. We face intellectual property infringement claims that could be disruptive to operations and costly to resolve and may encounter similar infringement claims in the future. The power supply industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights. We have in the past and may in the future receive communications from third parties asserting that our products or manufacturing processes infringe on a third party’s patent or other intellectual property rights. Such assertions, if publicly disclosed, have in the past and may in the future inhibit the willingness of potential customers to purchase certain of our products. In the event a third party makes a valid intellectual property claim against us and a license is not available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, we could be forced to either redesign or stop production of products incorporating that technology, and our operating results could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, litigation may be necessary to defend us against claims of infringement, and this litigation could be costly, extend over a lengthy period of time, and divert the attention of key personnel. An adverse outcome in these types of matters could have a material adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition. Please see Part I, Item 3 — “Legal Proceedings” for information regarding current litigation related to our intellectual property. Any expenses or liability resulting from the outcome of litigation could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. From time to time, we may be subject to claims or litigation, including intellectual property litigation as described elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any such claims or litigation may be time-consuming and costly, divert management resources, require us to change our products, or have other adverse effects on our business. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and could require us to pay significant monetary damages. The outcomes of legal proceedings and claims brought against us are subject to significant uncertainty. An estimated loss from a loss contingency such as a legal proceeding or claim is accrued by a charge to income if it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Disclosure of a contingency is required if there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss has been incurred. In determining whether a loss should be accrued, we evaluate, among other factors, the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss. Changes in these factors could materially impact our financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, our evaluation led us to conclude no accrual of a loss contingency was warranted. 22 We may face legal claims and litigation from product warranty or other claims that could be costly to resolve. We have in the past and may in the future encounter legal action from customers, vendors, or others concerning product warranty or other claims. We generally offer a two-year warranty from the date title passes from us for all of our standard products. We invest significant resources in the testing of our products; however, if any of our products contain defects, we may be required to incur additional development and remediation costs, pursuant to our warranty policies. These issues may divert our technical and other resources from other product development efforts and could result in claims against us by our customers or others, including liability for costs associated with product returns, which may adversely impact our operating results. If any of our products contain defects, or have reliability, quality or compatibility problems, our reputation may be damaged, which could make it more difficult for us to sell our products to existing and prospective customers and could adversely affect our operating results. We are currently party to a limited number of supply agreements with certain customers contractually committing us to warranty and indemnification requirements exceeding those to which we have been exposed in the past. While we maintain insurance coverage for such exposure, we could incur significant financial cost beyond the limits of such coverage, as well as operational disruption and damage to our competitive position and image if faced with a significant product warranty or other claim. Our ability to successfully implement our business strategy may be limited if we do not retain our key personnel and attract and retain skilled and experienced personnel. Our success depends on our ability to retain the services of our executive officers. The loss of one or more members of senior management could materially adversely affect our business and financial results. In particular, we are dependent on the services of Dr. Vinciarelli, our founder, Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, and President. The loss of the services of Dr. Vinciarelli could have a material adverse effect on our development of new products and on our results of operations. In addition, we depend on highly skilled engineers and other personnel with technical skills that are in high demand and are difficult to replace. Our continued operations and growth depend on our ability to attract and retain skilled and experienced personnel in a very competitive employment market. If we are unable to attract and retain these employees, our ability to successfully implement our business strategy may be harmed. Extended interruption of production at our manufacturing facility in Andover, Massachusetts, could materially reduce our revenue and increase costs. All modular power components, whether for direct sale to customers or for sale to our subsidiaries for incorporation into their respective products, as well as all configurable products, are manufactured at our Andover, Massachusetts, production facility. Substantial damage to this facility due to fire, natural disaster, power loss or other events could interrupt manufacturing. While we have never experienced any meaningful interruption of manufacturing in our history, any prolonged inability to utilize all or a significant portion of our Andover facility could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Disruption of our information technology infrastructure could adversely affect our business. We depend heavily on our computing and communications infrastructure to achieve our business objectives, particularly for email communications, financial and operational record keeping, and our computer-integrated manufacturing processes that control all aspects of our operations in our manufacturing facility in Andover, Massachusetts. If a problem occurs impairing this infrastructure, the resulting disruption could impede our ability to record or process orders, manufacture and ship in a timely manner, or otherwise carry on business in the normal course. From time to time, we have experienced brief (i.e., periods of several hours) disruptions of our computing and communications infrastructure due to the effects of inclement weather on our access to the power grid or the public telecommunications infrastructure. To address this specific vulnerability, in 2012 we established our own proprietary fiber optic loop to connect our two facilities in Andover, Massachusetts, and 23 invested in expanded data storage capabilities at each location, enabling robust data backup and failover routines. Since 2012, we have experienced no interruption of our computing and communications capabilities. While we carry business interruption insurance that would mitigate financial losses from such an interruption to an extent, such insurance may be insufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant amounts incurred. Any such events, if prolonged, could have a material and adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. Our systems are designed to protect us from network security breaches and associated disruptions. However, we remain vulnerable to computer viruses and related software-based challenges to the integrity of our systems, unauthorized or illegal break-ins or malicious network hacking, equipment or software sabotage, acts of vandalism to our systems by third parties, and, in the extreme, forms of cyber-terrorism. Our security measures or those of our third-party service providers may not detect or prevent such network security breaches or associated disruptions. Also, we provide confidential information to third-party business partners in certain circumstances when doing so is necessary to conduct business. While we employ confidentiality agreements to protect such information, our own security measures or those of our third-party service providers may not be sufficient to protect such information in the event the computing infrastructure of these third-party business partners is compromised. Security breaches of our computing and communications infrastructure or that of a third-party business partner could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized release of confidential information belonging to us or to our employees, partners, customers or suppliers, which could result in an interruption to our operations, result in a violation of privacy or other laws, expose us to a risk of litigation, or damage our reputation, any of which could have a material and adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting or discover material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately or timely or detect fraud, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. An effective internal control environment is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is an important part of our effort to prevent financial fraud. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires our management to report on, and our independent registered public accounting firm to attest to, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. As of year-end 2015, we implemented the new framework for internal control, Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013), as issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). We have an ongoing program to perform the system and process evaluation and testing necessary to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and to continuously improve and, when necessary, remediate internal controls over financial reporting. While management evaluates the effectiveness of our internal controls on a regular basis, these controls may not always be effective. There are inherent limitations on the effectiveness of internal controls, including collusion, management override, and failure in human judgment. In addition, control procedures are designed to reduce rather than eliminate business risks. In the event our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, or independent registered public accounting firm determines our internal controls over financial reporting are not effective as defined under Section 404, we may be unable to produce reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, which could materially adversely affect our business. In addition, we may be subject to sanctions or investigation by government authorities or self-regulatory organizations, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission or The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC. Any such actions could affect investor perceptions of the Company and result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline or limit our access to capital. New regulations related to conflict minerals could adversely impact our business. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act contains provisions to improve transparency and accountability concerning the supply of certain minerals, known as conflict minerals (including 24 gold, tantalum, tin, and tungsten, and their related ores), originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo (“DRC”) and adjoining countries. As a result, in August 2012 the SEC released final rules for annual disclosure and reporting for those companies who use conflict minerals mined from the DRC and adjoining countries in their products. We began to implement processes within our supply chain to comply these rules beginning in 2012 and filed our initial Form SD in May 2014. There have been and will continue to be costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including due diligence to determine the sources of conflict minerals used in our products and other potential changes to products, processes, or sources of supply as a consequence of such verification activities. The implementation of these rules could adversely affect the sourcing, supply, and pricing of materials used in our products. As there may be only a limited number of suppliers offering “conflict free” conflict minerals, we cannot be sure that we will be able to obtain necessary conflict minerals from such suppliers in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Also, we may face reputational challenges if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals not determined to be conflict free or if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for all conflict minerals used in our products through the procedures we may implement. ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS None. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Our corporate headquarters building in Andover, Massachusetts, which we own, provides approximately 90,000 square feet of office space for our sales, marketing, engineering, and administrative personnel and is used by and supports all business segments. We also own a building of approximately 230,000 square feet in Andover, Massachusetts, which houses all Massachusetts manufacturing activities. In December 2014, we completed the consolidation of manufacturing Westcor’s products, from a single- story industrial building of approximately 31,000 square feet in Sunnyvale, California, to our manufacturing facility in Andover, Massachusetts. The Sunnyvale building was purchased in 1994 and is carried on our consolidated balance sheet at a net book value, as of December 31, 2015, of approximately $700,000. In February 2016, we executed a long-term lease with a corporate tenant, who will occupy the building beginning in June 2016. All other domestic and foreign facilities are leased from third-party lessors on arms’ length terms. We believe our owned and leased facilities are adequate for our present needs and expect them to remain adequate for the foreseeable future. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS On January 28, 2011, SynQor, Inc. (“SynQor”) filed a complaint for patent infringement against Ericsson, Inc. (“Ericsson”), Cisco Systems, Inc. (“Cisco”) and Vicor in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the “Texas Action”). This immediately followed a complaint filed by us on January 26, 2011, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, in which we sought a declaratory judgment that our bus converter products do not infringe any valid claim of certain of SynQor’s U.S. patents, and that the claims of those patents are invalid. With respect to Vicor, SynQor’s complaint alleges our products, including, but not limited to, unregulated bus converters used in intermediate bus architecture power supply systems, infringe certain SynQor patents. SynQor seeks, among other items, an injunction against further infringement and an award of unspecified compensatory and enhanced damages, interest, costs and attorney fees. On February 8, 2011, SynQor filed a motion for preliminary injunction seeking an order enjoining us from manufacturing, using, selling, and offering for sale in the United States and/or importing into the United States certain identified unregulated bus converters, as well as any other bus converters not significantly different from those products. On February 17, 2011, we withdrew our Massachusetts action without prejudice to allow the litigation to proceed in Texas. On May 16, 2011, SynQor announced it was withdrawing its motion for preliminary injunction against 25 us. On that date, SynQor also announced it and Ericsson had entered into a definitive settlement agreement, the terms of which were not disclosed. On September 16, 2011, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the “Texas Court”) issued an order setting a trial date of July 7, 2014. On September 20, 2011, SynQor filed an amended complaint in the Texas Action. The amended complaint repeated the allegations of patent infringement against us contained in SynQor’s original complaint, and included additional patent infringement allegations with respect to U.S. Patent No. 8,023,290 (the “ ‘290 patent”), which was issued on that day. As with SynQor’s original complaint, the amended complaint alleges our products, including but not limited to our unregulated bus converters used in intermediate bus architecture power supply systems, infringe the asserted patents. On October 4, 2011, we filed an answer and counterclaims to SynQor’s amended complaint, in which we allege the ‘290 patent is unenforceable because it was procured through inequitable conduct before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and seek damages against SynQor for SynQor’s unfair and deceptive trade practices and tortious interference with prospective economic advantage in connection with SynQor’s allegations of patent infringement against us. On January 2, 2014, the Texas Court issued its claim construction order following a claim construction hearing held on December 17, 2013. On January 16, 2014, we filed a motion seeking reconsideration of certain aspects of the Texas Court’s claim construction ruling. On March 31, 2014, the Texas Court issued an order severing the case against us and Cisco into two separate matters, with separate trials to be held with respect to SynQor’s claims against Cisco and SynQor’s claims against us. On June 30, 2014, we filed a number of motions seeking summary judgment in this matter, including for a finding of no direct, indirect, or willful infringement and for a finding of indefiniteness with respect to U.S. Patent No. 7,272,021 (the “ ‘021 patent”), which is one of four related patents at question in the Texas Action. The Texas Court has yet to rule on these motions. On October 23, 2014, the Texas Court issued an order continuing trial in this matter indefinitely. On January 7, 2015, our case and that of Cisco were assigned to a new judge within the Texas Court. On February 6, 2015, SynQor filed a motion to consolidate ours and Cisco’s cases for trial, which was subsequently denied. On March 13, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, D.C. Circuit issued a ruling invalidating certain claims of U.S. Patent No. 7,072,190 (the “ ‘190 patent”) asserted by SynQor against us. Challenges to the validity of the remaining claims relating to the ‘190 patent, and to the remaining patents asserted by SynQor against us, remain pending before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in the Texas Action. On March 26, 2015, the Texas Court scheduled pre-trial conferences for September 15, 2015, for Cisco’s case and January 13, 2016, for our case. On April 20, 2015, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “PTAB”) issued a decision upholding the validity of all of the claims of SynQor’s U.S. Patent No. 7,564,702 (the “ ‘702 patent”), another of the power converter patents included in the claims asserted against us in the Texas Action. On May 20, 2015, we filed a request for rehearing concerning that decision. The PTAB has not ruled on that request. On May 5, 2015, the PTAB issued a decision invalidating all of the asserted claims of the ‘021 patent. On June 10, 2015, SynQor filed a request for rehearing concerning that decision. The PTAB has not ruled on that request. We have received no notice from the Texas Court regarding the timing of rulings on our summary judgment motions. On June 19, 2015, the Texas Court issued an order scheduling a jury trial in SynQor’s patent infringement action against Cisco beginning on November 30, 2015. SynQor’s patent infringement allegations against Cisco include allegations that Cisco is using certain parts supplied by us in infringing circuits. On October 5, 2015, the Texas Court issued an order denying a motion by Cisco seeking a stay of SynQor’s case against Cisco pending the resolution of matters concerning the asserted SynQor patents before the PTAB. On November 20, 2015, SynQor and Cisco informed the Texas Court they had reached a confidential settlement of SynQor’s case against Cisco. On November 24, 2015, a Magistrate Judge of the Texas Court issued an order staying SynQor’s case against us pending the resolution of matters concerning the asserted SynQor patents before the PTAB. SynQor has filed a motion seeking reconsideration of that order, and that request is still pending. We continue to believe none of our products, including our unregulated bus converters, infringe any valid claim of the asserted SynQor patents, either alone or when used in an intermediate bus architecture implementation, including such use by Cisco. We believe SynQor’s claims lack merit and, therefore, continue to vigorously defend ourselves against SynQor’s patent infringement allegations. We do not believe a loss is probable for this matter. If a loss were to be incurred, however, we cannot estimate the amount of possible loss or range of possible loss at this time. 26 In addition to the SynQor matter, we are involved in certain other litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. While the outcome of lawsuits and claims against us cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not expect any such current litigation or claims will have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations. ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES Not Applicable. 27 PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES Our Common Stock is listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC, under the trading symbol “VICR.” Shares of our Class B Common Stock are not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, are not listed on any exchange nor traded on any market, and are subject to transfer restrictions under our Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended. The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low sales prices for the Common Stock as reported by The NASDAQ Stock Market for the periods indicated: 2015 High Low First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15.79 17.21 11.89 10.66 $10.77 11.73 8.93 8.96 2014 High Low First Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth Quarter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13.81 11.25 10.20 13.96 $ 9.63 6.76 7.20 8.43 As of February 29, 2016, there were 160 holders of record of our Common Stock and 13 holders of record of our Class B Common Stock. These numbers do not reflect persons or entities that hold their shares in nominee or “street name” through various brokerage firms. Dividend Policy We do not have a policy mandating the declaration of cash dividends at any particular time or on a regular basis. We did not pay cash dividends on our Common Stock for the years ended December 31, 2015 or 2014. Dividends are declared periodically, only at the discretion of our Board of Directors, and any such declaration depends on actual cash from operations, our financial condition and capital requirements, the recommendation of our management, and any other factors the Board of Directors may consider relevant at the time. From time to time, excess cash held at the subsidiary level is transferred to the Company via cash dividends declared by the subsidiary. Because we have owned less than 100% of the common stock of certain subsidiaries, such subsidiary dividends can result in payments to outside shareholders of those subsidiaries. During the year ended December 31, 2015, one of our subsidiaries paid a total of $250,000 in cash dividends, all of which was paid to us. During the year ended December 31, 2014, two of our subsidiaries paid a total of $3,900,000 in cash dividends, of which an aggregate of $3,738,000 was paid to us and $162,000 was paid to outside shareholders (i.e., paid to certain subsidiary employees who own common stock in the subsidiary). Dividends paid to outside shareholders of our subsidiaries are accounted for as a reduction in noncontrolling interest. 28 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Period Total Number of Shares Purchased Average Price Paid per Share Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs October 1 — 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 1 — 30, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 1 — 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — $— $— $— $— — — — — Maximum Number (of Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs $8,541,000 $8,541,000 $8,541,000 $8,541,000 In November 2000, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $30,000,000 of our Common Stock (the “November 2000 Plan”). The November 2000 Plan authorizes us to make such repurchases from time to time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The timing and amounts of Common Stock repurchases are at the discretion of management based on its view of economic and financial market conditions. 29 Stockholder Return Performance Graph The graph set forth below presents the cumulative, five-year stockholder return for each of the Company’s Common Stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (“S&P 500 Index”), a value-weighted index made up of 500 of the largest, by market capitalization, listed companies, and the Standard & Poor’s SmallCap 600 Index (“S&P SmallCap 600 Index”), a value-weighted index of 600 listed companies with market capitalizations between $200,000,000 and $1,000,000,000. The graph assumes an investment of $100 on December 31, 2010, in each of our Common Stock, the S&P 500 Index, and the S&P SmallCap 600 Index, and assumes reinvestment of all dividends. The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance. Comparison of Five Year Cumulative Return Among Vicor Corporation, S&P 500 Index and S&P SmallCap 600 Index S R A L L O D 250 200 150 100 50 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Vicor Corporation S&P 500 Index - Total Returns S&P Smallcap 600 Index Vicor Corporation S&P 500 Index 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 $100.00 $ 49.15 $ 33.47 $ 82.86 $ 74.71 $ 56.31 $100.00 $102.11 $118.45 $156.82 $178.28 $180.75 S&P SmallCap 600 Index $100.00 $101.02 $117.51 $166.05 $175.61 $172.15 Our equity plan information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 30 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected consolidated financial data with respect to our statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, and with respect to our balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, are derived from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements, which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following selected consolidated financial data with respect to our statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, and with respect to our balance sheets as of December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011, are derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements, which are not included herein. The data should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements, related notes and other financial information included herein. Statement of Operations Data Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) attributable to Vicor Corporation . . Net income (loss) per share — basic and diluted attributable to Vicor Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average shares — basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted average shares — diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash dividends per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 $220,194 (267) 5,159 (In thousands, except per share data) $218,507 $199,160 $225,731 (2,785) (20,467) (14,763) (3,798) (23,504) (14,070) $252,968 13,686 9,309 232 4,927 (183) (13,887) 136 (23,640) 279 (4,077) 466 8,843 0.13 38,754 39,146 (0.36) 38,569 38,569 (0.60) 39,195 39,195 (0.10) 41,811 41,811 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 0.21 41,797 41,856 0.15 As of December 31, Balance Sheet Data 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working capital Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 94,905 157,545 21,460 136,085 $ 90,321 155,542 24,990 130,552 (In thousands) $ 97,869 165,640 23,303 142,337 $128,498 202,581 20,608 181,973 $124,386 208,141 23,431 184,710 ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Overview We design, develop, manufacture, and market modular power components and complete power systems and have organized our business segments according to our key product lines. The BBU segment designs, develops, manufactures and markets our modular DC-DC converters and configurable products, and also includes the entities comprising Vicor Custom Power, and the BBU operations of VJCL. In December 2014, we completed the consolidation of manufacturing Westcor division products from its facility in Sunnyvale, California to our primary manufacturing facility in Andover, Massachusetts. In December 2015, we completed the statutory merger of one Vicor Custom Power subsidiary, Mission Power Solutions, Inc. with and into another subsidiary, Northwest Power, Inc., after which we closed the Mission Power Solutions location. Also in December 2015, we sold our 49% ownership interest in Aegis Power Systems, Inc. to Aegis Power Systems, thereby ending our formal relationship with the subsidiary. The VI Chip segment includes VI Chip Corporation, which designs, develops, manufactures, and markets many of our advanced power component products. The VI Chip segment also includes the VI Chip business conducted through VJCL. The Picor segment includes Picor Corporation, which designs, develops, manufactures, and markets integrated circuits and related products for use in a variety of power management and power system applications. Picor develops these products for use in our BBU and VI 31 Chip modules, to be sold as complements to our BBU and VI Chip products, or for sale to third parties for separate (i.e., stand-alone) applications, often integrated with VI Chip products to represent a customer solution. We sell our products primarily to customers in the higher-performance, higher-power segments of the power systems market. The BBU has customers concentrated in aerospace and aviation, defense electronics, industrial automation and equipment, medical diagnostics, rail transportation, and test and measurement instrumentation. VI Chip and Picor have customers concentrated in the datacenter and supercomputer segments of the computing market, although they also target applications in aerospace and aviation, and defense electronics, electric and hybrid vehicles, instrumentation and test equipment, and networking equipment. With our strategic emphasis on larger, high-volume customers, we expect to experience a greater concentration of sales among relatively few customers. As anticipated, our consolidated revenue for the second half of 2015 was lower than for the first half of 2015, and we incurred an operating loss in the second half of 2015. Our lower revenue in the second half of 2015 was due in part to a transition to a new voltage regulation standard within the datacenter market, which has caused shifts in the timing of revenues and delays in expected bookings for our VI Chip and Picor subsidiaries. On a year over year basis, bookings were 13.2% lower in 2015, as compared to 2014 and, in particular, were 24.1% lower in the second half of 2015, as compared to the second half of 2014. We continue to face an uncertain outlook in the near term. We believe the transition to the new voltage regulation standard within the datacenter market will approach completion or be completed during 2016, leading to an increase in purchase orders for our products targeted at this substantial opportunity. However, certain markets in which we have historically focused remain weak, notably defense electronics. Geographically, international demand remains weak due to economic uncertainty across certain global regions. Because we are shifting our strategy toward serving fewer, higher volume customers with our innovative new products, we currently are vulnerable to swings in demand from a relatively small number of early adopting customers, although our objective is to diversify our customer base, given the breadth of applications of these new products. Until customer adoption of these new products accelerates, we may not achieve such customer diversification. For the year ended December 31, 2015, revenues decreased (2.5)% to $220,194,000 from $225,731,000 for 2014. Export sales as a percentage of total revenues were approximately 59.6% in 2015 and 60.5% in 2014. Gross margin increased to $99,518,000 in 2015 from $97,120,000 in 2014. Gross margin, as a percentage of revenue, increased to 45.2% in 2015 from 43.0% in 2014. Gross margin dollars and percentage improved in 2015 over 2014, despite lower revenues, due to improved average selling prices and lower average unit costs across all three segments. Backlog, representing the total of orders for products received for which shipment is scheduled within the next 12 months, was approximately $39,073,000 at the end of 2015, as compared to $54,249,000 at the end of 2014. Operating expenses for 2015 decreased $12,098,000, or (10.8)%, to $99,785,000 from $111,883,000 in 2014, due to a decrease in selling, general, and administrative expenses of $9,884,000. The primary components of the decrease in selling, general, and administrative expenses were declines in legal fees of $8,621,000, compensation expenses of $1,064,000, and commissions expense of $310,000. The decrease in legal fees is due to reduced activity with our ongoing patent infringement litigation (See Part I, Item 3 — “Legal Proceedings”). As addressed elsewhere, we intend to continue our vigorous defense of intellectual property claims against us and cannot predict the ultimate cost of such defense or when the claims might be resolved. The lower costs of this ongoing litigation continued the trend begun in the fourth quarter of 2014 associated with continued delays in the expected trial date. An additional cause of lower operating expenses was the absence, in 2015, of severance and other costs associated with the consolidation of Westcor manufacturing, for which we recorded a pre-tax charge of $2,207,000 during the second half of 2014. 32 In September 2015, Intersil Corporation (“Intersil”) acquired Great Wall Semiconductor Corporation (“GWS”). At that time, our gross investment in non-voting convertible preferred stock of GWS totaled $4,999,719, representing an approximately 27% ownership preference in GWS. We received cash consideration from Intersil of $4,999,719, representing full preference value of the non-voting convertible preferred stock of GWS we owned. Since the investment in GWS had previously been written down to zero, the full amount of the consideration was recorded as a gain from sale of equity method investment in the third quarter of 2015. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We reported net income in 2015 of $4,927,000, as compared to a net loss of $(13,887,000) in 2014, and net income per diluted share of $0.13 in 2015, as compared to a net loss per share of $(0.36) in 2014. In 2015, depreciation and amortization totaled $9,142,000, and capital additions were $9,090,000, compared to $9,805,000 and $7,128,000, respectively, for 2014. Inventories decreased by approximately $2,886,000, or (11.0)%, to $23,442,000 at the end of 2015, as compared to $26,328,000 at the end of 2014. This decrease was primarily associated with decreases in VI Chip and BBU inventories of $1,298,000 and $1,253,000, respectively. The following table sets forth certain items of selected consolidated financial information as a percentage of net revenues for the years shown, ended December 31. This table and the subsequent discussion should be read in conjunction with the selected financial data and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related footnotes contained elsewhere in this report. Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Loss before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 45.2% 43.0% 40.9% 26.5% 30.2% 30.5% 18.8% 18.4% 20.0% (0.1)% (6.4)% (10.3)% Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, and our associated judgments, including those related to inventories, impairment of long-lived assets, income taxes, contingencies, and litigation. We base our estimates, assumptions, and judgments on historical experience, knowledge of current conditions, and on various other factors we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We also have other policies we consider key accounting policies, such as our policy for revenue recognition, including the deferral of revenue on sales to distributors until the products are sold to the end user. However, the application of these other policies does not require us to make significant estimates and assumptions difficult to support quantitatively. Inventories We employ a variety of methodologies to estimate allowances for our inventory for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory, based upon our existing backlog, historical consumption, and assumptions about 33 future demand and market conditions. For BBU products produced at our Andover facility, our principal manufacturing location, the methodology used compares on-hand quantities to projected demand and historical consumption, such that amounts of inventory on hand in excess of a three-year projected consumption or three- year historical consumption, whichever is higher, are fully reserved. VI Chip uses a one-year projected consumption assumption. Historical consumption assumptions are one-year for VI Chip and two-year for Picor, since their products are still at a relatively early stage. While we have used our best efforts and believe we have used the best available information to estimate future demand, due to uncertainty in the economy and our business and the inherent difficulty in predicting future demand, it is possible actual demand for our products will differ from our estimates. If actual future demand or market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory reserves for existing inventories may need to be recorded in future periods. Long-Lived Assets We review property, plant, and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. We determine whether the carrying value of an asset or asset group is recoverable based on comparison to the undiscounted expected future cash flows the assets are expected to generate over their remaining economic lives. If the value of an asset is considered not recoverable, the impairment loss is equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value, which is determined by either a quoted market price, if any, or a value determined by utilizing a discounted cash flow technique. Evaluation of impairment of long-lived assets requires estimates of future operating results that are used in the preparation of the expected future undiscounted cash flows. Actual future operating results and the remaining economic lives of our long-lived assets could differ from the estimates used in assessing the recoverability of the carrying value of these assets. These differences could result in impairment charges, which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. Income Taxes We make certain estimates, assumptions, and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement reporting purposes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments occur in the calculation of tax credits, benefits, and deductions, and in the calculation of certain assets and liabilities that arise from differences in the timing and of the recognition of revenue and expense for tax and financial statement purposes, as well as the interest and penalties relating to uncertain tax positions. Significant changes to these estimates, assumptions, and judgments may result in an increase or decrease to our tax provision in a subsequent period. Significant management judgment also is required in determining whether deferred tax assets will be realized in full or in part. We assess the need for a valuation allowance on a quarterly basis. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount we believe is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and past financial performance. In 2013, we recorded an increase to the valuation allowance to cover all domestic net deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets may require adjustment in the future based on changes in the mix of temporary differences, changes in tax laws, and operating performance. If and when we determine the valuation allowance should be released (i.e., reduced), the adjustment would result in a tax benefit reported in that period’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, the effect of which would be an increase in reported net income. A portion of such an adjustment may be accounted for through an increase to “Additional paid-in capital”, a component of Stockholders’ Equity. The amount of any such tax benefit associated with release of our valuation allowance in a particular quarter may be material. We follow a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize in our financial statements for tax positions taken on tax returns. The first step is to evaluate the tax position to determine the likelihood it would be sustained upon examination by a tax authority. If the tax position is deemed “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained, the second step is to assess the tax position to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize in 34 the financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If the tax position does not meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold then it is not recognized in the financial statements. We accrue interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. If the estimates, assumptions, and judgments made by us change, the unrecognized tax benefits may have to be adjusted, and such adjustments may be material. Contingencies From time to time, we receive notices of product failure claims, notices of infringement of patent or other intellectual property rights of others, or notices associated with other claims. In January 2011, we were named in a lawsuit for patent infringement (See Part I, Item 3 — “Legal Proceedings”) that is ongoing. We assess each notice and associated matter to determine if a contingent liability should be recorded. In making this assessment, we may consult, depending on the nature of the matter, with external legal counsel and technical experts. Based on the information we obtain, combined with our judgment regarding all the facts and circumstances of each matter, we determine whether it is probable a contingent loss may be incurred and whether the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Should a loss be probable and reasonably estimable, we record such a loss (i.e., we establish a loss contingency). In determining the amount of the loss to be recorded, we consider advice received from experts in the specific matter, current status of legal proceedings (if any), prior case history, comparable precedent litigation, and other factors. Should the estimates, assumptions, and judgments made by us change, we may need to record additional losses (i.e., add to our loss contingency) that may be material. New Accounting Pronouncements From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) that we adopt as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe the impact of recently issued accounting standards will not have a material impact on our future financial condition and results of operations. See Note 2 — Impact of recently issued accounting standards, to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements, including the dates of adoption and expected impact on our financial position and results of operations. Year ended December 31, 2015 compared to Year ended December 31, 2014 Net revenues for 2015 were $220,194,000, a decrease of $5,537,000 or (2.5)%, as compared to $225,731,000 for 2014. The components of revenue for the years ended December 31 were as follows (dollars in thousands): BBU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $173,108 35,198 11,888 $184,224 32,929 8,578 $(11,116) 2,269 3,310 (6.0)% 6.9% 38.6% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $220,194 $225,731 $ (5,537) (2.5)% 2015 2014 $ % Increase (decrease) The overall year to year decrease in BBU net revenues was primarily due to a 8.2% decrease in bookings in 2015 compared to 2014. The decrease in BBU revenues was primarily attributable to decreases in BBU revenues of approximately $4,481,000, Vicor Custom Power revenues of approximately $3,507,000, and VJCL revenues of approximately $3,100,000. While bookings declined across all three segments on a year over year basis, VI Chip and Picor revenues increased due to strong bookings in the latter half of 2014, particularly from the two segments’ major datacenter customer. Customer bookings patterns, though, continue to be unpredictable, particularly for the VI Chip and Picor segments. 35 Gross margin for 2015 increased $2,398,000, or 2.5%, to $99,518,000 from $97,120,000 in 2014. Gross margin as a percentage of net revenues increased to 45.2% in 2015 from 43.0% in 2014. The increases in gross margin and gross margin percentage were primarily due to the increase in VI Chip and Picor net revenues, particularly due to a larger proportion of higher margin Picor products. In addition, the gross margin for BBU products remained relatively flat, despite their decrease in net revenues, due to average selling price improvements across several BBU programs, along with realizing the full benefit of the Westcor consolidation into Andover manufacturing. Income (loss) from operations by segment for the years ended December 31 were as follows (dollars in thousands): 2015 2014 $ % Increase (decrease) BBU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 21,743 (21,040) (290) (680) $ 15,499 (29,015) (407) (840) $ 6,244 7,975 117 160 40.3% 27.5% 28.7% 19.0% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (267) $(14,763) $14,496 98.2% The increase in BBU operating profit in 2015 compared to 2014 was due to decreases in operating expenses, partially offset by decreases in revenues and the related gross margin. The primary decreases in operating expenses were legal fees and compensation expenses. Legal fees, which are charged to the BBU segment, are associated with the ongoing patent infringement litigation. The decrease in legal fees continued the trend begun in the fourth quarter of 2014 associated with continued delays in the expected trial date related to the SynQor litigation. Compensation and other operating expenses have decreased in part due to the Westcor consolidation discussed above. The VI Chip segment continues to incur significant operating losses as revenue volume and related gross margins are not sufficient to cover fixed manufacturing costs and operating expenses, particularly research and development expenses. The cash needs for each segment are primarily for working capital and capital expenditures. Positive cash flow from BBU historically has funded, and is expected to continue to fund, VI Chip and Picor operations, as well as the capital expenditures for all segments for the foreseeable future. Selling, general, and administrative expenses were $58,313,000 for 2015, a decrease of $9,884,000, or (14.5)%, as compared to $68,197,000 for 2014. As a percentage of net revenues, selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased to 26.5% in 2015 from 30.2% in 2014. The components of the $9,884,000 decrease in selling, general, and administrative expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands): Legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commissions expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Travel expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advertising expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business taxes and fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outside services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Audit, tax, and accounting fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Facilities expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net Increase (decrease) $(8,621) (1,064) (310) (280) (234) 83 130 145 145 122 (78.9)%(1) (3.0)%(2) (6.7)%(3) (9.5)%(4) (9.6)%(5) 16.0% 8.1% 8.1% 10.0% 2.0% $(9,884) (14.5)% 36 (1) Decrease attributable to reduced activity associated with patent infringement litigation, primarily due to the delay of the trial. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. (2) Decrease primarily attributable to the decrease in bonuses and the consolidation of Westcor operations. (3) Decrease primarily attributable to the decrease in net revenues subject to commissions. (4) Decrease primarily attributable to decreased travel by the Company’s sales and marketing personnel. (5) Decrease primarily attributed to decreases in sales support expenses, direct mailings, and advertising in trade publications. Research and development expenses decreased $7,000, or 0.0%, to $41,472,000 in 2015 from $41,479,000 in 2014. As a percentage of net revenues, research and development increased to 18.8% in 2015 from 18.4% in 2014, primarily due to the decrease in net revenues. The significant changes in the components of “Other income, net” for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands): Credit gains on available for sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency losses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on disposal of equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 $ 12 (161) 47 60 67 $ 311 (196) 80 22 51 $ 25 $ 268 Increase (decrease) $(299) 35 (33) 38 16 $(243) We assess the value of our investment portfolio of auction rate securities each quarter, and record any credit gains or losses calculated as a component of “Other income (expense), net”. Our exposure to market risk fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relate primarily to the operations of VJCL, for which the functional currency is the Japanese Yen. The functional currency of all other subsidiaries in Europe and Asia is the U.S. Dollar. While our Vicor B.V. operation also potentially exposes us to exchange rate risk, as that subsidiary’s sales are denominated in Euros and Pounds Sterling, any periodic gains or losses associated with exchange rate fluctuations are small, given the small U.S. Dollar value of shipments we make to Vicor B.V. The decrease in interest income for the period was due to lower average balances on our long-term investments, as well as a general decrease in interest rates earned on these investments. Loss before income taxes was $(242,000) in 2015, as compared to $(14,495,000) in 2014. The benefit for income taxes and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 were as follows (dollars in thousands): Benefit for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective income tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (401) (165.7%) $(425) (2.9%) 2015 2014 For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, no tax benefit could be recognized for the majority of our losses due to a full valuation allowance against all domestic deferred tax assets. In 2015, we recognized a tax benefit of approximately $555,000 as a discrete item in the fourth quarter of 2015 for the release of certain tax reserves, due to entering into voluntary disclosure agreements with several states. In addition, in connection with the sale of our 49% interest in a noncontrolling interest subsidiary, Aegis Power Systems, Inc., the related deferred tax liability for unremitted earnings of $274,000 was reversed and recorded as a deferred tax benefit in 37 the fourth quarter of 2015 (see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). In 2014, we recognized a tax benefit of approximately $552,000 as a discrete item in the third quarter of 2014 for the release of certain income tax reserves, due to the completion of an Internal Revenue Service examination of its 2010 and 2011 federal corporate income tax returns during the quarter. The tax benefits in both years were partially offset by estimated federal and state taxes for one noncontrolling interest subsidiary as well as estimated state and foreign taxes in jurisdictions in which we do not have net operating loss carryforwards. We continue to maintain a full valuation allowance against all remaining domestic deferred tax assets. The effective tax rate was higher in 2015 than 2014 as the loss before income taxes and before the gain from sale of equity method investments was significantly lower in 2015 than in 2014. In September 2015, Intersil acquired GWS. At that time, our gross investment in non-voting convertible preferred stock of GWS totaled $4,999,719, representing an approximately 27% ownership preference in GWS. We received cash consideration from Intersil of $4,999,719, representing full preference value of the shares of non-voting convertible preferred stock of GWS we owned. Since the investment in GWS had previously been reduced to zero, the full amount of the consideration was recorded as a gain from sale of equity method investment in the third quarter of 2015. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Net income (loss) of noncontrolling interest increased by $415,000 for 2015 to $232,000, as compared to ($183,000) for 2014. This increase was due to the increase in net income during 2015 recorded by entities in which others held an equity interest (i.e., three Vicor Custom Power subsidiaries and VJCL). Net income per diluted share attributable to Vicor Corporation was $0.13 for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to net loss per share of $(0.36) for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in net income per diluted share was due in part to the acquisition of GWS by Intersil and the resulting gain from sale of equity method investment recorded by the Company, as discussed above. Year ended December 31, 2014 compared to Year ended December 31, 2013 Net revenues for 2014 were $225,731,000, an increase of $26,571,000 or 13.3%, as compared to $199,160,000 for 2013. The components of revenue for the years ended December 31 were as follows (dollars in thousands): BBU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picor $184,224 32,929 8,578 $163,013 33,279 2,868 $21,211 (350) 5,710 13.0% (1.1)% 199.1% Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $225,731 $199,160 $26,571 13.3% 2014 2013 $ % Increase (decrease) The overall year to year increase in net revenues was primarily due to an approximately 10.7% increase in bookings for 2014 compared to 2013 and, particularly, a 23.8% increase in booking in the second half of 2014 compared to the same period in 2013. The increase in BBU revenues is primarily attributed to increases in BBU component revenues of approximately $16,202,000 (primarily due to increased shipments to customers in China), Vicor Custom Power revenues of approximately $3,628,000, Westcor revenues of approximately $834,000, and VJCL revenues of approximately $613,000. The decline in VI Chip revenues was expected, as the segment’s major datacenter customer transitioned to a new VI Chip product platform. One aspect of this transition is that certain Picor products are required in the new platform, replacing certain VI Chip products. This product shift was the primary reason for the increase in Picor bookings and shipments in 2014, compared to 2013. VI Chip bookings and shipments did increase in the second half of 2014, as orders were received for products under the new platform. 38 Gross margin for 2014 increased $15,641,000, or 19.2%, to $97,120,000 from $81,479,000 in 2013. Gross margin as a percentage of net revenues increased to 43.0% in 2014 from 40.9% in 2013. The increase in gross margin and gross margin percentage was attributed primarily to the increase in net revenues and the shift to a larger proportion of higher margin BBU and Picor products. Income (loss) from operations by segment for the years ended December 31 were as follows (dollars in thousands): 2014 2013 $ % Increase (decrease) BBU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 15,499 (29,015) (407) (840) $ 12,062 (28,204) (3,326) (999) $3,437 (811) 2,919 159 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(14,763) $(20,467) $5,704 28.5% (2.9)% 87.8% 15.9% 27.9% The increase in BBU operating profit in 2014 compared to 2013 was due to an increase in revenues and a related increase in gross margin, partially offset by increases in operating expenses. The primary increases in operating expenses were legal fees, compensation expenses, and charges for severance and other costs associated with consolidation of our Westcor manufacturing facility. Legal fees, which are charged to the BBU segment, are associated with the ongoing patent infringement litigation. All segments incurred higher compensation expenses due to higher personnel headcount and annual merit increases. The VI Chip segment continues to incur significant operating losses as revenue volume and related gross margins are not sufficient to cover fixed manufacturing costs and operating expenses, particularly research and development expenses. The decrease in Picor operating loss in 2014 compared to 2013 was due to the increase in revenues and the related increase in gross margin. The cash needs for each segment are primarily for working capital and capital expenditures. Positive cash flow from BBU historically has funded, and is expected to continue to fund, VI Chip and Picor operations, as well as the capital expenditures for all segments for the foreseeable future. Selling, general, and administrative expenses were $68,197,000 for 2014, an increase of $7,460,000, or 12.3%, as compared to $60,737,000 for 2013. As a percentage of net revenues, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to 30.2% in 2014 from 30.5% in 2013. The components of the $7,460,000 increase in selling, general, and administrative expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands): Legal fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Facilities expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business taxes and fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bad debt expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stockholder reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Training and professional development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (decrease) $6,818 1,119 180 163 (215) (228) (262) (115) 166.2%(1) 3.2%(2) 14.2% 45.8% (78.0)%(3) (52.7)%(4) (80.1)%(5) (0.6)% $7,460 12.3% (1) (2) Increase attributable to legal expenses associated with the patent infringement litigation. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Increase primarily attributable to annual compensation adjustments in May 2014 and an increase in sales and marketing headcount. 39 (3) Decrease attributable to additional expense recognized in the second quarter of 2013 pertaining to one customer, without a comparable increase in 2014. (4) Decrease primarily attributable to additional expenses incurred in 2013 in connection with the public tender offers for shares of our Common Stock and for the Offer to Exchange. (5) Decrease primarily attributable to additional expenses incurred in 2013 for corporate management and sales personnel training. Research and development expenses increased $1,631,000, or 4.1%, to $41,479,000 in 2014 from $39,848,000 in 2013. As a percentage of net revenues, research and development decreased to 18.4% in 2014 from 20.0% in 2013, primarily due to the increase in net revenues. The components of the $1,631,000 increase in research and development expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands): Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Project and pre-production materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Facilities expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (decrease) $1,083 259 148 132 9 $1,631 4.0%(1) 12.5%(2) 3.3% 7.0% 0.2% 4.1% (1) Increase primarily attributable to annual compensation adjustments in May 2014. (2) Increase primarily attributable to additions of engineering test equipment for VI Chip. During the second half of 2014, we recorded a pre-tax charge of $2,207,000 for the cost of severance and other associated expenses related to our consolidation of the manufacturing of Westcor AC-DC systems from Sunnyvale, California, to our manufacturing facility in Andover, Massachusetts. During the first quarter of 2013, we recorded a pre-tax charge of $1,361,000 for the cost of severance and other employee-related costs for a company-wide workforce reduction initiated and completed in February 2013. The significant changes in the components of “Other income, net” for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands): Credit gains (losses) on available for sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency losses, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on disposal of equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2014 2013 Increase (decrease) $ 311 (196) 80 22 51 $(78) (94) 97 26 51 $ 268 $ 2 $ 389 (102) (17) (4) — $ 266 We assess the value of our investment portfolio of auction rate securities each quarter, and record any credit gains or losses calculated as a component of “Other income (expense), net”. Our exposure to market risk fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relate primarily to the operations of VJCL, for which the functional currency is the Japanese Yen. The functional currency of all other subsidiaries in Europe and Asia is the U.S. Dollar. While our Vicor B.V. subsidiary also potentially exposes us to exchange rate risk, as that subsidiary’s sales are denominated in Euros and Pounds Sterling, any periodic gains or losses associated with 40 exchange rate fluctuations are small, given the small U.S. Dollar value of shipments we make to Vicor B.V. The decrease in interest income for the period was due to lower average balances on the Company’s long-term investments. Loss before income taxes was $(14,495,000) in 2014 as compared to $(20,465,000) in 2013. The (benefit) provision for income taxes and the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 were as follows (dollars in thousands): (Benefit) provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effective income tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(425) $3,039 (2.9%) 14.8% 2014 2013 In 2014, the Company could not recognize a tax benefit for the majority of its losses due to a full valuation allowance against all domestic deferred tax assets. During the third quarter of 2014, the Company recognized a tax benefit of approximately $552,000 as a discrete item for the release of certain income tax reserves, due to the completion of an Internal Revenue Service examination of its 2010 and 2011 federal corporate income tax returns during the quarter. For the year ended December 31, 2013, a net income tax provision was recorded primarily due to an increase in the valuation allowance for all remaining domestic net deferred tax assets not previously covered by a valuation allowance. In 2013, we recorded an increase to the valuation allowance of approximately $10,241,000 due to the following factors: (1) our forecast of future taxable income, of the appropriate nature, based on our quarterly assessment was not sufficient to support the recoverability of the remaining tax assets; (2) then recent cumulative losses and our projection of continued losses into 2014; (3) while we had the ability to carryback federal net operating losses or credits to utilize against federal taxable income, it will generate only $1,600,000 in cash refunds (which were subsequently received in the fourth quarter of 2014); and (4) the lack of prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. The tax expense due to the increase in the valuation allowance was partially offset by a benefit for a net operating loss carryback for federal income tax purposes and the recognition of a benefit from the federal research tax credit for 2012 of $549,000, as a discrete item in the first quarter of 2013. The federal research tax credit for 2012 and 2013 was extended on January 2, 2013, pursuant to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (“ATRA”). Net income (loss) of noncontrolling interest decreased by $319,000 for 2014 to ($183,000), as compared to $136,000 for 2013. This was due to net losses during 2014 recorded by entities in which others held a noncontrolling equity interest (i.e., three Vicor Custom Power subsidiaries and VJCL). Net loss per share attributable to Vicor Corporation was $(0.36) for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared to net loss per share of $(0.60) for the year ended December 31, 2013. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES At December 31, 2015, we had $62,980,000 in cash and cash equivalents. The ratio of current assets to current liabilities was 5.6:1 at December 31, 2015, as compared to 4.9:1 at December 31, 2014. Working capital increased $4,584,000 to $94,905,000 at December 31, 2015 from $90,321,000 at December 31, 2014. 41 The primary working capital changes were due to the following (in thousands): Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued severance charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Increase (decrease) $ 7,793 (270) (2,449) (2,886) (107) (53) 462 314 610 1,709 10 (549) $ 4,584 The primary sources of cash for the year ended December 31, 2015, were $11,467,000 from operating activities, $5,000,000 of proceeds from the sale of our investment in non-voting convertible preferred stock of GWS upon GWS’ acquisition by Intersil (discussed above), and $820,000 of proceeds from the issuance of Common Stock associated with the exercise of options for the purchase of shares of our Common Stock. The primary use of cash for the year ended December 31, 2015, was the purchase of equipment of $9,090,000. In November 2000, our Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $30,000,000 of Common Stock (the “November 2000 Plan”). The November 2000 Plan authorizes us to make such repurchases from time to time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The timing of such repurchases and the number of shares purchased in each transaction are at the discretion of management based on its view of economic and financial market conditions. We did not repurchase shares of Common Stock under the November 2000 Plan during the year ended December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $8,541,000 remaining for share purchases under the November 2000 Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2015, one of our subsidiaries paid a total of $250,000 in cash dividends, all of which was paid to us. During the year ended December 31, 2014, two of our subsidiaries paid a total of $3,900,000 in cash dividends, of which $3,738,000 was paid to us and $162,000 was paid to holders of noncontrolling interests. Dividends paid to outside shareholders of our subsidiaries are accounted for as a reduction in noncontrolling interest. As of December 31, 2015, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements. The table below summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Contractual Obligations Payments Due by Period Total Less than 1 Year Years 2 & 3 Years 4 & 5 More Than 5 Years Operating lease obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,746 $1,314 $1,100 $314 $18 Our primary liquidity needs are for making continuing investments in manufacturing equipment. We believe cash generated from operations and the total of our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund planned operations and capital equipment purchases for the foreseeable future. We have approximately $1,089,000 of capital expenditure commitments, principally for manufacturing equipment, as of December 31, 2015. We do not consider the impact of inflation and changing prices on our business activities or fluctuations in the exchange rates for foreign currency transactions to have been significant during the last three fiscal years. 42 ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK We are exposed to a variety of market risks, including changes in interest rates affecting the return on our cash and cash equivalents and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As our cash and cash equivalents consist principally of cash accounts and money market securities, which are short-term in nature, we believe our exposure to market risk on interest rate fluctuations for these investments is not significant. Our long-term investment portfolio, recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as “Long-term investments, net”, consisted primarily of a single auction rate security as of December 31, 2015 with a par value of $3,000,000, purchased through and held in custody by a broker-dealer affiliate of Bank of America, N.A., that has experienced failed auctions (the “Failed Auction Security”) since February 2008. While the Failed Auction Security is Aaa/AA+ rated by major credit rating agencies, collateralized by student loans and guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Education under the Federal Family Education Loan Program, continued failure to sell at its periodic auction dates (i.e., reset dates) could negatively impact the carrying value of the investment, in turn leading to impairment charges in future periods. Periodic changes in the fair value of the Failed Auction Security attributable to credit loss (i.e., risk of the issuer’s default) are recorded through earnings as a component of “Other income (expense), net”, with the remainder of any periodic change in fair value not related to credit loss (i.e., temporary “mark-to-market” carrying value adjustments) recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income”, a component of Stockholders’ Equity. Should we conclude a decline in the fair value of the Failed Auction Security is other than temporary, such losses would be recorded through earnings as a component of “Other income (expense), net”. We do not believe there was an “other-than-temporary” decline in value in this security as of December 31, 2015. We estimate our annual interest income would change by approximately $33,000 in 2015 for each 100 basis point increase or decrease in interest rates. Our exposure to market risk for fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relates primarily to the operations of VJCL, for which the functional currency is the Japanese Yen, and changes in the relative value of the Yen to the U.S. Dollar. Relative to our Yen exposure as of December 31, 2015, we estimate a 10% unfavorable movement in the value of the Yen relative to the U.S. Dollar would increase our foreign currency loss by approximately $86,000. As the functional currency of all other subsidiaries in Europe and Asia is the U.S. Dollar, we believe risk to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates is not significant, as these operations do not incur material foreign exchange exposures. 43 ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA INDEX FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Operations For The Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) For The Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For The Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 . . . . . . Consolidated Statements of Equity For The Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schedule (Refer to Item 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 92 44 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors and Stockholders Vicor Corporation: We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Vicor Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited the financial statement schedule listed in Item 15(a)(2). These consolidated financial statements and the financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and the financial statement schedule based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Vicor Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Vicor Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 8, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. /s/ KPMG LLP Boston, Massachusetts March 8, 2016 45 VICOR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2015 and 2014 (In thousands, except per share data) 2015 2014 Current assets: ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short-term investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts receivable, less allowance of $171 in 2015 and $183 in 2014 . . . . . . . . . . Inventories, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term investments, net Property, plant and equipment, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 62,980 — 25,982 23,442 — 3,102 115,506 15 2,866 37,450 1,708 $ 157,545 $ 55,187 270 28,431 26,328 107 3,155 113,478 — 3,002 37,387 1,675 $ 155,542 Current liabilities: LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Accounts payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued compensation and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued severance charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total current liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contingent consideration obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term income taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,470 8,349 2,568 195 31 1,988 20,601 468 144 192 55 21,460 $ 7,932 8,663 3,178 1,904 41 1,439 23,157 637 — 867 329 24,990 Commitments and contingencies (Note 16) Equity: Vicor Corporation stockholders’ equity: Preferred Stock, $.01 par value, 1,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued Class B Common Stock: 10 votes per share, $.01 par value, 14,000,000 shares authorized, 11,758,218 shares issued and outstanding in 2015 and 2014 . . . . . . . 118 118 Common Stock: 1 vote per share, $.01 par value, 62,000,000 shares authorized 38,705,564 shares issued and 27,034,078 shares outstanding (38,580,480 shares issued and 26,908,994 shares outstanding in 2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additional paid-in capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retained earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treasury stock at cost: 11,671,486 shares in 2015 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Vicor Corporation stockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total liabilities and equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 174,337 99,685 (577) (138,927) 135,031 1,054 136,085 $ 157,545 393 171,901 94,758 (471) (138,927) 127,772 2,780 130,552 $ 155,542 See accompanying notes. 46 VICOR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (In thousands, except per share amounts) 2015 2014 2013 Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost of revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $220,194 120,676 $225,731 128,611 $199,160 117,681 Gross margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,518 97,120 81,479 Operating expenses: Selling, general and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Severance and other charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,313 41,472 — 68,197 41,479 2,207 60,737 39,848 1,361 Total operating expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,785 111,883 101,946 Loss from operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense), net: Total unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities, net Portion of gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income . . . . . . . (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net credit gains (losses) recognized in earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (267) (14,763) (20,467) (49) 750 61 12 13 25 (439) 311 (43) 268 (54) (24) (78) 80 2 Loss before income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: (Benefit) provision for income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain from sale of equity method investment, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . (242) (401) 5,000 5,159 232 (14,495) (425) — (14,070) (183) (20,465) 3,039 — (23,504) 136 Net income (loss) attributable to Vicor Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,927 $ (13,887) $ (23,640) Net income (loss) per common share attributable to Vicor Corporation: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ $ 0.13 0.13 $ $ (0.36) $ (0.36) $ (0.60) (0.60) Shares used to compute net income (loss) per common share attributable to Vicor Corporation: Basic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,754 39,146 38,569 38,569 39,195 39,195 See accompanying notes. 47 VICOR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (In thousands) 2015 2014 2013 Consolidated net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency translation losses, net of tax benefit (1) Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities, net of tax (2) . . . . . . $5,159 (52) (59) $(14,070) $(23,504) (496) 17 (410) 429 Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (111) 19 (479) Consolidated comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest . . . . 5,048 227 (14,051) (219) (23,983) 71 Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Vicor Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,821 $(13,832) $(24,054) (1) Net of tax benefit of $0, $0 and $(378) for 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. (2) The deferred tax assets associated with cumulative unrealized losses on available for sale securities are completely offset by a tax valuation allowance as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. Therefore, there is no income tax benefit recognized for the three years ended December 31, 2015. See accompanying notes. 48 VICOR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (In thousands) Operating activities: Consolidated net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used for) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain from sale of equity method investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain from disposition of consolidated subsidiary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in long-term income taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred income taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in long-term deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gain on disposal of equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Benefit) provision for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit (gain) loss on available for sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Change in current assets and liabilities, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investing activities: Sales and maturities of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchases of investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions to property, plant and equipment Proceeds from sale of equity method investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deconsolidation of subsidiary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from sale of equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Increase) decrease in other assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash used for investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financing activities: 2015 2014 2013 $ 5,159 $(14,070) $(23,504) 9,142 (5,000) (28) 1,782 (675) (183) (139) (60) (18) (12) 1,499 11,467 360 — (9,090) 5,000 (392) 60 (204) (4,266) 9,805 — — 1,634 (472) 18 (139) (22) 66 (311) 5,682 2,191 3,460 (340) (7,128) — — 22 (43) (4,029) 10,008 — — 2,450 (155) 4,491 (139) (26) — 78 2,107 (4,690) 1,024 — (6,179) — — 26 49 (5,080) Purchases of Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceeds from issuance of Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interest dividends paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversal of excess tax benefit of share-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cash and cash equivalents at end of period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 820 (216) — — 604 (12) 7,793 55,187 $62,980 — (17,100) 27 788 — — (531) (162) (451) — (18,055) 626 60 (390) (28,215) (1,152) 84,554 56,339 $ 56,339 $ 55,187 Change in assets and liabilities, excluding effects of disposition of consolidated subsidiary: Accounts receivable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventories, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accounts payable and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued severance charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income taxes payable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,201 1,880 (111) (1,301) (1,709) (10) 549 $ 1,499 $ (1,151) $ 3,202 1,029 300 1,855 26 421 $ 5,682 (821) 33 (1,647) 4,580 49 (321) 234 $ 2,107 Supplemental disclosures: Cash paid during the year for income taxes, net of refunds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 675 $ (1,529) $ (61) See accompanying notes. 49 Balance on December 31, 2012 . . . . . . $118 Sales of Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interest dividends $390 2 $(121,827) $178,352 27 $ 3,621 $181,973 27 VICOR CORPORATION CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 (In thousands) Class B Common Stock Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total Vicor Corporation Stockholders’ Equity Treasury Stock Noncontrolling Interest Total Equity $167,498 $132,285 $(112) 25 (451) 2,450 (48) (17,100) (23,640) (414) 118 392 1 169,474 108,645 (526) (138,927) 787 1,634 6 (13,887) 55 118 393 2 171,901 818 94,758 (471) (138,927) (144) (5) 1,782 (22) 7 4,927 (106) (531) (531) (451) 2,450 (48) (17,100) 136 (65) (23,504) (479) 71 (23,983) 3,161 (162) (183) (36) (219) 2,780 142,337 788 (162) 1,634 6 (14,070) 19 (14,051) 130,552 820 (216) (360) (1,737) (1,742) 1,782 (22) 7 232 (5) 5,159 (111) (451) 2,450 (48) (17,100) (23,640) (414) (24,054) 139,176 788 1,634 6 (13,887) 55 (13,832) 127,772 820 (144) (5) 1,782 (22) 7 4,927 (106) 4,821 $(138,927) $135,031 227 $ 1,054 5,048 $136,085 paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reversal of excess tax benefit of stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . Net settlement stock option exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purchase of treasury stock . . . . . . . . . . Components of comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . Total comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balance on December 31, 2013 . . . . . . Sales of Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . Noncontrolling interest dividends paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Components of comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive income (loss) . . Total comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . Balance on December 31, 2014 . . . . . . Sales of Common Stock . . . . . . . . . . . Acquisition of noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disposition of consolidated subsidiary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation expense . . Net settlement stock option exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Components of comprehensive income, net of tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other comprehensive loss . . . . . . . . . . Total comprehensive income . . . . . . Balance on December 31, 2015 . . . . . . $118 $395 $174,337 $ 99,685 $(577) See accompanying notes. 50 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS Vicor Corporation (the “Company” or “Vicor”) designs, develops, manufactures, and markets modular power components and power systems for converting, regulating and controlling electric current. The Company also licenses certain rights to its technology in return for recurring royalties. The principal markets for the Company’s power converters and systems are large original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and their contract manufacturers, and smaller, lower volume users, which are broadly distributed across several major market areas. 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of consolidation The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. Certain of the Company’s Vicor Custom Power subsidiaries are not majority owned by the Company. These entities are consolidated by the Company as management believes that the Company has the ability to exercise control over their activities and operations. Use of estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingencies at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates and assumptions relate to the useful lives of fixed assets and identified intangible assets, recoverability of long-lived assets, fair value of long-term investments, allowances for doubtful accounts, the net realizable value of inventory, potential reserves relating to litigation matters, accrued liabilities, accrued taxes, deferred tax valuation allowances, assumptions pertaining to share-based payments, and other reserves. Actual results could differ from those based on these estimates and assumptions, and such differences may be material to the financial statements. Revenue recognition Product revenue is recognized in the period when persuasive evidence of an arrangement with a customer exists, the products are shipped and title has transferred to the customer, the price is fixed or determinable, and collection is considered probable. The Company defers revenue and the related cost of sales on shipments to stocking distributors until the distributors resell the products to their customers. The agreements with these stocking distributors allow them to receive price adjustment credits or to return qualifying products for credit, as determined by the Company, in order to reduce the amounts of slow-moving, discontinued, or obsolete product from their inventory. These stocking distributors are also granted price adjustment credits in the event of a price decrease subsequent to the date the product was shipped and invoiced to the stocking distributor. Given the uncertainties associated with the levels of price adjustment credits to be granted to stocking distributors, the sales price to the stocking distributor is not fixed or determinable until the stocking distributor resells the products to its customers. Therefore, the Company defers revenue and the related cost of sales on shipments to stocking distributors until the stocking distributors resell the products to their customers. Accordingly, the Company’s revenue fully reflects end- customer purchases and is not impacted by stocking distributor inventory levels. Agreements with stocking distributors limit returns of qualifying product to the Company to a certain percentage of the value of the 51 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Company’s shipments to that stocking distributor during the prior quarter. In addition, stocking distributors are allowed to return unsold products if the Company terminates the relationship with the stocking distributor. Title to the inventory transferred to the stocking distributor at the time of shipment or delivery to the stocking distributor, as well as payment from the stocking distributor, are due in accordance with the Company’s standard payment terms. These payment terms are not contingent upon the stocking distributors’ sale of the products to their end-customers. Upon title transfer to stocking distributors, the Company reduces inventory for the cost of goods shipped, the margin (i.e., revenues less cost of revenues) is recorded as deferred revenue, and an account receivable is recorded. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had gross deferred revenue of approximately $2,042,000 and gross deferred cost of revenues of approximately $882,000 under agreements with stocking distributors ($1,769,000 and $808,000, respectively, as of December 31, 2014). The Company evaluates revenue arrangements with potential multi-element deliverables to determine if there is more than one unit of accounting. A deliverable constitutes a separate unit of accounting when it has standalone value and there are no customer-negotiated refund or return rights for the undelivered elements. The Company enters into arrangements containing multiple elements that may include a combination of non- recurring engineering services (“NRE”), prototype units, and production units. The Company has determined NRE and prototype units represent one unit of accounting and production units represent a separate unit of accounting, based on an assessment of the respective standalone value. The Company defers revenue recognition for NRE and prototype units until completion of the final milestone under the NRE arrangement, which is generally the delivery of the prototype. Recognition generally takes place within six to twelve months of the initiation of the arrangement. Revenue for the production units is recognized upon shipment, consistent with other product revenue summarized above. During 2015, 2014, and 2013, revenue recognized under multi-element arrangements accounted for less than 3% of net revenues. License fees are recognized as earned. The Company recognizes revenue on such arrangements only when the contract is signed, the license term has begun, all obligations have been delivered to the customer, and collection is probable. Foreign currency translation The financial statements of Vicor Japan Company, Ltd. (“VJCL”), a majority-owned subsidiary, for which the functional currency is the Japanese Yen, have been translated into U.S. Dollars using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date for balance sheet amounts and the average exchange rates in effect during the year for income statement amounts. The gains and losses resulting from the changes in exchange rates from year to year have been reported in other comprehensive income. Transaction gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries where the functional currency is the U.S. Dollar are included in other income (expense), net. Foreign currency losses included in other income (expense), net, were approximately ($161,000), ($196,000), and ($94,000) in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include funds held in disbursement (i.e., checking) and money market accounts, certificates of deposit, and debt securities with maturities of less than three months at the time of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, approximating market value. The Company’s money market securities, which are classified as cash equivalents on the balance sheet, are purchased and redeemed at par value. Their estimated fair value is equal to their cost, and, due to the nature of the securities and their classification as cash equivalents, there are no unrealized gains or losses recorded at the balance sheet dates. 52 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Short-term and long-term investments The Company’s principal sources of liquidity are its existing balances of cash and cash equivalents, as well as cash generated from operations. Consistent with the guidelines of the Company’s investment policy, the Company can invest, and has historically invested, its cash balances in demand deposit accounts, money market funds, brokered certificates of deposit and auction rate securities meeting certain quality criteria. All of the Company’s investments are subject to credit, liquidity, market, and interest rate risk. The Company’s short-term and long-term investments are classified as available-for-sale securities. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, attributable to credit loss recorded through the statement of operations and unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, attributable to other non-credit factors recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss,” a component of Total Equity. In determining the amount of credit loss, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost basis of the securities, considering credit default risk probabilities and changes in credit ratings, among other factors. The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity, the net amount of which, along with interest and realized gains and losses, is included in “Other income (expense), net” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company periodically evaluates investments to determine if impairment is required, whether an impairment is other than temporary, and the measurement of an impairment loss. The Company considers a variety of impairment indicators such as, but not limited to, a significant deterioration in the earnings performance, credit rating, or asset quality of the investment. Fair value measurements The Company accounts for certain financial assets at fair value, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. A three-level hierarchy is used to show the extent and level of judgment used to estimate fair value measurements: Level 1 Level 2 Inputs used to measure fair value are unadjusted quoted prices available in active markets for the identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Inputs used to measure fair value, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date through correlation with market data, including quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and quoted prices in inactive markets. Level 2 also includes assets and liabilities valued using models or other pricing methodologies that do not require significant judgment since the input assumptions used in the models, such as interest rates and volatility factors, are corroborated by readily observable data from actively quoted markets for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 Inputs used to measure fair value are unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models for which the assumptions utilize management’s estimates of market participant assumptions. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these financial instruments. 53 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Allowance for doubtful accounts The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments, based on assessments of customers’ credit-risk profiles and payment histories. If the financial condition of the Company’s customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. The Company does not require collateral from its customers, although there have been circumstances when the Company has required cash in advance (i.e., a partial down-payment) to facilitate orders in excess of a customer’s established credit limit. To date, such amounts have not been material. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (determined using the first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. Fixed production overhead is allocated to the inventory cost per unit based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Abnormal production costs, including fixed cost variances from normal production capacity, if any, are charged to cost of revenues in the period incurred. All shipping and handling costs incurred in connection with the sale of products are included in cost of revenues. The Company provides reserves for inventories estimated to be excess, obsolete, or unmarketable. The Company’s estimation process for assessing net realizable value is based upon its known backlog, projected future demand, historical consumption and expected market conditions. If the Company’s estimated demand and/ or market expectations were to change or if product sales were to decline, the Company’s estimation process may cause larger inventory reserves to be recorded, resulting in larger charges to cost of revenues. Concentrations of risk Financial instruments potentially subjecting the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, of which a significant portion is held by one financial institution, short- term and long-term investments, and trade accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents and certain other financial instruments with various large financial institutions. Generally, amounts invested with these financial institutions are in excess of federal deposit insurance limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts, and management believes the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk. The Company’s short-term and long-term investments consist of highly rated (Aaa/AA+) municipal and corporate debt securities in which a significant portion are invested in an auction rate security. As of December 31, 2015, the Company was holding a single auction rate security with a par value of $3,000,000, which is collateralized by student loans. Through December 31, 2015, auctions held for the Company’s auction rate security have failed. The funds associated with an auction rate security that has failed auction may not be accessible until a successful auction occurs, a buyer is found outside of the auction process, the security is called, or the underlying securities have matured. If the credit rating of the issuer of the auction rate security held deteriorates, the Company may be required to adjust the carrying value of the investment for an other-than- temporary decline in value through an impairment charge. The Company’s investment policy, approved by the Board of Directors, limits the amount the Company may invest in any issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. The Company’s products are sold worldwide to customers ranging from smaller, independent manufacturers of highly specialized electronic devices, to larger OEMs and their contract manufacturers. The applications in which these products are used are in the higher-performance, higher-power segments of the power systems market, including, in alphabetical order, aerospace and defense electronics, enterprise and high performance computing, industrial automation, telecommunications and networking infrastructure, test and measurement 54 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) instrumentation, and vehicles and transportation. While, overall, the Company has a broad customer base and sells into a variety of industries, the Company’s VI Chip and Picor subsidiaries have derived a substantial portion of their revenue from a limited number of customers. This concentration of revenue is a reflection of the relatively early stage of adoption of the technologies, architectures and products offered by these subsidiaries, and their targeting of market leading innovators as initial customers. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to trade accounts receivable are limited due to the number of entities comprising the Company’s customer base. As of December 31, 2015, one customer accounted for approximately 21.9% of trade account receivables. As of December 31, 2014, two customers accounted for approximately 14.9% and 11.6% of trade account receivables, respectively. Credit losses have consistently been within management’s expectations. During 2015, one customer accounted for approximately 16.2% of net revenues. During 2014, one customer accounted for approximately 14.7% of net revenues. During 2013, two customers accounted for approximately 10.9% and 10.1% of net revenues, respectively. International sales, based on customer location, as a percentage of total net revenues, were approximately 59.6% in 2015, 60.5% in 2014, and 59.5% in 2013. Net revenues from customers in Hong Kong and China accounted for approximately 21.8% and 12.4%, respectively, of total net revenues in 2015, approximately 20.2% and 12.0%, respectively, of total net revenues in 2014 and approximately 16.2% and 11.3%, respectively, of total net revenues in 2013. Components and materials used in the Company’s products are purchased from a variety of vendors. While most of the components are available from multiple sources, some key components for certain VI Chip and Picor products, in particular, are supplied by single vendors. In instances of single source items, the Company maintains levels of inventories management considers appropriate to enable meeting the delivery requirements of customers. If suppliers or subcontractors cannot provide their products or services on time or to the required specifications, the Company may not be able to meet the demand for its products and its delivery times may be negatively affected. Long-lived assets The Company reviews property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Management determines whether the carrying value of an asset or asset group is recoverable based on comparison to the undiscounted expected future cash flows the assets are expected to generate over their remaining economic lives. If an asset value is not recoverable, the impairment loss is equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value, which is determined by either a quoted market price, if any, or a value determined by utilizing a discounted cash flow technique. Evaluation of impairment of long- lived assets requires estimates of future operating results that are used in the preparation of the expected future undiscounted cash flows. Actual future operating results and the remaining economic lives of our long-lived assets could differ from the estimates used in assessing the recoverability of these assets. These differences could result in impairment charges, which could be material. Intangible assets Values assigned to patents are amortized using the straight-line method over periods ranging from three to 20 years. Patents and other intangible assets are included in “Other assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. 55 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Advertising expense The cost of advertising is expensed as incurred. The Company incurred $1,762,000, $1,832,000, and $1,884,000 in advertising costs during 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Product warranties The Company generally offers a two-year warranty for all of its products, though it is party to a limited number of supply agreements with certain customers contractually committing the Company to warranty and indemnification requirements exceeding those to which the Company has been exposed in the past. The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time product revenue is recognized. Factors influencing the Company’s warranty reserves include the number of units sold, historical and anticipated rates of warranty returns, and the cost per return. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of warranty reserves and adjusts the amounts as necessary. Warranty obligations are included in “Accrued expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Legal Costs Legal costs in connection with litigation are expensed as incurred. Net income (loss) per common share The Company computes basic net income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and diluted net income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the effect of outstanding dilutive stock options, if any. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2015 2014 2013 Numerator: Net income (loss) attributable to Vicor Corporation . . . . . . . . $ 4,927 $(13,887) $(23,640) Denominator: Denominator for basic net income (loss) per share-weighted average shares (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,754 38,569 39,195 Effect of dilutive securities: Employee stock options (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 — — Denominator for diluted net income (loss) per share — adjusted weighted-average shares and assumed conversions (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic net income (loss) per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diluted net income (loss) per share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,146 38,569 39,195 $ $ 0.13 0.13 $ $ (0.36) (0.36) $ $ (0.60) (0.60) (1) Denominator represents weighted average number of Common Shares and Class B Common Shares outstanding. (2) Options to purchase 238,792, 1,895,675, and 1,989,248 shares of Common Stock in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, were not included in the calculation of net income (loss) per share as the effect would have been antidilutive. 56 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (3) Denominator represents weighted average number of Common Shares and Class B Common Shares outstanding for the year, adjusted to include the dilutive effect, if any, of outstanding options. Income taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted income tax rates and laws expected to be in effect when the temporary differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if management determines it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. For December 31, 2015, based on newly adopted accounting guidance discussed below, all deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as noncurrent. Previously, deferred tax assets and liabilities were separated into current and noncurrent amounts based on the classification of the related assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes (or the expected reversal thereof). The Company follows a two-step process to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize. The first step is to evaluate the tax position to determine the likelihood it would be sustained upon examination by a tax authority. If the tax position is deemed “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained, the second step is to assess the tax position to determine the amount of tax benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. The amount of the benefit that may be recognized is the largest amount that possesses greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. If the tax position does not meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold, then it is not recognized in the financial statements. Additionally, the Company accrues interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The unrecognized tax benefits, including accrued interest and penalties, if any, are included in “Long-term income taxes payable” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Stock-based compensation The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the grant-date fair value of stock option awards, whether they possess time-based vesting provisions or performance-based vesting provisions. For stock options with time-based vesting provisions, the calculated compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award, which is generally five years for stock options. For stock options with performance-based vesting provisions, recognition of compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, commences if and when the achievement of the performance criteria is deemed probable. For stock options with performance-based vesting provisions, compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, when recognized, is recognized over the relevant performance period. Comprehensive income (loss) The components of comprehensive income (loss) include, in addition to net income (loss), unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax and foreign currency translation adjustments related to VJCL, net of tax. Impact of recently issued accounting standards In November 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued new guidance for the classification of deferred taxes. The new standard requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet rather than being separated into current and noncurrent. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted and the standard may be applied either retrospectively or on a prospective basis to all 57 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company early adopted the new guidance during fiscal year 2015 on a prospective basis. Accordingly, all deferred taxes have been classified as noncurrent on the December 31, 2015 Consolidated Balance Sheets and prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position. In July 2015, the FASB issued new guidance for inventory accounting, which will require companies to measure in scope inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Current guidance requires an entity to measure inventory at the lower of cost or market. The new guidance does not apply to inventory that is measured using last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) or retail inventory methods. The guidance applies to all other inventory, which includes inventory that is measured using first-in, first-out (“FIFO”), which the Company employs, or average cost methods. The new guidance will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2017, and is to be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The Company has not yet determined the impact the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2014, the FASB issued new guidance for revenue recognition, which will require an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The new guidance will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles when it becomes effective which, for the Company, will now be on January 1, 2018, as on July 9, 2015, the FASB voted to defer the effective date of the new standard by one year. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company is evaluating the effect the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect the standard will have on its ongoing financial reporting. 3. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS Vicor currently grants options for the purchase of common stock (i.e., “stock options”) under the following equity compensation plans that are stockholder-approved: Amended and Restated 2000 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2000 Plan”) — Under the 2000 Plan, the Board of Directors or the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors may grant stock incentive awards based on the Company’s Common Stock, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance shares, unrestricted stock, deferred stock, and dividend equivalent rights. Awards may be granted to employees and other key persons, including non-employee directors. Incentive stock options may be granted to employees at a price at least equal to the fair market value per share of the Common Stock on the date of grant, and non-qualified options may be granted to non-employee directors at a price at least equal to 85% of the fair market value of the Common Stock on the date of grant. A total of 4,000,000 shares of Common Stock have been reserved for issuance under the 2000 Plan. The period of time during which an option may be exercised and the vesting periods are determined by the Compensation Committee. The term of each option may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant. Picor Corporation (“Picor”), a privately held, majority-owned subsidiary of Vicor, currently grants stock options under the following equity compensation plan that has been approved by its Board of Directors: 2001 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2001 Picor Plan”) — Under the 2001 Picor Plan, the Board of Directors of Picor may grant equity-based awards associated with Picor Common Stock, including stock options, restricted stock, or unrestricted stock. Awards may be granted to employees and other key persons, including non-employee directors and full or part-time officers. No incentive stock 58 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) options have been granted since November 11, 2011, and no such options were outstanding as of December 31, 2015. Non-qualifying stock options may be granted to employees at a price at least equal to the fair market value per share of Picor Common Stock, based on judgments made by Picor’s Board of Directors on the date of grant. All stock option awards must be approved by both the Picor Board of Directors and the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors. A total of 20,000,000 shares of Picor Common Stock have been reserved for issuance under the 2001 Picor Plan. The period of time during which an option may be exercised and the vesting periods are determined by the Picor Board of Directors. The term of each option may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant. VI Chip Corporation (“VI Chip”), a privately held, majority-owned subsidiary of Vicor, currently grants stock options under the following equity compensation plan that has been approved by its Board of Directors: 2007 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2007 VI Chip Plan”) — Under the 2007 VI Chip Plan, the Board of Directors of VI Chip may grant equity-based awards associated with VI Chip Common Stock, including stock options, restricted stock, or unrestricted stock. Awards may be granted to employees and other key persons, including non-employee directors and full or part-time officers. No incentive stock options have been granted since November 11, 2011, and no such options were outstanding as of December 31, 2015. Non-qualifying stock options may be granted to employees at a price at least equal to the fair market value per share of the VI Chip Common Stock, based on judgments made by VI Chip’s Board of Directors on the date of grant. A total of 12,000,000 shares of VI Chip Common Stock have been reserved for issuance under the 2007 VI Chip Plan. The period of time during which an option may be exercised and the vesting periods are determined by the VI Chip Board of Directors. The term of each option may not exceed 10 years from the date of grant. All time-based (i.e., non-performance-based) options for the purchase of Vicor common stock are granted at an exercise price equal to or greater than the market price for Vicor common stock at the date of the grant. All time-based (i.e., non-performance-based) options for the purchase of VI Chip or Picor common stock are granted at an exercise price equal to or greater than the estimated fair market value of the respective share price, based on a value calculated using a discounted cash flow model at the date of grant consistent with the requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. On May 17, 2013, the Company commenced an Offer to Exchange (the “Exchange Offer”) to its employees and directors to voluntarily exchange certain outstanding options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock granted under the 2000 Plan, on a one-for-one basis, for replacement options to purchase shares of common stock, also to be granted under the Company’s 2000 Plan (the “Option Exchange”). All outstanding options under the 2000 Plan granted to employees and directors prior to January 1, 2013, whether or not vested, were eligible for the Option Exchange (“Eligible Options”). Eligible Options included those options with time-based vesting provisions (“Time-Based Eligible Options”) and those options with performance-based vesting provisions tied to the achievement of certain quarterly revenue targets by the Company’s Brick Business Unit (the “BBU”) (“Performance-Based Eligible Options”). Options for the purchase of shares of common stock of the Company’s subsidiaries, VI Chip and Picor, were not eligible for the Option Exchange. Pursuant to the Exchange Offer, which expired June 17, 2013 (the “Offer Expiration Date”), 638 eligible participants tendered, and the Company accepted for exchange, options to purchase an aggregate of 1,531,077 shares of the Company’s common stock, representing approximately 91% of Eligible Options. Upon acceptance, the tendered options were cancelled, and the Company granted an equivalent number of new options (the “Replacement Options”) under the 2000 Plan. All Replacement Options vest over five years, have a 10 year term, and have terms substantially similar to other time-based vesting options awarded under the 2000 Plan. Replacement Options granted in exchange for Time-Based Eligible Options have an exercise price equal to $6.29 59 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (being 120% of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ on the Offer Expiration Date). Replacement Options granted in exchange for Performance-Based Eligible Options have an exercise price equal to (i) $6.29 (being 120% of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ on the Offer Expiration Date) with respect to Replacement Options that vest on or prior to the first anniversary of the Offer Expiration Date; (ii) $7.34 (being 140% of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ on the Offer Expiration Date) with respect to Replacement Options that vest after the first anniversary of the Offer Expiration Date but on or prior to the second anniversary of the Offer Expiration Date; (iii) $8.38 (being 160% of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ on the Offer Expiration Date) with respect to Replacement Options that vest after the second anniversary of the Offer Expiration Date but on or prior to the third anniversary of the Offer Expiration Date; (iv) $9.43 (being 180% of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ on the Offer Expiration Date) with respect to Replacement Options that vest after the third anniversary of the Offer Expiration Date but on or prior to the fourth anniversary of the Offer Expiration Date; and (v) $10.48 (being 200% of the last reported sale price per share of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ on the Offer Expiration Date) with respect to Replacement Options that vest after the fourth anniversary of the Offer Expiration Date. For financial reporting purposes, the exchange of Time-Based Eligible Options for Replacement Options was considered a modification of both the exercise price and the vesting terms of the cancelled options. The accounting for these modifications resulted in total incremental expense of approximately $365,000, which, combined with the remaining unrecognized expense from the original grant date value of approximately $318,000, is being recognized over the associated service period (i.e., the five year vesting period) for each new vesting tranche. Because the Company had not previously recorded stock-based compensation expense for the Performance-Based Eligible Options, as the Company determined it was not probable the Brick Business Unit would meet the revenue targets required to trigger vesting of such options, the exchange of Replacement Options for Performance-Based Eligible Options has been accounted for as the grant of new options as of June 17, 2013, the Offer Expiration Date. As referenced above, because these Replacement Options have five different exercise prices (i.e., an increasing exercise price for each of the five different vesting periods, each with a different term to expiration), the value of such Replacement Options, calculated using the Black-Scholes methodology, was based on the assumption each vesting tranche represented a distinct instrument. The resulting total expense of approximately $2,300,000 will be recognized over the associated service period for each vesting tranche, as if the grant were, in substance, five grants of distinct instruments with different exercise prices and different, sequentially shorter, terms to expiration. The unrecognized compensation expense for these Replacement Options was approximately $370,000 as of December 31, 2015. Under the retirement provisions of the 2000 Plan and the option agreements applicable to the Replacement Options, the Company records all stock-based compensation expense for an option grant by the earlier of (a) the end of the associated service period (i.e., the vesting period) or (b) by age 62.5 of the employee or director to whom the options were awarded. Because of the age of certain recipient employees and directors, a number of Replacement Options granted were subject to immediate recognition of the associated total stock-based compensation expense. Accordingly, as a result of the Option Exchange, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense during the second quarter of 2013 of approximately $625,000, of which approximately $450,000 was the result of immediate expense recognition due to the age of the recipient employee or director. Separate from the Option Exchange, on May 14, 2013, the Company awarded options to purchase, at an exercise price of $5.35 per share, an aggregate of 150,000 shares of common stock, under the 2000 Plan, to certain officers. In addition, on June 21, 2013, the Company awarded options to purchase, at an exercise price of $5.67 per share, an aggregate of 70,552 shares of common stock, under the 2000 Plan, to directors as a 60 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) component of their annual compensation. The total stock-based compensation expense recognized during the second quarter of 2013 for these awards was approximately $208,000, of which approximately $190,000 was the result of immediate expense recognition due to the age of the recipient officer or director. During the third quarter of 2010, the Company granted an aggregate of 1,243,750 Performance-Based Eligible Options. Based on the final results of the Option Exchange, a total of 44,500 of these Performance- Based Eligible Options remain outstanding as of December 31, 2015. Under the accounting rules for performance-based awards, the Company is required to assess, on an ongoing basis, the probability of whether the performance criteria will be achieved. If and when achievement is deemed probable, the Company will begin to recognize the associated compensation expense for the remaining stock options over the relevant performance period. As of December 31, 2015, the Company determined it was not probable the revenue targets would be achieved and, accordingly, has not recorded any compensation expense relating to these options since the grant date. The unrecognized compensation expense of these performance-based options was approximately $279,000 as of December 31, 2015. On December 31, 2010, the Company granted 2,984,250 non-qualified stock options under the 2007 VI Chip Plan with performance-based vesting provisions tied to achievement of certain margin targets by VI Chip Corporation. As of December 31, 2010, the Company determined it was probable the margin targets would be achieved and, accordingly, began recording stock-based compensation expense relating to these options beginning January 1, 2011. This determination remains the same as of December 31, 2015 and, accordingly, expense has been recorded through that date. The unrecognized compensation expense for these performance- based options was approximately $485,000 as of December 31, 2015. During the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company, in effect, cancelled certain stock options previously awarded to three corporate officers in 2013 and awarded to those officers new stock options representing an equivalent value, as calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Subsequent to the 2013 awards, the Company determined those grants exceeded the limit on the number of stock options that may be granted to an individual in a year, according to the terms of the 2000 Plan. In connection with this action, recorded for financial reporting purposes as a modification of existing options, a total of 129,028 stock options awarded in 2013 were cancelled and a total of 150,355 new stock options were awarded. The cancellation of the 2013 stock options and the award of new stock options did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations. Stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands): Cost of revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selling, general and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 230 1,246 306 $ 183 1,176 275 $ 163 1,942 345 Total stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,782 $1,634 $2,450 2015 2014 2013 The decrease in stock-based compensation expense in 2015 and 2014 compared to 2013 were primarily due to the Offer to Exchange, described above. 61 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The fair value for options awarded for the years shown below was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: Vicor: Non Performance- based Stock Options 2015 2014 2013 Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected lives (years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0% 2.2% 1.2% — 51% 52% 39% 7.2 4.9 6.6 — VI Chip: 2015 2014 2013 Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected lives (years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1% 2.3% 1.6% — 37% 41% 48% 6.5 6.5 6.5 — Picor: 2015 2014 2013 Risk-free interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected dividend yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Expected volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expected lives (years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9% 2.2% 1.2% — 41% 42% 49% 6.5 6.5 6.5 — Risk-free interest rate: Vicor — The Company uses the yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury “Strip” securities for a period that is commensurate with the expected term assumption for each vesting period. Picor and VI Chip — Picor and VI Chip use the yield to maturity of a seven-year U.S. Treasury bond, as it most closely aligns to the expected exercise period. Expected dividend yield: Vicor — The Company determines the expected dividend yield by annualizing the most recent prior cash dividends declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, if any, and dividing that result by the closing stock price on the date of that dividend declaration. Dividends are not paid on options. Picor and VI Chip — Picor and VI Chip have not and do not expect to declare and pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the expected dividend yield is not applicable. Expected volatility: Vicor — Vicor uses historical volatility to estimate the grant-date fair value of the options, using the expected term for the period over which to calculate the volatility (see below). The Company does not expect its future volatility to differ from its historical volatility. The computation of the Company’s volatility is based on a simple average calculation of monthly volatilities over the expected term. Picor — As Picor is a nonpublic entity, historical volatility information is not available. An industry sector index of six publicly traded fabless semiconductor firms was developed for calculating historical volatility for 62 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Picor. Historical prices for each of the companies in the index based on the market price of the shares on each day of trading over the expected term were used to determine the historical volatility. VI Chip — As VI Chip is a nonpublic entity, historical volatility information is not available. An industry sector index of 11 publicly traded fabless semiconductor firms was developed for calculating historical volatility for VI Chip. Historical prices for each of the companies in the index based on the market price of the shares on each day of trading over the expected term were used to determine the historical volatility. Expected term: Vicor — The Company uses historical employee exercise and option expiration data to estimate the expected term assumption for the Black-Scholes grant-date valuation. The Company believes this historical data is currently the best estimate of the expected term of options, and all groups of the Company’s employees exhibit similar exercise behavior. Picor and VI Chip — Due to the lack of historical information, the “simplified” method as prescribed by the Securities and Exchange Commission is used to determine the expected term. Forfeiture rate: The amount of stock-based compensation recognized during a period is based on the value of the portion of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The term “forfeitures” is distinct from “cancellations” or “expirations” and represents only the unvested portion of the surrendered option. The forfeiture analysis is re-evaluated quarterly and the forfeiture rate is adjusted as necessary. Ultimately, the actual expense recognized over the vesting period will only be for those shares that vest. Vicor — The Company currently expects, for Vicor options, based on an analysis of historical forfeitures, approximately 88% of its options will actually vest. An annual forfeiture rate of 4.25% has been applied to all unvested options as of December 31, 2015. For 2014 and 2013, the Company expected 78% of its options would actually vest and applied an annual forfeiture rate of 8.00%. Picor — The Company currently expects, for Picor options, based on an analysis of historical forfeitures, approximately 93% of its options will actually vest. An annual forfeiture rate of 2.5% has been applied to all unvested options as of December 31, 2015. For 2014 and 2013, the Company similarly expected 92% of its options would actually vest and applied an annual forfeiture rate of 2.75%. VI Chip — The Company currently expects, for VI Chip options, based on an analysis of historical forfeitures, approximately 78% of its options will actually vest. An annual forfeiture rate of 8.5% has been applied to all unvested options as of December 31, 2015. For 2014 and 2013, the Company expected 77% and 80%, respectively, of its options would actually vest and applied an annual forfeiture rate of 7.75% and 7.00%, respectively. 63 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Vicor Stock Options A summary of the activity under Vicor’s stock option plans as of December 31, 2015 and changes during the year then ended, is presented below (in thousands except for share and weighted-average data): Outstanding on December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited and expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years Aggregate Intrinsic Value Options Outstanding 1,895,675 194,561 (117,085) (125,084) Weighted- Average Exercise Price $ 8.07 $12.51 $ 9.30 $ 6.44 Outstanding on December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,848,067 $ 8.57 Exercisable on December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565,861 $ 7.24 Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2015 (1) . . . . . . . 1,778,075 $ 8.51 7.64 7.25 7.64 $2,637 $1,269 $2,580 (1) In addition to the vested options, the Company expects a portion of the unvested options to vest at some point in the future. The number of options expected to vest is calculated by applying an estimated forfeiture rate to the unvested options. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, the Company had options exercisable for 306,173 and 54,284 shares respectively, for which the weighted average exercise prices were $6.90 and $9.72, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 under all plans, the total intrinsic value of Vicor options exercised (i.e., the difference between the market price at exercise and the price paid by the employee to exercise the options) was $928,000, $751,000, and $15,000, respectively. The total amount of cash received by the Company from options exercised in 2015, 2014, and 2013, was $805,000, $788,000, and $13,000, respectively. The total grant-date fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was approximately $1,194,000, $1,096,000, and $489,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was $1,393,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested non-performance based awards for Vicor. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted- average period of 1.8 years for those awards. The expense will be recognized as follows: $726,000 in 2016, $397,000 in 2017, $186,000 in 2018, $71,000 in 2019, and $13,000 in 2020. The weighted-average fair value of Vicor options granted was $6.76, $5.50, and $1.90, in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. 64 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Picor Stock Options A summary of the activity under the 2001 Picor Plan as of December 31, 2015 and changes during the year then ended, is presented below (in thousands except for share and weighted-average data): Outstanding on December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited and expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options Outstanding 9,870,067 82,000 (8,000) (219,000) Outstanding on December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,725,067 Weighted- Average Exercise Price $0.62 $1.09 $0.75 $0.76 $0.62 Exercisable on December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,053,490 $0.64 Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2015 (1) . . . . . . . 9,668,334 $0.62 Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years Aggregate Intrinsic Value 5.01 4.48 4.99 $4,520 $3,594 $4,488 (1) In addition to the vested options, the Company expects a portion of the unvested options to vest at some point in the future. Options expected to vest is calculated by applying an estimated forfeiture rate to the unvested options. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, Picor had options exercisable for 6,643,377 and 5,869,044 shares, respectively, for which the weighted average exercise prices were $0.67 and $0.69, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2015, and 2013, the total intrinsic value of Picor options exercised was $72,000 and $146,000, respectively. There were no Picor options exercised in 2014. The total amounts of cash received by Picor from options exercised in 2015 and 2013 was $14,000 in both years. The total grant-date fair value of stock options vesting during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was approximately $39,000, $0, and $398,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, there was $307,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based awards for Picor. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.6 years for all Picor awards. The expense will be recognized as follows: $148,000 in 2016, $86,000 in 2017, $51,000 in 2018, $19,000 in 2019, and $3,000 in 2020. The weighted-average fair value of Picor options granted was $0.48 in 2015, $0.19 in 2014, and $0.31 in 2013. 65 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) VI Chip Stock Options A summary of the activity under the 2007 VI Chip Plan as of December 31, 2015 and changes during the year then ended, is presented below (in thousands except for share and weighted-average data): Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years Weighted- Average Exercise Price Aggregate Intrinsic Value Outstanding on December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forfeited and expired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Options Outstanding 10,715,000 82,500 (699,000) (1,000) Outstanding on December 31, 2015 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,097,500 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00 Exercisable on December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,042,600 $1.00 Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2015 (2) . . . . . . . 9,821,129 $1.00 2.87 1.75 2.80 $— $— $— (1) Of the total VI Chip options outstanding on December 31, 2015, 5,500,000 options had been granted to Dr. Vinciarelli, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. (2) In addition to the vested options, the Company expects a portion of the unvested options to vest at some point in the future. Options expected to vest is calculated by applying an estimated forfeiture rate to the unvested options. As of December 31, 2014 and 2013, VI Chip had options exercisable for 7,377,950 and 7,267,600 shares, respectively, for which the weighted average exercise price was $1.00. The total intrinsic value of VI Chip options exercised in 2015 was zero. The total amount of cash received by VI Chip from options exercised in 2015 was $1,000. There were no VI Chip options exercised in 2014 and 2013. As of December 31, 2015, there was $589,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested share-based awards for VI Chip. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years for all VI Chip awards. The expense will be recognized as follows: $192,000 in 2016, $178,000 in 2017, $150,000 in 2018, and $69,000 in 2019. The weighted-average fair value of VI Chip options granted was $0.01, $0.02, and $0.29 in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. 401(k) Plan The Company sponsors a savings plan available to all domestic employees, which qualifies under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Employees may contribute to the plan in amounts representing from 1% to 80% of their pre-tax salary, subject to statutory limitations. The Company matches employee contributions to the plan at a rate of 50%, up to the first 3% of an employee’s compensation. The Company’s matching contributions currently vest at a rate of 20% per year, based upon years of service. The Company’s contributions to the plan were approximately $854,000, $877,000, and $825,000 in 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. 66 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Stock Bonus Plan Under the Company’s 1985 Stock Bonus Plan, as amended, shares of Common Stock may be awarded to employees from time to time as determined by the Board of Directors. On December 31, 2015, 109,964 shares were available for further award. All shares awarded to employees under this plan have vested. No further awards are contemplated under this plan at the present time. 4. SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company held one auction rate security with a par value of $3,000,000. This auction rate security consists of a collateralized debt obligation, supported by a pool of student loans, sponsored by state student loan agencies and corporate student loan servicing firms. The interest rate for the security is reset at regular intervals ranging from seven to 28 days. The auction rate security held by the Company traded at par prior to February 2008 and is callable at par at the option of the issuer. Until February 2008, the auction rate securities market was liquid, as the investment banks conducting the periodic “Dutch auctions” by which interest rates for the securities had been established had committed their capital to support such auctions in the event of insufficient third-party investor demand. Starting the week of February 11, 2008, a substantial number of auctions failed, as demand from third-party investors weakened and the investment banks conducting the auctions chose not to commit capital to support such auctions (i.e., investment banks chose not to purchase securities themselves in order to balance supply and demand, thereby facilitating a successful auction, as they had done in the past). The consequences of a failed auction are (a) an investor must hold the specific security until the next scheduled auction (unless that investor chooses to sell the security to a third party outside of the auction process) and (b) the interest rate on the security generally resets to an interest rate set forth in each security’s indenture. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company held one auction rate security that had experienced failed auctions of $3,000,000 at par value, which was purchased through and is held by a broker-dealer affiliate of Bank of America, N.A. (the “Failed Auction Security”). The Failed Auction Security held by the Company is Aaa/AA+ rated by the major credit rating agencies, is collateralized by student loans, and is guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Education under the Federal Family Education Loan Program. Management is not aware of any reason to believe the issuer of the Failed Auction Security is presently at risk of default. Through December 31, 2015, the Company has continued to receive interest payments on the Failed Auction Security in accordance with the terms of its indenture. Management believes the Company ultimately should be able to liquidate the Failed Auction Security without significant loss primarily due to the overall quality of the issue held and the collateral securing the substantial majority of the underlying obligation. However, current conditions in the auction rate securities market have led management to conclude the recovery period for the Failed Auction Security exceeds 12 months. As a result, the Company continued to classify the Failed Auction Security as long-term as of December 31, 2015. The following is a summary of available-for-sale securities (in thousands): December 31, 2015 Failed Auction Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brokered certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value $— — $— $474 — $474 $2,526 340 $2,866 Cost $3,000 340 $3,340 67 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) December 31, 2014 Failed Auction Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brokered certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross Unrealized Gains Gross Unrealized Losses Estimated Fair Value $— — $— $425 3 $428 $2,575 697 $3,272 Cost $3,000 700 $3,700 As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Failed Auction Security had been in an unrealized loss position for greater than 12 months. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale securities on December 31, 2015, by contractual maturities, are shown below (in thousands): Due in two to ten years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due in ten to twenty years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Due in twenty to forty years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost $ 340 — 3,000 $3,340 Estimated Fair Value $ 340 — 2,526 $2,866 Based on the fair value measurements described in Note 5, the fair value of the Failed Auction Security on December 31, 2015, with a par value of $3,000,000, was estimated by the Company to be approximately $2,526,000. The gross unrealized loss of $474,000 on the Failed Auction Security consists of two types of estimated loss: an aggregate credit loss of $72,000 and an aggregate temporary impairment of $402,000. In determining the amount of credit loss, the Company compared the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost basis of the security, considering credit default risk probabilities and changes in credit ratings as significant inputs, among other factors (see Note 5). The following table represents a rollforward of the activity related to the credit loss recognized in earnings on available-for-sale auction rate securities held by the Company for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): Balance at the beginning of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reductions for securities sold during the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions (reductions) for the amount related to credit loss for which other- 2015 $ 84 — 2014 2013 $ 395 (272) $317 (7) than-temporary impairment was not previously recognized . . . . . . . . . . . . (12) (39) 85 Balance at the end of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 72 $ 84 $395 At this time, the Company has no intent to sell the Failed Auction Security and does not believe it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security. If current market conditions deteriorate further, the Company may be required to record additional unrealized losses. If the credit rating of the security deteriorates, the Company may be required to adjust the carrying value of the investment through impairment charges recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations, and any such impairment adjustments may be material. Based on the Company’s ability to access cash and cash equivalents and its expected operating cash flows, management does not anticipate the current lack of liquidity associated with the Failed Auction Security held will affect the Company’s ability to execute its current operating plan. 68 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS The Company accounts for certain financial assets at fair value, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. A three-level hierarchy is used to show the extent and level of judgment used to estimate fair value measurements. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis included the following as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands): Using Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value as of December 31, 2015 Cash equivalents: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $10,412 $ — $ — $10,412 Long-term investments: Failed Auction Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brokered certificates of deposit Liabilities: Contingent consideration obligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — — — 340 — 2,526 — 2,526 340 (144) (144) Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis included the following as of December 31, 2014 (in thousands): Using Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) Total Fair Value as of December 31, 2014 Cash equivalents: Money market funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $11,207 $ — $ — $11,207 Short-term investments: Brokered certificates of deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long-term investments: Failed Auction Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brokered certificates of deposit — — — 270 — 427 — 2,575 — 270 2,575 427 The Company has classified its contingent consideration obligation as Level 3 because the fair value for this liability was determined using unobservable inputs. The liability was based on estimated sales of legacy products over the period of royalty payments at the royalty rate (see Note 9), discounted using the Company’s estimated cost of capital. The Company has classified its brokered certificates of deposit as Level 2 because the fair value for these investments was determined utilizing observable inputs from non-active markets. The fair values fluctuate with changes in market interest rates obtained from information available in publicly quoted markets. Management tested the reported fair values by comparing them to net present value calculations utilizing a discount rate based on U.S. Treasury bill and bond yields for similar maturities. 69 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) As of December 31, 2015, there was insufficient observable auction rate security market information available to determine the fair value of the Failed Auction Security using Level 1 or Level 2 inputs. As such, the Company’s investment in the Failed Auction Security was deemed to require valuation using Level 3 inputs. Management, after consulting with advisors, valued the Failed Auction Security using analyses and pricing models similar to those used by market participants (i.e., buyers, sellers, and the broker-dealers responsible for execution of the Dutch auction pricing mechanism by which each issue’s interest rate was set). Management utilized a probability weighted discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model to determine the estimated fair value of this security as of December 31, 2015. The major assumptions used in preparing the DCF model included: estimates for the amount and timing of future interest and principal payments based on default probability assumptions used to measure the credit loss of 2.4%; the rate of return required by investors to own this type of security in the current environment, which we estimate to be 5.0% above the risk free rate of return; and an estimated timeframe of three to five years for successful auctions for this type of security to occur. In making these assumptions, management considered relevant factors including: the formula applicable to each security defining the interest rate paid to investors in the event of a failed auction (the “Penalty Rate”); forward projections of the interest rate benchmarks specified in such formulas; the likely timing of principal repayments; the probability of full repayment considering the guarantees by the U.S. Department of Education of the underlying student loans, guarantees by other third parties, and additional credit enhancements provided through other means; and publicly available pricing data for recently issued student loan asset-backed securities not subject to auctions. In developing its estimate of the rate of return required by investors to own these securities, management compared the Penalty Rate of the Failed Auction Security with yields of actively traded long-term bonds with similar characteristics and, reflecting the limited liquidity for auction rate securities and the discounts to par value seen in recent tender offers by issuers and arm’s length market transactions between informed buyers and sellers, estimated the implied yield (i.e., the discount to par value) necessary to complete a sale of the Failed Auction Security. Management has calculated an increase or decrease in the liquidity risk premium of 5.0% referenced above of 1.0% (i.e., 100 basis points) as used in the model, would decrease or increase, respectively, the fair value of the Failed Auction Security by approximately $100,000. For purposes of the valuation process for the Failed Auction Security, “management” consists of senior members of the Company’s finance department. The fair value measurements for the Failed Auction Security are reviewed and updated on a quarterly basis. The calculations are prepared by the Company’s Corporate Controller, in conjunction with information provided by its valuation advisors, and include the development and substantiation of the unobservable inputs. The methodology, assumptions, and calculations are reviewed and approved by the Company’s Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s Failed Auction Security are the cumulative probability of earning the maximum rate until maturity, the cumulative probability of principal return prior to maturity, the cumulative probability of default, the liquidity risk premium, and the recovery rate in default. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation would result in changes in fair value measurement. Significant increases (decreases) in the cumulative probability of earning the maximum rate until maturity, the cumulative probability of principal return prior to maturity, and the recovery rate in default would result in a higher (lower) fair value measurement, while increases (decreases) in the cumulative probability of default and the liquidity risk premium would result in a (lower) higher fair value measurement. Generally, the interrelationships are such that a change in the assumption used for the cumulative probability of principal return prior to maturity is accompanied by a directionally similar change in the assumption used for the cumulative probability of earning the maximum rate until maturity and a directionally opposite change in the assumptions used for the cumulative probability of default and the liquidity risk premium. The recovery rate in default is somewhat independent and based upon the securities’ specific underlying assets and published recovery rate indices. 70 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2015 are as follows (dollars in thousands): Fair Value Valuation Technique Unobservable Input Failed Auction Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,526 Discounted cash flow Cumulative probability of earning the maximum rate until maturity Cumulative probability of principal return prior to maturity Cumulative probability of default Liquidity risk premium Recovery rate in default Weighted Average 0.03% 93.73% 6.24% 5.00% 40.00% The change in the estimated fair value calculated for the investment valued on a recurring basis utilizing Level 3 inputs (i.e., the Failed Auction Security) for the year ended December 31, 2015 was as follows (in thousands): Balance at the beginning of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit gain on available- for- sale security included in Other income (expense), net . . . . . . . . Loss included in Other comprehensive income (loss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,575 12 (61) Balance at the end of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2,526 The change in the estimated fair value calculated for the liability valued on a recurring basis utilizing Level 3 inputs (i.e., the Contingent consideration obligation) for the year ended December, 31, 2015 was as follows (in thousands): Balance at the beginning of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obligation incurred upon acquisition of noncontrolling interest (see Note 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ — (144) Balance at the end of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $(144) There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December, 31, 2015. 6. INVENTORIES Inventories as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands): Raw materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work-in-process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finished goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $16,257 2,879 4,306 $18,252 3,339 4,737 Net balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $23,442 $26,328 2015 2014 7. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated and amortized over a period of three to 39 years generally under the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes and accelerated methods for income tax purposes. 71 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) Property, plant and equipment as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands): Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings and improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machinery and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Furniture and fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction in-progress and deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 $ 2,089 44,647 231,305 5,652 3,839 $ 2,089 43,800 228,663 5,905 2,568 287,532 (250,082) 283,025 (245,638) Net balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 37,450 $ 37,387 Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 was approximately $9,028,000, $9,833,000, and $10,180,000 respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately $1,089,000 of capital expenditure commitments. 8. OTHER INVESTMENTS In September 2015, Intersil Corporation (“Intersil”) acquired, through a statutory merger, Great Wall Semiconductor Corporation (“GWS”), in which the Company held non-voting convertible preferred stock. GWS and its subsidiary designed and sold semiconductors, conducted research and development activities, and developed and licensed patents. A director of the Company was the founder, Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), as well as the majority voting shareholder, of GWS. The Company accounted for its investment in GWS under the equity method. The Company determined, while GWS was a variable interest entity, the Company was not the primary beneficiary. The key factors in the Company’s assessment were that the CEO of GWS had: (i) the power to direct the activities of GWS that most significantly impact its economic performance, and (ii) an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from GWS, respectively, that could potentially be significant to GWS. At the time of the merger transaction, the Company’s gross investment totaled $4,999,719. However, during the fourth quarter of 2008, the Company determined a decline in value judged to be other-than-temporary had occurred and, as such, the investment’s recorded value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, as of December 31, 2008, was reduced to zero. Management’s decision to reduce the remaining investment balance to zero at that time was based on GWS’ continued operating losses, the impact of the global economic crisis on the current and short-term outlook for its operations, a negative working capital position as of December 31, 2008, and a valuation based on discounted cash flows. Under the terms of the merger agreement between GWS and Intersil, and in accordance with the terms of the shareholder agreement under which the Company made its investments, all preferred stock was redeemed at full preference value (i.e., purchased for cash equal to the original investment amount). This redemption was effected through the exchange of a share of preferred stock for (a) the right to receive the preference value in cash upon surrender of the preferred shares and (b) the non-transferable right to receive certain cash payments as additional consideration, after a period of 16 months, associated with (i) the release by Intersil of some or all of the $2,625,000 portion of total consideration held in escrow by Intersil for potential funding of indemnification and related obligations made by GWS and its selling shareholders and (ii) additional consideration of up to $4,000,000, payable in the event Intersil achieved certain revenue goals related to GWS products. Immediately after the closing of the merger transaction, the Company received the full preference value, equal to its gross 72 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) investment in GWS. Because the net investment on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet had a value of zero, the full preference value was recorded as a gain from sale of equity method investment in the third quarter of 2015. Just prior to the merger, the Company also received, as a dividend from GWS, shares of an entity in which GWS held an investment. Such shares were deemed by the Company to have a value of zero on the date of receipt. While the Company’s shares of preferred stock were never converted into shares of non-voting common stock, as provided for in the terms of the shareholder agreement under which the Company made its investment, the proportionate share of the contingent amounts described above was calculated assuming such a conversion, resulting in a pro forma proportionate share for the Company of any amounts paid of 27.0%. The Company will record its proportionate share of any additional consideration when it is determined to be realizable. As a former stockholder of GWS, the Company is subject to the indemnification provisions in the merger agreement, as noted above. In certain cases, the Company’s indemnification obligation can extend to the full amount of the merger consideration received by the Company, however, the Company believes the likelihood of any such indemnification obligation occurring is remote. The Company and GWS were parties to an intellectual property cross-licensing agreement, a license agreement (see below), and two supply agreements, under which the Company purchased certain components from GWS. Intersil, through the merger transaction, has assumed all of GWS’ rights and obligations under these agreements. Company purchases from GWS totaled approximately $1,662,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the approximate date of the sale, and $2,146,000 and $1,959,000 in 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company owed GWS zero and approximately $170,000 as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. During the second quarter of 2009, the Company entered into a license agreement with GWS in which the Company paid $500,000 to obtain certain rights to several GWS semiconductor devices. This amount was fully amortized, on a straight-line basis, over four years. 9. NONCONTROLLING INTEREST TRANSACTIONS On December 28, 2015, the Company sold its 49% ownership interest in Aegis Power Systems, Inc. (“APS”) to the 51% noncontrolling interest holder for approximately $1,698,000. The amount of the proceeds approximated the Company’s share of the net equity of APS, resulting in a gain of approximately $28,000, which was recorded in Other income (expense), net in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. As a result of the transaction, cash of approximately $2,090,000 and other net assets of approximately $1,317,000 of APS were fully deconsolidated from the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015. After the sale, APS will operate independently from the Company, and may purchase the Company’s products going forward, on an arms-length basis. Also on December 28, 2015, the Company acquired the noncontrolling interest holder’s 18% ownership interest in Mission Power Solutions, Inc. (“MPS”) for approximately $216,000, which equaled the noncontrolling interest holder’s share of the net equity of MPS. This transaction was achieved through a statutory merger of MPS with and into an existing Vicor Custom Power wholly-owned subsidiary, Northwest Power, Inc. (“NPI”). In addition to the payment noted above, the selling principal will be eligible to receive quarterly royalty payments through June 30, 2021 equal to a percentage of the revenue generated by the sale of certain MPS legacy products to be manufactured by NPI going forward. The estimated obligation for total future royalties, recorded as Contingent consideration obligation in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, is approximately $144,000 as of December 31, 2015. The acquisition of the noncontrolling interest holder’s 18% ownership interest was accounted for as an equity transaction, and therefore, the noncontrolling interest balance in equity for this subsidiary was reduced to zero. The excess of the acquisition amount, which is inclusive of the cash paid and the value of the contingent consideration obligation, over the noncontrolling interest balance in equity, was recorded as a charge to additional paid-in capital. 73 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The respective noncontrolling interest holders of APS and MPS served as key employees of each company prior to the transactions described above. 10. INTANGIBLE ASSETS Patent costs, which are included in other assets in the accompanying balance sheets, as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands): Patent costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accumulated amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,525 (1,583) $ 2,721 (1,689) 2015 2014 $ 942 $ 1,032 Definite lived intangible assets, such as patent rights, are amortized and tested for impairment if a triggering event occurs. Patent renewal fees were $64,000 and $25,000 in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amortization expense was approximately $145,000, $170,000 and $264,000 in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The estimated future amortization expense from patent assets held as of December 31, 2015, is projected to be $133,000, $127,000, $111,000, $105,000 and $100,000, in fiscal years 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. 11. SEVERANCE AND OTHER CHARGES In July 2014, the Company’s management authorized the consolidation of the manufacturing of its Westcor division products, of the BBU segment, announcing its intent to transfer those operations from Westcor’s Sunnyvale, California facility to the Company’s primary manufacturing facility in Andover, Massachusetts, by the end of 2014. As a result, the Company recorded a pre-tax charge of $2,207,000 in the second half of 2014, primarily for the cost of severance and other employee-related costs involving cash payments based on each employee’s respective length of service. The Company also incurred other costs related to the relocation of the manufacturing operations, primarily freight costs for the transfer of inventories and equipment, and employee travel expenses, of which approximately $303,000 was expensed in the second half of 2014. The related liability is presented as “Accrued severance charges” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. A summary of the activity related to the accrued severance charges, is as follows (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,904 (1,709) Balance as of December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 195 74 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 12. PRODUCT WARRANTIES Product warranty activity for the years ended December 31 was as follows (in thousands): Balance at the beginning of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accruals for warranties for products sold in the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fulfillment of warranty obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revisions of estimated obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 204 715 (334) — $ 283 281 (350) (10) $ 364 327 (297) (111) Balance at the end of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 585 $ 204 $ 283 2015 2014 2013 13. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Each share of Common Stock entitles the holder thereof to one vote on all matters submitted to the stockholders. Each share of Class B Common Stock entitles the holder thereof to ten votes on all such matters. Shares of Class B Common Stock are not transferable by a stockholder except to or among the stockholder’s spouse, certain of the stockholder’s relatives, and certain other defined transferees. Class B Common Stock is not listed or traded on any exchange or in any market. Class B Common Stock is convertible at the option of the holder thereof at any time and without cost to the stockholder into shares of Common Stock on a one-for-one basis. Under a tender offer completed on April 22, 2013, the Company purchased 1,341,575 shares of Common Stock for an aggregate cost of $6,708,000. Under a previous tender offer completed on March 7, 2013, the Company purchased 1,931,513 shares of Common Stock for an aggregate cost of $10,392,000. In November 2000, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $30,000,000 of the Company’s Common Stock (the “November 2000 Plan”). The plan authorizes the Company to make repurchases from time to time in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The timing of this program and the amount of the stock that may be repurchased is at the discretion of management based on its view of economic and financial market conditions. There were no repurchases under the November 2000 Plan in 2015, 2014, and 2013. On December 31, 2015 the Company had approximately $8,541,000 available for share repurchases under the November 2000 Plan. Dividends are declared at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and depend on actual cash from operations, the Company’s financial condition and capital requirements and any other factors the Company’s Board of Directors may consider relevant at the time. Common Stock and Class B Common Stock participate in dividends and earnings equally. During the year ended December 31, 2015, one subsidiary paid a total of $250,000 in cash dividends, all of which was paid to the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2014, two subsidiaries paid a total of $3,900,000 in cash dividends, of which $3,738,000 was paid to the Company and $162,000 was paid to outside shareholders. During the year ended December 31, 2013, three subsidiaries paid a total of $2,100,000 in cash dividends, of which $1,569,000 was paid to the Company and $531,000 was paid to outside shareholders. Dividends paid to outside shareholders of our subsidiaries are accounted for as a reduction in noncontrolling interest. 75 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) On December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 there were 14,594,805, 14,719,889, and 14,846,930, respectively, shares of Vicor Common Stock reserved for issuance for Vicor stock options and upon conversion of Class B Common Stock. 14. OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE), NET The major changes in the components of Other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in thousands): Interest income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign currency losses, net Gain on disposal of equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Credit gains (losses) on available for sale securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 2013 $ 47 (161) 60 12 67 $ 80 (196) 22 311 51 $ 97 (94) 26 (78) 51 $ 25 $ 268 $ 2 15. INCOME TAXES The tax provision is based on the annual effective tax rate for the year, which includes estimated federal, state and foreign income taxes on the Company’s pre-tax income and estimated federal and state income taxes for certain noncontrolling interest subsidiaries that are not part of the Company’s consolidated income tax returns. The tax provisions also may include discrete items, principally related to tax credits, increases or decreases in tax reserves, tax provision vs. tax return differences and accrued interest for potential liabilities. The reconciliation of the federal statutory rate on the loss before income taxes and before the gain from sale of equity method investment to the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 is as follows: Statutory federal tax rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Book income attributable to noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permanent items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in tax reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign rate differential and deferred items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capital gain on sale to noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decrease in unremitted Vicor Custom Power earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Decrease) increase in valuation allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U.S. manufacturing deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 2013 (34.0%) 46.4 29.9 47.0 21.2 (248.6) (18.2) 237.8 (108.7) (138.4) — (0.1) (34.0%) 0.8 (12.4) (0.6) 0.4 (3.7) (0.3) — — 46.9 — — (34.0%) 1.1 (8.1) 0.4 0.6 (0.1) (0.2) — — 53.3 1.7 0.1 (165.7%) (2.9%) 14.8% In 2015 and 2014, the Company could not recognize a tax benefit for the majority of its losses due to a full valuation allowance against all domestic deferred tax assets, as described below. In 2015, the Company entered into voluntary disclosure agreements with several states. As a result, the Company recognized a tax benefit of approximately $555,000 as a discrete item in the fourth quarter of 2015 for 76 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) the release of tax reserves. In addition, in connection with the Company’s sale of its 49% interest in APS, recognized as a capital gain, the related deferred tax liability for unremitted earnings of $274,000 was reversed and recorded as a deferred tax benefit in the fourth quarter of 2015 (see Note 9). During the third quarter of 2014, the Company recognized a tax benefit of approximately $552,000 as a discrete item for the release of certain income tax reserves, due to the completion of an Internal Revenue Service examination of its 2010 and 2011 federal corporate income tax returns during the quarter. On January 2, 2013 the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (“ATRA”) was signed into law. Under prior law, a taxpayer was entitled to a research tax credit for qualifying amounts paid or incurred on or before December 31, 2011. The ATRA, in effect, renewed the research credit for two years to December 31, 2013. The extension of the research tax credit was retroactive and includes amounts paid or incurred after December 31, 2011. Since the law was enacted in 2013, the federal research tax credit for 2012 of $549,000 was recorded as a discrete item in the first quarter of 2013. For financial reporting purposes, income (loss) before income taxes and before the gain from sale of equity method investment for the years ended December 31 include the following components (in thousands): Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,373 (1,615) $(14,223) (272) $(20,466) 1 2015 2014 2013 $ (242) $(14,495) $(20,465) Significant components of the provision (benefit) for income taxes for the years ended December 31 are as follows (in thousands): Current: 2015 2014 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 144 (473) 111 $(690) 147 124 $(1,848) 284 112 Deferred: Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (218) (419) (1,452) (274) 91 (183) (6) — (6) 4,491 — 4,491 $(401) $(425) $ 3,039 As discussed in Note 8, the Company recorded a gain from equity method investment in the third quarter of 2015 for cash consideration received equal to its gross investment in GWS of $4,999,719 for the full preference value of its non-voting convertible preferred stock upon GWS’ acquisition by Intersil, as the value of the investment for financial reporting purposes was zero. For income tax purposes, though, the tax basis of the investment was $4,999,719 at the time of the redemption as it was not previously deducted for tax purposes and, therefore, there was no gain or loss on the transaction for income tax purposes. 77 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The Company intends to continue to reinvest certain of its foreign earnings indefinitely. Accordingly, no U.S. income taxes have been provided for approximately $841,000 of unremitted earnings of international subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2015, the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability on these earnings was $37,000. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 were as follows (in thousands): Deferred tax assets: 2015 2014 Research and development tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stock-based compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net operating loss carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inventory reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vacation accrual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Investment tax credit carryforwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alternative minimum tax credit carryforward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warranty reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deferred revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unrealized loss on investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bad debt reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accrued severance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12,503 3,993 3,393 2,979 1,768 1,399 340 202 192 149 58 35 — 700 $ 10,756 3,465 3,560 3,024 1,821 1,446 340 65 178 131 59 525 1,405 446 Total deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less: Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,711 (25,862) 27,221 (25,818) Net deferred tax assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,849 1,403 Deferred tax liabilities: Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepaid expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patent amortization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unremitted Vicor Custom Power earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (787) (713) (334) (55) (176) (755) (365) (329) Total deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1,889) (1,625) Net deferred tax liabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ (40) $ (222) As of December 31, 2015, the Company has a valuation allowance of approximately $25,862,000 primarily against all net deferred tax assets, for which realization cannot be considered more likely than not at this time. Management assesses the need for the valuation allowance on a quarterly basis. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considers all positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and past financial performance. In 2013, the Company recorded an increase to the valuation allowance of approximately $10,241,000 for all remaining domestic net deferred tax assets not previously covered by a valuation allowance due to the following factors: (1) the Company’s forecast of future taxable income, of the appropriate nature, based on its quarterly assessment was not sufficient to support the recoverability of the remaining domestic deferred tax assets; (2) then recent cumulative losses and the Company’s projection of continued losses into 2014; (3) while the Company had the ability to carryback federal net operating losses or credits to utilize against federal taxable income, it will generate only $1,600,000 in cash refunds (which were subsequently received in the fourth quarter of 2014); and 78 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) (4) the lack of prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. These assessment factors remain essentially unchanged, as the Company remains in a significant cumulative loss position as of December 31, 2015. As a result, management believes a full valuation allowance against all domestic net deferred tax assets is warranted as of December 31, 2015. The valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets may require adjustment in the future based on changes in the mix of temporary differences, changes in tax laws, and operating performance. If and when the Company determines the valuation allowance should be released (i.e., reduced), the adjustment would result in a tax benefit reported in that period’s Consolidated Statements of Operations, the effect of which would be an increase in reported net income. A portion of such an adjustment may be accounted for through an increase to “Additional paid-in capital”, a component of Stockholders’ Equity. The amount of any such tax benefit associated with release of our valuation allowance in a particular quarter may be material. As a result of certain realization requirements under the stock-based compensation guidance, the table of deferred tax assets and liabilities shown above does not include certain deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2015, that arose directly from tax deductions related to stock-based compensation greater than stock-based compensation recognized for financial reporting. Equity will be increased by $3,216,000 if and when such deferred tax assets are ultimately realized. The Company uses ASC 740 ordering when determining when excess tax benefits have been realized. The research and development tax credit carryforwards expire beginning in 2016 for state purposes and in 2022 for federal purposes. The Company has federal net operating loss carryforwards which expire beginning in 2033, as well as net operating loss carryforwards in certain states, which expire beginning in 2016 through 2035. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): Balance on January 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Additions based on tax provisions related to the current year . . . . . . . Reductions for tax positions of prior years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lapse of statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015 2014 2013 $1,254 120 — (480) (64) $2,072 161 (967) — (12) $1,506 566 — — — Balance on December 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 830 $1,254 $2,072 The Company has reviewed the tax positions taken, or to be taken, in its tax returns for all tax years currently open to examination by a taxing authority. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, that is the aggregate tax effect of differences between tax return positions and the benefits recognized in the Company’s financial statements, as of December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 of $830,000, $1,254,000, and $2,072,000, respectively, if recognized, may decrease the Company’s income tax provision and effective tax rate. None of the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2015, are expected to significantly change during the next twelve months. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the Company recognized approximately $21,000, $32,000, and ($28,000), respectively, in net interest (benefit) expense. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had accrued approximately $24,000 and $181,000, respectively, for the potential payment of interest. 79 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The Company files income tax returns in the United States and various foreign tax jurisdictions. These tax returns are generally open to examination by the relevant tax authorities from three to seven years from the date they are filed. The tax filings relating to the Company’s federal and state taxes are currently open to examination for tax years 2012 and 2014 and 2007 through 2014, respectively. In addition, the 2003, 2004, and 2007 tax years resulted in losses. These years may also be subject to examination since the losses were carried forward and utilized in future years. The Company’s subsidiary in Italy, Vicor Italy S.r.l. (“Vicor Italy”), underwent during 2014 a tax inspection for tax years 2009 through 2013, covering corporation, regional and value added taxes. Vicor Italy received a preliminary tax audit report dated June 30, 2014. The Company filed a response to the preliminary tax audit report in the third quarter of 2014. The statute of limitations for the tax authorities in Italy to file an assessment, if any, for tax year 2009 expired on December 31, 2015. While management believes it is too early to determine the likelihood or amount of potential liability at this time, it does not believe the ultimate impact of this matter will be material to the Company’s financial statements. Other than the Vicor Italy matter discussed above there are no other income tax examinations or audits currently in process. 16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES The Company leases certain of its office and manufacturing space. The future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable operating leases with remaining terms in excess of one year are as follows (in thousands): Year 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020 and thereafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,314 762 338 213 119 Rent expense was approximately $1,902,000, $1,824,000 and $1,820,000 in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The Company also pays tenant-related executory costs such as taxes, maintenance, and insurance. On January 28, 2011, SynQor, Inc. (“SynQor”) filed a complaint for patent infringement against Ericsson, Inc. (“Ericsson”), Cisco Systems, Inc. (“Cisco”) and the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the “Texas Action”). This immediately followed a complaint filed by the Company on January 26, 2011, in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts, in which the Company sought a declaratory judgment that its bus converter products do not infringe any valid claim of certain of SynQor’s U.S. patents, and that the claims of those patents are invalid. With respect to the Company, SynQor’s complaint alleges the Company’s products, including, but not limited to, unregulated bus converters used in intermediate bus architecture power supply systems, infringe certain SynQor patents. SynQor seeks, among other items, an injunction against further infringement and an award of unspecified compensatory and enhanced damages, interest, costs and attorney fees. On February 8, 2011, SynQor filed a motion for preliminary injunction seeking an order enjoining the Company from manufacturing, using, selling, and offering for sale in the United States and/or importing into the United States certain identified unregulated bus converters, as well as any other bus converters not significantly different from those products. On February 17, 2011, the Company withdrew its Massachusetts action without prejudice to allow the litigation to proceed in Texas. On May 16, 2011, SynQor announced it was withdrawing its motion for preliminary injunction against the Company. On that date, SynQor 80 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) also announced it and Ericsson had entered into a definitive settlement agreement, the terms of which were not disclosed. On September 16, 2011, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (the “Texas Court”) issued an order setting a trial date of July 7, 2014. On September 20, 2011, SynQor filed an amended complaint in the Texas Action. The amended complaint repeated the allegations of patent infringement against the Company contained in SynQor’s original complaint, and included additional patent infringement allegations with respect to U.S. Patent No. 8,023,290 (the “ ‘290 patent”), which was issued on that day. As with SynQor’s original complaint, the amended complaint alleges the Company’s products, including but not limited to the Company’s unregulated bus converters used in intermediate bus architecture power supply systems, infringe the asserted patents. On October 4, 2011, the Company filed an answer and counterclaims to SynQor’s amended complaint, in which the Company alleges the ‘290 patent is unenforceable because it was procured through inequitable conduct before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and seeks damages against SynQor for SynQor’s unfair and deceptive trade practices and tortious interference with prospective economic advantage in connection with SynQor’s allegations of patent infringement against the Company. On January 2, 2014, the Texas Court issued its claim construction order following a claim construction hearing held on December 17, 2013. On January 16, 2014, the Company filed a motion seeking reconsideration of certain aspects of the Texas Court’s claim construction ruling. On March 31, 2014, the Texas Court issued an order severing the case against the Company and Cisco into two separate matters, with separate trials to be held with respect to SynQor’s claims against Cisco and SynQor’s claims against the Company. On June 30, 2014, the Company filed a number of motions seeking summary judgment in this matter, including for a finding of no direct, indirect, or willful infringement and for a finding of indefiniteness with respect to U.S. Patent No. 7,272,021 (the “ ‘021 patent”), which is one of four related patents at question in the Texas Action. The Texas Court has yet to rule on these motions. On October 23, 2014, the Texas Court issued an order continuing trial in this matter indefinitely. On January 7, 2015, the Company’s case and that of Cisco were assigned to a new judge within the Texas Court. On February 6, 2015, SynQor filed a motion to consolidate the Company’s and Cisco’s cases for trial, which was subsequently denied. On March 13, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, D.C. Circuit issued a ruling invalidating certain claims of U.S. Patent No. 7,072,190 (the “ ‘190 patent”) asserted by SynQor against the Company. Challenges to the validity of the remaining claims relating to the ‘190 patent, and to the remaining patents asserted by SynQor against the Company, remain pending before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in the Texas Action. On March 26, 2015, the Texas Court scheduled pre-trial conferences for September 15, 2015, for Cisco’s case and January 13, 2016, for the Company’s case. On April 20, 2015, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “PTAB”) issued a decision upholding the validity of all of the claims of SynQor’s U.S. Patent No. 7,564,702 (the “ ‘702 patent”), another of the power converter patents included in the claims asserted against the Company in the Texas Action. On May 20, 2015, the Company filed a request for rehearing concerning that decision. The PTAB has not ruled on that request. On May 5, 2015, the PTAB issued a decision invalidating all of the asserted claims of the ‘021 patent. On June 10, 2015, SynQor filed a request for rehearing concerning that decision. The PTAB has not ruled on that request. The Company has received no notice from the Texas Court regarding the timing of rulings on the Company’s summary judgment motions. On June 19, 2015, the Texas Court issued an order scheduling a jury trial in SynQor’s patent infringement action against Cisco beginning on November 30, 2015. SynQor’s patent infringement allegations against Cisco include allegations that Cisco is using certain parts supplied by the Company in infringing circuits. On October 5, 2015, the Texas Court issued an order denying a motion by Cisco seeking a stay of SynQor’s case against Cisco pending the resolution of matters concerning the asserted SynQor patents before the PTAB. On November 20, 2015, SynQor and Cisco informed the Texas Court they had reached a confidential settlement of SynQor’s case against Cisco. On November 24, 2015, a Magistrate Judge of the Texas Court issued an order staying SynQor’s case against the Company pending the resolution of matters concerning the asserted SynQor patents before the PTAB. SynQor has filed a motion seeking reconsideration of that order, and that request is still pending. 81 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The Company continues to believe none of its products, including its unregulated bus converters, infringe any valid claim of the asserted SynQor patents, either alone or when used in an intermediate bus architecture implementation, including such use by Cisco. The Company believes SynQor’s claims lack merit and, therefore, continues to vigorously defend itself against SynQor’s patent infringement allegations. The Company does not believe a loss is probable for this matter. If a loss were to be incurred, however, the Company cannot estimate the amount of possible loss or range of possible loss at this time. In addition to the SynQor matter, the Company is involved in certain other litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of its business. While the outcome of lawsuits and claims against the Company cannot be predicted with certainty, management does not expect any current litigation or claims will have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. 17. SEGMENT INFORMATION The Company has organized its business segments according to its key product lines. The BBU segment designs, develops, manufactures, and markets the Company’s modular DC-DC converters and configurable products, and also includes the entities comprising Vicor Custom Power, the BBU operations of VJCL, and the operations of the Company’s Westcor division through its closure in December 2014. Since the two noncontrolling interest Vicor Custom Power transactions occurred on December 28, 2015, as discussed in Note 9, the following segment information includes the full year operating results for APS and MPS in 2015, but not total assets for APS as of December 31, 2015. The VI Chip segment includes VI Chip Corporation, which designs, develops, manufactures, and markets many of the Company’s advanced power component products. The VI Chip segment also includes the VI Chip business conducted through VJCL. The Picor segment includes Picor Corporation, which designs, develops, manufactures, and markets integrated circuits and related products for use in a variety of power management and power system applications. The Picor segment develops these products for use in the Company’s BBU and VI Chip modules, to be sold as complements to the Company’s BBU and VI Chip products, or for sale to third parties for separate (i.e., stand-alone) applications. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer (i.e., the chief operating decision maker) evaluates performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and segment operating income (loss). The operating income (loss) for each segment includes selling, general, and administrative and research and development expenses directly attributable to the segment. Certain of the Company’s indirect overhead costs, which include corporate selling, general, and administrative expenses, are allocated among the segments based upon an estimate of costs associated with each segment. Assets allocated to each segment are based upon specific identification of such assets, which include accounts receivable, inventories, fixed assets and certain other assets. The Corporate segment consists of those operations and assets shared by all segments. The costs of certain centralized executive and administrative functions are recorded in this segment, as are certain shared assets, most notably cash and cash equivalents, deferred tax assets, long-term investments, the Company’s facilities in Massachusetts, real estate, and other assets. The Company’s accounting policies and method of presentation for segments are consistent with that used throughout the Consolidated Financial Statements. 82 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) The following table provides significant segment financial data as of and for the years ended December 31 (in thousands): BBU VI Chip Picor Corporate Eliminations Total (1) 2015: Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . 2014: Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . 2013: Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Income (loss) from operations . . . . . . . . . . Total assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Depreciation and amortization . . . . . . . . . . $173,064 21,743 170,939 4,538 $ 36,688 (21,040) 15,577 2,740 $17,304 (290) 5,369 442 $ — $ (680) 81,824 1,422 (6,862) $220,194 (267) 157,545 9,142 — (116,164) — $184,224 15,499 151,923 4,711 $ 34,701 (29,015) 17,677 3,265 $15,570 (407) 5,691 410 $ — $ (840) 75,758 1,419 (8,764) $225,731 — (14,763) 155,542 9,805 (95,507) — $163,013 12,062 126,585 6,185 $ 35,333 (28,204) 21,370 3,232 $10,416 (3,326) 4,308 407 $ — $ (999) 81,364 184 (9,602) $199,160 — (20,467) 165,640 10,008 (67,987) — (1) The elimination for net revenues is principally related to inter-segment revenues of Picor to BBU and VI Chip and for inter-segment revenues of VI Chip to BBU. The elimination for total assets is principally related to inter-segment accounts receivable due to BBU for the funding of VI Chip and Picor operations. 18. QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited) The following table sets forth certain unaudited quarterly financial data for the years ended December 31 (in thousands, except per share amounts): 2015: Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated net income (loss) Net income (loss) attributable to First Second Third Fourth Total $64,017 28,891 3,442 $56,119 26,510 771 $48,664 21,286 2,609 $51,394 22,831 (1,663) $220,194 99,518 5,159 noncontrolling interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 (34) 106 89 232 Net income (loss) attributable to Vicor Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income (loss) per share attributable to Vicor Corporation: Basic and diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,371 805 2,503 (1,752) 4,927 0.09 0.02 0.06 (0.05) 0.13 83 VICOR CORPORATION NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 2014: Net revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gross margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consolidated net loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net income attributable to noncontrolling First Second Third Fourth Total $53,233 22,792 (5,426) $53,361 22,662 (4,932) $58,402 25,550 (3,669) $60,735 26,116 (43) $225,731 97,120 (14,070) interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (48) (97) 5 (43) (183) Net loss attributable to Vicor Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5,378) (4,835) (3,674) — (13,887) Net loss per share attributable to Vicor Corporation: Basic and diluted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (0.14) (0.13) (0.10) — (0.36) 84 ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Attached as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K are certifications of our CEO and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), which are required in accordance with Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act. This “Controls and Procedures” section includes information concerning the controls and controls evaluation referred to in the certifications. (a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, conducted an evaluation regarding the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the last fiscal year. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d- 15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We recognize any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and we necessarily apply our judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2015, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded, as of such date, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level. (b) Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures; (a) pertaining to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (b) providing reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and Board of Directors; and (c) providing reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, the end of our fiscal year. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Management’s assessment included evaluation of such elements as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment. Based on our assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. 85 The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included immediately below. 86 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM The Board of Directors and Stockholders Vicor Corporation: We have audited Vicor Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Vicor Corporation’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, Vicor Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Vicor Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, and our report dated March 8, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. /s/ KPMG LLP Boston, Massachusetts March 8, 2016 87 (c) Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls The Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures. (d) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2015, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. 88 ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION None. PART III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2016 annual meeting of stockholders. ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2016 annual meeting of stockholders. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2016 annual meeting of stockholders. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2016 annual meeting of stockholders. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2016 annual meeting of stockholders. ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES PART IV (a) (1) Financial Statements See index in Item 8. (a) (2) Schedules Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted. 89 (b) Exhibits Exhibits 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 10.1* 10.2* 10.3* 10.4* 10.5* 10.6* 10.7* 10.8* 10.9* 10.10* 10.11* 10.12* 21.1 23.1 31.1 31.2 32.1 32.2 101 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Description of Document Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated February 28, 1990 (1) Certificate of Ownership and Merger Merging Westcor Corporation, a Delaware Corporation, into Vicor Corporation, a Delaware Corporation, dated December 3, 1990 (1) Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated May 10, 1991 (1) Certificate of Amendment of Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated June 23, 1992 (1) Bylaws, as amended (9) Specimen Common Stock Certificate (2) 1984 Stock Option Plan of the Company, as amended (2) 1993 Stock Option Plan (3) 1998 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (4) Amended and Restated 2000 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (5) Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option under the Vicor Corporation Amended and Restated 2000 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (6) Sales Incentive Plan (7) Picor Corporation 2001 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (8) Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option under the Picor Corporation 2001 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (8) VI Chip Corporation Amended 2007 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (11) Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement under the VI Chip Corporation Amended 2007 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (10) Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement under the VI Chip Corporation Amended 2007 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (11) Form of Stock Restriction Agreement under the VI Chip Corporation Amended 2007 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (11) Subsidiaries of the Company (12) Consent of KPMG LLP (12) Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act (12) Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act (12) Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (12) Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (12) The following material from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2015, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss); (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Equity; and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. * Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filled pursuant to Item 15(b) of Form 10-K. (1) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 29, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference. (2) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form 10, as amended, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (File No. 0-18277), and incorporated herein by reference. (3) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, as amended, under the Securities Act of 1933 (No. 33-65154), and incorporated herein by reference. 90 (4) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, as amended, under the Securities Act of 1933 (No. 333-61177), and incorporated herein by reference. (5) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Proxy Statement for use in connection with its 2002 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which was filed on April 29, 2002 (File No. 0-18277), and incorporated herein by reference. (6) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 4, 2004 (File No. 0-18277) and incorporated herein by reference. (7) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2005 (File No. 0-18277) and incorporated herein by reference. (8) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 14, 2006 (File No. 0-18277) and incorporated herein by reference. (9) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 8, 2006 (File No. 0-18277) and incorporated herein by reference. (10) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 6, 2007 (File No. 0-18277) and incorporated herein by reference. (11) Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Current Report and Form 8-K, dated March 6, 2008 (File No. 0-18277) incorporated herein by reference. (12) Filed herewith. 91 VICOR CORPORATION SCHEDULE II VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS Years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 Description Allowance for doubtful accounts: Year ended: Balance at Beginning of Period Charge to Costs and Expenses Other Charges, Deductions (1) Balance at End of Period December 31, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 31, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $183,000 198,000 292,000 $ 18,000 66,000 255,000 $ (30,000) (81,000) (349,000) $171,000 183,000 198,000 (1) Reflects uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries. 92 Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. SIGNATURES Vicor Corporation By: /s/ James A. Simms James A. Simms Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Date: March 8, 2016 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Signature Title Date /s/ Patrizio Vinciarelli Patrizio Vinciarelli /s/ James A. Simms James A. Simms /s/ Estia J. Eichten Estia J. Eichten /s/ David T. Riddiford David T. Riddiford /s/ Barry Kelleher Barry Kelleher /s/ Samuel J. Anderson Samuel J. Anderson /s/ Claudio Tuozzolo Claudio Tuozzolo /s/ Jason L. Carlson Jason L. Carlson /s/ Liam K. Griffin Liam K. Griffin /s/ H. Allen Henderson H. Allen Henderson March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 March 8, 2016 President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board (Principal Executive Officer) Chief Financial Officer and Vice President (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) Director Director Director Director Director Director Director Director 93 EXHIBIT 21.1 Name SUBSIDIARIES OF THE COMPANY State or Jurisdiction of Incorporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hong Kong Picor Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware, USA VI Chip Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware, USA VLT, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California, USA Vicor GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Germany VICR Securities Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Massachusetts, USA Vicor France SARL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . France Vicor Italy SRL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vicor Hong Kong Ltd. Vicor U.K. Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United Kingdom Vicor B.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netherlands Vicor Japan Company, Ltd. Japan Vicor Trading (Shanghai) Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . China Vicor Development Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware, USA Converpower Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware, USA Freedom Power Systems, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware, USA Granite Power Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware, USA Northwest Power, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware, USA Northwest Power Acquisition, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delaware, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italy Exhibit 31.1 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CERTIFICATION I, Patrizio Vinciarelli, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of Vicor Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: March 8, 2016 /s/ Patrizio Vinciarelli Patrizio Vinciarelli Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2 CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER CERTIFICATION I, James A. Simms, certify that: 1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K of Vicor Corporation; 2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and 5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. Dated: March 8, 2016 /s/ James A. Simms James A. Simms Vice President, Chief Financial Officer Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Vicor Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Patrizio Vinciarelli, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ Patrizio Vinciarelli Patrizio Vinciarelli President, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer March 8, 2016 A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. Exhibit 32.2 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Vicor Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2015 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, James A. Simms, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. /s/ James A. Simms James A. Simms Vice President, Chief Financial Officer March 8, 2016 A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request. This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The words “believes,” “expects,” “antic- ipates,” “intend,” “estimate,” “plans,” “assumes,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “con- tinue,” “prospective,” “project,” and other similar expressions identify forward-look- ing statements. Forward-looking statements also include statements regarding: the transition of our business strategically and organizationally from serving a large number of relatively low volume customers across diversified markets and geog- raphies to serving a small number of relatively large volume customers, typically concentrated in computing and communications; the level of customer orders over- all and, in particular, from large customers and the delivery lead times associated therewith; the financial and operational impact of customer changes to shipping schedules; the derivation of a portion of our sales in each quarter from orders booked in the same quarter; our ongoing development of power conversion architectures, switching topologies, packaging technologies, and products; our plans to invest in expanded manufacturing capacity and the timing and location thereof; our con- tinued success depending in part on our ability to attract and retain qualified per- sonnel; our belief cash generated from operations and the total of our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund operations for the foreseeable future; our belief that we have limited exposure to currency risks; our intentions regarding the decla- ration and payment of cash dividends; our intentions regarding protecting our rights under our patents; and our expectation that no current litigation or claims will have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations. These statements are based upon our current expectations and estimates as to the prospec- tive events and circumstances that may or may not be within our control and as to which there can be no assurance. Actual results could differ materially from those implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including our ability to: develop and market new products and technologies cost effectively and on a timely basis; leverage our new technologies in standard products to promote market acceptance of our approach to power system architecture; leverage design wins into increased product sales; continue to meet requirements of key customers and prospects; enter into licensing agreements increasing our market opportunity and accelerating market penetration; realize significant royalties under such licens- ing agreements; achieve sustainable bookings rates for our products across served markets and geographies; improve manufacturing and operating efficiencies; suc- cessfully enforce our intellectual property rights; successfully defend outstanding litigation; hire and retain key personnel; and maintain an effective system of inter- nal controls over financial reporting, including our ability to obtain required finan- cial information for investments on a timely basis, our ability to assess the value of assets, including illiquid investments, and the accounting therefor, as well as those matters described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should read the risk factors that are set forth in the Company’s most recent Form 10-K, present- ed herein. However, the risk factors set forth may not be exhaustive. Therefore, the information in the Form 10-K should be read together with other reports and doc- uments that the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) from time to time, including the Company’s Forms 10-Q and 8-K and Proxy Statements, which may supplement, modify, supersede or update those risk factors. Copies of the Company’s recent SEC filings may be obtained without charge by con- tacting Investor Relations or through the Investor Relations section of the Company’s website at vicorpower.com under the section titled “SEC Filings”. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statements as a result of future events or developments, except as required by law. Corporate Officers Sean Crilly Corporate Vice President, Engineering, Power Systems Philip D. Davies Corporate Vice President, Global Sales and Marketing Nancy L. Grava Corporate Vice President, Human Resources Alex Gusinov Corporate Vice President, Engineering, Power Components Joseph A. Jeffery, Jr. Corporate Vice President, Chief Information Officer Barry Kelleher Corporate Vice President & President, Brick Business Unit Michael S. McNamara Corporate Vice President, General Manager, Operations Richard J. Nagel, Jr. Corporate Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer James A. Simms Corporate Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, & Secretary Claudio Tuozzolo Corporate Vice President & President, Picor Corporation Patrizio Vinciarelli, Ph.D. Chairman of the Board, President & Chief Executive Officer Board of Directors Samuel J. Anderson Chairman of the Board, President & Chief Executive Officer IceMOS Technology Corporation Jason L. Carlson Chief Executive Officer congatec, AG Estia J. Eichten, Ph.D. Senior Scientist Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Liam K. Griffin President Skyworks Solutions, Inc. Common Stock Vicor shares are traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market® under the symbol “VICR”. Transfer Agent Computershare Trust Company NA College Station, Texas, 1.877.282.1169 Counsel Foley & Lardner LLP Boston, Massachusetts Auditors KPMG LLP Boston, Massachusetts H. Allen Henderson Retired and former Corporate Vice President & President, VLT, Inc. Barry Kelleher Corporate Vice President & President, Brick Business Unit David T. Riddiford Private Investor James A. Simms Corporate Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, & Secretary Claudio Tuozzolo Corporate Vice President & President, Picor Corporation Patrizio Vinciarelli, Ph.D. Chairman of the Board, President & Chief Executive Officer Vicor Corporation 25 Frontage Road Andover, MA 01810 USA 978.470.2900 vicorpower.com VCRCM-AR-16 

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