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Annual Report 2005

Plain-text annual report

FORM 10-K VALHI INC /DE/ - vhi Filed: March 24, 2006 (period: December 31, 2005) Annual report which provides a comprehensive overview of the company for the past year Table of Contents BUSINESS - "Risk Factors," Item 3 - "Legal Proceedings," Item 7 - "Management's - "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," are - "Legal Proceedings - Insurance coverage claims" and Note 17 to the RISK FACTORS UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS PROPERTIES LEGAL PROCEEDINGS SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS - "Quantative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" and Note 10 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES OTHER INFORMATION DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES 10-K PART I ITEM 1. Item 1A Item 7A Item 3 ITEM 1A. ITEM 1B. ITEM 2. ITEM 3. ITEM 4. PART II ITEM 5. ITEM 6. ITEM 7. Item 7A ITEM 8. ITEM 9. ITEM 9A. ITEM 9B. PART III ITEM 10. ITEM 11. ITEM 12. ITEM 13. ITEM 14. PART IV EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES ITEM 15. SIGNATURES Items 8, 15(a) and 15(d) EX-21.1 (Subsidiaries of the registrant) EX-23.1 (Consents of experts and counsel) EX-23.2 (Consents of experts and counsel) EX-31.1 (Certifications required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) EX-31.2 (Certifications required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) EX-32.1 (Certifications required under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)  SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10-K X ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 - For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 Commission file number 1-5467 VALHI, INC. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware 87-0110150 --------------------------------- --------------------- (State or other jurisdiction of (IRS Employer incorporation or organization) Identification No.) 5430 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1700, Dallas, Texas 75240-2697 ------------------------------------------- --------------- (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (972) 233-1700 ---------------- Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Name of each exchange on Title of each class which registered ------------------- ------------------------ Common stock ($.01 par value per share) New York Stock Exchange Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None. Indicate by check mark: If the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No X If the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes No X Whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes X No If disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Yes X No Whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer X non-accelerated filer . Whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No X . The aggregate market value of the 9.4 million shares of voting common stock held by nonaffiliates of Valhi, Inc. as of June 30, 2005 (the last business day of the Registrant's most recently-completed second fiscal quarter) approximated $164.5 million. As of February 28, 2006, 115,919,578 shares of the Registrant's common stock were outstanding. Documents incorporated by reference The information required by Part III is incorporated by reference from the Registrant's definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report. [INSIDE FRONT COVER] A chart showing, as of December 31, 2005, (i) Valhi's 83% ownership of NL Industries, Inc., 57% ownership of Kronos Worldwide, Inc., 100% ownership of Waste Control Specialists LLC, 100% ownership of Tremont LLC and 4% ownership of Titanium Metals Corporation ("TIMET"), (ii) NL's 36% ownership of Kronos Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 Worldwide and 70% ownership of CompX International Inc., (iii) Tremont's 35% ownership of TIMET and (x) TIMET's 18% ownership of CompX. PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS As more fully described on the condensed organizational chart on the opposite page, Valhi, Inc. (NYSE: VHI), has operations through majority-owned subsidiaries or less than majority-owned affiliates in the chemicals, component products, waste management and titanium metals industries. Information regarding the Company's business segments and the companies conducting such businesses is set forth below. Business and geographic segment financial information is included in Note 2 to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements, which information is incorporated herein by reference. The Company is based in Dallas, Texas. Chemicals Kronos is a leading global producer Kronos Worldwide, Inc. and marketer of value-added titanium dioxide pigments ("TiO2"), which are used for imparting whiteness, brightness and opacity to a diverse range of customer applications and end-use markets, including coatings, plastics, paper and other industrial and consumer "quality-of-life" products. Kronos has production facilities in Europe and North America. Sales of TiO2 represent about 90% of Kronos' total sales in 2005, with sales of other products that are complementary to Kronos' TiO2 business comprising the remainder. Component Products CompX is a leading manufacturer of CompX International Inc. precision ball bearing slides, security products and ergonomic computer support systems used in office furniture, computer-related applications and a variety of other industries. CompX has production facilities in North America and Asia. Waste Management Waste Control Specialists owns and Waste Control Specialists LLC operates a facility in West Texas for the processing, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous, toxic and certain types of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. Waste Control Specialists is seeking additional regulatory authorizations to expand its treatment, storage and disposal capabilities for low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. Titanium Metals Titanium Metals Corporation Titanium Metals Corporation ("TIMET") is a leading global producer of titanium sponge, melted products (ingot and slab) and mill products for commercial and military aerospace, industrial and other markets, including new applications for titanium in the automotive and other emerging markets. TIMET is the only producer with major titanium production facilities in both the U.S. and Europe, the world's principal markets for titanium consumption. Valhi, a Delaware corporation, is the successor of the 1987 merger of LLC Corporation and another entity. Contran Corporation holds, directly or through subsidiaries, approximately 92% of Valhi's outstanding common stock. Substantially all of Contran's outstanding voting stock is held by trusts established for the benefit of certain children and grandchildren of Harold C. Simmons, of which Mr. Simmons is the sole trustee, or is held by Mr. Simmons or persons or other entities related to Mr. Simmons. Consequently, Mr. Simmons may be deemed to control such companies. NL (NYSE: NL), Kronos (NYSE: KRO), CompX (NYSE: CIX) and TIMET (NYSE: TIE) each currently file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The information set forth below with respect to such companies has been derived from such reports. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  As provided by the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, the Company cautions that the statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to matters that are not historical facts, including, but not limited to, statements found in this Item 1 - "Business," Item 1A - "Risk Factors," Item 3 - "Legal Proceedings," Item 7 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Item 7A - "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," are forward-looking statements that represent management's beliefs and assumptions based on currently available information. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "believes," "intends," "may," "should," "could," "anticipates," "expected" or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, it cannot give any assurances that these expectations will prove to be correct. Such statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results, and actual future results could differ materially from those described in such forward-looking statements. While it is not possible to identify all factors, the Company continues to face many risks and uncertainties. Among the factors that could cause actual future results to differ materially from those described herein are the risks and uncertainties discussed in this Annual Report and those described from time to time in the Company's other filings with the SEC including, but not limited to, the following: o Future supply and demand for the Company's products, o The extent of the dependence of certain of the Company's businesses on certain market sectors (such as the dependence of TIMET's titanium metals business on the commercial aerospace industry), o The cyclicality of certain of the Company's businesses (such as Kronos' TiO2 operations and TIMET's titanium metals operations), o The impact of certain long-term contracts on certain of the Company's businesses (such as the impact of TIMET's long-term contracts with certain of its customers and such customers' performance thereunder and the impact of TIMET's long-term contracts with certain of its vendors on its ability to reduce or increase supply or achieve lower costs), o Customer inventory levels (such as the extent to which Kronos' customers may, from time to time, accelerate purchases of TiO2 in advance of anticipated price increases or defer purchases of TiO2 in advance of anticipated price decreases, or the relationship between inventory levels of TIMET's customers and such customers' current inventory requirements and the impact of such relationship on their purchases from TIMET), o Changes in raw material and other operating costs (such as energy costs), o The possibility of labor disruptions, o General global economic and political conditions (such as changes in the level of gross domestic product in various regions of the world and the impact of such changes on demand for, among other things, TiO2), o Competitive products and substitute products, o Possible disruption of business or increases in the cost of doing business resulting from terrorist activities or global conflicts, o Customer and competitor strategies, o The impact of pricing and production decisions, o Competitive technology positions, o The introduction of trade barriers, o Fluctuations in currency exchange rates (such as changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and each of the euro, the Norwegian kroner and the Canadian dollar), o Operating interruptions (including, but not limited to, labor disputes, leaks, natural disasters, fires, explosions, unscheduled or unplanned downtime and transportation interruptions), o The timing and amounts of insurance recoveries, o The ability of the Company to renew or refinance credit facilities, o Uncertainties associated with new product development (such as TIMET's ability to develop new end-uses for its titanium products), o The ultimate outcome of income tax audits, tax settlement initiatives or other tax matters, o The ultimate ability to utilize income tax attributes, the benefit of which has been recognized under the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria (such as Kronos' ability to utilize its German net operating loss carryforwards), o Environmental matters (such as those requiring compliance with emission and discharge standards for existing and new facilities, or new developments regarding environmental remediation at sites related to former operation of the Company), o Government laws and regulations and possible changes therein (such as changes in government regulations which might impose various obligations on present and former manufacturers of lead pigment and lead-based paint, including NL, with respect to asserted health concerns associated with the use of such products), o The ultimate resolution of pending litigation (such as NL's lead pigment litigation and litigation surrounding environmental matters of NL and Tremont), and o Possible future litigation. Should one or more of these risks materialize (or the consequences of such a development worsen), or should the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 actual results could differ materially from those currently forecasted or expected. The Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement whether as a result of changes in information, future events or otherwise. CHEMICALS - KRONOS WORLDWIDE, INC. General. Kronos is a leading global producer and marketer of value-added TiO2, inorganic chemical products used for imparting whiteness, brightness and opacity to a diverse range of customer applications and end-use markets, including coatings, plastics, paper, fibers, food, ceramics and cosmetics. TiO2 is considered a "quality-of-life" product with demand affected by gross domestic product in various regions of the world. TiO2, the largest commercially used whitening pigment by volume, derives its value from its whitening properties and opacifying ability (commonly referred to as hiding power). As a result of TiO2's high refractive index rating, it can provide more hiding power than any other commercially produced white pigment. In addition, TiO2 demonstrates excellent resistance to chemical attack, good thermal stability and resistance to ultraviolet degradation. TiO2 is supplied to customers in either a powder or slurry form. Approximately one-half of Kronos' 2005 TiO2 sales volumes were to Europe, with about 38% to North America and the balance to export markets. Kronos believes it is the second-largest producer of TiO2 in Europe, with an estimated 20% share of European TiO2 sales volumes in 2005. Kronos has an estimated 15% share of North American TiO2 sales volumes. Per capita consumption of Ti02 in the United States and Western Europe far exceeds that in other areas of the world and these regions are expected to continue to be the largest consumers of TiO2. Significant markets for TiO2 consumption could emerge in Eastern Europe, the Far East or China, as the economies in these regions continue to develop to the point that quality-of-life products, including TiO2, experience greater demand. Products and operations. TiO2 is produced in two crystalline forms: rutile and anatase. Both the chloride and sulfate production processes (discussed below) produce rutile TiO2. Chloride process rutile is preferred for the majority of customer applications. From a technical standpoint, chloride process rutile has a bluer undertone and higher durability than sulfate process rutile TiO2. Although many end-use applications can use either form of TiO2, chloride process rutile TiO2 is the preferred form for use in coatings and plastics, the two largest end-use markets. Anatase TiO2, which is produced only through the sulfate production process, represents a much smaller percentage of annual global TiO2 production and is preferred for use in selected paper, ceramics, rubber tires, man-made fibers, food and cosmetics. Kronos believes that there are no effective substitutes for TiO2. Extenders, such as kaolin clays, calcium carbonate and polymeric opacifiers, are used in a number of end-use markets as white pigments, however the opacity in these products is not able to duplicate the performance characteristics of TiO2, and Kronos believes these products are unlikely to replace TiO2. Kronos currently produces over 40 different TiO2 grades, sold under the Kronos trademark, which provide a variety of performance properties to meet customers' specific requirements. Kronos' major customers include domestic and international paint, plastics and paper manufacturers. Kronos and its distributors and agents sell and provide technical services for its products to over 4,000 customers in over 100 countries with the majority of sales in Europe and North America. TiO2 is distributed by rail and truck in either dry or slurry form. Kronos and its predecessors have produced and marketed TiO2 in North America and Europe for over 80 years. Kronos believes that it has developed considerable expertise and efficiency in the manufacture, sale, shipment and service of its products in domestic and international markets. Sales of TiO2 represented about 90% of Kronos' total sales in 2005. Sales of other products, complementary to Kronos' TiO2 business, are comprised of the following: o Kronos owns an ilmenite mine in Norway operated pursuant to a governmental concession with an unlimited term. Ilmenite is a raw material used directly as a feedstock by some sulfate-process TiO2 plants, including all of Kronos' European sulfate-process plants. The mine has estimated reserves that are expected to last at least 50 years. Ilmenite sales to third-parties represented approximately 5% of chemicals sales in 2005. o Kronos manufactures and sells iron-based chemicals, which are by-products and processed by-products of the TiO2 pigment production process. These co-product chemicals are marketed through Kronos' Ecochem division, and are used primarily as treatment and conditioning agents for industrial effluents and municipal wastewater as well as in the manufacture of iron pigments, cement and agricultural products. Sales of iron based products were about 4% of chemical sales in 2005. o Kronos manufactures and sells certain titanium chemical products (titanium oxychloride and titanyl sulfate), which are side-stream products from the production of TiO2. Titanium oxychloride is used in specialty applications in the formulation of pearlescent pigments, production of electroceramic capacitors for cell phones and other Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  electronic devices. Titanyl sulfate products are used primarily in pearlescent pigments. Sales of these products were about 1% of chemical sales in 2005. Manufacturing process, properties and raw materials. Kronos manufactures TiO2 using both the chloride process and the sulfate process. Approximately 73% of Kronos' current production capacity is based on the chloride process. The chloride process is a continuous process in which chlorine is used to extract rutile Ti02. The chloride process typically has lower manufacturing costs than the sulfate process due to higher yield and production of less waste and lower energy requirements and labor costs. Because much of the chlorine is recycled and feedstock bearing a higher titanium content is used, the chloride process produces less waste than the sulfate process. The sulfate process is a batch chemical process that uses sulfuric acid to extract TiO2. Sulfate technology can produce either anatase or rutile pigment. Once an intermediate TiO2 pigment has been produced by either the chloride or sulfate process, it is "finished" into products with specific performance characteristics for particular end-use applications through proprietary processes involving various chemical surface treatments and intensive micronizing (milling). Due to environmental factors and customer considerations, the proportion of TiO2 industry sales represented by chloride-process pigments has increased relative to sulfate-process pigments, and, in 2005, industry-wide chloride-process production facilities represented approximately 64% of industry capacity. During 2005, Kronos operated four TiO2 facilities in Europe (one in each of Leverkusen, Germany, Nordenham, Germany, Langerbrugge, Belgium and Fredrikstad, Norway). In North America, Kronos operates a Ti02 facility in Varennes, Quebec and, through a manufacturing joint venture discussed below, has a one-half interest in a Ti02 plant in Lake Charles, Louisiana. TiO2 is produced using the chloride process at the Leverkusen, Langerbrugge, Varennes and Lake Charles facilities and is produced using the sulfate process in Nordenham, Leverkusen, Fredrikstad and Varennes. Kronos owns an ilmenite mine in Norway operated pursuant to a governmental concession with an unlimited term, and Kronos also owns a Ti02 slurry facility in Louisiana and leases various corporate and administrative offices in the U.S. and various sales offices in the U.S. and Europe. Kronos' co-products are produced at its Norwegian, Belgian and German facilities, and its titanium chemicals are produced at its Belgian and Canadian facilities. All of Kronos' principal production facilities are owned, except for the land under the Leverkusen and Fredrikstad facilities. The Fredrikstad plant is located on public land and is leased until 2013, with an option to extend the lease for an additional 50 years. Kronos leases the land under its Leverkusen Ti02 production facility pursuant to a lease expiring in 2050. The Leverkusen facility, which is owned by Kronos and which represents about one-third of Kronos' current TiO2 production capacity, is located within an extensive manufacturing complex owned by Bayer AG. Rent for such land lease associated with the Leverkusen facility is periodically established by agreement with Bayer AG for periods of at least two years at a time. Under a separate supplies and services agreement expiring in 2011, Bayer provides some raw materials, including chlorine, auxiliary and operating materials, utilities and services necessary to operate the Leverkusen facility. Kronos believes the transportation access to its facilities, which are generally maintained by the applicable local government, are adequate for Kronos' purposes. Kronos produced a new company record 492,000 metric tons of TiO2 in 2005, compared to the prior records of 484,000 metric tons in 2004 and 476,000 metric tons in 2003. Such production amounts include Kronos' one-half interest in the joint-venture owned Louisiana plant discussed below. Kronos' average production capacity utilization rates in all three years were near full capacity. Kronos' production capacity has increased by approximately 30% over the past ten years due to debottlenecking programs, with only moderate capital expenditures. Kronos believes its annual attainable production capacity for 2006 is approximately 510,000 metric tons, with some slight additional capacity available in 2007 through its continued debottlenecking efforts. The primary raw materials used in the TiO2 chloride production process are titanium-containing feedstock, chlorine and coke. Chlorine and coke are available from a number of suppliers. Titanium-containing feedstock suitable for use in the chloride process is available from a limited, but increasing, number of suppliers around the world, principally in Australia, South Africa, Canada, India and the United States. Kronos purchased approximately 430,000 metric tons of chloride feedstock in 2005, of which the vast majority was slag. Kronos purchased chloride process grade slag in 2005 from a subsidiary of Rio Tinto plc UK - Richards Bay Iron and Titanium Limited of South Africa under a long-term supply contract that expires at the end of 2007. Natural rutile ore is purchased primarily from Iluka Resources, Limited (Australia) under a long-term supply contract that expires at the end of 2009. Kronos does not expect to encounter difficulties obtaining long-term extensions to existing supply contracts prior to the expiration of the contracts. Raw materials purchased under these contracts and extensions thereof are expected to meet Kronos' chloride process feedstock requirements over the next several years. The primary raw materials used in the TiO2 sulfate production process are titanium-containing feedstock, derived primarily from rock and beach sand ilmenite, and sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is available from a number of suppliers. Titanium-containing feedstock suitable for use in the sulfate process Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 is available from a limited number of suppliers around the world. Currently, the principal active sources are located in Norway, Canada, Australia, India and South Africa. As one of the few vertically-integrated producers of sulfate-process pigments, Kronos owns and operates a rock ilmenite mine in Norway which provided all of Kronos' feedstock for its European sulfate-process pigment plants in 2005. Kronos produced approximately 816,000 metric tons of ilmenite in 2005, of which approximately 317,000 metric tons were used internally by Kronos, with the remainder sold to third parties. For its Canadian sulfate-process plant, Kronos also purchases sulfate grade slag (approximately 29,000 metric tons in 2005), primarily from Q.I.T. Fer et Titane Inc. of Canada, a subsidiary of Rio Tinto plc UK, under a long-term supply contract that expires at the end of 2009. Raw materials purchased under these contracts and extensions thereof are expected to meet Kronos' sulfate process feedstock requirements over the next several years. Kronos' raw material contracts contain fixed quantities that Kronos is required to purchase, although these contracts allow for an upward or downward adjustment in the quantity purchased. The quantities under these contracts do not require Kronos to purchase feedstock in excess of amounts that Kronos would reasonably consume in any given year. The pricing under these agreements is generally negotiated annually. The number of sources of, and availability of, certain raw materials is specific to the particular geographic region in which a facility is located. As noted above, Kronos purchases titanium-bearing ore from three different suppliers in different countries under multiple-year contracts. Political and economic instability in certain countries from which Kronos purchases its raw material supplies could adversely affect the availability of such feedstock. Should Kronos' vendors not be able to meet their contractual obligations or should Kronos be otherwise unable to obtain necessary raw materials, Kronos may incur higher costs for raw materials or may be required to reduce production levels, which may have a material adverse effect on Kronos' consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. The following table summarizes our raw materials procured or mined in 2005. Quantities of Raw Materials Production Process/Raw Material Procured or Mined ------------------------------- --------------------------- (In thousands of metric tons) Chloride process plants - purchased slag or natural rutile ore 433 Sulfate process plants: Raw ilmenite ore mined internally 317 Purchased slag 29 TiO2 manufacturing joint venture. Subsidiaries of Kronos and Huntsman Holdings LLC each own a 50%-interest in a manufacturing joint venture. The joint venture owns and operates a chloride-process TiO2 plant in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Production from the plant is shared equally by Kronos and Huntsman pursuant to separate offtake agreements. A supervisory committee composed of four members, two of whom are appointed by each of Kronos and Huntsman, directs the business and affairs of the joint venture, including production and output decisions. Two general managers, one appointed and compensated by each of Kronos and Huntsman, manage the operations of the joint venture acting under the direction of the supervisory committee. Kronos is required to purchase one-half of the Ti02 produced by the joint venture. Because Kronos does not control the joint venture, the joint venture is not consolidated in Kronos' financial statements. Kronos accounts for its interest in the joint venture by the equity method. The manufacturing joint venture operates on a break-even basis, and accordingly Kronos does not report any equity in earnings of the joint venture. With the exception of raw material costs and packaging costs for the pigment grades produced, Kronos and Huntsman share all costs and capital expenditures of the joint venture equally. Kronos' share of the net costs of the joint venture is reported as cost of sales as the related TiO2 acquired from the joint venture is sold. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Competition. The TiO2 industry is highly competitive. Kronos competes primarily on the basis of price, product quality and technical service, and the availability of high performance pigment grades. Although certain TiO2 grades are considered specialty pigments, the majority of Kronos' grades and substantially all of Kronos' production are considered commodity pigments with price generally being the most significant competitive factor. Kronos believes that it is the leading seller of TiO2 in several countries, including Germany, with an estimated 12% share of worldwide Ti02 sales volumes in 2005. Overall, Kronos is the world's fifth-largest producer of Ti02. Kronos' principal competitors are E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. ("DuPont"), Millennium Chemicals, Inc., Huntsman, Tronox Incorporated, and Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd. These five largest competitors have estimated individual shares of TiO2 production capacity ranging from 4% to 24%, and an estimated aggregate 70% Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 share of worldwide TiO2 production volumes. DuPont has about one-half of total North American TiO2 production capacity and is Kronos' principal North American competitor. Worldwide capacity additions in the TiO2 market resulting from construction of greenfield plants require significant capital expenditures and substantial lead time (typically three to five years in Kronos' experience). Kronos is not aware of any greenfield plant under construction in the United States, Europe or any other part of the world. However, a competitor has announced its intention to build a greenfield facility in China, but it is not clear when construction will begin and it is not likely that any product would be available until 2010, at the earliest. During 2004, certain competitors either idled or shut down facilities. However, Kronos does expect that industry capacity will increase as Kronos and its competitors continue to debottleneck their existing facilities. Based on the factors described above, Kronos expects that the average annual increase in industry capacity from announced debottlenecking projects will be less than the average annual demand growth for TiO2 during the next three to five years. However, no assurance can be given that future increases in the TiO2 industry production capacity and future average annual demand growth rates for TiO2 will conform to Kronos' expectations. If actual developments differ from Kronos' expectations, Kronos' and the TiO2 industry's performances could be unfavorably affected. Research and development. Kronos' expenditures for research and development, process technology and quality assurance activities were approximately $7 million in 2003, $8 million in 2004 and $9 million in 2005. Research and development activities are conducted principally at Kronos' Leverkusen, Germany facility. Such activities are directed primarily towards improving both the chloride and sulfate production processes, improving product quality and strengthening Kronos' competitive position by developing new pigment applications. Kronos continually seeks to improve the quality of its grades, and has been successful at developing new grades for existing and new applications to meet the needs of customers and increase product life cycle. Since 1999, 13 new grades have been added for plastics, coatings, fiber and paper laminate applications. Patents and trademarks. Patents held for products and production processes are important to Kronos and its continuing business activities. Kronos seeks patent protection for its technical developments, principally in the United States, Canada and Europe, and from time to time enters into licensing arrangements with third parties. Kronos' existing patents generally have a term of 20 years from the date of filing, and have remaining terms ranging from one to 20 years. Kronos seeks to protect its intellectual property rights, including its patent rights, and from time to time Kronos is engaged in disputes relating to the protection and use of intellectual property relating to its products. Kronos' major trademarks, including Kronos, are protected by registration in the United States and elsewhere with respect to those products it manufactures and sells. Kronos also relies on unpatented proprietary know-now and continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain its competitive position. Kronos' proprietary chloride production process is an important part of Kronos' technology, and Kronos' business could be harmed if Kronos should fail to maintain confidentiality of its trade secrets used in this technology. Customer base and annual seasonality. Kronos believes that neither its aggregate sales nor those of any of its principal product groups are concentrated in or materially dependent upon any single customer or small group of customers. Kronos' ten largest customers accounted for approximately 26% of its sales during 2005. Neither Kronos' business as a whole nor that of any of its principal product groups is seasonal to any significant extent. Due in part to the increase in paint production in the spring to meet spring and summer painting season demand, TiO2 sales are generally higher in the first half of the year than in the second half of the year. Employees. As of December 31, 2005, Kronos employed approximately 2,415 persons (excluding employees of the Louisiana joint venture), with 50 employees in the United States, 420 employees in Canada and 1,945 employees in Europe. Hourly employees in production facilities worldwide, including the TiO2 joint venture, are represented by a variety of labor unions, with labor agreements having various expiration dates. In Europe, Kronos' union employees are covered by master collective bargaining agreements in the chemicals industry that are renewed annually. In Canada, Kronos' union employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement that expires in June 2007. Kronos believes its labor relations are good. Regulatory and environmental matters. Kronos' operations are governed by various environmental laws and regulations. Certain of Kronos' operations are, or have been, engaged in the handling, manufacture or use of substances or compounds that may be considered toxic or hazardous within the meaning of applicable environmental laws and regulations. As with other companies engaged in similar businesses, certain past and current operations and products of Kronos have the potential to cause environmental or other damage. Kronos has implemented and continues to implement various policies and programs in an effort to minimize these risks. Kronos' policy is to maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations at all of its facilities and to Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 strive to improve its environmental performance. It is possible that future developments, such as stricter requirements of environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, could adversely affect Kronos' production, handling, use, storage, transportation, sale or disposal of such substances as well as Kronos' consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. Kronos' U.S. manufacturing operations are governed by federal environmental and worker health and safety laws and regulations, principally the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), the Occupational Safety and Health Act,, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act ("TSCA"), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act ("CERCLA"), as well as the state counterparts of these statutes. Kronos believes that the Louisiana Ti02 plant owned by the joint venture and a Louisiana Ti02 slurry facility owned by Kronos are in substantial compliance with applicable requirements of these laws or compliance orders issued thereunder. Kronos has no other U.S. plants. While the laws regulating operations of industrial facilities in Europe vary from country to country, a common regulatory framework is provided by the European Union ("EU"). Germany and Belgium are members of the EU and follow its initiatives. Norway, although not a member of the EU, generally patterns its environmental regulations after the EU. Kronos believes it has obtained all required permits and is in substantial compliance with applicable EU requirements. At Kronos' sulfate plant facilities in Germany, Kronos recycles weak sulfuric acid either through contracts with third parties or using its own facilities. At Kronos' Norwegian plant, Kronos ships its spent acid to a third party location where it is treated and disposed. Kronos' Canadian sulfate plant neutralizes its spent acid and sells its gypsum byproduct to a local wallboard manufacturer. Kronos has a contract with a third party to treat certain sulfate-process effluents at its German sulfate process plants. With regard to the German plants, either party may terminate the contract after giving three or four years advance notice, depending on the contract. From time to time, Kronos' facilities may be subject to environmental regulatory enforcement under U.S. and foreign statutes. Resolution of such matters typically involves the establishment of compliance programs. Occasionally, resolution may result in the payment of penalties, but to date such penalties have not involved amounts having a material adverse effect on Kronos' consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. Kronos believes that all of its plants are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws. Kronos' capital expenditures related to its ongoing environmental compliance, protection and improvement programs in 2005 were approximately $4 million, and are currently expected to approximate $6 million in 2006. COMPONENT PRODUCTS - COMPX INTERNATIONAL INC. General. CompX is a leading manufacturer of precision ball bearing slides, security products (cabinet locks and other locking mechanisms) and ergonomic computer support systems used in office furniture, computer-related applications and a variety of other industries. CompX's products are principally designed for use in medium- to high-end product applications, where design, quality and durability are critical to CompX's customers. CompX believes that it is among the world's largest producers of precision ball bearing slides, security products and ergonomic computer support systems. In 2005, precision ball bearing slides, security products and ergonomic computer support systems accounted for approximately 42%, 43% and 15%,respectively, of sales related to its continuing operations. In January 2005, CompX completed the disposition of all of the net assets of its Thomas Regout operations conducted in the Netherlands. Thomas Regout's results of operations are classified as discontinued operations in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. In August 2005, CompX completed the acquisition of a components products business for aggregate cash consideration of $7.3 million, net of cash acquired. See Notes 3 and 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Products, product design and development. Precision ball bearing slides manufactured to stringent industry standards are used in such applications as office furniture, computer-related equipment, tool storage cabinets, imaging equipment, file cabinets, desk drawers, automated teller machines, refrigerators and other applications. These products include CompX's patented Integrated Slide Lock in which a file cabinet manufacturer can reduce the possibility of multiple drawers being opened at the same time, the adjustable patented Ball Lock which reduces the risk of heavily-filled drawers, such as auto mechanic tool boxes, from opening while in movement, and the and the Self-Closing Slide, which is designed to assist in closing a drawer and is used in applications such as bottom mount freezers. Security products are used in various applications including ignition systems, office furniture, vending and gaming machines, parking meters, electrical circuit panels, storage compartments, security devices for laptop and desktop computers as well as mechanical and electronic locks for the toolbox, medical and other industries. Some of these products may include CompX's KeSet Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 high security system, which has the ability to change the keying on a single lock 64 times without removing the lock from its enclosure and its patented high security TuBar locking system. CompX believes that it is a North American market leader in the manufacture and sale of cabinet locks and other locking mechanisms. Ergonomic computer support systems include articulating computer keyboard support arms (designed to attach to desks in the workplace and home office environments to alleviate possible strains and stress and maximize usable workspace), CPU storage devices which minimize adverse effects of dust and moisture and a number of complimentary accessories, including ergonomic wrist rest aids, mouse pad supports and flat screen computer monitor support arms. These products include CompX's Leverlock keyboard arm, which is designed to make the adjustment of an ergonomic keyboard arm easier. In addition, CompX offers its engineering and design capabilities for the design and manufacture of products on a proprietary basis for key customers. CompX's precision ball bearing slides are sold under the CompX Precision Slides, CompX Waterloo, Waterloo Furniture Components, CompX DurISLide and CompX Dynaslide brand names. Security products are sold under the CompX Security Products, National Cabinet Lock, Fort Lock, Timberline Lock, Chicago Lock, STOCK LOCKS, KeSet and TuBar brand names. Ergonomic products are sold under the CompX ErgonomX brand name. CompX believes that its brand names are well recognized in the industry. Sales, marketing and distribution. CompX sells components to original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") and to distributors through a dedicated sales force. The majority of CompX's sales are to OEMs, while the balance represents standardized products sold through distribution channels. Sales to large OEM customers are made through the efforts of factory-based sales and marketing professionals and engineers working in concert with field salespeople and independent manufacturers' representatives. Manufacturers' representatives are selected based on special skills in certain markets or relationships with current or potential customers. A significant portion of CompX's sales are made through distributors. CompX has a significant market share of cabinet lock sales to the locksmith distribution channel. CompX supports its distributor sales with a line of standardized products used by the largest segments of the marketplace. These products are packaged and merchandised for easy availability and handling by distributors and the end users. Based on CompX's successful STOCK LOCKS inventory program, similar programs have been implemented for distributor sales of ergonomic computer support systems and to some extent precision ball bearing slides. CompX also operates a small tractor/trailer fleet associated with its Canadian facilities to provide an industry-unique service response to major customers for those Canadian manufactured products. CompX does not believe it is dependent upon one or a few customers, the loss of which would have a material adverse effect on its operations. In 2005, the ten largest customers accounted for about 43% of component products sales (2004 - 43%; 2003 - 44%). In 2004 and 2005, one customer accounted for 11% and 10%, respectively, of CompX's sales. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of CompX's sales in 2003. Manufacturing and operations. At December 31, 2005, CompX operated six manufacturing facilities in North America related to its continuing operations (two in Illinois and one in each of South Carolina, Michigan, Wisconsin and Canada) and two facilities in Taiwan. Precision ball bearing slides are manufactured in the facilities located in Canada, Michigan and Taiwan. Security products are manufactured in the facilities located in South Carolina and Illinois. Ergonomic products are manufactured in the facility located in Canada. Other component products are manufactured at the Wisconsin facility acquired in 2005. All of such facilities are owned by CompX except for one of the facilities in Taiwan, which is leased. CompX also leases a distribution center in California. CompX believes that all its facilities are well maintained and satisfactory for their intended purposes. Raw materials. Coiled steel is the major raw material used in the manufacture of precision ball bearing slides and ergonomic computer support systems. Plastic resins for injection molded plastics are also an integral material for ergonomic computer support systems. Purchased components and zinc, are the principal raw materials used in the manufacture of security products. These raw materials are purchased from several suppliers and are readily available from numerous sources. CompX occasionally enters into raw material purchase arrangements to mitigate the short-term impact of future increases in raw material costs. While these arrangements do not commit CompX to a minimum volume of purchases, they generally provide for stated unit prices based upon achievement of specified volume purchase levels. This allows CompX to stabilize raw material purchase prices, provided the specified minimum monthly purchase quantities are met. Materials purchased outside of these arrangements are sometimes subject to unanticipated and sudden price increases. Due to the competitive nature of the markets served by CompX's products, it is often difficult to recover such increases in raw material costs through increased product selling prices or raw material surcharges. Consequently, overall operating margins can be affected by such raw material cost pressures. Competition. The office furniture and security products markets are highly Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 competitive. CompX competes primarily on the basis of product design, including ergonomic and aesthetic factors, product quality and durability, price, on-time delivery, service and technical support. CompX focuses its efforts on the middle- and high-end segments of the market, where product design, quality, durability and service are placed at a premium. CompX competes in the precision ball bearing slide market primarily on the basis of product quality and price with two large manufacturers and a number of smaller domestic and foreign manufacturers. CompX competes in the security products market with a variety of relatively small domestic and foreign competitors. CompX competes in the ergonomic computer support system market primarily on the basis of product quality, features and price with one major producer and a number of smaller domestic manufacturers, and primarily on the basis of price with a number of foreign manufacturers. Although CompX believes that it has been able to compete successfully in its markets to date, price competition from foreign-sourced products continues to intensify and there can be no assurance that CompX will be able to continue to successfully compete in all of its existing markets in the future. Patents and trademarks. CompX holds a number of patents relating to its component products, certain of which are believed to be important to CompX and its continuing business activity. CompX's patents generally have a term of 20 years, and have remaining terms ranging from less than 3 years to 18 years at December 31, 2005. CompX's major trademarks and brand names, including CompX, CompX Precision Slides, CompX Security Products, CompX Waterloo, CompX ErgonomX, National Cabinet Lock, KeSet, Fort Lock, Timberline Lock, Chicago Lock, ACE II, TuBar, STOCK LOCKS, ShipFast, Waterloo Furniture Components Limited, CompX DurISLide, and CompX Dynaslide, are protected by registration in the United States and elsewhere with respect to the products CompX manufactures and sells. CompX believes such trademarks are well recognized in the component products industry. Regulatory and environmental matters. CompX's operations are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the use, storage, handling, generation, transportation, treatment, emission, discharge, disposal and remediation of, and exposure to, hazardous and non-hazardous substances, materials and wastes. CompX's operations are also subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to worker health and safety. CompX believes that it is in substantial compliance with all such laws and regulations. The costs of maintaining compliance with such laws and regulations have not significantly impacted CompX to date, and CompX has no significant planned costs or expenses relating to such matters. There can be no assurance, however, that compliance with future laws and regulations will not require CompX to incur significant additional expenditures, or that such additional costs would not have a material adverse effect on CompX's consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Employees. As of December 31, 2005, CompX employed approximately 1,230 persons, including 750 in the United States, 330 in Canada and 150 in Taiwan. Approximately 70% of CompX's employees in Canada are represented by a labor union covered by a collective bargaining agreement which provides for annual wage increases from 1% to 2.5% over the term of the contract. A new collective bargaining agreement was ratified in December 2005 that expires in January 2009. Wage increases for these Canadian employees historically have also been in line with overall inflation indices. CompX believes that its labor relations are satisfactory. WASTE MANAGEMENT - WASTE CONTROL SPECIALISTS LLC General. Waste Control Specialists LLC, formed in 1995, completed construction in early 1997 of the initial phase of its facility in West Texas for the processing, treatment, storage and disposal of certain hazardous and toxic wastes, and the first of such wastes were received for disposal in 1997. Subsequently, Waste Control Specialists has expanded its permitting authorizations to include the processing, treatment and storage of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes and the disposal of certain types of exempt low-level radioactive wastes. Facility, operations, services and customers. Waste Control Specialists has been issued permits by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ("TCEQ"), formerly the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") to accept hazardous and toxic wastes governed by RCRA and TSCA. The ten-year RCRA and TSCA permits, which initially expired in November 2004, were administratively extended while the agencies complete their review for renewal. The final renewal will be for a new ten-year period and are subject to additional renewals by the agencies assuming Waste Control Specialists remains in compliance with the provisions of the permits. In November 1997, the Texas Department of State Health Services ("TDSHS"), formerly the Texas Department of Health, issued a license to Waste Control Specialists for the treatment and storage, but not disposal, of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. The current provisions of this license generally enable Waste Control Specialists to accept such wastes for treatment and storage from U.S. commercial and federal facility generators, including the Department of Energy ("DOE") and other governmental agencies. Waste Control Specialists accepted the first shipments of such wastes in 1998. Waste Control Specialists has also been issued a permit by the TCEQ to establish a research, development and demonstration facility in which third parties could use the facility to develop and demonstrate new technologies in the waste management Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 industry, including possibly those involving low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. Waste Control Specialists has also obtained additional authority that allows Waste Control Specialists to dispose of certain categories of low-level radioactive materials, including naturally-occurring radioactive material ("NORM") and exempt-level materials (radioactive materials that do not exceed certain specified radioactive concentrations and which are exempt from licensing). Although there are other categories of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes which continue to be ineligible for disposal under the increased authority, Waste Control Specialists intends to pursue additional regulatory authorizations to expand its storage, treatment and disposal capabilities for low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. There can be no assurance that any such additional permits or authorizations will be obtained. The facility is located on a 1,338-acre site in West Texas owned by Waste Control Specialists. The 1,338 acres are permitted for 5.4 million cubic yards of airspace landfill capacity for the disposal of RCRA and TSCA wastes. Waste Control Specialists owns approximately 13,500 additional acres of land surrounding the permitted site, a small portion of which is located in New Mexico. This presently undeveloped additional acreage is available for future expansion assuming appropriate permits could be obtained. The 1,338-acre site has, in Waste Control Specialists' opinion, superior geological characteristics which make it an environmentally-desirable location. The site is located in a relatively remote and arid section of West Texas. The ground is composed of triassic red bed clay for which the possibility of leakage into any underground water table is considered highly remote. In addition, based in part on extensive drilling by the oil and gas industry in the area and its own test wells, Waste Control Specialists does not believe there are any underground aquifers or other usable sources of water below the site. While the West Texas facility operates as a final repository for wastes that cannot be further reclaimed and recycled, it also serves as a staging and processing location for material that requires other forms of treatment prior to final disposal as mandated by the U.S. EPA or other regulatory bodies. The 20,000 square foot treatment facility provides for waste treatment/stabilization, warehouse storage, treatment facilities for hazardous, toxic and mixed low-level radioactive wastes, drum to bulk, and bulk to drum materials handling and repackaging capabilities. Treatment operations involve processing wastes through one or more chemical or other treatment methods, depending upon the particular waste being disposed and regulatory and customer requirements. Chemical treatment uses chemical oxidation and reduction, chemical precipitation of heavy metals, hydrolysis and neutralization of acid and alkaline wastes, and results in the transformation of wastes into inert materials through one or more chemical processes. Certain of such treatment processes may involve technology which Waste Control Specialists may acquire, license or subcontract from third parties. Once treated and stabilized, wastes are either (i) placed in Waste Control Specialists' landfill disposal site, (ii) stored onsite in drums or other specialized containers or (iii) shipped to third-party facilities for final disposition. Only wastes which meet certain specified regulatory requirements can be disposed of by placing them in the landfill, which is fully-lined and includes a leachate collection system. Waste Control Specialists takes delivery of wastes collected from customers and transported on behalf of customers, via rail or highway, by independent contractors to the West Texas site. Such transportation is subject to regulations governing the transportation of hazardous wastes issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation. Waste Control Specialists' target customers are industrial companies, including chemical, aerospace and electronics businesses and governmental agencies, including the DOE, which generate hazardous, mixed low-level radioactive and other wastes. Waste Control Specialists employs its own salespeople to market its services to potential customers. Competition. The hazardous waste industry (other than low-level and mixed low-level radioactive waste) currently has excess industry capacity caused by a number of factors, including a relative decline in the number of environmental remediation projects generating hazardous wastes and efforts on the part of generators to reduce the volume of waste and/or manage it onsite at their facilities. These factors have led to reduced demand and increased price pressure for non-radioactive hazardous waste management services. While Waste Control Specialists believes its broad range of permits for the treatment and storage of low-level and mixed-level radioactive waste streams provides certain competitive advantages, a key element of Waste Control Specialists' long-term strategy to provide "one-stop shopping" for hazardous, low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes includes obtaining additional regulatory authorizations for the disposal of a broad range of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. Competition within the hazardous waste industry is diverse. Competition is based primarily on pricing and customer service. Price competition is expected to be intense with respect to RCRA- and TSCA-related wastes. Principal competitors are Energy Solutions, LLC, American Ecology Corporation and Perma-Fix Environmental Services, Inc. These competitors are well established and have significantly greater resources than Waste Control Specialists, which could be important competitive factors. However, Waste Control Specialists believes it may have certain competitive advantages, including its Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 environmentally-desirable location, broad level of local community support, a rail transportation network leading to the facility and capability for future site expansion. Employees. At December 31, 2005, Waste Control Specialists employed approximately 120 persons. Regulatory and environmental matters. While the waste management industry has benefited from increased governmental regulation, the industry itself has become subject to extensive and evolving regulation by federal, state and local authorities. The regulatory process requires businesses in the waste management industry to obtain and retain numerous operating permits covering various aspects of their operations, any of which could be subject to revocation, modification or denial. Regulations also allow public participation in the permitting process. Individuals as well as companies may oppose the grant of permits. In addition, governmental policies and the exercise of broad discretion by regulators are by their nature subject to change. It is possible that Waste Control Specialists' ability to obtain any desired applicable permits on a timely basis, and to retain those permits, could in the future be impaired. The loss of any individual permit could have a significant impact on Waste Control Specialists' financial condition, results of operations or liquidity, especially because Waste Control Specialists owns and operates only one disposal site. For example, adverse decisions by governmental authorities on permit applications submitted by Waste Control Specialists could result in the abandonment of projects, premature closing of the facility or operating restrictions. Waste Control Specialists' RCRA and TSCA permits and its license from the TDSHS, as amended, are expected to expire in 2015, and such permits and licenses can be renewed subject to compliance with the requirements of the application process and approval by the TCEQ or TDSHS, as applicable. Prior to June 2003, the state law in Texas (where Waste Control Specialists' disposal facility is located) prohibited the applicable Texas regulatory agency from issuing a license for the disposal of a broad range of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive waste to a private enterprise operating a disposal facility in Texas. In June 2003, a new Texas state law was enacted that allows the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ("TCEQ") to issue a low-level radioactive waste disposal license to a private entity, such as Waste Control Specialists. Waste Control Specialists has applied for such a disposal license with the TCEQ, and Waste Control Specialists was the only entity to submit an application for such a disposal license. The application was declared administratively complete by the TCEQ in February 2005. The regulatorially required merit review has been completed, and the TCEQ began its technical review of the application in May 2005. The length of time that it will take to complete the review and act upon the license application is uncertain, although Waste Control Specialists does not currently expect the agency will issue any final decision on the license application before late 2007. There can be no assurance that Waste Control Specialists will be successful in obtaining any such license. In June 2004, Waste Control Specialists applied to the TDSHS for a license to dispose of byproduct 11.e(2) waste material. Waste Control Specialists can currently treat and store byproduct material, but may not dispose of it. The length of time that TDSHS will take to review and act upon the license application is uncertain, but Waste Control Specialists currently expects the TDSHS will issue a final decision on the license application sometime during 2006. There can be no assurance that Waste Control Specialists will be successful in obtaining any such license. Federal, state and local authorities have, from time to time, proposed or adopted other types of laws and regulations with respect to the waste management industry, including laws and regulations restricting or banning the interstate or intrastate shipment of certain wastes, imposing higher taxes on out-of-state waste shipments compared to in-state shipments, reclassifying certain categories of hazardous wastes as non-hazardous and regulating disposal facilities as public utilities. Certain states have issued regulations which attempt to prevent waste generated within that particular state from being sent to disposal sites outside that state. The U.S. Congress has also, from time to time, considered legislation which would enable or facilitate such bans, restrictions, taxes and regulations. Due to the complex nature of the waste management industry regulation, implementation of existing or future laws and regulations by different levels of government could be inconsistent and difficult to foresee. Waste Control Specialists will attempt to monitor and anticipate regulatory, political and legal developments which affect the waste management industry, but there can be no assurance that Waste Control Specialists will be able to do so. Nor can Waste Control Specialists predict the extent to which legislation or regulations that may be enacted, or any failure of legislation or regulations to be enacted, may affect its operations in the future. The demand for certain hazardous waste services expected to be provided by Waste Control Specialists is dependent in large part upon the existence and enforcement of federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing the discharge of hazardous wastes into the environment. The waste management industry could be adversely affected to the extent such laws or regulations are amended or repealed or their enforcement is lessened. Because of the high degree of public awareness of environmental issues, companies in the waste management business may be, in the normal course of their business, subject to judicial and administrative proceedings. Governmental agencies may seek to impose fines or revoke, deny renewal of, or modify any Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 applicable operating permits or licenses. In addition, private parties and special interest groups could bring actions against Waste Control Specialists alleging, among other things, a violation of operating permits. TITANIUM METALS - TITANIUM METALS CORPORATION General. TIMET is a leading global producer of titanium sponge, melted products (ingot and slab) and mill products. TIMET is the only producer with major titanium production facilities in both the United States and Europe, the world's principal markets for titanium consumption. TIMET estimates that in 2005 it accounted for approximately 18% of worldwide industry shipments of titanium mill products and approximately 8% of worldwide titanium sponge production. Demand for titanium is also increasing in emerging markets with such diverse uses as offshore oil and gas production installations, automotive, geothermal facilities and architectural applications. Titanium was first manufactured for commercial use in the 1950s. Titanium's unique combination of corrosion resistance, elevated-temperature performance and high strength-to-weight ratio makes it particularly desirable for use in commercial and military aerospace applications where these qualities are essential design requirements for certain critical parts such as wing supports and jet engine components. While aerospace applications have historically accounted for a substantial portion of the worldwide demand for titanium, the number of non-aerospace end-use markets for titanium has expanded substantially. Today, numerous industrial uses for titanium include chemical plants, industrial power plants, desalination plants and pollution control equipment. TIMET is currently the only major producer of titanium sponge, a key raw material, in the United States. Industry conditions. The titanium industry historically has derived a substantial portion of its business from the aerospace industry. Demand for titanium products within the commercial aerospace sector is derived from both jet engine components (e.g., blades, discs, rings and engine cases) and airframe components (e.g., bulkheads, tail sections, landing gear, wing supports and fasteners). The commercial aerospace sector has a significant influence on titanium companies, particularly mill product producers such as TIMET. The following table illustrates TIMET's estimates of titanium industry mill product shipments during 2004 and 2005: Year ended December 31, -------------------------- 2004 2005 % change ---- ---- -------- (metric tons) Mill product shipments to: Commercial aerospace sector 20,900 24,000 +15% Military sector 4,700 6,200 +32% Industrial sector 32,300 35,600 +10% Emerging markets sector 2,300 2,700 +17% ------- ------- Aggregate mill product shipments to all sectors 60,200 68,500 +14% ======= ======= TIMET's business is more dependent on commercial aerospace demand than is the overall titanium industry, as approximately 59% of TIMET's mill product shipment volume in 2005 was to the commercial aerospace sector, whereas, as indicated by the above table, approximately 35% of the overall titanium industry's shipment volume in 2005 was to the commercial aerospace sector. The cyclical nature of the commercial aerospace industry has been the principal driver of the historical fluctuations in the performance of most titanium companies. Over the past 20 years, the titanium industry had cyclical peaks in mill product shipments in 1989, 1997 and 2001 and cyclical lows in 1983, 1991, 1999 and 2003. Prior to 2004, demand for titanium reached its highest level in 1997 when industry mill product shipments reached approximately 60,700 metric tons. However, since 1997, industry mill product shipments have fluctuated significantly, primarily due to a continued change in demand for titanium from the commercial aerospace sector. TIMET estimates that industry shipments approximated 60,200 metric tons in 2004 and 68,500 metric tons in 2005. TIMET currently expects total industry mill product shipments will increase by only 5% to 10% in 2006 as compared to 2005, due to tightness of raw material supply. The Airline Monitor, a leading aerospace publication, traditionally issues forecasts for commercial aircraft deliveries each January and July. According to The Airline Monitor, large commercial aircraft deliveries for the 1996 to 2005 period peaked in 1999 with 889 aircraft, including 254 wide body aircraft that use substantially more titanium than their narrow body counterparts. Large commercial aircraft deliveries totaled 650 (including 152 wide bodies) in 2005. The following table summarizes The Airline Monitor's most recently issued forecast (January 2006) for large commercial aircraft deliveries over the next five years: Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  % increase (decrease) Forecasted deliveries over previous year ----------------------------- --------------------- Year Total Wide bodies Total Wide bodies ---- ----- ----------- ----- ----------- 2006 840 193 29% 27% 2007 920 217 9% 12% 2008 985 259 7% 19% 2009 1,030 294 5% 13% 2010 1,030 314 - 7% The latest forecast from The Airline Monitor reflects a significant increase from earlier forecasts, in large part due to record levels of new orders placed for Boeing and Airbus models during 2005. Total order bookings for Boeing and Airbus in 2005 aggregated 2,109 planes. Expectations are that new orders in 2006 will be significantly lower than 2005. However, the strong bookings in 2005 have increased the order backlog for both Boeing and Airbus in support of this increased forecast. Deliveries of titanium generally precede aircraft deliveries by about one year, although this varies considerably by titanium product. This correlates to TIMET's cycle, which historically precedes the cycle of the aircraft industry and related deliveries. Although persistently high oil prices have had an adverse impact on the commercial airline industry, global commercial airline traffic increased in 2005 compared to 2004. TIMET estimates that industry mill product shipments into the commercial aerospace sector will increase 15% to 20% as compared to 2005. Wide body planes tend to use a higher percentage of titanium in their airframes, engines and parts than narrow body planes. Newer models of planes tend to use a higher percentage of titanium than older models. Newer wide body models such as the Airbus A380 superjumbo jet and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner are expected to use an even greater quantity of titanium than previous wide body models. Titanium shipments into the military sector are largely driven by government defense spending in North America and Europe. Military aerospace programs were the first to utilize titanium's unique properties on a large scale, beginning in the 1950s. Titanium shipments to military aerospace markets reached a peak in the 1980s before falling to historical lows in the early 1990s after the end of the Cold War. In recent years, titanium has become an accepted use in ground combat vehicles as well as in Naval applications. The importance of military markets to the titanium industry is expected to continue to rise in coming years as defense spending budgets increase in reaction to terrorist activities and global conflicts. Several of today's active U.S. military programs, including the C-17, F/A-18, F-16 and F-15 are expected to continue in production through the end of the current decade. However, a recent Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) recommends that the U.S. Air Force stop procurement of the C-17 with the 180 planes it now has on order, but this recommendation still must go through the federal budget process. Without further orders, the C-17 production line will close in 2008. In addition to these established U.S. programs, new U.S. programs offer growth opportunities for increased titanium consumption. The F/A-22 Raptor was given full-rate production approval in April 2005. According to The Teal Group, a leading independent aerospace publication, the U.S. Air Force would like to purchase 381 aircraft, but the Department of Defense is now planning for only 179. However, additional F/A-22 Raptors may be manufactured for sale to foreign nations. In October 2001, Lockheed-Martin Corporation was awarded the contract for construction of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter ("JSF"). The JSF is expected to enter low-rate initial production in late 2006, with delivery of the first production aircraft in 2009. Although no specific delivery patterns have been established, procurement is expected to extend over the next 30 to 40 years and to include as many as 3,000 to 4,000 planes, including sales to foreign nations. European military programs also have active aerospace programs offering the possibility for increased titanium consumption. Production levels for the Saab Gripen, Eurofighter Typhoon, Dassault Rafale and Dassault Mirage 2000 are all forecasted to remain steady through the end of the decade. Utilization of titanium on military ground combat vehicles for armor applique and integrated armor or structural components continues to gain acceptance within the military market segment. Titanium armor components provide the necessary ballistic performance while achieving a mission critical vehicle performance objective of reduced weight. In order to counteract increased threat levels, titanium is being utilized on vehicle upgrade programs in addition to new builds. Based on active programs, as well as programs currently under evaluation, TIMET believes there will be additional usage of titanium on ground combat vehicles that will provide continued growth in the military market sector. In armor and armament, TIMET sells plate and sheet products for fabrication into applique plate for protection application of the entire ground Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 combat vehicle as well as the primary vehicle structure. Since titanium's initial applications, the number of end-use markets for titanium has significantly expanded. Established industrial uses for titanium include chemical plants, power plants, desalination plants and pollution control equipment. Rapid growth of the Chinese and other Southeast Asian economies has brought unprecedented demand for titanium-intensive industrial equipment. In November 2005, TIMET entered into a joint venture with XI'AN BAOTIMET VALINOX TUBES CO. LTD. to produce welded titanium tubing in the Peoples Republic of China. BAOTIMET's production facilities will be located in, China, and production is expected to begin in early 2007. Titanium continues to gain acceptance in many emerging market applications, including automotive, energy (including oil and gas) and architecture. Although titanium is generally higher cost than other competing metals, in many cases customers find the physical properties of titanium to be attractive from the standpoint of weight, performance, longevity, design alternatives, life cycle value and other factors. TIMET continues to explore opportunities in these emerging market applications through marketing initiatives, research and development and proprietary alloys designed to provide more cost effective alternatives for these markets. Although TIMET estimates that emerging market demand presently represents only about 4% of the 2005 total industry demand for titanium mill products, TIMET believes emerging market demand, in the aggregate, could grow at double-digit rates over the next several years. TIMET continues to actively pursue these markets and was able to grow its mill product shipments into emerging markets by more than 50% during 2005 as compared to 2004. Beginning in 2005, TIMET no longer includes armor and armament related sales as part of its emerging markets sector, as titanium usage has become widely accepted for such applications. The automotive market continues to be an attractive emerging market due to its potential for sustainable long-term growth. TIMET Automotive is focused on developing and marketing proprietary alloys and processes specifically suited for automotive applications. Titanium is now used in several consumer car applications as well as in numerous motorcycles. At the present time, titanium is primarily used for exhaust systems, suspension springs, engine valves, connecting rods and turbocharger compressor wheels in consumer and commercial vehicles. In exhaust systems, titanium provides for significant weight savings, while its corrosion resistance provides life-of-vehicle durability. In suspension spring applications, titanium's low modulus of elasticity allows the spring's height to be reduced by 20% to 40% compared to a steel spring, which, when combined with the titanium's low density, permits 30% to 60% weight savings over steel spring suspension systems. Titanium engine components provide mass-reduction benefits that directly improve vehicle performance and fuel economy. The application of titanium to turbocharger compressor wheels is part of a solution to meet U.S. and European Union government-regulated diesel engine emissions requirements. TIMET proprietary alloys provide cost effective optimized performance for the various target applications. The decision to select titanium components for consumer car, truck and motorcycle components remains highly cost sensitive; however, TIMET believes titanium's acceptance in consumer vehicles will expand as the automotive industry continues to better understand the benefits titanium offers. The oil and gas market utilizes titanium for down-hole logging tools, critical riser components, fire water systems and saltwater-cooling systems. Additionally, as offshore development of new oil and gas fields moves into the ultra deep-water depths, market demand for titanium's light-weight, high-strength and corrosion-resistance properties is creating new opportunities for the material. TIMET has a group dedicated to developing the expansion of titanium use in this market and in other non-aerospace applications. Products and operations. TIMET is a vertically integrated titanium manufacturer whose products include (i) titanium sponge, the basic form of titanium metal used in titanium products, (ii) melted products (ingot, electrodes and slab), the result of melting sponge and titanium scrap, either alone or with various other alloys, (iii) mill products that are forged and rolled from ingot or slab, including long products (billet and bar), flat products (plate, sheet and strip) and pipe and (iv) fabrications (spools, pipefittings, manifolds, vessels, etc.) that are cut, formed, welded and assembled from titanium mill products. Titanium sponge (so called because of its appearance) is the commercially pure, elemental form of titanium metal. The first step in TIMET's sponge production involves the chlorination of titanium-containing rutile ores (derived from beach sand) with chlorine and petroleum coke to produce titanium tetrachloride. Titanium tetrachloride is purified and then reacted with magnesium in a closed system, producing titanium sponge and magnesium chloride as co-products. TIMET's titanium sponge production facility in Nevada incorporates vacuum distillation process ("VDP") technology, which removes the magnesium and magnesium chloride residues by applying heat to the sponge mass while maintaining a vacuum in the chamber. The combination of heat and vacuum boils the residues from the sponge mass, and then the mass is mechanically pushed out of the distillation vessel, sheared and crushed, while the residual magnesium chloride is electrolytically separated and recycled. Titanium ingot is a cylindrical solid shape that, in TIMET's case, weighs up to 8 metric tons. Titanium slab is a rectangular solid shape that, in TIMET's Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 case, weighs up to 16 metric tons. Each ingot or slab is formed by melting titanium sponge, scrap or both, usually with various other alloys such as vanadium, aluminum, molybdenum, tin and zirconium. The melting process for ingot and slab is closely controlled and monitored utilizing computer control systems to maintain product quality and consistency and to meet customer specifications. In most cases, TIMET uses its ingot, electrodes and slab as the starting material for further processing into mill products. However, it also sells ingot and slab to third parties. Titanium scrap is a by-product of the forging, rolling, milling and machining operations, and significant quantities of scrap are generated in the production process for finished titanium products and components. TIMET sends certain products either to TIMET's service centers or to outside vendors for further processing before being shipped to customers. TIMET's customers either process TIMET's products for their ultimate end-use or for sale to third parties. During the production process and following the completion of manufacturing, TIMET performs extensive testing on its products. The inspection process is critical to ensuring that TIMET's products meet the high quality requirements of its customers, particularly in aerospace component production. TIMET certifies that its products meet customer specification at the time of shipment for substantially all customer orders. TIMET currently is reliant on several outside processors (one of which is owned by a competitor) to perform certain rolling, finishing and other processing steps in the U.S., and certain melting and forging steps in France. In France, the processor is also a joint venture partner in TIMET's 70%-owned subsidiary. During the past several years, TIMET has made significant strides toward reducing the reliance on competitor-owned sources for these services, so that any interruption in these functions should not have a material adverse effect on TIMET's business, results of operations, financial position or liquidity. Distribution. TIMET sells its products through its own sales force based in the U.S. and Europe and through independent agents and distributors worldwide. TIMET's distribution system also includes eight TIMET-owned service centers (five in the U.S. and three in Europe), which sell TIMET's products on a just-in-time basis. The service centers primarily sell value-added and customized mill products including bar, sheet, plate, tubing and strip. TIMET believes its service centers provide a competitive advantage because of their ability to foster customer relationships, customize products to suit specific customer requirements and respond quickly to customer needs. Raw materials. The principal raw materials used in the production of titanium ingot, slab and mill products are titanium sponge, titanium scrap and alloys. During 2005, TIMET's raw material usage requirements in the production of its melted and mill products were provided by internally produced sponge (29%), purchased sponge (25%), titanium scrap (40%) and other alloys (6%). The primary raw materials used in the production of titanium sponge are titanium-containing rutile ore, chlorine, magnesium and petroleum coke. Rutile ore is currently available from a limited number of suppliers around the world, principally located in Australia, South Africa and Sri Lanka. TIMET purchases the majority of its supply of rutile ore from Australia. TIMET believes the availability of rutile ore will be adequate for the foreseeable future and does not anticipate any interruptions of its rutile supplies. However, there can be no assurance that TIMET will not experience interruptions. Chlorine is currently obtained from a single supplier near TIMET's sponge plant in Nevada. While TIMET does not presently anticipate any chlorine supply problems, there can be no assurances the chlorine supply will not be interrupted. In the event of supply disruption, TIMET has taken steps to mitigate this risk, including establishing the feasibility of certain equipment modifications to enable it to utilize material from alternative chlorine suppliers or to purchase and utilize an intermediate product which will allow TIMET to eliminate the purchase of chlorine if needed. Magnesium and petroleum coke are generally available from a number of suppliers. During 2005, TIMET was the only major U.S. producer of titanium sponge and one of only six major worldwide producers (the others are located in Russia, Kazakhstan, the Ukraine and two in Japan). Additionally, there are two smaller sponge producers located in China. However, TIMET cannot supply all of its needs for all grades of titanium sponge internally and is dependent, therefore, on third parties for a substantial portion of its sponge requirements. Titanium melted and mill products require varying grades of sponge and/or scrap depending on the customers' specifications and expected end use. Presently, TIMET and certain companies in Japan are the only producers of premium quality sponge that currently have complete approval for all significant demanding aerospace applications. Over the past few years, sponge producers in Russia and Kazakhstan have progressed in their efforts to obtain approval for the use of their sponge into all aerospace applications. This qualification process is likely to continue for several more years. Historically, TIMET has purchased sponge predominantly from producers in Kazakhstan and Japan. In 2002, TIMET entered into a sponge supply agreement, effective through 2007, which requires minimum annual purchases by TIMET. TIMET has no other long-term sponge supply agreements. Since 2000, TIMET has also purchased sponge from the U.S. Defense Logistics Agency ("DLA") stockpile; however, the DLA stockpile became fully depleted during 2005. TIMET expects to continue to purchase sponge from a Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 variety of sources during 2006. TIMET utilizes titanium scrap at its melting locations that is either generated internally, purchased from certain of its customers under various buyback arrangements or purchased externally on the open market. Such scrap consists of alloyed and commercially pure solids and turnings. Internally produced scrap is generated in TIMET's factories during both melting and mill product processing. Scrap obtained through customer buyback arrangements provides a "closed loop" arrangement resulting in greater supply and cost stability. Externally purchased scrap comes from a wide range of sources, including customers, collectors, processors and brokers. TIMET anticipates that 30% to 35% of the scrap it will utilize during 2006 will be purchased from external suppliers, as compared to 35% to 40% for 2005, due to TIMET's successful efforts to increase its closed loop arrangements. TIMET also occasionally sells scrap, usually in a form or grade it cannot economically recycle. Market forces can significantly impact the supply or cost of externally produced scrap. The amount of scrap generated in the supply chain varies during the titanium business cycles. During the middle of the cycle, scrap generation and consumption are in relative equilibrium, minimizing disruptions in supply or significant changes in available supply and market prices for scrap. Increasing or decreasing cycles tend to cause significant changes in both the supply and market price of scrap. Early in the titanium cycle, when the demand for titanium melted and mill products begins to increase, TIMET's requirements (and those of other titanium manufacturers) precede the increase in scrap generation by downstream customers and the supply chain, placing upward pressure on the market price of scrap. The opposite situation occurs when demand for titanium melted and mill products begins to decline, resulting in greater availability or supply and placing downward pressure on the market price of scrap. As a net purchaser of scrap, TIMET is susceptible to price increases during periods of increasing demand. This phenomenon normally results in higher selling prices for melted and mill products, which tends to offset the increased material costs. All of TIMET's major competitors utilize scrap as a raw material in their melt operations. In addition to use by titanium manufacturers, titanium scrap is used in steel-making operations during production of interstitial-free steels, stainless steels and high-strength-low-alloy steels. Recent strong demand for these steel products, especially from China, has produced a significant increase in demand for titanium scrap at a time when titanium scrap generation rates are at low levels, partly due to lower commercial aircraft build rates over the past few years. These events created a significantly tightened supply of titanium scrap during 2004 and 2005, and TIMET expects this trend to continue during 2006. For TIMET, this will translate to lower availability and higher cost for externally purchased scrap in the near-term. In 2005, TIMET was somewhat limited in its ability to raise prices for the portion of its business that is subject to long-term pricing agreements. TIMET's ability to offset these increased material costs with higher selling prices should improve in 2006, as many of TIMET's long-term agreements have either expired or have been renegotiated for 2006 with price adjustments that take into account raw material cost fluctuations. Additionally, the expected increase in commercial aircraft build rates over the next several years, as previously discussed, could have the effect of lessening the shortage of titanium scrap. Further, several titanium producers, including TIMET, have recently announced plans to expand their respective sponge producing capabilities. Although these expansions should help reduce the current imbalance of global supply and demand for raw materials, TIMET does not believe the raw material shortage will be fully relieved at any time in the near future and therefore expects relatively high prices for raw materials to continue for at least the near term. Various alloys used in the production of titanium products are also available from a number of suppliers. However, the recent high level of global demand for steel products has also resulted in a significant increase in the costs for several alloys, such as vanadium and molybdenum. The cost of these alloys during 2005 was significantly higher than at any point during the past 10 years. Vanadium and molybdenum costs peaked in the spring of 2005 and finished the year well below those levels. Although availability is not expected to be a concern and TIMET has negotiated certain price and cost protection with suppliers and customers, there is no assurance that such alloy costs will not continue to fluctuate significantly in the near future. Properties. TIMET currently has manufacturing facilities in the United States in Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania and California, and also has two facilities in the United Kingdom and one facility in France. TIMET's sponge is produced at the Nevada facility while ingot, slab and mill products are produced at all of the facilities. The facilities in Nevada, Ohio and Pennsylvania, and one of the facilities in the United Kingdom, are owned, and all of the remainder are leased. In addition to its U.S. sponge capacity discussed below, TIMET's worldwide melting capacity presently aggregates approximately 44,650 metric tons (estimated 22% of world capacity), and its mill product capacity aggregates approximately 22,600 metric tons (estimated 18% of world capacity). Of TIMET's worldwide melting capacity, 35% is represented by electron beam cold hearth melting furnaces, 63% by vacuum arc remelting ("VAR") furnaces and 2% by a vacuum induction melting furnace. TIMET has operated its major production facilities at varying levels of Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 practical capacity during the past three years. Overall in 2005, the plants operated at approximately 80% of practical capacity, as compared to 73% in 2004 and 56% in 2003. In 2006, TIMET's plants are expected to operate at approximately 88% of practical capacity. However, practical capacity and utilization measures can vary significantly based upon the mix of products produced. TIMET's VDP sponge facility is expected to operate at its full annual practical capacity of 8,600 metric tons during 2006, which is comparable with 2005. VDP sponge is used principally as a raw material for TIMET's melting facilities in the U.S. and Europe. The raw materials processing facility in Morgantown, Pennsylvania primarily processes scrap used as melting feedstock, either in combination with sponge or separately. In May 2005, TIMET announced plans to expand its existing titanium sponge facility in Nevada. This expansion, which TIMET currently expects to complete by the first quarter of 2007, will provide the capacity to produce an additional 4,000 metric tons of sponge annually, an increase of approximately 42% over current Nevada sponge production capacity levels. TIMET currently estimates the capital cost for the project will approximate $38 million. TIMET's U.S. melting facilities in Nevada, Pennsylvania and California produce ingot and slab, which are either used as feedstock for TIMET's mill products operations or sold to third parties. These melting facilities are expected to operate at approximately 82%, 92% and 55%, respectively, of aggregate annual practical capacity in 2006, compared to 70%, 91% and 59%, respectively, in 2005. Titanium mill products are produced by TIMET in the U.S. at its forging and rolling facility in Ohio, which receives ingot or slab principally from TIMET's U.S. melting facilities. TIMET's U.S. forging and rolling facility is expected to operate at approximately 82% of annual practical capacity in 2006, up from 68% in 2005. Capacity utilization will vary depending on mix across TIMET's individual mill product lines. One of TIMET's facilities in the United Kingdom produces VAR ingot used primarily as feedstock at the same facility. The forging operations process the ingot into billet product for sale to third parties or into an intermediate product for further processing into bar or plate at its other facility in the United Kingdom. TIMET's United Kingdom melting and mill products production in 2006 is expected to operate at approximately 91% and 85%, respectively, of annual practical capacity, compared to 73% and 69%, respectively, in 2005. The capacity of TIMET's facility in France is to a certain extent dependent upon the level of activity in the other owner of such business, which may from time to time provide TIMET with capacity in excess of that which the other owner is contractually required to provide. During 2005, TIMET utilized 119% of the maximum annual capacity the other owner was contractually required to provide in 2005, and TIMET expects this amount to approximate 102% for 2006. Customer agreements. TIMET has long-term agreements with certain major aerospace customers, including, among others, The Boeing Company, Rolls-Royce plc and its German and U.S. affiliates, United Technologies Corporation ("UTC," Pratt & Whitney and related companies), Societe Nationale d<180>Etude et de Construction de Moteurs d'Aviation ("Snecma"), Wyman-Gordon Company, a unit of Precision Castparts Corporation ("PCC") and VALTIMET SAS. These agreements expire at various times from 2007 through 2012, are subject to certain conditions, and generally provide for (i) minimum market shares of the customers' titanium requirements or firm annual volume commitments, (ii) formula-determined prices (although some contain elements based on market pricing) and (iii) price adjustments for certain raw material and energy cost fluctuations. Generally, the agreements require TIMET's service and product performance to meet specified criteria and contain a number of other terms and conditions customary in transactions of these types. Certain provisions of these agreements have been amended in the past and may be amended in the future to meet changing business conditions. During 2005, 49% of TIMET's sales were to customers under long-term agreements. In certain events of nonperformance by TIMET or the customer, the agreements may be terminated early. Although it is possible that some portion of the business would continue on a non-agreement basis, the termination of one or more of the agreements could result in a material effect on TIMET's business, results of operations, financial position or liquidity. The agreements were designed to limit selling price volatility to the customer, while providing TIMET with a committed base of volume throughout the aerospace business cycles. During 2003, TIMET and Wyman-Gordon agreed to terminate the 1998 purchase and sale agreement associated with the formation of the titanium castings joint venture previously owned by the two parties. TIMET paid Wyman-Gordon a total of $6.8 million, which included the termination of certain favorable purchase terms. Concurrently, TIMET entered into new long-term purchase and sale agreements with Wyman-Gordon that expires in 2008. Prior to July 1, 2005, under the terms of the previous agreement between TIMET and Boeing, in 2002 through 2007, Boeing would have been required to advance TIMET $28.5 million annually less $3.80 per pound of titanium product purchased by Boeing subcontractors under the Boeing agreement during the preceding year. Effectively, TIMET collected $3.80 less from Boeing than the agreement selling price for each pound of titanium product sold directly to Boeing and reduced the related customer advance recorded by TIMET. For titanium Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 products sold to Boeing subcontractors, TIMET collected the full agreement selling price, but gave Boeing credit by reducing the next year's annual advance by $3.80 per pound. The Boeing customer advance was also reduced as TIMET recognized income under the take-or-pay provisions of the agreement. Under a separate agreement, TIMET must establish and hold buffer inventory for Boeing at TIMET's facilities, for which Boeing will be invoiced by TIMET at long-term agreement pricing when such material is processed into a mill product by TIMET. Effective July 1, 2005, TIMET entered into a new agreement with Boeing. The new agreement expires on December 31, 2010 and provides for, among other things, (i) mutual annual purchase and supply commitments by both parties, (ii) continuation of the existing buffer inventory program currently in place for Boeing and (iii) certain improved product pricing, including certain adjustments for raw material cost fluctuations. Beginning in 2006, the new agreement also replaces the take-or-pay provisions of the previous agreement with an annual makeup payment early in the following year in the event Boeing purchases less than its annual volume commitment in any year. TIMET's agreement with VALTIMET, a manufacturer of welded stainless steel and titanium tubing that is principally sold into the industrial markets, was entered into in 1997 and expires in 2007. VALTIMET is a 44%-owned affiliate of TIMET. Under the agreement, TIMET has agreed to provide a certain percentage of VALTIMET's titanium requirements at formula-determined selling prices, subject to certain conditions. Certain provisions of this contract have been amended in the past and may be amended in the future to meet changing business conditions. Markets and customer base. During 2005, approximately 56% of TIMET's sales were to customers located in North America, with 36% in Europe. Substantially all of TIMET's sales and operating income are derived from operations based in the U.S., the U.K., France and Italy. TIMET generates more than half of its sales revenue from sales to the commercial aerospace industry (57% in 2005). TIMET has long-term agreements with certain major aerospace customers, including Boeing, Rolls-Royce, UTC, Snecma and Wyman-Gordon. During 2005, approximately 49% of TIMET's total sales were attributable to such long-term agreements. TIMET's ten largest customers accounted for 45% of its sales in 2005 (2004 - 48%; 2003- 44%), including Rolls-Royce and suppliers under the Rolls-Royce long-term agreement (12% of TIMET's sales in 2005). Such concentration of customers may impact TIMET's overall exposure to credit and other risks, either positively or negatively, in that such customers may be similarly affected by economic or other conditions. The primary market for titanium products in the commercial aerospace sector consists of two major manufacturers of large (over 100 seats) commercial airframes - Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group (a unit of Boeing) and Airbus (80% owned by European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company and 20% owned by BAE Systems). In addition to the airframe manufacturers, the following four manufacturers of large civil aircraft engines are also significant titanium users - Rolls-Royce, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Pratt & Whitney and Snecma. TIMET's sales are made both directly to these major manufacturers to companies (including forgers such as Wyman-Gordon) that use TIMET's titanium to produce parts and other materials for such manufacturers. If any of the major aerospace manufacturers were to significantly reduce aircraft and/or jet engine build rates from those currently expected, there could be a material adverse effect, both directly and indirectly, on TIMET's business, results of operating and liquidity. The backlogs for Boeing and Airbus reflect orders for aircraft to be delivered over several years. Changes in the economic environment and the financial condition of airlines can result in rescheduling or cancellation of contractual orders. Accordingly, aircraft manufacturer backlogs are not necessarily a reliable indicator of near-term business activity, but may be indicative of potential business levels over a longer-term horizon. The following table shows the estimated firm order backlogs for Boeing and Airbus, as reported by The Airline Monitor in January 2006: At December 31, ------------------------------------------ 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- Firm order backlog - all planes: Airbus 1,454 1,500 2,177 Boeing 1,101 1,089 1,783 ----- ----- ----- 2,555 2,589 3,960 ===== ===== ===== Firm order backlog - wide body planes: Airbus 471 466 500 Boeing 230 287 671 ----- ----- ----- 701 753 1,171 ===== ===== ===== Wide body planes as % of total firm order backlog 27% 29% 30% Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  ===== ===== ===== Wide body planes (e.g., Boeing 747, 777 and 787 and Airbus A330, A340 and A380) tend to use a higher percentage of titanium in their airframes, engines and parts than narrow body planes (e.g., Boeing 737 and 757 and Airbus A318, A319 and A320). Newer models of planes tend to use a higher percentage of titanium than older models. Additionally, Boeing generally uses a higher percentage of titanium in its airframes than Airbus. For example, TIMET estimates that approximately 59 metric tons, 45 metric tons and 18 metric tons of titanium are purchased for the manufacture of each Boeing 777, 747 and 737, respectively, including both the airframes and engines. TIMET estimates that approximately 25 metric tons, 18 metric tons and 12 metric tons of titanium are purchased for the manufacture of each Airbus A340, A330 and A320, respectively, including both the airframes and engines. At December 31, 2005, a total of 159 firm orders had been placed for the Airbus A380, a program officially launched in 2000 with anticipated first deliveries in 2006. Current estimates are that approximately 76 metric tons of titanium (50 metric tons for the airframe and 26 metric tons for the engines) will be purchased for each A380 manufactured. Additionally, at year-end 2005, a total of 291 firm orders have been placed for the Boeing 787, a program officially launched in April 2004 with anticipated first deliveries in 2008. Although the 787 will contain more composite materials than a typical Boeing airplane, TIMET estimates that approximately 91 metric tons of titanium (80 metric tons for the airframe and 11 metric tons for the engines) will be purchased for each 787 manufactured. TIMET believes significant additional titanium will be required in the early years of 787 manufacturing until the program reaches maturity. During 2005, Airbus officially launched the A350 program, which is a major derivative of the Airbus A330 with first deliveries scheduled for 2010. As of December 31, 2005, firm booked orders received by Airbus for the A350 totaled 87 airplanes. These A350s will use composite materials and new engines similar to the ones used on the Boeing 787 and are expected to require significantly more titanium as compared with earlier Airbus models. TIMET preliminary estimates are that approximately 51 metric tons (40 metric tons for the airframe and 11 metric tons for the engines) will be purchased for each A350 manufactured. However, the final titanium buy weight may change as the A350 is still in the design phase. Outside of commercial aerospace and military sectors, TIMET manufactures a wide range of products for customers in the chemical process, oil and gas, consumer, sporting goods, automotive and power generation industries. Approximately 15% of TIMET's sales revenue in 2005 was generated by sales into industrial and emerging markets, including sales to VALTIMET for the production of welded tubing. For the oil and gas industry, TIMET provides seamless pipe for downhole casing, risers, tapered stress joints and other offshore oil and gas production equipment, along with firewater piping systems. In addition to melted and mill products, which are sold into the commercial aerospace, military, industrial and emerging markets sectors, TIMET sells certain other products such as titanium fabrications, titanium scrap and titanium tetrachloride. Sales of these other products represented 15% of TIMET's sales revenue in 2005. TIMET's backlog of unfilled orders was approximately $870 million at December 31, 2005, compared to $450 million at December 31, 2004 and $205 million at December 31, 2003. Over 90% of the 2005 year-end backlog is scheduled for shipment during 2006. TIMET's order backlog may not be a reliable indicator of future business activity. TIMET has explored and will continue to explore strategic arrangements in the areas of product development, production and distribution. TIMET will also continue to work with existing and potential customers to identify and develop new or improved applications for titanium that take advantage of its unique qualities. Competition. The titanium metals industry is highly competitive on a worldwide basis. Producers of melted and mill products are located primarily in the United States, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, China and the United Kingdom. In addition, producers of other metal products, such as steel and aluminum, maintain forging, rolling and finishing facilities that could be used or modified without substantial capital expenditures to process titanium products. There are currently six major, and several minor, producers of titanium sponge in the world. TIMET is currently the only sponge producer in the U.S. Four of the major producers have announced plans to increase sponge capacity. TIMET believes that entry as a new producer of titanium sponge would require a significant capital investment and substantial technical expertise. TIMET's principal competitors in the aerospace titanium market are Allegheny Technologies Incorporated and RTI International Metals, Inc.("RTI"), both based in the United States, and Verkhnaya Salda Metallurgical Production Organization ("VSMPO"), based in Russia. UNITI, (a joint venture between Allegheny and VSMPO), RTI and certain Japanese producers are TIMET's principal competitors in the industrial and emerging markets. TIMET competes primarily on the basis of price, quality of products, technical support and the availability of products to meet customers' delivery schedules. In the U.S. market, the increasing presence of non-U.S. participants has Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 become a significant competitive factor. Until 1993, imports of foreign titanium products into the U.S. had not been significant. This was primarily attributable to relative currency exchange rates and, with respect to Japan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, import duties (including antidumping duties). However, since 1993, imports of titanium sponge, ingot and mill products, principally from Russia and Kazakhstan, have increased and have had a significant competitive impact on the U.S. titanium industry. To the extent TIMET is able to take advantage of this situation by purchasing sponge from such countries for use in its own operations, the negative effect of these imports on TIMET can be somewhat mitigated. Generally, imports of titanium products into the U.S. are subject to a 15% "normal trade relations" tariff. For tariff purposes, titanium products are broadly classified as either wrought (billet, bar, sheet, strip, plate and tubing) or unwrought (sponge, ingot and slab). Because a significant portion of end-use products made from titanium products are ultimately exported, TIMET, along with its principal competitors and many customers, actively utilize the duty-drawback mechanism to recover most of the tariff paid on imports. From time-to-time, the U.S. government has granted preferential trade status to certain titanium products imported from particular countries (notably wrought titanium products from Russia, which carried no U.S. import duties from approximately 1993 until 2004). It is possible that such preferential status could be granted again in the future. The Japanese government has raised the elimination or harmonization of tariffs on titanium products, including titanium sponge, for consideration in multi-lateral trade negotiations through the World Trade Organization (the so-called "Doha Round"). As part of the Doha Round, the United States has proposed the staged elimination of all industrial tariffs, including those on titanium. The Japanese government has specifically asked that titanium in all it forms be included in the tariff elimination program. TIMET has urged that no change be made to these tariffs, either on wrought or unwrought products. The negotiations are currently scheduled to conclude at the end of 2006 for implementation beginning in 2007. TIMET has successfully resisted, and will continue to resist, efforts to eliminate duties on sponge and unwrought titanium products, although no assurances can be made that TIMET will continue to be successful in these activities. Further reductions in, or the complete elimination of, any or all of these tariffs could lead to increased imports of foreign sponge, ingot and mill products into the U.S. and an increase in the amount of such products on the market generally, which could adversely affect pricing for titanium sponge, ingot and mill products and thus TIMET's business, results of operations, financial position or liquidity. Research and development. TIMET's research and development activities are directed toward expanding the use of titanium and titanium alloys in all market sectors. Key research activities include the development of new alloys, development of technology required to enhance the performance of TIMET's products in the traditional industrial and aerospace markets and applications development for automotive and other emerging markets. TIMET conducts the majority of its research and development activities at its Henderson Technical Laboratory in Henderson, Nevada, with additional activities at its Witton, England facility. TIMET incurred research and development costs of $2.8 million in 2003, $2.9 million in 2004 and $3.2 million in 2005. Patents and trademarks. TIMET holds U.S. and non-U.S. patents applicable to certain of its titanium alloys and manufacturing technology, which expire at various times from 2007 through 2013. TIMET continually seeks patent protection with respect to its technical base and has occasionally entered into cross-licensing arrangements with third parties. TIMET believes the trademarks TIMET and TIMETAL, which are protected by registration in the U.S. and other countries, are important to its business. Additionally, TIMET has been granted certain patents and has certain other patent applications pending relating to various aspects of its manufacturing technology. However, the majority of TIMET's titanium alloys and manufacturing technologies do not benefit from patent or other intellectual property protection. Employees. The cyclical nature of the aerospace industry and its impact on TIMET's business is the principal reason for significant changes in TIMET's employment levels. At December 31, 2005, TIMET employed approximately 1,475 persons in the U.S. and 900 persons in Europe. TIMET currently expects employment to increase throughout 2006 as production continues to increase and its sponge plant expansion project in Nevada nears completion. TIMET's production, maintenance, clerical and technical workers in Toronto, Ohio, and its production and maintenance workers in Henderson, Nevada (approximately 50% of TIMET's total U.S. employees) are represented by the United Steelworkers of America under contracts expiring in July 2008 and January 2008, respectively. Employees at TIMET's other U.S. facilities are not covered by collective bargaining agreements. Approximately 85% of the salaried and hourly employees at TIMET's European facilities are represented by various European labor unions. TIMET recently extended its labor agreement with its U.K. production and maintenance employees through 2008, and TIMET's labor agreement with its French and Italian employees are renewed annually. TIMET currently considers its employee relations to be satisfactory. However, it is possible that there could be future work stoppages or other labor Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 disruptions that could materially and adversely affect TIMET's business, results of operations, financial position or liquidity. Regulatory and environmental matters. TIMET's operations are governed by various federal, state, local and foreign environmental and worker safety laws and regulations. In the U.S., such laws include the Occupational, Safety and Health Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and the CERCLA. TIMET uses and manufactures substantial quantities of substances that are considered hazardous, extremely hazardous or toxic under environmental and worker safety and health laws and regulations. TIMET has used and manufactured such substances throughout the history of its operations. Although TIMET has substantial controls and procedures designed to reduce continuing risk of environmental, health and safety issues, TIMET could incur substantial cleanup costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third party property damage or personal inujury claims as a result of violations or liabilities under these laws or non-compliance with environmental permits required at our facilities. In addition, government environmental requirements or the enforcement thereof may become more stringent in the future. There can be no assurance that some, or all, of the risks discussed under this heading will not result in liabilities that would be material to TIMET's business, results of operations, financial position or liquidity. TIMET believes that its operations are in compliance in all material respects with applicable requirements of environmental and worker health and safety laws. TIMET's policy is to continually strive to improve environmental, health and safety performance. TIMET incurred capital expenditures related to health, safety and environmental compliance and improvement of approximately $1.9 million in 2003, $5.1 million in 2004 and $25.1 million in 2005. Such amounts include an aggregate $28.1 million related to the construction of a wastewater treatment facility at its Henderson, Nevada location. TIMET's capital budget provides for approximately $4.6 million for environmental, health and safety capital expenditures in 2006. From time to time, TIMET may be subject to health, safety or environmental regulatory enforcement under various statutes, resolution of which typically involves the establishment of compliance programs. Occasionally, resolution of these matters may result in the payment of penalties. However, the imposition of more strict standards or requirements under environmental, health or safety laws and regulations could result in expenditures in excess of amounts currently estimated to be required for such matters. OTHER NL Industries, Inc. In addition to its 70% ownership of CompX (principally through CompX Group) and its 36% ownership of Kronos at December 31, 2005, NL also holds certain marketable securities and other investments. In addition, NL owns 100% of EWI Re., Inc., an insurance brokerage and risk management services company. See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Tremont LLC. Tremont is primarily a holding company which at December 31, 2005 owns 35% of TIMET. Tremont also owns indirect ownership interests in Basic Management, Inc. ("BMI"), which provides utility services to, and owns property (the "BMI Complex") adjacent to, TIMET's facility in Nevada, and The Landwell Company L.P. ("Landwell"), which is engaged in efforts to develop certain land holdings for commercial, industrial and residential purposes surrounding the BMI Complex. Tremont also directly owns certain land which could be developed for commercial or industrial purposes. Foreign operations. Through its subsidiaries and affiliate, the Company has substantial operations and assets related to continuing operations located outside the United States, principally chemicals operations in Germany, Belgium and Norway, titanium metals operations in the United Kingdom and France, chemicals and component products operations in Canada and component products operations in Taiwan. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for certain geographic financial information concerning the Company. Approximately 71% of Kronos' 2005 TiO2 sales were to non-U.S. customers, including 8% to customers in areas other than Europe and Canada. Approximately 20% of CompX's 2005 sales were to non-U.S. customers located principally in Canada. About 44% of TIMET's 2005 sales were to non-U.S. customers, primarily in Europe. Foreign operations are subject to, among other things, currency exchange rate fluctuations and the Company's results of operations have in the past been both favorably and unfavorably affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates. See Item 7 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Item 7A - "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk." CompX and Kronos have, from time to time, entered into currency forward contracts to mitigate exchange rate fluctuation risk for a portion of their receivables related to their Canadian operations denominated in currencies other than the Canadian dollar (principally the U.S. dollar) or for similar risks associated with future sales. Kronos and CompX may, from time to time, enter into currency forward contracts to mitigate exchange rate fluctuation risk associated with specific transactions, such as intercompany dividends or the acquisition of a significant amount of assets. See Note 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Otherwise, the Company does not generally engage in currency derivative transactions. Political and economic uncertainties in certain of the countries in which the Company operates may expose the Company to risk of loss. The Company does Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 not believe that there is currently any likelihood of material loss through political or economic instability, seizure, nationalization or similar event. The Company cannot predict, however, whether events of this type in the future could have a material effect on its operations. The Company's manufacturing and mining operations are also subject to extensive and diverse environmental regulations in each of the foreign countries in which they operate, as discussed in the respective business sections elsewhere herein. Regulatory and environmental matters. Regulatory and environmental matters are discussed in the respective business sections contained elsewhere herein and in Item 3 - "Legal Proceedings." In addition, the information included in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements under the captions "Legal proceedings - NL lead pigment litigation" and - "Environmental matters and litigation" is incorporated herein by reference. Insurance. The Company maintains insurance for its businesses and operations, with customary levels of coverage, deductibles and limits. See also Item 3 - "Legal Proceedings - Insurance coverage claims" and Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Acquisition and restructuring activities. The Company routinely compares its liquidity requirements and alternative uses of capital against the estimated future cash flows to be received from its subsidiaries and unconsolidated affiliates, and the estimated sales value of those units. As a result of this process, the Company has in the past and may in the future seek to raise additional capital, refinance or restructure indebtedness, repurchase indebtedness in the market or otherwise, modify its dividend policy, consider the sale of interests in subsidiaries, business units, marketable securities or other assets, or take a combination of such steps or other steps, to increase liquidity, reduce indebtedness and fund future activities. Such activities have in the past and may in the future involve related companies. From time to time, the Company and related entities also evaluate the restructuring of ownership interests among its subsidiaries and related companies and expects to continue this activity in the future. The Company and other entities that may be deemed to be controlled by or affiliated with Mr. Harold C. Simmons routinely evaluate acquisitions of interests in, or combinations with, companies, including related companies, perceived by management to be undervalued in the marketplace. These companies may or may not be engaged in businesses related to the Company's current businesses. In a number of instances, the Company has actively managed the businesses acquired with a focus on maximizing return-on-investment through cost reductions, capital expenditures, improved operating efficiencies, selective marketing to address market niches, disposition of marginal operations, use of leverage and redeployment of capital to more productive assets. In other instances, the Company has disposed of the acquired interest in a company prior to gaining control. The Company intends to consider such activities in the future and may, in connection with such activities, consider issuing additional equity securities and increasing the indebtedness of Valhi, its subsidiaries and related companies. Website and other available information. Valhi files reports, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. Valhi maintains a website on the internet at www.valhi.net. Copies of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, copies of the Company's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for 2005 and 2006 and any Current Reports on Form 8-K for 2005 and 2006, and amendments thereto, are or will be available free of charge at such website as soon as reasonably practical after they have been filed with the SEC. Additional information regarding the Company, including the Company's Audit Committee charter, the Company's Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the Company's Corporate Governance Guidelines, can also be found at this website. Information contained on the Company's website is not part of this Annual Report. The Company will also provide to anyone without charge copies of such documents upon written request to the Company. Such requests should be directed to the attention of the Corporate Secretary at the Company's address on the cover page of this Form 10-K. The general public may read and copy any materials the Company files with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 450 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The Company is an electronic filer, and the SEC maintains an Internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including the Company. ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS Listed below are certain risk factors associated with the Company and its businesses. In addition to the potential effect of these risk factors discussed below, any risk factor which could result in reduced earnings or operating losses, or reduced liquidity, could in turn adversely affect our ability to service our liabilities or pay dividends on our common stock or adversely affect the quoted market prices for our securities. Our assets consist primarily of investments in our operating subsidiaries, and we are dependent upon distributions from our subsidiaries. A majority of our cash flows are generated by our operating subsidiaries, and our ability to service Valhi's liabilities and to pay dividends on our common stock depends to a large extent upon the cash dividends or other distributions we receive from Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and they have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay such cash dividends or other distributions to us. In addition, the payment of dividends or other distributions from our subsidiaries could be subject to restrictions on or taxation of dividends or repatriation of earnings under applicable law, monetary transfer restrictions, foreign currency exchange regulations in jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries operate and any other restrictions imposed by current or future agreements to which our subsidiaries may be a party, including debt instruments. Events beyond our control, including changes in general business and economic conditions, could adversely impact the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. If our subsidiaries would become unable to make sufficient cash dividends or other distributions to Valhi, our ability to service our liabilities and to pay dividends on our common stock could be adversely affected. In addition, a significant portion of our assets consists of ownership interests in our subsidiaries and affiliates. If we were required to liquidate any of such securities in order to generate funds to satisfy our liabilities, we may be required to sell such securities at a time or times at which we would not be able to realize what we believe to be the actual value of such assets. Subject to specified limitations, the agreements covering the indebteness of our subsidiaries permit our subsidiaries to incur additional debt, including secured debt. At December 31, 2005, the outstanding indebtedness of our subsidiaries aggregated $467.4 million, substantially all of which relates to KII's Senior Secured Notes. In addition, as of such date our subsidiaries have unused borrowing availability of approximately $186.0 million under our subsidiaries' credit facilities, subject to certain tests. Any borrowing or other liabilities or our subsidiaries are structurally senior to any liabilities of Valhi, and a substantial portion of our subsidiaries' assets collateralize the indebtedness of our subsidiaries. If any new debt were to be added to our subsidiaries' current debt levels, then the related risks that we and they now face, as more fully described herein, could intensify. Demand for, and prices of, certain of our products are cyclical and we may experience prolonged depressed market conditions for our products, which may result in reduced earnings or operating losses. A significant portion of our revenues is attributable to sales of TiO2. Pricing within the global TiO2 industry over the long term is cyclical, and changes in industry economic conditions, especially in Western industrialized nations, can significantly impact our earnings and operating cash flows. This may result in reduced earnings or operating losses. Historically, the markets for many of our products have experienced alternating periods of tight supply, causing prices and profit margins to increase, followed by periods of capacity additions, and demand reductions resulting in oversupply and declining prices and profit margins. Selling prices (in billing currencies) for TiO2 were generally: increasing during the first quarter of 2003, flat during the second quarter of 2003, decreasing during the last half of 2003 and the first quarter of 2004, flat during the second quarter of 2004 and increasing in the last half of 2004 and the first six months of 2005 and decreasing during the second half of 2005. Our overall average TiO2 selling prices in billing currencies: o were 3% higher in 2003 as compared to 2002; o were 2% lower in 2004 as compared to 2003; and o were 8% higher in 2005 as compared to 2004. Future growth in demand for TiO2 may not be sufficient to alleviate any future conditions of excess industry capacity, and such conditions may not be sustained or may be further aggravated by anticipated or unanticipated capacity additions or other events. The demand for TiO2 during a given year is also subject to annual seasonal fluctuations. TiO2 sales are generally higher in the first half of the year than in the second half of the year due in part to the increase in paint production in the spring to meet the spring and summer painting season demand. The titanium industry in general, and TIMET specifically, has historically derived a substantial portion of its business from the commercial aerospace sector. Consequently, the cyclical nature of the commercial aerospace sector has been the principal driver of the historical fluctuations in TIMET's performance. Over the past 25 years, the titanium industry had cyclical peaks in mill product shipments in 1989, 1997 and 2001 and cyclical lows in 1983, 1991, 1999 and 2002. Prior to 2004, demand for titanium reached its highest level in 1997, when industry mill product shipments reached approximately 60,700 metric tons. However, since that peak, industry mill product shipments have fluctuated significantly, primarily due to a continued change in demand for titanium from the commercial aerospace sector but also due to geopolitical instability and the economic impact of terrorist threats and attacks. Sales of TIMET's products to the commercial aerospace sector accounted for about 57% of its total sales revenue in each of the last three years. Events that could adversely affect the commercial aerospace sector, such as future terrorist attacks, world health crises or reduced orders from commercial airlines resulting from continued operating losses at the airlines, could significantly decrease TIMET's results of operations, and TIMET's business and financial condition could significantly decline. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  As a global business, we are exposed to local business risks in different countries, which could result in operating losses. Kronos, CompX and TIMET conduct some of their businesses in several jurisdictions outside of the United States and are subject to risks normally associated with international operations, which include trade barriers, tariffs, exchange controls, national and regional labor strikes, social and political risks, general economic risks, seizures, nationalizations, compliance with a variety of foreign laws, including tax laws, and the difficulty in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through foreign legal systems. For example, we have substantial net operating loss carryforwards in Germany, and any change in German tax law that adversely impacts our ability to fully utilize such carryforwards could adversely affect us. We may incur losses from fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Kronos, CompX and TIMET operate their businesses in several different countries, and sell their products worldwide. Therefore, we are exposed to risks related to the prices that we receive for our products and the need to convert currencies that we may receive for some of our products into the currencies required to pay some of our debt, or into currencies in which we may purchase certain raw materials or pay for certain services, all of which could result in future losses depending on fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We sell several of our products in mature and highly competitive industries and face price pressures in the markets in which we operate, which may result in reduced earnings or operating losses. The global markets in which Kronos, CompX, TIMET and Waste Control Specialists operate their businesses are highly competitive. Competition is based on a number of factors, such as price, product quality and service. Some of our competitors may be able to drive down prices for our products because their costs are lower than our costs. In addition, some of our competitors' financial, technological and other resources may be greater than our resources, and such competitors may be better able to withstand changes in market conditions. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements. Further, consolidation of our competitors or customers in any of the industries in which we compete may result in reduced demand for our products. In addition, in some of our businesses new competitors could emerge by modifying their existing production facilities so they could manufacture products that compete with our products. The occurrence of any of these events could result in reduced earnings or operating losses. Higher costs or limited availability of our raw materials may decrease our liquidity. The number of sources for, and availability of, certain raw materials is specific to the particular geographical region in which a facility is located. For example, titanium-containing feedstocks suitable for use in our TiO2 and titanium metal facilities are available from a limited number of suppliers around the world. While chlorine is generally widely available, TIMET obtains its chlorine requirements for its Nevada production facility from a single supplier near such plant. In addition, TIMET cannot supply internally all of its needs for all grades of titanium sponge and scrap, and TIMET is dependent on third parties for a substantial portion of its raw material requirements. All of TIMET's major competitors utilize sponge and scrap as raw materials in their melt operations. In addition to use by titanium manufacturers, titanium scrap is used in certain steel-making operations. Current demand for these steel products, especially from China, have produced a significant increase in demand for titanium scrap at a time when titanium scrap generation rates are at low levels because of the lower commercial aircraft build rates. Political and economic instability in the countries from which we purchase certain raw material supplies could adversely affect their availability. Should our worldwide vendors not be able to meet their contractual obligations, should we be otherwise unable to obtain necessary raw materials or should we be required to pay more for our raw materials and other operating costs, we may incur higher costs for raw materials or other operating costs or may be required to reduce production levels, either of which may decrease our liquidity as we may be unable to offset such higher costs with increased selling prices for our products. We are subject to many environmental and safety regulations with respect to our operating facilities that may result in unanticipated costs or liabilities. Our facilities are subject to extensive laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants in the air and water and the generation, management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes or other materials. We may incur substantial costs, including fines, damages and criminal penalties or civil sanctions, or experience interruptions in our operations for actual or alleged violations or compliance requirements arising under environmental laws. Our operations could result in violations under environmental laws, including spills or other releases of hazardous substances to the environment. Some of our operating facilities are in densely populated urban areas or in industrial areas adjacent to other operating facilities. In the event of an accidental release or catastrophic incident, we could incur material costs as a result of addressing such an event and in implementing measures to prevent such incidents. Given the nature of our business, violations of environmental laws may result in restrictions imposed on our operating activities or substantial fines, penalties, damages or other costs, including as a result of private litigation. Our production facilities have been used for a number of years to manufacture products or conduct mining operations. We may incur additional costs related to compliance with environmental laws applicable to our historic operations and these facilities. In addition, we may incur significant Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 expenditures to comply with existing or future environmental laws. Costs relating to environmental matters will be subject to evolving regulatory requirements and will depend on the timing of promulgation and enforcement of specific standards that impose requirements on our operations. Costs beyond those currently anticipated may be required under existing and future environmental laws. We could incur significant costs related to legal and environmental remediation matters. NL formerly manufactured lead pigments for use in paint. NL and others have been named as defendants in various legal proceedings seeking damages for personal injury, property damage and governmental expenditures allegedly caused by the use of lead-based paints. These lawsuits seek recovery under a variety of theories, including public and private nuisance, negligent product design, negligent failure to warn, strict liability, breach of warranty, conspiracy/concert of action, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, market share or risk contribution liability, intentional tort, fraud and misrepresentation, violations of state consumer protection statutes, supplier negligence and similar claims. The plaintiffs in these actions generally seek to impose on the defendants responsibility for lead paint abatement and health concerns associated with the use of lead-based paints, including damages for personal injury, contribution and/or indemnification for medical expenses, medical monitoring expenses and costs for educational programs. As with all legal proceedings, the outcome is uncertain. Any liability NL might incur in the future could be material. See also Item 3 - "Legal proceedings - NL lead pigment litigation." Certain properties and facilities used in our former businesses are the subject of litigation, administrative proceedings or investigations arising under various environmental laws. These proceedings seek cleanup costs, personal injury or property damages and/or damages for injury to natural resources. Some of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts. Environmental obligations are difficult to assess and estimate for numerous reasons, and we may incur costs for environmental remediation in the future in excess of amounts currently estimated. Any liability we might incur in the future could be material. See also Item 3 - "Legal Proceedings - Environmental matters and litigation". If our patents are declared invalid or our trade secrets become known to competitors, our ability to compete may be adversely affected. Protection of our proprietary processes and other technology is important to our competitive position. Consequently, we rely on judicial enforcement for protection of our patents, and our patents may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable. Furthermore, if any pending patent application filed by us does not result in an issued patent, or if patents are issued to us but such patents do not provide meaningful protection of our intellectual property, then the use of any such intellectual property by our competitors could result in decreasing our cash flows. Additionally, our competitors or other third parties may obtain patents that restrict or preclude our ability to lawfully produce or sell our products in a competitive manner, which could have the same effects. We also rely on certain unpatented proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. Although it is our practice to enter into confidentiality agreements to protect our intellectual property, because these confidentiality agreements may be breached, such agreements may not provide sufficient protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know-how, or adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of such trade secrets and know-how. In addition, others could obtain knowledge of such trade secrets through independent development or other access by legal means. Loss of key personnel or our ability to attract and retain new qualified personnel could hurt our businesses and inhibit our ability to operate and grow successfully. Our success in the highly competitive markets in which we operate will continue to depend to a significant extent on the leadership teams of our businesses and other key management personnel. We generally do not have binding employment agreements with any of these managers. This increases the risks that we may not be able to retain our current management personnel and we may not be able to recruit qualified individuals to join our management team, including recruiting qualified individuals to replace any of our current personnel that may leave in the future. Our relationships with our union employees could deteriorate. At December 31, 2005, we employed approximately 6,100 persons worldwide in our various businesses. A significant number of our employees are subject to collective bargaining or similar arrangements. We may not be able to negotiate labor agreements with respect to these employees on satisfactory terms or at all. If our employees were to engage in a strike, work stoppage or other slowdown, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations or higher ongoing labor costs. Adverse changes to or interruptions in TIMET's relationships with its major aerospace customers could reduce its revenues, profitability and liquidity. In 2005, approximately 54% TIMET's revenues represented sales to the commercial aerospace industry. Sales under long-term agreements with certain customers in the aerospace industry accounted for a significant portion of TIMET's revenues. If we would be unable to maintain our relationships with TIMET's major aerospace customers, including The Boeing Company, Rolls Royce, Snecma, UTC and Wyman Gordon Company, under the long-term agreements that we have with these customers, TIMET's sales could decrease substantially, resulting in lower equity Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 in earnings and net income to us. TIMET's failure to develop new markets would result in our continued dependence on the cyclical aerospace industry and our operating results would, accordingly, remain cyclical. In an effort to reduce our dependence on the commercial aerospace market and to increase our participation in other markets, TIMET has been devoting resources to developing new markets and applications for its products, principally in the automotive, oil and gas and other emerging markets for titanium. Developing these emerging market applications involves substantial risk and uncertainties due to the fact that titanium must compete with less expensive alternative materials in these potential markets or applications. We may not be successful in developing new markets or applications for our products, significant time may be required for such development and uncertainty exists as to the extent to which we will face competition in this regard. Reductions in, or the complete elimination of, any or all tariffs on imported titanium products into the United States could lead to increased imports of foreign sponge, ingot and mill products into the U.S. and an increase in the amount of such products on the market generally, which could decrease pricing for our titanium products. In the U.S. titanium market, the increasing presence of non-U.S. participants has become a significant competitive factor. Until 1993, imports of foreign titanium products into the U.S. had not been significant. This was primarily attributable to relative currency exchange rates and, with respect to Japan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, import duties (including antidumping duties). However, since 1993, imports of titanium sponge, ingot and mill products, principally from Russia and Kazakhstan, have increased and have had a significant competitive impact on the U.S. titanium industry. Generally, imports of titanium products into the U.S. are subject to a 15% "normal trade relations" tariff. For tariff purposes, titanium products are broadly classified as either wrought (billet, bar, sheet, strip, plate and tubing) or unwrought (sponge, ingot and slab). From time-to-time, the U.S. government has granted preferential trade status to certain titanium products imported from particular countries (notably wrought titanium products from Russia, which carried no U.S. import duties from approximately 1993 until 2004). It is possible that such preferential status could be granted again in the future. TIMET may not be successful in resisting efforts to eliminate duties or tariffs on titanium products. Our leverage may impair our financial condition or limit our ability to operate our businesses. We currently have a significant amount of debt. As of December 31, 2005, our total consolidated debt was approximately $717 million, substantially all of which relates to KII's Senior Secured Notes and our loans from Snake River Sugar Company. Our level of debt could have important consequences to our stockholders and creditors, including: o making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our liabilities; o increasing our vulnerability to adverse general economic and industry conditions; o requiring that a portion of our cash flow from operations be used for the payment of interest on our debt, therefore reducing our ability to use our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, dividends on our common stock, acquisitions and general corporate requirements; o limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and general corporate requirements; o limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and o placing us at a competitive disadvantage relative to other less leveraged competitors. In addition to our indebtedness, we are party to various lease and other agreements pursuant to which we are committed to pay approximately $316.6 million in 2006. Our ability to make payments on and refinance our debt, and to fund planned capital expenditures, depends on our future ability to generate cash flow. To some extent, this is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. In addition, our ability to borrow funds under our subsidiaries' credit facilities in the future will in some instances depend in part on these subsidiaries' ability to maintain specified financial ratios and satisfy certain financial covenants contained in the applicable credit agreement. Our business may not generate cash flows from operating activities sufficient to enable us to pay our debts when they become due and to fund our other liquidity needs. As a result, we may need to refinance all or a portion of our debt before maturity. We may not be able to refinance any of our debt on favorable terms, if at all. Any inability to generate sufficient cash flows or to refinance our debt on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS Not applicable. ITEM 2. PROPERTIES Valhi leases office space for its principal executive offices in a building located at 5430 LBJ Freeway, Dallas, Texas, 75240-2697. The principal properties used in the operations of the Company, including certain risks and uncertainties related thereto, are described in the applicable business sections of Item 1 - "Business." The Company believes that its facilities are generally adequate and suitable for their respective uses. ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS The Company is involved in various legal proceedings. In addition to information that is included below, certain information called for by this Item is included in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which information is incorporated herein by reference. NL lead pigment litigation. NL's former operations included the manufacture of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint. NL, other former manufacturers of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint, and the Lead Industries Association ("LIA," which discontinued business operations in 2002) have been named as defendants in various legal proceedings seeking damages for personal injury, property damage and governmental expenditures allegedly caused by the use of lead-based paints. Certain of these actions have been filed by or on behalf of states, large U.S. cities or their public housing authorities and school districts, and certain others have been asserted as class actions. These lawsuits seek recovery under a variety of theories, including public and private nuisance, negligent product design, negligent failure to warn, strict liability, breach of warranty, conspiracy/concert of action, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, market share or risk contribution liability, intentional tort, fraud and misrepresentation, violations of state consumer protection statutes, supplier negligence and similar claims. The plaintiffs in these actions generally seek to impose on the defendants responsibility for lead paint abatement and health concerns associated with the use of lead-based paints, including damages for personal injury, contribution and/or indemnification for medical expenses, medical monitoring expenses and costs for educational programs. A number of cases are inactive or have been dismissed or withdrawn. Most of the remaining cases are in various pre-trial stages. Some are on appeal following dismissal or summary judgment rulings in favor of either the defendants or the plaintiffs. In addition, various other cases are pending (in which NL is not a defendant) seeking recovery for injury allegedly caused by lead pigment and lead-based paint. Although NL is not a defendant in these cases, the outcome of these cases may have an impact on additional cases being filed against NL in the future. NL believes these actions are without merit, intends to continue to deny all allegations of wrongdoing and liability and to defend against all actions vigorously. NL has never settled any of these cases, nor have any final adverse judgments against NL been entered. NL has not accrued any amounts for pending lead pigment and lead-based paint litigation. Liability that may result, if any, cannot currently be reasonably estimated. However, see the discussion below in the State of Rhode Island case. See also Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. There can be no assurance that NL will not incur liability in the future in respect of this pending litigation in view of the inherent uncertainties involved in court and jury rulings in pending and possible future cases. If any such future liability were to be incurred, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity. In August 1992, NL was served with an amended complaint in Jackson, et al. v. The Glidden Co., et al., Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, Cleveland, Ohio (Case No. 236835). Plaintiffs seek compensatory and punitive damages for personal injury caused by the ingestion of lead, and an order directing defendants to abate lead-based paint in buildings. Plaintiffs purport to represent a class of similarly situated persons throughout the State of Ohio. The trial court denied plaintiffs' motion for class certification. In 2003, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on all claims, which was granted in January 2006. In February 2006, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal. In September 1999, an amended complaint was filed in Thomas v. Lead Industries Association, et al. (Circuit Court, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Case No. 99-CV-6411) adding as defendants the former pigment manufacturers to a suit originally filed against plaintiff's landlords. Plaintiff, a minor, alleges injuries purportedly caused by lead on the surfaces of premises in homes in which he resided. Plaintiff seeks compensatory and punitive damages, and NL has denied liability. In January 2003, the trial court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment, dismissing all counts of the complaint. The plaintiff appealed the dismissal, and in July 2004 the appellate court affirmed the dismissal. In July 2005, the Wisconsin Supreme Court affirmed the appellate court's dismissal of plaintiff's civil conspiracy and enterprise liability claims and reversed and remanded the appellate court's dismissal of plaintiff's risk of contribution claim. The matter is proceeding in the trial court. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  In October 1999, NL was served with a complaint in State of Rhode Island v. Lead Industries Association, et al. (Superior Court of Rhode Island, No. 99-5226). The State seeks compensatory and punitive damages for medical and educational expenses, and public and private building abatement expenses that the State alleges were caused by lead paint, and for funding of a public education campaign and health screening programs. Plaintiff seeks judgments of joint and several liability against the former pigment manufacturers and the LIA. Trial began before a Rhode Island state court jury in September 2002 on the question of whether lead pigment in paint on Rhode Island buildings is a public nuisance. On October 29, 2002, the trial judge declared a mistrial in the case when the jury was unable to reach a verdict on the question, with the jury reportedly deadlocked 4-2 in the defendants' favor. Other claims made by the Attorney General, including violation of the Rhode Island Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act, strict liability, negligence, negligent and fraudulent misrepresentation, civil conspiracy, indemnity, and unjust enrichment were not the subject of the 2002 trial. In March 2003, the court denied motions by plaintiffs and defendants for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. In January 2004, plaintiff requested the court to dismiss its claims for state-owned buildings, claiming all remaining claims did not require a jury and asking the court to reconsider the trial schedule. In February 2004, the court dismissed the strict liability, negligence, negligent misrepresentation and fraud claims with prejudice, and the time for the state to appeal this dismissal has not yet run. In March 2004, the court ruled that the defendants have a constitutional right to a trial by jury under the Rhode Island Constitution. Plaintiff appealed such ruling, and in July 2004 the Rhode Island Supreme Court dismissed plaintiff's appeal of, and plaintiff's petition to reverse, the trial court's ruling. In May 2005, the trial court dismissed the conspiracy claim with prejudice, and the time for the state to appeal this dismissal has not yet begun to run. In September 2005, the state dismissed its Unfair Trade Practices Act claim against NL without prejudice. Trial commenced on November 1, 2005 on the state's remaining claims of public nuisance, indemnity and unjust enrichment against NL and three other defendants. Following the state's presentation of its case, the trial court dismissed the state's claims of indemnity and unjust enrichment. The public nuisance claim was sent to the jury in February 2006, and the jury found that NL and two other defendants substantially contributed to the creation of a public nuisance as a result of the collective presence of lead pigments in paints and coatings on buildings in Rhode Island. The jury also found that NL and the two other defendants should be ordered to abate the public nuisance. Following the jury verdict, the trial court dismissed the state's claim for punitive damages. The scope of the abatement remedy will be determined by the judge. The extent, nature and cost of such remedy is not currently known, and will be determined only following additional proceedings. Various motions made at the end of the state's presentation of evidence remain pending before the trial court, including NL's motion to dismiss. NL intends to appeal any adverse judgment which the trial court may enter against NL. In October 1999, NL was served with a complaint in Smith, et al. v. Lead Industries Association, et al. (Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, Case No. 24-C-99-004490). Plaintiffs, seven minors from four families, each seek compensatory damages of $5 million and punitive damages of $10 million for alleged injuries due to lead-based paint. Plaintiffs allege that the former pigment manufacturers and other companies alleged to have manufactured paint and/or gasoline additives, the LIA and the National Paint and Coatings Association are jointly and severally liable. NL has denied liability. The trial court, on defendants' motions, dismissed all plaintiffs' claims. Plaintiffs appealed, and in May 2004 the court of appeals reinstated certain claims. In September 2004, the court of appeals granted plaintiffs' petition for review of such court's affirmation of the dismissal of certain of the plaintiffs' remaining claims. In April 2005, the court of appeals vacated the decision of the intermediate appellate court, stating that such court should not have accepted the appeal, and remanded the case back to the trial court for further proceedings. In February 2006, the trial court issued orders again dismissing the Smith's family's case and severing and staying the cases of the three other families. Plaintiffs have appealed. In February 2000, NL was served with a complaint in City of St. Louis v. Lead Industries Association, et al. (Missouri Circuit Court 22nd Judicial Circuit, St. Louis City, Cause No. 002-245, Division 1). Plaintiff seeks compensatory and punitive damages for its expenses discovering and abating lead-based paint, detecting lead poisoning and providing medical care and educational programs for City residents, and the costs of educating children suffering injuries due to lead exposure. Plaintiff seeks judgments of joint and several liability against the former pigment manufacturers and the LIA. In November 2002, defendants' motion to dismiss was denied. In May 2003, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint alleging only a nuisance claim. Defendants renewed motion to dismiss and motion for summary judgment were denied by the trial court in March 2004, but the trial court limited plaintiff's complaint to monetary damages from 1990 to 2000, specifically excluding future damages. In March 2005, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. In January 2006, the trial court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs have appealed. In April 2000, NL was served with a complaint in County of Santa Clara v. Atlantic Richfield Company, et al. (Superior Court of the State of California, County of Santa Clara, Case No. CV788657) brought against the former pigment manufacturers, the LIA and certain paint manufacturers. The County of Santa Clara seeks to represent a class of California governmental entities (other than the state and its agencies) to recover compensatory damages for funds the plaintiffs have expended or will in the future expend for medical treatment, educational expenses, abatement or other costs due to exposure to, or potential Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 exposure to, lead paint, disgorgement of profit, and punitive damages. Santa Cruz, Solano, Alameda, San Francisco, and Kern counties, the cities of San Francisco and Oakland, the Oakland and San Francisco unified school districts and housing authorities and the Oakland Redevelopment Agency have joined the case as plaintiffs. In February 2003, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. In July 2003, the court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment on all remaining claims. In March 2006, the appellate court affirmed the dismissal of plaintiffs' trespass claim, Unfair Competition Law claim and public nuisance claim for government-owned properties. The appellate court reversed the dismissal of plaintiffs' public nuisance claim for residential housing properties and plaintiffs' negligence and strict liability claims for government-owned buildings and plaintiffs' fraud claim. In June 2000, a complaint was filed in Illinois state court, Lewis, et al. v. Lead Industries Association, et al. (Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, County Department, Chancery Division, Case No. 00CH09800). Plaintiffs seek to represent two classes, one of all minors between the ages of six months and six years who resided in housing in Illinois built before 1978, and one of all individuals between the ages of six and twenty years who lived between the ages of six months and six years in Illinois housing built before 1978 and had blood lead levels of 10 micrograms/deciliter or more. The complaint seeks damages jointly and severally from the former pigment manufacturers and the LIA to establish a medical screening fund for the first class to determine blood lead levels, a medical monitoring fund for the second class to detect the onset of latent diseases, and a fund for a public education campaign. In March 2002, the court dismissed all claims. Plaintiffs appealed, and in June 2003 the appellate court affirmed the dismissal of five of the six counts of plaintiffs, but reversed the dismissal of the conspiracy count. In May 2004, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on plaintiffs' conspiracy count, which was granted in February 2005. In February 2006, the court of appeals reversed the trial court's dismissal of the case and remanded the case for further proceedings. In March 2006, the defendants filed a petition with the Illinois Supreme Court seeking review of the appellate court's ruling. In February 2001, NL was served with a complaint in Barker, et al. v. The Sherwin-Williams Company, et al. (Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Mississippi, Civil Action No. 2000-587, and formerly known as Borden, et al. vs. The Sherwin-Williams Company, et al.). The complaint seeks joint and several liability for compensatory and punitive damages from more than 40 manufacturers and retailers of lead pigment and/or paint, including NL, on behalf of 18 adult residents of Mississippi who were allegedly exposed to lead during their employment in construction and repair activities. In 2003, the court ordered that the claims of ten of the plaintiffs be transferred to Holmes County, Mississippi state court. In April 2004, the parties jointly petitioned the Mississippi Supreme Court to transfer these ten plaintiffs to their appropriate venue, and in May 2004 the Mississippi Supreme Court remanded the case to the trial court in Holmes County and instructed the court to transfer these ten plaintiffs to their appropriate venues. Five of these ten plaintiffs have been dismissed without prejudice with respect to NL, and five remain against NL. With respect to the eight plaintiffs in Jefferson County, seven of these plaintiffs have been dismissed without prejudice with respect to NL, and one remains against NL. In May 2001, NL was served with a complaint in City of Milwaukee v. NL Industries, Inc. and Mautz Paint (Circuit Court, Civil Division, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, Case No. 01CV003066). Plaintiff seeks compensatory and equitable relief for lead hazards in Milwaukee homes, restitution for amounts it has spent to abate lead and punitive damages. NL has denied all liability. In July 2003, defendants' motion for summary judgment was granted by the trial court. In November 2004, the appellate court reversed this ruling and remanded the case. Defendants filed a petition for review of the appellate court's ruling in December 2004 with the Wisconsin Supreme Court, but withdrew this petition in July 2005. The case is now proceeding in the trial court. In January 2006, defendants filed a motion to dismiss plaintiffs' claim. In January and February 2002, NL was served with complaints by 25 different New Jersey municipalities and counties which have been consolidated as In re: Lead Paint Litigation (Superior Court of New Jersey, Middlesex County, Case Code 702). Each complaint seeks abatement of lead paint from all housing and all public buildings in each jurisdiction and punitive damages jointly and severally from the former pigment manufacturers and the LIA. In November 2002, the court entered an order dismissing this case with prejudice. In August 2005, the appellate court affirmed the trial court's dismissal of all counts except for the state's public nuisance count, which has been reinstated. In November 2005, the New Jersey Supreme Court granted defendants' petition seeking review of the appellate court's ruling on the public nuisance count. In January 2002, NL was served with a complaint in Jackson, et al., v. Phillips Building Supply of Laurel, et al. (Circuit Court of Jones County, Mississippi, Dkt. Co. 2002-10-CV1). The complaint seeks joint and several liability from three local retailers and six non-Mississippi companies that sold paint for compensatory and punitive damages on behalf of three adults for injuries alleged to have been caused by the use of lead paint. After removal to federal court, in February 2003 the case was remanded to state court. NL has denied all liability and pre-trial proceedings are continuing. In August 2004, plaintiffs voluntarily agreed to dismiss one plaintiff and to sever the remaining two plaintiffs. In July 2005, plaintiffs voluntarily agreed to dismiss another plaintiff without prejudice, leaving one plaintiff remaining. In January 2006, the court set a trial date of April 2007. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  In April 2003, NL was served with a complaint in Jones v. NL Industries, Inc., et al. (Circuit Court of LeFlore County, Mississippi, Civil Action No. 2002-0241-CICI). The plaintiffs, fourteen children from five families, have sued NL and one landlord alleging strict liability, negligence, fraudulent concealment and misrepresentation, and seek compensatory and punitive damages for alleged injuries caused by lead paint. Defendants removed this case to federal court. Discovery is proceeding. In September 2005, the court set the trial date for July 2006. In January 2006, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. In November 2003, NL was served with a complaint in Lauren Brown v. NL Industries, Inc., et al. (Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, County Department, Law Division, Case No. 03L 012425). The complaint seeks damages against NL and two local property owners on behalf of a minor for injuries alleged to be due to exposure to lead paint contained in the minor's residence. NL has denied all allegations of liability. Discovery is proceeding. In December 2004, NL was served with a complaint in Terry, et al. v. NL Industries, Inc., et al. (United States District Court, Southern District of Mississippi, Case No. 4:04 CV 269 PB). The plaintiffs, seven children from three families, have sued NL and one landlord alleging strict liability, negligence, fraudulent concealment and misrepresentation, and seek compensatory and punitive damages for alleged injuries caused by lead paint. The plaintiffs in the Terry case are alleged to have resided in the same housing complex as the plaintiffs in the Jones case discussed above. NL has denied all allegations of liability and has filed a motion to dismiss plaintiffs' fraud claim. In August 2005, the court denied NL's motion to strike plaintiffs' fraud claim for lack of particularity, allowing plaintiffs to re-plead this claim. In October 2005, NL was served with a complaint in Evans v. Atlantic Richfield Company, et. al. (Circuit Court, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Case No. 05-CV-9281). Plaintiff, a minor, alleges injuries purportedly caused by lead on the surfaces of premises in homes in which she resided. Plaintiff seeks compensatory and punitive damages. NL has denied all allegations of liability. In December 2005, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the defective product damages claims. In December 2005, NL was served with a complaint in Hurkmans v. Salczenko, et. al. (Circuit Court, Marinette County, Wisconsin, Case No. 05-CV-418). Plaintiff, a minor, alleges injuries purportedly caused by lead on the surfaces of the home in which he resided. Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages. NL has denied all allegations of liability. In February 2006, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the defective product damages claim. In January 2006, NL was served with a complaint in Hess, et al. v. NL Industries, Inc., et al. (Missouri Circuit Court 22nd Judicial Circuit, St. Louis City, Cause No. 052-11799). Plaintiffs are two minor children who allege injuries purportedly caused by lead on the surfaces of the home in which they resided. Plaintiffs seek compensatory and punitive damages. NL intends to deny all allegations of liability. In addition to the foregoing litigation, various legislation and administrative regulations have, from time to time, been proposed that seek to (a) impose various obligations on present and former manufacturers of lead pigment and lead-based paint with respect to asserted health concerns associated with the use of such products and (b) effectively overturn court decisions in which NL and other pigment manufacturers have been successful. Examples of such proposed legislation include bills which would permit civil liability for damages on the basis of market share, rather than requiring plaintiffs to prove that the defendant's product caused the alleged damage, and bills which would revive actions barred by the statute of limitations. While no legislation or regulations have been enacted to date that are expected to have a material adverse effect on NL's consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity, the imposition of market share liability or other legislation could have such an effect. Environmental matters and litigation. General. The Company's operations are governed by various environmental laws and regulations. Certain of the Company's businesses are and have been engaged in the handling, manufacture or use of substances or compounds that may be considered toxic or hazardous within the meaning of applicable environmental laws and regulations. As with other companies engaged in similar businesses, certain past and current operations and products of the Company have the potential to cause environmental or other damage. The Company has implemented and continues to implement various policies and programs in an effort to minimize these risks. The Company's policy is to maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations at all of its plants and to strive to improve its environmental performance. From time to time, the Company may be subject to environmental regulatory enforcement under U.S. and foreign statutes, resolution of which typically involves the establishment of compliance programs. It is possible that future developments, such as stricter requirements of environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, could adversely affect the Company's production, handling, use, storage, transportation, sale or disposal of such substances. The Company believes all of its plants are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Certain properties and facilities used in the Company's former businesses, including divested primary and secondary lead smelters and former mining locations of NL, are the subject of civil litigation, administrative proceedings or investigations arising under federal and state environmental laws. Additionally, in connection with past disposal practices, the Company has been named as a defendant, potentially responsible party ("PRP") or both, pursuant to CERCLA, and similar state laws in various governmental and private actions associated with waste disposal sites, mining locations, and facilities currently or previously owned, operated or used by the Company or its subsidiaries, or their predecessors, certain of which are on the U.S. EPA's Superfund National Priorities List or similar state lists. These proceedings seek cleanup costs, damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources. Certain of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts. Although the Company may be jointly and severally liable for such costs, in most cases it is only one of a number of PRPs who may also be jointly and severally liable. Environmental obligations are difficult to assess and estimate for numerous reasons including the complexity and differing interpretations of governmental regulations, the number of PRPs and the PRPs' ability or willingness to fund such allocation of costs, their financial capabilities and the allocation of costs among PRPs, the solvency of other PRPs, the multiplicity of possible solutions, and the years of investigatory, remedial and monitoring activity required. In addition, the imposition of more stringent standards or requirements under environmental laws or regulations, new developments or changes respecting site cleanup costs or allocation of such costs among PRPs, solvency of other PRPs, the results of future testing and analysis undertaken with respect to certain sites or a determination that the Company is potentially responsible for the release of hazardous substances at other sites, could result in expenditures in excess of amounts currently estimated by the Company to be required for such matters. In addition, with respect to other PRPs and the fact that the Company may be jointly and severally liable for the total remediation cost at certain sites, the Company could ultimately be liable for amounts in excess of its accruals due to, among other things, reallocation of costs among PRPs or the insolvency of one or more PRPs. No assurance can be given that actual costs will not exceed accrued amounts or the upper end of the range for sites for which estimates have been made, and no assurance can be given that costs will not be incurred with respect to sites as to which no estimate presently can be made. Further, there can be no assurance that additional environmental matters will not arise in the future. If any such future liability were to be incurred, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity. The Company records liabilities related to environmental remediation obligations when estimated future expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. Such accruals are adjusted as further information becomes available or circumstances change. Estimated future expenditures are generally not discounted to their present value. Recoveries of remediation costs from other parties, if any, are recognized as assets when their receipt is deemed probable. At December 31, 2005, no receivables for such recoveries have been recognized. The exact time frame over which the Company makes payments with respect to its accrued environmental costs is unknown and is dependent upon, among other things, the timing of the actual remediation process that in part depends on factors outside the control of the Company. At each balance sheet date, the Company makes an estimate of the amount of its accrued environmental costs that will be paid out over the subsequent 12 months, and the Company classifies such amount as a current liability. The remainder of the accrued environmental costs is classified as a noncurrent liability. NL. Certain properties and facilities used in NL's former operations, including divested primary and secondary lead smelters and former mining locations, are the subject of civil litigation, administrative proceedings or investigations arising under federal and state environmental laws. Additionally, in connection with past disposal practices, NL has been named as a defendant, PRP, or both, pursuant to CERCLA, and similar state laws in approximately 60 governmental and private actions associated with waste disposal sites, mining locations and facilities currently or previously owned, operated or used by NL, or its subsidiaries or their predecessors, certain of which are on the U.S. EPA's Superfund National Priorities List or similar state lists. These proceedings seek cleanup costs, damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources. Certain of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts. Although NL may be jointly and severally liable for such costs, in most cases, it is only one of a number of PRPs who may also be jointly and severally liable. In addition, NL is a party to a number of lawsuits filed in various jurisdictions alleging CERCLA or other environmental claims. On a quarterly basis, NL evaluates the potential range of its liability at sites where it has been named as a PRP or defendant, including sites for which EMS has contractually assumed NL's obligation. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2005, NL had accrued $54.9 million for those environmental matters which NL believes are reasonably estimable. NL believes it is not possible to estimate the range of costs for certain sites. The upper end of the range of reasonably possible costs to NL for sites for which NL believes it is possible to estimate costs is approximately $80.0 million. NL's estimates of such liabilities have not been discounted to present value. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  At December 31, 2005, there are approximately 20 sites for which NL is currently unable to estimate a range of costs. For these sites, generally the investigation is in the early stages, and it is either unknown as to whether or not NL actually had any association with the site, or if NL had association with the site, the nature of its responsibility, if any, for the contamination at the site and the extent of contamination. The timing on when information would become available to NL to allow NL to estimate a range of loss is unknown and dependent on events outside the control of NL, such as when the party alleging liability provides information to NL. On certain of these sites that had previously been inactive, NL has received general and special notices of liability from the EPA alleging that NL, along with other PRPs, is liable for past and future costs of remediating environmental contamination allegedly caused by former operations conducted at such sites. These notifications may assert that NL, along with other PRP's, is liable for past clean-up costs that could be material to NL if liability for such amounts ultimately were determined against NL. In January 2003, NL received a general notice of liability from the U.S. EPA regarding the site of a formerly owned primary lead smelting facility located in Collinsville, Illinois. The U.S. EPA alleged the site contained elevated levels of lead. In July 2004, NL and the U.S. EPA entered into an administrative order on consent to perform a removal action with respect to residential properties located at the site. NL has complied with the order and has substantially completed the clean-up work associated with the order. NL anticipates it will undertake to perform an additional removal action with respect to ponds located within the residential area. In December 2003, NL was served with a complaint in The Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma et al. v. ASARCO Incorporated et al. (United States District Court, Northern District of Oklahoma, Case No. 03-CII-846H(J). The complaint alleges public nuisance, private nuisance, trespass, unjust enrichment, strict liability and deceit by false representation against NL and six other mining companies with respect to former operations in the Tar Creek mining district in Oklahoma. The complaint seeks class action status for former and current owners, and possessors of real property located within the Quapaw Reservation. Among other things, the complaint seeks actual and punitive damages from the defendants. NL has moved to dismiss the complaint and has denied all of plaintiffs' allegations. In April 2004, plaintiffs filed an amended complaint adding claims under the CERCLA and the RCRA, and NL moved to dismiss those claims. In June 2004, the court dismissed plaintiffs' claims for unjust enrichment and fraud as well as one of the RCRA claims. In September 2004, the court stayed the case, pending an appeal by the tribe related to sovereign immunity issues. In February 2006, the court of appeals affirmed the trial court's ruling that plaintiffs waived their sovereign immunity to defendants' counter claim for contribution and indemnity. In February 2004, NL was served in Evans v. ASARCO (United States District Court, Northern District of Oklahoma, Case No. 04-CV-94EA(M)), a purported class action on behalf of two classes of persons living in the town of Quapaw, Oklahoma: (1) a medical monitoring class of persons who have lived in the area since 1994, and (2) a property owner class of residential, commercial and government property owners. Four individuals are named as plaintiffs, together with, the mayor of the town of Quapaw, Oklahoma, and the School Board of Quapaw, Oklahoma. Plaintiffs allege causes of action in nuisance and seek a medical monitoring program, a relocation program, property damages, and punitive damages. NL answered the complaint and denied all of plaintiffs' allegations. The trial court subsequently stayed all proceedings in this case pending the outcome of a class certification decision in another case that had been pending in the same U.S. District Court, a case from which NL has been dismissed with prejudice. In January 2006, NL was served in Brown et al. v. NL Industries, Inc., et al. (Circuit Court Wayne County, Michigan, Case No. 06-602096 CZ), a purported class action on behalf of a class of property owners living in the Krainz Woods Neighborhood of Wayne County, Michigan. Plaintiffs allege causes of action in negligence, nuisance, trespass and under the Michigan Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act with respect to a lead smelting facility formerly operated by NL and another defendant. Plaintiffs seek property damages, personal injury damages, loss of income and medical expense and medical monitoring costs. In February 2006, NL filed a petition to remove the case to federal court. NL intends to deny all allegations of liability. See also Item 1 - "Business - Chemicals - Regulatory and environmental matters." Tremont. In July 2000 Tremont, entered into a voluntary settlement agreement with the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality and certain other PRPs pursuant to which Tremont and the other PRPs will undertake certain investigatory and interim remedial activities at a former mining site located in Hot Springs County, Arkansas. Tremont currently believes that it has accrued adequate amounts ($3.8 million at December 31, 2005) to cover its share of probable and reasonably estimable environmental obligations for these activities. Tremont has entered into an agreement with another PRP of this site, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. that provides for, among other things, the interim sharing of remediation costs associated with the site pending a final allocation of costs and an agreed-upon procedure through arbitration to determine such final allocation of costs. On December 9, 2005, Halliburton and DII Industries, LLC, another PRP of this site, filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Houston Division, Case No. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 H-05-4160, against NL, Tremont and certain of its subsidiaries, M-I, L.L.C., Milwhite, Inc. and Georgia-Pacific Corporation seeking (i) to recover response and remediation costs incurred at the site, (ii) a declaration of the parties' liability for response and remediation costs incurred at the site, (iii) a declaration of the parties' liability for response and remediation costs to be incurred in the future at the site and (iv) a declaration regarding the obligation of Tremont to indemnify Halliburton and DII for costs and expenses attributable to the site. On December 27, 2005, a subsidiary of Tremont filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas, Hot Springs Division, Case No. 05-6089, against Georgia-Pacific, seeking to recover response costs it has incurred and will incur at the site. Subsequently, plaintiffs in the Houston litigation verbally agreed to stay that litigation and enter into with NL, Tremont and its affiliates an amendment to the arbitration agreement previously agreed upon for resolving the allocation of costs at the site. Tremont has also agreed to stay the Arkansas litigation. Tremont has based its accrual for this site based upon the agreed-upon interim cost sharing allocation. Tremont currently expects that the nature and extent of any final remediation measures that might be imposed with respect to this site will not be known until 2008. Currently, no reasonable estimate can be made of the cost of any such final remediation measures, and accordingly Tremont has accrued no amounts at December 31, 2005 for any such cost. The amount accrued at December 31, 2005 represents Tremont's estimate of the costs to be incurred through 2008 with respect to the interim remediation measures. TIMET. At December 31, 2005, TIMET had accrued approximately $3.2 million for environmental cleanup matters, principally related to TIMET's facility in Nevada. The upper end of the range of reasonably possible costs related to these matters is approximately $5.4 million. Other. The Company has also accrued approximately $7.0 million at December 31, 2005 in respect of other environmental cleanup matters. Such accrual is near the upper end of the range of the Company's estimate of reasonably possible costs for such matters. Insurance coverage claims. In October 2005, NL was served with a complaint in OneBeacon American Insurance Company v. NL Industries, Inc., et. al.(Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, Index No. 603429-05). The plaintiff, a former insurance carrier, seeks a declaratory judgment of its obligations to NL under insurance policies issued to NL by the plaintiff's predecessor with respect to certain lead pigment lawsuits. NL filed a motion to dismiss the New York action. NL filed an action against OneBeacon and certain other former insurance companies, captioned NL Industries, Inc. v. OneBeacon America Insurance Company, et. al. (District Court for Dallas County, Texas, Case No. 05-11347) asserting that OneBeacon has breached its obligations to NL under such insurance policies and seeking a declaratory judgment of OneBeacon's obligations to NL under such policies. Certain of the former insurance companies have filed a petition to remove the Texas action to federal court. In February 2006, NL was served with a complaint in Certain Underwriters at Lloyds, London v. Millennium Holdings LLC et. al (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, Index No. 06/60026). The plaintiff, a former insurance carrier of NL, seeks a declaratory judgment of its obligations to defendants under insurance policies issued to defendants by plaintiff with respect to certain lead pigment lawsuits. NL has reached an agreement with a former insurance carrier in which such carrier would reimburse NL for a portion of its past and future lead pigment litigation defense costs, although the amount that NL will ultimately recover from such carrier with respect to such defense costs incurred by NL is not yet determinable. In addition, during 2005, NL recognized $2.2 million of recoveries from certain insolvent former insurance carriers relating to settlement of excess insurance claims that were paid to NL. While NL continues to seek additional insurance recoveries, there can be no assurance that NL will be successful in obtaining reimbursement for either defense costs or indemnity. Any such additional insurance recoveries would be recognized when their receipt is deemed probable and the amount is determinable. The issue of whether insurance coverage for defense costs or indemnity or both will be found to exist for NL's lead pigment litigation depends upon a variety of factors, and there can be no assurance that such insurance coverage will be available. NL has not considered any potential insurance recoveries for lead pigment or environmental litigation matters in determining related accruals. NL has settled insurance coverage claims concerning environmental claims with certain of its principal former carriers. A portion of the proceeds from these settlements were placed into special purpose trusts, as discussed below. No further material settlements relating to environmental remediation coverage are expected. At December 31, 2004, NL had $19 million in restricted cash, restricted cash equivalents and restricted marketable debt securities held by special purpose trusts, the assets of which can only be used to pay for certain of NL's future environmental remediation and other environmental expenditures. Use of such restricted balances does not affect the Company's consolidated net cash flows. All of such $19 million was so used by NL during 2005. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS No matters were submitted to a vote of Valhi security holders during the quarter ended December 31, 2005. PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OR EQUITY SECURITIES Valhi's common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol: VHI). As of February 28, 2006, there were approximately 4,100 holders of record of Valhi common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low closing per share sales prices for Valhi common stock for the periods indicated, according to Bloomberg, and dividends paid during such periods. On February 28, 2006 the closing price of Valhi common stock according to Bloomberg was $17.85. Cash dividends High Low paid ---- --- --------- Year ended December 31, 2004 First Quarter $15.71 $11.50 $.06 Second Quarter 14.10 10.12 .06 Third Quarter 15.03 11.10 .06 Fourth Quarter 16.31 14.99 .06 Year ended December 31, 2005 First Quarter $21.43 $14.87 $.10 Second Quarter 22.47 17.00 .10 Third Quarter 18.26 16.94 .10 Fourth Quarter 19.14 17.20 .10 Valhi paid regular quarterly dividends of $.06 per share during 2004, and regular quarterly dividends of $.10 per share during 2005. In March 2006, Valhi's board of directors declared a first quarter 2006 dividend of $.10 per share, to be paid on March 31, 2006 to Valhi shareholders of record as of March 16, 2006. However, declaration and payment of future dividends, and the amount thereof, is discretionary and is dependent upon the Company's results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements for its businesses, contractual requirements and restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors. The amount and timing of past dividends is not necessarily indicative of the amount or timing of any future dividends which might be paid. In this regard, Valhi's revolving bank credit facility currently limits the amount of Valhi's quarterly dividends to $.10 per share, plus an additional aggregate amount of $67.9 million at December 31, 2005. In March 2005, the Company's board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5.0 million shares of Valhi's common stock in open market transactions, including block purchases, or in privately negotiated transactions, which may include transactions with affiliates of Valhi. The stock may be purchased from time to time as market conditions permit. The stock repurchase program does not include specific price targets or timetables and may be suspended at any time. Depending on market conditions, the program could be terminated prior to completion. The Company will use its cash on hand to acquire the shares. Repurchased shares will be retired and cancelled or may be added to Valhi's treasury and used for employee benefit plans, future acquisitions or other corporate purposes. See Notes 14 and 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table discloses certain information regarding shares of Valhi common stock purchased by Valhi during the fourth quarter of 2005. All of such purchases were made under the repurchase program discussed above, and all of such purchases were made in open market transactions. Maximum number of Average Total number of shares that may yet Total price paid shares purchased be purchased under number of per share, as part of a the publicly- shares including publicly-announced announced plan at Period purchased commissions plan end of period ------ --------- ----------- ------------------ ------------------- October 1, 2005 to October 31, 2005 123,900 $17.54 123,900 1,564,500 November 1, 2005 to November 30, 2005 13,600 17.34 13,600 1,550,900 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 December 1, 2005 to December 31, 2005 63,200 18.07 63,200 1,487,700 ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 7 - "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Years ended December 31, ----------------------------------------------------------------- 2001 (2) 2002 (2) 2003 (2) 2004 (2) 2005 -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ (Restated) (Restated) (Restated) (Restated) (In millions, except per share data) STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA: Net sales: Chemicals $ 835.1 $ 875.2 $1,008.2 $1,128.6 $1,196.7 Component products 179.6 166.7 173.9 182.6 186.3 Waste management 13.0 8.4 4.1 8.9 9.8 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- $1,027.7 $1,050.3 $1,186.2 $1,320.1 $1,392.8 ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== Operating income: Chemicals $ 143.5 $ 84.4 $ 122.3 $ 103.5 $ 164.9 Component products 13.3 4.4 9.1 16.2 19.3 Waste management (14.4) (7.0) (11.5) (10.2) (12.1) -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- $ 142.4 $ 81.8 $ 119.9 $ 109.5 172.1 ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== Equity in earnings (losses) of TIMET $ (11.1) $ (29.0) $ (2.3) $ 22.7 $ 64.9 ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== Income (loss) from continuing operations (1) $ 102.3 $ 5.4 $ (85.4) $ 226.3 $ 81.7 Discontinued operations (1.1) (.2) (2.9) 3.7 (.3) Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - - .6 - - -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Net income (loss) $ 101.2 $ 5.2 $ (87.7) $ 230.0 $ 81.4 ======== ======== ======== ======== ======== DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE DATA: Income (loss) from continuing Operations $ .88 $ .05 $ (.71) $ 1.88 $ .68 Net income (loss) $ .87 $ .04 $ (.73) $ 1.91 $ .68 Cash dividends $ .24 $ .24 $ .24 $ .24 $ .40 Weighted average common shares Outstanding 116.1 115.8 119.9 120.4 118.5 STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW DATA: Cash provided (used) by: Operating activities $ 158.6 $ 106.8 $ 108.5 $ 142.1 $ 104.3 Investing activities (53.8) (67.1) (33.8) (58.1) 20.4 Financing activities (84.5) (103.3) (71.2) 78.4 (115.8) BALANCE SHEET DATA (at year end): Total assets $2,238.8 $2,167.8 $2,307.2 $2,690.5 $2,578.4 Long-term debt 497.2 605.7 632.5 769.5 715.8 Stockholders' equity 692.5 688.5 629.0 874.7 795.6 (1) The Company's results of operations in 2001 includes $15.7 million of goodwill amortization, net of income tax benefit and minority interest. Goodwill ceased to be periodically amortized in 2002. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for a discussion of unusual items occurring during 2003, 2004 and 2005. (2) Income (loss) from continuing operations and net income (loss), and related per share amounts, for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, and total assets and stockholders' equity as of December 31, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, have each been restated from amounts previously disclosed due to a change in accounting principle adopted by TIMET in the Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  first quarter of 2005, which change in accounting method is adopted retroactively under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Income (loss) from continuing operations and net income, and the related per diluted share amounts, as presented above, differs from amounts previously reported by a $1.2 million reduction ($.01 per diluted share) in 2001 and by a $2.5 million increase ($.02 per diluted share) in 2002. Total assets, as presented above, is greater than amounts previously reported by $8.1 million at December 31, 2001, by $12.0 million at December 31, 2002 and by $7.7 million at December 31, 2003. Stockholders' equity, as presented above, is greater than amounts previously reported at such dates by $5.3 million, $7.7 million and $5.0 million, respectively. ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS RESULTS OF OPERATIONS Summary The Company reported income from continuing operations of $81.7 million, or $.68 per diluted share, in 2005 compared to income of $226.3 million, or $1.88 per diluted share, in 2004 and a loss of $85.4 million, or $.71 per diluted share, in 2003. As discussed is Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company's consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2004, and for the years ended December 31, 2002 and 2003, have been restated from amounts previously disclosed due to a change in accounting principle adopted by TIMET in the first quarter of 2005, which change in accounting method is adopted retroactively under GAAP. The Company's diluted earnings per share declined from 2004 to 2005 as the favorable effects in 2005 of (i) higher chemicals operating income, (ii) higher component products operating income, (iii) higher securities transaction gains and (iv) the Company's equity in a non-operating gain from the sale of certain land and certain income tax benefits recognized by TIMET were less than the favorable effect in 2004 of certain income tax benefits recognized by Kronos and NL. The Company's diluted earnings per share increased from 2003 to 2004 as the favorable effects in 2004 of (i) higher component products operating income, (ii) lower environmental remediation and legal expenses of NL, (iii) higher equity in earnings of TIMET and (iv) certain income tax benefits more than offset the effect of lower chemicals operating income. Income from continuing operations in 2005 includes (i) gains from NL's sales of shares of Kronos common stock of $.05 per diluted share, most of which occurred in the first quarter, (ii) gains from Kronos' second quarter sale of its passive interest in a Norwegian smelting operation of $.03 per diluted share, (iii) income related to TIMET's second quarter sale of certain real property adjacent to its Nevada facility of $.02 per diluted share, (iv) a net non-cash income tax expense of $.03 per diluted share (mostly in the third quarter) related to the aggregate effects of recent developments with respect to certain income tax audits of Kronos (principally in Germany, Belgium and Canada) and NL in the U.S., and a change in CompX's permanent reinvestment conclusion regarding certain of its non-U.S. subsidiaries and (v) income related to certain non-cash income tax benefits recognized by TIMET of $.11 per diluted share recognized throughout all of 2005. Income from continuing operations in 2004 includes (i) a second quarter income tax benefit related to the reversal of Kronos' deferred income tax asset valuation allowance in Germany of $1.91 per diluted share, (ii) a second quarter income tax benefit related to the reversal of the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance related to EMS and the adjustment of estimated income taxes due upon the IRS settlement related to EMS of $.34 per diluted share, (iii) income related to Kronos' contract dispute settlement of $.03 per diluted share, (iv) income related to NL's fourth quarter sales of Kronos common stock in market transactions of $.01 per diluted share, (v) income related to the Company's pro-rata share of TIMET's non-operating gain from TIMET's exchange of its convertible preferred debt securities for a new issue of TIMET convertible preferred stock of $.03 per diluted share and (vi) income related to the Company's pro-rata share of TIMET's income tax benefit resulting from TIMET's utilization of a capital loss carryforward, the benefit of which had not been previously recognized by TIMET, of $.01 per diluted share. Income from continuing operations in 2003 includes (i) an income tax benefit relating to the refund of prior year German income taxes of $.17 per diluted share and (ii) gains from the disposal of property and equipment (principally related to certain real property of NL) aggregating $.05 per diluted share. Each of these items is more fully discussed below and/or in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company currently believes its income from continuing operations will be lower in 2006 as compared to 2005 due primarily to lower expected chemicals operating income in 2006. Critical accounting policies and estimates Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  The accompanying "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" are based upon the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to bad debts, inventory reserves, impairments of investments in marketable securities and investments accounted for by the equity method, the recoverability of other long-lived assets (including goodwill and other intangible assets), pension and other post-retirement benefit obligations and the underlying actuarial assumptions related thereto, the realization of deferred income tax assets and accruals for environmental remediation, litigation, income tax and other contingencies. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results may differ from previously-estimated amounts under different assumptions or conditions. The Company believes the following critical accounting policies affect its more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of its Consolidated Financial Statements: o The Company maintains allowances for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments and other factors. The Company takes into consideration the current financial condition of its customers, the age of the outstanding balance and the current economic environment when assessing the adequacy of the allowance. If the financial condition of the Company's customers were to deteriorate, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. During 2003, 2004 and 2005, the net amount written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts as a percentage of the balance of the allowance for doubtful accounts as of the beginning of the year ranged from 7% to 24%. o The Company provides reserves for estimated obsolete or unmarketable inventories equal to the difference between the cost of inventories and the estimated net realizable value using assumptions about future demand for its products and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventories reserves may be required. Kronos provides reserves for tools and supplies inventory based generally on both historical and expected future usage requirements. o The Company owns investments in certain companies that are accounted for either as marketable securities carried at fair value or accounted for under the equity method. For all of such investments, the Company records an impairment charge when it believes an investment has experienced a decline in fair value below its cost basis (for marketable securities) or below its carrying value (for equity method investees) that is other than temporary. Future adverse changes in market conditions or poor operating results of underlying investments could result in losses or an inability to recover the carrying value of the investments that may not be reflected in an investment's current carrying value, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge in the future. At December 31, 2005, the carrying value (which equals their fair value) of substantially all of the Company's marketable securities equaled or exceeded the cost basis of each of such investments. With respect to the Company's investment in The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC, which represents approximately 92% of the aggregate carrying value of all of the Company's marketable securities at December 31, 2005, the $250 million carrying value of such investment is the same as its cost basis. At December 31, 2005, the $63.26 per share quoted market price of the Company's investment in TIMET (the only one of the Company's equity method investees for which quoted market prices are available) was more than six times the Company's per share net carrying value of its investment in TIMET. o The Company recognizes an impairment charge associated with its long-lived assets, including property and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets, whenever it determines that recovery of such long-lived asset is not probable. Such determination is made in accordance with the applicable GAAP requirements associated with the long-lived asset, and is based upon, among other things, estimates of the amount of future net cash flows to be generated by the long-lived asset and estimates of the current fair value of the asset. Adverse changes in such estimates of future net cash flows or estimates of fair value could result in an inability to recover the carrying value of the long-lived asset, thereby possibly requiring an impairment charge to be recognized in the future. Under applicable GAAP (SFAS No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Disposal of Long-Lived Assets), property and equipment is not assessed for impairment unless certain impairment indicators, as defined, are present. During 2005, impairment indicators were present only with respect to the property and equipment associated with the Company's waste management operating segment, which represented approximately 4% of the Company's consolidated net property and equipment as of December 31, 2005. Waste Control Specialists completed an impairment review of its net property and equipment and related net assets as of December 31, 2005. Such analysis indicated no impairment was present as the estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with such operations exceeded the carrying value of such operation's net assets. Significant judgment is required in estimating such undiscounted cash flows. Such estimated cash flows are inherently uncertain, and there can be no assurance that the future cash flows reflected in these projections will be achieved. Under applicable GAAP (SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and other Intangible Assets), goodwill is required to be reviewed for impairment at least on an annual basis. Goodwill will also be reviewed for impairment at other times during each year when impairment indicators, as defined, are present. As discussed in Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, at December 31, 2005 the Company has assigned its goodwill to three reporting units (as that term is defined in SFAS No. 142). Goodwill attributable to the chemicals operating segment was assigned to the reporting unit consisting of Kronos in total. Goodwill attributable to the component products operating segment was assigned to two reporting units within that operating segment, one consisting of CompX's security products operations and one consisting of CompX's Michigan, Canadian and Taiwanese operations. No goodwill impairments were deemed to exist as a result of the Company's annual impairment review completed during the third quarter of 2005, as the estimated fair value of each such reporting unit exceeded the net carrying value of the respective reporting unit. The estimated fair values of the two CompX reporting units are determined based on discounted cash flow projections, and the estimated fair value of the Kronos reporting unit is based upon the quoted market price for Kronos' common stock, as appropriately adjusted for a control premium. Significant judgment is required in estimating the discounted cash flows for the CompX reporting units. Such estimated cash flows are inherently uncertain, and there can be no assurance that CompX will achieve the future cash flows reflected in its projections. As discussed in Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statement, the Company did recognize a $6.5 million goodwill impairment with respect to CompX's European operations in the fourth quarter of 2004, following CompX's decision to dispose of those assets. The disposal of such operations was completed in January 2005, and therefore the Company no longer reports any goodwill attributable to such operations at December 31, 2005. o The Company maintains various defined benefit pension plans and postretirement benefits other than pensions ("OPEB"). The amounts recognized as defined benefit pension and OPEB expenses, and the reported amounts of prepaid and accrued pension costs and accrued OPEB costs, are actuarially determined based on several assumptions, including discount rates, expected rates of returns on plan assets and expected health care trend rates. Variances from these actuarially assumed rates will result in increases or decreases, as applicable, in the recognized pension and OPEB obligations, pension and OPEB expenses and funding requirements. These assumptions are more fully described below under "--Assumptions on defined benefit pension plans and OPEB plans." o The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred income tax assets to the amount that is believed to be realized under the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. While the Company has considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance, it is possible that in the future the Company may change its estimate of the amount of the deferred income tax assets that would "more-likely-than-not" be realized in the future, resulting in an adjustment to the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance that would either increase or decrease, as applicable, reported net income in the period such change in estimate was made. For example, Kronos has substantial net operating loss carryforwards in Germany (the equivalent of $593 million for German corporate purposes and $104 million for German trade tax purposes at December 31, 2005). During 2004 the Company concluded that the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria had been met with respect to the income tax benefit associated with Kronos' German net operating loss carryforwards in Germany. Prior to the complete utilization of such carryforwards, it is possible that the Company might conclude in the future that the benefit of such carryforwards would no longer meet the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria, at which point the Company would be required to recognize a valuation allowance against the then-remaining tax benefit associated with the carryforwards. In addition, the Company makes an evaluation at the end of each reporting period as to whether or not some or all of the undistributed Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  earnings of its foreign subsidiaries are permanently reinvested (as that term is defined in GAAP). While the Company may have concluded in the past that some of such undistributed earnings are permanently reinvested, facts and circumstances can change in the future, and it is possible that a change in facts and circumstances, such as a change in the expectation regarding the capital needs of its foreign subsidiaries, could result in a conclusion that some or all of such undistributed earnings are no longer permanently reinvested. In such an event, the Company would be required to recognize a deferred income tax liability in an amount equal to the estimated incremental U.S. income tax and withholding tax liability that would be generated if all of such previously-considered permanently reinvested undistributed earnings were distributed to the U.S. In this regard, during 2005 CompX determined that certain of the undistributed earnings of its non-U.S. operations could no longer be considered permanently reinvested, and in accordance with GAAP CompX recognized an aggregate $9.0 million provision for deferred income taxes on such undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. o The Company records accruals for environmental, legal, income tax and other contingencies and commitments when estimated future expenditures associated with such contingencies become probable, and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. However, new information may become available, or circumstances (such as applicable laws and regulations) may change, thereby resulting in an increase or decrease in the amount required to be accrued for such matters (and therefore a decrease or increase in reported net income in the period of such change). Operating income for each of the Company's three operating segments are impacted by certain of these significant judgments and estimates, as summarized below: o Chemicals - allowance for doubtful accounts, reserves for obsolete or unmarketable inventories, impairment of equity method investees, goodwill and other long-lived assets, defined benefit pension and OPEB plans and loss accruals. o Component products - allowance for doubtful accounts, reserves for obsolete or unmarketable inventories, impairment of long-lived assets and loss accruals. o Waste management - allowance for doubtful accounts, impairment of long-lived assets and loss accruals. In addition, general corporate and other items are impacted by the significant judgments and estimates for impairment of marketable securities and equity method investees, defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, deferred income tax asset valuation allowances and loss accruals. Chemicals - Kronos Relative changes in Kronos' TiO2 sales and operating income during the past three years are primarily due to (i) relative changes in TiO2 sales and production volumes, (ii) relative changes in TiO2 average selling prices and (iii) relative changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Selling prices (in billing currencies) for TiO2, Kronos' principal product, were generally: increasing during the first quarter of 2003, flat during the second quarter of 2003, decreasing during the last half of 2003 and the first quarter of 2004, flat during the second quarter of 2004, increasing in the last half of 2004 and the first six months of 2005 and decreasing during the second half of 2005. Years ended December 31, % Change ----------------------------------------- ---------------------- 2003 2004 2005 2003-04 2004-05 ---- ---- ---- --------- -------- (In $ millions, except selling price data) Net sales $1,008.2 $1,128.6 $1,196.7 +12% +6% Operating income 122.3 103.5 164.9 -15% +59% Operating income margin 12% 9% 14% TiO2 operating statistics: Sales volumes* 462 500 478 +8% -4% Production volumes* 476 484 492 +2% +2% Production rate as percent of capacity Full Full 99% Average selling prices index (1990=100) $ 84 $ 82 $ 89 -2% +8% Percent change in Ti02 average selling prices: Using actual foreign currency exchange rates +4% +9% Impact of changes in foreign exchange rates - 6% - 1% --- --- In billing currencies - 2% + 8% === === Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 * Thousands of metric tons Kronos' sales increased $68.1 million (6%) in 2005 as compared to 2004 due primarily to the net effects of higher average TiO2 selling prices, lower TiO2 sales volumes and the favorable effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which increased chemicals sales by approximately $16 million as further discussed below. Excluding the effect of fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies, Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices in billing currencies in 2005 were 8% higher as compared to 2004. When translated from billing currencies to U.S. dollars using actual foreign currency exchange rates prevailing during the respective periods, Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices in 2005 increased 9%. Kronos' sales increased $120.4 million (12%) in 2004 as compared to 2003 as the favorable effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which increased chemicals sales by approximately $60 million as further discussed below, and higher sales volumes more than offset the impact of lower average TiO2 selling prices. Excluding the effect of fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies, Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices in billing currencies were 2% lower in 2004 as compared to 2003. When translated from billing currencies into U.S. dollars using actual foreign currency exchange rates prevailing during the respective periods, Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices in 2004 increased 4% in 2004 as compared to 2003. Kronos' sales are denominated in various currencies, including the U.S. dollar, the euro, other major European currencies and the Canadian dollar. The disclosure of the percentage change in Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices in billing currencies (which excludes the effects of fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies) is considered a "non-GAAP" financial measure under regulations of the SEC. The disclosure of the percentage change in Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices using actual foreign currency exchange rates prevailing during the respective periods is considered the most directly comparable financial measure presented in accordance with GAAP ("GAAP measure"). Kronos discloses percentage changes in its average TiO2 prices in billing currencies because Kronos believes such disclosure provides useful information to investors to allow them to analyze such changes without the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of the relative changes in average selling prices in the actual various billing currencies. Generally, when the U.S. dollar either strengthens or weakens against other currencies, the percentage change in average selling prices in billing currencies will be higher or lower, respectively, than such percentage changes would be using actual exchange rates prevailing during the respective periods. The difference between the 4% and 9% increases in Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices during 2004 and 2005, respectively, as compared to the respective prior year using actual foreign currency exchange rates prevailing during the respective periods (the GAAP measure), and the 2% decrease and the 8% increase in Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices in billing currencies (the non-GAAP measure) during such periods is due to the effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The above table presents (i) the percentage change in Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices using actual foreign currency exchange rates prevailing during the respective periods (the GAAP measure), (ii) the percentage change in Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices in billing currencies (the non-GAAP measure) and (iii) the percentage change due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates (or the reconciling item between the non-GAAP measure and the GAAP measure). Chemicals operating income in 2004 includes $6.3 million of income related to the settlement of a contract dispute with a customer. The $6.3 million gain recognized represents the present value of the future payments to be paid by the customer to Kronos. The dispute with the customer concerned the customer's alleged past failure to purchase the required amount of TiO2 from Kronos under the terms of Kronos' contract with the customer. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Kronos' operating income increased $61.4 million (59%) in 2005 as compared to 2004 as the favorable effect of the higher average Ti02 selling prices and higher TiO2 production volumes more than offset the impact of lower TiO2 sales volumes, higher raw material and maintenance costs and the $6.3 million gain recognized in 2004 discussed above. TiO2 sales volumes in 2005 decreased 4% as compared to 2004, with volumes lower in all regions of the world. Approximately one-half of Kronos' 2005 TiO2 sales volumes were attributable to markets in Europe, with 38% attributable to North America and the balance to export markets. Kronos estimates that overall worldwide demand for TiO2 in 2005 declined by approximately 5% from the exceptionally strong demand levels in 2004. Kronos attributes the decline in overall sales and its own sales to slower overall economic growth in 2005 and inventory destocking by its customers. Kronos' TiO2 production volumes in 2005 increased 2% as compared to 2004, setting a new TiO2 production volume record for Kronos for the fourth consecutive year. Kronos' operating rates were near full capacity in both periods. Kronos' operating income decreased $18.8 million (15%) in 2004 as compared to 2003, as the effect of lower average TiO2 selling prices and higher raw material and maintenance costs more than offset the impact of higher sales and production volumes and the income from the contract dispute settlement. Kronos' TiO2 sales volumes in 2004 increased 8% compared to 2003, as higher volumes in European and export markets more than offset lower volumes in Canada. Demand for TiO2 remained strong throughout 2004, and while Kronos believes that the strong demand was largely attributable to the end-use demand of its customers, it is Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 possible that some portion of the strong demand resulted from customers increasing their inventory levels of TiO2 in advance of implementation of announced or anticipated price increases. Kronos' operating income comparisons were also favorably impacted by higher production levels, which increased 2% in 2004 as compared to 2003. Kronos' operating rates were near full capacity in both periods. Kronos has substantial operations and assets located outside the United States (primarily in Germany, Belgium, Norway and Canada). A significant amount of Kronos' sales generated from its non-U.S. operations are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, principally the euro, other major European currencies and the Canadian dollar. A portion of Kronos' sales generated from its non-U.S. operations are denominated in the U.S. dollar. Certain raw materials, primarily titanium-containing feedstocks, are purchased in U.S. dollars, while labor and other production costs are denominated primarily in local currencies. Consequently, the translated U.S. dollar value of Kronos' foreign sales and operating results are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations which may favorably or adversely impact reported earnings and may affect the comparability of period-to-period operating results. Overall, fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies, primarily the euro, increased TiO2 sales by a net $16 million in 2005 as compared to 2004, and increased sales by a net $60 million in 2004 as compared to 2003. Fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies similarly impacted Kronos' foreign currency-denominated operating expenses. Kronos' operating costs that are not denominated in the U.S. dollar, when translated into U.S. dollars, were higher in 2005 and 2004 as compared to the same periods of the respective prior years. Overall, currency exchange rate fluctuations resulted in a net $6 million increase in Kronos' operating income in each of 2004 and 2005 as compared to the respective prior year. On September 22, 2005, the chloride-process TiO2 facility operated by Kronos' 50%-owned joint venture, Louisiana Pigment Company ("LPC"), temporarily halted production due to Hurricane Rita. Although storm damage to core processing facilities was not extensive, a variety of factors, including loss of utilities, limited access and availability of employees and raw materials, prevented the resumption of partial operations until October 9, 2005 and full operations until late 2005. The joint venture expects the majority of its property damage and unabsorbed fixed costs for periods in which normal production levels were not achieved will be covered by insurance, and Kronos believes insurance will cover its lost profits (subject to applicable deductibles) resulting from its share of the lost production from LPC. Insurance proceeds from the lost profit for product that Kronos was not able to sell as a result of the loss of production from LPC are expected to be recognized by Kronos during 2006, although the amount and timing of such insurance recoveries is not presently determinable. The effect on Kronos' financial results will depend on the timing and amount of insurance recoveries. Kronos' efforts to debottleneck its production facilities to meet long-term demand continue to prove successful. Such debottlenecking efforts included, among other things, the addition of finishing capacity in the German facility and equipment upgrades and enhancements in several locations to allow for reduced downtime for maintenance activities. Kronos' production capacity has increased by approximately 30% over the past ten years due to debottlenecking programs, with only moderate capital expenditures. Kronos believes its annual attainable production capacity for 2006 is approximately 510,000 metric tons, with some slight additional capacity expected to be available in 2007 through its continued debottlenecking efforts. Kronos expects its operating income in 2006 will be somewhat lower than 2005, as the favorable effect of anticipated modest improvements in sales volumes and average TiO2 selling prices are expected to be more than offset by the effect of higher production costs, particularly raw material and energy costs. Kronos' expectations as to the future prospects of Kronos and the TiO2 industry are based upon a number of factors beyond Kronos' control, including worldwide growth of gross domestic product, competition in the marketplace, unexpected or earlier-than-expected capacity additions and technological advances. If actual developments differ from Kronos' expectations, Kronos' results of operations could be unfavorably affected. Chemicals operating income, as presented above, is stated net of amortization of Valhi's purchase accounting adjustments made in conjunction with its acquisitions of its interest in NL and Kronos. Such adjustments result in additional depreciation and amortization expense beyond amounts separately reported by Kronos. Such additional non-cash expenses reduced chemicals operating income, as reported by Valhi, by $15.0 million in 2003, $16.2 million in 2004 and $16.6 million in 2005 as compared to amounts separately reported by Kronos. Changes in the aggregate amount of purchase accounting adjustment amortization during the past three years are due primarily to the effect of relative changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Component products - CompX Years ended December 31, % Change -------------------------------------- ---------------------- 2003 2004 2005 2003-04 2004-05 ---- ---- ----- ------- -------- (In millions) Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 Net sales $173.9 $182.6 $186.3 +5% +2% Operating income 9.1 16.2 19.3 +80% +18% Operating income margin 5% 9% 10% Component product sales were higher in 2005 as compared to 2004 principally due to increases in selling prices for certain products across all segments to recover volatile raw material prices, sales volume associated with a business acquired in 2005 and the net effect of fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which increased sales by $1.5 million, as discussed below, partially offset by sales volume decreases for certain products resulting from Asian competition. During 2005, sales of security products (including sales of the business acquired in 2005) increased 6% as compared to 2004, while sales of precision slide and ergonomic products decreased 1% and 2%, respectively. The percentage changes in slide and ergonomic products include the impact resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Sales of security products are generally denominated in U.S. dollars. Component products sales were higher in 2004 as compared to 2003 due in part to the favorable effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, which increased component products sales by $2.5 million in 2004 as compared to 2003, as discussed below. Component products sales comparisons were also impacted by increases in product prices for precision slides and ergonomic products which were primarily a pass through of raw material steel cost increases to customers. During 2004, sales of slide products increased 13% as compared to 2003, while sales of security products decreased less than 1% and sales of ergonomic products increased 1% during the same period. Component products operating income increased in 2005 as compared to 2004 as the favorable impact of continued reductions in manufacturing, fixed overhead and other overhead costs more than offset the negative impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, as discussed below, and higher raw material costs. Component products operating income comparisons in 2004 were favorably impacted by the effect of certain cost reduction initiatives undertaken in 2003. Component products segment profit comparisons were also impacted by the net effects of increases in the cost of steel (the primary raw material for CompX's products) and continued reductions in manufacturing, fixed overhead and other overhead costs. CompX has substantial operations and assets located outside the United States in Canada and Taiwan. A portion of CompX's sales generated from its non-U.S. operations are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, principally the Canadian dollar and the New Taiwan dollar. In addition, a portion of CompX's sales generated from its non-U.S. operations are denominated in the U.S. dollar. Most raw materials, labor and other production costs for such non-U.S. operations are denominated primarily in local currencies. Consequently, the translated U.S. dollar values of CompX's foreign sales and operating results are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations which may favorably or unfavorably impact reported earnings and may affect comparability of period-to-period operating results. During 2005, currency exchange rate fluctuations positively impacted the Company's sales comparisons with 2004 as discussed above, and negatively impacted component products operating income comparisons for the same periods by approximately $2.3 million. During 2004, currency exchange rate fluctuations positively impacted component products sales comparisons with 2003 as discussed above, while currency exchange rate fluctuations did not significantly impact component products operating income comparisons for the same periods. While demand has stabilized across most of CompX's product segments, certain customers are seeking lower-priced Asian sources as alternatives to CompX's products. CompX believes the impact of this will be mitigated through its ongoing initiatives to expand both new products and new market opportunities. Asian-sourced competitive pricing pressures are expected to continue to be a challenge. CompX's strategy in responding to the competitive pricing pressure has included reducing production cost through product reengineering, improvement in manufacturing processes or moving production to lower-cost facilities, including CompX's Asian-based manufacturing facilities. CompX has also emphasized and focused on opportunities where it can provide value-added customer support services that Asian-based manufacturers are generally unable to provide. CompX believes its combination of cost control initiatives together with its value-added approach to development and marketing of products helps to mitigate the impact of competitive pricing pressures. CompX will continue to focus on cost improvement initiatives, utilizing lean manufacturing techniques and prudent balance sheet management in order to minimize the impact of lower sales, particularly to the office furniture industry, and to develop value-added customer relationships with an additional focus on sales of CompX's higher-margin ergonomic computer support systems and security products to improve operating results. In addition, CompX continues to develop sources for lower cost components for certain product lines to strengthen its ability to meet competitive pricing when practical. These actions, along with other activities to eliminate excess capacity, are designed to position CompX to expand more effectively on both new product and new market opportunities to improve CompX's profitability. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 Waste management - Waste Control Specialists Years ended December 31, ---------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ------- ------ ------- (In millions) Net sales $ 4.1 $ 8.9 $ 9.8 Operating loss (11.5) (10.2) (12.1) Waste management sales increased in 2005 as compared to 2004, but its operating loss also increased, as higher operating costs more than offset the effect of higher utilization of certain waste management services. Waste Control Specialists also continues to explore opportunities to obtain certain types of new business (including disposal and storage of certain types of waste) that, if obtained, could help to further increase its sales, and decrease its operating loss, in 2006. Waste management sales increased, and its operating loss declined, in 2004 as compared to 2003 due to higher utilization of waste management services, offset in part by higher expenses associated with the additional staffing and consulting requirements related to licensing efforts to expand low-level and mixed radioactive waste storage and disposal capabilities. Waste Control Specialists currently has permits which allow it to treat, store and dispose of a broad range of hazardous and toxic wastes, and to treat and store a broad range of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. Certain sectors of the waste management industry are experiencing a relative improvement in the number of environmental remediation projects generating wastes. However, efforts on the part of generators to reduce the volume of waste and/or manage waste onsite at their facilities may result in weaker demand for Waste Control Specialists' waste management services. Although Waste Control Specialists believes demand appears to be improving, there is continuing price pressure for waste management services. While Waste Control Specialists believes its broad range of authorizations for the treatment and storage of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive waste streams provides certain competitive advantages, a key element of Waste Control Specialists' long-term strategy to provide "one-stop shopping" for hazardous, low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes includes obtaining additional regulatory authorizations for the disposal of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. Prior to June 2003, the state law in Texas (where Waste Control Specialists' disposal facility is located) prohibited the applicable Texas regulatory agency from issuing a license for the disposal of a broad range of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive waste to a private enterprise operating a disposal facility in Texas. In June 2003, a new Texas state law was enacted that allows the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality ("TCEQ") to issue a low-level radioactive waste disposal license to a private entity, such as Waste Control Specialists. Waste Control Specialists has applied for such a disposal license with the TCEQ, and Waste Control Specialists was the only entity to submit an application for such a disposal license. The application was declared administratively complete by the TCEQ in February 2005. The regulatorially required merit review has been completed, and the TCEQ began its technical review of the application in May 2005. The length of time that it will take to complete the review and act upon the license application is uncertain, although Waste Control Specialists does not currently expect the agency will issue any final decision on the license application before late 2007. There can be no assurance that Waste Control Specialists will be successful in obtaining any such license. Waste Control Specialists applied to the Texas Department of State Health Services ("TDSHS") for a license to dispose of byproduct 11.e(2) waste material in June 2004. Waste Control Specialists can currently treat and store byproduct material, but may not dispose of it. The length of time that TDSHS will take to review and act upon the license application is uncertain, but Waste Control Specialists currently expects the TDSHS will issue a final decision on the license application sometime during 2006. There can be no assurance that Waste Control Specialists will be successful in obtaining any such license. Waste Control Specialists is continuing its efforts to increase its sales volumes from waste streams that conform to authorizations it currently has in place. Waste Control Specialists is also continuing to identify certain waste streams, and attempting to obtain modifications to its current permits, that would allow for treatment, storage and disposal of additional types of wastes. The ability of Waste Control Specialists to achieve increased sales volumes of these waste streams, together with improved operating efficiencies through further cost reductions and increased capacity utilization, are important factors in Waste Control Specialists' ability to achieve improved cash flows. The Company currently believes Waste Control Specialists can become a viable, profitable operation, even if Waste Control Specialists is unsuccessful in obtaining a license for the disposal of a broad range of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. However, there can be no assurance that Waste Control Specialists' efforts will prove successful in improving its cash flows. Valhi has in the past, and may in the future, consider strategic alternatives Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 with respect to Waste Control Specialists. There can be no assurance that the Company would not report a loss with respect to any such strategic transaction. TIMET Years ended December 31, --------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ------- -------- ------ (Restated) (Restated) (In millions) TIMET historical: Net sales $385.3 $501.8 $749.8 ====== ====== ====== Operating income (loss): Boeing take-or-pay income $ 23.1 $ 22.1 $ 17.1 Tungsten accrual adjustment 1.7 - - Contract termination charge (6.8) - - Other, net (24.0) 21.0 154.0 ------ ------ ------ (6.0) 43.1 171.1 Gain on sale of land - - 13.9 Gain on exchange of convertible preferred securities - 15.5 - Other general corporate, net (.3) .7 4.3 Interest expense (16.4) (12.5) (4.0) ------ ------ ------ (22.7) 46.8 185.3 Income tax benefit (expense) (1.2) 2.1 (24.5) Minority interest (.4) (1.2) (4.9) Dividends on preferred stock - (4.4) (12.2) ------ ------ ------ Income (loss) before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle attributable to common stock $(24.3) $ 43.3 $143.7 ====== ====== ====== Equity in earnings (losses) of TIMET $ (2.3) $ 22.7 $ 64.9 ====== ====== ====== The Company accounts for its interest in TIMET by the equity method. The Company's equity in earnings of TIMET differs from the amounts that would be expected by applying Tremont's ownership percentage to TIMET's separately-reported earnings because of the effect of amortization of purchase accounting adjustments made by the Company in conjunction with the Company's acquisitions of its interests in TIMET. Amortization of such basis differences generally increases earnings (or reduces losses) attributable to TIMET as reported by the Company, and such increases aggregated $7.0 million in 2003, $5.0 million in 2004 and $4.2 million in 2005. In 2003, TIMET effected a reverse split of its common stock at a ratio of one share of post-split common stock for each outstanding ten shares of pre-split common stock, in 2004 TIMET effected a 5:1 split of its common stock, in 2005 TIMET effected another 2:1 split of its common stock. Such stock splits had no financial statement impact to the Company, and the Company's ownership interest in TIMET did not change as a result of such splits. The per share disclosures related to TIMET discussed herein have been adjusted to give effect to such splits. TIMET reported higher sales and operating income in 2005 as compared to 2004 due in part to higher sales volumes and average selling prices. TIMET's average selling prices for melted products (ingot and slab) increased 48% in 2005 as compared to 2004, while average selling prices for mill products increased 30%. TIMET's melted product average selling prices in 2005 were positively affected by current market conditions and changes in customer and product mix, while mill product average selling prices were positively affected by changes in customer and product mix and by the weakening of the U.S. dollar compared to both the British pound sterling and the euro. TIMET's sales volumes of mill products increased 11% in 2005 as compared to 2004, while volumes of melted products were 6% higher as a result of increased demand across all market segments, especially commercial aerospace. Large commercial aircraft deliveries increased from 600 in 2004 to 650 in 2005, and 2006 deliveries are expected to be 840 aircraft. As previously discussed, a substantial portion of TIMET's business is tied to the commercial aerospace industry, and sales of titanium generally precede aircraft deliveries by about one year. Therefore, TIMET's sales in 2005 were significantly benefited from the increase in production of large commercial aircraft scheduled for delivery in 2006. TIMET's operating results comparisons were favorably impacted in 2005 by improved plant operating rates, which increased from 73% in 2004 to 80% in 2005, and higher gross margin from the sale of titanium scrap (which TIMET can not Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 economically recycle) and other non-mill products. In addition, TIMET's operating results comparisons were negatively impacted by higher costs for raw materials, energy and accruals for certain performance-based employee incentive compensation and a $1.2 million noncash impairment charge in the first quarter of 2005 related to certain abandoned manufacturing equipment of TIMET. TIMET reported higher sales in 2004 as compared to 2003, and operating income improved from a $6.0 million loss in 2003 to $43.1 million of income in 2004, in part due to the net effects of a 28% increase in sales volumes of mill products, a 13% increase in sales volumes of melted products (ingot and slab) and an 11% increase in melted product average selling prices. TIMET's mill product average selling prices were positively affected by the weakening of the U.S. dollar compared to the British pound sterling and the euro, and were negatively impacted by changes in customer and product mix. The increase in sales volumes for mill and melted products is principally the result of greater market demands and share gains. As discussed above, a substantial portion of TIMET's business is derived from the commercial aerospace industry, and sales of titanium to that market sector generally precede aircraft deliveries by about one year. Therefore, TIMET's 2004 sales benefited significantly from the increase in production of large commercial aircraft scheduled for delivery in 2005. TIMET's operating results in 2004 includes income in the first quarter of $1.9 million related to a change in TIMET's vacation policy. TIMET's operating results comparisons were also favorably impacted by improved plant operating rates, which increased from 56% in 2003 to 73% in 2004, and TIMET's continued cost management efforts. TIMET's operating results comparisons were negatively impacted by higher costs for raw materials (scrap and alloys) and energy. TIMET's operating results in 2003 include (i) a $6.8 million charge related to the termination of TIMET's purchase and sale agreement with Wyman-Gordon and (ii) a $1.7 million reduction in its accrual for a previously-reported product liability matter. TIMET's operating results in 2004 were also negatively affected by higher accruals for employee incentive compensation. During the second quarter of 2005, TIMET recognized a $13.9 million pre-tax gain ($2.6 million, or $.02 per diluted share, net of income taxes and minority interest to Valhi) related to the sale of certain real property adjacent to TIMET's facility in Nevada. In addition, TIMET periodically reviews its deferred income tax assets to determine if future realization is more likely than not. During the first quarter of 2005, due to a change in estimate of TIMET's ability to utilize the benefits of its net operating loss carryforwards, other tax attributes and deductible temporary differences in the U.S. and the U.K., TIMET determined that its net deferred income tax assets in such jurisdictions now met the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. Accordingly, TIMET's income tax benefit in 2005 includes a $50.2 million benefit ($13.7 million, or $.11 per diluted share, net of minority interest to Valhi) related to reversal of the valuation allowances attributable to such deferred income tax assets. TIMET's provision for income taxes in 2005 includes $4.4 million of deferred income taxes resulting from the elimination of its minimum pension liability equity adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income related to its U.S. defined benefit pension plan. In accordance with GAAP, TIMET did not recognize a deferred income tax benefit related to a portion of the minimum pension equity adjustment previously recognized, as TIMET had also recognized a deferred income tax asset valuation related to its U.S. net operating loss carryforward and other U.S. net deductible temporary differences during a portion of the periods in which the minimum pension equity adjustment had previously been recognized. In accordance with GAAP, a portion of such valuation allowance recognized ($4.4 million) was recognized through TIMET's pension liability component of other comprehensive income. As discussed above, during 2005 TIMET concluded recognition of such deferred income tax asset valuation allowance was no longer required, and in accordance with GAAP the reversal of all of such valuation allowance was recognized through the provision for income taxes included in the determination of net income, including the $4.4 million portion of the valuation allowance which was previously recognized through other comprehensive income. As of December 31, 2005, TIMET was no longer required to recognize a minimum pension liability related to its U.S. plan, and TIMET reversed the minimum pension liability previously recognized in other comprehensive income. After the reversal of such minimum pension liability, which in accordance with GAAP was recognized on a net-of-tax basis, the $4.4 million amount remained in accumulated other comprehensive income related to the U.S. minimum pension liability, which in accordance with GAAP is required to be recognized in the provision for income taxes during the period in which the minimum pension liability is no longer required to be recognized. In August 2004, TIMET completed an exchange offer in which approximately 3.9 million shares of the outstanding convertible preferred debt securities issued by TIMET Capital Trust I (a wholly-owned subsidiary of TIMET) were exchanged for an aggregate of 3.9 million shares of a newly-created Series A Preferred Stock of TIMET at the exchange rate of one share of Series A Preferred Stock for each convertible preferred debt security. TIMET recognized a non-cash pre-tax gain of $15.5 million related to such exchange. The exchange of the convertible preferred debt securities for a new issue of TIMET preferred stock resulted in TIMET reporting lower interest expense subsequent to the August 2004 exchange, although the effect on TIMET's income attributable to common stock of lower interest expense will be substantially offset by dividends accruing on the preferred stock. Effective July 1, 2005, TIMET entered into a new long-term agreement with Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 Boeing for the purchase and sale of titanium products. The new agreement expires on December 31, 2010 and provides for, among other things, (i) mutual annual purchase and supply commitments by both parties, (ii) continuation of the existing buffer inventory program currently in place for Boeing and (iii) certain improved product pricing, including certain adjustments for raw material cost fluctuations. The new agreement also replaces, beginning in 2006, the take-or-pay provisions of the previous agreement discussed below with an annual makeup payment early in the following year in the event Boeing purchases less than its annual volume commitment in any year. Under TIMET's prior long-term agreement with Boeing, Boeing advanced TIMET $28.5 million annually for each of 2003, 2004 and 2005 at the beginning of the year, and Boeing forfeited a proportionate part of the such annual advance, or effectively $3.80 per pound, to the extent that its orders for delivery for such calendar year were less than 7.5 million pounds. TIMET was only required, however, to deliver up to 3 million pounds per quarter. Based on TIMET's actual deliveries to Boeing of approximately 1.4 million pounds during 2003, 1.7 million pounds during 2004 and 3.0 million pounds during 2005, TIMET recognized income of $23.1 million in 2003, $22.1 million in 2004 and $17.1 million in 2005 related to the take-or-pay provisions of the contract. These earnings related to the take-or-pay provisions distort TIMET's operating income percentages as there is no corresponding amount reported in TIMET's sales. TIMET's effective income tax rate in 2003 and 2004 varies from the 35% U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily because TIMET concluded it was not appropriate to recognize an income tax benefit related to its U.S. and U.K. losses under the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. In addition, TIMET's provision for income taxes in 2004 includes a $4.2 million income tax benefit ($1.1 million, or $.01 per diluted share, net of income taxes) related to the utilization of a capital loss carryforward, the benefit of which had not been previously recognized by TIMET. TIMET continues to see the availability of certain raw materials tighten, and, consequently, the prices for such raw materials increase. TIMET currently expects that the shortage in certain raw materials is likely to continue throughout 2006, which could limit TIMET's ability to produce enough titanium products to fully meet customer demand. In addition, TIMET has certain long-term customer agreements that will somewhat limit its ability to pass on all of its increased raw material costs. However, TIMET expects that the impact of higher average selling prices for melted and mill products in 2006 will more than offset such increased raw material costs. TIMET currently expects its 2006 net sales revenue will increase by 35% to 50% from 2005, to between $1.0 billion and $1.1 billion. Mill product sales volumes, which were 12,660 metric tons in 2005, are expected to range from 14,500 and 15,000 metric tons in 2006, an increase of 15% to 18%. Melted product sales volumes, which were 5,655 metric tons in 2005, are expected to remain relatively unchanged in 2006. Melted product average selling prices in 2006 are expected to increase by 75% to 80%, with mill product prices expected to increase by 25% to 30%. TIMET's cost of sales is affected by a number of factors including customer and product mix, material yields, plant operating rates, raw material costs, labor costs and energy costs. Raw material costs, which include sponge, scrap and alloys, represent the largest portion of its cost structure, and as previously discussed, continued cost increases are expected during 2006. Scrap and certain alloy prices have continued their upward rise, and increased energy costs also continue to have a negative impact on gross margin. TIMET currently expects production volumes to continue to increase in 2006, with overall capacity utilization expected to approximate 85% to 90% in 2006 (as compared to 80% in 2005). However, practical capacity utilization measures can vary significantly based on product mix. Under the terms of TIMET's new long-term agreement with Boeing, TIMET does not currently expect Boeing will incur a makeup payment for 2006 as TIMET expects Boeing will purchase at least its minimum specified volumes from TIMET. TIMET expects its 2006 operating income will increase 50% to 65% over 2005, to between $257 million and $282 million. General corporate and other items General corporate interest and dividend income. General corporate interest and dividend income in 2005 was higher as compared to the same periods of 2004 due primarily to a higher level of distributions received from The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC ("LLC"). A significant portion of the Company's general corporate interest and dividend income relates to distributions received from The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC and interest income on the Company's $80 million loan to Snake River Sugar Company. Dividend income for distributions from the LLC aggregated $23.7 million in 2003, $23.8 million in 2004 and $45.0 million in 2005, while interest income on the Company's loan to Snake River aggregated $5.2 million in each of 2003 and 2004 and $3.9 million in 2005. See Notes 5, 8 and 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In October 2005, the Company and Snake River Sugar Company amended the Company Agreement of the LLC pursuant to which, among other things, the LLC is required to make higher minimum levels of distributions to its members (including the Company) as compared to levels required under the prior Company Agreement, which would result in the Company receiving annual distributions from the LLC in aggregate amounts approximately $25.4 million. In addition, assuming certain specified conditions are met (which conditions the Company met during the fourth quarter of 2005 and which are currently expected to be met during 2006), the LLC would Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 be required to distribute, in addition to the distributions noted in the preceding sentence, additional amounts that would result in the Company receiving at least an additional $25 million during the 15-month period ending December 31, 2006 (with approximately $19 million received in the fourth quarter of 2005 and the remaining $6 million expected to be paid during 2006). Also in the fourth quarter of 2005, the Company recognized a $21.6 million charge to earnings related to the accrued interest on the Company's loan to Snake River that was forgiven. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. General corporate interest and dividend income in 2004 was comparable to 2003. Aggregate general corporate interest and dividend income in 2006 is currently expected to be lower than 2005 due primarily to lower expected distributions from the LLC, as discussed above. Insurance recoveries. NL has reached an agreement with a former insurance carrier in which such carrier would reimburse NL for a portion of its past and future lead pigment litigation defense costs, although the amount that NL will ultimately recover from such carrier with respect to such defense costs incurred by NL is not yet determinable. In addition, during 2005, NL recognized $2.2 million of recoveries from certain insolvent former insurance carriers relating to settlement of excess insurance claims that were paid to NL. Insurance recoveries of $823,000 in 2003, $552,000 in 2004 and $804,000 in 2005 relate to NL's settlements with certain of its former insurance carriers. These settlements, as well as similar prior settlements NL reached prior to 2003, resolved court proceedings in which NL had sought reimbursement from the carriers for legal defense costs and indemnity coverage for certain of its environmental remediation expenditures. No further material settlements relating to litigation concerning environmental remediation coverages are expected. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. While NL continues to seek additional insurance recoveries, there can be no assurance that NL will be successful in obtaining reimbursement for either defense costs or indemnity. NL has not considered any potential insurance recoveries in determining related accruals for lead pigment litigation matters. Any such additional insurance recoveries would be recognized when their receipt is deemed probable and the amount is determinable. Securities transactions. Net securities transactions gains in 2005 relate principally to a $14.7 million pre-tax gain ($6.6 million, or $.05 per diluted share, net of income taxes and minority interest) related to NL's sale of shares of Kronos common stock in market transaction and (ii) a $5.4 million gain ($3.1 million, or $.03 per diluted share, net of income taxes and minority interest) related to Kronos' sale of its passive interest in a Norwegian smelting operation, which had a nominal carrying value for financial reporting purposes. See Notes 2 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Net securities transactions gains in 2004 includes a $2.2 million gain ($1.1 million, or $.01 per diluted share, net of income taxes and minority interest) related to NL's sale of shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions. Securities transaction gains in 2003 relate principally to a gain of $316,000 related to NL's receipt of shares of Valhi common stock in exchange for shares of Tremont common stock held directly or indirectly by NL (such gain being attributable to NL stockholders other than the Company). See Notes 3 and 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Other general corporate income items. The gain on disposal of fixed assets in 2003 relates primarily to the sale of certain real property of NL not associated with any operations. NL has certain other real property, including some subject to environmental remediation, which could be sold in the future for a profit. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. General corporate expenses. Net general corporate expenses in 2005 were $5.2 million higher than 2004, due primarily to higher legal expenses of NL. Net general corporate expenses in 2004 were $36.0 million lower than 2003 due primarily to lower environmental remediation and legal expenses of NL. Such environmental and legal expenses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Net general corporate expenses in calendar 2006 are currently expected to be higher as compared to calendar 2005, in part due to higher expected litigation and related expenses of NL. However, obligations for environmental remediation obligations are difficult to assess and estimate, and no assurance can be given that actual costs for environmental remediation will not exceed accrued amounts or that costs will not be incurred in the future with respect to sites for which no estimate of liability can presently be made. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Interest expense. The Company has a significant amount of indebtedness denominated in the euro, including KII's euro-denominated Senior Secured Notes (euro 375 million outstanding at December 31, 2005). Accordingly, the reported amount of interest expense will vary depending on relative changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Interest expense in 2005 was higher than 2004 due primarily to the interest expense associated with the additional euro 90 million principal amount of Senior Secured Notes issued in November 2004. In addition, the increase in interest expense was due to relative changes in foreign currency exchange rates, which increased the U.S. dollar equivalent of interest expense on the euro 285 million principal amount of KII Senior Secured Notes outstanding during all of both 2004 and 2005 by approximately $1 million. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Interest expense in 2004 was higher than 2003 due primarily to relative changes in foreign currency exchange rates, which increased the U.S. dollar equivalent of interest expense on the euro 285 million principal amount of KII Senior Secured Notes outstanding during all of both 2003 and 2004 by approximately $3 million. Assuming interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates do not increase significantly from current levels, interest expense in 2006 is expected to be approximate 2005. At December 31, 2005, approximately $706 million of consolidated indebtedness, principally KII's Senior Secured Notes and Valhi's loans from Snake River Sugar Company, bears interest at fixed interest rates averaging 9.1% (2004 - $770 million with a weighted average interest rate of 9.1%; 2003 - $607 million with a weighted average fixed interest rate of 9.1%). The weighted average interest rate on $11 million of outstanding variable rate borrowings at December 31, 2005 was 7.0% (2004 - 3.8%; 2003 - 3.1%). Relative changes in the weighted average interest rate on outstanding variable rate borrowings at December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 are due primarily to relative differences in the mix of such borrowings, with higher relative outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2004 as compared to December 31, 2003 under the KII European revolver, for which the interest rate is generally higher than the interest rate on any outstanding U.S. variable borrowings. As noted above, KII has a significant amount of indebtedness denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. See Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk." Provision for income taxes. The principal reasons for the difference between the Company's effective income tax rates and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rates are explained in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company's income tax expense in 2005 includes the net non-cash effects of (i) the aggregate favorable effects of recent developments with respect to certain non-U.S. income tax audits of Kronos, principally in Belgium and Canada, of $12.5 million ($10.8 million, or $.09 per diluted share, net of minority interest), (ii) the favorable effect of recent developments with respect to certain income tax items of NL of $7.4 million ($6.2 million, or $.05 per diluted share, net of minority interest), (iii) the unfavorable effect with respect to the loss of certain income tax attributes of Kronos in Germany of $17.5 million ($15.2 million, or $.13 per diluted share, net of minority interest) and (iv) the unfavorable effect with respect to a change in CompX's permanent reinvestment conclusion regarding certain of its non-U.S. subsidiaries of $9.0 million ($5.1 million, or $.04 per diluted share, net of minority interest). At December 31, 2005, Kronos had the equivalent of $593 million and $104 million of income tax loss carryforwards for German corporate and trade tax purposes, respectively, all of which have no expiration date. As more fully described in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Kronos had previously provided a deferred income tax asset valuation allowance against substantially all of these tax loss carryforwards and other deductible temporary differences in Germany because Kronos did not believe they met the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. During the first six months of 2004, Kronos reduced its deferred income tax asset valuation allowance by approximately $8.7 million, primarily as a result of utilization of these German net operating loss carryforwards, the benefit of which had not previously been recognized. At June 30, 2004, after considering all available evidence, Kronos concluded that these German tax loss carryforwards and other deductible temporary differences now met the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. Under applicable GAAP related to accounting for income taxes at interim periods, a change in estimate at an interim period resulting in a decrease in the valuation allowance is segregated into two components, the portion related to the remaining interim periods of the current year and the portion related to all future years. The portion of the valuation allowance reversal related to the former is recognized over the remaining interim periods of the current year, and the portion of the valuation allowance related to the latter is recognized at the time the change in estimate is made. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2004, Kronos reversed $268.6 million of the valuation allowance (the portion related to future years), and Kronos reversed the remaining $3.4 million during the last six months of 2004. Prior to the complete utilization of such carryforwards, it is possible that the Company might conclude in the future that the benefit of such carryforwards would no longer meet the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria, at which point the Company would be required to recognize a valuation allowance against the then-remaining tax benefit associated with the carryforwards. Also during 2004, NL recognized a second quarter $48.5 million income tax benefit related to income tax attributes of NL Environmental Management Services, Inc. ("EMS"), a subsidiary of NL. This income tax benefit resulted from a settlement agreement reached with the U.S. IRS concerning the IRS' previously-reported examination of a certain restructuring transaction involving EMS, and included (i) an $17.4 million tax benefit related to a reduction in the amount of additional income taxes and interest which NL estimates it will be required to pay related to this matter as a result of the settlement agreement and (ii) a $31.1 million tax benefit related to the reversal of a deferred income tax asset valuation allowance related to certain tax attributes of EMS Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 (including a U.S. net operating loss carryforward) which NL now believes meet the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. In January 2004, the German federal government enacted new tax law amendments that limit the annual utilization of income tax loss carryforwards effective January 1, 2004 to 60% of taxable income after the first euro 1 million of taxable income. The new law will have a significant effect on Kronos' cash tax payments in Germany going forward, the extent of which will be dependent upon the level of taxable income earned in Germany. During 2003, NL and Kronos reduced their deferred income tax asset valuation allowance by an aggregate of approximately $7.2 million, primarily as a result of utilization of certain income tax attributes for which the benefit had not previously been recognized. In addition, Kronos recognized a $38.0 million income tax benefit related to the net refund of certain prior year German income taxes. As discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company commenced to recognize deferred income taxes with respect to the excess of the financial reporting carrying amount over the income tax basis of Valhi's investment in Kronos beginning in December 2003 following NL's pro-data distribution of shares of Kronos common stock to NL's shareholders, including Valhi. The aggregate amount of such deferred income taxes included in the Company's provision for income taxes was $104.0 million in 2003, $83.7 million in 2004 and $10.4 million in 2005. In addition, the Company's provision for income taxes in 2003, 2004 and 2005 includes an aggregate $22.5 million, $2.5 million and $664,000, respectively, for the current income tax effect related to NL's distribution of such shares of Kronos common stock to NL's shareholders other than Valhi during such periods. Minority interest. See Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Discontinued operations. See Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Accounting principles newly adopted in 2003 and 2004. See Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Accounting principles not yet adopted. See Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Related party transactions. The Company is a party to certain transactions with related parties. See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. It is the policy of the Company to engage in transactions with related parties on terms, in the opinion of the Company, no less favorable to the Company than could be obtained from unrelated parties. Assumptions on defined benefit pension plans and OPEB plans. Defined benefit pension plans. The Company maintains various defined benefit pension plans in the U.S., Europe and Canada. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2005, the projected benefit obligations for all defined benefit plans was comprised of $98 million related to U.S. plans and $423 million related to non-U.S. plans. Substantially, all of such projected benefit obligations attributable to non-U.S. plans related to plans maintained by Kronos, and approximately 49%, 15% and 36% of the projected benefit obligations attributable to U.S. plans related to plans maintained by NL, Kronos and Medite Corporation, a former business unit of Valhi ("Medite plan"). The Company accounts for its defined benefit pension plans using SFAS No. 87, Employer's Accounting for Pensions. Under SFAS No. 87, defined benefit pension plan expense and prepaid and accrued pension costs are each recognized based on certain actuarial assumptions, principally the assumed discount rate, the assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets and the assumed increase in future compensation levels. The Company recognized consolidated defined benefit pension plan expense of $9.6 million in 2003, $13.5 million in 2004 and $13.1 million in 2005. The amount of funding requirements for these defined benefit pension plans is generally based upon applicable regulation (such as ERISA in the U.S.), and will generally differ from pension expense recognized under SFAS No. 87 for financial reporting purposes. Contributions made by the Company to all of its defined benefit pension plans aggregated $14.8 million in 2003, $17.8 million in 2004 and $19.2 million in 2005. The discount rates the Company utilizes for determining defined benefit pension expense and the related pension obligations are based on current interest rates earned on long-term bonds that receive one of the two highest ratings given by recognized rating agencies in the applicable country where the defined benefit pension benefits are being paid. In addition, the Company receives advice about appropriate discount rates from the Company's third-party actuaries, who may in some cases utilize their own market indices. The discount rates are adjusted as of each valuation date (September 30th for the Kronos and NL plans and December 31st for the Medite plan) to reflect then-current interest rates on such long-term bonds. Such discount rates are used to determine the actuarial present value of the pension obligations as of December 31st of that year, and such discount rates are also used to determine the interest component of defined benefit pension expense for the following year. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Approximately 65%, 14%, 14% and 4% of the projected benefit obligations attributable to plans maintained by Kronos at December 31, 2005 related to Kronos plans in Germany, Norway, Canada and the U.S., respectively. The Medite plan and NL's plans are all in the U.S. The Company uses several different discount rate assumptions in determining its consolidated defined benefit pension plan obligations and expense because the Company maintains defined benefit pension plans in several different countries in North America and Europe and the interest rate environment differs from country to country. The Company used the following discount rates for its defined benefit pension plans: Discount rates used for: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Obligations at Obligations at Obligations at December 31, 2003 and expense December 31, 2004 and expense December 31, 2005 and in 2004 in 2005 expense in 2006 ------------------------------- -------------------------------- ----------------------------- Kronos and NL plans: Germany 5.3% 5.0% 4.0% Norway 5.5% 5.0% 4.5% Canada 6.3% 6.0% 5.0% U.S. 5.9% 5.8% 5.5% Medite plan 6.0% 5.7% 5.5% The assumed long-term rate return on plan assets represents the estimated average rate of earnings expected to be earned on the funds invested or to be invested in the plans' assets provided to fund the benefit payments inherent in the projected benefit obligations. Unlike the discount rate, which is adjusted each year based on changes in current long-term interest rates, the assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets will not necessarily change based upon the actual, short-term performance of the plan assets in any given year. Defined benefit pension expense each year is based upon the assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets for each plan and the actual fair value of the plan assets as of the beginning of the year. Differences between the expected return on plan assets for a given year and the actual return are deferred and amortized over future periods based either upon the expected average remaining service life of the active plan participants (for plans for which benefits are still being earned by active employees) or the average remaining life expectancy of the inactive participants (for plans for which benefits are not still being earned by active employees). At December 31, 2005, the fair value of plan assets for all defined benefit plans was comprised of $112 million related to U.S. plans and $226 million related to non-U.S. plans. All of such plan assets attributable to non-U.S. plans related to plans maintained by Kronos, and approximately 46%, 16% and 38% of the plan assets attributable to U.S. plans related to plans maintained by NL and Kronos and the Medite plan, respectively. Approximately 51%, 19%, 18% and 7% of the plan assets attributable to plans maintained by Kronos at December 31, 2005 related to plans in Germany, Norway, Canada and the U.S., respectively. The Medite plan and NL's plans are all in the U.S. The Company uses several different long-term rates of return on plan asset assumptions in determining its consolidated defined benefit pension plan expense because the Company maintains defined benefit pension plans in several different countries in North America and Europe, the plan assets in different countries are invested in a different mix of investments and the long-term rates of return for different investments differs from country to country. In determining the expected long-term rate of return on plan asset assumptions, the Company considers the long-term asset mix (e.g. equity vs. fixed income) for the assets for each of its plans and the expected long-term rates of return for such asset components. In addition, the Company receives advice about appropriate long-term rates of return from the Company's third-party actuaries. Such assumed asset mixes are summarized below: o During 2005, substantially all of the Kronos, NL and Medite plan assets in the U.S. were invested in The Combined Master Retirement Trust ("CMRT"), a collective investment trust sponsored by Contran to permit the collective investment by certain master trusts which fund certain employee benefits plans sponsored by Contran and certain of its affiliates. Harold Simmons is the sole trustee of the CMRT. The CMRT's long-term investment objective is to provide a rate of return exceeding a composite of broad market equity and fixed income indices (including the S&P 500 and certain Russell indices) utilizing both third-party investment managers as well as investments directed by Mr. Simmons. During the 18-year history of the CMRT through December 31, 2005, the average annual rate of return has been approximately 14% (including a 36% return during 2005). At December 31, 2005, the asset mix of the CMRT was 86% in U.S. equity securities, 3% in U.S. fixed income securities, 7% in international equity securities and 4% in cash and other investments. o In Germany, the composition of Kronos' plan assets is established to satisfy the requirements of the German insurance commissioner. The current plan asset allocation at December 31, 2005 was 23% to equity Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  managers, 48% to fixed income managers and 29% to real estate. o In Norway, Kronos currently has a plan asset target allocation of 14% to equity managers, 64% to fixed income managers and the remainder primarily to cash and liquid investments. The expected long-term rate of return for such investments is approximately 8%, 4.5% to 6% and 2.5%, respectively. The plan asset allocation at December 31, 2005 was 16% to equity managers, 62% to fixed income managers and the remainder primarily to cash and liquid investments. o In Canada, Kronos currently has a plan asset target allocation of 65% to equity managers and 35% to fixed income managers, with an expected long-term rate of return for such investments to average approximately 125 basis points above the applicable equity or fixed income index. The current plan asset allocation at December 31, 2005 was 64% to equity managers, 32% to fixed income managers and 4% to other investments. The Company regularly reviews its actual asset allocation for each of its plans, and periodically rebalances the investments in each plan to more accurately reflect the targeted allocation when considered appropriate. The assumed long-term rates of return on plan assets used for purposes of determining net period pension cost for 2003, 2004 and 2005 were as follows: 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- Kronos and NL plans: Germany 6.5% 6.0% 5.5% Norway 6.0% 6.0% 5.5% Canada 7.0% 7.0% 7.0% U.S. 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% Medite plan 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% The Company currently expects to utilize the same long-term rates of return on plan asset assumptions in 2006 as it used in 2005 for purposes of determining the 2006 defined benefit pension plan expense. To the extent that a plan's particular pension benefit formula calculates the pension benefit in whole or in part based upon future compensation levels, the projected benefit obligations and the pension expense will be based in part upon expected increases in future compensation levels. For all of the Company's plans for which the benefit formula is so calculated, the Company generally bases the assumed expected increase in future compensation levels based upon average long-term inflation rates for the applicable country. In addition to the actuarial assumptions discussed above, because Kronos maintains defined benefit pension plans outside the U.S., the amount of recognized defined benefit pension expense and the amount of prepaid and accrued pension costs will vary based upon relative changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As discussed above, assumed discount rates and rate of return on plan assets are re-evaluated annually. A reduction in the assumed discount rate generally results in an actuarial loss, as the actuarially-determined present value of estimated future benefit payments will increase. Conversely, an increase in the assumed discount rate generally results in an actuarial gain. In addition, an actual return on plan assets for a given year that is greater than the assumed return on plan assets results in an actuarial gain, while an actual return on plan assets that is less than the assumed return results in an actuarial loss. Other actual outcomes that differ from previous assumptions, such as individuals living longer or shorter than assumed in mortality tables which are also used to determine the actuarially-determined present value of estimated future benefit payments, changes in such mortality table themselves or plan amendments, will also result in actuarial losses or gains. Under GAAP, all of such actuarial gains and losses are not recognized in earnings currently, but instead are deferred and amortized into income in the future as part of net periodic defined benefit pension cost. However, any actuarial gains generated in future periods would reduce the negative amortization effect of any cumulative unrecognized actuarial losses, while any actuarial losses generated in future periods would reduce the favorable amortization effect of any cumulative unrecognized actuarial gains. During 2005, all of the Company's defined benefit pension plans generated a net actuarial loss of $101.4 million. This actuarial loss, principally related to Kronos' defined benefit pension plans, resulted primarily from the general overall reduction in the assumed discount rates as well as the unfavorable effect of using updated mortality tables (which generally reflect individuals living longer than prior mortality tables used), partially offset by an actual return on plan assets in excess of the assumed return. While actuarial gains and losses are deferred and amortized into income in future periods, as discussed above, GAAP also requires that a minimum amount of accrued pension cost be recognized in a statement of financial position for any plans for which the accumulated benefit obligation is less than the fair value of plan assets. To the extent GAAP accounting would otherwise result in an Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 accrued pension cost balance for such plans that was less than the excess of the aggregate accumulated benefit obligation over the value of the related plan assets, GAAP then requires that such excess be recognized as a component of the consolidated accrued pension cost, with the offset to such additional accrued pension cost (commonly referred to as an "additional minimum liability") recognized (i) first as an intangible asset up to specified amounts (referred to as "unrecognized net pension obligations" in the Company's balance sheet and then (ii) second as part of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). At December 31, 2005, and primarily as a result of the aggregate $101.4 million actuarial loss generated during 2005 as discussed above, the aggregate amount of the additional minimum liability required to be recognized by Kronos increased by approximately $87 million at December 31, 2005 as compared to December 31, 2004, resulting in the Company recognized aggregate accrued pension cost (current and noncurrent) of $153.5 million at December 31, 2005 as compared to $86.5 million at December 31, 2004. Based on the actuarial assumptions described above and Kronos' current expectations for what actual average foreign currency exchange rates will be during 2006, the Company currently expects aggregate defined benefit pension expense will approximate $19 million in 2006. In comparison, the Company currently expects to be required to make approximately $18 million of aggregate contributions to such plans during 2006. As noted above, defined benefit pension expense and the amounts recognized as prepaid and accrued pension costs are based upon the actuarial assumptions discussed above. The Company believes all of the actuarial assumptions used are reasonable and appropriate. If Kronos and NL had lowered the assumed discount rates by 25 basis points for all of their plans as of December 31, 2005, their aggregate projected benefit obligations would have increased by approximately $16.5 million at that date, and their aggregate defined benefit pension expense would be expected to increase by approximately $2 million during 2006. Similarly, if Kronos and NL lowered the assumed long-term rates of return on plan assets by 25 basis points for all of their plans, their defined benefit pension expense would be expected to increase by approximately $700,000 during 2006. Similar assumed changes with respect to the discount rate and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets for the Medite plan would not be significant. OPEB plans. Certain subsidiaries of the Company currently provide certain health care and life insurance benefits for eligible retired employees. See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2005, approximately 35%, 33% and 31% of the Company's aggregate accrued OPEB costs relate to Tremont, NL and Kronos, respectively. Kronos provides such OPEB benefits to retirees in the U.S. and Canada, and NL and Tremont provide such OPEB benefits to retirees in the U.S. The Company accounts for such OPEB costs under SFAS No. 106, Employers Accounting for Postretirement Benefits other than Pensions. Under SFAS No. 106, OPEB expense and accrued OPEB costs are based on certain actuarial assumptions, principally the assumed discount rate and the assumed rate of increases in future health care costs. The Company recognized consolidated OPEB expense of $935,000 in 2003, $2 million in 2004 and $1.2 million in 2005. Similar to defined benefit pension benefits, the amount of funding will differ from the expense recognized for financial reporting purposes, and contributions to the plans to cover benefit payments aggregated $5.2 million in 2003, $5.7 million in 2004 and $5.0 million in 2005. Substantially all of the Company's accrued OPEB costs relates to benefits being paid to current retirees and their dependents, and no material amount of OPEB benefits are being earned by current employees. As a result, the amount recognized for OPEB expense for financial reporting purposes has been, and is expected to continue to be, significantly less than the amount of OPEB benefit payments made each year. Accordingly, the amount of accrued OPEB costs has been, and is expected to continue to, decline gradually. The assumed discount rates the Company utilizes for determining OPEB expense and the related accrued OPEB obligations are generally based on the same discount rates the Company utilizes for its U.S. and Canadian defined benefit pension plans. In estimating the health care cost trend rate, the Company considers its actual health care cost experience, future benefit structures, industry trends and advice from its third-party actuaries. In certain cases, NL has the right to pass on to retirees all or a portion of any increases in health care costs. During each of the past three years, the Company has assumed that the relative increase in health care costs will generally trend downward over the next several years, reflecting, among other things, assumed increases in efficiency in the health care system and industry-wide cost containment initiatives. For example, at December 31, 2005, the expected rate of increase in future health care costs ranges from 8.2% to 9.0% in 2006, declining to rates of between 4% and 5.5% in 2010 and thereafter. Based on the actuarial assumptions described above and Kronos' current expectation for what actual average foreign currency exchange rates will be during 2006, the Company expects its consolidated OPEB expense will approximate $1.3 million in 2006. In comparison, the Company expects to be required to make approximately $3.9 million of contributions to such plans during 2006. As noted above, OPEB expense and the amount recognized as accrued OPEB costs are based upon the actuarial assumptions discussed above. The Company believes all of the actuarial assumptions used are reasonable and appropriate. If the Company had lowered the assumed discount rates by 25 basis points for all Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 of its OPEB plans as of December 31, 2005, the Company's aggregate projected benefit obligations would have increased by approximately $1.2 million at that date, and the Company's OPEB expense would be expected to increase by less than $100,000 during 2006. Similarly, if the assumed future health care cost trend rate had been increased by 100 basis points, the Company's accumulated OPEB obligations would have increased by approximately $2.7 million at December 31, 2005, and OPEB expense would have increased by $221,000 in 2006. Foreign operations Kronos. Kronos has substantial operations located outside the United States (principally Europe and Canada) for which the functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. As a result, the reported amount of Kronos' assets and liabilities related to its non-U.S. operations, and therefore the Company's consolidated net assets, will fluctuate based upon changes in currency exchange rates. At December 31, 2005, Kronos had substantial net assets denominated in the euro, Canadian dollar, Norwegian kroner and British pound sterling. CompX. CompX has substantial operations and assets located outside the United States, principally slide and/or ergonomic product operations in Canada and Taiwan. TIMET. TIMET also has substantial operations and assets located in Europe, principally in the United Kingdom, France and Italy. The United Kingdom has not adopted the euro. Approximately 58% of TIMET's European sales was denominated in the British pound or the euro. Certain purchases of raw materials for TIMET's European operations, principally titanium sponge and alloys, are denominated in U.S. dollars while labor and other production costs are primarily denominated in local currencies. The U.S. dollar value of TIMET's foreign sales and operating costs are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations that can impact reported earnings. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Summary The Company's primary source of liquidity on an ongoing basis is its cash flows from operating activities, which is generally used to (i) fund capital expenditures, (ii) repay short-term indebtedness incurred primarily for working capital purposes and (iii) provide for the payment of dividends (including dividends paid to Valhi by its subsidiaries). In addition, from time-to-time the Company will incur indebtedness, generally to (i) fund short-term working capital needs, (ii) refinance existing indebtedness, (iii) make investments in marketable and other securities (including the acquisition of securities issued by subsidiaries and affiliates of the Company) or (iv) fund major capital expenditures or the acquisition of other assets outside the ordinary course of business. Also, the Company will from time-to-time sell assets outside the ordinary course of business, the proceeds of which are generally used to (i) repay existing indebtedness (including indebtedness which may have been collateralized by the assets sold), (ii) make investments in marketable and other securities, (iii) fund major capital expenditures or the acquisition of other assets outside the ordinary course of business or (iv) pay dividends. At December 31, 2005, the Company's third-party indebtedness was substantially comprised of (i) Valhi's $250 million of loans from Snake River Sugar Company due in 2027, (ii) KII's euro-denominated Senior Secured Notes (equivalent of $449 million principal amount outstanding) due in 2009 and (iii) Kronos' U.S. revolving bank credit facility ($11.5 million outstanding) due in 2008. Accordingly, since none of such indebtedness comes due in 2006, the Company does not currently expect that a significant amount of its cash flows from operating activities generated during 2006 will be required to be used to repay indebtedness during 2006. Based upon the Company's expectations for the industries in which its subsidiaries and affiliates operate, and the anticipated demands on the Company's cash resources as discussed herein (including debt refinancing expectations), the Company expects to have sufficient liquidity to meet its short-term obligations (defined as the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2006) and its long-term obligations (defined as the five-year period ending December 31, 2010, the time period for which the Company generally does long-term budgeting), including operations, capital expenditures, debt service current dividend policy and repurchases of its common stock. To the extent that actual developments differ from the Company's expectations, the Company's liquidity could be adversely affected. Consolidated cash flows Operating activities. Trends in cash flows from operating activities (excluding the impact of significant asset dispositions and relative changes in assets and liabilities) are generally similar to trends in the Company's earnings. However, certain items included in the determination of net income are non-cash, and therefore such items have no impact on cash flows from operating activities. Non-cash items included in the determination of net income include depreciation and amortization expense, non-cash interest expense, deferred income taxes, asset impairment charges and unrealized securities transactions gains and losses. Non-cash interest expense relates principally to Kronos and consists of amortization of original issue discount or premium on certain indebtedness and amortization of deferred financing costs. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Certain other items included in the determination of net income may have an impact on cash flows from operating activities, but the impact of such items on cash flows from operating activities will differ from their impact on net income. For example, equity in earnings of affiliates will generally differ from the amount of distributions received from such affiliates, and equity in losses of affiliates does not necessarily result in current cash outlays paid to such affiliates. The amount of periodic defined benefit pension plan expense and periodic OPEB expense depends upon a number of factors, including certain actuarial assumptions, and changes in such actuarial assumptions will result in a change in the reported expense. In addition, the amount of such periodic expense generally differs from the outflows of cash required to be currently paid for such benefits. Also, proceeds from the disposal of marketable securities classified as trading securities are reported as a component of cash flows from operating activities, and such proceeds will generally differ from the amount of the related gain or loss on disposal. Certain other items included in the determination of net income have no impact on cash flows from operating activities, but such items do impact cash flows from investing activities (although their impact on such cash flows differs from their impact on net income). For example, realized gains and losses from the disposal of available-for-sale marketable securities and long-lived assets are included in the determination of net income, although the proceeds from any such disposal are shown as part of cash flows from investing activities. Changes in product pricing, production volumes and customer demand, among other things, can significantly affect the liquidity of the Company. Relative changes in assets and liabilities generally result from the timing of production, sales, purchases and income tax payments. Such relative changes can significantly impact the comparability of cash flows from operations from period to period, as the income statement impact of such items may occur in a different period from when the underlying cash transaction occurs. For example, raw materials may be purchased in one period, but the payment for such raw materials may occur in a subsequent period. Similarly, inventory may be sold in one period, but the cash collection of the receivable may occur in a subsequent period. Relative changes in accounts receivable are affected by, among other things, the timing of sales and the collection of the resulting receivable. Relative changes in inventories, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are affected by, among other things, the timing of raw material purchases and the payment for such purchases and the relative difference between production volumes and sales volumes. Relative changes in accrued environmental costs are affected by, among other things, the period in which the environmental accrual is recognized and the period in which the remediation expenditure is actually made. Cash flows from operating activities decreased from $142.1 million in 2004 to $104.3 million in 2005. This $37.8 million net decrease is due primarily to the net effects of (i) lower net income of $148.6 million, (ii) higher net securities transaction gains of $18.1 million, (iii) a higher provision for deferred income taxes of $256.9 million, (iv) lower minority interest of $32.7 million, (v) higher equity in earnings of TIMET of $42.2 million, (vi) lower net cash distributions from the TiO2 manufacturing joint venture of $3.8 million, (vii) higher net cash paid for income taxes of $74.7 million, due in large part to $44.7 million of aggregate income tax refunds received by Kronos in 2004 and a $21 million payment by NL in 2005 to settle a previously-reported income tax audit, (viii) $50.5 million higher use of cash related to relative changes in working capital items (principally accounts receivable, inventories, payables and accruals and accounts with affiliates) , and (ix) higher net cash generated from relative changes in other noncurrent assets and liabilities of $11.7 million. Cash flows provided from operating activities increased from $108.5 million in 2003 to $142.1 million in 2004. This $33.6 million increase was due primarily to the net effect of (i) higher net income of $317.7 million, (ii) goodwill impairment in 2004 of $6.5 million, (iii) lower net gains from the disposal of property and equipment of $10.7 million, (iv) a larger deferred income tax benefit of $364.0 million, (v) higher depreciation and amortization expense of $5.4 million, (vi) higher distributions from Kronos' TiO2 manufacturing joint venture of $7.7 million, (vii) a $25.0 million improvement in equity in earnings (losses) of TIMET, (viii) higher minority interest of $51.5 million, (ix) a higher use of cash related to relative changes in working capital items (principally accounts receivable, inventories, payables and accruals and accounts with affiliates) of $2.7 million, (x) higher net cash used from relative changes in other noncurrent assets and liabilities of $37.9 million and (xi) higher cash received for income taxes of $16.3 million. Relative changes in working capital assets and liabilities can have a significant effect on cash flows from operating activities. Kronos' average days sales outstanding ("DSO") decreased from 60 days at December 31, 2004 to 55 days at December 31, 2005, due to the timing of collection. At December 31, 2005, Kronos' average number of days in inventory ("DII") increased to 102 days from 97 days at December 31, 2004 due to the effects of higher production volumes and lower sales volumes. CompX's average DSO related to its continuing operations increased from 38 days at December 31, 2004 to 40 days at December 31, 2005 due to timing of collection on the slightly higher accounts receivable balance at the end of 2005. CompX's average DII related to its continuing operations was 52 days at December 31, 2004 and 59 days at December 31, 2005. The increase in CompX's DII is primarily due to higher raw material prices, primarily steel. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Valhi does not have complete access to the cash flows of its subsidiaries and affiliates, in part due to limitations contained in certain credit agreements as well as the fact that such subsidiaries and affiliates are not 100% owned by Valhi. A detail of Valhi's consolidated cash flows from operating activities is presented in the table below. Eliminations consist of intercompany dividends (most of which are paid to Valhi Parent and NL Parent and, prior to 2005, Tremont). Years ended December 31, ------------------------------------ 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (In millions) Cash provided (used) by operating activities: Kronos $107.7 $151.0 $ 97.8 NL Parent (10.2) 8.8 (20.1) CompX 24.4 30.2 20.0 Waste Control Specialists (6.6) (7.4) (7.7) Tremont 7.2 2.0 (5.0) Valhi Parent 30.6 24.8 101.4 Other (2.7) (.3) (.7) Eliminations (41.9) (67.0) (81.4) ------ ------ ------ $108.5 $142.1 $104.3 ====== ====== ====== Investing activities. Capital expenditures are disclosed by business segment in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2005, firm purchase commitments for capital projects in process approximated $10.0 million, of which $7.4 million relates to Kronos' Ti02 facilities and the remainder relates to CompX's facilities. Aggregate capital expenditures for 2006 are expected to approximate $67 million ($41 million for Kronos, $16 million for CompX and $10 million for Waste Control Specialists). Capital expenditures in 2006 are expected to be financed primarily from operations or existing cash resources and credit facilities. During 2005, (i) Valhi purchased shares of TIMET common stock in market transactions for $18.0 million, (ii) NL sold shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions for $19.2 million, (iii) NL purchased shares of CompX common stock in market transactions for $3.6 million, (iv) Valhi purchased shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions for $7.0 million, (v) CompX received a net $18.1 million from the sale of its Thomas Regout operations (which had approximately $4.0 million of cash at the date of disposal), (vi) Valhi received a net $4.9 million on its short-term loan to Contran, (vii) NL collected $10.0 million on its loan to one of the Contran family trusts described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, (viii) the Company made net purchases of marketable securities of $9.8 million, (ix) Kronos received $3.5 million from the sale of its passive interest in a Norwegian smelting operations, (x) CompX acquired a company for an aggregate of $7.3 million and (xi) Valhi collected $80.0 million principal amount of its loan to Snake River Sugar Company. See Notes 2, 8 and 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. During 2004, (i) Valhi purchased shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions for $17.1 million, (ii) NL collected $4 million on its loan to one of the Contran family trusts, (iii) Valhi loaned a net $4.9 million to Contran and (iv) NL sold shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions for net proceeds of $2.7 million. During 2003, (i) Valhi purchased shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions in December 2003 for $6.4 million, (ii) the Company purchased additional shares of TIMET common stock for $976,000, and the Company purchased a nominal number of shares of convertible preferred securities issued by a wholly-owned subsidiary of TIMET for $238,000 and (iii) NL collected $4 million of its loan to one of the Contran family trusts. In addition, the Company generated approximately $13.5 million from the sale of property and equipment, including the real property of NL discussed above. Financing activities. During 2005, Kronos repaid an aggregate euro 10 million ($12.9 million when repaid) under its European revolving credit facility, Kronos borrowed a net $11.5 million under its U.S. credit facility and entered into additional capital lease arrangements for certain mining equipment for the equivalent of $4.4 million, and Valhi borrowed and repaid $5.0 million under its revolving bank credit facility. Valhi, which increased its regular quarterly dividend from $.06 per share to $.10 per share in the first quarter of 2005, paid cash dividends in 2005 aggregating $48.8 million. Distributions to minority interest in 2005 are primarily comprised of Kronos cash dividends paid to shareholders other than Valhi and NL, NL cash dividends paid to shareholders other than Valhi and CompX dividends paid to shareholders other than NL. Valhi purchased approximately 3.5 million shares of its common stock in market and other transactions for an aggregate of $62.1 million, and other cash flows from financing activities in 2005 relate primarily to proceeds from the issuance of NL, CompX and Valhi common stock upon exercises of stock options. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  During 2004, (i) Valhi repaid a net $7.3 million of its short-term demand loans from Contran and repaid a net $5 million under its revolving bank credit facility, (ii) CompX repaid a net $26.0 million under its revolving bank credit facility, (iii) KII issued an additional euro 90 million principal amount of it Senior Secured Notes at 107% of par (equivalent to $130 million when issued) and (iv) Kronos borrowed an aggregate of euro 90 million ($112 million when borrowed) of borrowings under its European revolving bank credit facility, of which euro 80 million ($100 million) were subsequently repaid. In addition, Valhi paid cash dividends of $.06 per share per quarter, or an aggregate of $29.8 million for 2004. Distributions to minority interest in 2004 are primarily comprised of Kronos cash dividends paid to shareholders other than Valhi, Tremont and NL and CompX dividends paid to shareholders other than NL. Other cash flows from financing activities relate primarily to proceeds from the issuance of NL common stock issued upon exercise of stock options. During 2003, (i) Valhi borrowed a net $5 million under its revolving bank credit facility and repaid a net $3.8 million of its short-term demand loans from Contran, (ii) CompX repaid a net $5 million under its revolving bank credit facility and (iii) KII borrowed an aggregate of euro 15 million ($16 million when borrowed) of borrowings under its European revolving bank credit facility and repaid kroner 80 million ($11 million) and euro 30 million ($34 million) under such facility. In addition, Valhi paid cash dividends of $.06 per share per quarter, or an aggregate of $29.8 million for 2003. Distributions to minority interest in 2003 are primarily comprised of NL cash dividends paid to NL shareholders other than Valhi and Tremont. Other cash flows from financing activities relate primarily to proceeds from the sale of Valhi and NL common stock issued upon exercise of stock options. At December 31, 2005, unused credit available under existing credit facilities approximated $287.4 million, which was comprised of: CompX - $50.0 million under its revolving credit facility; Kronos - $92.3 million under its European credit facility, $33.5 million under its U.S. credit facility, $12.8 million under its Canadian credit facility and $.3 million under other non-U.S. facilities; and Valhi - $98.5 million under its revolving bank credit facility. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In March 2006, Valhi's board of directors declared Valhi's regular quarterly dividend of $.10 per share, to be paid on March 31, 2006 to Valhi shareholders of record as of March 16, 2006. However, the declaration and payment of future dividends, and the amount thereof, is discretionary and dependent upon several factors. See Item 5 - "Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Common Stock." Provisions contained in certain of the Company's credit agreements could result in the acceleration of the applicable indebtedness prior to its stated maturity for reasons other than defaults from failing to comply with typical financial covenants. For example, certain credit agreements allow the lender to accelerate the maturity of the indebtedness upon a change of control (as defined) of the borrower. The terms of Valhi's revolving bank credit facility could require Valhi to either reduce outstanding borrowings or pledge additional collateral in the event the fair value of the existing pledged collateral falls below specified levels. In addition, certain credit agreements could result in the acceleration of all or a portion of the indebtedness following a sale of assets outside the ordinary course of business. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Off-balance sheet financing arrangements. Other than the operating leases discussed in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, neither Valhi nor any of its subsidiaries or affiliates are parties to any off-balance sheet financing arrangements. Chemicals - Kronos At December 31, 2005, Kronos had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities of $76.0 million, including restricted balances of $3.9 million, and Kronos had approximately $139 million available for borrowing under its U.S., Canadian and European credit facilities. Based upon Kronos' expectations for the TiO2 industry, Kronos expects to have sufficient liquidity to meet its future obligations including operations, capital expenditures, debt service and current dividend policy. To the extent that actual developments differ from Kronos' expectations, Kronos' liquidity could be adversely affected. At December 31, 2005, Kronos' outstanding debt was comprised of $449.3 million related to KII's Senior Secured Notes, $11.5 million outstanding under Kronos' U.S. revolving credit facility and approximately $4.5 million of other indebtedness. Kronos' capital expenditures during the past three years aggregated $117.9 million, including $15 million ($4 million in 2005) for Kronos' ongoing environmental protection and compliance programs. Kronos' estimated 2006 capital expenditures are $41 million, including $6 million in the area of environmental protection and compliance. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for certain income tax examinations currently underway with respect to certain of Kronos' income tax returns in various U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions, and see Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements with respect to certain legal proceedings with respect to Kronos. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Kronos International's assets consist primarily of investments in its operating subsidiaries, and its ability to service its parent level obligations, including the Senior Secured Notes, depends in large part upon the distribution of earnings of its subsidiaries, whether in the form of dividends, advances or payments on account of intercompany obligation, or otherwise. None of its subsidiaries have guaranteed the Senior Secured Notes, although Kronos International has pledged 65% of the common stock or other ownership interest of certain of its first-tier operating subsidiaries as collateral of such Senior Secured Notes. Kronos periodically evaluates its liquidity requirements, alternative uses of capital, capital needs and availability of resources in view of, among other things, its dividend policy, its debt service and capital expenditure requirements and estimated future operating cash flows. As a result of this process, Kronos in the past has sought and may in the future seek to reduce, refinance, repurchase or restructure indebtedness, raise additional capital, repurchase shares of its common stock, modify its dividend policy, restructure ownership interests, sell interests in subsidiaries or other assets, or take a combination of such steps or other steps to manage its liquidity and capital resources. In the normal course of its business, Kronos may review opportunities for the acquisition, divestiture, joint venture or other business combinations in the chemicals or other industries, as well as the acquisition of interests in related entities. In the event of any such transaction, Kronos may consider using available cash, issuing equity securities or increasing its indebtedness to the extent permitted by the agreements governing Kronos' existing debt. Kronos has substantial operations located outside the United States for which the functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. As a result, the reported amounts of Kronos' assets and liabilities related to its non-U.S. operations, and therefore Kronos' consolidated net assets, will fluctuate based upon changes in currency exchange rates. NL Industries Parent At December 31, 2005, NL (exclusive of CompX) had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities of $59.9 million, including restricted balances of $4.3 million. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for certain income tax examinations currently underway with respect to certain of NL's income tax returns, and see Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 3, "Legal Proceedings" with respect to certain legal proceedings and environmental matters with respect to NL. In addition to those legal proceedings described in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Item 3, various legislation and administrative regulations have, from time to time, been proposed that seek to (i) impose various obligations on present and former manufacturers of lead pigment and lead-based paint with respect to asserted health concerns associated with the use of such products and (ii) effectively overturn court decisions in which NL and other pigment manufacturers have been successful. Examples of such proposed legislation include bills which would permit civil liability for damages on the basis of market share, rather than requiring plaintiffs to prove that the defendant's product caused the alleged damage, and bills which would revive actions barred by the statute of limitations. While no legislation or regulations have been enacted to date that are expected to have a material adverse effect on NL's consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity, enactment of such legislation could have such an effect. Prior to December 2003, Kronos was a wholly-owned subsidiary of NL. In December 2003, and in conjunction with a recapitalization of Kronos, NL completed the distribution of approximately 48.8% of Kronos' common stock to NL shareholders (including Valhi and Tremont LLC) in the form of a pro-rata dividend. Shareholders of NL received one share of Kronos common stock for every two shares of NL held. During 2004 and the first quarter of 2005, NL paid an aggregate of five quarterly dividends in the form of shares of Kronos common stock, in which an aggregate of approximately 1.5 million shares of Kronos' common stock (3.0% of Kronos' outstanding shares) were distributed to NL shareholders (including Valhi and Tremont) in the form of pro-rata dividends. Valhi and Tremont (which until January 2005 owned part of the Company's interest in NL) received an aggregate of approximately 1.2 million shares of Kronos with respect to these distributions. In January 2005, Tremont distributed to Valhi its ownership interest in Kronos. NL's 2003, 2004 and 2005 distributions of shares of common stock of Kronos are taxable to NL, and NL is required to recognize a taxable gain equal to the difference between the fair market value of the shares of Kronos common stock distributed on the various dates of distribution and NL's adjusted tax basis in such stock at such dates of distribution. The amount of such tax liability related to the shares of Kronos distributed to NL shareholders other than Valhi and Tremont was approximately $22.5 million in 2003, $2.5 million in 2004 and $664,000 in 2005, and such amounts are recognized as a component of the Company's consolidated provision for income taxes in such periods. Other than the Company's recognition of such NL tax liabilities, the completion of the December 2003 and 2004 and 2005 quarterly distributions of Kronos had no other impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The amount of NL's separate tax liability with respect to the shares of Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 Kronos distributed to Valhi and Tremont, while recognized by NL at its separate company level, is not recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements because the separate tax liability is eliminated at the Valhi level due to Valhi, Tremont and NL all being members of the Contran Tax Group. With respect to such shares of Kronos distributed to Valhi and Tremont, effective December 1, 2003, Valhi and NL amended the terms of their tax sharing agreement to not require NL to pay up to Valhi the separate tax liability generated from the distribution of such Kronos shares to Valhi and Tremont. On November 30, 2004 Valhi and NL agreed to further amend the terms of their tax sharing agreement to provide that NL would now be required to pay up to Valhi the separate tax liability generated from the distribution of shares of Kronos common stock to Valhi and Tremont, including the tax related to such shares distributed to Valhi and Tremont in December 2003 and the tax related to the shares distributed to Valhi and Tremont during all of 2004. In determining to so amend the terms of the tax sharing agreement, NL and Valhi considered, among other things, the changed expectation for the generation of taxable income at the NL level resulting from the inclusion of CompX in NL's consolidated taxable income effective in the fourth quarter of 2004, as discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Valhi and NL further agreed that in lieu of a cash income tax payment, such separate tax liability could be paid by NL to Valhi in the form of shares of Kronos common stock held by NL. Such tax liability related to the shares of Kronos distributed to Valhi and Tremont in December 2003 and 2004, including the tax liability resulting from the use of Kronos common stock to settle such liability, aggregated approximately $227 million. Accordingly, in the fourth quarter of 2004 NL transferred approximately 5.5 million shares of Kronos common stock to Valhi in satisfaction of such separate tax liability and the tax liability generated from the use of such Kronos shares to settle such tax liability. In agreeing to settle such tax liability with such 5.5 million shares of Kronos common stock, the Kronos shares were valued at an agreed-upon price of $41 per share. Kronos' average closing market prices during the months of November and December 2004 were $41.53 and $41.77, respectively. NL also considered the fact that the shares of Kronos held by non-affiliates are very thinly traded, and consequently an average price over a period of days mitigates the effect of the thinly-traded nature of Kronos' common stock. The transfer of such 5.5 million shares of Kronos common stock, accounted for under GAAP as a transfer of net assets among entities under common control at carryover basis, had no effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements, and as noted above such tax liability is not recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements because it is eliminated at the Valhi level due to Valhi, Tremont and NL all being members of Valhi's tax group on a separate-company basis and of the Contran Tax Group. Such tax liability related to the shares of Kronos distributed to Valhi in the first quarter of 2005 aggregated $3.3 million, and such tax liability was paid by NL to Valhi in cash. This aggregate $230 million tax liability has not been paid by Valhi to Contran, nor has Contran paid such tax liability to the applicable tax authority. Such income tax liability would become payable by Valhi to Contran, and by Contran to the applicable tax authority, when the shares of Kronos transferred or distributed by NL to Valhi and Tremont are sold or otherwise transferred outside the Contran Tax Group or in the event of certain restructuring transactions involving NL and Valhi. However, as discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company does recognize deferred income taxes with respect to its investment in Kronos, and in accordance with GAAP the amount of such deferred income taxes recognized by Valhi ($184 million at December 31, 2005) is limited to this $230 million tax liability. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Following the second of such 2004 quarterly dividends of NL, NL no longer owned a majority of Kronos' outstanding common stock, and accordingly NL ceased to consolidate Kronos as of July 1, 2004. However, the Company continues to consolidate Kronos since the Company continues to own a majority of Kronos, either directly or indirectly through NL. Prior to September 24, 2004, the Company's ownership of CompX was owned by Valhi and Valcor (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Valhi). On September 24, 2004, NL completed the acquisition of the CompX shares previously held by Valhi and Valcor at a purchase price of $16.25 per share, or an aggregate of approximately $168.6 million. The purchase price was paid by NL's transfer to Valhi and Valcor of $168.6 million of NL's $200 million long-term note receivable from Kronos (which long-term note and related interest income and interest expense were eliminated in the preparation of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements). See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. NL's acquisition was accounted for under GAAP as a transfer of net assets among entities under common control, and such transaction had no effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. After such acquisition, NL retained a $31.4 million note receivable from Kronos, which note receivable Kronos prepaid in November 2004 using funds from KII's November 2004 issuance of euro 90 million principal amount of KII Senior Secured Notes. NL periodically evaluates its liquidity requirements, alternative uses of capital, capital needs and availability of resources in view of, among other things, its dividend policy, its debt service and capital expenditure requirements and estimated future operating cash flows. As a result of this process, NL has in the past and may in the future seek to reduce, refinance, repurchase or restructure indebtedness, raise additional capital, repurchase shares of its common stock, modify its dividend policy, restructure ownership interests, sell interests in subsidiaries or other assets, or take a combination of such steps or other steps to manage its liquidity and capital resources. In the normal course of its business, NL may review opportunities for the acquisition, divestiture, joint venture or other business combinations in the Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 component products or other industries, as well as the acquisition of interests in, and loans to, related entities. Component products - CompX International CompX's capital expenditures during the past three years aggregated $24.7 million. Such capital expenditures included manufacturing equipment that emphasizes improved production and efficiency. CompX received approximately $18.1 million cash (net of expenses) in January 2005 upon the sale of its Thomas Regout operations in The Netherlands. See Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. CompX believes that its cash on hand, together with cash generated from operations and borrowing availability under its bank credit facility, will be sufficient to meet CompX's liquidity needs for working capital, capital expenditures, debt service and dividends (if declared). To the extent that CompX's actual operating results or other developments differ from CompX's expectations, CompX's liquidity could be adversely affected. CompX, which had suspended its regular quarterly dividend of $.125 per share in the second quarter of 2003, reinstated its regular quarterly dividend at the $.125 per share rate in the fourth quarter of 2004. In August 2005, CompX completed the acquisition of a components product company for aggregate cash consideration of $7.3 million, net of cash acquired. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. CompX periodically evaluates its liquidity requirements, alternative uses of capital, capital needs and available resources in view of, among other things, its capital expenditure requirements, dividend policy and estimated future operating cash flows. As a result of this process, CompX has in the past and may in the future seek to raise additional capital, refinance or restructure indebtedness, issue additional securities, modify its dividend policy, repurchase shares of its common stock or take a combination of such steps or other steps to manage its liquidity and capital resources. In the normal course of business, CompX may review opportunities for acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures or other business combinations in the component products industry. In the event of any such transaction, CompX may consider using cash, issuing additional equity securities or increasing the indebtedness of CompX or its subsidiaries. Waste management - Waste Control Specialists At December 31, 2005, Waste Control Specialists' indebtedness consisted principally of $4.6 million of borrowings owed to a wholly-owned subsidiary of Valhi (December 31, 2004 intercompany indebtedness - $4.6 million). During 2005, this subsidiary of Valhi loaned an additional net $21.9 million to Waste Control Specialists, which were used by Waste Control Specialists primarily to fund its operating loss and its capital expenditures. Such $21.9 million of net additional borrowings by Waste Control Specialists during 2005 were contributed to Waste Control Specialists' equity as of December 31, 2005. Such indebtedness is eliminated in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. Waste Control Specialists will likely borrow additional amounts during 2006 from such Valhi subsidiary under the terms of its revolving credit facility, that as amended has a maturity date of March 2007 and provides for borrowings by Waste Control Specialists of up to $19.0 million as of December 31, 2005. Waste Control Specialists capital expenditures and capitalized permit costs during the past three years aggregated $22.2 million. Such expenditures were funded primarily from certain debt financing provided to Waste Control Specialists by the wholly-owned subsidiary of Valhi. TIMET At December 31, 2005, TIMET had $124 million of borrowing availability under its various U.S. and European credit agreements. In May 2005, TIMET announced it plans to expand its existing titanium sponge facility in Nevada. This expansion, which TIMET currently expects to complete by the first quarter of 2007 and cost an aggregate of $38 million, will provide the capacity to produce an additional 4,000 metric tons of sponge annually, an increase of approximately 42% over the current sponge production capacity levels at its Nevada facility. TIMET's capital expenditures during the past three years aggregated $97.2 million ($61.1 million in 2005), including $11.8 million spent in 2005 related to such expansion of its sponge facility in Nevada and $24 million spent in 2005 related to completion of the construction of a water conservation facilty in Nevada. TIMET's capital expenditures during 2006 are currently expected to range from $90 million to $100 million, including $23 million related to the expansion of the Nevada sponge facility as well as additional capacity improvements as TIMET continues to prepare for increased demand by certain customers under long-term agreements. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for certain legal proceedings, environmental matters and other contingencies associated with TIMET. While TIMET currently believes that the outcome of these matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on TIMET's consolidated financial position, liquidity or overall trends in results of operations, all such matters are subject to inherent uncertainties. Were an unfavorable outcome to occur in any given period, it is possible that it could Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 have a material adverse impact on TIMET's consolidated results of operations or cash flows in a particular period. In 2003, TIMET effected a reverse split of its common stock at a ratio of one share of post-split common stock for each outstanding ten shares of pre-split common stock, in 2004 TIMET effected a 5:1 split of its common stock and in 2005 TIMET effected another 2:1 split of its common stock. Such stock splits had no financial statement impact to the Company, and the Company's ownership interest in TIMET did not change as a result of such splits. The per share disclosures related to TIMET discussed herein have been adjusted to give effect to such splits. Prior to August 2004, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TIMET had issued 4,024,820 shares outstanding of its 6.625% convertible preferred debt securities, representing an aggregate $201.2 million liquidation amount, that mature in 2026. Each security is convertible into shares of TIMET common stock at a conversion rate of .1339 shares of TIMET common stock per convertible preferred security. Such convertible preferred debt securities do not require principal amortization, and TIMET has the right to defer distributions on the convertible preferred securities for one or more quarters of up to 20 consecutive quarters, provided that such deferral period may not extend past the 2026 maturity date. TIMET is prohibited from, among other things, paying dividends or reacquiring its capital stock while distributions are being deferred on the convertible preferred securities. In October 2002, TIMET elected to exercise its right to defer future distributions on its convertible preferred securities for a period of up to 20 consecutive quarters. Distributions continued to accrue at the coupon rate on the liquidation amount and unpaid distributions. This deferral was effective starting with TIMET's December 1, 2002 scheduled payment. In April 2004, TIMET paid all previously-deferred distributions with respect to the convertible preferred debt securities and paid the next scheduled distribution in June 2004. In August 2004, TIMET completed an exchange offer in which approximately 3.9 million shares of the outstanding convertible preferred debt securities issued by TIMET Capital Trust I were exchanged for an aggregate of 3.9 million shares of a newly-created Series A Preferred Stock of TIMET at the exchange rate of one share of Series A Preferred Stock for each convertible preferred debt security. Dividends on the Series A shares accumulate at the rate of 6 3/4% of their liquidation value of $50 per share, and are convertible into shares of TIMET common stock at the rate of one and two-thirds of a share of TIMET common stock per Series A share. The Series A shares are not mandatorily redeemable, but are redeemable at the option of TIMET in certain circumstances. Through December 31, 2005, an aggregate of approximately 926,000 shares of such preferred stock were converted into an aggregate of 6.2 million shares of TIMET's common stock, and 3.0 million preferred shares remained outstanding. TIMET periodically evaluates its liquidity requirements, capital needs and availability of resources in view of, among other things, its alternative uses of capital, debt service requirements, the cost of debt and equity capital, and estimated future operating cash flows. As a result of this process, TIMET has in the past, or in light of its current outlook, may in the future seek to raise additional capital, modify its common and preferred dividend policies, restructure ownership interests, incur, refinance or restructure indebtedness, repurchase shares of capital stock or debt securities, sell assets, or take a combination of such steps or other steps to increase or manage its liquidity and capital resources. In the normal course of business, TIMET investigates, evaluates, discusses and engages in acquisition, joint venture, strategic relationship and other business combination opportunities in the titanium, specialty metal and other industries. In the event of any future acquisition or joint venture opportunities, TIMET may consider using then-available liquidity, issuing equity securities or incurring additional indebtedness. Tremont LLC See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for certain legal proceedings and environmental matters with respect to Tremont. General corporate - Valhi Because Valhi's operations are conducted primarily through its subsidiaries and affiliates, Valhi's long-term ability to meet its parent company level corporate obligations is dependent in large measure on the receipt of dividends or other distributions from its subsidiaries and affiliates. At Kronos' current quarterly cash dividend rate of $.25 per share, and based on the 28.1 million shares of Kronos held by Valhi at December 31, 2005, Valhi would receive aggregate annual dividends from Kronos of $28.1 million. NL, which paid its 2004 regular quarterly dividends of $.20 per share in the form of shares of Kronos common stock, increased its regular quarterly dividend in the first quarter of 2005 to $.25 per share, which also was in the form of shares of Kronos common stock. In the second, third and fourth quarters of 2005, NL paid its regular quarterly dividend in the form of cash. In March 2006, NL reduced its regular quarterly dividend to $.125 per share. Assuming NL paid its regular quarterly dividends in the form of cash at such reduced rate, and based on the 40.4 million shares of NL common stock held by Valhi at December 31, 2005, Valhi would receive aggregate annual dividends from NL of $20.2 million. The Company does not currently expect to receive any distributions from Waste Control Specialists or TIMET during 2006. CompX dividends, which resumed in the fourth quarter of 2004, are paid to NL. See also the discussion contained in Item 1A - "Risk Factors - our assets consist primarily of investments in our operating Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 subsidiaries and we are dependent upon distributions from our subsidiaries." Various credit agreements to which certain subsidiaries or affiliates are parties contain customary limitations on the payment of dividends, typically a percentage of net income or cash flow; however, such restrictions in the past have not significantly impacted Valhi's ability to service its parent company level obligations. Valhi generally does not guarantee any indebtedness or other obligations of its subsidiaries or affiliates. To the extent that one or more of Valhi's subsidiaries were to become unable to maintain its current level of dividends, either due to restrictions contained in the applicable subsidiary's credit agreements or otherwise, Valhi parent company's liquidity could become adversely impacted. In such an event, Valhi might consider reducing or eliminating its dividends or selling interests in subsidiaries or other assets. Waste Control Specialists is required to provide certain financial assurances to Texas government agencies with respect to certain decommissioning obligations related to its facility in West Texas. Such financial assurances may be provided by various means, including a parent company guarantee assuming the parent meets specified financial tests. In March 2005, Valhi agreed to guarantee certain specified decommissioning obligations of Waste Control Specialists, currently estimated by Waste Control Specialists at approximately $3.5 million. Such obligations would arise only upon a closure of the facility and Waste Control Specialists' failure to perform such activities. The Company does not currently expect that it will have to perform under such guarantee for the foreseeable future. In March 2005, the Company's board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5.0 million shares of Valhi's common stock in open market transactions, including block purchases, or in privately negotiated transactions, which may include transactions with affiliates of Valhi. The stock may be purchased from time to time as market conditions permit. The stock repurchase program does not include specific price targets or timetables and may be suspended at any time. Depending on market conditions, the program could be terminated prior to completion. The Company will use its cash on hand to acquire the shares. Repurchased shares will be retired and cancelled or may be added to Valhi's treasury and used for employee benefit plans, future acquisitions or other corporate purposes. On April 1, 2005, the Company purchased 2.0 million shares of its common stock, at a discount to the then-current market price, from Contran for $17.50 per share or an aggregate purchase price of $35.0 million. Such shares were purchased under the stock repurchase program. Valhi's independent directors approved such purchase. The Company has also purchased during the second, third and fourth quarters of 2005 an additional 1.5 million shares of its common stock under the repurchase program in market transactions for an aggregate of $27.1 million. See Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2005, Valhi had $119.8 million of parent level cash and cash equivalents and had no amounts outstanding under its revolving bank credit agreement. In addition, Valhi had $98.5 million of borrowing availability under its revolving bank credit facility. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. As noted above, in September 2004 NL completed the acquisition of the shares of CompX common stock previously held by Valhi and Valcor. The purchase price for these shares was paid by NL's transfer to Valhi and Valcor of an aggregate $168.6 million of NL's note receivable from Kronos ($162.5 million to Valcor and $6.1 million to Valhi). In October 2004, Valcor distributed to Valhi its $162.5 million note receivable from Kronos, and subsequently in the fourth quarter of 2004 Kronos prepaid the $168.5 million note payable to Valhi using cash on hand and funds from KII's November 2004 issuance of euro 90 million principal amount of its Senior Secured Notes. Valhi used $58 million of the proceeds from the repayment of its note receivable from Kronos to repay the outstanding balance under its revolving bank credit facility. The remainder of such funds were available for Valhi's general corporate purposes. The terms of The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC Company Agreement provide for annual "base level" of cash dividend distributions (sometimes referred to as distributable cash) by the LLC of $26.7 million, from which the Company is entitled to a 95% preferential share. Distributions from the LLC are dependent, in part, upon the operations of the LLC. The Company records dividend distributions from the LLC as income upon receipt, which occurs in the same month in which they are declared by the LLC. To the extent the LLC's distributable cash is below this base level in any given year, the Company is entitled to an additional 95% preferential share of any future annual LLC distributable cash in excess of the base level until such shortfall is recovered. Based on the LLC's current projections for 2006, Valhi currently expects that distributions received from the LLC in 2006 will exceed its debt service requirements under its $250 million loans from Snake River Sugar Company. Certain covenants contained in Snake River's third-party senior debt allowed Snake River in certain circumstances to pay periodic installments of debt service payments (principal and interest) under Valhi's $80 million loan to Snake River prior to its scheduled maturity in 2007, and such loan was subordinated to Snake River's third-party senior debt. During the third quarter of 2005, Snake River prepaid such senior third-party senior debt, and Snake River subsequently made an aggregate of $5.5 million of debt service payments to Valhi during the quarter. At September 30, 2005, the accrued and unpaid interest on the $80 million loan to Snake River aggregated $36.7 million and was Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 classified as a noncurrent asset. The Company believed it would ultimately realize both the $80 million principal amount and the accrued and unpaid interest, whether through cash generated from the future operations of Snake River and the LLC or otherwise (including any liquidation of Snake River or the LLC). Following the complete repayment of Snake River's third-party senior debt, Snake River was required, under the terms of the Company's loan to Snake River, to use all of its available cash resources to make debt service payments to Valhi (estimated to be approximately $20 million annually), including the funds that Snake River previously was using to fund debt service on its third-party senior debt. In October 2005, when Valhi agreed to forgive approximately $21.6 million of accrued and unpaid interest in return for Snake River prepaying an aggregate of $94.8 million under its loan from Valhi, Valhi considered, among other things, the present value of the future repayment of its loan to Snake River under the present terms, the income tax benefit relating to forgiveness of the accrued interest and Valhi's various alternate reinvestment opportunities with respect to such prepayment and the returns thereon. Consequently, while Valhi continued to believe it would ultimately fully collect all amounts due under the terms of its loan to Snake River, Valhi was willing to accept a discount under certain conditions (principally, Snake River's $94.8 million prepayment). In October 2005, Snake River completed a new senior loan facility that generated funds sufficient to make the $94.8 million prepayment to Valhi, and Valhi accordingly forgave the remaining accrued and unpaid interest. See Note 3 and 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company may, at its option, require the LLC to redeem the Company's interest in the LLC beginning in 2012, and the LLC has the right to redeem the Company's interest in the LLC beginning in 2027. The redemption price is generally $250 million plus the amount of certain undistributed income allocable to the Company, if any. In the event the Company requires the LLC to redeem the Company's interest in the LLC, Snake River has the right to accelerate the maturity of and call Valhi's $250 million loans from Snake River. Redemption of the Company's interest in the LLC would result in the Company reporting income related to the disposition of its LLC interest for income tax purposes, although the Company would not be expected to report a gain in earnings for financial reporting purposes at the time its LLC interest was redeemed (as discussed in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). However, because of Snake River's ability to call its $250 million loans to Valhi upon redemption of the Company's interest in the LLC, the net cash proceeds (after repayment of the debt) generated by redemption of the Company's interest in the LLC could be less than the income taxes that would become payable as a result of the disposition. The Company routinely compares its liquidity requirements and alternative uses of capital against the estimated future cash flows to be received from its subsidiaries, and the estimated sales value of those units. As a result of this process, the Company has in the past and may in the future seek to raise additional capital, refinance or restructure indebtedness, repurchase indebtedness in the market or otherwise, modify its dividend policies, consider the sale of interests in subsidiaries, affiliates, business units, marketable securities or other assets, or take a combination of such steps or other steps, to increase liquidity, reduce indebtedness and fund future activities. Such activities have in the past and may in the future involve related companies. The Company and related entities routinely evaluate acquisitions of interests in, or combinations with, companies, including related companies, perceived by management to be undervalued in the marketplace. These companies may or may not be engaged in businesses related to the Company's current businesses. The Company intends to consider such acquisition activities in the future and, in connection with this activity, may consider issuing additional equity securities and increasing the indebtedness of the Company, its subsidiaries and related companies. From time to time, the Company and related entities also evaluate the restructuring of ownership interests among their respective subsidiaries and related companies. Non-GAAP financial measures In an effort to provide investors with additional information regarding the Company's results of operations as determined by GAAP, the Company has disclosed certain non-GAAP information which the Company believes provides useful information to investors: o The Company discloses percentage changes in Kronos' average TiO2 selling prices in billing currencies, which excludes the effects of foreign currency translation. The Company believes disclosure of such percentage changes allows investors to analyze such changes without the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of the relative changes in average selling prices in the actual various billing currencies. Generally, when the U.S. dollar either strengthens or weakens against other currencies, the percentage change in average selling prices in billing currencies will be higher or lower, respectively, than such percentage changes would be using actual exchange rates prevailing during the respective periods. Summary of debt and other contractual commitments As more fully described in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company is a party to various debt, lease and other agreements which contractually and unconditionally commit the Company to pay certain amounts in the future. See Notes 10 and 18 to the Consolidated Financial Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 Statements. The Company's obligations related to the long-term supply contract for the purchase of Ti02 feedstock is more fully described in Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and above in "Business - Chemicals - Kronos Worldwide, Inc., - manufacturing process, properties and raw materials." The following table summarizes such contractual commitments of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2005 by the type and date of payment. Payment due date -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2011 and Contractual commitment 2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 after Total ---------------------- ---- --------- --------- -------- ----- (In millions) Third-party indebtedness: Principal $ 1.6 $ 13.6 $452.2 $250.0 $717.4 Interest 63.4 126.2 85.8 376.0 651.4 Operating leases 5.4 6.9 3.7 21.1 37.1 Kronos' long-term supply contract for the purchase of TiO2 feedstock 194.6 312.7 173.5 - 680.8 CompX raw material and other purchase commitments 16.9 - - - 16.9 Fixed asset acquisitions 10.0 - - - 10.0 Income taxes 24.7 - - - 24.7 ------ ------ ------ ------ -------- $316.6 $459.4 $715.2 $647.1 $2,138.3 ====== ====== ====== ====== ======== The timing and amount shown for the Company's commitments related to indebtedness (principal and interest), operating leases and fixed asset acquisitions are based upon the contractual payment amount and the contractual payment date for such commitments. With respect to indebtedness involving revolving credit facilities, the amount shown for indebtedness is based upon the actual amount outstanding at December 31, 2005, and the amount shown for interest for any outstanding variable-rate indebtedness is based upon the December 31, 2005 interest rate and assumes that such variable-rate indebtedness remains outstanding until the maturity of the facility. The amount shown for income taxes is the consolidated amount of income taxes payable at December 31, 2005, which is assumed to be paid during 2006. A significant portion of the amount shown for indebtedness relates to KII's Senior Secured Notes ($449.3 million at December 31, 2005). Such indebtedness is denominated in euro. See Item 7A - "Quantative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" and Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Kronos' contracts for the purchase of TiO2 feedstock contain fixed quantities that Kronos is required to purchase, although certain of these contracts allow for an upward or downward adjustment in the quantity purchased, generally no more than 10%, based on Kronos' feedstock requirements. The pricing under these agreements is generally based on a fixed price with price escalation clauses primarily based on consumer price indices, as defined in the respective contracts. The timing and amount shown for Kronos' commitments related to the long-term supply contracts for TiO2 feedstock is based upon Kronos' current estimate of the quantity of material that will be purchased in each time period shown, and the payment that would be due based upon such estimated purchased quantity and an estimate of the effect of the price escalation clause. The actual amount of material purchased, and the actual amount that would be payable by Kronos, may vary from such estimated amounts. The above table of contractual commitments does not include any amounts under Kronos' obligation under the Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P. joint venture, as the timing and amount of such purchases are unknown and dependent on, among other things, the amount of TiO2 produced by the joint venture in the future, and the joint venture's future cost of producing such TiO2. However, the table of contractual commitments does include amounts related to Kronos' share of the joint venture's ore requirements necessary to produce TiO2 for Kronos. See Notes 7 and 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and "Business - Chemicals - Kronos Worldwide, Inc. - TiO2 manufacturing joint venture." In addition, Waste Control Specialists is a party to an agreement which could require Waste Control Specialists to pay certain amounts to a third party based upon specified percentages of qualifying revenues. The Company has not included any amounts for this conditional commitment in the above table because the Company currently believes it is not probable that the Company will be required to pay any amounts pursuant to this agreement. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The above table does not reflect any amounts that the Company might pay to fund its defined benefit pension plans and OPEB plans, as the timing and amount of any such future fundings are unknown and dependent on, among other things, Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 the future performance of defined benefit pension plan assets, interest rate assumptions and actual future retiree medical costs. Such defined benefit pension plans and OPEB plans are discussed above in greater detail. The above table also does not reflect any amounts that the Company might pay related to its asset retirement obligations, as the timing and amounts of such future fundings are unknown. See Notes 16 and 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK General. The Company is exposed to market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and equity security prices. In the past, the Company has periodically entered into interest rate swaps or other types of contracts in order to manage a portion of its interest rate market risk. The Company has also periodically entered into currency forward contracts to either manage a nominal portion of foreign exchange rate market risk associated with receivables denominated in a currency other than the holder's functional currency or similar risk associated with future sales, or to hedge specific foreign currency commitments. Otherwise, the Company does not generally enter into forward or option contracts to manage such market risks, nor does the Company enter into any such contract or other type of derivative instrument for trading or speculative purposes. Other than the contracts discussed below, the Company was not a party to any forward or derivative option contract related to foreign exchange rates, interest rates or equity security prices at December 31, 2004 and 2005. See Notes 1 and 21 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the financial instruments to which the Company is a party at December 31, 2004 and 2005. Interest rates. The Company is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates, primarily related to indebtedness and certain interest-bearing notes receivable. At December 31, 2005, the Company's aggregate indebtedness was split between 98% of fixed-rate instruments and 2% of variable-rate borrowings (2004 - 98% of fixed-rate instruments and 2% of variable rate borrowings). The large percentage of fixed-rate debt instruments minimizes earnings volatility which would result from changes in interest rates. The following table presents principal amounts and weighted average interest rates for the Company's aggregate outstanding indebtedness at December 31, 2005. Information shown below for such foreign currency denominated indebtedness is presented in its U.S. dollar equivalent at December 31, 2005 using exchange rates of 1.18 U.S. dollars per euro. Amount ----------------------- Carrying Fair Interest Maturity Indebtedness* value value rate date ------------- -------- ----- -------- -------- (In millions) Fixed-rate indebtedness: Euro-denominated KII Senior Secured Notes $449.3 $463.6 8.9% 2009 Valhi loans from Snake River 250.0 250.0 9.4% 2027 Other 2.0 2.0 7.7% Various ------ ------ 701.3 715.6 9.1% ------ ------ Variable-rate indebtedness - Kronos U.S. revolver 11.5 11.5 7.0% 2008 ------ ------ $712.8 $727.1 9.0% ====== ====== * Denominated in U.S. dollars, except as otherwise indicated. Excludes capital lease obligations. At December 31, 2004, fixed rate indebtedness aggregated $769.8 million (fair value - $799.7 million) with a weighted-average interest rate of 9.1%; variable rate indebtedness at such date aggregated $13.6 million, which approximates fair value, with a weighted-average interest rate of 3.9%. Such fixed rate indebtedness was denominated in the euro (68% of the total) or the U.S. dollars 32%. At December 31, 2004, all outstanding fixed-rate indebtedness was denominated in U.S. dollars or the euro, and the outstanding variable rate borrowings were denominated in the euro. The Company had an $80 million loan to Snake River Sugar Company at December 31, 2004. Such loan bore interest at a fixed interest rate of 6.49%, and the estimated fair value of such loan at such date was $96.3 million. The potential decrease in the fair value of such loan resulting from a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in market interest rates would be approximately $5.4 million at December 31, 2004. Such loan was prepaid during 2005. See Note 8 to Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 the Consolidated Financial Statements. Foreign currency exchange rates. The Company is exposed to market risk arising from changes in foreign currency exchange rates as a result of manufacturing and selling its products worldwide. Earnings are primarily affected by fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, the Canadian dollar, the Norwegian kroner and the British pound sterling. As described above, at December 31, 2005, Kronos had the equivalent of $449.3 million of outstanding euro-denominated indebtedness (2004- the equivalent of $532.8 million of euro-denominated indebtedness). The potential increase in the U.S. dollar equivalent of the principal amount outstanding resulting from a hypothetical 10% adverse change in exchange rates at such date would be approximately $44.4 million at December 31, 2005 (2004 - $52.4 million). Certain of the Kronos' sales generated by its non-U.S. operations are denominated in U.S. dollars. Kronos periodically uses currency forward contracts to manage a very nominal portion of foreign exchange rate risk associated with receivables denominated in a currency other than the holder's functional currency or similar exchange rate risk associated with future sales. Kronos has not entered into these contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the past, nor does Kronos currently anticipate entering into such contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the future. Derivatives used to hedge forecasted transactions and specific cash flows associated with foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities which meet the criteria for hedge accounting are designated as cash flow hedges. Consequently, the effective portion of gains and losses is deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and is recognized in earnings at the time the hedged item affects earnings. Contracts that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting are marked-to-market at each balance sheet date with any resulting gain or loss recognized in income currently as part of net currency transactions. During 2004 and 2005, Kronos has not used hedge accounting for any of its contracts. To manage such exchange rate risk, at December 31, 2005, Kronos held a series of short-term currency forward contracts, which mature through March 2006, to exchange an aggregate of U.S. $7.5 million for an equivalent amount of Canadian dollars at an exchange rate of Cdn. $1.19 per U.S. dollar. At December 31, 2005, the actual exchange rate was Cdn. $1.16 per U.S. dollar. The estimated fair value of such foreign currency forward contracts at December 31, 2005 was not material. Kronos held no such contracts at December 31, 2004, and held no other significant derivative contracts at December 31, 2004 or 2005. Certain of the CompX's sales generated by its non-U.S. operations are denominated in U.S. dollars. CompX periodically uses currency forward contracts to manage a portion of foreign exchange rate risk associated with receivables denominated in a currency other than the holder's functional currency. CompX has not entered into these contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the past, nor does CompX currently anticipate entering into such contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the future. Derivatives used to hedge forecasted transactions and specific cash flows associated with foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities which meet the criteria for hedge accounting are designated as cash flow hedges. Consequently, the effective portion of gains and losses is deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and is recognized in earnings at the time the hedged item affects earnings. Contracts that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting are marked-to-market at each balance sheet date with any resulting gain or loss recognized in income currently as part of net currency transactions. At December 31, 2005, CompX had entered into a series of short-term forward exchange contracts maturing through March 2006 to exchange an aggregate of $6.5 million for an equivalent value of Canadian dollars at an exchange rate of Cdn. $1.19 per U.S. dollar. The actual exchange rate was Cdn. $1.17 per U.S. dollar at December 31, 2005. At December 31, 2004 CompX had entered into a series of short-term forward exchange contracts maturing through March 2005 to exchange an aggregate of $7.2 million for an equivalent amount of Canadian dollars at an exchange rates of Cdn. $1.19 to Cdn. $1.23 per U.S. dollar. The estimated fair value of such forward exchange contracts at December 31, 2004 and 2005 is not material. Marketable equity and debt security prices. The Company is exposed to market risk due to changes in prices of the marketable securities which are owned. The fair value of such debt and equity securities at December 31, 2004 and 2005 was $266.2 million and $270.5 million, respectively. The potential change in the aggregate fair value of these investments, assuming a 10% change in prices, would be $26.6 million at December 31, 2004 and $27.1 million at December 31, 2005. Other. The Company believes there may be a certain amount of incompleteness in the sensitivity analyses presented above. For example, the hypothetical effect of changes in interest rates discussed above ignores the potential effect on other variables which affect the Company's results of operations and cash flows, such as demand for the Company's products, sales volumes and selling prices and operating expenses. Contrary to the above assumptions, changes in interest rates rarely result in simultaneous comparable shifts along the yield curve. Also, certain of the Company's marketable securities are exchangeable for certain of the Company's debt instruments, and a decrease in the fair value of such securities would likely be mitigated by a decrease in the fair value of the related indebtedness. Accordingly, the amounts presented above are not necessarily an accurate reflection of the potential losses the Company would incur assuming the hypothetical changes in market prices were actually to occur. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  The above discussion and estimated sensitivity analysis amounts include forward-looking statements of market risk which assume hypothetical changes in market prices. Actual future market conditions will likely differ materially from such assumptions. Accordingly, such forward-looking statements should not be considered to be projections by the Company of future events, gains or losses. ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA The information called for by this Item is contained in a separate section of this Annual Report. See "Index of Financial Statements and Schedules" (page F-1). ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE None. ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES Remediation of Prior Material Weakness. A material weakness is a control deficiency, or a combination of control deficiencies, that results in more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected. The Company has previously concluded that as of December 31, 2004 and March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2005, the Company did not maintain effective controls over the accounting for income taxes, including the determination and reporting of income taxes payable to affiliates, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, deferred income tax asset valuation allowance, and the provision for income taxes. Specifically, the Company did not have adequate personnel with sufficient knowledge of income tax accounting and reporting. Additionally, the Company did not maintain effective controls over the review and monitoring of the accuracy, completeness and valuation of the components of the income tax provision and related deferred income taxes as well as the income taxes payable to affiliates resulting in errors in (i) the accounting for the income tax effect of the difference between book and income tax basis of the Company's investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc., a majority-owned subsidiary of the Company, (ii) current income taxes related to distributions or transfer of Kronos common stock made by NL Industries, Inc., a majority-owned subsidiary of the Company, to NL's stockholders and (iii) current and deferred income taxes related to other items, that were not prevented or detected. This control deficiency resulted in the previously-reported restatements of the Company's 2002, 2003 and 2004 consolidated financial statements and its 2004 and 2005 interim financial information. Additionally, this control deficiency could result in a misstatement of income taxes payable to affiliates, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, deferred income tax asset valuation allowance, and the provision for income taxes that would result in a material misstatement to the Company's annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, management of the Company determined that this control deficiency constituted a material weakness. To remediate this material weakness, in the fourth quarter of 2005 additional resources have been added with a background in accounting for income taxes in accordance with SFAS No. 109 and the related authoritative guidance. Management has concluded that the addition of such staff has ensured that accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America has been appropriately applied with respect to the calculation and classification within the consolidated financial statements of income tax provisions and related current and deferred income tax accounts. Accordingly, the Company has concluded that this material weakness no longer exists at December 31, 2005. Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures. The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), means controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits to the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Act"), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits to the SEC under the Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its principal executive officer and its principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions to be made regarding required disclosure. Each of Steven L. Watson, the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer, and Bobby D. O'Brien, the Company's Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2005. Based upon their evaluation, these executive officers have concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2005. Scope of Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. The Company also maintains internal control over financial reporting. The term "internal control over financial reporting," as defined by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f), means a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company's principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 performing similar functions, and effected by the Company's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that: o Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company, o Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company, and o Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires the Company to include a management report on internal control over financial reporting in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005. The Company's independent registered public accounting firm is also required to audit the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005. As permitted by the SEC, the Company's assessment of internal control over financial reporting excludes (i) internal control over financial reporting of its equity method investees and (ii) internal control over the preparation of the Company's financial statement schedules required by Article 12 of Regulation S-X. However, our assessment of internal control over financial reporting with respect to the Company's equity method investees did include our controls over the recording of amounts related to our investment that are recorded in our consolidated financial statements, including controls over the selection of accounting methods for our investments, the recognition of equity method earnings and losses and the determination, valuation and recording of our investment account balances. Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). The Company's evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting is based upon the framework established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (commonly referred to as the "COSO" framework). Based on the Company's evaluation under that framework, management of the Company has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2005. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that has audited the Company's Consolidated Financial Statement included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has audited management's assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, as stated in their report which is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Other than the remediation of the material weakness discussed above, there have been no changes to the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2005 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Certifications. The Company's chief executive officer is required to annually file a certification with the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), certifying the Company's compliance with the corporate governance listing standards of the NYSE. During 2005, the Company's chief executive officer filed such annual certification with the NYSE. The 2005 certification was qualified in that, while the Company had publicly disclosed in its latest proxy statement that the audit committee chairman presided at meetings of its independent directors and how its stockholders might communicate directly with the audit committee chairman, it had not publicly disclosed how other interested parties could communicate with the presiding director of the non-management directors and had not established procedures as to who presided at meetings of non-management directors. The Company remediated this qualification by amending its corporate governance guidelines on November 1, 2005, disclosing that the audit committee chairman presided at meetings of the non-management directors and how stockholders and other interested parties might communicate with the presiding director. The Company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer are also required to, among other things, quarterly file certifications with the SEC regarding the quality of the Company's public disclosures, as required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The certifications for the quarter ended December 31, 2005 have been filed as exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Not applicable. PART III Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to Valhi's definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report (the "Valhi Proxy Statement"). ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Valhi Proxy Statement. ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Valhi Proxy Statement. ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Valhi Proxy Statement. See also Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the Valhi Proxy Statement. PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES (a) and (c) Financial Statements and Schedules The Registrant The Consolidated Financial Statements and schedules of the Registrant listed on the accompanying Index of Financial Statements and Schedules (see page F-1) are filed as part of this Annual Report. 50%-or-less owned persons The consolidated financial statements of TIMET (39%-owned at December 31, 2005) are filed as Exhibit 99.1 of this Annual Report pursuant to Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X. Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting of TIMET is not included as part of Exhibit 99.1. The Registrant is not required to provide any other consolidated financial statements pursuant to Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X. (b) Exhibits Included as exhibits are the items listed in the Exhibit Index. The Company has retained a signed original of any of these exhibits that contain signatures, and the Company will provide such exhibit to the Commission or its staff upon request. Valhi will furnish a copy of any of the exhibits listed below upon request and payment of $4.00 per exhibit to cover the costs to Valhi of furnishing the exhibits. Valhi will also furnish, without charge, a copy of its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, its Audit Committee Charter and its Corporate Governance Guidelines, each as adopted by the Company's board of directors, upon request. Such requests should be directed to the attention of Valhi's Corporate Secretary at Valhi's corporate offices located at 5430 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1700, Dallas, Texas 75240. Pursuant to Item 601(b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K, any instrument defining the rights of holders of long-term debt issues and other agreements related to indebtedness which do not exceed 10% of consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2005 will be furnished to the Commission upon request. Item No. Exhibit Item 3.1 Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant - incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the definitive Prospectus/Joint Proxy Statement of The Amalgamated Sugar Company and LLC Corporation (File No. 1-5467) dated February 10, 1987. 3.2 By-Laws of the Registrant as amended - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 2002. 4.1 Indenture dated June 28, 2002 between Kronos International, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, governing Kronos International's 8.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2009 - Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to NL Industries, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended June 30, 2002. 9.1 Shareholders' Agreement dated February 15, 1996 among TIMET, Tremont, IMI plc, IMI Kynoch Ltd. and IMI Americas, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to Tremont's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-10126) dated March 1, 1996. 9.2 Amendment to the Shareholders' Agreement dated March 29, 1996 among TIMET, Tremont, IMI plc, IMI Kynosh Ltd. and IMI Americas, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Tremont's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-10126) for the year ended December 31, 1995. 10.1 Intercorporate Services Agreement between the Registrant and Contran Corporation effective as of January 1, 2004 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2004. 10.2 Intercorporate Services Agreement between Contran Corporation and NL effective as of January 1, 2004 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended March 31, 2004. 10.3 Intercorporate Services Agreement between Contran Corporation, Tremont LLC and TIMET effective as of January 1, 2004 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to TIMET's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 0-28538) for the year ended December 31, 2003. 10.4 Intercorporate Services Agreement between Contran Corporation and CompX effective January 1, 2004 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to CompX's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-13905) for the year ended December 31, 2003. Item No. Exhibit Item 10.5 Intercorporate Services Agreement between Contran Corporation and Kronos Worldwide, Inc. effective January 1, 2004 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.1 to Kronos' Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-31763) for the quarter ended March 31, 2004. 10.6 Revolving Loan Note dated May 4, 2001 with Harold C. Simmons Family Trust No. 2 and EMS Financial, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended September 30, 2001. 10.7 Security Agreement dated May 4, 2001 by and between Harold C. Simmons Family Trust No. 2 and EMS Financial, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended September 30, 2001. 10.8* Valhi, Inc. 1987 Stock Option - Stock Appreciation Rights Plan, as amended - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-5467) for the year ended December 31, 1994. 10.9* Valhi, Inc. 1997 Long-Term Incentive Plan - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-5467) for the year ended December 31, 1996. 10.10* CompX International Inc. 1997 Long-Term Incentive Plan - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to CompX's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-42643). 10.11* NL Industries, Inc. 1998 Long-Term Incentive Plan - incorporated by reference to Appendix A to NL's Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File No. 1-640) for the annual meeting of shareholders held on May 9, 1998. 10.12* Kronos Worldwide, Inc. 2003 Long-Term Incentive Plan - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Kronos' Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-31763). 10.13 Agreement Regarding Shared Insurance dated as of October 30, 2003 by and between CompX International Inc., Contran Corporation, Keystone Consolidated Industries, Inc., Kronos Worldwide, Inc., NL Industries, Inc., Titanium Metals Corporation and Valhi, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Kronos' Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-31763) for the year ended December 31, 2003. 10.14 Formation Agreement of The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC dated January 3, 1997 (to be effective December 31, 1996) between Snake River Sugar Company and The Amalgamated Sugar Company - Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-5467) for the year ended December 31, 1996. 10.15 Master Agreement Regarding Amendments to The Amalgamated Sugar Company Documents dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. 10.16 Prerepayment and Termination Agreement dated October 14, 2005 among Valhi, Inc., Snake River Sugar Company and Wells Fargo Bank Northwest, N.A. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.1 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-5467) dated October 18, 2005. Item No. Exhibit Item 10.17 Company Agreement of The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC dated January 3, 1997 (to be effective December 31, 1996) - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-5467) for the year ended December 31, 1996. 10.18 First Amendment to the Company Agreement of The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.19 Second Amendment to the Company Agreement of The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC dated November 30, 1998 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-5467) for the year ended December 31, 1998. 10.20 Third Amendment to the Company Agreement of The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. 10.21 Amended and Restated Company Agreement of The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC dated October 14, 2005 among The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC, Snake River Sugar Company and The Amalgamated Collateral Trust - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.7 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-5467) dated October 18, 2005. 10.22 Subordinated Promissory Note in the principal amount of $37.5 million between Valhi, Inc. and Snake River Sugar Company, and the related Pledge Agreement, both dated January 3, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-5467) for the year ended December 31, 1996. 10.23 Limited Recourse Promissory Note in the principal amount of $212.5 million between Valhi, Inc. and Snake River Sugar Company, and the related Limited Recourse Pledge Agreement, both dated January 3, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-5467) for the year ended December 31, 1996. 10.24 Subordinated Loan Agreement between Snake River Sugar Company and Valhi, Inc., as amended and restated effective May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.25 Second Amendment to the Subordinated Loan Agreement between Snake River Sugar Company and Valhi, Inc. dated November 30, 1998 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-5467) for the year ended December 31, 1998. 10.26 Third Amendment to the Subordinated Loan Agreement between Snake River Sugar Company and Valhi, Inc. dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. Item No. Exhibit Item 10.27 Fourth Amendment to the Subordinated Loan Agreement between Snake River Sugar Company and Valhi, Inc. dated March 31, 2003 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (file No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended March 31, 2003. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  10.28 Contingent Subordinate Pledge Agreement between Snake River Sugar Company and Valhi, Inc., as acknowledged by First Security Bank National Association as Collateral Agent, dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. 10.29 Contingent Subordinate Security Agreement between Snake River Sugar Company and Valhi, Inc., as acknowledged by First Security Bank National Association as Collateral Agent, dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. 10.30 Contingent Subordinate Collateral Agency and Paying Agency Agreement among Valhi, Inc., Snake River Sugar Company and First Security Bank National Association dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. 10.31 Deposit Trust Agreement related to the Amalgamated Collateral Trust among ASC Holdings, Inc. and Wilmington Trust Company dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.32 First Amendment to Deposit Trust Agreement dated October 14, 2005 among ASC Holdings, Inc. and Wilmington Trust Company- incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.2 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-5467) dated October 18, 2005. 10.33 Pledge Agreement between the Amalgamated Collateral Trust and Snake River Sugar Company dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.34 Second Pledge Amendment (SPT) dated October 14, 2005 among The Amalgamated Collateral Trust and Snake River Sugar Company - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.4 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-5467) dated October 18, 2005. 10.35 Guarantee by the Amalgamated Collateral Trust in favor of Snake River Sugar Company dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.36 Second SPT Guaranty Amendment dated October 14, 2005 among The Amalgamated Collateral Trust and Snake River Sugar Company - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.5 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-5467) dated October 18, 2005. Item No. Exhibit Item 10.37 Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement between ASC Holdings, Inc. and Snake River Sugar Company dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.38 Second Amended and Restated Pledge Agreement dated October 14, 2005 among ASC Holdings, Inc. and Snake River Sugar Company - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.3 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-5467) dated October 18, 2005. 10.39 Collateral Deposit Agreement among Snake River Sugar Company, Valhi, Inc. and First Security Bank, National Association dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.40 Voting Rights and Forbearance Agreement among the Amalgamated Collateral Trust, ASC Holdings, Inc. and First Security Bank, National Association dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.41 First Amendment to the Voting Rights and Forbearance Agreement among the Amalgamated Collateral Trust, ASC Holdings, Inc. and First Security Bank National Association dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  10.42 Voting Rights and Collateral Deposit Agreement among Snake River Sugar Company, Valhi, Inc., and First Security Bank, National Association dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.43 Subordination Agreement between Valhi, Inc. and Snake River Sugar Company dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.44 First Amendment to the Subordination Agreement between Valhi, Inc. and Snake River Sugar Company dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. 10.45 Form of Option Agreement among Snake River Sugar Company, Valhi, Inc. and the holders of Snake River Sugar Company's 10.9% Senior Notes Due 2009 dated May 14, 1997 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended June 30, 1997. 10.46 Option Agreement dated October 14, 2005 among Valhi, Inc., Snake River Sugar Company, Northwest Farm Credit Services, FLCA and U.S. Bank National Association - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.6 to the Registrant's Amendment No. 1 to its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-5467) dated October 18, 2005. Item No. Exhibit Item 10.47 First Amendment to Option Agreements among Snake River Sugar Company, Valhi Inc., and the holders of Snake River's 10.9% Senior Notes Due 2009 dated October 19, 2000 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-5467) for the quarter ended September 30, 2000. 10.48 Formation Agreement dated as of October 18, 1993 among Tioxide Americas Inc., Kronos Louisiana, Inc. and Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended September 30, 1993. 10.49 Joint Venture Agreement dated as of October 18, 1993 between Tioxide Americas Inc. and Kronos Louisiana, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended September 30, 1993. 10.50 Kronos Offtake Agreement dated as of October 18, 1993 by and between Kronos Louisiana, Inc. and Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended September 30, 1993. 10.51 Amendment No. 1 to Kronos Offtake Agreement dated as of December 20, 1995 between Kronos Louisiana, Inc. and Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 of NL's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-640) for the year ended December 31 1995. 10.52 Master Technology and Exchange Agreement dated as of October 18, 1993 among Kronos, Inc., Kronos Louisiana, Inc., Kronos International, Inc., Tioxide Group Limited and Tioxide Group Services Limited - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended September 30, 1993. 10.53 Allocation Agreement dated as of October 18, 1993 between Tioxide Americas Inc., ICI American Holdings, Inc., Kronos, Inc. and Kronos Louisiana, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended September 30, 1993. 10.54 Lease Contract dated June 21, 1952, between Farbenfabrieken Bayer Aktiengesellschaft and Titangesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung (German language version and English translation thereof) - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of NL's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-640) for the year ended December 31, 1985. 10.55 Contract on Supplies and Services among Bayer AG, Kronos Titan GmbH and Kronos International, Inc. dated June 30, 1995 (English translation from German language document) - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of NL's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-640) for the quarter ended September 30, 1995. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  10.56 Amendment dated August 11, 2003 to the Contract on Supplies and Services among Bayer AG, Kronos Titan-GmbH & Co. OHG and Kronos International (English translation of German language document) - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.32 to the Kronos Worldwide, Inc. Registration Statement on Form 10 (File No. 001-31763). Item No. Exhibit Item 10.57 Form of Lease Agreement, dated November 12, 2004, between The Prudential Assurance Company Limited and TIMET UK Ltd. related to the premises known as TIMET Number 2 Plant, The Hub, Birmingham, England - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to TIMET's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1 -10126) filed with the SEC on November 17, 2004. 10.58** Richards Bay Slag Sales Agreement dated May 1, 1995 between Richards Bay Iron and Titanium (Proprietary) Limited and Kronos, Inc.- incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to NL's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-640) for the year ended December 31, 1995. 10.59** Amendment to Richards Bay Slag Sales Agreement dated May 1, 1999, between Richards Bay Iron and Titanium (Proprietary) Limited and Kronos, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to NL's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-640) for the year ended December 31, 1999. 10.60** Amendment to Richards Bay Slag Sales Agreement dated June 1, 2001 between Richards Bay Iron and Titanium (Proprietary) Limited and Kronos, Inc.- incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.5 to NL's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-640) for the year ended December 31, 2001. 10.61** Amendment to Richards Bay Slag Sales Agreement dated December 20, 2002 between Richards Bay Iron and Titanium (Proprietary) Limited and Kronos, Inc.- incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.7 to NL's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-640) for the year ended December 31, 2002. 10.62** Amendment to Richards Bay Slag Sales Agreement dated October 31, 2003 between Richards Bay Iron and Titanium (Proprietary) Limited and Kronos, Inc. - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.17 to Kronos' Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-31763) for the year ended December 31, 2003. 10.63 Agreement between Sachtleben Chemie GmbH and Kronos Titan GmbH effective as of December 30, 1988 - Incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.1 to Kronos International Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 333-100047) for the quarter ended September 30, 2002. 10.64 Supplementary Agreement dated as of May 3, 1996 to the Agreement effective as of December 30, 1986 between Sachtleben Chemie GmbH and Kronos Titan GmbH - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.2 to Kronos International Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 333-100047) for the quarter ended September 30, 2002. 10.65 Second Supplementary Agreement dated as of January 8, 2002 to the Agreement effective as of December 30, 1986 between Sachtleben Chemie GmbH and Kronos Titan GmbH - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.3 to Kronos International Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 333-100047) for the quarter ended September 30, 2002. 10.66 Purchase and Sale Agreement (for titanium products) between The Boeing Company, acting through its division, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, and Titanium Metals Corporation (as amended and restated effective April 19, 2001) - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.2 to Titanium Metals Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 0-28538) for the quarter ended June 30, 2002. Item No. Exhibit Item 10.67 Purchase and Sale Agreement between Rolls Royce plc and Titanium Metals Corporation dated December 22, 1998 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.3 to Titanium Metals Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 0-28538) for the quarter ended June 30, 2002. 10.68** First Amendment to Purchase and Sale Agreement between Rolls-Royce plc and TIMET - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.1 to TIMET's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 0-28538) for the quarter ended June 30, 2004. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 10.69** Second Amendment to Purchase and Sale Agreement between Rolls-Royce plc and TIMET - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.2 to TIMET's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 0-28538) for the quarter ended June 30, 2004. 10.70** General Terms Agreement between The Boeing Company and Titanium Metals Corporation - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.2 to TIMET's Amendment No. 1 to its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 0-28538) dated August 2, 2005. 10.71** Special Business Provisions between The Boeing Company and Titanium Metals Corporation - incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 10.3 to TIMET's Amendment No. 1 its Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 0-28538) dated August 2, 2005. 10.72 Insurance Sharing Agreement, effective January 1, 1990, by and between NL, Tall Pines Insurance Company, Ltd. and Baroid Corporation - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to NL's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-640) for the year ended December 31, 1991. 10.73 Indemnification Agreement between Baroid, Tremont and NL Insurance, Ltd. dated September 26, 1990 - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to Baroid's Registration Statement on Form 10 (No. 1-10624) filed with the Commission on August 31, 1990. 10.74 Administrative Settlement for Interim Remedial Measures, Site Investigation and Feasibility Study dated July 7, 2000 between the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., M I, LLC and TRE Management Company - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Tremont Corporation's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-10126) for the quarter ended June 30, 2002. 10.75 Settlement Agreement and Release of Claims dated April 19, 2001 between Titanium Metals Corporation and the Boeing Company - incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to TIMET's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 0-28538) for the quarter ended March 31, 2001. 21.1*** Subsidiaries of the Registrant. 23.1*** Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP with respect to Valhi's consolidated financial statements 23.2*** Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP with respect to TIMET's consolidated financial statements Item No. Exhibit Item 31.1*** Certification 31.2*** Certification 32.1*** Certification 99.1 Consolidated financial statements of Titanium Metals Corporation - incorporated by reference to TIMET's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 0-28538) for the year ended December 31, 2005. * Management contract, compensatory plan or agreement. ** Portions of the exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment. *** Filed herewith. SIGNATURES Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. VALHI, INC. (Registrant) By: /s/ Steven L. Watson Steven L. Watson, March 24, 2006 (President and Chief Executive Officer) Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated: /s/ Harold C. Simmons /s/ Steven L. Watson ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Harold C. Simmons, March 24, 2006 Steven L. Watson, March 24, 2006 (Chairman of the Board) (President, Chief Executive Officer and Director) /s/ Thomas E. Barry /s/ Glenn R. Simmons ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Thomas E. Barry, March 24, 2006 Glenn R. Simmons, March 24, 2006 (Director) (Vice Chairman of the Board) /s/ Norman S. Edelcup /s/ Bobby D. O'Brien ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Norman S. Edelcup, March 24, 2006 Bobby D. O'Brien, March 24, 2006 (Director) (Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Principal Financial Officer) /s/ W. Hayden McIlroy /s/ Gregory M. Swalwell ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- W. Hayden McIlroy, March 24, 2006 Gregory M. Swalwell, March 24, 2006 (Director) (Vice President and Controller, Principal Accounting Officer) /s/ J. Walter Tucker, Jr. ----------------------------------- J. Walter Tucker, Jr. March 24, 2006 (Director) Annual Report on Form 10-K Items 8, 15(a) and 15(d) Index of Financial Statements and Schedules Financial Statements Page ---- Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2 Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2004 (Restated); December 31, 2005 F-4 Consolidated Statements of Operations - Years ended December 31, 2003 and 2004 (Restated); Year ended December 31, 2005 F-6 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Years ended December 31, 2003 and 2004 (Restated); Year ended December 31, 2005 F-8 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - Years ended December 31, 2003 and 2004 (Restated); Year ended December 31, 2005 F-9 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Years ended December 31, 2003 and 2004 (Restated); Year ended December 31, 2005 F-10 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-13 Financial Statement Schedules Schedule I - Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Restated) S-1 Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts S-10 Schedules III and IV are omitted because they are not applicable. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Valhi, Inc.: We have completed integrated audits of Valhi, Inc.'s 2004 and 2005 consolidated financial statements and of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, and an audit of its 2003 consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Our opinions, based on our audits, are presented below. Consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedules In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements listed in the accompanying index present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Valhi, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2004 and 2005, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2005 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedules listed in the accompanying index present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements. These financial statements and financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedules based on our audits. We conducted our audits of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit of financial statements includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has restated its 2003 and 2004 consolidated financial statements as a result of a change in accounting principle adopted retroactively in 2005 by Titanium Metals Corporation, an equity method investee of the Company. As discussed in Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 143 on January 1, 2003. Internal control over financial reporting Also, in our opinion, management's assessment, included in Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A, that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 based on the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of Treadway Commission ("COSO), is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on those criteria. Furthermore, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the COSO. The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on management's assessment and on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. An audit of internal control over financial reporting includes obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management's assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we consider necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Dallas, Texas March 24, 2006 VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands, except per share data) ASSETS 2004 2005 ---------- ---------- (Restated) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 267,829 $ 274,963 Restricted cash equivalents 9,609 6,007 Marketable securities 9,446 11,755 Accounts and other receivables 217,931 218,766 Refundable income taxes 3,330 1,489 Receivable from affiliates 5,531 34 Inventories 263,414 283,157 Prepaid expenses 12,342 9,981 Deferred income taxes 9,705 10,502 --------- ---------- Total current assets 799,137 816,654 --------- ---------- Other assets: Marketable securities 256,770 258,705 Investment in affiliates 189,726 270,632 Receivable from affiliate 10,000 - Loans and other receivables 119,452 2,502 Unrecognized net pension obligations 13,518 11,916 Prepaid pension cost - 3,529 Goodwill 354,051 361,783 Other intangible assets 3,189 3,432 Deferred income taxes 239,521 213,726 Other assets 52,326 59,137 --------- ---------- Total other assets 1,238,553 1,185,362 --------- ---------- Property and equipment: Land 38,493 37,876 Buildings 234,152 220,110 Equipment 894,023 827,690 Mining properties 20,277 19,969 Construction in progress 21,557 15,771 --------- ---------- 1,208,502 1,121,416 Less accumulated depreciation 555,707 545,055 --------- ---------- Net property and equipment 652,795 576,361 --------- ---------- $2,690,485 $2,578,377 ========== ========== VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (CONTINUED) December 31, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands, except per share data) Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY 2004 2005 -------- -------- (Restated) Current liabilities: Current maturities of long-term debt $ 14,412 $ 1,615 Accounts payable 109,158 105,650 Accrued liabilities 131,119 129,429 Payable to affiliates 11,607 13,754 Income taxes 21,196 24,680 Deferred income taxes 24,170 4,313 ---------- --------- Total current liabilities 311,662 279,441 ---------- --------- Noncurrent liabilities: Long-term debt 769,525 715,820 Accrued pension costs 77,360 140,742 Accrued OPEB costs 34,988 32,279 Accrued environmental costs 55,450 49,161 Deferred income taxes 386,054 400,964 Other 41,061 39,328 ---------- --------- Total noncurrent liabilities 1,364,438 1,378,294 ---------- --------- Minority interest 139,710 125,049 ---------- --------- Stockholders' equity: Preferred stock, $.01 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; none issued - - Common stock, $.01 par value; 150,000 shares authorized; 124,195 and 120,748 shares issued 1,242 1,207 Additional paid-in capital 110,978 108,810 Retained earnings 812,484 786,268 Accumulated other comprehensive income: Marketable securities 5,449 4,194 Currency translation 36,380 11,157 Pension liabilities (53,916) (78,101) Treasury stock, at cost - 3,984 and 3,984 shares (37,942) (37,942) ---------- --------- Total stockholders' equity 874,675 795,593 ---------- --------- $2,690,485 $2,578,377 ========== ========== Commitments and contingencies (Notes 5, 10, 15, 17 and 18) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands, except per share data) 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) Revenues and other income: Net sales $1,186,185 $1,320,128 $1,392,866 Other, net 41,427 44,244 67,989 Equity in earnings of: Titanium Metals Corporation ("TIMET") (2,312) 22,669 64,889 Other 771 2,175 3,563 ---------- ---------- ---------- 1,226,071 1,389,216 1,529,307 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  ---------- ---------- ---------- Cost and expenses: Cost of sales 905,658 1,036,950 1,042,838 Selling, general and administrative 220,753 208,101 219,641 Interest 58,524 62,901 69,190 ---------- ---------- ---------- 1,184,935 1,307,952 1,331,669 ---------- ---------- ---------- Income before taxes 41,136 81,264 197,638 Provision for income taxes (benefit) 132,406 (193,338) 104,159 Minority interest in after-tax earnings (losses) (5,863) 48,343 11,756 ---------- ---------- ---------- Income (loss) from continuing operations (85,407) 226,259 81,723 Discontinued operations (2,874) 3,732 (272) Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle 586 - - ---------- ---------- ---------- Net income (loss) $ (87,695) $ 229,991 $ 81,451 =========== ========== ========== See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (CONTINUED) Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands, except per share data) 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) Basic earnings per share: Income (loss) from continuing operations $ (.71) $ 1.89 $ .69 Discontinued operations (.03) .03 - Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle .01 - - -------- -------- -------- Net income (loss) $ (.73) $ 1.92 $ .69 ======== ======== ======== Diluted earnings per share: Income (loss) from continuing operations $ (.71) $ 1.88 $ .68 Discontinued operations (.03) .03 - Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle .01 - - -------- -------- -------- Net income (loss) $ (.73) $ 1.91 $ .68 ======== ======== ======== Cash dividends per share $ .24 $ .24 $ .40 Shares used in the calculation of per share amounts: Basic earnings per share 119,696 120,197 118,155 Diluted impact of stock options - 243 364 -------- -------- -------- Diluted earnings per share 119,696 120,440 118,519 ======== ======== ======== Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) Net income (loss) $(87,695) $229,991 $ 81,451 -------- -------- -------- Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: Marketable securities adjustment 860 3,243 (1,255) Currency translation adjustment 31,798 40,172 (25,223) Pension liabilities adjustment (18,275) 1,870 (24,185) -------- -------- -------- Total other comprehensive income (loss), net 14,383 45,285 (50,663) -------- -------- -------- Comprehensive income (loss) $(73,312) $275,276 $ 30,788 ======== ======== ======== See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) Additional Accumulated other comprehensive income Total Common paid-in Retained Marketable Currency Pension Treasury stockholders' stock capital earnings securities translation liabilities stock equity ----- ------- -------- ---------- ----------- ----------- -------- ------------ (Restated) (Restated) Balance at December 31, 2002: As previously reported $1,262 $47,657 $779,240 $1,346 $(35,590) $(37,511) $(75,649) $680,755 Effect of TIMET's change in accounting principle - - 7,778 - - - - 7,778 ------ ------- -------- ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- Balance as restated 1,262 47,657 787,018 1,346 (35,590) (37,511) (75,649) 688,533 Net loss* - - (87,695) - - - - (87,695) Cash dividends - - (29,796) - - - - (29,796) Other comprehensive income (loss), net - - - 860 31,798 (18,275) - 14,383 Merger transactions - Valhi shares issued to acquire Tremont shares attributable to: Tremont minority interest 48 50,926 - - - - - 50,974 NL's holdings on Tremont 30 19,219 - - - - (19,249) - Adjust treasury stock for Valhi shares held by NL - - - - - - (7,616) (7,616) Other, net - 265 - - - - - 265 ------ ------- -------- ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- Balance at December 31, 2003* 1,340 118,067 669,527 2,206 (3,792) (55,786) (102,514) 629,048 Net income* - - 229,991 - - - - 229,991 Cash dividends - - (29,804) - - - - (29,804) Other comprehensive income, net - - - 3,243 40,172 1,870 - 45,285 Retirement of treasury stock (99) (7,243) (57,230) - - - 64,572 - Other, net 1 154 - - - - - 155 ------ ------- -------- ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- Balance at December 31, 2004* 1,242 110,978 812,484 5,449 36,380 (53,916) (37,942) 874,675 Net income - - 81,451 - - - - 81,451 Cash dividends - - (48,805) - - - - (48,805) Other comprehensive income (loss), net - - - (1,255) (25,223) (24,185) - (50,663) Treasury stock: Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Acquired - - - - - - (62,060) (62,060) Retired (35) (3,163 (58,862) - - - 62,060 - Other, net - 995 - - - - - 995 ------ ------- -------- ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- Balance at December 31, 2005 $1,207 $108,810 $786,268 $ 4,194 $ 11,157 $(78,101) $(37,942) $795,593 ====== ======== ======== ======= ======== ======== ======== ======== *As restated. See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) $ (87,695) $ 229,991 $ 81,451 Depreciation and amortization 72,969 78,352 74,527 Goodwill impairment - 6,500 - Securities transactions, net (487) (2,113) (20,259) Proceeds from disposal of marketable securities (trading) 50 - - Write-off of accrued interest receivable - - 21,638 Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment (9,845) 855 1,555 Noncash interest expense 2,366 2,543 3,037 Benefit plan expense less than cash funding: Defined benefit pension expense (5,478) (2,977) (6,365) Other postretirement benefit expense (4,078) (2,839) (2,963) Deferred income taxes: Continuing operations 151,257 (211,831) 42,295 Discontinued operations (2,590) (3,508) (696) Minority interest: Continuing operations (5,863) 48,343 11,756 Discontinued operations (1,414) (4,124) (205) Equity in: TIMET 2,312 (22,669) (64,889) Other (771) (2,175) (3,563) Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (586) - - Net distributions from: Ti02 manufacturing joint venture 875 8,600 4,850 Other 1,205 494 964 Other, net (1,195) 4,391 347 Change in assets and liabilities: Accounts and other receivables 3,795 (25,148) (4,052) Inventories (20,938) 46,937 (48,858) Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (8,948) (10,116) 1,407 Income taxes (26,646) 30,759 16,082 Accounts with affiliates 24,077 (10,060) 3,750 Other noncurrent assets (1,812) (812) (4,562) Other noncurrent liabilities 21,115 (17,764) (2,307) Other, net 6,871 500 (649) -------- ------- ------- Net cash provided by operating activities 108,546 142,129 104,291 -------- ------- ------- VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED) Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures $ (44,659) $ (48,521) $ (62,778) Purchases of: Kronos common stock (6,428) (17,057) (7,039) TIMET common stock (976) - (17,972) CompX common stock - - (3,638) TIMET debt securities (238) - - Other subsidiary - (575) - Business unit - - (7,342) Marketable securities - - (29,449) Capitalized permit costs (672) (6,274) (4,105) Proceeds from disposal of: Business unit - - 18,094 Property and equipment 13,472 2,964 553 Kronos common stock - 2,745 19,176 Marketable securities - - 19,690 Interest in Norwegian smelting operation - - 3,542 Change in restricted cash equivalents, net (248) 10,068 (1,759) Collection of loan to Snake River Sugar Company - - 80,000 Cash of disposed business unit - - (4,006) Loans to affiliates: Loans - (12,929) (11,000) Collections 4,000 12,000 25,929 Other, net 1,984 (508) 2,474 --------- ------- ------- Net cash provided (used) by investing activities (33,765) (58,087) 20,370 --------- ------- ------- Cash flows from financing activities: Indebtedness: Borrowings 27,106 297,439 56,996 Principal payments (59,782) (186,274) (54,210) Deferred financing costs paid (426) (2,017) (114) Loans from affiliates: Loans 16,354 26,117 - Repayments (20,193) (33,449) - Valhi dividends paid (29,796) (29,804) (48,805) Distributions to minority interest (6,509) (3,577) (12,007) Treasury stock acquired - - (62,060) NL common stock issued 1,738 9,201 2,507 Other, net 264 802 1,931 --------- ------- ------- Net cash provided (used) by financing Activities (71,244) 78,438 (115,762) --------- ------- ------- Net increase $ 3,537 $ 162,480 $ 8,899 ======== ========= ========= VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED) Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) Cash and cash equivalents - net change from: Operating, investing and financing activities $ 3,537 $162,480 $ 8,899 Currency translation 5,178 1,955 (1,765) -------- -------- -------- 8,715 164,435 7,134 Balance at beginning of year 94,679 103,394 267,829 -------- -------- -------- Balance at end of year $103,394 $267,829 $274,963 ======== ======== ======== Supplemental disclosures: Cash paid (received) for: Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Interest, net of amounts capitalized $ 53,990 $ 59,446 $ 64,964 Income taxes, net (4,237) (20,583) 54,131 Noncash investing activities: Note receivable received upon disposal of business unit $ - $ - $ 4,179 Inventories received as partial consideration for disposal of interest in Norwegian smelting operation - - 1,897 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Note 1 - Restatement and summary of significant accounting policies: Restatement of financial statements. As previously reported, effective January 1, 2005, TIMET, an equity method investee of the Company, changed its method of accounting for approximately 40% of its inventories from the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method to the specific identification cost method, representing all of its inventories previously accounted for under the LIFO method. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"), the Company has retroactively restated its consolidated financial statements to reflect its financial position, results of operations and cash flows as if TIMET had accounted for such inventories under the new method for all periods presented. As a result of this change in accounting principles by TIMET, the Company's consolidated stockholders' equity as of December 31, 2002 is approximately $7.8 million higher than previously reported, the Company's consolidated income from continuing operations and net income in 2003 are approximately $2.7 million, or $.02 per diluted share, lower than previously reported (comprised of $4.2 million of lower equity in earnings of TIMET offset by a $1.5 million deferred income tax benefit) and the Company's consolidated income from continuing operations and net income in 2004 are approximately $2.1 million, or $.02 per diluted share, higher than previously reported (comprised of $3.2 million of higher equity in earnings of TIMET offset by a $1.1 million deferred income tax provision). Summary of significant accounting policies. Organization and basis of presentation. Valhi, Inc. (NYSE: VHI) is a subsidiary of Contran Corporation. At December 31, 2005, Contran held, directly or through subsidiaries, approximately 92% of Valhi's outstanding common stock. Substantially all of Contran's outstanding voting stock is held by trusts established for the benefit of certain children and grandchildren of Harold C. Simmons, of which Mr. Simmons is sole trustee, or is held by Mr. Simmons or persons or other entities related to Mr. Simmons. Consequently, Mr. Simmons may be deemed to control such companies. Management's estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ significantly from previously-estimated amounts under different assumptions or conditions. Principles of consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Valhi and its majority-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company"). All material intercompany accounts and balances have been eliminated. Increases in the Company's ownership interest of its consolidated subsidiaries, either through the Company's purchase of additional shares of the subsidiary's common stock or the subsidiary's purchase of its own shares of common stock, are accounted for by the purchase method (step acquisition). Unless otherwise noted, such purchase accounting generally results in an adjustment to the carrying amount of goodwill. The effect of decreases in the Company's ownership interest of its consolidated subsidiaries through the Company's or the subsidiary's sale of the subsidiary's common stock to third parties is reflected in net income, with a gain or loss recognized equal to the difference between the proceeds from such sale and the carrying value of the shares sold. The effect of other decreases in the Company's ownership interest of its consolidated subsidiaries, which usually result from the exercise of options granted by such subsidiaries to purchase their shares of common stock to employees, is generally not material. Translation of foreign currencies. Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries and affiliates whose functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar are translated at year-end rates of exchange and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the year. Resulting Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 translation adjustments are accumulated in stockholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of related deferred income taxes and minority interest. Currency transaction gains and losses are recognized in income currently. Derivatives and hedging activities. Derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities and measured at fair value in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ("SFAS") No. 133, Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities, as amended. The accounting for changes in fair value of derivatives depends upon the intended use of the derivative, and such changes are recognized either in net income or other comprehensive income. As permitted by the transition requirements of SFAS No. 133, the Company has exempted from the scope of SFAS No. 133 all host contracts containing embedded derivatives which were issued or acquired prior to January 1, 1999. Cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents include bank time deposits and government and commercial notes and bills with original maturities of three months or less. Restricted cash equivalents and marketable debt securities. Restricted cash equivalents and marketable debt securities, primarily invested in U.S. government securities and money market funds that invest primarily in U.S. government securities, includes $19 million at December 31, 2004 held by special purpose trusts (2005 - nil) formed by NL Industries, the assets of which could only be used to pay for certain of NL's future environmental remediation and other environmental expenditures. Such restricted amounts were generally classified as either a current or noncurrent asset depending on the classification of the liability to which the restricted amount relates. Additionally, the restricted marketable debt securities are generally classified as either a current or noncurrent asset depending upon the maturity date of each such debt security. See Notes 5 and 8. Marketable securities; securities transactions. Marketable debt and equity securities are carried at fair value based upon quoted market prices or as otherwise disclosed. Unrealized and realized gains and losses on trading securities are recognized in income currently. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are accumulated in stockholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of related deferred income taxes and minority interest. Realized gains and losses are based upon the specific identification of the securities sold. Accounts receivable. The Company provides an allowance for doubtful accounts for known and estimated potential losses arising from sales to customers based on a periodic review of these accounts. Inventories and cost of sales. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market, net of allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventories ($10.2 million and $9.5 million at December 31, 2004 and 2005, respectively). Inventory costs are generally based on average cost or the first-in, first-out method. Cost of sales includes costs for materials, packing and finishing, utilities, salary and benefits, maintenance and depreciation. Investment in affiliates and joint ventures. Investments in more than 20%-owned but less than majority-owned companies are accounted for by the equity method. See Note 7. Differences between the cost of each investment and the Company's pro rata share of the entity's separately-reported net assets, if any, are allocated among the assets and liabilities of the entity based upon estimated relative fair values. Such differences approximate a $32 million credit at December 31, 2005, relate principally to the Company's investment in TIMET and are charged or credited to income as the entities depreciate, amortize or dispose of the related net assets. Goodwill and other intangible assets; amortization expense. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of individual net assets acquired in business combinations accounted for by the purchase method. Goodwill is not subject to periodic amortization. Other intangible assets, amortized by the straight-line method over their estimated lives, are stated net of accumulated amortization. Goodwill and other intangible assets are assessed for impairment in accordance with SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. See Note 9. Capitalized operating permits. Direct costs related to the acquisition or renewal of operating permits related to the Company's waste management operations are capitalized and are amortized by the straight-line method over the term of the applicable permit. Amortization of capitalized operating permit costs was $357,000 in 2003, $623,000 in 2004 and $126,000 in 2005. At December 31, 2005, net operating permit costs include (i) $1.0 million related to costs to renew certain permits for which the renewal application is pending with the applicable regulatory agency and (ii) $9.7 million related to costs to apply for certain new permits which have not yet been issued by the applicable regulatory authority. Renewal of the permits for which the application is still pending is currently expected to occur in the ordinary course of business, and costs related to such renewals are being amortized from the date the prior permit expired. Costs related to the new permits which have not yet been issued will either be (i) amortized from the date the permit is issued or (ii) written off to expense at the earlier of (a) the date the applicable regulatory authority rejects the permit application or (b) the date the Company determines that issuance of the permit to the Company is not probable of occurring. All operating permits are generally subject to renewal at the option of the issuing Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 governmental agency. Property and equipment; depreciation expense. Property and equipment are stated at cost. The Company has a governmental concession with an unlimited term to operate an ilmenite mine in Norway. Mining properties consist of buildings and equipment used in the Company's Norwegian ilmenite mining operations. While the Company owns the land and ilmenite reserves associated with the mine, such land and reserves were acquired for nominal value and the Company has no material asset recognized for the land and reserves related to such mining operations. Depreciation of property and equipment for financial reporting purposes (including mining properties) is computed principally by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of ten to 40 years for buildings and three to 20 years for equipment. Accelerated depreciation methods are used for income tax purposes, as permitted. Upon sale or retirement of an asset, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is recognized in income currently. Expenditures for maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are expensed; expenditures for major improvements are capitalized. The Company performs certain planned major maintenance activities during the year, primarily with respect to the chemicals segment. Repair and maintenance costs estimated to be incurred in connection with such planned major maintenance activities are accrued in advance and are included in cost of goods sold. At December 31, 2005, accrued repair and maintenance costs, included in other current liabilities and consisting primarily of materials and supplies, were $5.0 million (2004 - $5.4 million). Interest costs related to major long-term capital projects and renewals are capitalized as a component of construction costs. Interest costs capitalized related to the Company's consolidated business segments were not significant in 2003, 2004 or 2005. When events or changes in circumstances indicate that assets may be impaired, an evaluation is performed to determine if an impairment exists. Such events or changes in circumstances include, among other things, (i) significant current and prior periods or current and projected periods with operating losses, (ii) a significant decrease in the market value of an asset or (iii) a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used. All relevant factors are considered. The test for impairment is performed by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows (exclusive of interest expense) associated with the asset to the asset's net carrying value to determine if a write-down to market value or discounted cash flow value is required. The Company assesses impairment of property and equipment in accordance with SFAS No. 144, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. Long-term debt. Long-term debt is stated net of any unamortized original issue premium or discount. Amortization of deferred financing costs and any premium or discount associated with the issuance of indebtedness, all included in interest expense, is computed by the interest method over the term of the applicable issue. Employee benefit plans. Accounting and funding policies for retirement plans are described in Note 16. Income taxes. Valhi and its qualifying subsidiaries are members of Contran's consolidated U.S federal income tax group (the "Contran Tax Group"), and Valhi and certain of its qualifying subsidiaries also file consolidated income tax returns with Contran in various U.S. state jurisdictions. As a member of the Contran Tax Group, the Company is jointly and severally liable for the federal income tax liability of Contran and the other companies included in the Contran Tax Group for all periods in which the Company is included in the Contran Tax Group. See Note 18. Contran's policy for intercompany allocation of income taxes provides that subsidiaries included in the Contran Tax Group compute their provision for income taxes on a separate company basis. Generally, subsidiaries make payments to or receive payments from Contran in the amounts they would have paid to or received from the Internal Revenue Service or the applicable state tax authority had they not been members of the Contran Tax Group. The separate company provisions and payments are computed using the tax elections made by Contran. The Company made net cash payments to Contran for income taxes of $1.5 million in 2003, nil in 2004 and $.5 million in 2005. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the income tax and financial reporting carrying amounts of assets and liabilities, including investments in the Company's subsidiaries and affiliates who are not members of the Contran Tax Group and undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries which are not permanently reinvested. In addition, the Company commenced recognizing deferred income taxes with respect to the excess of the financial reporting carrying amount over the income tax basis of Valhi's investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc. common stock beginning in December 2003 following NL's pro-rata distribution of shares of Kronos' common stock to NL's shareholders, including Valhi, because as of such date the Company could not avail itself of the exemption otherwise available under GAAP to avoid recognition of such deferred income taxes. See Note 3. Earnings of foreign subsidiaries subject to permanent reinvestment plans aggregated $713 million at December 31, 2005 (2004 - $558 million). Determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred income tax liability related to such earnings is not practicable due to the complexities associated with the U.S. taxation on earnings of foreign subsidiaries Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 repatriated to the U.S. The Company periodically evaluates its deferred tax assets in the various taxing jurisdictions in which it operates and adjusts any related valuation allowance based on the estimate of the amount of such deferred tax assets which the Company believes does not meet the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. NL and Kronos are members of the Contran Tax Group. CompX, previously a separate U.S. federal income taxpayer, became a member of the Contran Tax Group for federal income tax purposes in October 2004 with the formation of CompX Group, Inc. See Note 3. Most members of the Contran Tax Group also file consolidated unitary state income tax returns in qualifying U.S. jurisdictions. NL, Kronos and CompX are each a party to a tax sharing agreement with Valhi and Contran pursuant to which they generally compute their provision for income taxes on a separate-company basis, and make payments to or receive payments from Valhi in amounts that it would have paid to or received from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or the applicable state tax authority had they not been a member of the Contran Tax Group. Tremont and Waste Control Specialists are also members of the Contran Tax Group. The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC is treated as a partnership for income tax purposes. Environmental remediation costs. The Company records liabilities related to environmental remediation obligations when estimated future expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. Such accruals are adjusted as further information becomes available or circumstances change. Estimated future expenditures are generally not discounted to their present value. Recoveries of remediation costs from other parties, if any, are recognized as assets when their receipt is deemed probable. At December 31, 2004 and 2005, no receivables for recoveries have been recognized. Closure and post closure costs. Through December 31, 2002, the Company provided for the estimated closure and post-closure monitoring costs for its waste disposal site over the operating life of the facility as airspace was consumed. Effective January 1, 2003, the Company adopted SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations, and commenced accounting for such costs in accordance with SFAS No. 143. See Note 19. At December 31, 2004, refundable insurance deposits (see Note 8) collateralized certain of the Company's closure and post-closure obligations. Such deposits were refunded to the Company during 2005 when the related policy terminated. Net sales. Sales are recorded when products are shipped and title and other risks and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer, or when services are performed. Shipping terms of products shipped in both the Company's chemicals and components products segments are generally F.O.B. shipping point, although in some instances shipping terms are FOB destination point (for which sales are not recognized until the product is received by the customer). Amounts charged to customers for shipping and handling are included in net sales. Sales are stated net of price, early payment and distributor discounts and volume rebates. Selling, general and administrative expenses; shipping and handling costs. Selling, general and administrative expenses include costs related to marketing, sales, distribution, shipping and handling, research and development, legal, environmental remediation and administrative functions such as accounting, treasury and finance, and includes costs for salaries and benefits, travel and entertainment, promotional materials and professional fees. Shipping and handling costs of the Company's chemicals segment were approximately $63 million in 2003, $70 million in 2004 and $76 million in 2005. Shipping and handling costs of the Company's component products and waste management segments are not material. Advertising costs related to continuing operations, expensed as incurred, were approximately $2 million in each of 2003, 2004 and 2005. Research, development and certain sales technical support costs related to continuing operations, expensed as incurred, were approximately $7 million in 2003, $8 million in 2004 and $9 million in 2005. Earnings per share. Basic earnings per share of common stock is based upon the weighted average number of common shares actually outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share of common stock includes the impact of outstanding dilutive stock options. The weighted average number of outstanding stock options excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because their impact would have been antidilutive aggregated approximately 410,000 in 2003, 62,000 in 2004 and nil in 2005. Stock options. The Company currently accounts for stock-based employee compensation in accordance with Accounting Principles Board Opinion ("APBO") No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and its various interpretations. See Note 20. Under APBO No. 25, no compensation cost is generally recognized for fixed stock options in which the exercise price is greater than or equal to the market price on the grant date. Prior to 2003, and following the cash settlement of certain stock options held by employees of NL, NL and the Company commenced accounting for NL's remaining stock options using the variable accounting method because NL could not overcome the presumption that it would not similarly cash settle its remaining stock options. Under the variable accounting method, the intrinsic value of all unexercised stock options (including those with an exercise price at least equal to the market price on the date of grant) are accrued as an expense over their vesting period, with subsequent increases (decreases) in the market price of the underlying common stock resulting in additional compensation expense (income). Compensation cost related to stock options recognized by the Company in accordance with APBO No. 25 was approximately $1.9 million in 2003 and $3.4 million in 2004, and compensation income was $1.1 million in 2005. The total income tax benefit related to such Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 compensation cost recognized by the Company was approximately $.7 million in 2003 and $1.2 million in 2004, and the total income tax provision related to the compensation income was $.4 million in 2005. No compensation cost was capitalized as part of assets (inventories or fixed assets) during 2003, 2004 and 2005. The following table presents what the Company's consolidated net income (loss), and related per share amounts, would have been in 2003, 2004 and 2005 if Valhi and its subsidiaries and affiliates had each elected to account for their respective stock-based employee compensation related to stock options in accordance with the fair value-based recognition provisions of SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, for all awards granted subsequent to January 1, 1995. Years ended December 31, -------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ----- (Restated) (Restated) (In millions, except share amounts) Net income (loss) as reported $(87.7) $230.0 $ 81.4 Adjustments, net of applicable income tax effects and minority interest - stock based employee compensation expense determined under: APBO No. 25 .9 1.7 (.4) SFAS No. 123 (1.4) (.7) (.2) ------ ------ ------ Pro forma net income (loss) $(88.2) $231.0 $ 80.8 ====== ====== ====== Basic earnings per share: As reported $ (.73) $ 1.91 $ .69 Pro forma (.74) 1.92 .68 Diluted earnings per share: As reported $ (.73) $ 1.91 $ .68 Pro forma (.74) 1.92 .68 Note 2 - Business and geographic segments: % owned at Business segment Entity December 31, 2005 ---------------- ------ ----------------- Chemicals Kronos Worldwide, Inc. 93% Component products CompX International Inc. 70% Waste management Waste Control Specialists LLC 100% Titanium metals TIMET 39% The Company's ownership of Kronos includes 57% held directly by Valhi and 36% held directly by NL Industries, Inc., an 83%-owned subsidiary of Valhi. The Company's ownership of CompX is principally held directly by CompX Group, Inc, a majority-owned subsidiary of NL. NL owns 82.4% of CompX Group, and TIMET owns the remaining 17.6% of CompX Group. CompX Group's sole asset consists of shares of CompX common stock representing approximately 83% of the total number of CompX shares outstanding, and the percentage ownership of CompX shown above includes NL's ownership interest in CompX Group multiplied by CompX Group's ownership interest in CompX, or 68%. NL also owns an additional 2% of CompX directly. See Note 3. The company's ownership of TIMET includes 35% owned directly by Tremont LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and 4% owned directly by Valhi. In addition, the Combined Master Retirement Trust ("CMRT"), a collective investment trust sponsored by Contran to permit the collective investment by certain master trusts which fund certain employee benefits plans sponsored by Contran and certain of its affiliates, owned an additional 11% of TIMET's outstanding common stock at December 31, 2005. See Note 16. TIMET owns directly an additional 3% of CompX, .5% of NL and less than .1% of Kronos, and TIMET accounts for such CompX, NL and Kronos shares, as well as its shares of CompX Group, as available-for-sale marketable securities carried at fair value (with the fair value of TIMET's shares of CompX Group determined based on the fair value of the underlying CompX shares held by CompX Group). Because the Company does not consolidate TIMET, the shares of CompX Group, CompX, NL and Kronos owned by TIMET are not considered as part of the Company's consolidated investment in such companies. The Company is organized based upon its operating subsidiaries. The Company's operating segments are defined as components of our consolidated operations about which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker in determining how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company's chief operating Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 decision maker is Mr. Harold C. Simmons. Each operating segment is separately managed, and each operating segment represents a strategic business unit offering different products. The Company's reportable operating segments are comprised of the chemicals business conducted by Kronos, the component products business conducted by CompX and the waste management business conducted by Waste Control Specialists. Kronos manufactures and sells titanium dioxide pigments ("TiO2"). TiO2 is used to impart whiteness, brightness and opacity to a wide variety of products, including paints, plastics, paper, fibers and ceramics. Kronos has production facilities located throughout North America and Europe. Kronos also owns a one-half interest in a TiO2 production facility located in Louisiana. See Note 7. CompX manufactures and sells component products (security products, precision ball bearing slides and ergonomic computer support systems) for office furniture, computer related applications and a variety of other applications. CompX has production facilities in North America and Asia. Waste Control Specialists operates a facility in West Texas for the processing, treatment and storage of hazardous, toxic and low-level and mixed radioactive wastes, and for the disposal of hazardous and toxic and certain types of low-level and mixed low-level radioactive wastes. Waste Control Specialists is seeking additional regulatory authorizations to expand its treatment and disposal capabilities for low-level and mixed radioactive wastes at its facility in West Texas. TIMET is a vertically integrated producer of titanium sponge, melted products (ingot and slab) and a variety of titanium mill products for aerospace, industrial and other applications with production facilities located in the U.S. and Europe. The Company evaluates segment performance based on segment operating income, which is defined as income before income taxes and interest expense, exclusive of certain non-recurring items (such as gains or losses on disposition of business units and other long-lived assets outside the ordinary course of business and certain legal settlements) and certain general corporate income and expense items (including securities transactions gains and losses and interest and dividend income) which are not attributable to the operations of the reportable operating segments. The accounting policies of the reportable operating segments are the same as those described in Note 1. Segment operating income includes the effect of amortization of any intangible assets attributable to the segment. Chemicals operating income, as presented below, differs from amounts separately reported by Kronos due to amortization of purchase accounting basis adjustments recorded by the Company. Similarly, the Company's equity in earnings of TIMET differs from the Company's pro-rata share of TIMET's separately-reported results. Equity in earnings of TIMET for 2003 and 2004 have been restated for TIMET's change in accounting principle related to its inventories. See Note 1. Component products operating income, as presented below, may differ from amounts separately reported by CompX because the Company defines operating income differently than CompX. Interest income included in the calculation of segment operating income is not material in 2003, 2004 or 2005. Capital expenditures include additions to property and equipment but exclude amounts paid for business units acquired in business combinations accounted for by the purchase method. See Note 3. Depreciation and amortization related to each reportable operating segment includes amortization of any intangible assets attributable to the segment. Amortization of deferred financing costs and any premium or discount associated with the issuance of indebtedness is included in interest expense. There are no intersegment sales or any other significant intersegment transactions. Segment assets are comprised of all assets attributable to each reportable operating segment, including goodwill and other intangible assets. The Company's investment in the TiO2 manufacturing joint venture (see Note 7) is included in the chemicals business segment assets. Corporate assets are not attributable to any operating segment and consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents, marketable securities and loans to third parties. At December 31, 2005, approximately 17% of corporate assets were held by NL (2004 - 23%), with substantially all of the remainder held by Valhi. For geographic information, net sales are attributed to the place of manufacture (point-of-origin) and the location of the customer (point-of-destination); property and equipment are attributed to their physical location. At December 31, 2005, the net assets of non-U.S. subsidiaries included in consolidated net assets approximated $599 million (2004 - $653 million). Years ended December 31, ------------------------------------------ 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) (In millions) Net sales: Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Chemicals $1,008.2 $1,128.6 $1,196.7 Component products 173.9 182.6 186.3 Waste management 4.1 8.9 9.8 -------- -------- -------- Total net sales $1,186.2 $1,320.1 $1,392.8 ======== ======== ======== Operating income: Chemicals $ 122.3 $ 103.5 $ 164.9 Component products 9.1 16.2 19.3 Waste management (11.5) (10.2) (12.1) -------- -------- -------- Total operating income 119.9 109.5 172.1 Equity in: TIMET (2.3) 22.7 64.9 Other .8 2.2 3.6 General corporate items: Interest and dividend income 33.7 34.6 57.8 Securities transaction gains, net .5 2.1 20.2 Write-off of accrued interest - - (21.6) Gain on disposal of fixed assets 10.3 .6 - Insurance recoveries .8 .5 3.0 General expenses, net (64.0) (28.0) (33.2) Interest expense (58.5) (62.9) (69.2) -------- -------- -------- Income before income taxes $ 41.2 $ 81.3 $ 197.6 ======== ======== ======== Net sales - point of origin: United States $ 409.0 $ 558.1 $ 618.8 Germany 510.1 576.1 613.1 Belgium 150.7 186.4 186.9 Norway 131.5 144.5 160.5 Canada 249.6 244.4 266.0 Taiwan 13.4 15.8 14.2 Eliminations (278.1) (405.2) (466.7) -------- -------- -------- $1,186.2 $1,320.1 $1,392.8 ======== ======== ======== Net sales - point of destination: United States $ 427.7 $ 462.9 $ 511.8 Europe 574.5 671.8 693.6 Canada 85.5 80.8 77.4 Asia and other 98.5 104.6 110.0 -------- -------- -------- $1,186.2 $1,320.1 $1,392.8 ======== ======== ======== Years ended December 31, ------------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (In millions) Depreciation and amortization: Chemicals $ 54.5 $ 60.2 $ 60.1 Component products 14.8 14.2 10.9 Waste management 2.7 3.3 2.8 Corporate 1.0 .7 .7 -------- -------- -------- $ 73.0 $ 78.4 $ 74.5 ======== ======== ======== Capital expenditures: Chemicals $ 35.2 $ 39.3 $ 43.4 Component products 8.9 5.4 10.5 Waste management .4 3.7 7.0 Corporate .2 .1 1.9 -------- -------- -------- $ 44.7 $ 48.5 $ 62.8 ======== ======== ======== December 31, --------------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) (In millions) Total assets: Operating segments: Chemicals $1,542.2 $1,773.5 $1,694.1 Component products 209.4 170.2 155.2 Waste management 24.5 36.4 49.6 Investment in: TIMET common stock 28.1 55.4 138.7 TIMET preferred stock - .2 .2 TIMET debt securities .3 - - Other joint ventures 12.2 13.9 16.5 Corporate and eliminations 490.5 640.9 524.1 -------- -------- -------- $2,307.2 $2,690.5 $2,578.4 ======== ======== ======== Net property and equipment: United States $ 72.3 $ 69.8 $ 75.2 Germany 319.7 331.3 278.9 Canada 91.7 91.4 87.9 Norway 67.4 72.5 64.4 Belgium 71.1 73.8 61.7 Taiwan 5.7 5.7 8.3 Netherlands 9.6 8.3 - -------- -------- -------- $ 637.5 $ 652.8 $ 576.4 ======== ======== ======== Note 3 - Business combinations and related transactions: NL Industries, Inc. At the beginning of 2003, Valhi held 63% of NL's outstanding common stock, and Tremont held an additional 21% of NL. The Company's aggregate ownership of NL was reduced to 83% at December 31, 2005 due to NL's issuance of shares of its common stock upon the exercise of options to purchase NL common stock. In January 2005, Tremont distributed to Valhi its ownership interest in NL. Kronos Worldwide, Inc. Prior to December 2003, Kronos was a wholly-owned subsidiary of NL. In December 2003, and in conjunction with a recapitalization of Kronos, NL completed the distribution of approximately 48.8% of Kronos' common stock to NL shareholders (including Valhi and Tremont LLC) in the form of a pro-rata dividend. Shareholders of NL received one share of Kronos common stock for every two shares of NL held. During 2004 and the first quarter of 2005, NL paid an aggregate of five quarterly dividends in the form of shares of Kronos common stock, in which an aggregate of approximately 1.5 million shares of Kronos common stock (3.0% of Kronos' outstanding shares) were distributed to NL shareholders (including Valhi and Tremont) in the form of pro-rata dividends. Valhi and Tremont received an aggregate of approximately 1.2 million shares of Kronos with respect to these distributions. In January 2005, Tremont distributed to Valhi its ownership interest in Kronos. NL's December 2003, 2004 and 2005 quarterly distributions of shares of common stock of Kronos are taxable to NL, and NL is required to recognize a taxable gain equal to the difference between the fair market value of the shares of Kronos common stock distributed on the various dates of distribution and NL's adjusted tax basis in such stock at such dates of distribution. The amount of such tax liability related to the shares of Kronos distributed to NL shareholders other than Valhi and Tremont was approximately $22.5 million in 2003, $2.5 million in 2004 and $664,000 in 2005, and such amounts are recognized as a component of the Company's consolidated provision for income taxes in such periods. Other than the Company's recognition of such NL tax liabilities, the completion of the December 2003 and 2004 and 2005 quarterly distributions of Kronos common stock had no other impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The amount of NL's separate tax liability with respect to the shares of Kronos distributed to Valhi and Tremont, while recognized by NL at its separate company level, is not recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements because the separate tax liability is eliminated at the Valhi level due to Valhi, Tremont and NL all being members of the Contran Tax Group. With respect to such shares of Kronos distributed to Valhi and Tremont, effective December 1, 2003, Valhi and NL amended the terms of their tax sharing agreement to not require NL to pay up to Valhi the separate tax liability generated from the distribution of such Kronos shares to Valhi and Tremont. On November 30, 2004 Valhi and NL agreed to further amend the terms of their tax sharing agreement to provide that NL would now be required to pay up to Valhi the separate tax liability generated from the distribution of shares of Kronos common stock to Valhi and Tremont, including the tax related to such shares distributed to Valhi and Tremont in December 2003 and the tax related to the shares distributed to Valhi and Tremont during all of 2004. In determining to so amend the terms of the tax sharing agreement, NL and Valhi considered, among Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 other things, the changed expectation for the generation of taxable income at the NL level resulting from the inclusion of CompX in NL's consolidated taxable income effective in the fourth quarter of 2004, as discussed in Note 1. Valhi and NL further agreed that in lieu of a cash income tax payment, such separate tax liability could be paid by NL to Valhi in the form of shares of Kronos common stock held by NL. Such tax liability related to the shares of Kronos distributed to Valhi and Tremont in December 2003 and 2004, including the tax liability resulting from the use of Kronos common stock to settle such liability, aggregated approximately $227 million. Accordingly, in the fourth quarter of 2004 NL transferred approximately 5.5 million shares of Kronos common stock to Valhi in satisfaction of such separate tax liability and the tax liability generated from the use of such Kronos shares to settle such tax liability. In agreeing to settle such tax liability with such 5.5 million shares of Kronos common stock, the Kronos shares were valued at an agreed-upon price of $41 per share. Kronos' average closing market prices during the months of November and December 2004 were $41.53 and $41.77, respectively. NL also considered the fact that the shares of Kronos held by non-affiliates are very thinly traded, and consequently an average price over a period of days mitigates the effect of the thinly-traded nature of Kronos' common stock. The transfer of such 5.5 million shares of Kronos common stock, accounted for under GAAP as a transfer of net assets among entities under common control at carryover basis, had no effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements, and as noted above such tax liability is not recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements because it is eliminated at the Valhi level due to Valhi, Tremont and NL all being members of Valhi's tax group on a separate-company basis and of the Contran Tax Group. Such tax liability related to the shares of Kronos distributed to Valhi in the first quarter of 2005 aggregated $3.3 million, and such tax liability was paid by NL to Valhi in cash. This aggregate $230 million tax liability has not been paid by Valhi to Contran, nor has Contran paid such tax liability to the applicable tax authority. Such income tax liability would become payable by Valhi to Contran, and by Contran to the applicable tax authority, when the shares of Kronos transferred or distributed by NL to Valhi and Tremont are sold or otherwise transferred outside the Contran Tax Group or in the event of certain restructuring transactions involving NL and Valhi. However, as discussed in Note 1, the Company does recognize deferred income taxes with respect to its investment in Kronos, and in accordance with GAAP the amount of such deferred income taxes recognized by Valhi ($184 million at December 31, 2005) is limited to this $230 million tax liability. During 2003 and 2004 and 2005, Valhi purchased an aggregate of 1.1 million shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions for an aggregate of $30.5 million. During the fourth quarter of 2004 and 2005, NL sold an aggregate of 534,000 shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions for an aggregate of $21.9 million, and the Company recognized pre-tax gains related to the reduction of its ownership interest in Kronos related to such sales ($2.2 million in 2004 and $14.7 million in 2005). See Note 12. During 2004, Kronos acquired additional shares of its majority-owned subsidiary in France for approximately $575,000. See Note 13. TIMET. At the beginning of 2003, the Company owned 39% of TIMET. During 2003 and 2005, the Company purchased an aggregate of 1.4 million shares of TIMET common stock (as adjusted for certain TIMET stock splits discussed in Note 7) in market transactions for an aggregate of $18.9 million. During 2003, the Company also purchased certain convertible debt securities issued by a wholly-owned subsidiary of TIMET, and during 2004 such convertible debt securities were exchanged for convertible preferred stock of TIMET. See Note 7. CompX International Inc. At the beginning of 2003, the Company held 69% of CompX's common stock. Of such 69%, 66% was held by Valcor, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Valhi, and 3% was owned by Valhi directly. Prior to September 2004, the Company's aggregate ownership in CompX was reduced to 68% due to CompX's issuance of shares of its common stock upon the exercise of options to purchase CompX common stock. On September 24, 2004, NL completed the acquisition of the CompX shares previously held by Valhi and Valcor at a purchase price of $16.25 per share, or an aggregate of $168.6 million. The purchase price was paid by NL's transfer to Valhi and Valcor of an aggregate $168.6 million of NL's $200 million long-term note receivable from Kronos (which long-term note was eliminated in the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements). The acquisition was approved by a special committee of NL's board of directors comprised of directors who were not affiliated with Valhi, and such special committee retained their own legal and financial advisors who rendered an opinion to the special committee that the purchase price was fair, from a financial point of view, to NL. NL's acquisition was accounted for under GAAP as a transfer of net assets among entities under common control at carryover basis, and such transaction had no effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Effective October 1, 2004, NL and TIMET contributed shares of CompX common stock representing 68% and 15%, respectively, of CompX's outstanding common stock to newly-formed CompX Group in return for their 82.4% and 17.6% ownership interests in CompX Group, respectively, and CompX Group became the owner of the 83% of CompX that NL and TIMET had previously owned in the aggregate. These CompX shares are the sole asset of CompX Group. CompX Group recorded the shares of CompX received from NL at NL's carryover basis. The shares of CompX contributed to CompX Group by TIMET are excluded from the Company's consolidated investment in CompX. See Note 2. During 2005, NL purchased 233,500 additional shares of CompX common stock in market transactions for an aggregate of approximately $3.6 million, increasing NL's aggregate ownership of CompX to 70% Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 at December 31, 2005. In August 2005, CompX completed the acquisition of a components products business for aggregate cash consideration of $7.3 million, net of cash acquired. The purchase price has been allocated among the tangible and intangible net assets acquired (including goodwill) based upon an estimate of the fair value of such net assets. The pro forma effect on the Company's results of operations for 2005, assuming such acquisition had been completed as of January 1, 2005, is not material. Tremont Corporation, Tremont Group, Inc. and Tremont LLC. At the beginning of 2003, Valhi and NL owned 80% and 20%, respectively, of Tremont Group, Inc. Tremont Group was a holding company which owned 80% of Tremont Corporation. In February 2003, Valhi completed two consecutive merger transactions pursuant to which Tremont Group and Tremont both became wholly-owned subsidiaries of Valhi. Under these merger transactions, (i) Valhi issued 3.5 million shares of its common stock to NL in exchange for NL's 20% ownership interest in Tremont Group and (ii) Valhi issued 3.4 shares of its common stock (plus cash in lieu of fractional shares) to Tremont stockholders (other than Valhi and Tremont Group) in exchange for each share of Tremont common stock held by such stockholders, or an aggregate of 4.3 million shares of Valhi common stock, in each case in a tax-free exchange. A special committee of Tremont's board of directors, consisting of members unrelated to Valhi who retained their own independent financial and legal advisors, recommended approval of the second merger. Subsequent to these two mergers, Tremont Group and Tremont merged to form Tremont LLC, also wholly owned by Valhi. The number of shares of Valhi common stock issued to NL in exchange for NL's 20% ownership interest in Tremont Group was equal to NL's 20% pro-rata interest in the shares of Tremont common stock held by Tremont Group, adjusted for the 3.4 exchange ratio in the second merger. For financial reporting purposes, the Tremont shares previously held by NL (either directly or indirectly through NL's ownership interest in Tremont Group) were already considered as part of the Valhi consolidated group's ownership of Tremont to the extent of Valhi's ownership interest in NL. Therefore, that portion of such Tremont shares was not considered as held by the Tremont minority stockholders. As a result, the Valhi shares issued to NL in the merger transactions described above were deemed to have been issued in exchange for the Tremont shares held by the Tremont minority interest only to the extent that Valhi did not have an ownership interest in NL. At December 31, 2003 and 2004, NL and its subsidiaries owned an aggregate of 4.7 million shares of Valhi common stock, including 3.5 million shares received by NL in the merger transactions described above and 1.2 million shares previously acquired by NL. As discussed in Note 14, the amount shown as treasury stock in the Company's consolidated balance sheet for financial reporting purposes includes the Company's proportional interest in the shares of Valhi common stock held by NL. Accordingly, a portion of the 3.5 million shares of Valhi common stock issued to NL in the merger transactions were reported as treasury stock, and were not deemed to have been issued in exchange for Tremont shares held by the minority interest, since they represent shares issued to "acquire" the portion of the Tremont shares already held directly or indirectly by NL that were considered as part of the Valhi consolidated group's ownership of Tremont. The following table presents the number of Valhi common shares that were issued pursuant to the merger transactions described above. Equivalent Tremont Valhi shares shares(1) ------- --------- Valhi shares issued to NL in exchange for NL's ownership interest in Tremont Group: Valhi shares issued to NL(2) 3,495,200 Less shares deemed Valhi has issued to itself based on Valhi's ownership interest in NL (2,957,288) ---------- 537,912 ---------- Valhi shares issued to the Tremont stockholders: Total number of Tremont shares outstanding 6,424,858 Less Tremont shares held by Tremont Group and Valhi(3) (5,146,421) ---------- 1,278,437 4,346,686 ========== Less fractional shares converted into cash (1,758) Less shares deemed Valhi has issued to itself based on Valhi's ownership interest in NL(4) (23,494) ---------- 4,321,434 ---------- Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Net Valhi shares issued to acquire the Tremont minority interest 4,859,346 ========== (1) Based on the 3.4 exchange ratio. (2) Represents 5,141,421 shares of Tremont held by Tremont Group, multiplied by NL's 20% ownership interest in Tremont Group, adjusted for the 3.4 exchange ratio in the merger. (3) The Tremont shares held by Tremont Group and Valhi were cancelled in the merger transactions. (4) Represents shares of Tremont held directly by NL, multiplied by Valhi's ownership interest in NL and adjusted for the 3.4 exchange ratio. For financial reporting purposes, the merger transactions described above were accounted for by the purchase method (step acquisition of Tremont). The shares of Valhi common stock issued to the Tremont minority interest were valued at $10.49 per share, representing the average of Valhi's closing NYSE stock price for the period beginning two trading days prior to the November 5, 2002 public announcement of the signing of the definitive merger agreement and ending two trading days following such public announcement. The shares of Valhi common stock issued to acquire the Tremont shares held by NL that were already considered as part of the Valhi's consolidated group ownership of Tremont, which were reported as treasury stock, were valued at carryover cost basis of approximately $19.2 million. The following presents the purchase price for the step acquisition of Tremont. The value assigned to the shares of Valhi common stock issued is $10.49 per share, as discussed above. Valhi shares Assigned issued value --------- ---------- (In millions) Net Valhi shares issued 4,859,346 $51.0 ========= Plus cash fees and expenses 0.9 ----- Total purchase price $51.9 ===== The purchase price was allocated based upon an estimate of the fair value of the net assets acquired as follows: Amount ------------- (In millions) Book value of historical minority interest in Tremont's net assets acquired $28.7 Remaining purchase price allocation: Increase property and equipment to fair value 4.0 Reduce Tremont's accrued OPEB costs to accumulated benefit Obligations 4.4 Adjust deferred income taxes 8.9 Goodwill 5.9 ----- Purchase price $51.9 ===== The adjustments to increase the carrying value of property and equipment relate to such assets of NL and Kronos, and gives recognition to the effect that Valhi's acquisition of the minority interest in Tremont results in an increase in Valhi's effective ownership of NL due to Tremont's ownership of NL. The reduction in Tremont's accrued OPEB costs to an amount equal to the accumulated benefit obligations eliminates the unrecognized prior service credit and the unrecognized actuarial gains. The adjustment to deferred income taxes includes (i) the deferred income tax effect of the estimated purchase price allocated to property and equipment and accrued OPEB costs and (ii) the effect of adjusting the deferred income taxes separately-recognized by Tremont (principally an elimination of a deferred income tax asset valuation allowance separately-recognized by Tremont which Valhi does not believe is required to be recognized at the Valhi level under the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria). As noted above, the Company's proportional interest in shares of Valhi Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 common stock held by NL are reported as treasury stock in the Company's consolidated balance sheet. As a result of the merger transactions discussed above, the acquisition of minority interest in Tremont effectively resulted in an increase in the Company's overall ownership of NL due to Tremont's 21% ownership interest in NL. Accordingly, as a result of the merger transactions noted above, the Company also recognized a $7.6 million increase in its treasury stock attributable to the shares of Valhi common stock held by NL. At December 31, 2004 and 2005, the amount reported as treasury stock, at cost, in the Company's consolidated balance sheet includes an aggregate of $37.9 million attributable to the 4.7 million shares of Valhi common stock held by NL (or 85% of NL's aggregate original cost basis in such shares of $44.8 million). Waste Control Specialists LLC. In 1995, the Company acquired a 50% interest in newly-formed Waste Control Specialists LLC. The Company's ownership of Waste Control Specialists is held by Andrews County Holding, Inc., a subsidiary of Valhi. The Company contributed $25 million to Waste Control Specialists at various dates through early 1997 for its 50% interest. The Company contributed an additional aggregate $50 million to Waste Control Specialists' equity during 1997 through 2000, thereby increasing its membership interest from 50% to 90%. A substantial portion of such equity contributions were used by Waste Control Specialists to reduce the then-outstanding balance of its revolving intercompany borrowings from the Company. At formation in 1995, the other owner of Waste Control Specialists, KNB Holdings, Ltd., contributed certain assets, primarily land and certain operating permits for the facility site, and Waste Control Specialists also assumed certain indebtedness of the other owner. The liabilities of the other owner assumed by Waste Control Specialists in 1995 exceeded the carrying value of the assets contributed by the other owner. Accordingly, all of Waste Control Specialists' cumulative net losses to date accrued to the Company for financial reporting purposes. See Note 13. Andrews County had also previously loaned approximately $1.5 million to an individual who controlled KNB Holdings, and such loan was collateralized by KNB Holdings' subordinated 10% membership interest in Waste Control Specialists. During 2004, KNB Holdings entered into an agreement with Andrews County in which, among other things, Andrews County acquired the remaining 10% ownership interest in Waste Control Specialists and the outstanding balance of such loan ($2.5 million, including accrued and unpaid interest), was cancelled. As a result, Waste Control Specialists became wholly owned by Andrews County. Valhi owns 100% of the outstanding common stock of Andrews County. Other. NL (NYSE: NL), Kronos (NYSE: KRO), CompX (NYSE: CIX) and TIMET (NYSE: TIE) each file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Note 4 - Accounts and other receivables: December 31, -------------------- 2004 2005 ---- ---- (In thousands) Accounts receivable $219,749 $211,156 Notes receivable 1,993 4,267 Accrued interest and dividends receivable 15 6,158 Allowance for doubtful accounts (3,826) (2,815) -------- -------- $217,931 $218,766 ======== ======== Accrued interest and dividends receivable at December 31, 2005 includes $6.0 million of distributions from the Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC declared in December 2005 but not paid to the Company until January 3, 2006. See Note 5. Note 5 - Marketable securities: December 31, -------------------- 2004 2005 ---- ---- (In thousands) Current assets (available for sale): Restricted debt securities $ 9,446 $ 9,265 Other debt securities - 2,490 -------- -------- $ 9,446 $ 11,755 ======== ======== Noncurrent assets (available-for-sale): Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC $250,000 $250,000 Restricted debt securities 6,725 2,572 Other debt securities and common stocks 45 6,133 -------- -------- $256,770 $258,705 ======== ======== Amalgamated. Prior to 2003, the Company transferred control of the refined sugar operations previously conducted by the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, The Amalgamated Sugar Company, to Snake River Sugar Company, an Oregon agricultural cooperative formed by certain sugarbeet growers in Amalgamated's areas of operations. Pursuant to the transaction, Amalgamated contributed substantially all of its net assets to the Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC, a limited liability company controlled by Snake River, on a tax-deferred basis in exchange for a non-voting ownership interest in the LLC. The cost basis of the net assets transferred by Amalgamated to the LLC was approximately $34 million. When the Company transferred control of such operations to Snake River in return of its interest in the LLC, the Company recognized a gain in earnings equal to the difference between $250 million (the fair value of the Company's investment in the LLC as evidenced by its $250 million redemption price, as discussed below) and the $34 million cost basis of the net assets contributed to the LLC, net of applicable deferred income taxes. Therefore, the cost basis of the Company's investment in the LLC is $250 million. As part of such transaction, Snake River made certain loans to Valhi aggregating $250 million. Such loans from Snake River were collateralized by the Company's interest in the LLC. Snake River's sources of funds for its loans to Valhi, as well as for the $14 million it contributed to the LLC for its voting interest in the LLC, included cash capital contributions by the grower members of Snake River and $180 million in debt financing provided by Valhi, of which $100 million was repaid prior to 2002 when Snake River obtained an equal amount of third-party term loan financing, and the remaining $80 million was repaid during 2005 when Snake River obtained new third-party term loan financing following its complete repayment of its original third-party term loan financing. See Notes 8 and 10. The Company and Snake River share in distributions from the LLC up to an aggregate of $26.7 million per year (the "base" level), with a preferential 95% share going to the Company. To the extent the LLC's distributions are below this base level in any given year, the Company is entitled to an additional 95% preferential share of any future annual LLC distributions in excess of the base level until such shortfall is recovered. Under certain conditions, the Company is entitled to receive additional cash distributions from the LLC, including amounts discussed in Note 8. The Company may, at its option, require the LLC to redeem the Company's interest in the LLC beginning in 2012, and the LLC has the right to redeem the Company's interest in the LLC beginning in 2027. The redemption price is generally $250 million plus the amount of certain undistributed income allocable to the Company. In the event the Company requires the LLC to redeem the Company's interest in the LLC, Snake River has the right to accelerate the maturity of and call Valhi's $250 million loans from Snake River. The LLC Company Agreement contains certain restrictive covenants intended to protect the Company's interest in the LLC, including limitations on capital expenditures and additional indebtedness of the LLC. The Company also has the ability to temporarily take control of the LLC in the event the Company's cumulative distributions from the LLC fall below specified levels, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions imposed by Snake River's current third-party senior lenders. Prior to 2003, Snake River agreed that the annual amount of (i) the distributions paid by the LLC to the Company plus (ii) the debt service payments paid by Snake River to the Company on the $80 million loan will at least equal the annual amount of interest payments owed by Valhi to Snake River on the Company's $250 million in loans from Snake River. In 2005, and following the complete repayment of the Company's $80 million loan to Snake River, Snake River agreed that the annual amount of distributions paid by the LLC to the Company would at least exceed, by approximately $1.8 million, the annual amount of interest payments owed by Valhi to Snake River on the Company's $250 million in loans from Snake River. In the event that such cash flows to the Company are less than the required minimum amount, certain agreements previously made among the Company, Snake River and the LLC, including a reduction in the amount of cumulative distributions which must be paid by the LLC to the Company in order to prevent the Company from having the ability to temporarily take control of the LLC, would retroactively become null and void. Through December 31, 2005, Snake River and the LLC maintained the applicable minimum required levels of cash flows to the Company. The Company reports the cash distributions received from the LLC as dividend income. Such distributions are recognized when declared by the LLC, which is generally the same months that such distributions are received by the Company, although such distributions may in certain cases be paid on the first business day of the following month. See Note 12. The amount of such future distributions is dependent upon, among other things, the future performance of the LLC's operations. Because the Company receives preferential distributions from the LLC and has the right to require the LLC to redeem its interest in the LLC for a fixed and determinable amount beginning at a fixed and determinable date, the Company accounts for its investment in the LLC as an available-for-sale marketable security carried at estimated fair value, with fair value determined to be the $250 million redemption price of the Company's Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 investment in the LLC. The Company also provides certain services to the LLC. See Note 17. The Company does not expect to report a gain in earnings for financial reporting purposes at the time its LLC interest is redeemed, as the redemption price of $250 million is expected to equal the carrying value of its investment in the LLC at the time of redemption. Other. During 2003, Valhi sold approximately 2,500 shares of Halliburton Company common stock in market transactions for aggregate proceeds of approximately $50,000. The aggregate cost of the restricted and unrestricted debt securities and other available-for-sale marketable securities approximates their net carrying value at December 31, 2004 and 2005. During 2005, the Company purchased other available-for-sale marketable securities (primarily common stocks and debt securities) for an aggregate of $29.4 million, and subsequently sold a portion of such securities for an aggregate of $19.7 million for a net securities transaction gain of approximately $200,000. See Note 12. Note 6 - Inventories: December 31, ------------------------ 2004 2005 ---- ---- (In thousands) Raw materials: Chemicals $ 45,961 $ 52,343 Component products 8,193 7,022 -------- -------- 54,154 59,365 -------- -------- In process products: Chemicals 16,612 17,959 Component products 10,827 9,898 -------- -------- 27,439 27,857 -------- -------- Finished products: Chemicals 131,161 150,675 Component products 9,696 5,542 -------- -------- 140,857 156,217 -------- -------- Supplies (primarily chemicals) 40,964 39,718 -------- -------- $263,414 $283,157 ======== ======== Note 7 - Investment in affiliates: December 31, ------------------------ 2004 2005 ------ -------- (Restated) (In thousands) TIMET: Common stock $ 55,425 $138,677 Preferred stock 183 183 -------- -------- 55,608 138,860 Ti02 manufacturing joint venture 120,251 115,308 Basic Management and Landwell 13,867 16,464 -------- -------- $189,726 $270,632 ======== ======== TiO2 manufacturing joint venture. A Kronos TiO2 subsidiary (Kronos Louisiana, Inc., or "KLA") and another Ti02 producer are equal owners of a manufacturing joint venture (Louisiana Pigment Company, L.P., or "LPC") that owns and operates a TiO2 plant in Louisiana. KLA and the other Ti02 producer are both required to purchase one-half of the TiO2 produced by LPC. LPC operates on a break-even basis, and consequently the Company reports no equity in earnings of LPC. Each owner's acquisition transfer price for its share of the TiO2 produced is equal to its share of the joint venture's production costs and interest expense, if any. Kronos' share of the joint ventures production costs are reported as cost of sales as the related Ti02 acquired from LPC is sold. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 Distributions from LPC, which generally relate to excess cash generated by LPC from its non-cash production costs, and contributions to LPC, which generally relate to cash required by LPC when it builds working capital, are reported as part of cash generated by operating activities in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Such distributions are reported net of any contributions made to LPC during the periods. Net distributions of $900,000 in 2003, $8.6 million in 2004 and $4.9 million in 2005 are stated net of contributions of $13.1 million in 2003, $15.6 million in 2004 and $10.1 million in 2005. LPC's net sales aggregated $202.9 million in 2003, $210.4 million in 2004 and $219.8 million in 2005, of which $101.3 million, $104.8 million and $109.4 million, respectively, represented sales to Kronos and the remainder represented sales to LPC's other owner. Substantially all of LPC's operating costs during the past three years represented costs of sales. At December 31, 2005, LPC reported total assets and partners' equity of $263.3 million and $233.4 million, respectively (2004 - $269.8 million and $243.3 million, respectively). Approximately 76% of LPC's assets at December 31, 2005 are comprised of property and equipment (2004 - 78%). Substantially all of LPC's liabilities at December 31, 2004 and 2005 are current. LPC has no indebtedness at December 31, 2004 and 2005. On September 22, 2005, LPC's facility temporarily halted production due to Hurricane Rita. Although storm damage to core processing facilities was not extensive, a variety of factors, including loss of utilities, limited access and availability of employees and raw materials, prevented the resumption of partial operations until October 9, 2005 and full operations until late 2005. LPC expects the majority of its property damage and unabsorbed fixed costs for periods in which normal production levels were not achieved will be covered by insurance, and Kronos believes insurance will cover its lost profits (subject to applicable deductibles) resulting from its share of the lost production from LPC. Insurance proceeds from the lost profit for product that Kronos was not able to sell as a result of the loss of production from LPC are expected to be recognized by Kronos during 2006, although the amount and timing of such insurance recoveries is not presently determinable. The effect on Kronos' financial results will depend on the timing and amount of insurance recoveries. Kronos' warehouse and slurry facilities located near LPC's facility were also temporarily closed due to the storm, but property damage to these facilities was not significant. TIMET. At December 31, 2005, the Company held 14.0 million shares of TIMET with a quoted market price of $63.26 per share, or an aggregate market value of $885.5 million (2004 - 13.0 million shares with an aggregate market value of $157 million). In 2003, TIMET effected a reverse split of its common stock at a ratio of one share of post-split common stock for each outstanding ten shares of pre-split common stock, in 2004 TIMET effected a 5:1 split of its common stock and in 2005 TIMET effected an additional 2:1 split of its common stock. Such stock splits had no financial statement impact to the Company, and the Company's ownership interest in TIMET did not change as a result of such splits. The share disclosures related to TIMET common stock as of December 31, 2004 have been adjusted to give effect to the 2:1 split in 2005. At December 31, 2005, TIMET reported total assets of $907.3 million and stockholders' equity of $562.2 million (2004 - $692.3 million and $406.4 million, respectively). TIMET's total assets at December 31, 2005 include current assets of $550.3 million, property and equipment of $253.0 million, marketable securities of $46.5 million and investment in joint ventures of $26.0 million (2004 - $370.4 million, $228.2 million, $47.2 million and $22.6 million, respectively). TIMET's total liabilities at December 31, 2005 include current liabilities of $166.9 million, accrued OPEB and pension costs aggregating $74.0 million, long-term debt of $51.4 million and debt payable to TIMET Capital Trust I (the subsidiary of TIMET that issued the convertible preferred securities) of $5.9 million (2004 - $162.2 million, $92.0 million, nil and $12.0 million, respectively). During 2005, TIMET reported net sales of $749.8 million, operating income of $171.1 million and income before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle attributable to common stockholders of $143.7 million (2004 - net sales of $501.8 million, operating income of $43.0 million and income before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle of $43.3 million; 2003 - net sales of $385.3 million, operating loss of $6.0 million and a loss before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle attributable to common stockholders of $24.3 million). All of such amounts for 2003 and 2004 have been restated for TIMET's change in accounting principle related to its inventories discussed in Note 1. During 2003, the Company purchased 14,700 of TIMET's 6.625% convertible preferred securities (with an aggregate liquidation amount of $735,000) for an aggregate cost of $238,000, including expenses. The securities were issued by TIMET Capital Trust I, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TIMET, and have been guaranteed by TIMET. Such securities represented less than 1% of the aggregate 4 million convertible preferred securities that are outstanding. Each share of TIMET's convertible preferred securities is convertible into .1339 shares of TIMET's common stock. TIMET has the right to defer payments of distributions on the convertible preferred securities for up to 20 consecutive quarters, although distributions continue to accrue at the coupon rate during the deferral period on the liquidation amount and any unpaid distributions. In October 2002, TIMET exercised such deferral rights starting with the quarterly distribution payable in December 2002. In April 2004, TIMET paid all previously-deferred distributions with respect to the convertible preferred debt securities and Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 resumed quarterly distributions with the next scheduled distribution in June 2004. The convertible preferred securities mature in 2026, and do not require any amortization prior to maturity. The convertible preferred securities are accounted for as available-for-sale marketable securities carried at estimated fair value. In August 2004, TIMET completed an exchange offer in which approximately 3.9 million shares of the outstanding convertible preferred debt securities issued by TIMET Capital Trust I were exchanged for an aggregate of 3.9 million shares of a newly-created Series A Preferred Stock of TIMET at the exchange rate of one share of Series A Preferred Stock for each convertible preferred debt security. Dividends on the Series A shares accumulate at the rate of 6 3/4% of their liquidation value of $50 per share, and are convertible into shares of TIMET common stock at the rate of one and two-thirds of a share of TIMET common stock per Series A share. The Series A shares are not mandatorily redeemable, but are redeemable at the option of TIMET in certain circumstances. Valhi exchanged its 14,700 shares of the convertible preferred debt securities in the exchange offer for 14,700 Series A shares, and recognized a nominal gain related to such exchange. The Series A shares are accounted for as available-for-sale marketable securities carried at estimated fair value. At December 31, 2005, the cost basis of the Series A shares approximated their carrying amount, and Mr. Simmons' spouse held an additional 54% of such Series A shares outstanding at that date. Basic Management and Landwell. At December 31, 2004 and 2005, other joint ventures, held by TRECO LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tremont, are comprised of (i) a 32% interest in Basic Management, Inc., which, among other things, provides utility services in the industrial park where one of TIMET's plants is located, and (ii) a 12% interest in The Landwell Company, which is actively engaged in efforts to develop certain real estate. Basic Management owns an additional 50% interest in Landwell. At September 30, 2005, the combined balance sheets of Basic Management and Landwell reflected total assets and partners' equity of $118.8 million and $68.1 million, respectively (2004 - $124.8 million and $57.3 million, respectively). The combined total assets at September 30, 2005 include current assets of $36.9 million, property and equipment of $12.7 million, prepaid costs and expenses of $5.4 million, land and development costs of $18.7 million, long-term notes and other receivables of $3.7 million and investment in undeveloped land and water rights of $41.4 million (2004 - $44.4 million, $15.9 million, $19.3 million, $16.7 million, $4.6 million and $21.9 million, respectively). Combined total liabilities at September 30, 2005 include current liabilities of $20.9 million, long-term debt of $22.7 million and deferred income taxes of $6.3 million (2004 - $31.2 million, $29.8 million and $5.7 million, respectively). During the 12 months ended September 30, 2005, Basic Management and Landwell reported combined revenues of $30.4 million, income before income taxes of $14.9 million and net income of $12.8 million (2004 - $27.5 million, $8.9 million and $7.7 million, respectively; 2003 - $20.1 million, $3.3 million and $2.9 million, respectively). Landwell is treated for federal income tax purposes as a partnership, and accordingly the combined results of operations of Basic Management and Landwell include a provision for income taxes on Landwell's earnings only to the extent that such earnings accrue to Basic Management. Other. The Company has certain transactions with certain of these affiliates, as more fully described in Note 17. The Company records equity in earnings of Basic Management and Landwell on a one-quarter lag because their financial statements are generally not available on a timely basis. The Company records equity in earnings for all other equity method investees without such a lag because their financial statements are available on a timely basis. Note 8 - Other noncurrent assets: December 31, ----------------------- 2004 2005 ------ ------- (In thousands) Loans and other receivables: Snake River Sugar Company: Principal $ 80,000 $ - Interest 38,294 - Other 3,151 6,769 --------- -------- 121,445 6,769 Less current portion 1,993 4,267 --------- -------- Noncurrent portion $119,452 $ 2,502 ======== ======== Other assets: IBNR receivables $ 11,646 $ 16,735 Deferred financing costs 10,933 8,278 Waste disposal site operating permits, net 9,269 14,133 Refundable insurance deposit 2,483 - Restricted cash equivalents 494 382 Other 17,501 19,609 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  --------- -------- $ 52,326 $ 59,137 ======== ======== Valhi's loan to Snake River was subordinate to Snake River's third-party senior term loan and bore interest at a fixed rate of 6.49%. Covenants contained in Snake River's prior third-party senior term loan allowed Snake River, under certain conditions, to pay periodic installments for debt service on the $80 million loan prior to the maturity of the senior term loan in 2007. The Company did not expect to receive any significant debt service payments from Snake River during 2004, and accordingly all accrued and unpaid interest was classified as a noncurrent asset as of December 31, 2004. Prior to 2003, the Company amended its loan to Snake River to, among other things, reduce the interest rate from 12.99% to 6.49%. The reduction of interest income resulting from such interest rate reduction will be recouped and paid to the Company via additional future LLC distributions from The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC upon achievement of specified levels of future LLC profitability. In August 2005, Snake River repaid its prior third-party senior loan, and Snake River commenced to make debts service payments to Valhi under its $80 million loan from Valhi. Such debt service payments, all of which were applied to accrued and unpaid interest, aggregated $5.5 million in August and September 2005. In October 2005, the Company and Snake River entered into an agreement pursuant to which, among other things, Snake River agreed to make an additional $94.8 million prepayment on its loan payable to Valhi ($80 million of which was applied to principal and the remainder to accrued interest), in return for which Valhi agreed to forgive and cancel all remaining amounts Snake River otherwise owed Valhi under such loan. Snake River subsequently made such prepayment to Valhi in October 2005. Accordingly, in the fourth quarter of 2005 Valhi has recognized a $21.6 million charge to earnings related to the accrued interest on its loan to Snake River that was forgiven and cancelled by Valhi in October. See Note 12. The IBNR receivables relate to certain insurance liabilities, the risk of which has been reinsured with certain third party insurance carriers. The insurance liabilities which have been reinsured are reported as part of noncurrent accrued insurance claims and expenses. See Notes 11 and 17. Note 9 - Goodwill and other intangible assets: Goodwill. Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the past three years by operating segment is presented in the table below. Substantially all of the goodwill related to the chemicals operating segment was generated from the Company's various step acquisitions of its interest in NL and Kronos. Substantially all of the goodwill related to the component products operating segment was generated from CompX's acquisitions of certain business units completed prior to 2002, and to a 2005 acquisition. See Note 3. Operating segment ----------------------------- Component Chemicals products Total --------- ---------- ----- (In millions) Balance at December 31, 2002 $321.3 $ 43.7 $365.0 Goodwill acquired during the year 10.0 - 10.0 Changes in foreign exchange rates - 2.6 2.6 ------ ------ ------ Balance at December 31, 2003 331.3 46.3 377.6 Goodwill acquired during the year 8.4 - 8.4 Elimination of deferred income taxes - (26.9) (26.9) Impairment charge - (6.5) (6.5) Changes in foreign exchange rates - 1.5 1.5 ------ ------ ------ Balance at December 31, 2004 339.7 14.4 354.1 Goodwill acquired during the year 1.3 8.0 9.3 Assets sold - (1.4) (1.4) Changes in foreign exchange rates - (.2) (.2) ------ ------ ------ Balance at December 31, 2005 $341.0 $ 20.8 $361.8 ====== ====== ====== The Company has assigned its goodwill to four reporting units (as that term is defined in SFAS No. 142). Goodwill attributable to the chemicals operating segment was assigned to the reporting unit consisting of Kronos in total. Goodwill attributable to the component products operating segment was assigned to three reporting units within that operating segment, one consisting of CompX's security products operations, one consisting of CompX's European operations and one consisting of CompX's Michigan, Canadian and Taiwanese Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 operations. Under SFAS No. 142, such goodwill is deemed to not be impaired if the estimated fair value of the applicable reporting unit exceeds the respective net carrying value of such reporting unit, including the allocated goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than carrying value, then a goodwill impairment loss would be recognized equal to the excess, if any, of the net carrying value of the reporting unit goodwill over its implied fair value (up to a maximum impairment equal to the carrying value of the goodwill). The implied fair value of reporting unit goodwill would be the amount equal to the excess of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit over the amount that would be allocated to the tangible and intangible net assets of the reporting unit (including unrecognized intangible assets) as if such reporting unit had been acquired in a purchase business combination accounted for in accordance with GAAP as of the date of the impairment testing. In determining the estimated fair value of the Kronos reporting unit, the Company considers quoted market prices for Kronos' common stock, as adjusted for an appropriate control premium. The Company uses other appropriate valuation techniques, such as discounted cash flows, to estimate the fair value of the three CompX reporting units. In accordance with the requirements of SFAS No. 142, the Company reviews goodwill of its four reporting units for impairment during the third quarter of each year. Goodwill is also reviewed for impairment at other times during each year when events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment might be present. No goodwill impairments related to continuing operations were deemed to exist as a result of the Company's annual impairment reviews completed during 2003, 2004 and 2005. However, in December 2004 CompX's board of directors committed to a formal plan to dispose of CompX's European operations. As a result, the Company recognized a non-cash charge of $6.5 million in the fourth quarter of 2004, representing an impairment of goodwill associated with such operations, to write-down the Company's investment in such operations to its estimated realizable value based upon the expected net proceeds resulting from the sale of such operations. See Note 22. As discussed in Note 1, the Company provides deferred income taxes for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the income tax and financial reporting carrying amounts of investments in subsidiaries that are not members of the Contran Tax Group. Also as discussed in Note 1, prior to October 2004 CompX was not a member of the Contran Tax Group, and the Company provided deferred income taxes with respect to its investment in CompX. Effective October 2004, CompX became a member of the Contran Tax Group, and the Company no longer provides such deferred income taxes as it was no longer required to do so under applicable GAAP. In accordance with GAAP, and as a result of CompX becoming a member of the Contran Tax Group, a net $26.9 million deferred tax liability, previously provided with respect to the Company's investment in CompX, was eliminated through a reduction in goodwill at December 31, 2004. Other intangible assets. December 31, ----------------------- 2004 2005 ------ ------ (In millions) CompX - patents and other: Cost $3.4 $4.4 Less accumulated amortization 1.7 2.1 ---- ---- Net 1.7 2.3 ---- ---- NL - customer list: Cost 2.6 2.6 Less accumulated amortization 1.1 1.5 ---- ---- Net 1.5 1.1 ---- ---- $3.2 $3.4 ==== ==== CompX's intangible assets relate principally to the estimated fair value of certain patents acquired in connection with the acquisition of certain business units by CompX. NL's intangible asset relates to its acquisition of an insurance broker acquired prior to 2003. CompX's intangible assets are amortized by the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives (approximately 10 years remaining at December 31, 2005), with no assumed residual value at the end of the life of the intangible assets. The customer list intangible asset is amortized by the straight-line method over the estimated seven-year life of such intangible asset (approximately 3 years remaining at December 31, 2005), with no assumed residual value at the end of the life of the intangible asset. Amortization expense of intangible assets was approximately $600,000 in each of Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 2003 and 2004 and approximately $700,000 in 2005, and amortization expense of intangible assets is expected to be approximately $700,000 in each of calendar 2006 through 2008 and $300,000 in each of 2009 and 2010. Note 10 - Long-term debt: December 31, ------------------------- 2004 2005 ------ ------- (In thousands) Valhi - Snake River Sugar Company $250,000 $250,000 -------- -------- Subsidiaries: Kronos International Senior Secured Notes 519,225 449,298 Kronos U.S. bank credit facility - 11,500 Kronos European bank credit facility 13,622 - Other 1,090 6,637 -------- -------- 533,937 467,435 -------- -------- 783,937 717,435 Less current maturities 14,412 1,615 -------- -------- $769,525 $715,820 ======== ======== Valhi. Valhi's $250 million in loans from Snake River Sugar Company bear interest at a weighted average fixed interest rate of 9.4%, are collateralized by the Company's interest in The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC and are due in January 2027. At December 31, 2005, $37.5 million of such loans are recourse to Valhi and the remaining $212.5 million is nonrecourse to Valhi. Under certain conditions, Snake River has the ability to accelerate the maturity of these loans. See Note 5. At December 31, 2005, Valhi has a $100 million revolving bank credit facility which matures in October 2006, generally bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.5% (for LIBOR-based borrowings) or prime (for prime-based borrowings), and is collateralized by 15 million shares of Kronos common stock held by Valhi. The agreement limits dividends and additional indebtedness of Valhi and contains other provisions customary in lending transactions of this type. In the event of a change of control of Valhi, as defined, the lenders would have the right to accelerate the maturity of the facility. The maximum amount which may be borrowed under the facility is limited to one-third of the aggregate market value of the shares of Kronos common stock pledged as collateral. Based on Kronos' December 31, 2005 quoted market price of $29.01 per share, the shares of Kronos common stock pledged under the facility provide more than sufficient collateral coverage to allow for borrowings up to the full amount of the facility. At December 31, 2005, Valhi would only have become limited to borrowing less than the full $100 million amount of the facility, or would be required to pledge additional collateral if the full amount of the facility had been borrowed, if the quoted market price of Kronos' common stock was less than $20 per share. At December 31, 2005, no amounts have been borrowed, letters of credit aggregating $1.5 million had been issued and $98.5 million was available for borrowing under the facility. Kronos and its subsidiaries. In June 2002, Kronos International ("KII"), which conducts Kronos' TiO2 operations in Europe, issued at par value euro 285 million principal amount ($280 million when issued) of its 8.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2009, and in November 2004 KII issued at 107% of par an additional euro 90 million principal amount ($130 million when issued) of the KII Senior Secured Notes. The KII Senior Secured Notes are collateralized by a pledge of 65% of the common stock or other ownership interests of certain of KII's first-tier operating subsidiaries. Such operating subsidiaries are Kronos Titan GmbH, Kronos Denmark ApS, Kronos Limited and Societe Industrielle Du Titane, S.A. The KII Senior Secured Notes are issued pursuant to an indenture which contains a number of covenants and restrictions which, among other things, restricts the ability of KII and its subsidiaries to incur debt, incur liens, pay dividends or merge or consolidate with, or sell or transfer all or substantially all of their assets to, another entity. The KII Senior Secured Notes are redeemable, at KII's option, at redemption prices ranging from 104.437% of the principal amount, declining to 100% on or after December 30, 2008. In the event of a change of control of KII, as defined, KII would be required to make an offer to purchase its Senior Secured Notes at 101% of the principal amount. KII would also be required to make an offer to purchase a specified portion of its Senior Secured Notes at par value in the event KII generates a certain amount of net proceeds from the sale of assets outside the ordinary course of business, and such net proceeds are not otherwise used for specified purposes within a specified time period. At December 31, 2005, the market price of the KII Senior Secured Notes was approximately euro 1,045 per euro 1,000 principal amount (2004 - euro 1,075 per euro 1,000 principal amount). Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 At December 31, 2005, the carrying amount of the KII Senior Secured Notes includes euro 4.8 million ($5.7 million) of unamortized premium associated with the November 2004 issuance (2004 - euro 6.2 million, or $8.4 million). KII's operating subsidiaries in Germany, Belgium and Norway have a euro 80 million secured revolving bank credit facility (nil outstanding at December 31, 2005) that matures in June 2008. Borrowings may be denominated in euros, Norwegian kroners or U.S. dollars, and bear interest at the applicable interbank market rate plus 1.125%. The facility also provides for the issuance of letters of credit up to euro 5 million. The KII bank credit facility is collateralized by the accounts receivable and inventories of the borrowers, plus a limited pledge of all of the other assets of the Belgian borrower. The KII bank credit facility contains certain restrictive covenants that, among other things, restricts the ability of the borrowers to incur debt, incur liens, pay dividends or merge or consolidate with, or sell or transfer all or substantially all of their assets to, another entity. At December 31, 2005, the equivalent of $92.3 million was available for additional borrowing by the subsidiaries. Certain of Kronos' U.S. subsidiaries have a $50 million revolving credit facility ($11.5 million outstanding at December 31, 2005) that matures in September 2008. The facility is collateralized by the accounts receivable, inventories and certain fixed assets of the borrowers. Borrowings under this facility are limited to the lesser of $45 million or a formula-determined amount based upon the accounts receivable and inventories of the borrowers. Borrowings bear interest at either the prime rate or rates based upon the eurodollar rate (7.0% at December 31, 2005). The facility contains certain restrictive covenants which, among other things, restricts the abilities of the borrowers to incur debt, incur liens, pay dividends in certain circumstances, sell assets or enter into mergers. At December 31, 2005, $33.5 million was available for borrowing under the facility. Kronos' Canadian subsidiary has a Cdn. $30 million revolving credit facility (nil outstanding at December 31, 2005) that matures in January 2009. The facility is collateralized by the accounts receivable and inventories of the borrower. Borrowings under this facility are limited to the lesser of Cdn. $26 million or a formula-determined amount based upon the accounts receivable and inventories of the borrower. Borrowings bear interest at rates based upon either the Canadian prime rate, the U.S. prime rate or LIBOR. The facility contains certain restrictive covenants which, among other things, restricts the ability of the borrower to incur debt, incur liens, pay dividends in certain circumstances, sell assets or enter into mergers. At December 31, 2005, the equivalent of $12.8 million was available for additional borrowing by the subsidiary. Under the cross-default provisions of the KII Senior Secured Notes, the notes may be accelerated prior to their stated maturity if KII or any of KII's subsidiaries default under any other indebtedness in excess of $20 million due to a failure to pay such other indebtedness at its due date (including any due date that arises prior to the stated maturity as a result of a default under such other indebtedness). Under the cross-default provisions of KII's European revolving credit facility, any outstanding borrowings under such facility may be accelerated prior to their stated maturity if the borrowers or KII default under any other indebtedness in excess of euro 5 million due to a failure to pay such other indebtedness at its due date (including any due date that arises prior to the stated maturity as a result of a default under such other indebtedness). Under the cross-default provisions of the U.S. revolving credit facility, any outstanding borrowing under such facility may be accelerated prior to their stated maturity in the event of the bankruptcy of Kronos. The Canadian revolving credit facility contains no cross-default provisions. The European, U.S. and Canadian revolving credit facilities each contain provisions that allow the lender to accelerate the maturity of the applicable facility in the event of a change of control, as defined, of the applicable borrower. In the event any of these cross-default or change-of-control provisions become applicable, and such indebtedness is accelerated, Kronos would be required to repay such indebtedness prior to their stated maturity. CompX. At December 31, 2005, CompX has a $50.0 million secured revolving bank credit facility maturing in January 2009 with interest at rates based on the prime rate or LIBOR. The credit facility is collateralized by a pledge of 65% of the ownership interests in CompX's first-tier foreign subsidiaries. The facility contains certain covenants and restrictions customary in lending transactions of this type which, among other things, restricts the ability of CompX and its subsidiaries to incur debt, incur liens, pay dividends or merge or consolidate with, or transfer all or substantially all of their assets, to another entity. In the event of a change of control of CompX, as defined, the lenders would have the right to accelerate the maturity of the facility. At December 31, 2005, no amounts were outstanding and $50 million was available for additional borrowing under the facility. Other indebtedness. In February 2003, Valcor redeemed for par value the remaining $2.4 million principal amount of its 9 5/8% Senior Notes due November 2003. Aggregate maturities of long-term debt at December 31, 2005: Years ending December 31, Amount Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  -------------------------- ------------- (In thousands) 2006 $ 1,615 2007 1,048 2008 12,526 2009 450,349 2010 1,897 2011 and thereafter (all due in 2027) 250,000 -------- $717,435 ======== Restrictions. Certain of the credit facilities described above require the respective borrower to maintain minimum levels of equity, require the maintenance of certain financial ratios, limit dividends and additional indebtedness and contain other provisions and restrictive covenants customary in lending transactions of this type. At December 31, 2005, none of the net assets of Valhi's consolidated subsidiaries were restricted. At December 31, 2005, amounts available for the payment of Valhi dividends pursuant to the terms of Valhi's revolving bank credit facility aggregated $.10 per Valhi share outstanding per quarter, plus an additional $67.9 million. Any purchases of treasury stock subsequent to December 31, 2005 would reduce this $67.9 million amount. Note 11 - Accrued liabilities: December 31, -------------------------- 2004 2005 ------ -------- (In thousands) Current: Employee benefits $ 53,295 $ 48,341 Environmental costs 21,316 16,565 Deferred income 5,276 5,101 Interest 243 1,067 Other 50,989 58,355 -------- -------- $131,119 $129,429 ======== ======== Noncurrent: Insurance claims and expenses $ 22,718 $ 24,257 Employee benefits 5,380 4,998 Deferred income 1,427 573 Asset retirement obligations 1,357 1,381 Other 10,179 8,119 -------- -------- $ 41,061 $ 39,328 ======== ======== The asset retirement obligations are discussed in Note 19. The risks associated with certain of the Company's accrued insurance claims and expenses have been reinsured, and the related IBNR receivable are recognized as noncurrent assets. See Note 8. Note 12 - Other income, net: Years ended December 31, ---------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (In thousands) Securities earnings: Dividends and interest $33,724 $34,576 $ 57,843 Securities transactions, net 487 2,113 20,259 Write-off of accrued interest - - (21,638) ------- ------- -------- 34,211 36,689 56,464 Contract dispute settlement - 6,289 - Insurance recoveries 823 552 2,970 Currency transactions, net (8,288) (3,764) 5,163 Disposal of property and equipment, net 9,845 (855) (1,555) Other, net 4,836 5,333 4,947 ------- ------- -------- Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  $41,427 $44,244 $67,989 ======= ======= ======= Dividends and interest income includes distributions from The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC of $23.7 million in 2003, $23.8 million in 2004 and $45.0 million in 2005, and interest income of $5.2 million in each of 2003 and 2004 and $3.9 million in 2005 related to the Company's loan to Snake River Sugar Company. The $21.6 million write-off of accrued interest receivable in 2005 relates to accrued interest on Valhi's loan to Snake River that was forgiven and cancelled by Valhi in October 2005. See Notes 5 and 8. Dividends and interest income also includes interest of $1.4 million in 2003 and $1.5 million in 2004 of interest on certain intercompany receivables of CompX related to its operations in The Netherlands. The related interest expense on such intercompany indebtedness is included as a component of discontinued operations. See Note 22. Net securities transaction gains in 2005 relate primarily to (i) NL's $14.7 million pre-tax gain from the sale of approximately 470,000 shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions for aggregate proceeds of $19.2 million and (ii) Kronos' $5.4 million pre-tax gain from the sale of its passive interest in a Norwegian smelting operation, which had a nominal carrying value for financial reporting purposes, for aggregate consideration of approximately $5.4 million consisting of cash of $3.5 million and inventories with a value of $1.9 million. Net securities transactions gains in 2004 includes a $2.2 million gain related to NL's sale of shares of Kronos common stock in market transactions. The contract dispute settlement relates to Kronos' settlement with a customer. As part of the settlement, the customer agreed to make payments to Kronos through 2007 aggregating $7.3 million. The $6.3 million gain recognized in 2004 represents the present value of the future payments to be paid by the customer to Kronos. Of such $7.3 million, $1.5 million was paid to Kronos in 2004 and $1.75 million was paid in 2005, and $1.75 million is due in 2006 and $2.25 million is due in 2007. At December 31, 2005, the present value of the remaining amounts due to be paid to Kronos aggregated approximately $3.7 million, of which $1.7 million is included in accounts receivable and $2.0 million is included in other noncurrent assets. Insurance recoveries of $823,000 in 2003, $552,000 in 2004 and $804,000 in 2005 relate to NL's settlements with certain of its former insurance carriers. These settlements, as well as similar prior settlements NL reached prior to 2003, resolved court proceedings in which NL had sought reimbursement from the carriers for legal defense costs and indemnity coverage for certain of its environmental remediation expenditures. No further material settlements relating to litigation concerning environmental remediation coverages are expected. Insurance recoveries in 2005 also include $2.2 million received by NL in 2005 in recovery from certain insolvent former insurance carriers relating to settlement of excess insurance coverage claims that were paid to NL. See Note 19. Net gains from the disposal of property and equipment in 2003 includes $10.3 million related primarily to the sale of certain real property of NL not associated with Kronos' TiO2 operations. Note 13 - Minority interest: December 31, ----------------------- 2004 2005 ---- ----- (In thousands) Minority interest in net assets: NL Industries $ 51,662 $ 51,177 Kronos Worldwide 29,569 28,167 CompX International 49,153 45,630 Subsidiary of NL 9,250 - Subsidiary of Kronos 76 75 -------- -------- $139,710 $125,049 ======== ======== Years ended December 31, ------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (In thousands) Minority interest in net earnings (losses) - continuing operations: NL Industries $ (8,149) $24,891 $ 6,336 Kronos Worldwide 246 19,659 5,057 CompX International 1,814 2,993 290 Subsidiary of NL 371 747 61 Subsidiary of Kronos 72 53 12 Tremont Corporation (217) - - ------- ------- ------- Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  $(5,863) $48,343 $11,756 ======= ======= ======= Kronos Worldwide. The Company commenced recognizing minority interest in Kronos' net assets and net earnings following NL's December 2003 distribution of a portion of the shares of Kronos common stock to its shareholders. See Note 3. Subsidiary of NL. Minority interest in NL's subsidiary related to NL's majority-owned environmental management subsidiary, NL Environmental Management Services, Inc. ("EMS"). EMS was established in 1998, at which time EMS contractually assumed certain of NL's environmental liabilities. EMS' earnings were based, in part, upon its ability to favorably resolve these liabilities on an aggregate basis. NL continues to consolidate EMS and provides accruals for the reasonably estimable costs for the settlement of EMS' environmental liabilities, as discussed in Note 18. In June 2005, EMS, received notices from the three minority shareholders of EMS indicating they were each exercising their right, which became exercisable on June 1, 2005, to require EMS to purchase their shares in EMS as of June 30, 2005 for a formula-determined amount as provided in EMS' certificate of incorporation. In accordance with the certificate of incorporation, EMS made a determination in good faith of the amount payable to the three former minority shareholders to purchase their shares of EMS stock, which amount may be subject to review by a third party. In June 2005, EMS set aside funds as payment for the shares of EMS, but as of December 31, 2005, the former minority shareholders have not tendered their shares, and accordingly the liability owed to these former minority shareholders, which has not been extinguished for financial reporting purposes as of December 31, 2005, has been classified as a current liability at such date. Similarly, the funds which have been set aside are classified as a current asset at such date. Tremont Corporation. The Company no longer reports minority interest in Tremont's net assets or net earnings (losses) subsequent to the February 2003 mergers of Valhi and Tremont. See Note 3. Waste Control Specialists. Waste Control Specialists was formed by Valhi and another entity in 1995. See Note 3. Waste Control Specialists assumed certain liabilities of the other owner and such liabilities exceeded the carrying value of the assets contributed by the other owner. Consequently, all of Waste Control Specialists aggregate inception-to-date net losses prior to the time when Waste Control Specialists became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company in the second quarter of 2004 have accrued to the Company for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, no minority interest in Waste Control Specialists has been recognized in the Company's consolidated financial statements. Subsidiary of Kronos. Minority interest in Kronos' subsidiary relates to Kronos' majority-owned subsidiary in France, which conducts Kronos' sales and marketing activities in that country. Discontinued operations. Minority interest in losses of discontinued operations was $1.4 million in 2003, $4.1 million in 2004 and $205,000 in 2005. See Note 22. Note 14 - Stockholders' equity: Shares of common stock ------------------------------------------ Issued Treasury Outstanding ------ -------- ----------- (In thousands) Balance at December 31, 2002 126,161 (10,570) 115,591 Issued: Tremont merger 7,840 (2,981) 4,859 Other 26 - 26 Other - (290) (290) ------- -------- ------- Balance at December 31, 2003 134,027 (13,841) 120,186 Issued 25 - 25 Retired (9,857) 9,857 - ------- -------- ------- Balance at December 31, 2004 124,195 (3,984) 120,211 Issued 65 - 65 Acquired - (3,512) (3,512) Retired (3,512) 3,512 - ------- -------- ------- Balance at December 31, 2005 120,748 (3,984) 116,764 ======= ======== ======= Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  The shares of Valhi issued in 2003 pursuant to the Tremont merger are discussed in Note 3. Other shares of Valhi common stock issued during 2003, 2004 and 2005 consist of (i) shares issued upon exercise of stock options and (ii) stock awards issued to members of Valhi's board of directors. In 2005, the Company's board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5.0 million shares of Valhi's common stock in open market transactions, including block purchases, or in privately negotiated transactions, which may include transactions with affiliates of Valhi. The stock may be purchased from time to time as market conditions permit. The stock repurchase program does not include specific price targets or timetables and may be suspended at any time. Depending on market conditions, the program could be terminated prior to completion. The Company will use its cash on hand to acquire the shares. Repurchased shares will be retired and cancelled or may be added to Valhi's treasury and used for employee benefit plans, future acquisitions or other corporate purposes. Subsequently during 2005, the Company purchased an aggregate of 3.5 million shares of its common stock pursuant to this repurchase program in market or other transactions for an aggregate of $62.1 million. See Note 17. During 2004 and 2005, the Company cancelled 9.9 million shares and 3.5 million shares, respectively, of its common stock that had either previously been reported as treasury stock in the Company's consolidated financial statements (for the shares cancelled in 2004) or had been acquired by Valhi in market or other transactions (for the shares cancelled in 2005). Of such 9.9 million shares cancelled in 2004, 8.9 million shares were held in treasury by Valhi, and 1 million shares had been held by a wholly-owned subsidiary of Valhi. During 2004, these 1 million Valhi shares previously held by a subsidiary of Valhi were distributed to Valhi and cancelled. The aggregate $64.6 million cost of such treasury shares cancelled in 2004 and the $62.1 million cost of such treasury shares cancelled in 2005 have been allocated to common stock at par value, additional paid in capital and retained earnings in accordance with GAAP. Such cancellations had no impact on the net Valhi shares outstanding for financial reporting purposes. The 4.0 million shares of treasury stock reported for financial reporting purposes at December 31, 2004 and 2005 represents the Company's proportional interest in 4.7 million Valhi shares held by NL. Under Delaware Corporation Law, 100% (and not the proportionate interest) of a parent company's shares held by a majority-owned subsidiary of the parent are considered to be treasury stock. As a result, Valhi common shares outstanding for financial reporting purposes differ from those outstanding for legal purposes. Valhi options. Valhi has an incentive stock option plan that provides for the discretionary grant of, among other things, qualified incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted common stock, stock awards and stock appreciation rights. Up to 5 million shares of Valhi common stock may be issued pursuant to this plan. Options are generally granted at a price not less than fair market value on the date of grant, generally vest ratably over a five-year period beginning one year from the date of grant and expire 10 years from the date of grant. Restricted stock, when granted, is generally forfeitable unless certain periods of employment are completed and held in escrow in the name of the grantee until the restriction period expires. No stock appreciation rights have been granted. Shares issued under the incentive stock plan are generally newly-issued shares (i.e., not the re-issuance of treasury shares). Outstanding options at December 31, 2005 represent less than 1% of Valhi's outstanding shares at that date and expire at various dates through 2013, with a weighted-average remaining term of 2.7 years. At December 31, 2005, all of the options outstanding to purchase 814,000 Valhi shares were exercisable, with an aggregate amount payable upon exercise of $8.1 million and an aggregate intrinsic value (defined as the excess of the market price of Valhi's common stock over the exercise price) of $7.0 million. All of such outstanding options are exercisable at various dates through 2013 at prices lower than the Company's December 31, 2005 market price of $18.50 per share. At December 31, 2005, an aggregate of 4.1 million shares were available for future grants. The following table sets forth changes in outstanding options during the past three years under all Valhi option plans in effect during such periods. Amount Weighted payable Exercise average upon price per exercise Shares exercise share price ------ -------- --------- ------ (In thousands, except per share amounts) Outstanding at December 31, 2002 1,181 $10,663 $4.96-$12.45 $ 9.03 Granted 8 80 10.05 10.05 Exercised (20) (210) 9.50- 12.00 10.50 Canceled (76) (417) 4.96- 6.56 5.49 ----- ------- Outstanding at December 31, 2003 1,093 10,116 5.48- 12.45 9.26 Exercised (20) (177) 5.72- 12.00 8.85 Canceled (198) (1,231) 5.48- 12.45 6.22 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  ----- ------- Outstanding at December 31, 2004 875 8,708 6.38- 12.45 9.95 Exercised (61) (648) 6.38- 12.00 10.64 ----- ------- Balance at December 31, 2005 814 $ 8,060 $6.38-$12.45 9.90 ===== ======= The intrinsic value of Valhi options exercised aggregated approximately $85,000 in 2003, $135,000 in 2004 and $535,000 in 2005, and the related income tax benefit from such exercises was approximately $30,000 in 2003, $50,000 in 2004 and $190,000 in 2005. Stock option plans of subsidiaries and affiliate. NL, Kronos, CompX and TIMET each maintain plans which provide for the grant of options to purchase their respective common stocks. Provisions of these plans vary by company. Outstanding options to purchase common stock of NL, CompX and TIMET at December 31, 2005 are summarized below. There are no outstanding options to purchase Kronos common stock at December 31, 2005. Amount Exercise payable price per upon Shares share exercise ------ --------- -------- (In thousands, except per share amounts) NL Industries 120 $ 2.66 -$11.49 $ 1,097 CompX 470 10.00 -$20.00 8,637 TIMET 1,038 .83 -$17.66 12,664 Other. Prior to and within six months of Contran's sale of the 2.0 million shares of Valhi common stock to Valhi described in Note 17, Contran had purchased shares of Valhi common stock in market transactions. In settlement of any alleged short-swing profit derived from these transactions as calculated pursuant to Section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, Contran remitted approximately $645,000 to the Company in 2005, which amount, net of $226,000 of related income taxes, has been recorded by the Company as a capital contribution, increasing additional paid-in capital. The pro forma information included in Note 1, required by SFAS No. 123, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation, as amended, is based on an estimation of the fair value of options issued subsequent to January 1, 1995 using the Black-Scholes stock option valuation model. The aggregate fair value of the nominal number of Valhi options granted during 2003 (no options were granted during 2004 or 2005) was not material. The Black-Scholes model was not developed for use in valuing employee stock options, but was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, it requires the use of subjective assumptions including expectations of future dividends and stock price volatility. Such assumptions are only used for making the required fair value estimate and should not be considered as indicators of future dividend policy or stock price appreciation. Because changes in the subjective assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, and because employee stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, the use of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model may not provide a reliable estimate of the fair value of employee stock options. The pro forma impact on net income and basic earnings per share disclosed in Note 1 is not necessarily indicative of future effects on net income or earnings per share. For purposes of such pro forma disclosure, the estimated fair value of options is amortized to expense over the options' vesting period. See also Note 21. Note 15 - Income taxes: Years ended December 31, -------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 -------- ------ ----- (Restated) (Restated) (In millions) Components of pre-tax income - income (loss) from continuing operations: United States: Contran Tax Group $(39.0) $ 78.9 $ 80.1 CompX tax group 6.3 6.1 - ------ ------- ------- (32.7) 85.0 80.1 Non-U.S. subsidiaries 73.9 (3.7) 117.5 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  ------ ------- ------- $ 41.2 $ 81.3 $ 197.6 ====== ======= ======= Expected tax expense (benefit), at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 35% $ 14.4 $ 28.4 $ 69.1 Non-U.S. tax rates (1.5) (.3) (.1) Incremental U.S. tax and rate differences On equity in earnings 106.8 93.0 23.4 Excess of book basis over tax basis of shares of Kronos common stock sold - .2 1.9 Loss of German income tax attribute - - 17.5 Income tax on distribution of shares of Kronos 22.5 2.5 .7 Change in deferred income tax valuation allowance, net (7.2) (311.8) - Assessment (refund) of prior year income taxes, net (38.0) (2.5) 2.3 U.S. state income taxes, net (.6) 1.0 4.3 Tax contingency reserve adjustment, net 30.5 (16.5) (19.1) Nondeductible expenses 3.7 5.1 5.2 Other, net 1.8 7.6 (1.1) ------ ------- ------- $ 132.4 $(193.3) $ 104.1 ====== ======= ======= Components of income tax expense (benefit): Currently payable (refundable): U.S. federal and state $ 15.2 $ .9 $ 25.9 Non-U.S. (34.0) 17.6 35.9 ------ ------- ------- (18.8) 18.5 61.8 ------ ------- ------- Deferred income taxes (benefit): U.S. federal and state 120.0 69.4 20.6 Non-U.S. 31.2 (281.2) 21.7 ------ ------- ------- 151.2 (211.8) 42.3 ------ ------- ------- $132.4 $(193.3) $ 104.1 ====== ======= ======= Comprehensive provision for income taxes (benefit) allocable to: Income from continuing operations $132.4 $(193.3) $ 104.1 Discontinued operations (2.6) (4.6) (.4) Additional paid-in capital - - .2 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle .3 - - Other comprehensive income: Marketable securities 2.1 2.1 - Currency translation 4.9 (8.2) (8.6) Pension liabilities (15.4) (6.9) (38.7) ------ ------- ------- $121.7 $(210.9) $ 56.6 ====== ======= ======= The components of the net deferred tax liability at December 31, 2004 and 2005, and changes in the deferred income tax valuation allowance during the past three years, are summarized in the following tables. December 31, --------------------------------------------------------- 2004 2005 --------------------------- --------------------------- Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities ------ ----------- ----------- ----------- (Restated) (Restated) (In millions) Tax effect of temporary differences related to: Inventories $ 2.6 $ (6.3) $ 3.0 $ (3.6) Marketable securities - (107.5) - (106.9) Property and equipment 38.3 (104.6) 26.4 (87.8) Accrued OPEB costs 13.9 - 12.7 - Accrued environmental liabilities and other deductible differences 120.1 - 111.1 - Other taxable differences - (185.8) - (125.8) Investments in subsidiaries and affiliates 24.9 (202.0) - (209.6) Tax loss and tax credit carryforwards 245.3 - 199.4 - ------- ------- ------- ------- Adjusted gross deferred tax assets (liabilities) 445.1 (606.2) 352.6 (533.7) Netting of items by tax jurisdiction (195.9) 195.9 (128.4) 128.4 ------- ------- ------- ------- 249.2 (410.3) 224.2 (405.3) Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Less net current deferred tax asset (liability) 9.7 (24.2) 10.5 (4.3) ------- ------- ------- ------- Net noncurrent deferred tax asset (liability) $ 239.5 $(386.1) $ 213.7 $(401.0) ======= ======= ======= ======= Years ended December 31, ------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (In millions) Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance: Increase in certain deductible temporary differences which the Company believes do not meet the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria $ - $ - $ - Recognition of certain deductible tax attributes for which the benefit had not previously been recognized under the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria (7.2) (311.8) - Foreign currency translation 28.2 (3.0) - Offset to the change in gross deferred income tax assets due principally to redeterminations of certain tax attributes and implementation of certain tax planning strategies (11.8) 121.0 - Valhi/Tremont merger (10.8) - - Other, net (.1) - - ------ ------- ------- $ (1.7) $(193.8) $ - ====== ======= ======= Certain of the Company's U.S. and non-U.S. tax returns are being examined and tax authorities have or may propose tax deficiencies, including penalties and interest. For example: o Kronos received a preliminary tax assessment related to 1993 from the Belgian tax authorities proposing tax deficiencies, including related interest, of approximately euro 6 million ($7 million at December 31, 2005). Kronos filed a protest to this assessment, and believes that a significant portion of the assessment was without merit. The Belgian tax authorities have filed a lien on the fixed assets of Kronos' Belgian TiO2 operations in connection with this assessment. In April 2003, Kronos received a notification from the Belgian tax authorities of their intent to assess a tax deficiency related to 1999 that, including interest, would have aggregated approximately euro 9 million ($11 million). Kronos filed a written response to the assessment, and in September 2005 the Belgian tax authorities withdrew the assessment. o The Norwegian tax authorities have notified Kronos of their intent to assess tax deficiencies of approximately kroner 12 million ($2 million) relating to the years 1998 through 2000. Kronos has objected to this proposed assessment. o Kronos has received a tax assessment from the Canadian tax authorities related to the years 1998 and 1999 proposing tax deficiencies, including interest, of approximately Cdn. $5 million ($4 million). Kronos filed a protest, and in October 2005, the Canadian tax authorities agreed to reduce the assessment and settle all issues, including interest, for approximately Cdn. $2 million ($1.7 million). During the third quarter of 2005, Kronos reached an agreement in principle with the German tax authorities regarding such tax authorities' objection to the value assigned to certain intellectual property rights held by Kronos' operating subsidiary in Germany. Under the agreement in principle, the value assigned to such intellectual property for German income tax purposes will be reduced retroactively, resulting in a reduction in the amount of Kronos' net operating loss carryforwards in Germany as well as a future reduction in the amount of amortization expense attributable to such intellectual property. As a result, Kronos recognized a $17.5 million non-cash deferred income tax expense in the third quarter of 2005 related to such agreement. The $19.1 million non-cash tax contingency adjustment income tax benefit in 2005 relates primarily to the withdrawal of the Belgium tax authorities' assessment related to 1999 and the Canadian tax authorities' reduction of one of its assessments, both as discussed above, as well as favorable developments with respect to certain income tax items of NL in the U.S. No assurance can be given that these tax matters will be resolved in the Company's favor in view of the inherent uncertainties involved in settlement initiatives and court and tax proceedings. The Company believes that it has provided adequate accruals for additional taxes and related interest expense Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 which may ultimately result from all such examinations and believes that the ultimate disposition of such examinations should not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. Under GAAP, a company is required to recognize a deferred income tax liability with respect to the incremental U.S. taxes (federal and state) and foreign withholding taxes that would be incurred when undistributed earnings of a foreign subsidiary are subsequently repatriated, unless management has determined that those undistributed earnings are permanently reinvested for the foreseeable future. Prior to the third quarter of 2005, CompX had not recognized a deferred tax liability related to such incremental income taxes on the undistributed earnings of its foreign operations, as those earnings were subject to specific permanent reinvestment plans. GAAP requires a company to reassess the permanent reinvestment conclusion on an ongoing basis to determine if management's intentions have changed. As of September 30, 2005, and based primarily upon changes in CompX management's strategic plans for certain of its non-U.S. operations, CompX's management has determined that the undistributed earnings of such subsidiaries can no longer be considered to be permanently reinvested, except for the pre-2005 earnings of its Taiwanese subsidiary. Accordingly, and in accordance with GAAP, CompX recognized an aggregate $9.0 million provision for deferred income taxes on the aggregate undistributed earnings of these foreign subsidiaries. In October 2004, the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 was enacted into law. The new law provided for a special 85% deduction for certain dividends received from a controlled foreign corporation in 2005. In the third quarter of 2005, the Company completed its evaluation of this new provision and determined that it would not benefit from such special dividends received deduction. At December 31, 2003, Kronos had a significant amount of net operating loss carryforwards for German corporate and trade tax purposes, all of which have no expiration date. These net operating loss carryforwards were generated by KII principally during the 1990's when KII had a significantly higher level of outstanding indebtedness than is currently outstanding. For financial reporting purposes, however, the benefit of such net operating loss carryforwards had not previously been recognized because Kronos did not believe they met the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria, and accordingly Kronos had a deferred income tax asset valuation allowance offsetting the benefit of such net operating loss carryforwards and Kronos' other tax attributes in Germany. At the end of the second quarter of 2004, and based on all available evidence, Kronos concluded that the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards and other German tax attributes now met the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria, and that reversal of the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance related to Germany was appropriate. Given the magnitude of the German net operating loss carryforwards and the fact that current provisions of German law limit the annual utilization of net operating loss carryforwards to 60% of taxable income after the first euro 1 million of taxable income, KII believes it will take several years to fully utilize the benefit of such loss carryforwards. However, given that Kronos generated positive taxable income in Germany, combined with the fact that the net operating loss carryforwards have no expiration date, Kronos concluded, among other things, it was now appropriate to reverse all of the valuation allowance related to the net operating loss carryforwards because the benefit of such operating loss carryforwards now meet the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. Of the $280.7 million valuation allowance related to Germany which was reversed during 2004, and in accordance with the applicable GAAP related to accounting for income taxes at interim periods, (i) $8.7 million was reversed during the first six months of 2004 that related primarily to the utilization of the German net operating loss carryforwards during such period, (ii) $268.6 million was reversed as of June 30, 2004 and (iii) $3.4 million was reversed during the last six months of 2004. NL's and NL's subsidiary EMS, 1998 U.S. federal income tax returns were being examined by the U.S. tax authorities, and NL and EMS granted extensions of the statute of limitations for assessments of tax with respect to their 1998, 1999 and 2000 income tax returns until September 30, 2005. During the course of the examination, the IRS proposed a substantial tax deficiency, including interest, related to a restructuring transaction. In an effort to avoid protracted litigation and minimize the hazards of such litigation, NL applied to take part in an IRS settlement initiative applicable to transactions similar to the restructuring transaction, and in April 2003 NL received notification from the IRS that NL had been accepted into such settlement initiative. Under the initiative, a final settlement with the IRS is to be reached through expedited negotiations and, if necessary, through a specified arbitration procedure. NL reached an agreement with the IRS concerning the settlement of this matter pursuant to which, among other things, the Company agreed to pay approximately $21 million, including interest, up front as a partial payment of the settlement amount (which amount was paid during 2005 and was classified as a current liability at December 31, 2004), and NL will be required to recognize the remaining settlement amount in its taxable income over the 15-year time period beginning in 2004. NL had previously provided accruals to cover its estimated additional tax liability (and related interest) concerning this matter. As a result of the settlement, NL decreased its previous estimate of the amount of additional income taxes and interest it will be required to pay, and NL recognized an $17.4 million tax benefit in 2004 related to the revised estimate. In addition, during 2004, the Company recognized a $31.1 million tax benefit related to the reversal of a deferred income tax asset valuation allowance related to certain tax attributes of EMS which NL believed now met the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria. A majority of the deferred income Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 tax asset valuation allowance at December 31, 2003, related to net operating loss carryforwards of EMS. As a result of the settlement agreement, NL (which previously was not allowed to utilize such net operating loss carryforwards of EMS) utilized such carryforwards in its 2003 taxable year, eliminating the need for a valuation allowance related to such carryforwards. The remainder of the deferred income tax asset valuation allowance reversed related to deductible temporary differences associated with accrued environmental obligations of EMS which NL now believed met the "more-likely-than-not" recognition criteria since, as a result of the settlement agreement, such obligations and the related tax deductions have been or will be included in NL's taxable income. In the first quarter of 2003, KII was notified by the German Federal Fiscal Court that the Court had ruled in KII's favor concerning a claim for refund suit in which KII sought refunds of prior taxes paid during the periods 1990 through 1997. KII and KII's German operating subsidiary were required to file amended tax returns with the German tax authorities to receive refunds for such years, and all of such amended returns were filed during 2003. Such amended returns reflected an aggregate net refund of taxes and related interest to KII and its German operating subsidiary of euro 26.9 million ($32.1 million), and the Company recognized the benefit of these net refunds in its 2003 results of operations. During 2004, Kronos recognized a net refund of euro 2.5 million ($3.1 million) related to additional net interest which has accrued on the outstanding refund amount. Through December 2004, KII and its German operating subsidiary had received net refunds of euro 35.6 million ($44.7 million when received). All refunds relating to the periods 1990 to 1997 were received by December 31, 2004. In addition to the refunds for the 1990 to 1997 periods, the court ruling also resulted in a refund of 1999 income taxes and interest, and Kronos recognized euro 21.5 million (24.6 million) in 2003. At December 31, 2005, (i) Kronos had the equivalent of $593 million and $104 million of the net operating loss carryforwards for German corporate and trade tax purposes, respectively, all of which have no expiration date, (ii) Tremont had $6 million of U.S. net operating loss carryforwards expiring in 2018 through 2020, (iii) CompX had $1.6 million of U.S. net operating loss carryforwards expiring in 2007 through 2017 and (iv) Valhi had $36 million of U.S. net operating loss carryforwards expiring in 2019 through 2025 and $6 million of capital loss carry forwards expiring in 2009. At December 31, 2005, the U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of CompX are limited in utilization to approximately $400,000 per year. In addition, approximately $6 million of Valhi's net operating loss carryforwards may only be used to offset taxable income of NL and are not available to offset future taxable income of other members of the Contran Tax Group. Note 16 - Employee benefit plans: Defined benefit plans. The Company maintains various U.S. and foreign defined benefit pension plans. Variances from actuarially assumed rates will result in increases or decreases in accumulated pension obligations, pension expense and funding requirements in future periods. The funded status of the Company's defined benefit pension plans and, the components of net periodic defined benefit pension cost are presented in the tables below. At December 31, 2005, the Company currently expects to contribute the equivalent of $18 million to all of its defined benefit pension plans during 2006, and aggregate benefit payments to plan participants out of plan assets are expected to be the equivalent of $25 million in 2006, $24 million in 2007, $26 million in 2008, $25 million in 2009, $26 million in 2010 and $140 million during 2011 through 2015. Years ended December 31, ------------------------ 2004 2005 ---- ---- (In thousands) Change in projected benefit obligations ("PBO"): Benefit obligations at beginning of the year $ 409,517 $ 454,911 Service cost 6,758 7,373 Interest cost 22,219 22,589 Participant contributions 1,420 1,538 Actuarial losses 7,218 101,416 Change in foreign currency exchange rates 30,820 (42,292) Benefits paid (23,041) (25,001) --------- --------- Benefit obligations at end of the year $ 454,911 $ 520,534 ========= ========= Change in plan assets: Fair value of plan assets at beginning of the year $ 263,773 $ 311,898 Actual return on plan assets 31,951 54,083 Employer contributions 17,812 19,244 Participant contributions 1,420 1,538 Change in foreign currency exchange rates 19,983 (23,613) Benefits paid (23,041) (25,001) --------- --------- Fair value of plan assets at end of year $ 311,898 $ 338,149 ========= ========= Funded status at end of the year: Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Plan assets less than PBO $(143,013) $(182,385) Unrecognized actuarial losses 147,264 194,783 Unrecognized prior service cost 8,757 7,441 Unrecognized net transition obligations 4,878 4,603 --------- --------- $ 17,886 $ 24,442 ========= ========= Amounts recognized in the balance sheet: Unrecognized net pension obligations $ 13,518 $ 11,916 Prepaid pension cost - 3,529 Accrued pension costs: Current (9,090) (12,756) Noncurrent (77,360) (140,742) Accumulated other comprehensive loss 90,818 162,495 --------- --------- $ 17,886 $ 24,442 ========= ========= Years ended December 31, ---------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ----- ---- ---- (In thousands) Net periodic pension cost: Service cost benefits $ 5,347 $ 6,758 $ 7,373 Interest cost on PBO 20,063 22,219 22,589 Expected return on plan assets (19,294) (20,975) (22,223) Amortization of prior service cost 354 502 597 Amortization of net transition obligations 733 657 350 Recognized actuarial losses 2,423 4,361 4,450 -------- -------- -------- $ 9,626 $ 13,522 $ 13,136 ======== ======== ======== The weighted-average rate assumptions used in determining the actuarial present value of benefit obligations as of December 31, 2004 and 2005 are presented in the table below. Such weighted-average rates were determined using the projected benefit obligations at each date. December 31, ------------------------- Rate 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- Discount rate 5.3% 4.5% Increase in future compensation levels 2.3% 2.3% The weighted-average rate assumptions used in determining the net periodic pension cost for 2003, 2004 and 2005 are presented in the table below. The weighted-average discount rate and the weighted-average increase in future compensation levels were determined using the projected benefit obligations at the beginning of each year, and the weighted-average long-term return on plan assets was determined using the fair value of plan assets at the beginning of each year. Years ended December 31, --------------------------------------------- Rate 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- Discount rate 6.0% 5.6% 5.3% Increase in future compensation levels 2.7% 2.2% 2.3% Long-term return on plan assets 7.4% 7.8% 7.2% At December 31, 2005, the accumulated benefit obligations for all defined benefit pension plans was approximately $482 million (2004 - $403 million). At December 31, 2005, the projected benefit obligations for all defined benefit pension plans was comprised of $98 million related to U.S. plans and $422 million related to non-U.S. plans (2004 - $100 million and $355 million, respectively). At December 31, 2004 and 2005, substantially all of the projected benefit obligations attributable to non-U.S. plans relates to plans maintained by Kronos. At December 31, 2005, approximately 49% and 15% of the projected Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 benefit obligations attributable to U.S. plans relate to plans maintained by NL and Kronos, respectively, and 36% relates to a plan maintained by a disposed business unit of Valhi (2004 - 52% relates to NL, 14% to Kronos and 34% to the disposed business unit). Kronos and NL use a September 30th measurement date for their defined benefit pension plans, and all other plans use a December 31st measurement date. At December 31, 2005, the fair value of plan assets for all defined benefit pension plans was comprised of $112 million related to U.S. plans and $226 million related to non-U.S. plans (2004 - $82 million and $230 million, respectively). At December 31, 2004 and 2005, substantially all of the plan assets attributable to non-U.S. plans relates to plans maintained by Kronos. At December 31, 2005, approximately 46% and 16% of the plan assets attributable to U.S. plans relates to plans maintained by NL and Kronos, respectively, and 38% relates to a plan maintained by a disposed business unit of Valhi (2004 - 54% relates to NL, 15% relate to Kronos and 31% to the disposed business unit). At December 31, 2005, the projected benefit obligations, accumulated benefit obligations and fair value of plan assets for all defined benefit pension plans for which the accumulated benefit obligation exceeded the fair value of plan assets were $415 million, $377 million and $220 million, respectively (2004 - $455 million, $403 million and $312 million, respectively). At December 31, 2004 and 2005, approximately 78% and 100%, respectively, of such unfunded amount relates to non-U.S. plans maintained by Kronos, and most of the remainder at December 31, 2004 relates to U.S. plans maintained by NL and the disposed business unit of Valhi. At December 31, 2004 and 2005, substantially all of the assets attributable to U.S. plans were invested in the CMRT, a collective investment trust sponsored by Contran to permit the collective investment by certain master trusts which fund certain employee benefits plans sponsored by Contran and certain of its affiliates. At December 31, 2005, the asset mix of the CMRT was 86% in U.S. equity securities, 3% in U.S. fixed income securities, 7% in international equity securities and 4% in cash and other investments (2004 - 77%, 14%, 7% and 2%, respectively). The CMRT's long-term investment objective is to provide a rate of return exceeding a composite of broad market equity and fixed income indices (including the S&P 500 and certain Russell indicies) utilizing both third-party investment managers as well as investments directed by Mr. Harold Simmons. Mr. Harold Simmons is the sole trustee of the CMRT. The trustee of the CMRT, along with the CMRT's investment committee, of which Mr. Simmons is a member, actively manage the investments of the CMRT. Such parties have in the past, and may in the future, periodically change the asset mix of the CMRT based upon, among other things, advice they receive from third-party advisors and their expectations as to what asset mix will generate the greatest overall return. For the years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005, the assumed long-term rate of return for plan assets invested in the CMRT was 10%. In determining the appropriateness of such long-rate of return assumption, the Company considered, among other things, the historical rates of return for the CMRT, the current and projected asset mix of the CMRT and the investment objectives of the CMRT's managers. During the 18-year history of the CMRT from its inception in 1987 through December 31, 2005, the average annual rate of return has been approximately 14% (with a 36% return for 2005). At December 31, 2004 and 2005, plan assets attributable to Kronos' non-U.S. plans related primarily to Germany, Canada and Norway. In determining the expected long-term rate of return on plan asset assumptions for its non-U.S. plans, the Company considers the long-term asset mix (e.g. equity vs. fixed income) for the assets for each of its plans and the expected long-term rates of return for such asset components. In addition, the Company receives advice about appropriate long-term rates of return from the Company's third-party actuaries. Such assumed asset mixes are summarized below: o In Germany, the composition of Kronos' plan assets is established to satisfy the requirements of the German insurance commissioner. The plan asset allocation at December 31, 2005 was 23% to equity managers, 48% to fixed income managers and 29% to real estate (2004 - 23%, 48% and 29%, respectively). o In Canada, Kronos currently has a plan asset target allocation of 65% to equity managers and 35% to fixed income managers, with an expected long-term rate of return for such investments to average approximately 125 basis points above the applicable equity or fixed income index. The plan asset allocation at December 31, 2005 was 64% to equity managers, 32% to fixed income managers and 4% to other investments (2004 - 60%, 40% and nil, respectively). o In Norway, Kronos currently has a plan asset target allocation of 14% to equity managers and 64% to fixed income managers and the remainder to liquid investments such as money markets. The expected long-term rate of return for such investments is approximately 8%, 4.5% to 6.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The plan asset allocation at December 31, 2005 was 16% to equity managers, 62% to fixed income managers and the remainder invested primarily in cash and liquid investments (2004 - 16%, 64% and 20%, respectively). The Company regularly reviews its actual asset allocation for each of its plans, and periodically rebalances the investments in each plan to more accurately reflect the targeted allocation when considered appropriate. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Postretirement benefits other than pensions. Certain subsidiaries currently provide certain health care and life insurance benefits for eligible retired employees. The components of the periodic OPEB cost and accumulated OPEB obligations are presented in the tables below. Variances from actuarially-assumed rates will result in additional increases or decreases in accumulated OPEB obligations, net periodic OPEB cost and funding requirements in future periods. At December 31, 2005, the expected rate of increase in future health care costs ranges from 8.0% to 9.0% in 2006, declining to rates of between 4% to 5.5% in 2010 and thereafter (2004 - 8% to 9.3% in 2005, declining to 4% to 5.5% in 2010 and thereafter). If the health care cost trend rate was increased (decreased) by one percentage point for each year, OPEB expense would have increased by $221,000 (decreased by $188,000) in 2005, and the actuarial present value of accumulated OPEB obligations at December 31, 2005 would have increased by $2.7 million (decreased by $2.4 million). At December 31, 2005, the Company currently expects to contribute the equivalent of approximately $3.9 million to all of its OPEB plans during 2006, and aggregate benefit payments to OPEB plan participants are expected to be the equivalent of $3.9 million in 2006, $3.4 million in 2007, $3.3 million in 2008, $3.2 million in 2009, $3.1 million in 2010 and $13.4 million during 2011 through 2015. Years ended December 31, ------------------------- 2004 2005 ------ -------- (In thousands) Change in accumulated OPEB obligations: Obligations at beginning of the year $ 46,177 $ 36,603 Service cost 232 222 Interest cost 2,418 2,010 Actuarial losses (gains) (4,925) 1,901 Plan amendments (2,044) - Change in foreign currency exchange rates 411 286 Benefits paid (5,666) (5,026) -------- -------- Obligations at end of the year $ 36,603 $ 35,996 ======== ======== Change in plan assets: Employer contributions $ 5,666 $ 5,026 Benefits paid (5,666) (5,026) -------- -------- Fair value of plan assets at end of the year $ - $ - ======== ======== Funded status at end of the year: Plan assets less than benefit obligations $(36,603) $(35,996) Unrecognized net actuarial losses (gains) (606) 1,531 Unrecognized prior service credit (2,818) (1,893) -------- -------- $(40,027) $(36,358) ======== ======== Accrued OPEB costs recognized in the balance sheet: Current $ (5,039) $ (4,079) Noncurrent (34,988) (32,279) -------- -------- $(40,027) $(36,358) ======== ======== Years ended December 31, -------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ------ ---- ------- (In thousands) Net periodic OPEB cost: Service cost $ 152 $ 232 $ 222 Interest cost 2,820 2,418 2,010 Amortization of prior service credit (2,075) (859) (925) Recognized actuarial losses (gains) 38 192 (135) ------- ------ ------- $ 935 $1,983 $ 1,172 ======= ====== ======= The weighted average discount rate used in determining the actuarial Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 present value of benefit obligations as of December 31, 2005 was 5.5% (2004 - 5.7%). Such weighted average rate was determined using the projected benefit obligations as of such dates. The impact of assumed increases in future compensation levels does not have a material effect on the actuarial present value of the benefit obligations as substantially all of such benefits relate solely to eligible retirees, for which compensation is not applicable. The weighted average discount rate used in determining the net periodic OPEB cost for 2005 was 5.7% (2004 - 5.9%; 2003 - 6.4%). Such weighted average rate was determined using the projected benefit obligations as of the beginning of each year. The impact of assumed increases in future compensation levels does not have a material effect on the net periodic OPEB cost as substantially all of such benefits relate solely to eligible retirees, for which compensation is not applicable. As of December 31, 2004 and 2005, the accumulated benefit obligations for all OPEB plans were equal to the projected benefit obligations. At December 31, 2005, the projected benefit obligations for all OPEB plans was comprised of $29.1 million related to U.S. plans and $6.9 million related to non-U.S. plans (2004 - $31.2 million and $5.4 million, respectively). At December 31, 2004 and 2005, all of the projected benefit obligations attributable to non-U.S. plans relates to plans maintained by Kronos. At December 31, 2005, approximately 48% and 15% of the projected benefit obligations attributable to U.S. plans relates to plans maintained by NL and Kronos, respectively, and 36% relates to a plan maintained by Tremont (2004 - 51% maintained by NL, 16% maintained by Kronos and 32% maintained by Tremont). Kronos and NL use a September 30th measurement date for their OPEB plans, and Tremont uses a December 31st measurement date. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (the "Medicare 2003 Act") introduced a prescription drug benefit under Medicare (Medicare Part D) as well as a federal subsidy to sponsors of retiree health care benefit plans that provide a benefit that is at least actuarially equivalent to Medicare Part D. During the third quarter of 2004, the Company determined that benefits provided by its two U.S. plans are actuarially equivalent to the Medicare Part D benefit and therefore the Company is eligible for the federal subsidy provided for by the Medicare 2003 Act for those plans. The effect of such subsidy, which is accounted for prospectively from the date actuarial equivalence was determined, as permitted by and in accordance with FASB Staff Position No. 106-2, did not have a material impact on the applicable accumulated postretirement benefit obligation, and will not have a material impact on the net periodic OPEB cost going forward. Defined contribution plans. The Company maintains various defined contribution pension plans with Company contributions based on matching or other formulas. Defined contribution plan expense related to the Company's consolidated business segments approximated $2 million in each of 2003 and 2004 and $3 million in 2005. Note 17 - Related party transactions: The Company may be deemed to be controlled by Mr. Harold C. Simmons. See Note 1. Corporations that may be deemed to be controlled by or affiliated with Mr. Simmons sometimes engage in (a) intercorporate transactions such as guarantees, management and expense sharing arrangements, shared fee arrangements, joint ventures, partnerships, loans, options, advances of funds on open account, and sales, leases and exchanges of assets, including securities issued by both related and unrelated parties, and (b) common investment and acquisition strategies, business combinations, reorganizations, recapitalizations, securities repurchases, and purchases and sales (and other acquisitions and dispositions) of subsidiaries, divisions or other business units, which transactions have involved both related and unrelated parties and have included transactions which resulted in the acquisition by one related party of a publicly-held minority equity interest in another related party. The Company continuously considers, reviews and evaluates, and understands that Contran and related entities consider, review and evaluate such transactions. Depending upon the business, tax and other objectives then relevant, it is possible that the Company might be a party to one or more such transactions in the future. Receivables from and payables to affiliates are summarized in the table below. December 31, -------------------- 2004 2005 ---- ---- (In thousands) Current receivables from affiliates: Contran: Demand loan $ 4,929 $ - Income taxes, net 578 33 TIMET 24 1 ------- ------- $ 5,531 $ 34 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  ======= ======= Noncurrent receivable from affiliate - loan to Contran family trust $10,000 $ - ======= ======= Current payables to affiliates: Louisiana Pigment Company $ 8,844 $ 9,803 Contran - trade items 2,753 3,940 Other 10 11 ------- ------- $11,607 $13,754 ======= ======= From time to time, loans and advances are made between the Company and various related parties, including Contran, pursuant to term and demand notes. These loans and advances are entered into principally for cash management purposes. When the Company loans funds to related parties, the lender is generally able to earn a higher rate of return on the loan than the lender would earn if the funds were invested in other instruments. While certain of such loans may be of a lesser credit quality than cash equivalent instruments otherwise available to the Company, the Company believes that it has evaluated the credit risks involved, and that those risks are reasonable and reflected in the terms of the applicable loans. When the Company borrows from related parties, the borrower is generally able to pay a lower rate of interest than the borrower would pay if it borrowed from other parties. Prior to 2003, EMS, NL's environmental management subsidiary, entered into a $25 million revolving credit facility with one of the family trusts discussed in Note 1 ($10 million outstanding at December 31, 2004). The loan bore interest at prime, was due on demand with 60 days notice and was collateralized by certain shares of Contran's Class A common stock and Class E cumulative preferred stock held by the trust. The terms of this loan were approved by special committees of both NL's and EMS' respective board of directors composed of independent directors. During 2005, the family trust repaid the $10 million balance outstanding at December 31, 2004, and the loan facility was terminated. At December 31, 2004, the loan was classified as a noncurrent asset because EMS did not intend to demand repayment within the next 12 months. During 2003 and 2004, Valhi borrowed varying amounts from Contran, and during 2004 and 2005 Contran borrowed varying amounts from Valhi, pursuant to the terms of demand notes. Such unsecured borrowings bear interest at a rate of prime less .5%. Interest income on all loans to related parties, including EMS' loan to one of the Contran family trusts, was $723,000 in 2003, $645,000 in 2004 and $572,000 in 2005. Interest expense on all loans from related parties was $154,000 in 2003, $131,000 in 2004 and nil in 2005 and relates solely to borrowings from Contran. Payables to Louisiana Pigment Company are primarily for the purchase of TiO2 (see Note 7). Purchases in the ordinary course of business from the unconsolidated TiO2 manufacturing joint venture are disclosed in Note 7. Under the terms of various intercorporate services agreements ("ISAs") entered into between the Company and various related parties, including Contran, employees of one company will provide certain management, tax planning, financial and administrative services to the other company on a fee basis. Such charges are based upon estimates of the time devoted by the employees of the provider of the services to the affairs of the recipient, and the compensation and other expenses associated with such persons. Because of the large number of companies affiliated with Contran, the Company believes it benefits from cost savings and economies of scale gained by not having certain management, financial and administrative staffs duplicated at each entity, thus allowing certain individuals to provide services to multiple companies but only be compensated by one entity. The net ISA fees charged by Contran to the Company, including NL, Kronos, Tremont, TIMET, CompX and Waste Control Specialists, included in selling, general and administrative expense, aggregated approximately $10.0 million in 2003, $17.3 million in 2004 and $20.0 million in 2005. The increase in the aggregate ISA fee charged to the Company from 2003 to 2004 is due primarily to approximately 30 staff positions who had previously been compensated by NL and Kronos, who in 2004 commenced being compensated by Contran. TIMET had an ISA with Tremont whereby TIMET provided certain services to Tremont for approximately $180,000 in 2003. NL had an ISA with TIMET whereby NL provided certain services to TIMET for approximately $14,000 in 2003. Both of the TIMET/Tremont ISA and the NL/TIMET ISA have been terminated. Certain other subsidiaries of the Company are also parties to similar ISAs among themselves, and expenses associated with these agreements are eliminated in Valhi's consolidated financial statements. Tall Pines Insurance Company (including a predecessor company, Valmont Insurance Company, which was merged into Tall Pines in December 2004) and EWI RE, Inc. provide for or broker certain insurance policies for Contran and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Company. Tall Pines is wholly-owned by Tremont, and EWI is wholly-owned by NL. Consistent with insurance industry practices, Tall Pines and EWI receive commissions from the Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 insurance and reinsurance underwriters and/or access fees for the policies that they provide or broker. Tall Pines purchases reinsurance for substantially all of the risks it underwrites. The Company expects that these relationships with Tall Pines and EWI will continue in 2006. Contran and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Company, purchase certain of their insurance policies as a group, with the costs of the jointly-owned policies apportioned among the participating companies. With respect to certain of such policies, it is possible that unusually large losses incurred by one or more insureds during a given policy period could leave the other participating companies without adequate coverage under that policy for the balance of the policy period. As a result, Contran and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, including the Company, have entered into a loss sharing agreement under which any uninsured loss is shared by those entities who have submitted claims under the relevant policy. The Company believes the benefits in the form of reduced premiums and broader coverage associated with the group coverage for such policies justifies the risk associated with the potential of any uninsured loss. Basic Management, Inc., among other things, provides utility services (primarily water distribution, maintenance of a common electrical facility and sewage disposal monitoring) to TIMET and other manufacturers within an industrial complex located in Nevada. The other owners of BMI are generally the other manufacturers located within the complex. Power transmission and sewer services are provided on a cost reimbursement basis, similar to a cooperative, while water delivery is currently provided at the same rates as are charged by BMI to an unrelated third party. Amounts paid by TIMET to BMI for these utility services were $1.2 million in 2003, $1.3 million in 2004 and $1.4 million in 2005. TIMET also paid BMI an electrical facilities upgrade fee of $1.3 million in each of 2003 and 2004 and $800,000 in 2005. Such $800,000 annual fee is scheduled to terminate after January 2010. In 2005, the Company purchased 2.0 million shares of its common stock, at a discount to the then-current market price, from Contran for $17.50 per share or an aggregate purchase price of $35.0 million. Valhi's independent directors approved such purchase. During the third quarter of 2005, the Company purchased 175,000 shares of its common stock for an aggregate of $3.1 million from The Simmons Family Foundation, a charitable organization of which Mr. Simmons is a trustee, based on the market price of Valhi common stock on the date of purchase. All of such shares were purchased under the Company's stock repurchase program described in Note 14. COAM Company is a partnership which has a sponsored research agreement with the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas to develop and commercially market patents and technology resulting from a cancer research program (the "Cancer Research Agreement"). At December 31, 2005, COAM partners are Contran, Valhi and another Contran subsidiary. Mr. Harold C. Simmons is the manager of COAM. The Cancer Research Agreement, as amended through December 31, 2005, provides for funds of up to $70 million through 2015. Funding requirements pursuant to the Cancer Research Agreement is without recourse to the COAM partners and the partnership agreement provides that no partner shall be required to make capital contributions. Capital contributions are expensed as paid. The Company's contributions to COAM were nil in each of the past three years, and the Company does not currently expect it will make any capital contributions to COAM in 2006. Amalgamated Research, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, provides certain research, laboratory and quality control services within and outside the sweetener industry for The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC and others. Amalgamated Research has also granted to The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC a non-exclusive, royalty-free perpetual license to use all currently existing or hereafter developed technology which is applicable to sugar operations and provides for payment of certain royalties to The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC from future sales or licenses of the subsidiary's technology to third parties. Research and development services charged to The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC, included in other income, were $865,000 in 2003, $956,000 in 2004 and $1.0 million in 2005. The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC provides certain administrative services to Amalgamated Research, and the cost of such services (based upon estimates of the time devoted by employees of the LLC to the affairs of Amalgamated Research, and the compensation of such persons) is considered in the agreed-upon research and development services fee paid by the LLC to Amalgamated Research and is not separately quantified. Note 18 - Commitments and contingencies: Lead pigment litigation - NL. NL's former operations included the manufacture of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint. NL, other former manufacturers of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint, and the Lead Industries Association (which discontinued business operations prior to 2003) have been named as defendants in various legal proceedings seeking damages for personal injury, property damage and governmental expenditures allegedly caused by the use of lead-based paints. Certain of these actions have been filed by or on behalf of states, large U.S. cities or their public housing authorities and school districts, and certain others have been asserted as class actions. These lawsuits seek recovery under a variety of theories, including public and private nuisance, negligent product design, negligent failure to warn, strict liability, breach of warranty, conspiracy/concert of action, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, market Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 share or risk contribution liability, intentional tort, fraud and misrepresentation, violations of state consumer protection statutes, supplier negligence and similar claims. The plaintiffs in these actions generally seek to impose on the defendants responsibility for lead paint abatement and health concerns associated with the use of lead-based paints, including damages for personal injury, contribution and/or indemnification for medical expenses, medical monitoring expenses and costs for educational programs. A number of cases are inactive or have been dismissed or withdrawn. Most of the remaining cases are in various pre-trial stages. Some are on appeal following dismissal or summary judgment rulings in favor of either the defendants or the plaintiffs. In addition, various other cases are pending (in which NL is not a defendant) seeking recovery for injury allegedly caused by lead pigment and lead-based paint. Although NL is not a defendant in these cases, the outcome of these cases may have an impact on additional cases being filed against NL in the future. NL believes these actions are without merit, intends to continue to deny all allegations of wrongdoing and liability and to defend against all actions vigorously. NL has never settled any of these cases, nor have any final adverse judgments against NL been entered. NL has not accrued any amounts for pending lead pigment and lead-based paint litigation. Liability that may result, if any, cannot currently be reasonably estimated. There can be no assurance that NL will not incur liability in the future in respect of this pending litigation in view of the inherent uncertainties involved in court and jury rulings in pending and possible future cases. If any such future liability were to be incurred, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity. In one of these lead pigment cases (State of Rhode Island v. Lead Industries Association), a trial before a Rhode Island state court jury began in September 2002 on the question of whether lead pigment in paint on Rhode Island buildings is a public nuisance. In October 2002, the trial judge declared a mistrial in the case when the jury was unable to reach a verdict on the question, with the jury reportedly deadlocked 4-2 in the defendants' favor. In November 2005, the State of Rhode Island began a retrial of the case on the State's claims of public nuisance, indemnity and unjust enrichment against NL and three other defendants. Following the state's presentation of its case, the trial court dismissed the state's claims of indemnity and unjust enrichment. The public nuisance claim was sent to the jury in February 2006, and the jury found that NL and two other defendants substantially contributed to the creation of a public nuisance as a result of the collective presence of lead pigments in paints and coatings on buildings in Rhode Island. The jury also found that NL and the two other defendants should be ordered to abate the public nuisance. Following the jury verdict, the trial court dismissed the state's claim for punitive damages. The scope of the abatement remedy will be determined by the judge. The extent, nature and cost of such remedy is not currently known and will be determined only following additional proceedings. Various motions remain pending before the trial court, including NL's motion to dismiss. NL intends to appeal any adverse judgment which the trial court may enter against NL. The Rhode Island case is unique in that this is the first time that an adverse verdict in the lead pigment litigation has been entered against NL. NL does not believe it is currently possible to determine the nature or extent of any potential liability resulting from the verdict. In addition, liability that might result to NL, if any, with respect to this and the other lead pigment litigation can not currently be reasonably estimated. However, as with any legal proceeding, there is no assurance that any of these appeals would be successful, and it is reasonably possible, based on the outcome of the appeals process, that NL would in the near term conclude that it was probable NL had incurred some liability in this Rhode Island matter that would result in the recognition of a loss contingency accrual. Such potential liability could have a material adverse impact on net income for the interim or annual period during which such liability is recognized, and a material adverse impact on NL's financial condition and liquidity. NL believes it is reasonably possible that additional legal proceedings in these matter could be scheduled for trial in 2006 and beyond in other jurisdictions, including cases in which NL is currently a defendant or in cases not yet filed against NL, the resolution of which could also result in recognition of a loss contingency accrual that could have a material adverse impact on net income for the interim or annual period during which such liability is recognized, and a material adverse impact on NL's financial condition and liquidity. An estimate of the potential impact on NL's results of operations, financial condition or liquidity related to these matters can not currently be reasonably estimated. Environmental matters and litigation. General. The Company's operations are governed by various environmental laws and regulations. Certain of the Company's businesses are and have been engaged in the handling, manufacture or use of substances or compounds that may be considered toxic or hazardous within the meaning of applicable environmental laws and regulations. As with other companies engaged in similar businesses, certain past and current operations and products of the Company have the potential to cause environmental or other damage. The Company has implemented and continues to implement various policies and programs in an effort to minimize these risks. The Company's policy is to maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations at all of its plants and to strive to improve its environmental performance. From time to time, the Company may be subject to environmental regulatory enforcement under U.S. and foreign statutes, Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 resolution of which typically involves the establishment of compliance programs. It is possible that future developments, such as stricter requirements of environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, could adversely affect the Company's production, handling, use, storage, transportation, sale or disposal of such substances. The Company believes all of its plants are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws. Certain properties and facilities used in the Company's former businesses, including divested primary and secondary lead smelters and former mining locations of NL, are the subject of civil litigation, administrative proceedings or investigations arising under federal and state environmental laws. Additionally, in connection with past disposal practices, the Company has been named as a defendant, potentially responsible party ("PRP") or both, pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act ("CERCLA"), and similar state laws in various governmental and private actions associated with waste disposal sites, mining locations, and facilities currently or previously owned, operated or used by the Company or its subsidiaries, or their predecessors, certain of which are on the U.S. EPA's Superfund National Priorities List or similar state lists. These proceedings seek cleanup costs, damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources. Certain of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts. Although the Company may be jointly and severally liable for such costs, in most cases it is only one of a number of PRPs who may also be jointly and severally liable. Environmental obligations are difficult to assess and estimate for numerous reasons including the complexity and differing interpretations of governmental regulations, the number of PRPs and the PRPs' ability or willingness to fund such allocation of costs, their financial capabilities and the allocation of costs among PRPs, the solvency of other PRPs, the multiplicity of possible solutions, and the years of investigatory, remedial and monitoring activity required. In addition, the imposition of more stringent standards or requirements under environmental laws or regulations, new developments or changes respecting site cleanup costs or allocation of such costs among PRPs, solvency of other PRPs, the results of future testing and analysis undertaken with respect to certain sites or a determination that the Company is potentially responsible for the release of hazardous substances at other sites, could result in expenditures in excess of amounts currently estimated by the Company to be required for such matters. In addition, with respect to other PRPs and the fact that the Company may be jointly and severally liable for the total remediation cost at certain sites, the Company could ultimately be liable for amounts in excess of its accruals due to, among other things, reallocation of costs among PRPs or the insolvency of one or more PRPs. No assurance can be given that actual costs will not exceed accrued amounts or the upper end of the range for sites for which estimates have been made, and no assurance can be given that costs will not be incurred with respect to sites as to which no estimate presently can be made. Further, there can be no assurance that additional environmental matters will not arise in the future. If any such future liability were to be incurred, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity. The Company records liabilities related to environmental remediation obligations when estimated future expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. Such accruals are adjusted as further information becomes available or circumstances change. Estimated future expenditures are generally not discounted to their present value. Recoveries of remediation costs from other parties, if any, are recognized as assets when their receipt is deemed probable. At December 31, 2005, no receivables for such recoveries have been recognized. The exact time frame over which the Company makes payments with respect to its accrued environmental costs is unknown and is dependent upon, among other things, the timing of the actual remediation process that in part depends on factors outside the control of the Company. At each balance sheet date, the Company makes an estimate of the amount of its accrued environmental costs that will be paid out over the subsequent 12 months, and the Company classifies such amount as a current liability. The remainder of the accrued environmental costs is classified as a noncurrent liability. A summary of the activity in the Company's accrued environmental costs during the past three years is presented in the table below. The amount shown in the table below for payments against the Company's accrued environmental costs in 2004 is net of a $1.5 million recovery of remediation costs previously expended by NL that was paid to NL by other PRPs in 2004 pursuant to an agreement entered into by NL and the other PRPs. Years ended December 31, ------------------------------------------ 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ----- (In thousands) Balance at the beginning of the year $101,166 $ 86,681 $ 76,766 Additions charged to expense, net 29,524 2,477 5,703 Payments, net (44,009) (12,392) (16,743) -------- -------- -------- Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Balance at the end of the year $ 86,681 $ 76,766 $ 65,726 ======== ======== ======== Amounts recognized in the balance sheet: Current liability $ 21,316 $ 16,565 Noncurrent liability 55,450 49,161 -------- -------- $ 76,766 $ 65,726 ======== ======== NL. Certain properties and facilities used in NL's former businesses, including divested primary and secondary lead smelters and former mining locations of NL, are the subject of civil litigation, administrative proceedings or investigations arising under federal and state environmental laws. Additionally, in connection with past disposal practices, NL has been named as a defendant, PRP, or both, pursuant to CERCLA, and similar state laws in approximately 60 governmental and private actions associated with waste disposal sites, mining locations and facilities currently or previously owned, operated or used by NL, or its subsidiaries or their predecessors, certain of which are on the U.S. EPA's Superfund National Priorities List or similar state lists. These proceedings seek cleanup costs, damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources. Certain of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts. Although NL may be jointly and severally liable for such costs, in most cases, it is only one of a number of PRPs who may also be jointly and severally liable. On a quarterly basis, NL evaluates the potential range of its liability at sites where it has been named as a PRP or defendant, including sites for which EMS has contractually assumed NL's obligation. At December 31, 2005, NL had accrued $54.9 million for those environmental matters which NL believes are reasonably estimable. NL believes it is not possible to estimate the range of costs for certain sites. The upper end of the range of reasonably possible costs to NL for sites for which NL believes it is possible to estimate costs is approximately $80 million. NL's estimates of such liabilities have not been discounted to present value. At December 31, 2005, there are approximately 20 sites for which NL is currently unable to estimate a range of costs. For these sites, generally the investigation is in the early stages, and it is either unknown as to whether or not NL actually had any association with the site, or if NL had association with the site, the nature of its responsibility, if any, for the contamination at the site and the extent of contamination. The timing on when information would become available to NL to allow NL to estimate a range of loss is unknown and dependent on events outside the control of NL, such as when the party alleging liability provides information to NL. On certain of these sites that had previously been inactive, NL has received general and special notices of liability from the EPA alleging that NL, along with other PRPs, is liable for past and future costs of remediating environmental contamination allegedly caused by former operations conducted at such sites. These notifications may assert that NL, along with other PRP's, is liable for past clean-up costs that could be material to NL if liability for such amounts ultimately were determined against NL. At December 31, 2004, NL had $19 million in restricted cash equivalents and debt securities held by special purpose trusts, the assets of which can only be used to pay for certain of NL's future environmental remediation and other environmental expenditures. During 2005, all of such restricted balances had been so utilized. Use of such restricted balances did not affect the Company's consolidated net cash flows. Tremont. Prior to 2003, Tremont, entered into a voluntary settlement agreement with the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality and certain other PRPs pursuant to which Tremont and the other PRPs will undertake certain investigatory and interim remedial activities at a former mining site located in Hot Springs County, Arkansas. Tremont currently believes that it has accrued adequate amounts ($3.8 million at December 31, 2005) to cover its share of probable and reasonably estimable environmental obligations for these activities. Tremont has entered into an agreement with another PRP of this site, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., that provides for, among other thing, the interim sharing of remediation costs associated with the site pending a final allocation of costs and an agreed-upon procedure through arbitration to determine such final allocation of costs. On December 9, 2005, Halliburton and DII Industries, LLC, another PRP of this site, filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, Houston Division, Case No. H-05-4160, against NL, Tremont and certain of its subsidiaries, M-I, L.L.C., Milwhite, Inc. and Georgia-Pacific Corporation seeking (i) to recover response and remediation costs incurred at the site, (ii) a declaration of the parties' liability for response and remediation costs incurred at the site, (iii) a declaration of the parties' liability for response and remediation costs to be incurred in the future at the site and (iv) a declaration regarding the obligation of Tremont to indemnify Halliburton and DII for costs and expenses attributable to the site. On December 27, 2005, a subsidiary of Tremont filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas, Hot Springs Division, Case No. 05-6089, against Georgia-Pacific, seeking to recover response costs it has incurred and will incur at the site. Subsequently, plaintiffs in the Houston litigation verbally agreed to stay that litigation and enter into with NL, Tremont and its affiliates an amendment to the arbitration agreement previously agreed upon for resolving the allocation of costs at the Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 site. Tremont has also agreed to stay the Arkansas litigation. Tremont has based its accrual for this site based upon the agreed-upon interim cost sharing allocation. Tremont currently expects that the nature and extent of any final remediation measures that might be imposed with respect to this site will not be known until 2008. Currently, no reasonable estimate can be made of the cost of any such final remediation measures, and accordingly Tremont has accrued no amounts at December 31, 2005 for any such cost. The amount accrued at December 31, 2005 represents Tremont's estimate of the costs to be incurred through 2008 with respect to the interim remediation measures. TIMET. At December 31, 2005, TIMET had accrued approximately $3.2 million for environmental cleanup matters, principally related to TIMET's facility in Nevada. The upper end of the range of reasonably possible costs related to these matters is approximately $5.4 million. Other. The Company has also accrued approximately $7.0 million at December 31, 2005 in respect of other environmental cleanup matters. Such accrual is near the upper end of the range of the Company's estimate of reasonably possible costs for such matters. Other litigation. NL has been named as a defendant in various lawsuits in a variety of jurisdictions, alleging personal injuries as a result of occupational exposure primarily to products manufactured by formerly-owned operations of NL containing asbestos, silica and/or mixed dust. Approximately 500 of these types of cases involving a total of approximately 12,500 plaintiffs and their spouses remain pending. NL has not accrued any amounts for this litigation because liability that might result to NL, if any, cannot currently be reasonably estimated. To date, NL has not been adjudicated liable in any of these matters. Based on information available to NL, including facts concerning its historical operations, the rate of new claims, the number of claims from which NL has been dismissed and NL's prior experience in the defense of these matters, NL believes that the range of reasonably possible outcomes of these matters will be consistent with NL's historical costs with respect to these matters (which are not material), and no reasonably possible outcome is expected to involve amounts that are material to NL. NL has and will continue to vigorously seek dismissal from each claim and/or a finding of no liability by NL in each case. In addition, from time to time, NL has received notices regarding asbestos or silica claims purporting to be brought against former subsidiaries of NL, including notices provided to insurers with which NL has entered into settlements extinguishing certain insurance policies. These insurers may seek indemnification from NL. Kronos' Belgian subsidiary and certain of its employees are the subject of civil and criminal proceedings relating to an accident that resulted in two fatalities at NL's Belgian facility in 2000. In May 2004, the court ruled and, among other things, imposed a fine of euro 200,000 against Kronos and fines aggregating less than euro 40,000 against various Kronos employees. Kronos and the individual employees have appealed the ruling. In addition to the litigation described above, the Company and its affiliates are also involved in various other environmental, contractual, product liability, patent (or intellectual property), employment and other claims and disputes incidental to its present and former businesses. In certain cases, the Company has insurance coverage for such items, although the Company does not currently expect any additional material insurance coverage for its environmental claims. The Company currently believes that the disposition of all claims and disputes, individually or in the aggregate, and including the lead pigment litigation and environmental matters discussed above, should not have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations and liquidity. Insurance coverage claims In October 2005, NL was served with a complaint in OneBeacon American Insurance Company v. NL Industries, Inc., et. al. (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, Index No. 603429-05). The plaintiff, a former insurance carrier, seeks a declaratory judgment of its obligations to NL under insurance policies issued to NL by the plaintiff's predecessor with respect to certain lead pigment lawsuits. NL filed a motion to dismiss the New York action. NL filed an action against OneBeacon and certain other former insurance companies, captioned NL Industries, Inc. v. OneBeacon America Insurance Company, et. al. (District Court for Dallas County, Texas, Case No. 05-11347) asserting that OneBeacon has breached its obligations to NL under such insurance policies and seeking a declaratory judgment of OneBeacon's obligations to NL under such policies. Certain of the former insurance companies have filed a petition to remove the Texas action to federal court. In February 2006, NL was served with a complaint in Certain Underwriters at Lloyds, London v. Millennium Holdings LLC et. al (Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, Index No. 06/60026). The plaintiff, a former insurance carrier of NL, seeks a declaratory judgment of its obligations to defendants under insurance policies issued to defendants by plaintiff with respect to certain lead pigment lawsuits. NL has reached an agreement with a former insurance carrier in which such carrier would reimburse NL for a portion of its past and future lead pigment Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 litigation defense costs, although the amount that NL will ultimately recover from such carrier with respect to such defense costs incurred by NL is not yet determinable. In addition, during 2005, NL recognized $2.2 million of recoveries from certain insolvent former insurance carriers relating to settlement of excess insurance claims that were paid to NL. See Note 12. While NL continues to seek additional insurance recoveries, there can be no assurance that NL will be successful in obtaining reimbursement for either defense costs or indemnity. Any such additional insurance recoveries would be recognized when their receipt is deemed probable and the amount is determinable. The issue of whether insurance coverage for defense costs or indemnity or both will be found to exist for NL's lead pigment litigation depends upon a variety of factors, and there can be no assurance that such insurance coverage will be available. NL has not considered any potential insurance recoveries for lead pigment or environmental litigation matters in determining related accruals. NL has settled insurance coverage claims concerning environmental claims with certain of its principal former carriers. A portion of the proceeds from these settlements were placed into special purpose trusts, as discussed above. No further material settlements relating to environmental remediation coverage are expected. Other matters Concentrations of credit risk. Sales of TiO2 accounted for substantially all of Kronos' sales during the past three years. TiO2 is generally sold to the paint, plastics and paper industries, which are generally considered "quality-of-life" markets whose demand for TiO2 is influenced by the relative economic well-being of the various geographic regions. TiO2 is sold to over 4,000 customers and the ten largest customers accounted for about one-fourth of chemicals sales. In each of the past three years, approximately one-half of NL's TiO2 sales volume were to Europe with about 40% attributable to North America. Component products are sold primarily to original equipment manufacturers in North America and Europe. In 2003, 2004 and 2005, the ten largest customers accounted for approximately 43% of component products sales. In 2004 and 2005, one customer accounted for 11% and 10%, respectively of component products sales. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of such sales in 2003. The majority of TIMET's sales are to customers in the aerospace industry, including airframe and engine manufacturers. TIMET's ten largest customers accounted for about 44% in 2003, 48% in 2004 and 45% in 2005. At December 31, 2005, consolidated cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash includes $56.0 million invested in U.S. Treasury securities purchased under short-term agreements to resell (2004 - $120.9 million), substantially all of which were held in trust for the Company by a single U.S. bank. At December 31, 2005, consolidated cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash includes approximately $125 million on deposit at a single U.S. bank (2004 - $96 million). Royalties. Royalty expense, which relates principally to the volume of certain component products manufactured in Canada and sold in the United States under the terms of a third-party patent license agreement approximated $450,000 in 2003, $222,000 in 2004 and $66,000 in 2005. Long-term contracts. Kronos has long-term supply contracts that provide for Kronos' TiO2 feedstock requirements through 2010. The agreements require Kronos to purchase certain minimum quantities of feedstock with minimum purchase commitments aggregating approximately $681 million at December 31, 2005. Waste Control Specialists has agreed to pay an independent consultant fees for performing certain services based on specified percentages of certain of Waste Control Specialists' revenues through 2009. Expense related to this agreement was not significant during the past three years. Operating leases. Kronos' principal German operating subsidiary, Kronos Titan GmbH, leases the land under its Leverkusen TiO2 production facility pursuant to a lease with Bayer AG that expires in 2050. The Leverkusen facility itself, which is owned by Kronos and which represents approximately one-third of Kronos' current TiO2 production capacity, is located within Bayer's extensive manufacturing complex. Rent for the land lease associated with the Leverkusen facility is periodically established by agreement with Bayer for periods of at least two years at a time. The lease agreement provides for no formula, index or other mechanism to determine changes in the rent for such land lease; rather, any change in the rent is subject solely to periodic negotiation between Bayer and Kronos. Any change in the rent based on such negotiations is recognized as part of lease expense starting from the time such change is agreed upon by both parties, as any such change in the rent is deemed "contingent rentals" under GAAP. Under a separate supplies and services agreement expiring in 2011, the lessor provides some raw materials, including chlorine, auxiliary and operating materials, utilities and services necessary to operate the Leverkusen facility. The Company also leases various other manufacturing facilities and equipment. Some of the leases contain purchase and/or various term renewal options at fair market and fair rental values, respectively. In most cases the Company expects that, in the normal course of business, such leases will be renewed or replaced by other leases. Rent expense related to continuing Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 operations approximated $13 million in 2003, $12 million in each of 2004 and 2005. At December 31, 2005, future minimum payments under noncancellable operating leases having an initial or remaining term of more than one year were as follows: Years ending December 31, Amount -------------- (In thousands) 2006 $ 5,396 2007 3,850 2008 3,111 2009 2,303 2010 1,400 2011 and thereafter 21,083 ------- $37,143 ======= Approximately $20.1 million of the $37.1 million aggregate future minimum rental commitments at December 31, 2005 relates to Kronos' Leverkusen facility lease discussed above. The minimum commitment amounts for such lease included in the table above for each year through the 2050 expiration of the lease are based upon the current annual rental rate as of December 31, 2005. As discussed above, any change in the rent is based solely on negotiations between Bayer and Kronos, and any such change in the rent is deemed "contingent rentals" under GAAP which is excluded from the future minimum lease payments disclosed above. Income taxes. Contran and Valhi have agreed to a policy providing for the allocation of tax liabilities and tax payments as described in Note 1. Under applicable law, the Company, as well as every other member of the Contran Tax Group, are each jointly and severally liable for the aggregate federal income tax liability of Contran and the other companies included in the Contran Tax Group for all periods in which the Company is included in the Contran Tax Group. Contran has agreed, however, to indemnify the Company for any liability for income taxes of the Contran Tax Group in excess of the Company's tax liability previously computed and paid by Valhi in accordance with the tax allocation policy. Note 19 - Accounting principles newly adopted in 2003 and 2004: Asset retirement obligations; closure and post closure costs. Through December 31, 2002, the Company provided for the estimated closure and post-closure monitoring costs of its waste disposal facility over the operating life of the facility as airspace was consumed. Such costs were estimated based on the technical requirements of applicable state or federal regulations, whichever were stricter, and included such items as final cap and cover on the site, methane gas and leachate management and groundwater monitoring. Cost estimates were based on management's judgment and experience and information available from regulatory agencies as to costs of remediation. These estimates were sometimes a range of possible outcomes. In such cases, the Company provided for the amount within the range which constituted its best estimate. If no amount within the range appeared to be a better estimate than any other amount, the Company provided for at least the minimum amount within the range. Effective January 1, 2003, the Company adopted SFAS No. 143, Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations. Under SFAS No. 143, the fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation covered under the scope of SFAS No. 143 is recognized in the period in which the liability is incurred, with an offsetting increase in the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over time, the liability is accreted to its future value, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset. Future revisions in the estimated fair value of the asset retirement obligation, due to changes in the amount and/or timing of the expected future cash flows to settle the retirement obligation, are accounted for prospectively as an adjustment to the previously-recognized asset retirement cost. Upon settlement of the liability, an entity will either settle the obligation for its recorded amount or incur a gain or loss upon settlement. The Company's closure and post closure obligations related to its waste disposal facility are covered by the scope of SFAS No. 143. The Company also has certain other obligations covered by the scope of SFAS No. 143. Under the transition provisions of SFAS No. 143, at the date of adoption on January 1, 2003 the Company recognized (i) an asset retirement cost capitalized as an increase to the carrying value of its property and equipment, (ii) accumulated depreciation on such capitalized cost and (iii) a liability for the asset retirement obligation. Amounts resulting from the initial application of SFAS No. 143 were measured using information, assumptions and interest rates all as of January 1, 2003. The amount recognized as the asset retirement cost was measured as of the date the asset retirement obligation was incurred. Cumulative accretion on the asset retirement obligation, and accumulated depreciation on the asset retirement cost, was recognized for the time period from the date the asset retirement cost and liability would have been recognized had the provisions of SFAS No. 143 been in effect at the date the liability was Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 incurred, through January 1, 2003. The difference, if any, between the amounts to be recognized as described above and any associated amounts recognized in the Company's balance sheet as of December 31, 2002 was recognized as a cumulative effect of a change in accounting principles as of the date of adoption. The effect of adopting SFAS No. 143 as of January 1, 2003 was a net gain of approximately $600,000 as summarized in the table below. Such change in accounting relates principally to accounting for closure and post-closure obligations at the Company's waste management operations. Amount ------------- (In millions) Increase in carrying value of net property and equipment: Cost $ .8 Accumulated depreciation (.2) Investment in TIMET (.1) Decrease in carrying value of previously-accrued closure and post-closure activities 1.7 Asset retirement obligations recognized (1.3) Deferred income taxes (.3) ----- Net impact $ .6 ===== The change in the asset retirement obligations from January 1, 2003 ($1.3 million) to December 31, 2003 ($1.7 million) is due primarily to accretion expense, which is reported as a component of cost of good sold. The change in the asset retirement obligations from December 31, 2003 to December 31, 2004 ($1.4 million) is due primarily to the net effects of accretion expense as well as a $492,000 payment charged to the asset retirement obligation related to the settlement of a portion of the retirement obligations related to the Company's waste management operations. The change in the asset retirement obligations from December 31, 2004 ($1.4 million) to December 31, 2005 ($1.4 million) was nil as the effects of accretion expense were offset by the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The types of estimated costs used in determining the Company's asset retirement obligations under SFAS No. 143 are the same types of costs the Company used to estimate its closure and post closure obligations prior to adoption of SFAS No. 143. Estimates of the ultimate cost to be incurred to settle the Company's closure and post closure obligations require a number of assumptions, are inherently difficult to develop and the ultimate outcome may differ from current estimates. As additional information becomes available, cost estimates will be adjusted as necessary. It is possible that technological, regulatory or enforcement developments, the results of studies or other factors could necessitate the recording of additional liabilities. Costs associated with exit or disposal activities. The Company adopted SFAS No. 146, Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities, on January 1, 2003 for exit or disposal activities initiated on or after that date. Under SFAS No. 146, costs associated with exit activities, as defined, that are covered by the scope of SFAS No. 146 will be recognized and measured initially at fair value, generally in the period in which the liability is incurred. Costs covered by the scope of SFAS No. 146 include termination benefits provided to employees, costs to consolidate facilities or relocate employees, and costs to terminate contracts (other than a capital lease). Under prior GAAP, a liability for such an exit cost is recognized at the date an exit plan is adopted, which may or may not be the date at which the liability has been incurred. The effect of adopting SFAS No. 146 as of January 1, 2003 was not material as the Company was not involved in any exit or disposal activities covered by the scope of the new standard as of such date. Variable interest entities. The Company complied with the consolidation requirements of FASB Interpretation ("FIN") No. 46R, Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities, an interpretation of ARB No. 51, as amended, as of March 31, 2004. The Company does not have any involvement with any variable interest entity (as that term is defined in FIN No. 46R) covered by the scope of FIN No. 46R that would require the Company to consolidate such entity under FIN No. 46R which had not already been consolidated under prior applicable GAAP, and therefore the impact to the Company of adopting the consolidation requirements of FIN No. 46R was not material. Note 20 - Accounting principles not yet adopted: Inventory costs. The Company will adopt SFAS No. 151, Inventory Costs, an amendment of ARB No. 43, Chapter 4, for inventory costs incurred on or after January 1, 2006. SFAS No. 151 requires that the allocation of fixed production overhead costs to inventory shall be based on normal capacity. Normal capacity is not defined as a fixed amount; rather, normal capacity refers to a range of production levels expected to be achieved over a number of periods under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance shutdowns. The amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is not increased as a consequence of idle plant or production levels below the low end of normal capacity, but instead a portion of fixed overhead Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 costs is charged to expense as incurred. Alternatively, in periods of production above the high end of normal capacity, the amount of fixed overhead costs allocated to each unit of production is decreased so that inventories are not measured above cost. SFAS No. 151 also clarifies existing GAAP to require that abnormal freight and wasted materials (spoilage) are to be expensed as incurred. The Company believes its production cost accounting already complies with the requirements of SFAS No. 151, and the Company does not expect adoption of SFAS No. 151 will have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements. Stock options. As permitted by regulations of the SEC, the Company will adopt SFAS No. 123R, Share-Based Payment, as of January 1, 2006. SFAS No. 123R, among other things, eliminates the alternative in existing GAAP to use the intrinsic value method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation under APBO No. 25. Upon adoption of SFAS No. 123R, the Company will generally be required to recognize the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award, with the cost recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award (generally, the vesting period of the award). No compensation cost will be recognized in the aggregate for equity instruments for which the employee does not render the requisite service (generally, if the instrument is forfeited before it has vested). The grant-date fair value will be estimated using option-pricing models (e.g. Black-Sholes or a lattice model). Under the transition alternatives permitted under SFAS No. 123R, the Company will apply the new standard to all new awards granted on or after January 1, 2006, and to all awards existing as of December 31, 2005 which are subsequently modified, repurchased or cancelled. Additionally, as of January 1, 2006, the Company will be required to recognize compensation cost previously measured under SFAS No. 123 for the portion of any non-vested award existing as of December 31, 2005 over the remaining vesting period. Because the number of non-vested awards as of December 31, 2005 with respect to options granted by Valhi and its subsidiaries and affiliates is not material, the effect of adopting SFAS No. 123R is not expected to be significant in so far as it relates to the recognition of compensation cost in the Company's consolidated statements of income for existing stock options. Should Valhi or its subsidiaries and affiliates, however, either grant a significant number of options or modify, repurchase or cancel existing options in the future, the Company could in the future recognize material amounts of compensation cost related to such options in its consolidated financial statements. Also upon adoption of SFAS No. 123R, the cash income tax benefit resulting from the exercise of stock options in excess of the cumulative income tax benefit related to such options previously recognized for GAAP financial reporting purposes in the Company's consolidated statements of income, if any, will be reflected as a cash inflow from financing activities in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows, and the Company's cash flows from operating activities will reflect the effect of cash paid for income taxes exclusive of such cash income tax benefit. SFAS No. 123R also requires certain expanded disclosures regarding the Company's stock options, and such expanded disclosure have been provided in Note 14. Note 21 - Financial instruments: December 31, -------------------------------------------------- 2004 2005 ------------------------- ----------------------- Carrying Fair Carrying Fair amount value Amount value ------- ------- ------- ----- (Restated) (In millions) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents $277.9 $ 277.9 $281.4 $ 281.4 Marketable securities: Current $ 9.4 $ 9.4 $ 11.8 $ 11.8 Noncurrent 256.8 256.8 258.7 258.7 Loan to Snake River Sugar Company $ 80.0 $ 96.3 $ - $ - Long-term debt (excluding capitalized leases): Publicly-traded fixed rate debt - KII Senior Secured Notes $519.2 $ 549.1 $449.3 $ 463.6 Snake River Sugar Company loans 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 Other fixed-rate debt .6 .6 2.0 2.0 Variable rate debt 13.6 13.6 11.5 11.5 Minority interest in: NL common stock $ 51.7 $ 178.8 $ 51.2 $ 115.7 Kronos common stock 29.6 125.3 28.2 97.7 CompX common stock 49.2 79.4 45.6 74.1 Valhi common stockholders' equity $874.7 $1,934.2 $795.6 $2,160.1 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  The fair value of the Company's publicly-traded marketable securities and debt, minority interest in NL Industries, Kronos and CompX and Valhi's common stockholders' equity are all based upon quoted market prices at each balance sheet date. The estimated fair value of the Company's investment in The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC is $250 million (the redemption price of the Company's investment in the LLC). The fair value of the Company's fixed-rate loan to Snake River Sugar Company is based upon relative changes in market interest rates since the interest rates were fixed. The fair value of Valhi's fixed-rate nonrecourse loans from Snake River Sugar Company is based upon the $250 million redemption price of Valhi's investment in the Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC, which investment collateralizes such nonrecourse loans. Fair values of variable interest rate debt and other fixed-rate debt are deemed to approximate book value. See Notes 5 and 10. Certain of the Kronos' sales generated by its non-U.S. operations are denominated in U.S. dollars. Kronos periodically uses currency forward contracts to manage a very nominal portion of foreign exchange rate risk associated with receivables denominated in a currency other than the holder's functional currency or similar exchange rate risk associated with future sales. Kronos has not entered into these contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the past, nor does Kronos currently anticipate entering into such contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the future. Derivatives used to hedge forecasted transactions and specific cash flows associated with foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities which meet the criteria for hedge accounting are designated as cash flow hedges. Consequently, the effective portion of gains and losses is deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and is recognized in earnings at the time the hedged item affects earnings. Contracts that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting are marked-to-market at each balance sheet date with any resulting gain or loss recognized in income currently as part of net currency transactions. During 2004 and 2005, Kronos has not used hedge accounting for any of its contracts. To manage such exchange rate risk, at December 31, 2005, Kronos held a series of contracts, which mature at various dates through March 31, 2006, to exchange an aggregate of U.S. $7.5 million for an equivalent amount of Canadian dollars at exchange rate of Cdn. $1.19 per U.S. dollar. At December 31, 2005, the actual exchange rate was Cdn. $1.16 per U.S. dollar. The estimated fair value of such foreign currency forward contracts at December 31, 2005 was not material. Kronos held no such currency forward contracts at December 31, 2004. Certain of the CompX's sales generated by its non-U.S. operations are denominated in U.S. dollars. CompX periodically uses currency forward contracts to manage a portion of foreign exchange rate risk associated with receivables denominated in a currency other than the holder's functional currency. CompX has not entered into these contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the past, nor does CompX currently anticipate entering into such contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the future. Derivatives used to hedge forecasted transactions and specific cash flows associated with foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities which meet the criteria for hedge accounting are designated as cash flow hedges. Consequently, the effective portion of gains and losses is deferred as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and is recognized in earnings at the time the hedged item affects earnings. Contracts that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting are marked-to-market at each balance sheet date with any resulting gain or loss recognized in income currently as part of net currency transactions. To manage such exchange rate risk, at December 31, 2005, CompX held a series of contracts to exchange an aggregate of U.S. $6.5 million for an equivalent value of Canadian dollars at an exchange rate of Cdn. $1.19 per U.S. dollar. Such contracts mature through March 2006. The exchange rate was $1.17 per U.S. dollar at December 31, 2005. At December 31, 2004 CompX held contracts maturing through March 2005 to exchange an aggregate of U.S. $7.2 million for an equivalent value of Canadian dollars at an exchange rates of Cdn. $1.19 to Cdn. $1.23 per U.S. dollar. At December 31, 2004, the actual exchange rate was Cdn. $1.21 per U.S. dollar. The estimated fair value of such contracts is not material at December 31, 2004 and 2005. The Company may periodically uses interest rate swaps and other types of contracts to manage interest rate risk with respect to financial assets or liabilities. The Company has not entered into these contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the past, nor does the Company currently anticipate entering into such contracts for trading or speculative purposes in the future. The Company was not a party to any such contract during 2003, 2004 or 2005. Note 22 - Discontinued operations: In December 2004, CompX's board of directors committed to a formal plan to dispose of its Thomas Regout operations in Europe. Such operations, which previously were included in the Company's component products operating segment (see Note 3), met all of the criteria under GAAP to be classified as an asset held for sale at December 31, 2004, and accordingly the results of operations of Thomas Regout have been classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented. The Company has not reclassified its December 31, 2004 consolidated balance sheet or its 2003, 2004 and 2005 consolidated statements of cash flows to separately present the financial positions or cash flows of the assets disposed. In classifying the net assets of the Thomas Regout operations as an asset held for sale, the Company concluded that the carrying amount of the net assets of such operations exceeded the estimated fair value less costs to sell of such operations, and accordingly in the fourth quarter of 2004 the Company recognized a $6.5 million impairment charge to write-down its investment in the Thomas Regout operations to its estimated net realizable value. Such charge Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 represented an impairment of goodwill. See Note 9. In January 2005, CompX completed the sale of such operations for proceeds (net of expenses) of approximately $22.3 million. The net proceeds consisted of approximately $18.1 million in cash at the date of sale and a $4.2 million principal amount note receivable from the purchaser bearing interest at a fixed rate of 7% and payable over four years. The note receivable is collateralized by a secondary lien on the assets sold and is subordinated to certain third-party indebtedness of the purchaser. Accordingly, the Company no longer includes the results of operations of Thomas Regout subsequent to December 31, 2004 in its consolidated financial statements. The net proceeds from the January 2005 sale of European Thomas Regout operations were approximately $860,000 (before income tax benefit) less than the net realizable value estimated at the time of the goodwill impairment charge (primarily due to higher expenses associated with the disposal of the Thomas Regout operations), and discontinued operations in 2005 includes a first quarter charge related to such differential ($272,000, net of income tax benefit and minority interest). Condensed income statement data for Thomas Regout for 2003 and 2004 is presented below. The $6.5 million goodwill impairment charge is included in Thomas Regout's operating loss for 2004. Interest expense included in discontinued operations represents interest on certain intercompany indebtedness with CompX, which indebtedness arose at the time of CompX's acquisition of such operations prior to 2003 and corresponded to certain third-party indebtedness CompX incurred at the time such operations were acquired. Discontinued operations in 2004 includes a $4.2 million income tax benefit associated with the U.S. capital loss realized in the first quarter of 2005 upon completion of the sale of the Thomas Regout operations. Recognition of the benefit of such capital loss by the Company is appropriate under GAAP in the fourth quarter of 2004 at the time such operations were classified as held for sale. Years ended December 31, ------------------------ 2003 2004 ------ ------ (In millions) Net sales $35.3 $41.7 ===== ===== Operating loss $(5.5) $(3.5) Interest expense (1.4) (1.5) Income tax benefit 2.6 4.6 Minority interest in losses 1.4 4.1 ----- ----- Net income (loss) $(2.9) $ 3.7 ===== ===== Condensed balance sheet data for Thomas Regout at December 31, 2004, included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets, is presented below. (Amount) -------- (In millions) Current assets $18.0 Noncurrent assets 11.0 ----- $29.0 ===== Current liabilities $ 5.0 Net assets 24.0 ----- $29.0 ===== Included in the net assets of Thomas Regout are certain intercompany loans payable by Thomas Regout to CompX which are eliminated in the Company's consolidated balance sheet. Note 23 - Quarterly results of operations (unaudited): Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Quarter ended --------------------------------------------------------- March 31 June 30 Sept. 30 Dec. 31 ---------- --------- ---------- -------- (Restated) (Restated) (Restated) (Restated) (In millions, except per share data) Year ended December 31, 2004 Net sales $307.7 $343.3 $336.8 $332.3 Operating income 21.5 37.7 30.2 20.1 Income (loss) from continuing operations $ 1.0 $246.2 $ 10.5 $(31.4) Discontinued operations - .2 .2 3.3 ------ ------ ------ ------ Net income (loss) $ 1.0 $246.4 $ 10.7 $(28.1) ====== ====== ====== ====== Per basic share: Continuing operations $ .01 $ 2.05 $ .09 $ (.26) Discontinued operations - - - .03 ------ ------ ------ ------ $ .01 $ 2.05 $ .09 $ (.23) ====== ====== ====== ====== Year ended December 31, 2005 Net sales $341.2 $359.5 $342.2 $349.9 Operating income 44.9 56.4 37.6 33.2 Income from continuing operations $ 25.1 $ 28.3 $ 13.4 $ 14.7 Discontinued operations (.3) - - - ------ ------ ------ ------ Net income $ 24.8 $ 28.3 $ 13.4 $ 14.7 ====== ====== ====== ====== Per basic share: Continuing operations $ .21 $ .24 $ .11 $ .13 Discontinued operations - - - - ------ ------ ------ ------ $ .21 $ .24 $ .11 $ .13 ====== ====== ====== ====== The sum of the quarterly per share amounts may not equal the annual per share amounts due to relative changes in the weighted average number of shares used in the per share computations. VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE I - CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT Condensed Balance Sheets December 31, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) 2004 2005 --------- ----------- (Restated) Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 94,337 $ 119,763 Restricted cash equivalents 270 325 Accounts and notes receivable 226 6,241 Receivables from subsidiaries and affiliates: Demand loan to Contran Corporation 4,929 - Other 2,165 2,281 Deferred income taxes 201 633 Other 267 233 ---------- ---------- Total current assets 102,395 129,476 ---------- ---------- Other assets: Marketable securities 250,023 250,000 Restricted cash equivalents 494 382 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Investment in and advances to subsidiaries and affiliate 942,633 955,851 Other receivable from subsidiary 696 - Loan receivable - Snake River Sugar Company 118,294 - Other assets 206 210 Property and equipment, net 1,893 1,705 ---------- ---------- Total other assets 1,314,239 1,208,148 ---------- ---------- $1,416,634 $1,337,624 ========== ========== Current liabilities: Payables to subsidiaries and affiliates: Income taxes, net $ 1,050 $ 2,351 Other 20 16 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 822 3,321 Income taxes 381 66 ---------- ---------- Total current liabilities 2,273 5,754 ---------- ---------- Noncurrent liabilities: Long-term debt - Snake River Sugar Company 250,000 250,000 Deferred income taxes 288,372 284,782 Other 1,314 1,495 ---------- ---------- Total noncurrent liabilities 539,686 536,277 ---------- ---------- Stockholders' equity 874,675 795,593 ---------- ---------- $1,416,634 $1,337,624 ========== ========== VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE I - CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT (CONTINUED) Condensed Statements of Operations Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) 2003 2004 2005 ----- ------ ------ (Restated) (Restated) Revenues and other income: Interest and dividend income $30,432 $ 32,438 $ 52,351 Write-off of accrued interest on loan to Snake River Sugar Company - - (21,638) Securities transaction gains, net 3 - (3) Other, net 3,419 3,306 2,289 -------- -------- ------- 33,854 35,744 32,999 -------- -------- ------- Costs and expenses: General and administrative 8,385 9,302 8,424 Interest 24,613 25,202 24,116 -------- -------- ------- 32,998 34,504 32,540 -------- -------- ------- 856 1,240 459 Equity in earnings of subsidiaries and affiliate 12,630 305,597 88,222 -------- -------- ------- Income before income taxes 13,486 306,837 88,681 Provision for income taxes 98,893 80,578 6,958 -------- -------- ------- Income (loss) from continuing operations (85,407) 226,259 81,723 Discontinued operations (2,874) 3,732 (272) Cumulative effect of change in accounting Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  principle 586 - - -------- -------- ------- Net income (loss) $(87,695) $229,991 $ 81,451 ======== ======== ======== VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE I - CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT (CONTINUED) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) 2003 2004 2005 ------ ------ ------ (Restated) (Restated) Cash flows from operating activities: Net income (loss) $ (87,695) $ 229,991 $ 81,451 Securities transactions gains, net (3) - 3 Proceeds from disposal of marketable securities (trading) 50 - - Write-off of accrued interest receivable - - 21,638 Deferred income taxes 106,019 75,503 10,722 Equity in earnings of subsidiaries and affiliate: Continuing operations (12,630) (305,597) (88,222) Discontinued operations 2,874 (3,732) 272 Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle (586) - - Dividends from subsidiaries and affiliates 25,405 37,209 58,639 Other, net (37) 683 (276) Net change in assets and liabilities (2,838) (9,264) 17,199 -------- -------- -------- Net cash provided by operating activities 30,559 24,793 101,426 -------- -------- -------- Cash flows from investing activities: Purchase of: Kronos common stock (6,428) (17,057) (7,039) TIMET common stock (840) - (17,972) TIMET debt securities (238) - - Loans to subsidiaries and affiliates: Loans (9,689) (32,328) (35,416) Collections 1,000 178,227 18,137 Investment in other subsidiary - - (2,937) Collection of loan to Snake River Sugar Company - - 80,000 Change in restricted cash equivalents, net 94 44 57 Other, net (919) (558) (42) -------- -------- -------- Net cash provided (used) by investing activities (17,020) 128,328 34,788 -------- -------- -------- VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE I - CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT (CONTINUED) Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Continued) Years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and 2005 (In thousands) 2003 2004 2005 ---- ---- ---- (Restated) (Restated) Cash flows from financing activities: Indebtedness: Borrowings $ 10,000 $ 53,000 $ 5,000 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Principal payments (5,000) (58,000) (5,000) Loans from affiliates: Loans 34,583 30,529 - Repayments (23,262) (54,154) - Dividends (29,796) (29,804) (48,805) Treasury stock acquired - - (62,060) Other, net 264 (424) 77 -------- --------- --------- Net cash used by financing activities (13,211) (58,853) (110,788) -------- --------- --------- Cash and cash equivalents: Net increase 328 94,268 25,426 Valmont Insurance Company - (5,374) - Balance at beginning of year 5,115 5,443 94,337 -------- --------- --------- Balance at end of year $ 5,443 $ 94,337 $ 119,763 ======== ======== ========= Supplemental disclosures - cash paid (received) for: Interest $ 24,613 $ 25,116 $ 23,342 Income taxes, net (4,231) (2,134) (8,023) VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE I - CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT (CONTINUED) Notes to Condensed Financial Information Note 1 - Basis of presentation: The accompanying financial statements of Valhi, Inc. reflect Valhi's investment in (i) the common stocks (or equivalent thereof) of NL Industries, Inc., Kronos Worldwide, Inc., Tremont LLC, Valcor, Inc., Waste Control Specialists LLC and Titanium Metals Corporation ("TIMET") on the equity method and (ii) the preferred stock securities of TIMET as an available-for-sale marketable security carried at fair value. The Consolidated Financial Statements of Valhi, Inc. and Subsidiaries, including the notes thereto, are incorporated herein by reference. Note 2 - Marketable securities: December 31, ----------------------- 2004 2005 ------ -------- (In thousands) Noncurrent assets (available-for-sale): The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC $250,000 $250,000 Other securities 23 - -------- -------- $250,023 $250,000 ======== ======== Note 3 - Investment in and advances to subsidiaries and affiliate: December 31, ------------------------ 2004 2005 ------- ------ (Restated) (In thousands) Investment in: NL Industries (NYSE: NL) $209,681 $292,226 Kronos Worldwide, Inc. (NYSE: KRO) 398,628 483,293 Tremont LLC 319,690 126,025 Valcor and subsidiaries (15,803) (8,864) Waste Control Specialists LLC 23,766 34,345 TIMET (NYSE: TIE) common stock 1,905 24,059 TIMET preferred stock 183 183 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  -------- -------- 938,050 951,267 Noncurrent loans to Waste Control Specialists LLC 4,583 4,584 -------- -------- $942,633 $955,851 ======== ======== Noncurrent receivable from subsidiary at December 31, 2004 and 2005 consists of accrued interest due from Waste Control Specialists on the Company's loans to Waste Control Specialists. During 2004 and 2005, Valhi contributed an aggregate of $47.5 million and $23.9 million, respectively of loans and related accrued interest to Waste Control Specialists' equity. Prior to December 2003, Kronos was a wholly-owned subsidiary of NL. In December 2003, NL completed the distribution of approximately 48.8% of Kronos' common stock to NL shareholders (including Valhi and Tremont LLC) in the form of a pro-rata dividend. Shareholders of NL received one share of Kronos common stock for every two shares of NL held. Valhi's equity in earnings of Kronos for 2003 relates to Kronos' earnings subsequent to the December 2003 distribution. During 2004 and the first quarter of 2005, NL paid an aggregate of five quarterly dividends in the form of shares of Kronos common stock, in which an aggregate of approximately 1.2 million shares of Kronos' common stock (2.5%) was distributed to Valhi and Tremont in the form of pro-rata dividends. During the fourth quarter of 2004, NL transferred approximately 5.5 million shares of Kronos common stock to Valhi in satisfaction of an NL separate income tax liability and the tax liability generated from the use of such Kronos shares to settle such tax liability. The transfer of such 5.5 million shares of Kronos common stock, accounted for under GAAP as a transfer of net assets among entities under common control at carryover basis, had no effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. At the beginning of 2003, Valhi and NL owned 80% and 20%, respectively, of Tremont Group, Inc. Tremont Group was a holding company that owned 80% of Tremont Corporation. In February 2003, Valhi completed a series of merger transactions pursuant to which, among other things, both Tremont Group, and Tremont became wholly-owned subsidiaries of Valhi and Tremont Group and Tremont subsequently merged to form Tremont LLC. Tremont LLC is a holding company whose principal assets at December 31, 2005 are a 35% interest in TIMET and interests in other joint ventures. In January 2005, Tremont distributed to Valhi its 21% ownership interest in NL and its 11% ownership interest in Kronos. Prior to September 2004, Valcor's principal asset was a 66% interest in CompX International, Inc., and Valhi owned an additional 3% of CompX directly. Valhi's direct investment in CompX was considered part of its investment in Valcor. On September 24, 2004, NL completed the acquisitions of the CompX shares previously held by Valhi and Valcor at a purchase price of $16.25 per share, or an aggregate of approximately $168.6 million. The purchase price was paid by NL's transfer to Valhi and Valcor of an aggregate $168.6 million of NL's $200 million long-term note receivable from Kronos. Subsequently in 2004, Valcor distributed to Valhi its notes receivable from Kronos that Valcor received in this transaction, and Kronos prepaid the entire note balance. In December 2004, Valmont Insurance Company, a subsidiary of Valhi, merged into Tall Pines Insurance Company, a subsidiary of Tremont, with Tall Pines surviving the merger. Valmont was previously included as part of the registrant's consolidated financial information. At December 27, 2004, the net assets of Valmont were transferred to Tall Pines for financial reporting purposes at Valhi's carryover basis, and such net assets are included as part of Valhi's investment in Tremont at December 31, 2004 and 2005. Valmont's cash and cash equivalents was approximately $5.4 million at December 27, 2004, and such cash is shown as a reconciling item on the accompanying condensed statements of cash flows. See the notes to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of these and other transactions affecting the Company's investment in its subsidiaries and affiliates. Years ended December 31, ----------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ------ ------ --------- (Restated) (Restated) (In thousands) Equity in earnings of subsidiaries and affiliate from continuing operations NL Industries $ 12,369 $124,035 $ 23,051 Kronos Worldwide 804 99,948 33,828 Tremont LLC 8,954 88,035 40,576 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Valcor 3,503 5,399 - Waste Control Specialists LLC (12,923) (12,379) (13,358) TIMET (77) 559 4,125 -------- -------- -------- $ 12,630 $305,597 $ 88,222 ======== ======== ======== Cash dividends from subsidiaries NL Industries $ 24,108 $ - $ 30,264 Kronos Worldwide - 17,586 27,887 Tremont LLC - 19,623 488 Valcor 1,297 - - Waste Control Specialists LLC - - - -------- -------- -------- $ 25,405 $ 37,209 $ 58,639 ======== ======== ======== Equity in earnings of discontinued operations relates to CompX's operations in The Netherlands. Note 4 - Loan receivable - Snake River Sugar Company: December 31, --------------------- 2004 2005 ---- ---- (In thousands) Snake River Sugar Company: Principal $ 80,000 $ - Interest 38,294 - -------- -------- $118,294 $ - ======== ======== Note 5 - Long-term debt: Valhi's $250 million in loans from Snake River bear interest at a weighted average fixed interest rate of 9.4%, are collateralized by the Company's interest in The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC and are due in January 2027. At December 31, 2005, $37.5 million of such loans are recourse to Valhi and the remaining $212.5 million is nonrecourse to Valhi. Under certain conditions, Snake River has the ability to accelerate the maturity of these loans. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. At December 31, 2005, Valhi has a $100 million revolving bank credit facility which matures in October 2006, generally bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.5% (for LIBOR-based borrowings) or prime (for prime-based borrowings), and is collateralized by 15 million shares of Kronos common stock held by Valhi. The agreement limits dividends and additional indebtedness of Valhi and contains other provisions customary in lending transactions of this type. In the event of a change of control of Valhi, as defined, the lenders would have the right to accelerate the maturity of the facility. The maximum amount which may be borrowed under the facility is limited to one-third of the aggregate market value of the shares of Kronos common stock pledged as collateral. Based on Kronos' December 31, 2005 quoted market price of $29.01 per share, the shares of Kronos common stock pledged under the facility provide more than sufficient collateral coverage to allow for borrowings up to the full amount of the facility. At December 31, 2005, Valhi would only have become limited to borrowing less than the full $100 million amount of the facility, or would be required to pledge additional collateral if the full amount of the facility had been borrowed, if the quoted market price of the shares of Kronos pledged was less than $20 per share. At December 31, 2005, no amounts were outstanding, letters of credit aggregating $1.5 million had been issued, and $98.5 million was available for borrowing under this facility. Note 6 - Income taxes: The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. Valhi Parent Company's provision for income taxes (benefit) includes a tax provision (benefit) attributable to Valhi's equity in earnings (losses) of Waste Control Specialists, as recognition of such income tax (benefit) is not appropriate at the Waste Control Specialist level. Years ended December 31, --------------------------------------- 2003 2004 2005 ------ ------ -------- Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  (Restated) (Restated) (In thousands) Components of provision for income taxes (benefit): Currently payable (refundable) $ (7,126) $ 5,075 $(3,764) Deferred income tax expense 106,019 75,503 10,722 -------- -------- ------- $ 98,893 $ 80,578 $ 6,958 ======== ======== ======= Cash paid (received) for income taxes, net: Received from subsidiaries, net $(5,768) $(2,174) $(9,030) Paid to Contran 1,490 - 503 Paid to tax authorities, net 47 40 504 -------- -------- ------- $(4,231) $(2,134) $(8,023) ======== ======== ======= Deferred tax Asset (liability) ------------------------ December 31, ------------------------ 2004 2005 ---- ---- (Restated) (In thousands) Components of the net deferred tax asset (liability) - tax effect of temporary differences related to: Marketable securities - primarily The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC $(104,151) $(102,945) Investment in Kronos Worldwide (192,996) (184,454) Reduction of deferred income tax assets of subsidiaries that are members of the Contran Tax Group - separate company U.S. net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes that do not exist at the Valhi level (7,984) (8,283) Tax attributes of Valhi: Federal loss carryforwards 16,627 12,458 Federal capital loss carryforward - 2,058 State net operating and capital loss carryforwards 2,941 3,751 AMT credit carryforwards 381 381 Accrued liabilities and other deductible differences 4,601 2,836 Other taxable differences (7,590) (9,951) --------- -------- $(288,171) $(284,149) ========= ========= Current deferred tax asset $ 201 $ 633 Noncurrent deferred tax liability (288,372) (284,782) --------- -------- $(288,171) $(284,149) ========= ========= VALHI, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS (In thousands) Additions Balance at charged to Balance beginning costs and Net Currency at end Description of year expenses deductions translation Other* of year ---------------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------- --------- -------- -------- Year ended December 31, 2003: Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 6,356 $(1,768) $ (425) $ 486 $ - $ 4,649 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Reserve for slow moving or obsolete inventories $ 9,314 $ 2,076 $(1,699) $ 182 $ - $ 9,873 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Accrual for planned major maintenance activities $ 3,986 $ 5,337 $(3,896) $ 900 $ - $ 6,327 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Year ended December 31, 2004: Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 4,649 $ (30) $(1,013) $ 220 $ - $ 3,826 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Reserve for slow moving or obsolete inventories $ 9,873 $ 1,675 $(2,136) $ 793 $ - $10,205 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Accrual for planned major maintenance activities $ 6,327 $ 6,602 $(8,001) $ 425 $ - $ 5,353 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Year ended December 31, 2005: Allowance for doubtful accounts $ 3,826 $ 658 $ (915) $ (201) $ (553) $ 2,815 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Reserve for slow moving or obsolete inventories $10,205 $ 547 $ (681) $ (852) $ 254 $ 9,473 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Accrual for planned major maintenance activities $ 5,353 $ 9,385 $(9,333) $ (448) $ - $ 4,957 ======= ======= ======= ======= ====== ======= Note - Certain information has been omitted from this Schedule because it is disclosed in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. * - Business units acquired and/or disposed. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  EXHIBIT 21.1 SUBSIDIARIES OF THE REGISTRANT % of Voting Jurisdiction Of Securities Held at Incorporation December Name of Corporation or Organization 31, 2005 (1) ------------------- ------------------ ------------- Amcorp, Inc. Delaware 100% ASC Holdings, Inc. Utah 100% Amalgamated Research, Inc. Idaho 100% Andrews County Holdings, Inc. Delaware 100% Waste Control Specialists LLC Delaware 100% Tecsafe LLC Delaware 100% Kronos Worldwide, Inc. (2) Delaware 57% NL Industries, Inc. (2), (3), (5) New Jersey 83% CompX Group, Inc. (4) Delaware 82% CompX International Inc. (5) Delaware 83% Tremont LLC Delaware 100% TRECO L.L.C. Nevada 100% Basic Management, Inc. Nevada 32% The Landwell Company LP Delaware 50% The Landwell Company LP Delaware 12% TRE Holding Corporation Delaware 100% TRE Management Company Delaware 100% Tremont Colorado Corporation Delaware 100% Tall Pines Insurance Company Vermont 100% Titanium Metals Corporation (2) - (6) Delaware 37% Valcor, Inc. Delaware 100% Medite Corporation Delaware 100% Impex Realty Holding, Inc. Delaware 100% (1) Held by the Registrant or the indicated subsidiary of the Registrant. (2) Subsidiaries of Kronos are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 of Kronos' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005 (File No. 333-100047). NL owns an additional 36% of Kronos directly and a subsidiary of TIMET owns an additional .1% of Kronos directly. (3) Subsidiaries of NL are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 of NL's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005 (File No. 1-640). A subsidiary of TIMET owns an additional .5% of NL directly. (4) Titanium Metals Corporation ("TIMET") owns the other 18% of CompX Group. (5) Subsidiaries of CompX are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 of CompX's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005 (File No. 1-13905). NL and a subsidiary of TIMET own an additional 2% and 3%, respectively, of CompX International directly. (6) Subsidiaries of TIMET are incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 of TIMET's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005 (File No. 0-28538). The Registrant owns an additional 4% of TIMET directly. Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Exhibit 23.1 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 33-53633, 33-48146, 33-41507, 33-21758 and 333-48391) of Valhi, Inc. of our report dated March 24, 2006 relating to the consolidated financial statements, financial statement schedules, management's assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this on Form 10-K. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Dallas, Texas March 24, 2006 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Exhibit 23.2 CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (Nos. 33-53633, 33-48146, 33-41507, 33-21758 and 333-48391) of Valhi, Inc. of our report dated March 24, 2006 relating to the consolidated financial statements, management's assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, of Titanium Metals Corporation, which appears in Titanium Metals Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, which is incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Denver, Colorado March 24, 2006 Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Exhibit 31.1 I, Steven L. Watson, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Valhi, Inc., certify that: 1) I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Valhi, Inc.; 2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4) The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5) The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 24, 2006 /s/ Steven L. Watson ------------------------------------- Steven L. Watson President and Chief Executive Officer Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Exhibit 31.2 I, Bobby D. O'Brien, the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Valhi, Inc., certify that: 1) I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Valhi, Inc.; 2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report; 3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report; 4) The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and we have: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and 5) The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function): a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting. Date: March 24, 2006 /s/ Bobby D. O'Brien Bobby D. O'Brien Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006  Exhibit 32.1 CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002 In connection with the Annual Report of Valhi, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the "Report"), we, Steven L. Watson, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Bobby D. O'Brien, Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that: (1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and (2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and result of operations of the Company. /s/ Steven L. Watson /s/ Bobby D. O'Brien ------------------------------------- ------------------------------- Steven L. Watson Bobby D. O'Brien President and Chief Executive Officer Vice President and March 24, 2006 Chief Financial Officer March 24, 2006 Note: The certification the registrant furnishes in this exhibit is not deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that Section. Registration Statements or other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission shall not incorporate this exhibit by reference, except as otherwise expressly stated in such filing. _______________________________________________ Created by 10KWizard www.10KWizard.com Source: VALHI INC /DE/, 10-K, March 24, 2006 

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