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Celsion Corp.VIVUS INC FORM 10-K (Annual Report) Filed 03/09/16 for the Period Ending 12/31/15 Address Telephone CIK Symbol SIC Code Industry 351 E. EVELYN AVENUE MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94041 6509345200 0000881524 VVUS 2834 - Pharmaceutical Preparations Biotechnology & Drugs Sector Healthcare Fiscal Year 12/31 http://www.edgar-online.com © Copyright 2016, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. Table of Contents UNITED STATESSECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549FORM 10 ‑‑K ☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the fiscal year ended December 31, 201 5OR☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period from to Commission File Number 001 ‑‑33389VIVUS, INC.(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)94 ‑‑3136179 (IRS employer identification number)351 E. Evelyn Avenue Mountain View, California (Address of principal executive office)94041 (Zip Code)Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (650) 934 ‑‑5200Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Title of Each ClassName of Each Exchange on Which RegisteredCommon Stock, $.001 Par Value (Title of class)The NASDAQ Global Select MarketPreferred Share Purchase Rights (Title of class) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:NoneIndicate by check mark if the registrant is a well ‑known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Actof 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to suchfiling requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data Filerequired to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S ‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorterperiod that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S ‑K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will notbe contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10 ‑K orany amendment to this Form 10 ‑K. ☒Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non ‑accelerated filer, or a smaller reportingcompany. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b ‑2 of the Exchange Act. (Checkone): Large accelerated filer ☐Accelerated filer ☒Non ‑accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)Smaller reporting company ☐Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b ‑2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non ‑affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 201 5 , totaled approximately$238,937,273 based on the closing stock price as reported by the NASDAQ Global Market.As of February 29 , 201 6 , there were 104,075,642 shares of the Registrant ’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Document Description10 ‑‑K Portions of the Registrant’s notice of annual meeting of stockholders and proxy statement to befiled pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after Registrant’s fiscal year end ofDecember 31, 201 5 , are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.Part III - ITEMS 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.FISCAL 2015 FORM 10 ‑‑KINDEX PART I Item 1: Business 5Item 1A: Risk Factors 32Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments 68Item 2: Properties 68Item 3: Legal Proceedings 68Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures 70 PART II Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases ofEquity Securities 71Item 6: Selected Financial Data 72Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 73Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 94Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 95Item 9: Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure 134Item 9A: Controls and Procedures 134Item 9B: Other Information 135 PART III Item 10: Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 136Item 11: Executive Compensation 136Item 12: Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 136Item 13: Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence 137Item 14: Principal Accountant Fees and Services 137 PART IV Item 15: Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 138Signatures 139Power of Attorney 140Exhibit Index 141Certification of Chief Executive Officer Certification of Chief Financial Officer Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer 2 Table of ContentsFORWARD ‑‑LOOKING STATEMENTSThis Form 10-K contain s “forward looking” statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements typicallymay be identified by the use of forward-looking words or phrases such as “may,” “believe,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,”“anticipate,” “predict,” “should,” “planned,” “likely,” “opportunity,” “estimated,” and “potential,” the negative use of these wordsor other similar words. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on our current expectations, and weassume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995provides a “safe harbor” for such forward-looking statements. In order to comply with the terms of the safe harbor, we note that avariety of factors could cause actual results and experiences to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectationsexpressed in such forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties that may affect the operations, performance,development, and results of our business include but are not limited to:·our limited commercial experience with Qsymia ® in the United States, or U.S.;·the timing of initiation and completion of the post-approval clinical studies required as part of the approval ofQsymia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA;·the response from the FDA to the data that we will submit relating to post-approval clinical studies;·the impact of the indicated uses and contraindications contained in the Qsymia label and the Risk Evaluation andMitigation Strategy requirements;·our ability to continue to certify and add to the Qsymia retail pharmacy network and sell Qsymia through thisnetwork;·whether the Qsymia retail pharmacy network will simplify and reduce the prescribing burden for physicians,improve access and reduce waiting times for patients seeking to initiate therapy with Qsymia;·that we may be required to provide further analysis of previously submitted clinical trial data;·our ability to work with leading cardiovascular outcome trial experts in planning substantial revisions to the originaldesign and execution of the clinical post-marketing cardiovascular outcomes trial, or CVOT, with the goal ofreducing trial costs and obtaining FDA agreement that the revised CVOT would fulfill the requirement ofdemonstrating the long-term cardiovascular safety of Qsymia;·our ongoing dialog with the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, relating to our CVOT, and the resubmission ofan application for the grant of a marketing authorization to the EMA, the timing of such resubmission, if any, theresults of the CVOT, assessment by the EMA of the application for marketing authorization, and their agreementwith the data from the CVOT;·our ability to successfully seek approval for Qsymia in other territories outside the U.S. and EU;·whether healthcare providers, payors and public policy makers will recognize the significance of the AmericanMedical Association officially recognizing obesity as a disease, or the new American Association of ClinicalEndocrinologists guidelines;·our ability to successfully commercialize Qsymia including risks and uncertainties related to expansion to retaildistribution, the broadening of payor reimbursement, the expansion of Qsymia’s primary care presence, and theoutcomes of our discussions with pharmaceutical companies and our strategic and franchise-specific pathways forQsymia;·our ability to focus our promotional efforts on health-care providers and on patient education that, along withincreased access to Qsymia and ongoing improvements in reimbursement, will result in the accelerated adoption ofQsymia;·our ability to eliminate expenses that are not essential to expanding the use of Qsymia and fully realize theanticipated benefits from our cost reduction and corporate restructuring plans, including the timing thereof;·the impact of lower annual net cost savings than currently expected;·the impact of our cost reduction and corporate restructuring plans on our business and unanticipated charges notcurrently contemplated that may occur as a result of such cost reduction and corporate restructuring plans;3 Table of Contents·our ability to ensure that the entire supply chain for Qsymia efficiently and consistently delivers Qsymia to ourcustomers;·risks and uncertainties related to the timing, strategy, tactics and success of the launches and commercialization ofSTENDRA (avanafil) or SPEDRA™ (avanafil) by our sublicensees in the EU, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, theMiddle East, Turkey, and the Commonwealth of Independent States, including Russia;·our ability to successfully complete on acceptable terms, and on a timely basis, avanafil partnering discussions forterritories under our license with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation in which we do not have or will be endinga commercial collaboration , including the U.S., Canada and Latin America ;·our ability, either by ourselves or through a third party, to successfully commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. andCanada;·the impact of the return of the U.S. and Canadian rights for the commercialization of STENDRA;·Sanofi Chimie’s ability to undertake manufacturing of the avanafil active pharmaceutical ingredient and SanofiWinthrop Industrie’s ability to undertake manufacturing of the tablets for avanafil;·the ability of our partners to maintain regulatory approvals to manufacture and adequately supply our products tomeet demand;·our ability to accurately forecast Qsymia demand;·our ability to commercialize Qsymia efficiently in 2016;·the number of Qsymia prescriptions dispensed through the mail order system and through certified retailpharmacies;·the impact of promotional programs for Qsymia on our net product revenue and net income (loss) in future periods;·our history of losses and variable quarterly results;·substantial competition;·risks related to the failure to protect our intellectual property and litigation in which we are involved or may becomeinvolved;·uncertainties of government or third-party payor reimbursement;·our reliance on sole-source suppliers, third parties and our collaborative partners;·our failure to continue to develop innovative investigational drug candidates and drugs;·risks related to the failure to obtain FDA or foreign authority clearances or approvals and noncompliance with FDAor foreign authority regulations;·our ability to demonstrate through clinical testing the quality, safety, and efficacy of our investigational drugcandidates;·the timing of initiation and completion of clinical trials and submissions to foreign authorities;·the results of post-marketing studies are not favorable;·compliance with post-marketing regulatory standards, post-marketing obligations or pharmacovigilance rules is notmaintained;·the volatility and liquidity of the financial markets;·our liquidity and capital resources;·our expected future revenues, operations and expenditures;·potential change in our business strategy to enhance long-term stockholder value;·the impact, if any, of changes to our Board of Directors or management team; and·other factors that are described from time to time in our periodic filings with the Securities and ExchangeCommission, or the SEC, including those set forth in this filing as “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” 4 ® Table of ContentsWhen we refer to “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company” or “VIVUS” in this document, we mean the current Delawarecorporation, or VIVUS, Inc., and its California predecessor, as well as all of our consolidated subsidiaries.PART IItem 1. Busines sOverviewVIVUS is a biopharmaceutical company with two therapies approved by the FDA: Qsymia (phentermine andtopiramate extended ‑release) for chronic weight management and STENDRA (Avanafil) for erectile dysfunction, or ED.STENDRA is also approved by the European Commission, or EC, under the trade name, SPEDRA, for the treatment of ED in theEU.Qsymia was approved by the FDA in July 2012 as an adjunct to a reduced ‑calorie diet and increased physical activityfor chronic weight management in adult patients with an initial body mass index, or BMI, of 30 or greater, or obese patients, or aBMI of 27 or greater, or overweight patients, in the presence of at least one weight ‑related comorbidity, such as hypertension,type 2 diabetes mellitus or high cholesterol, or dyslipidemia. Qsymia incorporates a proprietary formulation combining low dosesof active ingredients from two previously approved drugs, phentermine and topiramate. Although the exact mechanism of actionis unknown, Qsymia is believed to suppress appetite and increase satiety, or the feeling of being full, the two main mechanismsthat impact eating behavior. In September 2012, Qsymia became available in the U.S. market through a limited number ofcertified home delivery networks. In July 2013, Qsymia became available in retail pharmacies nationwide. As of the date of thisreport, Qsymia is available in over 40,000 certified retail pharmacies nationwide. We intend to continue to certify and add newpharmacies to the Qsymia retail pharmacy network, including national and regional chains as well as independent pharmacies.Challenges continue within the obesity pharmacotherapy market, in particular with respect to the tendency on the part ofhealthcare providers to treat the co-morbid conditions of obesity rather than the obesity disease itself. In addition, there is anarrow focus on certain patient types for treatment, historically low third-party insurance coverage, and the continued exclusionof anti-obesity medications from Medicare Part D.We continue to develop efficient ways to address the obesity market. We completed a realignment of our field salesterritories during April 2015 and July 2015, reducing the number of territories from 150 to approximately 50. Each of theseadjustments was accompanied by a parallel streamlining of corporate headquarters headcount as we have sought to right-size theorganization to match the market opportunity as it currently exists. Prior to August 2015, we commercialized Qsymia in the U.S. primarily through a dedicated contract sales force,supported by an internal commercial team. In August 2015, we directly hired approximately 50 former contract salesrepresentatives to continue promoting Qsymia to physicians. Our efforts to expand the appropriate use of Qsymia includescientific publications, participation and presentations at medical conferences, and development and implementation of patient-directed support programs. We have rolled out marketing programs to encourage targeted prescribers to gain more experiencewith Qsymia, including a partnership with Kadmon Corporation to focus on liver disease specialists. In 2015, we increased ourinvestment in digital media in order to amplify our messaging to information-seeking consumers. The digital messagingencourages those consumers most likely to take action to speak with their physicians about obesity treatment options. We believeour enhanced web-based strategies will deliver clear and compelling communications to potential patients. We launched the“Smart Changes Program” in which we partner Qsymia with the Mayo Clinic diet to help on-line patients make the behavioralchanges needed for sustained weight-loss. We have also employed a physician referral service to help patients identify prescribersin their area.We defined and identified the healthcare provider, or HCP, audience of anti-obesity prescribers as numberingapproximately 8,000 to 10,000. Of these, we believe the most highly productive writers are adequately covered by the newly-configured VIVUS sales force. We are focused on maintaining a commercial presence with important Qsymia prescribers, andwe have capacity to cover new potential prescribers, who are those physicians that begin prescribing branded obesity products.We are constantly monitoring prescribing activity in the market, and we have seen new5 ® ® Table of Contentsprescriptions being written by HCPs on whom we have not previously dedicated field sales resources. We believe that part of thecurrent realignment addresses this new prescriber group, and we look forward to initiating and maintaining dialog with theseHCPs.In October 2012, we received a negative opinion from the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, Committee forMedicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, recommending refusal of the marketing authorization for the medicinal productQsiva , the intended trade name for Qsymia in the EU, due to concerns over the potential cardiovascular and central nervoussystem effects associated with long-term use, potential for interfering with the development of a fetus and use by patients forwhom Qsiva would not have been indicated. We requested that this opinion be re-examined by the CHMP. After re-examinationof the CHMP opinion, in February 2013, the CHMP adopted a final opinion that reaffirmed the Committee’s earlier negativeopinion to refuse the marketing authorization for Qsiva in the EU. In May 2013, the EC issued a decision refusing the grant ofmarketing authorization for Qsiva in the EU.In September 2013, we submitted a request to the EMA for Scientific Advice, a procedure similar to the U.S. SpecialProtocol Assessment process, regarding use of a pre-specified interim analysis from the CVOT, known as AQCLAIM, to assessthe long-term treatment effect of Qsymia on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight and obesesubjects with confirmed cardiovascular disease. Our request was to allow this interim analysis to support the resubmission of anapplication for a marketing authorization for Qsiva for treatment of obesity in accordance with the EU centralized marketingauthorization procedure. We received feedback in 2014 from the EMA and the various competent authorities of the EU MemberStates associated with review of the AQCLAIM CVOT protocol, and we received feedback from the FDA in late 2014 regardingthe amended protocol. As a part of addressing the FDA comments from a May 2015 meeting to discuss alternatives to completionof a CVOT , we are now working with cardiovascular and epidemiology experts in exploring alternate solutions to demonstratethe long-term cardiovascular safety of Qsymia. After reviewing a summary of Phase 3 data relevant to cardiovascular, or CV ,risk and post-marketing safety data, the cardiology experts noted that they believe there was an absence of an overt CV risk signaland indicated that they did not believe a randomized placebo controlled CVOT would provide additional information regardingthe CV risk of Qsymia. The epidemiology experts maintained that a well-conducted retrospective observational study c ouldprovide data to further inform on potential CV risk. We are working with the expert group to develop a protocol for theretrospective observational study and feasibility assessment. Although we and the consulted experts believe there is no overtsignal for CV risk to justify the AQCLAIM CVOT, VIVUS is committed to working with the FDA to reach a resolution. As forthe EU, even if the FDA were to accept a retrospective observational study in lieu of a CVOT, there would be no assurance thatthe EMA would accept the same.In addition, we are evaluating Qsymia for a new indication in obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA. We do not anticipatefurther development of Qsymia for OSA prior to resolving the Qsymia CVOT requirement with the FDA. We also intend to seekregulatory approval for Qsymia in territories outside the United States and the EU and, if approved, to commercialize the productthrough collaboration agreements with third parties.STENDRA is an oral phosphodiesterase type 5, or PDE5, inhibitor that we have licensed from Mitsubishi TanabePharma Corporation, or MTPC. STENDRA was approved by the FDA in April 2012 for the treatment of ED in the United States.In June 2013, the EC adopted a decision granting marketing authorization for SPEDRA, the approved trade name for avanafil inthe EU, for the treatment of ED in the EU. In July 2013, we entered into an agreement with the Menarini Group, through itssubsidiary Berlin Chemie AG, or Menarini, under which Menarini received an exclusive license to commercialize and promoteSPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 European countries, including the EU, as well as Australia and New Zealand.Menarini commenced its commercialization launch of the product in the EU in early 2014. As of the date of this filing, SPEDRAis commercially available in 25 countries within the territory granted to Menarini pursuant to the license and commercializationagreement.In October 2013, we entered into an agreement with Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Auxilium, under whichAuxilium received an exclusive license to commercialize and promote STENDRA in the United States and Canada. On the samedate, we also entered into a supply agreement with Auxilium, whereby we would supply Auxilium with STENDRA forcommercialization. Auxilium began commercializing STENDRA in the U.S. market in December 2013. In January 2015,Auxilium was acquired by Endo International, plc, or Endo. In December 2015, Auxilium notified us of6 TM Table of Contentsits intention to return the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA to us. Auxilium has provided its contractuallyrequired six-month notice of termination which, absent an agreement between Auxilium and us for an earlier termination date,will result in the termination of the license agreement and supply agreement on June 30, 2016.In December 2013, we entered into an agreement with Sanofi under which Sanofi received an exclusive license tocommercialize and promote avanafil for therapeutic use in humans in Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and the Commonwealth ofIndependent States, or CIS, including Russia. Sanofi will be responsible for obtaining regulatory approval in its territories. Sanofiintends to market avanafil under the trade name SPEDRA or STENDRA. Effective as of December 11, 2013, we also entered intoa supply agreement, or the Sanofi Supply Agreement, with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi.Under the license agreements with Menarini, Auxilium and Sanofi, avanafil is expected to be commercialized in over100 countries worldwide. Under our agreement with Auxilium, we have received approximately $45.0 million in license andmilestone payments out of a potential of $300.0 million, as well as royalty payments. We do not anticipate any additionalmilestone revenue from the Auxilium agreement. Under the Menarini agreement, we have received approximately $63.0 millionin license and milestone payments out of a potential of approximately $100.0 million, as well as royalty payments. Under theSanofi agreement, we have received approximately $10.0 million in license and milestone payments out of a potential of $61.0million. In addition, we are currently in discussions with potential collaboration partners to market and sell STENDRA interritories in which we do not currently have a commercial collaboration , including Latin America and India. We have engageda strategic advisor to assist us in the evaluation of our alternatives not only for STENDRA, but also for our overall businessstrategy. On September 18, 2014, the FDA approved a supplemental new drug application (sNDA) for STENDRA. STENDRA isnow indicated to be taken as early as approximately 15 minutes before sexual activity. Additionally, on January 23, 2015, the ECadopted a commission implementing decision amending the marketing authorization for SPEDRA. SPEDRA is now indicated tobe taken as needed approximately 15 to 30 minutes before sexual activity.Foreign regulatory approvals, including EC marketing authorization to market Qsiva in the EU, may not be obtained ona timely basis, or at all, and the failure to receive regulatory approvals in a foreign country would prevent us from marketing ourproducts that have failed to receive such approval in that market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business,financial condition and results of operations.VIVUS was incorporated in California in 1991 and reincorporated in Delaware in 1996. Our corporate headquarters islocated at 351 E. Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California and our telephone number is (650) 934 ‑5200.7 Table of ContentsProducts and Development ProgramsOur approved drugs and investigational drug candidates are summarized as follows:Drug Indication Status Commercial rightsQsymia (phentermine andtopiramate extended ‑release) Obesity United States Worldwide New Drug Application, or NDA,approved July 2012; First commercialsale September 2012; Expansion to retail pharmacies July2013 EU Marketing Authorization Application, orMAA, denied in 2014. Qsymia (phentermine andtopiramate extended ‑release) Obstructive SleepApnea Phase 2 study completed. WorldwideQsymia (phentermine andtopiramate extended ‑release) Diabetes Phase 2 study completed. Worldwide STENDRA (avanafil) Erectiledysfunction United States Worldwide license from MTPC(excluding certain Asian markets).U.S. and Canada commercial rightslicensed to Auxilium. Auxilium hasprovided its contractually requiredsix-month notice of terminationwhich, absent an agreement betweenAuxilium and us for an earliertermination date, will result in thetermination of the license agreementand supply agreement on June 30,2016. NDA approved April 2012 EU, Australia and New Zealandcommercial rights licensed toMenarini Group sNDA: Label expansion for 15 minuteonset claim approved Sep 2014. Middle East, Africa, Turkey and theCommonwealth of IndependentStates commercial rights licensed toSanofi EU Marketing Authorization, or MA,granted in June 2013. Label expansion for 15 minute onsetclaim approved Jan 2015. Qsymia for the Treatment of ObesityMany factors contribute to excess weight gain. These include environmental factors, genetics, health conditions, certainmedications, emotional factors and other behaviors. All this contributes to more than 110 million Americans being obese oroverweight with at least one weight ‑related comorbidity. Excess weight increases the risk of cardiometabolic and otherconditions including type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease,8 Table of Contentssleep apnea, stroke and osteoarthritis. According to the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, losing just 10% of body weight mayhelp obese patients reduce the risk of developing other weight ‑related medical conditions, while making a meaningful differencein health and well ‑being.Qsymia for the treatment of obesity was approved as an adjunct to a reduced ‑calorie diet and increased physical activityfor chronic weight management in adult patients with an initial BMI of 30 or greater, or obese patients, or 27 or greater, oroverweight patients, in the presence of at least one weight ‑related comorbidity, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus orhigh cholesterol, or dyslipidemia. Qsymia incorporates low doses of active ingredients from two previously approved drugs,phentermine and topiramate. Although the exact mechanism of action is unknown, Qsymia is believed to target appetite andsatiety, or the feeling of being full, the two main mechanisms that impact eating behavior.Qsymia was approved with a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, with a goal of informing prescribersand patients of reproductive potential regarding an increased risk of orofacial clefts in infants exposed to Qsymia during the firsttrimester of pregnancy, the importance of pregnancy prevention for females of reproductive potential receiving Qsymia and theneed to discontinue Qsymia immediately if pregnancy occurs. The Qsymia REMS program includes a medication guide, patientbrochure, voluntary healthcare provider training, distribution through certified home delivery and retail pharmacies, animplementation system and a time ‑table for assessments.As part of the approval of Qsymia, we are required to conduct post ‑marketing studies. In September 2013, we submitteda request to the EMA for Scientific Advice, a procedure similar to the U.S. Special Protocol Assessment process, regarding use ofa pre-specified interim analysis from the CVOT, known as AQCLAIM, to assess the long-term treatment effect of Qsymia on theincidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight and obese subjects with confirmed cardiovascular disease. Ourrequest was to allow this interim analysis to support the resubmission of an application for a marketing authorization for Qsiva fortreatment of obesity in accordance with the EU centralized marketing authorization procedure. We received feedback in 2014from the EMA and the various competent authorities of the EU Member States associated with review of the AQCLAIM CVOTprotocol, and we received feedback from the FDA in late 2014 regarding the amended protocol. As a part of addressing the FDAcomments from a May 2015 meeting to discuss alternatives to completion of a CVOT , we are now working with cardiovascularand epidemiology experts in exploring alternate solutions to demonstrate the long-term cardiovascular safety of Qsymia. Afterreviewing a summary of Phase 3 data relevant to CV risk and post-marketing safety data, the cardiology experts noted that theybelieve there was an absence of an overt CV risk signal and indicated that they did not believe a randomized placebo controlledCVOT would provide additional information regarding the CV risk of Qsymia. The epidemiology experts maintained that a well-conducted retrospective observational study c ould provide data to further inform on potential CV risk. We are working with theexpert group to develop a protocol for the retrospective observational study and feasibility assessment. Although we and theconsulted experts believe there is no overt signal for CV risk to justify the AQCLAIM CVOT, VIVUS is committed to workingwith the FDA to reach a resolution. As for the EU, even if the FDA were to accept a retrospective observational study in lieu of aCVOT, there would be no assurance that the EMA would accept the same.Qsymia in Development for Obstructive Sleep ApneaObstructive sleep apnea, or OSA, is a chronic and potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing is abnormallyshallow, or hypopnea, or stops altogether, or apnea, for at least 10 seconds. These repetitive events are associated with collapse ofthe upper airway during sleep, and may occur five to thirty or more times per hour. Although many cases are unrecognized,symptoms may include snoring, fatigue or sleepiness during the day.OSA afflicts approximately 3% to 7% of the U.S. population. Data from the Wisconsin Cohort Study indicate that theprevalence of OSA in people 30 ‑60 years of age is 9 ‑24% for men and 4 ‑9% for women. OSA is associated with an increasedrisk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke and increased mortality.The current standard of care treatment for OSA is continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP, in which the upperairway is kept open by increased air pressure, but CPAP provides benefits only when used consistently. Many patients find CPAPto be inconvenient or uncomfortable, and compliance with CPAP treatment limits its effectiveness.9 Table of ContentsWe believe a safe and effective pharmacologic treatment for OSA could be useful and more acceptable to some patientsthan CPAP, but no drug is currently approved to treat OSA.In January 2010, we announced positive results from a Phase 2 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of Qsymia forthe treatment of moderate to severe OSA. This Phase 2 study (OB ‑204) was a single ‑center, randomized, double ‑blind, placebo‑controlled parallel group trial including 45 obese men and women (BMI 30 to 40 kg/m2 inclusive), 30 to 65 years of age withOSA (apnea ‑hypopnea index, or AHI, greater than or equal to 15 at baseline) who had not been treated with, or who were notcompliant with CPAP, within three months of screening. Patients were randomized to placebo or top dose Qsymia. We arecurrently contemplating development of Qsymia for OSA, but expect no future development until the CVOT issue is resolvedwith the FDA.Qsymia in Development for DiabetesDiabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed toconvert sugar and starches into energy needed for daily life. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by inadequate response to insulinand/or inadequate secretion of insulin as blood glucose levels rise. Currently approved therapies for type 2 diabetes are directedtoward correcting the body’s inadequate response with oral or injectable medications, or directly modifying insulin levels throughinjection of insulin or insulin analogs. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and environmentalfactors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play roles.In 2012, there were an estimated 29.1 million children and adults in the U.S., or 9.3% of the population, who havediabetes. While an estimated 21.0 million Americans have been diagnosed with diabetes, unfortunately, another 8.1 millionAmericans (or over one quarter) are unaware that they have the disease. It is estimated that there are nearly 350 million diabeticsworldwide.According to the American Diabetes Association, or ADA, an estimated 86 million Americans aged 20 or older haveprediabetes and 1.4 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes each year. Millions more are known to have metabolicsyndrome, a cluster of symptoms that includes high blood pressure, large waist size, high levels of fats in the blood, and thebody’s inability to handle glucose, which collectively increase a person’s chances of developing cardiovascular disease. Qsymiais not currently indicated for the treatment of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, stroke or heart disease.In May 2013, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists introduced a new algorithm for the comprehensivemanagement of weight in persons with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in order to provide clinicians with a practical guide thatconsiders the whole patient, the spectrum of risks and complications for the patient, and evidence ‑based approaches to treatment.In addition to advocating for glycemic control, the treatment algorithm focuses on obesity and prediabetes as the underlying riskfactors for diabetes and associated complications, and specifically includes pharmacotherapy as part of the recommendedtreatment paradigm for managing weight.The currently approved oral medications for type 2 diabetes include insulin releasers such as glyburide, insulinsensitizers such as Actos and Avandia , inhibitors of glucose production by the liver such as metformin, DPP ‑IV inhibitorslike Januvia , as well as Precose and Glyset, which slow the uptake of glucose from the intestine. Approved injectablemedications for type 2 diabetes treatment include glucagon ‑like peptide ‑1, or GLP ‑1, analogs such as liraglutide, marketedunder the brand name Victoza , developed by Novo Nordisk and exenatide, marketed under the brand name Byetta , and a long‑acting version of exenatide marketed under the brand name Bydureon , developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly andCompany. Studies to date suggest GLP ‑1s improve control of blood glucose by increasing insulin secretion, delaying gastricemptying, and suppressing prandial glucagon secretion. Clinical studies have reported that patients treated with GLP ‑1sexperienced weight loss of approximately six to eight pounds. Newer agents recently approved for type 2 diabetes includeInvokana (canaglifozin) from Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a sodium glucose co ‑transporter 2, or SGLT2,inhibitor that has demonstrated modest, single ‑digit weight loss in clinical studies.It is estimated that a significant portion of type 2 diabetics fail oral medications and require injected insulin therapy.Current oral medications for type 2 diabetes have a number of common drug ‑related side effects, including10 ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® Table of Contentshypoglycemia, weight gain and edema. Numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are seeking to develop insulinsensitizers, novel insulin formulations and other therapeutics to improve the treatment of diabetes. Previous clinical studies oftopiramate, a component of Qsymia, in type 2 diabetics resulted in a clinically meaningful reduction of hemoglobin A1c, orHbA1c, a measure used to determine treatment efficacy of anti ‑diabetic agents.In December 2008, we announced the results of our DM ‑230 diabetes study. The DM ‑230 Phase 2 study enrolled 130patients, who had completed our Phase 2 study for the treatment of obesity (OB ‑202), at 10 study sites in the U.S., to continue ina blinded fashion as previously randomized for an additional 28 weeks. The results of the DM ‑230 study included assessmentsfrom the start of the OB ‑202 study through the end of the DM ‑230 study in this population, for a total treatment period of56 weeks.Patients treated with Qsymia had a reduction in HbA1c of 1.6%, from 8.8% to 7.2%, as compared to 1.1% from 8.5% to7.4% in the placebo ‑treated standard of care group (Intent to Treat population Using the Last Observation Carried ForwardMethod, or ITT LOCF, p=0.0381) at 56 weeks. All patients in the study were actively managed according to the ADA standardsof care with respect to diabetes medications and lifestyle modification. For patients treated with placebo, increases in the numberand doses of concurrent anti ‑diabetic medications were required to bring about the observed reduction in HbA1c. By contrast,concurrent anti ‑diabetic medications were reduced over the course of the trial in patients treated with Qsymia (p<0.05).Over 56 weeks, patients treated with Qsymia also lost 9.4% of their baseline body weight, or 20.5 pounds, as comparedto 2.7%, or 6.1 pounds, for the placebo group (p<0.0001). Sixty ‑five percent of the Qsymia patients lost at least 5% of their bodyweight, as compared to 24% in the placebo group (p<0.001), and 37% of the Qsymia patients lost at least 10% of their bodyweight, as compared to 9% of patients in the placebo group (p<0.001). Patients treated with Qsymia had reductions in bloodpressure, triglycerides and waist circumference. Both treatment groups had a study completion rate of greater than 90%.The most common drug ‑related side effects reported were tingling, constipation and nausea. Patients on antidepressantssuch as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or SNRIs, wereallowed to participate in the studies. Patients were monitored for depression and suicidality using the Patient Health Questionnaire‑9, or PHQ ‑9, a validated mental health assessment tool agreed to by the FDA for use in our studies. Patients treated withQsymia demonstrated greater improvements in PHQ ‑9 scores from baseline to the end of the study than patients in the placebogroup.Despite a mean baseline HbA1c level of 8.8%, 53% of the patients treated with Qsymia were able to achieve the ADArecommended goal of 7% or lower, versus 40% of the patients in the placebo arm (p<0.05). The incidence of hypoglycemia in thetreatment and placebo arms was similar (12% and 9%, respectively). Patients in the Qsymia arm experienced no treatment‑related serious adverse events.We also studied the effect of Qsymia on well ‑controlled diabetics as part of our Phase 3 obesity study, CONQUER (OB‑303). The results were consistent and supportive of the Phase 2 results.Data from the EQUATE trial (OB ‑301) Phase 3 demonstrated that weight loss with Qsymia stops the progression oftype 2 diabetes in obese, non ‑diabetic patients. The results of DM ‑230 demonstrated that weight loss with Qsymia cansignificantly lower blood sugar in type 2 diabetics. Results from both of these studies were presented at the ADA’s annualscientific session in June 2009.In October 2013, we announced new data published online in Diabetes Care demonstrating the effects of Qsymia on theprogression to type 2 diabetes. In the study, high ‑risk overweight or obese patients with prediabetes and/or metabolic syndromewho were taking Qsymia over a two ‑year period experienced reductions of up to 78.7% in the annualized incidence rate of type 2diabetes, in addition to losing weight. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists recognizes obesity and prediabetesas significant risk factors for progression to diabetes and associated complications.11 Table of ContentsThe publication analyzed 475 high ‑risk overweight or obese patients with prediabetes and/or metabolic syndrome atbaseline from the two ‑year SEQUEL study, for their progression to type 2 diabetes and their changes in cardiometabolicparameters. After 108 weeks, it was observed that patients receiving Qsymia, in conjunction with lifestyle modifications,experienced significant weight loss along with markedly reduced progression to type 2 diabetes and improvements in multiplecardiometabolic disease risk factors.Subjects in the Qsymia recommended dose (7.5mg/46mg) and top dose (15mg/92mg) treatment groups experiencedreductions of 70.5% and 78.7% in the annualized incidence rate of type 2 diabetes, respectively, versus placebo, which wasrelated to degree of weight lost (10.9% and 12.1%, respectively, versus 2.5% with placebo; ITT ‑MI; P < 0.0001). Qsymiatherapy was well tolerated by this subgroup over two years.Among patients in the study taking Qsymia, common adverse events included paraesthesia, or tingling in the fingers orfeet, sinusitis, dry mouth, constipation, headache, and dysgeusia, or change in perception of taste. The types and severity ofadverse events seen in this subgroup analysis were similar to those seen in the overall SEQUEL patient population and in otherclinical trials.We are currently contemplating further development of Qsymia for the treatment of diabetes, but expect no futuredevelopment until the CVOT issue is resolved with the FDA.Qsymia in Development for Other IndicationsWe believe Qsymia may be helpful in treating other obesity ‑related diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, orNASH, or its precursor, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD, also known as fatty liver disease. We believe Qsymia mayalso be helpful in treating hyperlipidemia, or an elevation of lipids, or fats, in the bloodstream. These lipids include cholesterol,cholesterol esters, or compounds, phospholipids and triglycerides. In addition, we believe Qsymia may be helpful in patients withhypertension who do not respond well to antihypertensive medication. We are currently contemplating whether to pursue theseother indications, but expect no future development until the CVOT issue is resolved with the FDA.STENDRA for the Treatment of Erectile DysfunctionED affects an estimated 52% of men between the ages of 40 and 70. Prevalence increases with age and can be caused bya variety of factors, including medications (anti ‑hypertensives, histamine receptor antagonists); lifestyle (tobacco, alcohol use);diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, prostate cancer); and spinal cord injuries. Left untreated, ED can negatively impactrelationships and self ‑esteem, causing feelings of embarrassment and guilt. About half of men being treated with currentlyavailable phosphodiesterase 5, or PDE5, inhibitors are dissatisfied with treatment. The market opportunity for ED medicaltreatments continues to grow, with worldwide sales of PDE5 inhibitors exceeding $5 billion in 2012.STENDRA is an oral PDE5 inhibitor we have licensed from MTPC. STENDRA was approved in the U.S. by the FDAon April 27, 2012, for the treatment of ED. As part of the approval of STENDRA, we were committed to conduct two post‑approval clinical studies. The first was a randomized, double ‑blind, placebo ‑controlled, parallel group multicenter clinical trialon the effect of STENDRA on spermatogenesis in healthy adult males and males with mild ED. The other study was a double‑blind, randomized, placebo ‑controlled, single ‑dose clinical trial to assess the effects of STENDRA on multiple parameters ofvision, including, but not limited to, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, pupillometry, and color vision discrimination in healthymale subjects. These studies are completed.On June 19, 2013, we announced clinical study results showing avanafil is effective for sexual activity within 15 minutesin men with ED. In the 440 ‑patient study conducted at 30 sites in the U.S., STENDRA patients achieved statistically significantimprovement versus placebo in the mean proportion of attempts that resulted in erections sufficient for successful intercourse asearly as 10 minutes for the 200 ‑mg dose and 12 minutes for the 100 ‑mg dose following administration. On September 18, 2014,the FDA approved an sNDA for STENDRA. STENDRA is now indicated to be taken as early as approximately 15 minutes beforesexual activity. On January 23, 2015, the EC adopted12 Table of Contentsthe commission implementing decision amending the marketing authorization for SPEDRA. SPEDRA is now approved in the EUto be taken as needed approximately 15 to 30 minutes before sexual activity.We have granted an exclusive license to Menarini to commercialize and promote SPEDRA for the treatment of ED inover 40 European countries, including the EU, plus Australia and New Zealand. In addition, we had granted an exclusive licenseto Auxilium to market STENDRA in the United States and Canada. Auxilium was purchased by Endo in January 2015. InDecember 2015, Auxilium notified us of its intention to return the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA to us.Auxilium has provided its contractually required six-month notice of termination which, absent an agreement between Auxiliumand us for an earlier termination date, will result in the termination of the license agreement and supply agreement on June 30,2016. We have also granted an exclusive license to Sanofi to commercialize avanafil in Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and theCIS, including Russia. We are currently in discussions with potential partners to commercialize STENDRA in other territoriesunder our license with MTPC in which we do not currently have a commercial collaboration. We have engaged a strategic advisorto assist us in the evaluation of our alternatives not only for STENDRA, but also for our overall business strategy. Other ProgramsWe have licensed and intend to continue to license from third parties the rights to other investigational drug candidatesto treat various diseases and medical conditions. We also sponsor early ‑stage clinical trials at various research institutions andintend to conduct early ‑stage proof of concept studies on our own. We expect to continue to use our expertise in designing andconducting clinical trials, formulation and investigational drug candidate development to commercialize pharmaceuticals forunmet medical needs or for disease states that are underserved by currently approved drugs. We intend to develop products with aproprietary position or that complement our other products currently under development, although there can be no assurance thatany of these investigational product candidates will be successfully developed and approved by regulatory authorities.Government RegulationsFDA RegulationPrescription pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive pre ‑ and post ‑marketing regulation by the FDA. TheFederal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and its implementing regulations govern, among other things, requirements for thetesting, development, manufacturing, quality control, safety, efficacy, approval, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, reporting,distribution, import, export, advertising and promotion of drug products.The activities required before a pharmaceutical agent may be marketed in the U.S. begin with pre ‑clinical testing. Pre‑clinical tests generally include laboratory evaluation of potential products and animal studies to assess the potential safety andefficacy of the product and its formulations. The results of these studies and other information must be submitted to the FDA aspart of an investigational new drug application, or IND, which must be reviewed by the FDA before proposed clinical testing inhuman volunteers can begin. Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or topatients under the supervision of a qualified principal investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with goodclinical practices, or GCP, which establishes standards for conducting, recording data from, and reporting results of, clinical trials,and are intended to assure that the data and reported results are credible, accurate, and that the rights, safety and well ‑being ofstudy participants are protected. Clinical trials must be under protocols that detail the objectives of the study, the parameters to beused to monitor safety and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND.Further, each clinical study must be conducted under the auspices of an independent institutional review board, or IRB. The IRBwill consider, among other things, regulations and guidelines for obtaining informed consent from study subjects, as well as otherethical factors and the safety of human patients. The sponsoring company, the FDA, or the IRB may suspend or terminate aclinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptablehealth risk.Typically, human clinical trials are conducted in three phases that may overlap. In Phase 1, clinical trials are conductedwith a small number of patients to determine the early safety profile and pharmacology of the new therapy. In13 Table of ContentsPhase 2, clinical trials are conducted with groups of patients afflicted with a specific disease or medical condition in order todetermine preliminary efficacy, optimal dosages and expanded evidence of safety. In Phase 3, large ‑scale, multicenter clinicaltrials are conducted with patients afflicted with a target disease or medical condition in order to provide substantial evidence ofefficacy and safety required by the FDA and others.The results of the pre ‑clinical and clinical testing, together with chemistry and manufacturing information, aresubmitted to the FDA in the form of a New Drug Application, or NDA, for a pharmaceutical product in order to obtain approvalto commence commercial sales. In responding to an NDA, the FDA may grant marketing approvals, may request additionalinformation or further research or studies, or may deny the application if it determines that the application does not satisfy itsregulatory approval criteria. FDA approval for a pharmaceutical product may not be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Under thegoals and policies agreed to by the FDA under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, the FDA has twelve months inwhich to complete its initial review of a standard NDA and respond to the applicant, and eight months for a priority NDA. TheFDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates and in certain circumstances, the review process and the PDUFA goal date maybe extended. A subsequent application for approval of an additional indication must also be reviewed by the FDA under the samecriteria as apply to original applications, and may be denied as well. In addition, even if FDA approval is granted, it may notcover all the clinical indications for which approval is sought or may contain significant limitations in the form of warnings,precautions or contraindications with respect to conditions of use. In addition, the FDA may require the development andimplementation of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy , or REMS , to address specific safety issues at the time of approvalor after marketing of the product. A REMS may, for instance, restrict distribution and impose burdensome implementationrequirements. Our approved product Qsymia is subject to a REMS program.Satisfaction of FDA premarket approval requirements for new drugs typically takes several years and the actual timerequired may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product or targeted disease. Governmentregulation may delay or prevent marketing of potential products for a considerable period of time and may impose costlyprocedures upon our activities. Success in early ‑stage clinical trials or with prior versions of products does not assure success inlater stage clinical trials. Data obtained from clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varyinginterpretations that could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval.Once approved, products are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA. The FDA may withdraw the product approvalif compliance with post ‑marketing regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches themarketplace. In addition, the FDA may require post ‑marketing studies or trials, referred to as PMRs, to evaluate safety issuesrelated to the approved product, and may withdraw approval or impose marketing restrictions based on the results of post ‑marketstudies or trials or other relevant data . The FDA has required us to perform PMR studies and trials for both of our approvedproducts, Qsymia and STENDRA. The FDA has broad post ‑market regulatory and enforcement powers, including the ability tolevy fines and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance of approvals, seize or recall products, or withdraw approvals.Additionally, the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 requires all clinical trials we conduct for ourinvestigational drug candidates, both before and after approval, and the results of those trials when available, to be included in aclinical trials registry database that is available and accessible to the public via the Internet. Our failure to properly participate inthe clinical trial database registry may subject us to significant civil penalties.Facilities used to manufacture drugs are subject to periodic inspection by the FDA, and other authorities whereapplicable, and must comply with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP regulations. Compliance withcGMP includes adhering to requirements relating to organization of personnel, buildings and facilities, equipment, control ofcomponents and drug product containers and closures, production and process controls, packaging and labeling controls, holdingand distribution, laboratory controls, and records and reports. Failure to comply with the statutory and regulatory requirementssubjects the manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, such as suspension of manufacturing, seizure of product orvoluntary recall of a product.The FDA imposes a number of complex regulations on entities that advertise and promote pharmaceuticals, whichinclude, among other things, standards and regulations relating to direct ‑to ‑consumer advertising, off ‑label promotion, industry‑sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the Internet. A product cannot becommercially promoted before it is approved. After approval, product promotion can include only14 Table of Contentsthose claims relating to safety and effectiveness that are consistent with the labeling approved by the FDA. The FDA has verybroad enforcement authority. Failure to abide by these regulations can result in adverse publicity, and/or enforcement actions,including the issuance of a warning letter directing the entity to correct deviations from FDA standards, and state and federal civiland criminal investigations and prosecutions. This could subject a company to a range of penalties that could have a significantcommercial impact, including civil and criminal fines and agreements that materially restrict the manner in which a companypromotes or distributes drug products.Companies that manufacture or distribute drug products or that hold approved NDAs must comply with other regulatoryrequirements, including submitting annual reports, reporting information about adverse drug experiences, and maintaining certainrecords. In addition, we are subject to various laws and regulations regarding the use and disposal of hazardous or potentiallyhazardous substances in connection with our manufacture and research. In each of these areas, as noted above, the governmenthas broad regulatory and enforcement powers, including the ability to levy fines and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance ofapprovals, seize or recall products, and withdraw approvals, any one or more of which could have a material adverse effect uponus.Other Government RegulationsIn addition to laws and regulations enforced by the FDA, we are also subject to regulation under National Institutes ofHealth guidelines as well as under the Controlled Substances Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the EnvironmentalProtection Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and other present and potentialfuture federal, state or local laws and regulations, as our research and development may involve the controlled use of hazardousmaterials, chemicals, viruses and various radioactive compounds.In addition to regulations in the U.S., we are subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials,commercial sales, and distribution of our investigational drug candidates. We must obtain separate approvals by the comparableregulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence marketing of the product in those countries. For example, inthe EU, the conduct of clinical trials is governed by Directive 2001/20/EC which imposes obligations and procedures that aresimilar to those provided in applicable US laws. The European Union Good Clinical Practice rules, or GCP, and EU GoodLaboratory Practice, or GLP, obligations must also be respected during conduct of the trials. Clinical trials must be approved bythe competent authorities and the competent Ethics Committees in the EU Member States in which the clinical trials take place. Aclinical trial application, or CTA, must be submitted to each EU Member State’s national health authority. Moreover, anapplication for a positive opinion must be submitted to the competent Ethics Committee prior to commencement of clinical trialsof a medicinal product. The competent authorities of the EU Member States in which the clinical trial is conducted must authorizethe conduct of the trial and the competent Ethics Committees must grant their positive opinion prior to commencement of aclinical trial in an EU Member State. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorterthan that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing andreimbursement vary greatly from country to country.To obtain marketing approval of a medicinal product in the EU, we would be required to submit marketing authorizationapplications based on the ICH Common Technical Document to the competent authorities, and must demonstrate the quality,safety and efficacy of our medicinal products. This would require us to conduct human clinical trials to generate the necessaryclinical data. Moreover, we would be required to demonstrate in our application that studies have been conducted with themedicinal product in the pediatric population as provided by a Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP, approved by the PediatricCommittee of the EMA. Alternatively, confirmation that we have been granted a waiver or deferral from the conduct of thesestudies must be provided.Medicinal products are authorized in the EU in one of two ways, either by the competent authorities of the EU MemberStates through the decentralized procedure or mutual recognition procedure, or through the centralized procedure by the EuropeanCommission following a positive opinion by the EMA. The authorization process is essentially the same irrespective of whichroute is used.The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all EU MemberStates. The centralized procedure is compulsory for medicinal products produced by certain biotechnological15 Table of Contentsprocesses, products designated as orphan medicinal products, and products with a new active substance indicated for thetreatment of certain diseases. It is optional for those products that are highly innovative or for which a centralized process is in theinterest of patients. Under the centralized procedure in the EU, the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketingauthorization application is 210 days (excluding clock stops, when additional written or oral information is to be provided by theapplicant in response to questions asked by the CHMP). Accelerated evaluation may be granted by the CHMP in exceptionalcases. These are defined as circumstances in which a medicinal product is expected to be of a “major public health interest.”Three cumulative criteria must be fulfilled in such circumstances: the seriousness of the disease, such as heavy disabling or life‑threatening diseases, to be treated; the absence or insufficiency of an appropriate alternative therapeutic approach; andanticipation of high therapeutic benefit. In these circumstances, the EMA ensures that the opinion of the CHMP is given within150 days.The decentralized procedure provides for approval by one or more other (“concerned”) EU Member States of anassessment of an application for marketing authorization conducted by one EU Member State, known as the reference EUMember State. In accordance with this procedure, an applicant submits an application for marketing authorization to the referenceEU Member State and the concerned EU Member States. This application is identical to the application that would be submittedto the EMA for authorization through the centralized procedure. The reference EU Member State prepares a draft assessment anddrafts of the related materials within 120 days after receipt of a valid application. The resulting assessment report is submitted tothe concerned EU Member States who, within 90 days of receipt must decide whether to approve the assessment report andrelated materials. If a concerned EU Member State cannot approve the assessment report and related materials due to concernsrelating to a potential serious risk to public health, disputed elements may be referred to the European Commission, whosedecision is binding on all EU Member States. In accordance with the mutual recognition procedure, the sponsor applies fornational marketing authorization in one EU Member State. Upon receipt of this authorization the sponsor can then seek therecognition of this authorization by other EU Member States. Authorization in accordance with either of these procedures willresult in authorization of the medicinal product only in the reference EU Member State and in the other concerned EU MemberStates.Innovative medicinal products authorized in the EU on the basis of a full marketing authorization application (asopposed to an application for marketing authorization that relies on data available in the marketing authorization dossier foranother, previously approved, medicinal product) are entitled to eight years’ data exclusivity. During this period, applicants forauthorization of generics or biosimilars of these innovative products cannot rely on data contained in the marketing authorizationdossier submitted for the innovative medicinal product. Innovative medicinal products are also entitled to ten years’ marketexclusivity. During this ten year period no generic or biosimilar of this medicinal product can be placed on the EU market. Theten ‑year period of market exclusivity can be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those ten years,the Marketing Authorization Holder for the innovative product obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeuticindications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit incomparison with existing therapies.Similarly to the U.S., marketing authorization holders and manufacturers of medicinal products are subject tocomprehensive regulatory oversight by the EMA and/or the competent authorities of the EU Member States. This oversightapplies both before and after grant of manufacturing and marketing authorizations. It includes control of compliance with EUGMP rules and pharmacovigilance rules. We cannot guarantee that we would be able to comply with the post ‑marketingobligations imposed as part of the marketing authorization for SPEDRA. Failure to comply with these requirements may lead tothe suspension, variation or withdrawal of the marketing authorization for SPEDRA in the EU.In the EU, the advertising and promotion of our products will also be subject to EU Member States’ laws concerningpromotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercialpractices, as well as other EU Member State legislation that may apply to the advertising and promotion of medicinal products.These laws require that promotional materials and advertising in relation to medicinal products comply with the product’sSummary of Product Characteristics, or SmPC, as approved by the competent authorities. The SmPC is the document thatprovides information to physicians concerning the safe and effective use of the medicinal product. It forms an intrinsic andintegral part of the marketing authorization granted for the medicinal product. Promotion of a medicinal product that does notcomply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off ‑label promotion. The off ‑label promotion of medicinal products isprohibited in the EU. The applicable laws at the EU level16 Table of Contentsand in the individual EU Member States also prohibit the direct ‑to ‑consumer advertising of prescription ‑only medicinalproducts. Violations of the rules governing the promotion of medicinal products in the EU could be penalized by administrativemeasures, fines and imprisonment. These laws may further limit or restrict communications concerning the advertising andpromotion of our products to the general public and may also impose limitations on our promotional activities with healthcareprofessionals.Failure to comply with the EU Member State laws implementing the Community Code on medicinal products, and EUrules governing the promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising andunfair commercial practices, with the EU Member State laws that apply to the promotion of medicinal products, statutory healthinsurance, bribery and anti ‑corruption or with other applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by theEU Member State authorities, which may include any of the following: fines, imprisonment, orders forfeiting products orprohibiting or suspending their supply to the market, or requiring the manufacturer to issue public warnings, or to conduct aproduct recall.Interactions between pharmaceutical companies and physicians are also governed by strict laws, regulations, industryself ‑regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct in the individual EU Member States. Theprovision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement,purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The provision of benefits or advantages tophysicians is also governed by the national anti ‑bribery laws of the EU Member States. One example is the UK Bribery Act2010. This Act applies to any company incorporated in or “carrying on business” in the UK, irrespective of where in the world thealleged bribery activity occurs. This Act could have implications for our interactions with physicians in and outside the UK.Violation of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment.Payments made to physicians in certain EU Member States must be publically disclosed. Moreover, agreements withphysicians must often be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his/her competentprofessional organization, and/or the competent authorities of the individual EU Member States. These requirements are providedin the national laws, industry codes, or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the EU Member States. Failure to complywith these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.United States Healthcare ReformIn March 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and EducationReconciliation Act of 2010, collectively referred to in this report as the Affordable Care Act was adopted in the United States.This law substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers and significantlyimpacted the pharmaceutical industry. The Affordable Care Act contains a number of provisions that are expected to impact ourbusiness and operations. Changes that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs,reimbursement changes, rules regarding prescription drug benefits under the health insurance exchanges, expansion of the 340Bprogram, and fraud and abuse and enforcement. These changes will impact existing government healthcare programs and willresult in the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives and improvements to thephysician quality reporting system and feedback program.The Affordable Care Act made significant changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Effective March 23, 2010,rebate liability expanded from fee ‑for ‑service Medicaid utilization to include the utilization of Medicaid managed careorganizations as well. With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the Affordable Care Act increased the minimum Medicaidrebate from 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% for non‑innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as line extensions of existingdrugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the average manufacturer price. In addition, theAffordable Care Act and subsequent legislation changed the definition of average manufacturer price. I n February 2016, , theCenters for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, the federal agency that administers Medicare and the Medicaid DrugRebate program, issued final regulation s to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate p rogram under the AffordableCare Act . These regulations become effective on April 1, 2016. We are evaluating the impact of these regulations on our businessand operations . In addition, the Affordable Care Act17 Table of Contentsrequires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescription drugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to the federalgovernment beginning in 2011. Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer pays a prorated share of the branded prescriptiondrug fee of $3.0 billion in 2016, based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federal programsidentified in the law.Additional provisions of the Affordable Care Act may negatively affect our revenues in the future. For example, as partof the Affordable Care Act’s provisions closing a coverage gap that currently exists in the Medicare Part D prescription drugprogram, or the donut hole, manufacturers are required to provide a 50% discount on branded prescription drugs dispensed tobeneficiaries within this donut hole. We currently do not have coverage under Medicare Part D for our drugs, but this couldchange in the future.The Affordable Care Act also expanded the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program. The 340Bpricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B“ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. The Affordable Care Act expanded the 340B program to includeadditional types of covered entities: certain free ‑standing cancer hospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and solecommunity hospitals, each as defined by the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act also obligates the Secretary of theDepartment of Health and Human Services to create regulations and processes to improve the integrity of the 340B program andto ensure the agreement that manufacturers must sign to participate in the 340B program obligates a manufacturer to offer the340B price to covered entities if the manufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser at any price and to report to thegovernment the ceiling prices for its drugs. The Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA, the agency thatadministers the 340B program, recently issued a proposed regulation regarding the calculation of the 340B ceiling price and theimposition of civil monetary penalties on manufacturers that knowingly and intentionally overcharge covered entities, as well asproposed omnibus guidance that addresses many aspects of the 340B program. HRSA is currently expected to issue additionalproposed regulations in 2016. When such regulations and guidance are finalized, they could affect our obligations under the 340Bprogram in ways we cannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expand the 340Bprogram to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discounted pricingon drugs used in the inpatient setting.Some states have elected not to expand their Medicaid programs by raising the income limit to 133% of the federalpoverty level as permitted under the Affordable Care Act. For each state that does not choose to expand its Medicaid program,there may be fewer insured patients overall, which could impact our sales, business and financial condition.Coverage and ReimbursementIn both U.S. and foreign markets, our ability to commercialize our products successfully and to attractcommercialization partners for our products, depends in significant part on the availability of adequate financial coverage andreimbursement from third ‑party payors, including, in the United States, governmental payors such as Medicare and Medicaid, aswell as managed care organizations, private health insurers and other organizations. Third ‑party payors decide which drugs theywill pay for and establish reimbursement and co ‑pay levels. Third ‑party payors are increasingly challenging the prices chargedfor medicines and examining their cost ‑effectiveness, in addition to their safety and efficacy. We may need to conduct expensivepharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the cost ‑effectiveness of our products. Even with studies, our products maybe considered less safe, less effective or less cost ‑effective than existing products, and third ‑party payors may not providecoverage and reimbursement for our product candidates, in whole or in part.Political, economic and regulatory influences are subjecting the healthcare industry in the United States to fundamentalchanges. There have been, and we expect there will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcaresystem in ways that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. We anticipate that the United States Congress, statelegislatures and the private sector will continue to consider and may adopt healthcare policies intended to curb rising healthcarecosts. These cost ‑containment measures include: controls on government funded reimbursement for drugs; new or increasedrequirements to pay prescription drug rebates to government healthcare programs; controls on healthcare providers; challenges tothe pricing of drugs or limits or prohibitions on18 Table of Contentsreimbursement for specific products through other means; requirements to try less expensive products or generics before a moreexpensive branded product; changes in drug importation laws; expansion of use of managed care systems in which healthcareproviders contract to provide comprehensive healthcare for a fixed cost per person; and public funding for cost ‑effectivenessresearch, which may be used by government and private third ‑party payors to make coverage and payment decisions. Further,federal budgetary concerns could result in the implementation of significant federal spending cuts, including cuts in Medicare andother health related spending in the near ‑term. For example, beginning April 2013, Medicare payments were reduced by up to2% under sequestration and, through subsequent legislation, those reductions will continue to 2025.Payors also are increasingly considering new metrics as the basis for reimbursement rates, such as average sales price,average manufacturer price and Actual Acquisition Cost. The existing data for reimbursement based on these metrics is relativelylimited, although certain states have begun to survey acquisition cost data for the purpose of setting Medicaid reimbursementrates. CMS surveys and publishes retail community pharmacy acquisition cost information in the form of National Average DrugAcquisition Cost, or NADAC, files to provide state Medicaid agencies with a basis of comparison for their own reimbursementand pricing methodologies and rates. It may be difficult to project the impact of these evolving reimbursement mechanics on thewillingness of payors to cover our products.We participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990and amended by the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 as well as subsequent legislation. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebateprogram, we are required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for our covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed toMedicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds being made available tothe states for our drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. Those rebates are based on pricing data reported by us on a monthlyand quarterly basis to CMS. These data include the average manufacturer price and, in the case of innovator products, the bestprice for each drug.Federal law requires that any company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program also participate in thePublic Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’sdrugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to chargestatutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. These340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from thePublic Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low ‑income patients. The 340B ceiling price iscalculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the average manufacturer price and rebate amount for the coveredoutpatient drug as calculated under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Changes to the definition of average manufacturer priceand the Medicaid Drug Rebate amount under the Affordable Care Act and CMS’s issuance of final regulations implementingthose changes also could affect our 340B ceiling price calculations and negatively impact our results of operations.In order to be eligible to have our products paid for with federal funds under the Medicaid and Medicare Part Bprograms and purchased by certain federal agencies and certain federal grantees, we participate in the Department of VeteransAffairs, or VA, Federal Supply Schedule, or FSS, pricing program, established by Section 603 of the Veterans Health Care Act of1992. Under this program, we are obligated to make our product available for procurement on an FSS contract and charge a priceto four federal agencies—VA, Department of Defense, Public Health Service, and Coast Guard—that is no higher than thestatutory Federal Ceiling Price, or FCP. The FCP is based on the non ‑federal average manufacturer price, or Non ‑FAMP, whichwe calculate and report to the VA on a quarterly and annual basis. We also participate in the Tricare Retail Pharmacy program,established by Section 703 of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2008, and related regulations, under which we payquarterly rebates on utilization of innovator products that are dispensed to Tricare beneficiaries. The rebates are calculated as thedifference between Annual Non ‑FAMP and FCP.We expect to experience pricing pressures in the United States in connection with the sale of our products due to thetrend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislativeproposals. In various EU countries, we expect to be subject to continuous cost ‑cutting measures, such as lower maximum prices,lower or lack of reimbursement coverage and incentives to use cheaper, usually generic, products as an alternative.19 Table of ContentsWe are unable to predict what additional legislation, regulations or policies, if any, relating to the healthcare industry orthird ‑party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such legislation, regulations or policieswould have on our business. Any cost ‑containment measures, including those listed above, or other healthcare system reformsthat are adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate profitably.Once an applicant receives marketing authorization in an EU Member State, through any application route, the applicantis then required to engage in pricing discussions and negotiations with a separate pricing authority in that country. The legislators,policymakers and healthcare insurance funds in the EU Member States continue to propose and implement cost ‑containingmeasures to keep healthcare costs down, due in part to the attention being paid to healthcare cost ‑containment and other austeritymeasures in the EU. Certain of these changes could impose limitations on the prices pharmaceutical companies are able to chargefor their products. The amounts of reimbursement available from governmental agencies or third ‑party payors for these productsmay increase the tax obligations on pharmaceutical companies such as ours, or may facilitate the introduction of genericcompetition with respect to our products. Furthermore, an increasing number of EU Member States and other foreign countriesuse prices for medicinal products established in other countries as “reference prices” to help determine the price of the product intheir own territory. Consequently, a downward trend in prices of medicinal products in some countries could contribute to similardownward trends elsewhere. In addition, the ongoing budgetary difficulties faced by a number of EU Member States, includingGreece and Spain, have led and may continue to lead to substantial delays in payment and payment partially with governmentbonds rather than cash for medicinal products, which could negatively impact our revenues and profitability. Moreover, in orderto obtain reimbursement of our medicinal products in some countries, including some EU Member States, we may be required toconduct Health Technology Assessments, or HTAs, that compare the cost ‑effectiveness of our products to other availabletherapies. There can be no assurance that our medicinal products will obtain favorable reimbursement status in any country.In the EU, the sole legal instrument at the EU level governing the pricing and reimbursement of medicinal products isCouncil Directive 89/105/EEC, or the Price Transparency Directive. The aim of this Directive is to ensure that pricing andreimbursement mechanisms established in the EU Member States are transparent and objective, do not hinder the free movementand trade of medicinal products in the EU and do not hinder, prevent or distort competition on the market. The PriceTransparency Directive does not provide any guidance concerning the specific criteria on the basis of which pricing andreimbursement decisions are to be made in individual EU Member States. Neither does it have any direct consequence for pricingnor reimbursement levels in individual EU Member States. The EU Member States are free to restrict the range of medicinalproducts for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices and/or reimbursementlevels of medicinal products for human use. An EU Member State may approve a specific price or level of reimbursement for themedicinal product, or alternatively adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company responsible forplacing the medicinal product on the market, including volume ‑based arrangements and reference pricing mechanisms.Health Technology Assessment, or HTA, of medicinal products is becoming an increasingly common part of the pricingand reimbursement procedures in some EU Member States. These EU Member States include the United Kingdom, France,Germany and Sweden. The HTA process in the EEA Member States is governed by the national laws of these countries. HTA isthe procedure according to which the assessment of the public health impact, therapeutic impact and the economic and societalimpact of use of a given medicinal product in the national healthcare systems of the individual country is conducted. HTAgenerally focuses on the clinical efficacy and effectiveness, safety, cost, and cost ‑effectiveness of individual medicinal productsas well as their potential implications for the healthcare system. Those elements of medicinal products are compared with othertreatment options available on the market.The outcome of HTA regarding specific medicinal products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement statusgranted to these medicinal products by the competent authorities of individual EU Member States. The extent to which pricingand reimbursement decisions are influenced by the HTA of the specific medicinal product vary between EU Member States.In 2011, Directive 2011/24/EU was adopted at the EU level. This Directive concerns the application of patients’ rights incross ‑border healthcare. The Directive is intended to establish rules for facilitating access to safe and20 Table of Contentshigh ‑quality cross ‑border healthcare in the EU. It also provides for the establishment of a voluntary network of nationalauthorities or bodies responsible for HTA in the individual EU Member States. The purpose of the network is to facilitate andsupport the exchange of scientific information concerning HTAs. This could lead to harmonization between EU Member States ofthe criteria taken into account in the conduct of HTA and their impact on pricing and reimbursement decisions.Fraud and Abuse and Privacy and Data Security Laws and RegulationsThe healthcare industry, and thus our business, is subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign regulation. Someof the pertinent laws have not been definitively interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions areopen to a variety of interpretations. In addition, these laws and their interpretations are subject to change. Both federal and stategovernmental agencies continue to subject the healthcare industry to intense regulatory scrutiny, including heightened civil andcriminal enforcement efforts.The restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse and privacy and data security laws andregulations that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:·the federal Anti ‑Kickback Law, which prohibits, among other things, knowingly or willingly offering, paying,soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward the purchasing,leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare items or servicefor which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by federal healthcare programs such as Medicare andMedicaid. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical companies on onehand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Further, the Affordable Care Act, amongother things, clarified that liability may be established under the federal Anti ‑Kickback Law without proving actualknowledge of the federal Anti ‑Kickback statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Actamended the Social Security Act to provide that the government may assert that a claim including items or servicesresulting from a violation of the federal Anti ‑Kickback Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes ofthe federal civil False Claims Act. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harborsto the federal Anti ‑Kickback Law protecting certain common business arrangements and activities fromprosecution or regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that do notfit squarely within an exemption or safe harbor may be subject to scrutiny. We seek to comply with the exemptionsand safe harbors whenever possible, but our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harborprotection from anti ‑kickback liability;·the federal civil False Claims Act, which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowinglypresenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment of government funds or knowinglymaking, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to an obligation to pay money tothe government or knowingly concealing or knowingly and improperly avoiding, decreasing, or concealing anobligation to pay money to the federal government. Many pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have beeninvestigated and have reached substantial financial settlements with the federal government under the civil FalseClaims Act for a variety of alleged improper marketing activities, including providing free product to customerswith the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees,grants, free travel, and other benefits to physicians to induce them to prescribe the company’s products; andinflating prices reported to private price publication services, which are used to set drug payment rates undergovernment healthcare programs. In addition, in recent years the government has pursued civil False Claims Actcases against a number of pharmaceutical companies for causing false claims to be submitted as a result of themarketing of their products for unapproved, and thus non ‑reimbursable, uses. Pharmaceutical and other healthcarecompanies also are subject to other federal false claim laws, including, among others, federal criminal healthcarefraud and false statement statutes that extend to non ‑government health benefit programs;21 Table of Contents·numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations , including state data breach notification laws, state healthinformation privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use, disclosure, andprotection of personal information. Other countries also have, or are developing, laws governing the collection, use ,disclosure, and protection of personal information. In addition, most healthcare providers who prescribe ourproducts and from whom we obtain patient health information are subject to privacy and security requirementsunder the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health InformationTechnology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HIPAA. We are not a HIPAA ‑covered entity and we do notoperate as a business associate to any covered entities. Therefore, the HIPAA privacy and security requirements donot apply to us (other than potentially with respect to providing certain employee benefits) . However, we could besubject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain individually identifiable health information from a coveredentity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA or for aiding and abetting and/or conspiring tocommit a violation of HIPAA. We are unable to predict whether our actions could be subject to prosecution in theevent of an impermissible disclosure of health information to us. The legislative and regulatory landscape forprivacy and data security continues to evolve, and there has been an increasing amount of focus on privacy and datasecurity issues with the potential to affect our business. These privacy and data security laws and regulations couldincrease our cost of doing business , and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result ingovernment enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation and/or adversepublicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business ;·analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti ‑kickback and false claims laws, may apply to items orservices reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.Some state laws also require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotionof pharmaceutical products and to report gifts and payments to certain health care providers in the states. Otherstates prohibit providing meals to prescribers or other marketing ‑related activities. In addition, California,Connecticut, Nevada, and Massachusetts require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs ormarketing codes of conduct. Foreign governments often have similar regulations, which we also will be subject to inthose countries where we market and sell products;·the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, being implemented as the Open Payments Program, requires certainpharmaceutical manufacturers to engage in extensive tracking of payments and other transfers of value to physiciansand teaching hospitals, and to submit such data to CMS, which will then make all of this data publicly available onthe CMS website. Pharmaceutical manufacturers with products for which payment is available under Medicare,Medicaid or the State Children’s Health Insurance Program are required to have started tracking reportablepayments on August 1, 2013, and must submit a report to CMS on or before the 90th day of each calendar yeardisclosing reportable payments made in the previous calendar year. Failure to comply with the reporting obligationsmay result in civil monetary penalties; and·the federal Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 and other similar anti ‑bribery laws in other jurisdictionsgenerally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from providing money or anything of value to officials offoreign governments, foreign political parties, or international organizations with the intent to obtain or retainbusiness or seek a business advantage. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in anti ‑bribery lawenforcement activity by U.S. regulators, with more frequent and aggressive investigations and enforcementproceedings by both the Department of Justice and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. A determinationthat our operations or activities are not, or were not, in compliance with United States or foreign laws or regulationscould result in the imposition of substantial fines, interruptions of business, loss of supplier, vendor or other third‑party relationships, termination of necessary licenses and permits, and other legal or equitable sanctions. Otherinternal or government investigations or legal or regulatory proceedings, including lawsuits brought by privatelitigants, may also follow as a consequence.If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws or regulations described above or any othergovernmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages,fines, exclusion from government ‑funded healthcare programs, like Medicare and Medicaid, and the22 Table of Contentscurtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations couldadversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Although compliance programs can mitigate the riskof investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws and regulations , the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any actionagainst us for violation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significantlegal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustainingcompliance with applicable federal and state privacy, data security and fraud laws and regulations may prove costly.Collaboration AgreementsMitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationIn January 2001, we entered into an exclusive development, license and clinical trial and commercial supply agreementwith Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., now Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, or MTPC, for the development andcommercialization of avanafil, a PDE5 inhibitor compound for the oral and local treatment of male and female sexualdysfunction. Under the terms of the agreement, MTPC agreed to grant an exclusive license to us for products containing avanafiloutside of Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and thePhilippines. We agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive, royalty ‑free license within those countries for oral products that we developcontaining avanafil. In addition, we agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive option to obtain an exclusive, royalty ‑bearing licensewithin those countries for non ‑oral products that we develop containing avanafil. MTPC agreed to manufacture and supply uswith avanafil for use in clinical trials, which were our primary responsibility. The MTPC agreement contains a number ofmilestone payments to be made by us based on various triggering events.The term of the MTPC agreement is based on a country ‑by ‑country and on a product ‑by ‑product basis. The term shallcontinue until the later of (i) 10 years after the date of the first sale for a particular product or (ii) the expiration of the last ‑to‑expire patents within the MTPC patents covering such product in such country. In the event that our product is deemed to be(i) insufficiently effective or insufficiently safe relative to other PDE5 inhibitor compounds based on published information or(ii) not economically feasible to develop due to unforeseen regulatory hurdles or costs as measured by standards common in thepharmaceutical industry for this type of product, we have the right to terminate the agreement with MTPC with respect to suchproduct.In August 2012, we entered into an amendment to our agreement with MTPC that permits us to manufacture the activepharmaceutical ingredient, or API, and tablets for STENDRA ourselves or through third parties. In 2015, we transferred themanufacturing of the API and tablets for STENDRA to Sanofi.On February 21, 2013, we entered into the third amendment to our agreement with MTPC which, among other things,expands our rights, or those of our sublicensees, to enforce the patents licensed under the MTPC agreement against allegedinfringement, and clarifies the rights and duties of the parties and our sublicensees upon termination of the MTPC agreement. Inaddition, we were obligated to use our best commercial efforts to market STENDRA in the U.S. by December 31, 2013, whichwas achieved by our commercialization partner, Auxilium.On July 23, 2013, we entered into the fourth amendment to our agreement with MTPC which, among other things,changes the definition of net sales used to calculate royalties owed by us to MTPC.Menarini GroupOn July 5, 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Menarini License Agreement, and asupply agreement, or the Menarini Supply Agreement, with the Menarini Group through its subsidiary Berlin ‑Chemie AG, orMenarini.Under the terms of the Menarini License Agreement, Menarini received an exclusive license to commercialize andpromote our drug SPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 countries, including the EU, plus Australia and New Zealand.Additionally, we agreed to transfer to Menarini ownership of the marketing authorization for SPEDRA in the23 Table of ContentsEU for the treatment of ED, which was granted by the EC in June 2013. Each party agreed not to develop, commercialize, or in‑license any other product that operates as phosphodiesterase type ‑5 inhibitor for the treatment of ED for a limited time period,subject to certain exceptions.Under the Menarini License Agreement, we have received payments of $63.0 million relating to license and milestonepayments and royalty prepayments through December 31, 2015. Additionally, we are entitled to receive potential milestonepayments based on certain net sales targets, plus royalties on SPEDRA sales. Menarini will also reimburse us for payments madeto cover various obligations to MTPC during the term of the Menarini License Agreement. The Menarini License Agreement willterminate on a country ‑by ‑country basis in the relevant territories upon the latest to occur of the following: (i) the expiration ofthe last ‑to ‑expire valid VIVUS patent covering SPEDRA; (ii) the expiration of data protection covering SPEDRA; or(iii) 10 years after the SPEDRA product launch. In addition, Menarini may terminate the Menarini License Agreement if certainadditional regulatory obligations are imposed on SPEDRA, and we may terminate the Menarini License Agreement if Menarinichallenges our patents covering SPEDRA or if Menarini commits certain legal violations. Either party may terminate theMenarini License Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach or bankruptcy.Under the terms of the Menarini Supply Agreement, we will supply Menarini with STENDRA drug product untilDecember 31, 2018. Menarini also has the right to manufacture STENDRA independently, provided that it continues to satisfycertain minimum purchase obligations to us. Following the expiration of the Menarini Supply Agreement, Menarini will beresponsible for its own supply of STENDRA. Either party may terminate the Menarini Supply Agreement for the other party’suncured material breach or bankruptcy, or upon the termination of the Menarini License Agreement.Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.On October 10, 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Auxilium License Agreement,and a commercial supply agreement, or the Auxilium Supply Agreement, with Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Auxilium. OnJanuary 29, 2015, Auxilium was purchased by Endo International, plc.Under the terms of the Auxilium License Agreement, Auxilium received an exclusive license to commercialize andpromote our drug STENDRA for the treatment of ED in the United States and Canada and their respective territories, or theAuxilium Territory. Additionally, following the completion of certain events, we have agreed to transfer to Auxilium ownershipof the product marketing authorization for STENDRA for the treatment of ED, which was granted by the FDA in April 2012.Each party agreed not to develop, commercialize, or in ‑license any other product that operates as a PDE ‑5 inhibitor for thetreatment of ED in the Auxilium Territory for a limited time period, subject to certain exceptions. A PDE ‑5 inhibitor means anyproduct that operates as a phosphodiesterase type ‑5 inhibitor.We received an upfront license fee of $30.0 million in October 2013 and a regulatory milestone payment of$15.0 million in 2014 upon approval by the FDA of a specific time of onset claim for STENDRA in the Auxilium Territory. Wereceive royalty payments based on tiered percentages of the aggregate annual net sales of STENDRA in the Auxilium Territoryon a quarterly basis. The percentage of Auxilium’s aggregate annual net sales to be paid to VIVUS increases in accordance withthe achievement of specific thresholds of aggregate annual net sales of STENDRA in the Auxilium Territory. If Auxilium’s netsales of STENDRA in a country are reduced by certain amounts following the entry of a generic product to the market, royaltypayments will be reduced by certain percentages based on such reductions. Auxilium will also reimburse VIVUS for paymentsmade to cover various obligations to MTPC during the term of the Auxilium License Agreement.Auxilium received an exclusive license, with a right to sublicense, subject to certain limitations, under certain of ourtrademarks, including STENDRA, to market, sell and distribute STENDRA for the treatment of ED in the Auxilium Territory. Inaddition, Auxilium received an exclusive license, with a right to sublicense, subject to certain limitations, under certain of ourpatents and know ‑how (i) to use, distribute, import, promote, market, sell, offer for sale and otherwise commercialize STENDRAfor the treatment of erectile dysfunction in the Auxilium Territory; (ii) to make and have made STENDRA anywhere in the world,with certain exceptions, where STENDRA is solely for use or sale for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in the AuxiliumTerritory; and (iii) to conduct certain development activities on24 Table of ContentsSTENDRA for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in support of obtaining regulatory approval in the Auxilium Territory.Auxilium obtains STENDRA exclusively from us for a mutually agreed term pursuant to the Auxilium SupplyAgreement, as further described below. Auxilium may elect to transfer the control of the supply chain for STENDRA for theAuxilium Territory to itself or its designee by assigning to Auxilium our agreements with the contract manufacturer, which isreferred to below as the Supply Chain Transfer.At our sole cost and expense, we were responsible for preparing and filing with the FDA the appropriate documents toobtain a label expansion for STENDRA referencing a specific time ‑to ‑onset claim. Further, we were responsible for conductingany post ‑regulatory studies of STENDRA that were required by the FDA in the Auxilium Territory. Such costs were split equallybetween the parties. These studies have been completed.Under the terms of the Auxilium Supply Agreement, we were to supply Auxilium with STENDRA drug product untilDecember 31, 2018, at the latest. For 2015, and each subsequent year during the term of the Auxilium Supply Agreement, ifAuxilium fails to purchase an agreed minimum purchase amount of STENDRA from us, it will reimburse us for the shortfall as itrelates to our out ‑of ‑ pocket costs to acquire certain raw materials needed to manufacture STENDRA. Either party mayterminate the Auxilium Supply Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach or bankruptcy, or upon the termination ofthe License Agreement. The Auxilium Supply Agreement will automatically terminate upon completion of the Supply ChainTransfer, as described above.In December 2015, we were notified by Auxilium of Auxilium's intention to return the U.S. and Canadian commercialrights for STENDRA to us . Auxilium has provided its contractually required six-month notice of termination which, absent anagreement between Auxilium and us for an earlier termination date, will result in the termination of the license agreement andsupply agreement on June 30, 2016.SanofiOn December 11, 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement, or the Sanofi License Agreement,with Sanofi. Effective as of December 11, 2013, we entered into a supply agreement, or the Sanofi Supply Agreement, withSanofi Winthrop Industrie, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi.Under the terms of the Sanofi License Agreement, Sanofi received an exclusive license to commercialize and promoteavanafil for therapeutic use in humans in Africa, the Middle East—Turkey and Commonwealth of Independent States, or theSanofi Territory. During the term of the License Agreement, each party agreed not to develop, commercialize, or in ‑license anyother product that operates as a phosphodiesterase type ‑5 inhibitor for therapeutic use in humans in the Sanofi Territory for alimited time period, subject to certain exceptions. Sanofi will reimburse us for a portion of any sales milestone paid by us toMTPC based on the share of Sanofi’s net sales in the total worldwide net sales amount triggering the payment of such salesmilestone.In December 2013, we received an upfront license fee of $5.0 million and a $1.5 million manufacturing milestonepayment, and in February 2014, we received an additional $3.5 million in manufacturing milestone payments. We are alsoeligible to receive up to $6.0 million in regulatory milestone payments, and up to $45.0 million in sales milestone payments, plusroyalties on avanafil sales based on tiered percentages of the aggregate annual net sales in the Sanofi Territory. Sanofi will alsoreimburse us for a portion of any sales milestone paid by us to MTPC based on the share of Sanofi’s net sales in the totalworldwide net sales amount triggering the payment of such sales milestone.Royalty payment obligations under the Sanofi License Agreement will be payable for avanafil in each country in theSanofi Territory until the later to occur of (i) the expiration of the last ‑to ‑expire valid claim within the VIVUS patents that,absent the licenses granted to Sanofi under the Sanofi License Agreement, would be infringed by the sale of avanafil in suchcountry and (ii) December 11, 2029, or the Sanofi Royalty Payment Term. The Sanofi License Agreement will terminate asfollows: (i) as to avanafil in each country in the Sanofi Territory, upon the expiration of the Sanofi Royalty Payment Term withrespect to avanafil in such country, provided however, that Sanofi’s obligation to reimburse us for Sanofi’s pro ‑rata share of anysales milestone paid by us to MTPC will survive if such sales milestone25 Table of Contentshas not yet come due; and (ii) in its entirety, upon the expiration of all royalty payment obligations arising under the SanofiLicense Agreement in all countries in the Sanofi Territory.In addition, we may terminate the Sanofi License Agreement immediately upon written notice to Sanofi on a country ‑by‑country basis if Sanofi becomes subject to certain regulatory actions or legal restrictions. We may also terminate the SanofiLicense Agreement in its entirety upon written notice to Sanofi if Sanofi or any affiliate commences any action or proceeding thatchallenges the validity, enforceability or scope of any VIVUS patent in the Sanofi Territory or any country outside of the SanofiTerritory, or if a similar action is instituted by a sublicensee and Sanofi does not terminate the sublicense after being aware ofsuch action for a specified period. Further, Sanofi may terminate the Sanofi License Agreement in whole or on a country ‑by‑country basis for convenience at any time upon advance notice to us. Either party may terminate the Sanofi License Agreementfor the other party’s uncured material breach, or bankruptcy or related actions or proceedings. In the event of an uncured materialbreach by us, Sanofi may, in lieu of terminating the Sanofi License Agreement in its entirety, elect to continue the Sanofi LicenseAgreement in full force and effect except (i) we will have no further rights to receive certain commercialization reports and(ii) Sanofi may set off any payments or amounts due by Sanofi but not yet paid to us against all direct and undisputed damagessuffered by Sanofi as a result of the breach.Under the terms of the Sanofi Supply Agreement, we supplied Sanofi Winthrop Industrie with avanafil tablets untilJune 30, 2015. The Sanofi Supply Agreement will automatically terminate upon the termination of the Sanofi License Agreement.On July 31, 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply theAPI for our drug avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi ‑exclusive basis in Europe,including the EU, Latin America and other territories. On November 18, 2013, we entered into a Manufacturing and SupplyAgreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the UnitedStates and other territories and on a semi ‑exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. Wehave obtained approval from the FDA and the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, of Sanofi Chimie as a qualified supplier ofavanafil API and of Sanofi Winthrop Industrie as a qualified supplier of the avanafil tablets . We have minimum annual purchasecommitments under these agreements for at least the initial five ‑year terms.OtherIn October 2001, we entered into an assignment agreement, or the Assignment Agreement, with Thomas Najarian, M.D.,for a combination of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of obesity and other disorders, or the Combination Therapy, that hassince been the focus of our investigational drug candidate development program for Qsymia for the treatment of obesity,obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes. The Combination Therapy and all related patent applications, or the Patents, weretransferred to us with worldwide rights to develop and commercialize the Combination Therapy and exploit the Patents. Inaddition, the Assignment Agreement requires us to pay royalties on worldwide net sales of a product for the treatment of obesitythat is based upon the Combination Therapy and Patents until the last ‑to ‑expire of the assigned Patents. To the extent that wedecide not to commercially exploit the Patents, the Assignment Agreement will terminate and the Combination Therapy andPatents will be assigned back to Dr. Najarian. In 2006, Dr. Najarian joined the Company as a part ‑time employee and served as aPrincipal Scientist. In November 2013, Dr. Najarian’s employment with the Company ended, and he continues to be available as aconsultant.26 Table of ContentsPatents, Proprietary Technology and Data ExclusivityWe own or are the exclusive licensee of more than 30 patents and numerous published patent applications in the U.S.and Canada. We intend to develop, maintain and secure intellectual property rights and to aggressively defend and pursue newpatents to expand upon our current patent base. Our portfolio of patents as it primarily relates to Qsymia, our FDA ‑approveddrug for the treatment of obesity, and STENDRA, our FDA ‑approved drug for the treatment of ED, is summarized as follows: QSYMIA U.S. Patent No. 7,056,890 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 7,553,818 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 7,659,256 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 7,674,776 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 8,802,636 Expiring 06/14/2020 U.S. Patent No. 8,580,299 Expiring 06/14/2029* U.S. Patent No. 8,895,058 Expiring 06/09/2028 U.S. Patent No. 9,011,905 Expiring 06/09/2028 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0308346 A1 Pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0025134 A1 Pending U.S. Patent No. 8,580,298 Expiring 05/15/2029* U.S. Patent No. 8,895,057 Expiring 06/09/2028 U.S. Patent No. 9,011,906 Expiring 06/09/2028 U.S. Patent No. 6,071,537 Expiring 06/23/2017 U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0313870 A1 Pending U.S. Patent Publication No. 2016/0022630 A1 Pending Canadian Patent No. 2,377,330 Expiring 06/14/2020 Canadian Patent No. 2,727,313 Expiring 06/09/2029 Canadian Patent Publication No. 2,727,319 A1 Pending STENDRA U.S. Patent No. 6,656,935 Expiring 04/26/2025 U.S. Patent No. 7,501,409 Expiring 05/05/2023 Canadian Patent No. 2,383,466 Expiring 09/13/2020 ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION U.S. Patent No. 5,922,341 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 5,925,629 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,037,346 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,093,181 Expiring 07/25/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,127,363 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,156,753 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,403,597 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,495,154 Expiring 11/21/2020 U.S. Patent No. 6,548,490 Expiring 10/28/2017 U.S. Patent No. 6,946,141 Expiring 11/21/2020 Canadian Patent No. 2,305,394 Expiring 10/28/2018 * These expiration dates are based on the number of days of patent term adjustment, or PTA, calculated by the U.S. Patent andTrademark Office, or USPTO. An independent calculation of PTA suggested that the patents may be entitled to fewer days ofPTA than determined by the USPTO.The EU has adopted a harmonized approach to data and marketing exclusivity under Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004 andDirective 2001/83/EC. The exclusivity scheme applies to products that have been authorized in the EU by either the EuropeanCommission, through the centralized procedure, or the competent authorities of the Member States of the European EconomicArea, or EEA, under the Decentralized or Mutual Recognition procedures. The approach (known as the 8+2+1 formula) permitseight years of data exclusivity and 10 years of marketing exclusivity.27 Table of ContentsWithin the first eight years of the 10 years, a generic applicant is not permitted to cross refer to the preclinical and clinical trialdata relating to the reference product. Even if the generic product is authorized after expiry of the eight years of data exclusivity,it cannot be placed on the market until the full 10 ‑year market exclusivity has expired. This 10 ‑year market exclusivity may beextended cumulatively to a maximum period of 11 years if during the first eight years of those 10 years, the marketingauthorization holder obtains an authorization for a new (second) therapeutic indication which, during the scientific evaluationprior to its authorization, is held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies.In addition to the Canadian patents and applications identified in the table, we also hold foreign counterparts, patents andpatent applications in major foreign jurisdictions related to our U.S. patents. We have developed and acquired exclusive rights topatented technology in support of our development and commercialization of our approved drugs and investigational drugcandidates, and we rely on trade secrets and proprietary technologies in developing potential drugs. We continue to placesignificant emphasis on securing global intellectual property rights and are aggressively pursuing new patents to expand upon ourstrong foundation for commercializing investigational drug candidates in development.ManufacturingOur commercial products, Qsymia and STENDRA, together with their respective APIs and finished products, as well asour clinical supplies, are manufactured on a contract basis. In addition, packaging for the commercial distribution of the Qsymiaproduct capsules and the STENDRA product tablets is performed by contract packaging companies. We expect to continue tocontract with other third ‑party providers for manufacturing services, including APIs, finished products, and packaging operationsas needed. We believe that our current agreements and purchase orders with third ‑party manufacturers provide for sufficientoperating capacity to support the anticipated commercial demand for Qsymia and STENDRA and our clinical supplies. However,if we are unable to obtain a sufficient supply of Qsymia or STENDRA for our commercial sales, or the clinical supplies tosupport our clinical trials, or if we should encounter delays or difficulties in our relationships with our manufacturers orpackagers, we may lose potential sales, have difficulty entering into collaboration agreements for the commercialization ofSTENDRA for territories in which we do not have a commercial collaboration or our clinical trials may be delayed.The API and the tablets for STENDRA were manufactured by MTPC into 2015. In August 2012, we entered into anamendment to our agreement with MTPC that permits us to manufacture the API and tablets for STENDRA ourselves or throughthird ‑party suppliers at any time. Beginning in 2015, the API and the tablets for STENDRA are manufactured by Sanofi.As indicated above, on July 31, 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie, a whollyowned subsidiary of Sanofi, pursuant to which Sanofi Chimie will manufacture and supply the API for STENDRA. Further, asindicated above, on November 18, 2013, we entered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie,a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi, pursuant to which Sanofi Winthrop Industrie will manufacture and supply the tablets for ourdrug avanafil. We have obtained approval from the FDA and the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, of Sanofi Chimie as aqualified supplier of avanafil API and of Sanofi Winthrop Industrie as a qualified supplier of the avanafil tablets. We currently do not have any manufacturing facilities and intend to continue to rely on third parties for the supply of thestarting materials, API and finished dosage forms (tablets and capsules). However, we cannot be certain that we will be successfulin entering into additional supplier agreements or that we will be able to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for anysuppliers in a timely manner or at all.Catalent manufactures our clinical and commercial supplies for Qsymia. Catalent has been successful in validating thecommercial manufacturing process for Qsymia at a scale that has been able to support the launch of Qsymia in the U.S. market.We attempt to prevent disruption of supplies through supply agreements, purchase orders, appropriate forecasting,maintaining stock levels and other strategies. In the event we are unable to manufacture our products, either28 Table of Contentsdirectly or indirectly through others or on commercially acceptable terms, if at all, we may not be able to commercialize ourproducts as planned. Although we are taking these actions to avoid a disruption in supply, we cannot provide assurance that wemay not experience a disruption in the future.Marketing and SalesPrior to August 2015, we commercialized Qsymia in the U.S. primarily through a dedicated contract sales force,supported by an internal commercial team. In August 2015, we directly hired approximately 50 former contract salesrepresentatives to continue promoting Qsymia to physicians. Our efforts to expand the appropriate use of Qsymia includescientific publications, participation and presentations at medical conferences, and development and implementation of patient-directed support programs. We have rolled out marketing programs to encourage targeted prescribers to gain more experiencewith Qsymia, including a partnership with Kadmon Corporation to focus on liver disease specialists. In 2015, we increased ourinvestment in digital media in order to amplify our messaging to information-seeking consumers. The digital messagingencourages those consumers most likely to take action to speak with their physicians about obesity treatment options. We believeour enhanced web-based strategies will deliver clear and compelling communications to potential patients. We launched the“Smart Changes Program” in which we partner Qsymia with the Mayo Clinic diet to help on-line patients make the behavioralchanges needed for sustained weight-loss. We have also employed a physician referral service to help patients identify prescribersin their area.Qsymia Distribution and REMSWe rely on Cardinal Health 105, Inc., or Cardinal Health, a third ‑party distribution and supply ‑chain managementcompany, to warehouse Qsymia and distribute it to the certified home delivery pharmacies and wholesalers that then distributeQsymia directly to patients and certified retail pharmacies. Cardinal Health provides billing, collection and returns services.Cardinal Health is our exclusive supplier of distribution logistics services, and accordingly we depend on Cardinal Health tosatisfactorily perform its obligations under our agreement with them.Pursuant to the REMS program applicable to Qsymia, our distribution network is through a broader network of certifiedretail pharmacies and through a small number of certified home delivery pharmacies and wholesalers. We have contractedthrough a third ‑party vendor to certify the retail pharmacies and collect required data to support the Qsymia REMS program. Inaddition to providing services to support the distribution and use of Qsymia, each of the certified pharmacies has agreed tocomply with the REMS program requirements and, through our third ‑party data collection vendor, will provide us with thenecessary patient and prescribing healthcare provider, or HCP, data. In addition, we have contracted with third ‑party datawarehouses to store this patient and HCP data and report it to us. We rely on this third ‑party data in order to recognize revenueand comply with the REMS requirements for Qsymia, such as data analysis. This distribution and data collection network requiressignificant coordination with our sales and marketing, finance, regulatory and medical affairs teams, in light of the REMSrequirements applicable to Qsymia.CompetitionCompetition in the pharmaceutical and medical products industries is intense and is characterized by costly andextensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. We are aware of several pharmaceutical companies also activelyengaged in the development of therapies for the treatment of obesity, diabetes and sexual health and medical device companiesengaged in the development of therapies for the treatment of sleep apnea. Many of these companies have substantially greaterresearch and development capabilities as well as substantially greater marketing, financial and human resources than VIVUS. Ourcompetitors may develop technologies and products that are more effective than those we are currently marketing or researchingand developing. Some of the drugs that may compete with Qsymia may not have a REMS requirement and the accompanyingcomplexities such a requirement presents. Such developments could render Qsymia and STENDRA less competitive or possiblyobsolete. We are also competing with respect to marketing capabilities and manufacturing efficiency, areas in which we havelimited experience.Qsymia for the treatment of chronic weight management competes with several approved anti ‑obesity drugs including,Belviq (lorcaserin), Arena Pharmaceutical’s anti ‑obesity compound being marketed by Eisai Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd.’s U.S.subsidiary; Contrave (naltrexone/bupropion), Orexigen Therapeutics’ anti ‑obesity product being29 ® ® Table of Contentsmarketed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; Xenical (orlistat), marketed by Roche; alli , the over ‑the ‑counterversion of orlistat, marketed by GlaxoSmithKline; and Suprenza™ (phentermine hydrochloride), marketed by AkrimaxPharmaceuticals, LLC. Also, in 2015, Novo Nordisk A/S launched Saxenda (liraglutide) 3.0 mg which was approved by theFDA for obesity.Agents approved for type 2 diabetes that have demonstrated weight loss in clinical studies may also compete withQsymia. These agents include Victoza (liraglutide; approved for diabetes at 1.2mg and 1.8mg dosage strengths) from NovoNordisk A/S, a GLP ‑1 receptor agonist approved January 25, 2010, Invokana (canaglifozin) from Johnson & Johnson’s JanssenPharmaceuticals, an SGLT2 inhibitor, approved March 29, 2013; Farxiga™ (dapagliflozin) from AstraZeneca and Bristol ‑MyersSquibb, an SGLT2 inhibitor, approved January 8, 2014; Jardiance (empagliflozin) from Boehringer Ingelheim, an SGLT2inhibitor, approved August 1, 2014; and Glyxambi (empagliflozin/linagliptin) from Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly, anSGLT2 inhibitor and DPP ‑4 inhibitor combination product, approved January 30, 2015. Also, on January 14, 2015, the FDAapproved the Maestro Rechargeable System for certain obese adults, the first weight loss treatment device that targets the nervepathway between the brain and the stomach that controls feelings of hunger and fullness. The Maestro Rechargeable System isapproved to treat patients aged 18 and older who have not been able to lose weight with a weight loss program, and who have abody mass index of 35 to 45 with at least one other obesity ‑related condition, such as type 2 diabetes.In addition, there are several other investigational drug candidates in Phase 2 clinical trials. Zafgen’s beloranib, currentlyin Phase 2 for severe obesity, is a methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor, which is believed to work by re ‑establishingbalance to the ways the body packages and metabolizes fat. In January 2013, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, or Rhythm, announced theinitiation of a Phase 2 clinical trial with RM ‑493, a small ‑peptide melanocortin 4 receptor, or MC4R, agonist, for the treatmentof obesity. Rhythm announced in September 2013, that RM ‑493 is being studied in Phase 1B for the treatment of obesity inindividuals with a genetic deficiency in the MC4R pathway. There are a number of generic pharmaceutical drugs that areprescribed for obesity, predominantly phentermine, which is sold at much lower prices than we charge for Qsymia and is alsowidely available in retail pharmacies. The availability of branded prescription drugs, generic drugs and over ‑the ‑counter drugscould limit the demand and the price we are able to charge for Qsymia.We may also face competition from the off ‑label use of the generic components in our drugs. In particular, it is possiblethat patients will seek to acquire phentermine and topiramate, the generic components of Qsymia. Neither of these genericcomponents has a REMS program. Although these products have not been approved by the FDA for use in the treatment ofchronic obesity, the off ‑label use of the generic components in the U.S. or the importation of the generic components fromforeign markets could adversely affect the commercial potential for our drugs and adversely affect our overall business, financialcondition and results of operations.Qsymia and STENDRA may also face challenges and competition from newly developed generic products. Under theU.S. Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, known as the Hatch ‑Waxman Act, newly approved drugsand indications may benefit from a statutory period of non ‑patent marketing exclusivity. The Hatch ‑Waxman Act stimulatescompetition by providing incentives to generic pharmaceutical manufacturers to introduce non ‑infringing forms of patentedpharmaceutical products and to challenge patents on branded pharmaceutical products. If we are unsuccessful in challenging anAbbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA, filed pursuant to the Hatch ‑Waxman Act, a generic version of Qsymia orSTENDRA may be launched, which would harm our business.There are also surgical approaches to treat severe obesity that are becoming increasingly accepted. Two of the most well‑established surgical procedures are gastric bypass surgery and adjustable gastric banding, or lap bands. In February 2011, theFDA approved the use of a lap band in patients with a BMI of 30 (reduced from 35) with comorbidities. The lowering of the BMIrequirement will make more obese patients eligible for lap band surgery. In addition, other potential approaches that utilizevarious implantable devices or surgical tools are in development. Some of these approaches are in late ‑stage development andmay be approved for marketing.We anticipate that STENDRA for the treatment of ED will compete with PDE5 inhibitors in the form of oralmedications including Viagra (sildenafil citrate), marketed by Pfizer, Inc.; Cialis (tadalafil), marketed by Eli Lilly andCompany; Levitra (vardenafil), co ‑marketed by GlaxoSmithKline plc and Schering ‑Plough Corporation in the U.S.; and30 ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® ® Table of ContentsSTAXYN (vardenafil in an oral disintegrating tablet, or ODT), co ‑promoted by GlaxoSmithKline plc and Merck & Co., Inc.We anticipate that generic PDE5 inhibitors will enter the market in the U.S. in late 2017. Generic PDE5 inhibitors wouldlikely be sold at lower prices than current prescriptions and thus may impact the demand for STENDRA. In addition, PDE5inhibitors are in various stages of development by other companies. Warner ‑Chilcott plc, which was acquired by Actavis, Inc.and changed its name to Actavis plc, has licensed the U.S. rights to udenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor from Dong ‑A Pharmaceutical,now known as Mezzion Pharma Co. Ltd. Warner ‑Chilcott continues Phase 3 development of this compound. Actavis, Inc.acquired Allergan, changed its name to Allergan, plc and has announced that it is being acquired by Pfizer. Other treatments forED exist, such as needle injection therapies, vacuum constriction devices and penile implants, and the manufacturers of theseproducts will most likely continue to develop or improve these therapies.New developments, including the development of other drug technologies and methods of preventing the incidence ofdisease, occur in the pharmaceutical and medical technology industries at a rapid pace. These developments may render our drugsand future investigational drug candidates obsolete or noncompetitive. Compared to us, many of our potential competitors havesubstantially greater:·research and development resources, including personnel and technology;·regulatory experience;·investigational drug candidate development and clinical trial experience;·experience and expertise in exploitation of intellectual property rights; and·access to strategic partners and capital resources.As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more rapidly than we ormay obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit our ability to develop or commercialize ourinvestigational drug candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs or surgical approaches that are more effective, moreuseful and less costly than ours and may also be more successful in manufacturing and marketing their products. In addition, ourcompetitors may be more effective in commercializing their products. We currently outsource our manufacturing and thereforerely on third parties for that competitive expertise. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop or contract for thesecapabilities on acceptable economic terms, or at all.Avanafil qualifies as an innovative medicinal product in the EU. Innovative medicinal products authorized in the EU onthe basis of a full marketing authorization application (as opposed to an application for marketing authorization that relies on datain the marketing authorization dossier for another, previously approved medicinal product) are entitled to eight years’ dataexclusivity. During this period, applicants for approval of generics of these innovative products cannot rely on data contained inthe marketing authorization dossier submitted for the innovative medicinal product. Innovative medicinal products are alsoentitled to 10 years’ market exclusivity. During this 10 ‑year period no generic medicinal product can be placed on the EUmarket. The 10 ‑year period of market exclusivity can be extended to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years ofthose 10 years, the Marketing Authorization Holder for the innovative product obtains an authorization for one or more newtherapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinicalbenefit in comparison with existing therapies. If we do not obtain extended patent protection and data exclusivity for our productcandidates, our business may be materially harmed.Research and DevelopmentWe incurred $10.1 million, $13.8 million and $29.7 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, in research anddevelopment expenses, primarily to support the approval efforts, post ‑marketing requirements, and clinical programs for Qsymiaand STENDRA/SPEDRA.31 ® Table of ContentsEmployeesAs of February 29, 2016, we had 82 employees located at our corporate headquarters in Mountain View, California andin the field. None of our current employees are represented by a labor union or are the subject of a collective bargainingagreement. We believe that our relations with our employees are good, and we have never experienced a work stoppage at any ofour facilities.InsuranceWe maintain product liability insurance for our clinical trials and commercial sales and general liability and directors’and officers’ liability insurance for our operations. Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and no assurance canbe given that we will be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us againstlosses due to liability. Although we have obtained product liability insurance coverage, we may be unable to maintain this productliability coverage for our approved drugs in amounts or scope sufficient to provide us with adequate coverage against all potentialrisks.Geographic Area Financial InformationFor financial information concerning the geographic areas in which we operate, see Note 18: “Segment Information andConcentration of Customers and Suppliers—Geographic Information” to our Consolidated Financial Statements includedelsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K.Available InformationOur Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10 ‑Q, Current Reports on Form 8 ‑K and amendmentsto reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, are available on ourwebsite at www.vivus.com , when such reports are available on the SEC website. Copies of our Annual Report will be madeavailable, free of charge, upon written request.The public may read and copy any materials filed by VIVUS with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room bycalling the SEC at 1 ‑800 ‑SEC ‑0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statementsand other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. The contents of these websitesare not incorporated into this filing. Further, VIVUS’s references to the URLs for these websites are intended to be inactivetextual references only.In addition, information regarding our code of ethics and the charters of our Audit, Compensation, and Nominating andGovernance Committees are available free of charge on our website listed above.Item 1A. Risk Factor sSet forth below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K and in other documents we file with the Securitiesand Exchange Commission, or the SEC, are risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from theresults contemplated by the forward ‑looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K. These are not the onlyrisks and uncertainties facing VIVUS. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deemimmaterial may also impair our business operations.Risks Relating to our BusinessChanges to our management and strategic business plan may cause uncertainty regarding the future of our business, and mayadversely impact employee hiring and retention, our stock price, and our revenue, operating results, and financial condition. Since 2013, there have been significant changes in our management. For example, several members of32 Table of Contentsmanagement have departed the Company, including our President in September 2013, our Chief Financial Officer in December2013, our Vice President, U.S. Operations and General Manager in May 2014, our Chief Financial Officer and Chief AccountingOfficer in September 2015 and our Vice President, Clinical Development in December 2015. In addition, we commencedcorporate restructuring plans in November 2013 and July 2015 that resulted in significant reductions in our workforce. Thesechanges, and the potential for additional changes to our management, organizational structure and strategic business plan, maycause speculation and uncertainty regarding our future business strategy and direction. These changes may cause or result in: ·disruption of our business or distraction of our employees and management; ·difficulty in recruiting, hiring, motivating and retaining talented and skilled personnel; ·stock price volatility; and ·difficulty in negotiating, maintaining or consummating business or strategic relationships or transactions. If we are unable to mitigate these or other potential risks, our revenue, operating results and financial condition may beadversely impacted. Our success will depend on our ability to effectively and profitably commercialize Qsymia ® and avanafil. Our success will depend on our ability to effectively and profitably commercialize Qsymia and avanafil , which willinclude our ability to: ·expand the use of Qsymia through targeted patient and physician education; ·obtain marketing authorization by the EC for Qsiva™ in the EU through the centralized marketing authorizationprocedure; ·our ability, either by ourselves or through a third party, to successfully commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. andCanada ; ·manage our alliances with Menarini, MTPC and Sanofi, to help ensure the commercial success of avanafil; ·manage costs; ·continue to certify and add to the Qsymia retail pharmacy network nationwide and sell Qsymia through thisnetwork; ·improve third-party payor coverage, lower out-of-pocket costs to patients with discount programs, and obtaincoverage for obesity under Medicare Part D; ·create market demand for Qsymia through patient and physician education, marketing and sales activities; ·achieve market acceptance and generate product sales; ·comply with the post-marketing requirements established by the FDA, including Qsymia’s Risk Evaluation andMitigation Strategy, or REMS, any future changes to the REMS, and any other requirements established by the FDAin the future; ·conduct the post-marketing studies required by the FDA; ·comply with other healthcare regulatory requirements;33 Table of Contents ·maintain and defend our patents, if challenged; ·ensure that the active pharmaceutical ingredients, or APIs, for Qsymia and avanafil and the finished products aremanufactured in sufficient quantities and in compliance with requirements of the FDA and similar foreignregulatory agencies and with an acceptable quality and pricing level in order to meet commercial demand; ·ensure that the entire supply chain for Qsymia and avanafil, from APIs to finished products, efficiently andconsistently delivers Qsymia and avanafil to customers; and ·manage our internal sales force and internal commercial team in their commercialization efforts for Qsymia. Prior to the commercialization of Qsymia, we have not had any commercial products since the divestiture of MUSE ® inNovember 2010. While our management and key personnel have significant experience developing, launching andcommercializing drugs at VIVUS and at other companies, we cannot be certain that we will be successful. If we are unable tosuccessfully commercialize Qsymia, our ability to generate product sales will be severely limited, which will have a materialadverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We may not fully realize the anticipated benefits from a corporate restructuring plan we announced in July 2015. On July 30, 2015, we announced a corporate restructuring plan that reduced our headcount and expenses, with anobjective of achieving neutral or positive operating cash flows by the end of 2016. We reduced our Qsymia sales territories to 50and further streamlined our headquarters headcount resulting in the elimination of approximately 60 job positions. Consequently,our future sales forecast for Qsymia was reduced and has resulted in excess inventory as disclosed in Note 4 to the financialstatements. In addition, we incurred charges for severance of approximately $2.5 million in 2015 related to this corporaterestructuring plan . We expect annual savings of approximately $14.4 million in operating expenses beginning in fiscal year 2016.We may not fully realize the anticipated benefits from this corporate restructuring plan . We depend on our collaboration partners to gain or maintain approval, market, and sell avanafil in their respective licensedterritories. In July 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement with Menarini under which Menarini receivedan exclusive license to commercialize and promote SPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 countries, including the EU, plusAustralia and New Zealand. In October 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement with Auxilium underwhich Auxilium received an exclusive license to commercialize and promote STENDRA for the treatment of erectile dysfunction,or ED, in the United States and Canada. In January 2015, Auxilium was acquired by Endo International, plc. In December 2015,Auxilium notified us of its intention to return the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA to us. Auxilium hasprovided its contractually required six-month notice of termination which, absent an agreement between Auxilium and us for anearlier termination date, will result in the termination of the license agreement and supply agreement on June 30, 2016. InDecember 2013, we entered into a license and commercialization agreement with Sanofi under which Sanofi received anexclusive license to commercialize and promote avanafil for therapeutic use in humans in Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, andCIS, including Russia. Sanofi will be responsible for obtaining regulatory approval in its territories. Sanofi intends to marketavanafil under the trade name SPEDRA or STENDRA. We are relying on our collaboration partners to successfully commercialize STENDRA or SPEDRA in their respectiveterritories, inclusive of obtaining any necessary approvals. There can be no assurances that these collaboration partners will besuccessful in doing so. In general, we cannot control the amount and timing of resources that our collaboration partners devote tothe commercialization of our drugs. If any of our collaboration partners fails to successfully commercialize our drug products, ourbusiness may be negatively affected. For example, if our collaboration partners do not successfully commercialize STENDRA orSPEDRA, we may receive limited or no34 Table of Contentsrevenues under our agreements with them. As noted above, Auxillium has notified us of their intention to terminate the licenseand commercialization agreement with us. If we are unable to or decide not to commercialize STENDRA or SPEDRA in the U.S.and Canada ourselves, we will have to enter into a collaborative arrangement or strategic alliance to commercialize STENDRA orSPEDRA in these territories . We may be unable to enter into agreements with third parties for STENDRA or SPEDRA for theseterritories on favorable terms or at all, which could delay, impair, or preclude our ability to commercialize STENDRA orSPEDRA in these territories . Under our license agreement with MTPC, we are obligated to ensure that Sanofi, Auxilium and Menarini, assublicensees, comply with its terms and conditions. MTPC has the right to terminate our license rights to avanafil in the event ofany uncured material breach of the license agreement. Consequently, failure by Sanofi, Auxilium or Menarini to comply withthese terms and conditions could result in termination of our license rights to avanafil on a worldwide basis, which could delay,impair, or preclude our ability to commercialize avanafil. We depend on collaborative arrangements or strategic alliances for the commercialization of STENDRA or SPEDRA. Our dependence on collaborative arrangements or strategic alliances for the commercialization of STENDRA orSPEDRA, including our license agreements with MTPC, Sanofi, Auxilium and Menarini, will subject us to a number of risks,including the following: ·W e may not be able to control the commercialization of our drug products in the relevant territories, includingamount, timing and quality of resources that our collaborators may devote to our drug products; ·our collaborators may experience financial, regulatory or operational difficulties, which may impair their ability tocommercialize our drug products; ·our collaborators may be required under the laws of the relevant territory to disclose our confidential information ormay fail to protect our confidential information; ·as a requirement of the collaborative arrangement, we may be required to relinquish important rights with respect toour drug products, such as marketing and distribution rights; ·business combinations or significant changes in a collaborator’s business strategy may adversely affect acollaborator’s willingness or ability to satisfactorily complete its commercialization or other obligations under anycollaborative arrangement; ·legal disputes or disagreements may occur with one or more of our collaborators; ·a collaborator could independently move forward with a competing investigational drug candidate developed eitherindependently or in collaboration with others, including with one of our competitors; and ·a collaborator could terminate the collaborative arrangement, which could negatively impact the continuedcommercialization of our drug products. For example, i n December 2015, Auxilium notified us of its intention toreturn the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA to us. Auxilium has provided its contractuallyrequired six-month notice of termination which, absent an agreement between Auxilium and us for an earliertermination date, will result in the termination of the license agreement and supply agreement on June 30, 2016. Ifwe are unable, either by ourselves or through a third party, to successfully commercialize STENDRA in the U.S.and Canada, it could have a significant negative impact on our financial position. We currently rely on reports from our commercialization partners in determining our royalty revenues, and these reports maybe subject to adjustment or restatement, which may materially affect our financial results. We have license and commercialization agreements for STENDRA or SPEDRA with Menarini, Auxilium and35 Table of ContentsSanofi. In determining our royalty revenue from such agreements, we rely on our collaboration partners to provide accountingestimates and reports for various discounts and allowances, including product returns. As a result of fluctuations in inventory,allowances and buying patterns, actual sales and product returns of STENDRA or SPEDRA in particular reporting periods may beaffected, resulting in the need for our commercialization partners to adjust or restate their accounting estimates set forth in thereports provided to us. For example, in April 2015, we were informed by Endo upon their purchase of Auxilium that Endo hadrevised its accounting estimate for STENDRA return reserve related to sales made in 2014. Under the terms of our license andcommercialization agreement, adjustments to the return reserve can be deducted from reported net revenue. As a result, in theyear ended Dec ember 3 1 , 2015, we recorded an adjustment of $1.2 million to reduce our royalty revenue on net sales ofSTENDRA. The reduction in royalty revenue resulted in an increase to net loss of $1.2 million, or $0.01 per share, for the yearended Dec ember 3 1 , 2015. Such adjustments or restatements may materially and negatively affect our financial position andresults of operations. If we are unable to enter into agreements with collaborators for the territories that are not covered by our existingcommercialization agreements, our ability to commercialize STENDRA in these territories may be impaired. We intend to enter into collaborative arrangements or a strategic alliance with one or more pharmaceutical partners orothers to commercialize STENDRA in territories that are not covered by our current commercial collaboration agreements. Inaddition, in December 2015, Auxilium notified us of its intention to return the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights forSTENDRA to us. Auxilium has provided its contractually required six-month notice of termination which, absent an agreementbetween Auxilium and us for an earlier termination date, will result in the termination of the license agreement and supplyagreement on June 30, 2016. If we are unable to or decide not to commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. or Canada ourselves, wewill have to enter into a collaborative arrangement or strategic alliance to commercialize STENDRA in these territories . Wemay be unable to enter into agreements with third parties for STENDRA for these territories on favorable terms or at all, whichcould delay, impair, or preclude our ability to commercialize STENDRA in these territories. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing our products abroad. In order to market products in many foreign jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals. Approval by theFDA in the U.S. does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one foreign regulatoryauthority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries. For example, while our drug STENDRAhas been approved in both the U.S. and the EU, our drug Qsymia has been approved in the U.S. but Qsiva (the intended tradename for Qsymia in the EU) was denied a marketing authorization by the EC due to concerns over the potential cardiovascularand central nervous system effects associated with long-term use, teratogenic potential and use by patients for whom Qsiva wouldnot have been indicated. We intend to seek approval, either directly or through our collaboration partners, for Qsymia andSTENDRA in other territories outside the U.S. and the EU. However, we have had limited interactions with foreign regulatoryauthorities, and the approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional testing. Foreign regulatory approvalsmay not be obtained, by us or our collaboration partners responsible for obtaining approval, on a timely basis, or at all, for any ofour products. The failure to receive regulatory approvals in a foreign country would prevent us from marketing andcommercializing our products in that country, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition andresults of operations. We, together with Sanofi, Menarini and potential future collaborators in certain territories, intend to market STENDRA orSPEDRA outside the U.S., which will subject us to risks related to conducting business internationally. We, through Sanofi, Menarini and potential future collaborators in certain territories, intend to manufacture, market, anddistribute STENDRA or SPEDRA outside the U.S. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to conductingbusiness internationally, including: ·different regulatory requirements for drug approvals in foreign countries; ·differing U.S. and foreign drug import and export rules; 36 Table of Contents·reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some foreign countries; ·unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements; ·different reimbursement systems; ·economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets; ·compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad; ·foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes; ·foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and otherobligations incidental to doing business in another country; ·workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the U.S.; ·production shortages resulting from events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; ·potential liability resulting from development work conducted by these distributors; and ·business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters. We have significant inventories on hand and, for the year s ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recorded inventoryimpairment and commitment fees totaling $29.5 million, $2.2 million and $10.2 million, respectively, primarily to write offexcess inventory related to Qsymia. We maintain significant inventories and evaluate these inventories on a periodic basis for potential excess andobsolescence. During the years ended Dece mber 3 1 , 2015, 2014 and 2013, we recognized total charges of $29.5 million,$2.2 million and $10.2 million, respectively, primarily for Qsymia inventories on hand in excess of demand. The inventoryimpairment charges were based on our analysis of current Qsymia inventory on hand and remaining shelf life, in relation to ourprojected demand for the product. The current FDA-approved commercial product shelf life for Qsymia is 36 months. STENDRAis approved in the U.S. and SPEDRA is approved in the EU for 48 months of commercial product shelf life. Our write-down for excess and obsolete inventory is subjective and requires forecasting of the future market demand forour products. Forecasting demand for Qsymia, a drug in the obesity market in which there had been no new FDA-approvedmedications in over a decade prior to 2012, and for which reimbursement from third-party payors had previously been non-existent, has been difficult. Forecasting demand for STENDRA or SPEDRA, a drug that is new to a crowded and competitivemarket and has limited sales history, is also difficult. We will continue to evaluate our inventories on a periodic basis. The valueof our inventories could be impacted if actual sales differ significantly from our estimates of future demand or if any significantunanticipated changes in future product demand or market conditions occur. Any of these events, or a combination thereof, couldresult in additional inventory write-downs in future periods, which could be material. Our failure to manage and maintain our distribution network for Qsymia or compliance with certain requirements of theQsymia REMS program could compromise the commercialization of this product. We rely on Cardinal Health 105, Inc., or Cardinal Health, a third-party distribution and supply-chain managementcompany, to warehouse Qsymia and distribute it to the certified home delivery pharmacies and wholesalers that then distributeQsymia directly to patients and certified retail pharmacies. Cardinal Health provides billing, collection and returns services.Cardinal Health is our exclusive supplier of distribution logistics services, and accordingly we depend on Cardinal Health tosatisfactorily perform its obligations under our agreement with them.37 Table of Contents Pursuant to the REMS program applicable to Qsymia, our distribution network is through a small number of certifiedhome delivery pharmacies and wholesalers and through a broader network of certified retail pharmacies. We have contractedthrough a third-party vendor to certify the retail pharmacies and collect required data to support the Qsymia REMS program. Inaddition to providing services to support the distribution and use of Qsymia, each of the certified pharmacies has agreed tocomply with the REMS program requirements and, through our third-party data collection vendor, will provide us with thenecessary patient and prescribing healthcare provider, or HCP, data. In addition, we have contracted with third-party datawarehouses to store this patient and HCP data and report it to us. We rely on this third-party data in order to recognize revenueand comply with the REMS requirements for Qsymia, such as data analysis. This distribution and data collection network requiressignificant coordination with our sales and marketing, finance, regulatory and medical affairs teams, in light of the REMSrequirements applicable to Qsymia. We rely on the certified pharmacies to implement a number of safety procedures and report certain information to ourthird-party REMS data collection vendor. Failure to maintain our contracts with Cardinal Health, our third-party REMS datacollection vendor, or with the third-party data warehouses, or the inability or failure of any of them to adequately perform underour contracts with them, could negatively impact the distribution of Qsymia, or adversely affect our ability to comply with theREMS applicable to Qsymia. Failure to comply with a requirement of an approved REMS can result in, among other things, civilpenalties, imposition of additional burdensome REMS requirements, suspension or revocation of regulatory approval and criminalprosecution. Failure to coordinate financial systems could also negatively impact our ability to accurately report and forecastproduct revenue. If we are unable to effectively manage the distribution and data collection process, sales of Qsymia could beseverely compromised and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed. If we are unable to enter into agreements with suppliers or our suppliers fail to supply us with the APIs for our products orfinished products or if we rely on sole-source suppliers, we may experience delays in commercializing our products. We currently do not have supply agreements for topiramate or phentermine, which are APIs used in Qsymia. We cannotguarantee that we will be successful in entering into supply agreements on reasonable terms or at all or that we will be able toobtain or maintain the necessary regulatory approvals for potential future suppliers in a timely manner or at all. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on single-source suppliers for phentermine and topiramate for the foreseeablefuture. Any production shortfall on the part of our suppliers that impairs the supply of phentermine or topiramate could have amaterial adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to obtain a sufficientquantity of these compounds, there could be a substantial delay in successfully developing a second source supplier. An inabilityto continue to source product from any of these suppliers, which could be due to regulatory actions or requirements affecting thesupplier, adverse financial or other strategic developments experienced by a supplier, labor disputes or shortages, unexpecteddemands or quality issues, could adversely affect our ability to satisfy demand for Qsymia, which could adversely affect ourproduct sales and operating results materially, which could significantly harm our business. We currently do not have any manufacturing facilities and intend to continue to rely on third parties for the supply of theAPI and tablets, as well as for the supply of starting materials. However, we cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain ormaintain the necessary regulatory approvals for these suppliers in a timely manner or at all. In August 2012, we entered into anamendment to our license agreement with MTPC that permits us to manufacture the API and tablets for STENDRA ourselves orthrough third-part ies . In 2015, we transferred the manufacturing of the API and tables for STENDRA to Sanofi. In July 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply the APIfor avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including theEU, Latin America and other territories. In November 2013, we entered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with SanofiWinthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territoriesand on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and38 Table of Contentsother territories. We have obtained approval from the FDA and the European Medicines Agency, or EMA , of Sanofi Chimie as aqualified supplier of avanafil API and of Sanofi Winthrop Industrie as a qualified supplier of the avanafil tablets . W e haveentered into supply agreements with Menarini and Auxilium under which we are obligated to supply them with avanafil tablets. Ifwe are unable to maintain a reliable supply of avanafil API or tablets from Sanofi Chimie and/or Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, wemay be unable to satisfy our obligations under these supply agreements in a timely manner or at all, and we may, as a result, be inbreach of one or both of these agreements. We have in-licensed all or a portion of the rights to Qsymia and STENDRA from third parties. If we default on any of ourmaterial obligations under those licenses, we could lose rights to these drugs. We have in-licensed and otherwise contracted for rights to Qsymia and STENDRA, and we may enter into similarlicenses in the future. Under the relevant agreements, we are subject to commercialization, development, supply, sublicensing,royalty, insurance and other obligations. If we fail to comply with any of these requirements, or otherwise breach these licenseagreements, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license in whole or to terminate the exclusive nature of the license.Loss of any of these licenses or the exclusive rights provided therein could harm our financial condition and operating results. In particular, we license the rights to avanafil from MTPC, and we have certain obligations to MTPC in connection withthat license. We license the rights to Qsymia from Dr. Najarian. We believe we are in compliance with the material terms of ourlicense agreements with MTPC and Dr. Najarian. However, there can be no assurance that this compliance will continue or thatthe licensors will not have a differing interpretation of the material terms of the agreements. If the license agreements wereterminated early or if the terms of the licenses were contested for any reason, it would have a material adverse impact on ourability to commercialize products subject to these agreements, our ability to raise funds to finance our operations, our stock priceand our overall financial condition. The monetary and disruption costs of any disputes involving our agreements could besignificant despite rulings in our favor. Our ability to gain market acceptance and generate revenues will be subject to a variety of risks, many of which are out of ourcontrol. Qsymia and STENDRA may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors or the medicalcommunity. We believe that the degree of market acceptance and our ability to generate revenues from such drugs will depend ona number of factors, including: ·our ability to expand the use of Qsymia through targeted patient and physician education; ·our ability to find the right partner for expanded Qsymia commercial promotion to a broader primary care physicianaudience; ·our ability to obtain marketing authorization by the EC for Qsiva in the EU through the centralized procedure; ·our ability to successfully expand the certified retail pharmacy distribution channel in the United States; ·contraindications for Qsymia and STENDRA; ·competition and timing of market introduction of competitive drugs; ·quality, safety and efficacy in the approved setting; ·prevalence and severity of any side effects, including those of the generic components of our drugs; ·emergence of previously unknown side effects, including those of the generic components of our drugs; ·results of any post-approval studies;39 Table of Contents ·potential or perceived advantages or disadvantages over alternative treatments, including generics; ·the relative convenience and ease of administration and dosing schedule; ·the convenience and ease of purchasing the drug, as perceived by potential patients; ·strength of sales, marketing and distribution support; ·price, both in absolute terms and relative to alternative treatments; ·the effectiveness of our or any future collaborators’ sales and marketing strategies; ·the effect of current and future healthcare laws; ·availability of coverage and reimbursement from government and other third-party payors; ·the level of mandatory discounts required under federal and state healthcare programs and the volume of salessubject to those discounts; ·recommendations for prescribing physicians to complete certain educational programs for prescribing drugs; ·the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of government or third-party coverage; and ·product labeling, product insert, or new REMS requirements of the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Our drugs may fail to achieve market acceptance or generate significant revenue to achieve or sustain profitability. Inaddition, our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the safety and benefits of our drugs may requiresignificant resources and may not be successful. We are required to complete post-approval studies and trials mandated by the FDA for Qsymia, and such studies and trials areexpected to be costly and time consuming. If the results of these studies and trials reveal unacceptable safety risks, Qsymiamay be required to be withdrawn from the market. As part of the approval of Qsymia, we are required to conduct several post-marketing studies and trials , including aclinical trial to assess the long-term treatment effect of Qsymia on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events inoverweight and obese subjects with confirmed cardiovascular disease, or AQCLAIM, studies to assess the safety and efficacy ofQsymia for weight management in obese pediatric and adolescent subjects, studies to assess drug utilization and pregnancyexposure and a study to assess renal function. We estimate the AQCLAIM trial as currently designed will cost between$180 million and $220 million and the trial could take as long as five to six years to complete. In September 2013, we submitted arequest to the EMA for Scientific Advice, a procedure similar to the U.S. Special Protocol Assessment process, regarding use of apre-specified interim analysis from the CVOT, known as AQCLAIM, to assess the long-term treatment effect of Qsymia on theincidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight and obese subjects with confirmed cardiovascular disease. Ourrequest was to allow this interim analysis to support the resubmission of an application for a marketing authorization for Qsiva fortreatment of obesity in accordance with the EU centralized marketing authorization procedure. We received feedback in 2014from the EMA and the various competent authorities of the EU Member States associated with review of the AQCLAIM CVOTprotocol, and we received feedback from the FDA in late 2014 regarding the amended protocol. As a part of addressing the FDAcomments from a May 2015 meeting to discuss alternative s to completion of a CVOT , we are now working with cardiovascularand epidemiology experts in exploring alternate solutions to demonstrate the long-term cardiovascular safety of Qsymia. Afterreviewing a summary of Phase 3 data relevant to CV risk and post-marketing safety data, the cardiology experts noted that theybelieve there was an absence of an overt CV risk signal and indicated that they did not see a justification for a randomizedplacebo controlled CVOT trial . The epidemiology experts40 Table of Contentsmaintained that a well-conducted retrospective observational study c ould provide data to further inform on potential CV risk. Weare working with the expert group to develop a protocol for the retrospective observational study and feasibility assessment.Although we and the consulted experts believe there is no overt signal for CV risk to justify the AQCLAIM CVOT, VIVUS iscommitted to working with the FDA to reach a resolution. As for the EU, even if the FDA were to accept a retrospectiveobservational study in lieu of a CVOT, there would be no assurance that the EMA would accept the same. There can be noassurance that we will be successful in developing a further revised protocol or that any such revised protocol will reduce thecosts of the study or obtain FDA or EMA agreement that it will fulfill the requirement of demonstrating the long-termcardiovascular safety of Qsymia. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the FDA or EMA will not request or require us toprovide additional information or undertake additional preclinical studies and clinical trials or retrospective observational studies. In addition to these studies, the FDA may also require us to perform other lengthy post-approval studies or trials , forwhich we would have to expend significant additional resources, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results,financial condition and stock price. Failure to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements, including the completion ofpost-marketing studies and trials , can result in, among other things, civil monetary penalties, suspensions of regulatory approvals,operating restrictions and criminal prosecution. The restriction, suspension or revocation of regulatory approvals or any otherfailure to comply with regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results ofoperations and stock price. We have not complied with all the regulatory timelines for the required post-marketing trials andstudies , and this may be considered a violation of the statute if the FDA does not find good cause. We depend upon consultants and outside contractors extensively in important roles within our company. We outsource many key functions of our business and therefore rely on a substantial number of consultants, and we willneed to be able to effectively manage these consultants to ensure that they successfully carry out their contractual obligations andmeet expected deadlines. However, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracyof the services provided by consultants is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials or other development activities may beextended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to complete our post-approval clinical trials for Qsymia and STENDRA,obtain regulatory approval for our future investigational drug candidates, successfully commercialize our approved drugs orotherwise advance our business. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our existing consultants or find othercompetent outside contractors and consultants on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Qsymia is a combination of two active ingredient drug products approved individually by the FDA that are commerciallyavailable and marketed by other companies, although the specific dose strengths differ. As a result, Qsymia may be subject tosubstitution by prescribing physicians, or by pharmacists, with individual drugs contained in the Qsymia formulation, whichwould adversely affect our business. Although Qsymia is a once-a-day, proprietary extended-release formulation, both of the approved APIs (phentermineand topiramate) that are combined to produce Qsymia are commercially available as drug products at prices that together arelower than the price at which we sell Qsymia. In addition, the distribution and sale of these drug products is not limited under aREMS program, as is the case with Qsymia. Further, the individual drugs contained in the Qsymia formulation are available inretail pharmacies and phentermine has a Pregnancy Category X, which is used to indicate that the risks involved in the use of thedrug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits. We cannot be sure that physicians will view Qsymia as sufficientlysuperior to a treatment regimen of Qsymia’s individual APIs to justify the significantly higher cost for Qsymia, and they mayprescribe the individual generic drugs already approved and marketed by other companies instead of our combination drug.Although our U.S. and European patents contain composition, product formulation and method-of-use claims that we believeprotect Qsymia, these patents may be ineffective or impractical to prevent physicians from prescribing, or pharmacists fromdispensing, the individual generic constituents marketed by other companies instead of our combination drug. Phentermine andtopiramate are currently available in generic form, although the doses used in Qsymia are currently not available. In the thirdquarter of 2013, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. launched Trokendi XR™ and in the second quarter of 2014, Upsher-SmithLaboratories, Inc. launched Qudexy™. Both products provide an extended-release formulation of the generic drug topiramate thatis indicated for certain types of seizures and migraines. Topiramate is not approved for obesity treatment,41 Table of Contentsand phentermine is only approved for short-term treatment of obesity. However, because the price of Qsymia is significantlyhigher than the prices of the individual components as marketed by other companies, physicians may have a greater incentive towrite prescriptions for the individual components outside of their approved indication, instead of for our combination drug, andthis may limit how we price or market Qsymia. Similar concerns could also limit the reimbursement amounts private healthinsurers or government agencies in the U.S. are prepared to pay for Qsymia, which could also limit market and patient acceptanceof our drug and could negatively impact our revenues. In many regions and countries where we may plan to market Qsymia, the pricing of reimbursed prescription drugs iscontrolled by the government or regulatory agencies. The government or regulatory agencies in these countries could determinethat the pricing for Qsymia should be based on prices for its APIs when sold separately, rather than allowing us to market Qsymiaat a premium as a new drug, which could limit our pricing of Qsymia and negatively impact our revenues. Once an applicant receives authorization to market a medicinal product in an EU Member State, through any applicationroute, the applicant is required to engage in pricing discussions and negotiations with a separate pricing authority in that country.The legislators, policymakers and healthcare insurance funds in the EU Member States continue to propose and implement cost-containing measures to keep healthcare costs down, due in part to the attention being paid to healthcare cost containment andother austerity measures in the EU. Certain of these changes could impose limitations on the prices pharmaceutical companies areable to charge for their products. The amounts of reimbursement available from governmental agencies or third-party payors forthese products may increase the tax obligations on pharmaceutical companies such as ours, or may facilitate the introduction ofgeneric competition with respect to our products. Furthermore, an increasing number of EU Member States and other foreigncountries use prices for medicinal products established in other countries as “reference prices” to help determine the price of theproduct in their own territory. Consequently, a downward trend in the price of medicinal products in some countries couldcontribute to similar downward trends elsewhere. In addition, the ongoing budgetary difficulties faced by a number of EUMember States, including Greece and Spain, have led and may continue to lead to substantial delays in payment and paymentpartially with government bonds rather than cash for medicinal products, which could negatively impact our revenues andprofitability. Moreover, in order to obtain reimbursement of our medicinal products in some countries, including some EUMember States, we may be required to conduct clinical trials that compare the cost-effectiveness of our products to otheravailable therapies. There can be no assurance that our medicinal products will obtain favorable reimbursement status in anycountry. If we become subject to product liability claims, we may be required to pay damages that exceed our insurance coverage. Qsymia and STENDRA, like all pharmaceutical products, are subject to heightened risk for product liability claims dueto inherent potential side effects. For example, because topiramate, a component of Qsymia, may increase the risk of congenitalmalformation in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy and also may increase the risk of suicidalthoughts and behavior, such risks may be associated with Qsymia as well. Other potential risks involving Qsymia may include,but are not limited to, an increase in resting heart rate, acute angle closure glaucoma, cognitive and psychiatric adverse events,metabolic acidosis, an increase in serum creatinine, hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, kidney stone formation,decreased sweating and hypokalemia, or lower-than-normal amount of potassium in the blood. Although we have obtained product liability insurance coverage for Qsymia, we may be unable to maintain this productliability coverage for Qsymia or any other of our approved drugs in amounts or scope sufficient to provide us with adequatecoverage against all potential risks. A product liability claim in excess of, or excluded from, our insurance coverage would haveto be paid out of cash reserves and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition and results ofoperations. Product liability insurance is expensive even with large self-insured retentions or deductibles, difficult to maintain,and current or increased coverage may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, we develop, test, and manufacture through third parties, approved drugs and future investigational drugcandidates that are used by humans. We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of42 Table of Contentsour approved drugs and investigational drug candidates in clinical trials. An individual may bring a liability claim against us ifone of our approved drugs or future investigational drug candidates causes, or merely appears to have caused, an injury. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against a product liability claim, whether involving Qsymia, STENDRA or afuture investigational drug candidate or product , we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome,liability claims may result in: ·injury to our reputation; ·withdrawal of clinical trial patients; ·costs of defending the claim and/or related litigation; ·cost of any potential adverse verdict; ·substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants; and ·the inability to commercialize our drugs. Damages awarded in a product liability action could be substantial and could have a negative impact on our financialcondition. Whether or not we were ultimately successful in product liability litigation, such litigation would consume substantialamounts of our financial and managerial resources, and might result in adverse publicity, all of which would impair our business.In addition, product liability claims could result in an FDA investigation of the safety or efficacy of our product, our third-partymanufacturing processes and facilities, or our marketing programs. An FDA investigation could also potentially lead to a recall ofour products or more serious enforcement actions, limitations on the indications for which they may be used, or suspension orwithdrawal of approval. The markets in which we operate are highly competitive and we may be unable to compete successfully against new entrantsor established companies. Competition in the pharmaceutical and medical products industries is intense and is characterized by costly andextensive research efforts and rapid technological progress. We are aware of several pharmaceutical companies also activelyengaged in the development of therapies for the treatment of obesity and erectile dysfunction. Many of these companies havesubstantially greater research and development capabilities as well as substantially greater marketing, financial and humanresources than we do. Some of the drugs that may compete with Qsymia may not have a REMS requirement and theaccompanying complexities such a requirement presents. Our competitors may develop technologies and products that are moreeffective than those we are currently marketing or researching and developing. Such developments could render Qsymia andSTENDRA less competitive or possibly obsolete. We are also competing with respect to marketing capabilities andmanufacturing efficiency, areas in which we have limited experience. Qsymia for the treatment of chronic weight management competes with several approved anti-obesity drugs including,Belviq (lorcaserin), Arena Pharmaceutical’s approved anti-obesity compound marketed by Eisai Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd.’s U.S.subsidiary; Xenical (orlistat), marketed by Roche; alli , the over-the-counter version of orlistat, marketed by GlaxoSmithKline;Suprenza™, an orally disintegrating tablet (phentermine hydrochloride), marketed by Akrimax Pharmaceuticals, LCL; Contrave (naltrexone/bupropion), Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc.’s anti-obesity compound marketed by Takeda Pharmaceutical CompanyLimited; and Saxenda (liraglutide), an anti-obesity compound marketed by Novo Nordisk A/S. Agents that have been approvedfor type 2 diabetes that have demonstrated weight loss in clinical studies may also compete with Qsymia. These includeFarxiga™ (dapagliflozin) from AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb, an SGLT2 inhibitor, approved January 8, 2014; Jardiance(empagliflozin) from Boehringer Ingelheim, an SGLT2 inhibitor, approved August 1, 2014; Victoza (liraglutide) from NovoNordisk A/S, a GLP-1 receptor agonist approved January 25, 2010; Invokana (canaglifozin) from Johnson & Johnson’s JanssenPharmaceuticals, an SGLT2 inhibitor, approved March 29, 2013 and Glyxambi (empagliflozin/linagliptin) from BoehringerIngelheim and Eli Lilly, an SGLT2 inhibitor and DPP-4 inhibitor combination product, approved January 30,43 ® ® ® ®® ® ® ® ® Table of Contents2015. Also, on January 14, 2015, FDA approved the Maestro Rechargeable System for certain obese adults, the first weight losstreatment device that targets the nerve pathway between the brain and the stomach that controls feelings of hunger and fullness.The Maestro Rechargeable System is approved to treat patients aged 18 and older who have not been able to lose weight with aweight loss program, and who have a body mass index of 35 to 45 with at least one other obesity-related condition, such as type 2diabetes. There are also several other investigational drug candidates in Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of obesity. Thereare also a number of generic pharmaceutical drugs that are prescribed for obesity, predominantly phentermine. Phentermine issold at much lower prices than we charge for Qsymia. The availability of branded prescription drugs, generic drugs and over-the-counter drugs could limit the demand for, and the price we are able to charge for, Qsymia. We also may face competition from the off-label use of the generic components in our drugs. In particular, it is possiblethat patients will seek to acquire phentermine and topiramate, the generic components of Qsymia. Neither of these genericcomponents has a REMS program and both are available at retail pharmacies. Although the dose strength of these genericcomponents has not been approved by the FDA for use in the treatment of obesity, the off-label use of the generic components inthe U.S. or the importation of the generic components from foreign markets could adversely affect the commercial potential forour drugs and adversely affect our overall business, financial condition and results of operations. There are also surgical approaches to treat severe obesity that are becoming increasingly accepted. Two of the most wellestablished surgical procedures are gastric bypass surgery and adjustable gastric banding, or lap bands. In February 2011, theFDA approved the use of a lap band in patients with a BMI of 30 (reduced from 35) with comorbidities. The lowering of the BMIrequirement will make more obese patients eligible for lap band surgery. In addition, other potential approaches that utilizevarious implantable devices or surgical tools are in development. Some of these approaches are in late-stage development andmay be approved for marketing. We anticipate that STENDRA for the treatment of erectile dysfunction will compete with PDE5 inhibitors in the form oforal medications, including Viagra ® (sildenafil citrate), marketed by Pfizer, Inc.; Cialis ® (tadalafil), marketed by Eli Lilly andCompany; Levitra ® (vardenafil), co-marketed by GlaxoSmithKline plc and Schering-Plough Corporation in the U.S.; andSTAXYN ® (vardenafil in an oral disintegrating tablet, or ODT), co-marketed by GlaxoSmithKline plc and Merck & Co., Inc. We anticipate that generic PDE5 inhibitors will enter the market in the U.S. in late 2017. Generic PDE5 inhibitors wouldlikely be sold at lower prices and may reduce the demand for STENDRA, especially at the prices we would be required to chargefor STENDRA to cover our manufacturing and other costs. In addition, PDE5 inhibitors are in various stages of development byother companies. Warner-Chilcott plc, which was acquired by Actavis, Inc. and changed its name to Actavis plc, has licensed theU.S. rights to udenafil, a PDE5 inhibitor, from Dong-A Pharmaceutical, now k nown as Mezzion Pharma Co. Ltd. Actavis, Inc.acquired Allergan, changed its name to Allergan, plc and has announced that it is being acquired by Pfizer . Other treatments forED exist, such as needle injection therapies, vacuum constriction devices and penile implants, and the manufacturers of theseproducts will most likely continue to develop or improve these therapies. Qsymia and STENDRA may also face challenges and competition from newly developed generic products. Under theU.S. Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, newly approved drugsand indications may benefit from a statutory period of non-patent marketing exclusivity. The Hatch-Waxman Act stimulatescompetition by providing incentives to generic pharmaceutical manufacturers to introduce non-infringing forms of patentedpharmaceutical products and to challenge patents on branded pharmaceutical products. If we are unsuccessful at challenging anAbbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA, filed pursuant to the Hatch-Waxman Act, a generic version of Qsymia orSTENDRA may be launched, which would harm our business. The FDCA provides that an ANDA and an innovator drug with a REMS with Elements to Assure Safe use, like Qsymia,must use a single shared REMS system to assure safe use unless FDA waives this requirement and permits the ANDA holder toimplement a separate but comparable REMS. We cannot predict the outcome or impact on our business of any future action thatwe may take with regard to sharing our REMS program or if the FDA grants a waiver allowing44 Table of Contentsthe generic competitor to market a generic drug with a separate but compatible REMS. New developments, including the development of other drug technologies and methods of preventing the incidence ofdisease, occur in the pharmaceutical and medical technology industries at a rapid pace. These developments may render our drugsand future investigational drug candidates obsolete or noncompetitive. Compared to us, many of our potential competitors havesubstantially greater: ·research and development resources, including personnel and technology; ·regulatory experience; ·investigational drug candidate development and clinical trial experience; ·experience and expertise in exploitation of intellectual property rights; and ·access to strategic partners and capital resources. As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more rapidly than we ormay obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit our ability to develop or commercialize our futureinvestigational drug candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs or surgical approaches that are more effective, moreuseful and less costly than ours and may also be more successful in manufacturing and marketing their products. In addition, ourcompetitors may be more effective in commercializing their products. We currently outsource our manufacturing and thereforerely on third parties for that competitive expertise. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop or contract for thesecapabilities on acceptable economic terms, or at all. We may participate in new partnerships and other strategic transactions that could impact our liquidity, increase our expensesand present significant distractions to our management. From time to time, we consider strategic transactions, such as out-licensing or in-licensing of compounds ortechnologies, acquisitions of companies and asset purchases. Additional potential transactions we may consider include a varietyof different business arrangements, including strategic partnerships, joint ventures, spin-offs, restructurings, divestitures, businesscombinations and investments. In addition, another entity may pursue us as an acquisition target. Any such transactions mayrequire us to incur non-recurring or other charges, may increase our near- and long-term expenditures and may pose significantintegration challenges, require additional expertise or disrupt our management or business, any of which could harm ouroperations and financial results. As part of an effort to enter into significant transactions, we conduct business, legal and financial due diligence with thegoal of identifying and evaluating material risks involved in the transaction. Despite our efforts, we ultimately may beunsuccessful in ascertaining or evaluating all such risks and, as a result, might not realize the expected benefits of the transaction.If we fail to realize the expected benefits from any transaction we may consummate, whether as a result of unidentified risks,integration difficulties, regulatory setbacks or other events, our business, results of operations and financial condition could beadversely affected. Our failure to successfully acquire, develop and market additional investigational drug candidates or approved drugs wouldimpair our ability to grow. As part of our growth strategy, we may acquire, in-license, develop and/or market additional products andinvestigational drug candidates. We have not in-licensed any new product candidates in several years. Because our internalresearch capabilities are limited, we may be dependent upon pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic scientistsand other researchers to sell or license products or technology to us. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our abilityto identify, select and acquire promising pharmaceutical investigational drug candidates and products. The process of proposing, negotiating and implementing a license or acquisition of an investigational drug45 Table of Contentscandidate or approved product is lengthy and complex. Other companies, including some with substantially greater financial,marketing and sales resources, may compete with us for the license or acquisition of investigational drug candidates and approvedproducts. We have limited resources to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third-party products, businesses andtechnologies and integrate them into our current infrastructure. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensing opportunities that are never completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts. We may not beable to acquire the rights to additional investigational drug candidates on terms that we find acceptable, or at all. In addition, future acquisitions may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including: ·exposure to unknown liabilities; ·disruption of our business and diversion of our management’s time and attention to develop acquired products ortechnologies; ·incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of securities to pay for acquisitions; ·higher than expected acquisition, integration and maintenance costs; ·increased amortization expenses; ·difficulty and cost in combining the operations and personnel of any acquired businesses with our operations andpersonnel; ·impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers of any acquired businesses due to changes inmanagement and ownership; and ·inability to retain key employees of any acquired businesses. Further, any investigational drug candidate that we acquire may require additional development efforts prior tocommercial sale, including extensive clinical testing and obtaining approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatoryauthorities. All investigational drug candidates are prone to certain failures that are relatively common in the field of drugdevelopment, including the possibility that an investigational drug candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe andeffective for approval by regulatory authorities. In addition, we cannot be certain that any drugs that we develop or approvedproducts that we may acquire will be commercialized profitably or achieve market acceptance. If we fail to retain our key personnel and hire, train and retain qualified employees, we may not be able to compete effectively,which could result in reduced revenues or delays in the development of our investigational drug candidates orcommercialization of our approved drugs. Our success is highly dependent upon the skills of a limited number of key management personnel. To reach ourbusiness objectives, we will need to retain and hire qualified personnel in the areas of manufacturing, commercial operations,research and development, regulatory and legal affairs, business development, clinical trial design, execution and analysis, andpre-clinical testing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain or hire such personnel, as we must compete withother companies, academic institutions, government entities and other agencies. The loss of any of our key personnel or thefailure to attract or retain necessary new employees could have an adverse effect on our research programs, investigational drugcandidate development, approved drug commercialization efforts and business operations. We rely on third parties and collaborative partners to manufacture sufficient quantities of compounds within productspecifications as required by regulatory agencies for use in our pre-clinical and clinical trials and commercial operations andan interruption to this service may harm our business. We do not have the ability to manufacture the materials we use in our pre-clinical and clinical trials and commercialoperations. Rather, we rely on various third parties to manufacture these materials and there may be long46 Table of Contentslead times to obtain materials. There can be no assurance that we will be able to identify, contract with, qualify and obtain priorregulatory approval for additional sources of clinical materials. If interruptions in this supply occur for any reason, including adecision by the third parties to discontinue manufacturing, technical difficulties, labor disputes, natural or other disasters, or afailure of the third parties to follow regulations, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals for our investigational drugcandidates and may not be able to successfully commercialize these investigational drug candidates or our approved drugs. Our third-party manufacturers and collaborative partners may encounter delays and problems in manufacturing ourapproved drugs or investigational drug candidates for a variety of reasons, including accidents during operation, failure ofequipment, delays in receiving materials, natural or other disasters, political or governmental changes, or other factors inherent inoperating complex manufacturing facilities. Supply-chain management is difficult. Commercially available starting materials,reagents, excipients, and other materials may become scarce, more expensive to procure, or not meet quality standards, and wemay not be able to obtain favorable terms in agreements with subcontractors. Our third-party manufacturers may not be able tooperate manufacturing facilities in a cost-effective manner or in a time frame that is consistent with our expected futuremanufacturing needs. If our third-party manufacturers, cease or interrupt production or if our third-party manufacturers and otherservice providers fail to supply materials, products or services to us for any reason, such interruption could delay progress on ourprograms, or interrupt the commercial supply, with the potential for additional costs and lost revenues. If this were to occur, wemay also need to seek alternative means to fulfill our manufacturing needs. For example, Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC, or Catalent, supplied the product for the Phase 3 program for Qsymia andis our sole source of clinical and commercial supplies for Qsymia. Catalent has been successful in validating the commercialmanufacturing process for Qsymia at an initial scale, which has been able to support the launch of Qsymia in the U.S. market.While Catalent has significant experience in commercial scale manufacturing, there is no assurance that Catalent will besuccessful in increasing the scale of the initial Qsymia manufacturing process, should the market demand for Qsymia expandbeyond the level supportable by the current validated manufacturing process. Such a failure by Catalent to further scale up thecommercial manufacturing process for Qsymia could have a material adverse impact on our ability to realize commercial successwith Qsymia in the U.S. market, and have a material adverse impact on our plan, market price of our common stock and financialcondition. In the case of avanafil, we currently rely on Sanofi to supply the API and tablets for STENDRA and SPEDRA. Sanofi isresponsible for all aspects of manufacture, including obtaining the starting materials for the production of API. If Sanofi is unableto manufacture the API or tablets in sufficient quantities to meet projected demand, future sales could be adversely affected,which in turn could have a detrimental impact on our financial results, our license, commercialization, and supply agreementswith our collaboration partners, and our ability to enter into a collaboration agreement for the commercialization in otherterritories. In July 2013, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply the APIfor avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including theEU, Latin America and other territories. On November 18, 2013, we entered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement withSanofi Winthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the United States and otherterritories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. Sanofi received FDAand EMA approval in 2015 and began manufacturing API and tablets for avanafil in 2015 . Any failure of current or future manufacturing sites, including those of Sanofi Chimie and Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, toreceive or maintain approval from FDA or foreign authorities, obtain and maintain ongoing FDA or foreign regulatorycompliance, or manufacture avanafil API or tablets in expected quantities could have a detrimental impact on our ability tocommercialize STENDRA under our agreements with Sanofi, Auxilium and Menarini and our ability to enter into a collaborationagreement for the commercialization of STENDRA in our other territories not covered by our agreements with Sanofi, Auxiliumand Menarini. 47 Table of ContentsWe rely on third parties to maintain appropriate levels of confidentiality of the data compiled during clinical, pre-clinical andretrospective observational studies and trials. We seek to maintain the confidential nature of our confidential information through contractual provisions in ouragreements with third parties, including our agreements with clinical research organizations, or CROs, that manage our clinicalstudies for our investigational drug candidates. These CROs may fail to comply with their obligations of confidentiality or may berequired as a matter of law to disclose our confidential information. As the success of our clinical studies depends in large part onour confidential information remaining confidential prior to, during and after a clinical study, any disclosure or breach affectingthat information could have a material adverse effect on the outcome of a clinical study, our business, financial condition andresults of operations. The collection and use of personal health data and other personal data in the EU is governed by the provisions of theData Protection Directive as implemented into national laws by the EU Member States . This Directive imposes restrictions on theprocessing (e.g., collection, use, disclosure) of personal data, including a number of requirements relating to the consent of theindividuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals prior to processing their personal data ,notification of data processing obligations to the competent national data protection authorities and the security andconfidentiality of the personal data. The Data Protection Directive also imposes strict restrictions on the transfer of personal dataout of the EU to the United States. Failure to comply with the requirements of the Data Protection Directive and the relatednational data protection laws of the EU Member States may result in fines and other administrative penalties. On December 15,2015, a proposal for an EU Data Protection Regulation, intended to replace the current EU Data Protection Directive, was agreedto by the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission. The EU Data ProtectionRegulation, which will be officially adopted in early 2016, will introduce new data protection requirements in the EU andsubstantial fines for violations of the data protection rules. The EU Data Protection Regulation, which will be applicable twoyears after the date of its publication in the Official Journal for the European Union, will increase our responsibility and liabilityin relation to EU personal data that we process and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuringcompliance with the new EU data protection rules. This may be onerous and increase our cost of doing business. If we fail to comply with applicable healthcare and privacy and data security laws and regulations, we could face substantialpenalties , liability and adverse publicity and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. Our arrangements with third-party payors and customers expose us to broadly applicable federal and state healthcarelaws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse. In addition, our operations expose us to privacy and data security laws andregulations. The restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations , and privacy and data securitylaws and regulations, that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to: ·the federal Anti-Kickback Law, which prohibits, among other things, knowingly or willingly offering, paying,soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward the purchasing,leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare items or servicefor which payment may be made, in whole or in part, by federal healthcare programs such as Medicare andMedicaid. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical companies on onehand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Further, the Affordable Care Act, amongother things, clarified that liability may be established under the federal Anti-Kickback Law without proving actualknowledge of the federal Anti-Kickback statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Affordable Care Actamended the Social Security Act to provide that the government may assert that a claim including items or servicesresulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes ofthe federal civil False Claims Act. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harborsto the federal Anti-Kickback Law protecting certain common business arrangements and activities from prosecutionor regulatory sanctions, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that do not fit squarelywithin an exemption or safe harbor may be subject to scrutiny. We seek to comply with the exemptions and safeharbors whenever possible, but our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protectionfrom anti-kickback liability;48 Table of Contents ·the federal civil False Claims Act, which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowinglypresenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment of government funds or knowinglymaking, using, or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to an obligation to pay money tothe government or knowingly concealing, or knowingly and improperly avoiding, decreasing, or concealing anobligation to pay money to the federal government. Many pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have beeninvestigated and have reached substantial financial settlements with the federal government under the civil FalseClaims Act for a variety of alleged improper marketing activities, including providing free product to customerswith the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees,grants, free travel, and other benefits to physicians to induce them to prescribe the company’s products; andinflating prices reported to private price publication services, which are used to set drug payment rates undergovernment healthcare programs. In addition, in recent years the government has pursued civil False Claims Actcases against a number of pharmaceutical companies for causing false claims to be submitted as a result of themarketing of their products for unapproved, and thus non-reimbursable, uses. Pharmaceutical and other healthcarecompanies also are subject to other federal false claim laws, including, among others, federal criminal healthcarefraud and false statement statutes that extend to non-government health benefit programs; ·numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations , including state data breach notification laws, state healthinformation privacy laws and federal and state consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use , disclosureand protection of personal information. Other countries also have, or are developing, laws governing thecollection, use , disclosure and protection of personal information. In addition, most healthcare providers whoprescribe our product s and from whom we obtain patient health information are subject to privacy and securityrequirements under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the HealthInformation Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HIPAA. We are not a HIPAA-covered entityand we do not operate as a business associate to any covered entities. Therefore, the HIPAA privacy andsecurity requirements do not apply to us (other than potentially with respect to providing certain employeebenefits) . However, we could be subject to criminal penalties if we knowingly obtain individually identifiablehealth information from a covered entity in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA or for aidingand abetting and/or conspiring to commit a violation of HIPAA. We are unable to predict whether our actionscould be subject to prosecution in the event of an impermissible disclosure of health information to us. Thelegislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data security continues to evolve, and there has been anincreasing amount of focus on privacy and data security issues with the potential to affect our business. Theseprivacy and data security laws and regulations could increase our cost of doing business , and failure to complywith these laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil orcriminal penalties), private litigation and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating resultsand business ; ·analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to items orservices reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor.Some state laws also require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotionof pharmaceutical products and to report gifts and payments to certain health care providers in the states. Otherstates prohibit providing meals to prescribers or other marketing-related activities. In addition, California,Connecticut, Nevada, and Massachusetts require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs ormarketing codes of conduct. Foreign governments often have similar regulations, which we also will be subject to inthose countries where we market and sell products; ·the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, being implemented as the Open Payments Program, requires certainpharmaceutical manufacturers to engage in extensive tracking of payments and other transfers of value to physiciansand teaching hospitals, and to submit such data to CMS, which will then make all of this data publicly available onthe CMS website. Pharmaceutical manufacturers with products for which49 Table of Contentspayment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the State Children’s Health Insurance Program were required to have startedtracking reportable payments on August 1, 2013, and must submit a report to CMS on or before the 90th day of each calendaryear disclosing reportable payments made in the previous calendar year. Failure to comply with the reporting obligations mayresult in civil monetary penalties; and ·the federal Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 and other similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generallyprohibit companies and their intermediaries from providing money or anything of value to officials of foreigngovernments, foreign political parties, or international organizations with the intent to obtain or retain business orseek a business advantage. Recently, there has been a substantial increase in anti-bribery law enforcement activityby U.S. regulators, with more frequent and aggressive investigations and enforcement proceedings by both theDepartment of Justice and the SEC. A determination that our operations or activities are not, or were not, incompliance with United States or foreign laws or regulations could result in the imposition of substantial fines,interruptions of business, loss of supplier, vendor or other third-party relationships, termination of necessarylicenses and permits, and other legal or equitable sanctions. Other internal or government investigations or legal orregulatory proceedings, including lawsuits brought by private litigants, may also follow as a consequence. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws and regulations described above or any othergovernmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages,fines, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, like Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuringof our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our abilityto operate our business and our financial results. Although compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation andprosecution for violations of these laws and regulations , the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us forviolation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expensesand divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance withapplicable federal and state privacy data , security and fraud laws and regulations may prove costly. In the EU, the advertising and promotion of our products will also be subject to EU Member States’ laws concerningpromotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercialpractices, as well as other EU Member State legislation governing statutory health insurance, bribery and anti-corruption. Failureto comply with these rules can result in enforcement action by the EU Member State authorities, which may include any of thefollowing: fines, imprisonment, orders forfeiting products or prohibiting or suspending their supply to the market, or requiring themanufacturer to issue public warnings, or to conduct a product recall. Significant disruptions of information technology systems or security breaches could adversely affect our business. We are increasingly dependent upon information technology systems, infrastructure and data to operate our business. Inthe ordinary course of business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information (including but not limitedto trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information). It is critical that we doso in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We also have outsourcedelements of our operations to third parties, and as a result we manage a number of third party vendors who may or could haveaccess to our confidential information. The size and complexity of our information technology systems, and those of third partyvendors with whom we contract, and the large amounts of confidential information stored on those systems, make such systemspotentially vulnerable to service interruptions or to security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees,third party vendors, and/or business partners, or from cyber-attacks by malicious third parties. Cyber-attacks are increasing intheir frequency, sophistication, and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect. Cyber-attacks could include thedeployment of harmful malware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability andthreaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or security breaches could adversely affect our businessoperations and/or result in the loss, misappropriation and/or unauthorized access, use or disclosure of, or the50 Table of Contentsprevention of access to, confidential information (including but not limited to trade secrets or other intellectual property,proprietary business information and personal information), and could result in financial, legal, business and reputational harm tous. For example, any such event that leads to unauthorized access, use or disclosure of personal information, including personalinformation regarding patients or employees, could harm our reputation, require us to comply with federal and/or state breachnotification laws and foreign law equivalents, and otherwise subject us to liability under laws and regulations that protect theprivacy and security of personal information. Security breaches and other inappropriate access can be difficult to detect, and anydelay in identifying them may lead to increased harm of the type described above. While we have implemented security measuresto protect our information technology systems and infrastructure, there can be no assurance that such measures will preventservice interruptions or security breaches that could adversely affect our business . Marketing activities for our approved drugs are subject to continued governmental regulation. The FDA, and third-country authorities, including the competent authorities of the EU Member States, have theauthority to impose significant restrictions, including REMS requirements, on approved products through regulations onadvertising, promotional and distribution activities. After approval, if products are marketed in contradiction with FDA laws andregulations, the FDA may issue warning letters that require specific remedial measures to be taken, as well as an immediatecessation of the impermissible conduct, resulting in adverse publicity. The FDA may also require that all future promotionalmaterials receive prior agency review and approval before use. Certain states have also adopted regulations and reportingrequirements surrounding the promotion of pharmaceuticals. Qsymia and STENDRA are subject to these regulations. Failure tocomply with state requirements may affect our ability to promote or sell pharmaceutical drugs in certain states. This, in turn,could have a material adverse impact on our financial results and financial condition and could subject us to significant liability,including civil and administrative remedies as well as criminal sanctions. We are subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and restrictions, which may result in significant expense and limit our abilityto commercialize our drugs. We are required to comply with extensive regulations for drug manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse eventreporting, storage, distribution, advertising, promotion and record keeping in connection with the marketing of Qsymia andSTENDRA. Regulatory approvals may also be subject to significant limitations on the indicated uses or marketing of theinvestigational drug candidates or to whom and how we may distribute our products. Even after FDA approval is obtained, theFDA may still impose significant restrictions on a drug’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for REMSor potentially costly post-approval studies. For example, the labeling approved for Qsymia includes restrictions on use, includingrecommendations for pregnancy testing, level of obesity and duration of treatment. We are subject to ongoing regulatoryobligations and restrictions that may result in significant expense and limit our ability to commercialize Qsymia. The FDA hasalso required the distribution of a Medication Guide to Qsymia patients outlining the increased risk of teratogenicity with fetalexposure and the possibility of suicidal thinking or behavior. In addition, the FDA has required a REMS that may act to limitaccess to the drug, reduce our revenues and/or increase our costs. The FDA may modify the Qsymia REMS in the future to bemore or less restrictive. Even if we maintain FDA approval, or receive a marketing authorization from the EC, and other regulatory approvals, ifwe or others identify adverse side effects after any of our products are on the market, or if manufacturing problems occur,regulatory approval or EU marketing authorization may be varied, suspended or withdrawn and reformulation of our products,additional clinical trials, changes in labeling and additional marketing applications may be required, any of which could harm ourbusiness and cause our stock price to decline. We and our contract manufacturers are subject to significant regulation with respect to manufacturing of our products. All of those involved in the preparation of a therapeutic drug for clinical trials or commercial sale, including our existingsupply contract manufacturers, and clinical trial investigators, are subject to extensive regulation. Components of a finished drugproduct approved for commercial sale or used in late-stage clinical trials must be manufactured in accordance with current GoodManufacturing Practices, or cGMP. These regulations govern quality control of the51 Table of Contentsmanufacturing processes and documentation policies and procedures, and the implementation and operation of quality systems tocontrol and assure the quality of investigational products and products approved for sale. Our facilities and quality systems andthe facilities and quality systems of our third-party contractors must be inspected routinely for compliance. If any such inspectionor audit identifies a failure to comply with applicable regulations or if a violation of our product specifications or applicableregulation occurs independent of such an inspection or audit, we or the FDA may require remedial measures that may be costlyand/or time consuming for us or a third party to implement and that may include the issuance of a warning letter, temporary orpermanent suspension of a clinical trial or commercial sales, recalls, market withdrawals, seizures, or the temporary or permanentclosure of a facility. Any such remedial measures would be imposed upon us or third parties with whom we contract untilsatisfactory cGMP compliance is achieved. The FDA could also impose civil penalties. We must also comply with similarregulatory requirements of foreign regulatory agencies. We obtain the necessary raw materials and components for the manufacture of Qsymia and STENDRA as well as certainservices, such as analytical testing packaging and labeling, from third parties. In particular, we rely on Catalent to supply Qsymiacapsules and Packaging Coordinators, Inc., or PCI, for Qsymia packaging services. We rely on Sanofi Chimie and SanofiWinthrop to supply avanafil API and tablets. We and these suppliers and service providers are required to follow cGMPrequirements and are subject to routine and unannounced inspections by the FDA and by state and foreign regulatory agencies forcompliance with cGMP requirements and other applicable regulations. Upon inspection of these facilities, the FDA or foreignregulatory agencies may find the manufacturing process or facilities are not in compliance with cGMP requirements and otherregulations. Because manufacturing processes are highly complex and are subject to a lengthy regulatory approval process,alternative qualified supply may not be available on a timely basis or at all. Difficulties, problems or delays in our suppliers and service providers’ manufacturing and supply of raw materials,components and services could delay our clinical trials, increase our costs, damage our reputation and cause us to lose revenue ormarket share if we are unable to timely meet market demands. If we fail to comply with our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program or othergovernmental pricing programs, we could be subject to additional reimbursement requirements, penalties, sanctions and fines,which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. We participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990and amended by the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 as well as subsequent legislation. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebateprogram, we are required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for our covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed toMedicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds being made available tothe states for our drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. Those rebates are based on pricing data reported by us on a monthlyand quarterly basis to CMS, the federal agency that administers the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. These data include theaverage manufacturer price and, in the case of innovator products, the best price for each drug. The Affordable Care Act made significant changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Effective in March 2010,rebate liability expanded from fee-for-service Medicaid utilization to include the utilization of Medicaid managed careorganizations as well. With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the Affordable Care Act increased the minimum Medicaidrebate from 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% for non-innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as line extensions of existingdrugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the average manufacturer price. In addition, theAffordable Care Act and subsequent legislation changed the definition of average manufacturer price. Finally, the AffordableCare Act requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescription drugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to thefederal government beginning in 2011. Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer pays a prorated share of the brandedprescription drug fee of $3.0 billion in 2015, based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federalprograms identified in the law. In February 2016 , CMS issued final regulations to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate52 Table of Contentsprogram under the Affordable Care Act These regulations become effective on April 1, 2016. We are evaluating the impact ofthese regulations on our business and operations. Moreover, in the future, Congress could enact legislation that further increasesMedicaid drug rebates or other costs and charges associated with participating in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Theissuance of regulations and coverage expansion by various governmental agencies relating to the Medicaid Drug Rebate programhas and will continue to increase our costs and the complexity of compliance, has been and will be time consuming, and couldhave a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Federal law requires that any company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program also participate in thePublic Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’sdrugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to chargestatutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. These340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from thePublic Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients. The 340B ceiling price iscalculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the average manufacturer price and rebate amount for the coveredoutpatient drug as calculated under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Changes to the definition of average manufacturer priceand the Medicaid rebate amount under the Affordable Care Act and CMS’s issuance of final regulations implementing thosechanges also could affect our 340B ceiling price calculations and negatively impact our results of operations. The Affordable Care Act expanded the 340B program to include additional entity types: certain free-standing cancerhospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and sole community hospitals, each as defined by the Affordable CareAct. The Affordable Care Act also obligates the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, tocreate regulations and processes to improve the integrity of the 340B program and to update the agreement that manufacturersmust sign to participate in the 340B program to obligate a manufacturer to offer the 340B price to covered entities if themanufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser at any price and to report to the government the ceiling prices forits drugs. The Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA, the agency that administers the 340B program, recentlyissued a proposed regulation regarding the calculation of the 340B ceiling price and the imposition of civil monetary penalties onmanufacturers that knowingly and intentionally overcharge covered entities, as well as proposed omnibus guidance that addresses many aspects of the 340B program. HRSA is currently expected to issue additional proposed regulations in 2016. When suchregulations and guidance are finalized, they could affect our obligations under the 340B program in ways we cannot anticipate. Inaddition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expand the 340B program to additional covered entities orwould require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in the inpatient setting. Pricing and rebate calculations vary among products and programs. The calculations are complex and are often subjectto interpretation by us, governmental or regulatory agencies and the courts. The Medicaid rebate amount is computed each quarterbased on our submission to CMS of our current average manufacturer prices and best prices for the quarter. If we become awarethat our reporting for a prior quarter was incorrect, or has changed as a result of recalculation of the pricing data, we are obligatedto resubmit the corrected data for a period not to exceed 12 quarters from the quarter in which the data originally were due. Suchrestatements and recalculations increase our costs for complying with the laws and regulations governing the Medicaid DrugRebate program. Any corrections to our rebate calculations could result in an overage or underage in our rebate liability for pastquarters, depending on the nature of the correction. Price recalculations also may affect the ceiling price at which we are requiredto offer our products to certain covered entities, such as safety-net providers, under the 340B drug discount program. We are liable for errors associated with our submission of pricing data. In addition to retroactive rebates and thepotential for 340B program refunds, if we are found to have knowingly submitted false average manufacturer price or best priceinformation to the government, we may be liable for civil monetary penalties in the amount of $100,000 per item of falseinformation. Our failure to submit monthly/quarterly average manufacturer price and best price data on a timely basis could resultin a civil monetary penalty of $10,000 per day for each day the information is late beyond the due date. Such failure also could begrounds for CMS to terminate our Medicaid drug rebate agreement, pursuant to which we participate in the Medicaid program. Inthe event that CMS terminates our rebate agreement, no federal payments would be available under Medicaid or Medicare Part Bfor our covered outpatient drugs. 53 Table of ContentsIn September 2010, CMS and the Office of the Inspector General indicated that they intend to pursue more aggressivelycompanies that fail to report these data to the government in a timely manner. Governmental agencies may also make changes inprogram interpretations, requirements or conditions of participation, some of which may have implications for amountspreviously estimated or paid. We cannot assure you that our submissions will not be found by CMS to be incomplete or incorrect. If we misstate Non-FAMPs or FCPs, we must restate these figures. Additionally, pursuant to the VHCA, knowingprovision of false information in connection with a Non-FAMP filing can subject us to penalties of $100,000 for each item offalse information. If we overcharge the government in connection with our FSS contract or the Tricare Retail PharmacyProgram, whether due to a misstated FCP or otherwise, we are required to refund the difference to the government. Failure tomake necessary disclosures and/or to identify contract overcharges can result in allegations against us under the False Claims Actand other laws and regulations. Unexpected refunds to the government, and responding to a government investigation orenforcement action, would be expensive and time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financialcondition, results of operations and growth prospects. Changes in reimbursement procedures by government and other third-party payors, including changes in healthcare law andimplementing regulations, may limit our ability to market and sell our approved drugs, or any future drugs, if approved, maylimit our product revenues and delay profitability, and may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict.These changes could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In the U.S. and abroad, sales of pharmaceutical drugs are dependent, in part, on the availability of reimbursement to theconsumer from third-party payors, such as government and private insurance plans. Third-party payors are increasinglychallenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Some third-party payor benefit packages restrictreimbursement, charge co-pays to patients, or do not provide coverage for specific drugs or drug classes. In addition, certain healthcare providers are moving towards a managed care system in which such providers contract toprovide comprehensive healthcare services, including prescription drugs, for a fixed cost per person. We are unable to predict thereimbursement policies employed by third-party healthcare payors. Payors also are increasingly considering new metrics as the basis for reimbursement rates, such as average sales price,average manufacturer price and Actual Acquisition Cost. The existing data for reimbursement based on these metrics is relativelylimited, although certain states have begun to survey acquisition cost data for the purpose of setting Medicaid reimbursementrates. CMS, the federal agency that administers Medicare and the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, surveys and publishes retailcommunity pharmacy acquisition cost information in the form of National Average Drug Acquisition Cost, or NADAC, files toprovide state Medicaid agencies with a basis of comparison for their own reimbursement and pricing methodologies and rates. I tmay be difficult to project the impact of these evolving reimbursement mechanics on the willingness of payors to cover ourproducts. The healthcare industry in the U.S. and abroad is undergoing fundamental changes that are the result of political,economic and regulatory influences. The levels of revenue and profitability of pharmaceutical companies may be affected by thecontinuing efforts of governmental and third-party payors to contain or reduce healthcare costs through various means. Reformsthat have been and may be considered include mandated basic healthcare benefits, controls on healthcare spending throughlimitations on the increase in private health insurance premiums and the types of drugs eligible for reimbursement and Medicareand Medicaid spending, the creation of large insurance purchasing groups, and fundamental changes to the healthcare deliverysystem. These proposals include measures that would limit or prohibit payments for some medical treatments or subject thepricing of drugs to government control and regulations changing the rebates we are required to provide. Further, federal budgetaryconcerns could result in the implementation of significant federal spending cuts, including cuts in Medicare and other healthrelated spending in the near-term. For example, recent legislative enactments have resulted in Medicare payments being subject toa two percent reduction, referred to as sequestration, until 2025 . These changes could impact our ability to maximize revenues inthe federal marketplace. In March 2010, the President signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health54 Table of ContentsCare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, collectively referred to in this report as the Affordable Care Act. The AffordableCare Act substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and could have amaterial adverse effect on our future business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations, including by operation ofthe following provisions: ·Effective in March 2010, rebate liability expanded from fee-for-service Medicaid utilization to include theutilization of Medicaid managed care organizations as well. This expanded eligibility affects rebate liability for thatutilization. ·With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the Affordable Care Act increased the minimum Medicaid rebatefrom 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% for non-innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as lineextensions of existing drugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the averagemanufacturer price. ·Effective in January 2011, pharmaceutical companies must provide a 50% discount on branded prescription drugsdispensed to beneficiaries within the Medicare Part D coverage gap or “donut hole,” which is a coverage gap thatcurrently exists in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program. We currently do not have coverage underMedicare Part D for our drugs, but this could change in the future. ·Effective in January 2011, the Affordable Care Act requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescriptiondrugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to the federal government. Each individual pharmaceuticalmanufacturer pays a prorated share of the branded prescription drug fee of $3.0 billion in 2016 , based on the dollarvalue of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federal programs identified in the law. ·Some states have elected to expand their Medicaid programs by raising the income limit to 133% of the federalpoverty level. For each state that does not choose to expand its Medicaid program, there may be fewer insuredpatients overall, which could impact our sales, business and financial condition. We expect any Medicaid expansionto impact the number of adults in Medicaid more than children because many states have already set their eligibilitycriteria for children at or above the level designated in the Affordable Care Act. An increase in the proportion ofpatients who receive our drugs and who are covered by Medicaid could adversely affect our net sales. I n February 2016, CMS issued final regulation s to implement the changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program underthe Affordable Care Act . These regulations become effective on April 1, 2016. We are evaluating the impact of these regulationson our business and operations. At this time, we cannot predict the full impact of the Affordable Care Act, or the timing andimpact of any future rules or regulations promulgated to implement the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act also expanded the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program. The 340Bpricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B“ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. The Affordable Care Act expanded the 340B program to includeadditional types of covered entities: certain free-standing cancer hospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and solecommunity hospitals, each as defined by the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act also obligates the Secretary of theDepartment of Health and Human Services to create regulations and processes to improve the integrity of the 340B program andto ensure the agreement that manufacturers must sign to participate in the 340B program obligates a manufacturer to offer the340B price to covered entities if the manufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser at any price and to report to thegovernment the ceiling prices for its drugs. The Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA, the agency thatadministers the 340B program, recently issued a proposed regulation regarding the calculation of the 340B ceiling price and theimposition of civil monetary penalties on manufacturers that knowingly and intentionally overcharge covered entities, as well asproposed omnibus guidance that address es many aspects of the 340B program. HRSA is currently expected to issue additionalproposed regulations in 2016. When such regulations and guidance are finalized, they could affect our obligations under55 Table of Contentsthe 340B program in ways we cannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expandthe 340B program to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discountedpricing on drugs used in the inpatient setting. There can be no assurance that future healthcare legislation or other changes in the administration or interpretation ofgovernment healthcare or third-party reimbursement programs will not have a material adverse effect on us. Healthcare reform isalso under consideration in other countries where we intend to market Qsymia. We expect to experience pricing and reimbursement pressures in connection with the sale of Qsymia, STENDRA andour investigational drug candidates, if approved, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of healthmaintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals. In addition, we may confront limitations in insurance coverage forQsymia, STENDRA and our investigational drug candidates. For example, the Medicare program generally does not providecoverage for drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction or drugs used to treat obesity. Similarly, other insurers may determine thatsuch products are not covered under their programs. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain reimbursement coverage forour approved drugs and investigational drug candidates or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achievingmarket acceptance of our approved drugs and investigational drug candidates and our business will be harmed. Congress hasenacted healthcare reform and may enact further reform, which could adversely affect the pharmaceutical industry as a whole, andtherefore could have a material adverse effect on our business. Both of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in Qsymia, phentermine and topiramate, are available as generics and donot have a REMS requirement. The exact doses of the active ingredients in Qsymia are different than those currently available forthe generic components. State pharmacy laws prohibit pharmacists from substituting drugs with differing doses and formulations.The safety and efficacy of Qsymia is dependent on the titration, dosing and formulation, which we believe could not be easilyduplicated, if at all, with the use of generic substitutes. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to provide foroptimal reimbursement of Qsymia as a treatment for obesity or, if approved, for any other indication, from third-party payors orthe U.S. government. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that healthcare providers would not actively seek to provide patientswith generic versions of the active ingredients in Qsymia in order to treat obesity at a potential lower cost and outside of theREMS requirements. An increasing number of EU Member States and other foreign countries use prices for medicinal products established inother countries as “reference prices” to help determine the price of the product in their own territory. Consequently, a downwardtrend in prices of medicinal products in some countries could contribute to similar downward trends elsewhere. In addition, theongoing budgetary difficulties faced by a number of EU Member States, including Greece and Spain, have led and may continueto lead to substantial delays in payment and payment partially with government bonds rather than cash for medicinal products,which could negatively impact our revenues and profitability. Moreover, in order to obtain reimbursement of our medicinalproducts in some countries, including some EU Member States, we may be required to conduct clinical trials that compare thecost effectiveness of our products to other available therapies. There can be no assurance that our medicinal products will obtainfavorable reimbursement status in any country. Setbacks and consolidation in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, and our, or our collaborators’, inability toobtain third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement, could make partnering more difficult and diminish our revenues. Setbacks in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, such as those caused by safety concerns relating to high-profile drugs like Avandia ® , Vioxx ® and Celebrex ® , or investigational drug candidates, as well as competition from genericdrugs, litigation, and industry consolidation, may have an adverse effect on us. For example, pharmaceutical companies may beless willing to enter into new collaborations or continue existing collaborations if they are integrating a new operation as a resultof a merger or acquisition or if their therapeutic areas of focus change following a merger. Moreover, our and our collaborators’ability to commercialize any of our approved drugs or future investigational drug candidates will depend in part on governmentregulation and the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, including private health insurersand government payors, such as the Medicaid and Medicare programs, increases in government-run, single-payor healthinsurance plans and compulsory licenses of drugs.56 Table of ContentsGovernment and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting coverage andreimbursement levels for new drugs. Given the continuing discussion regarding the cost of healthcare, managed care, universalhealthcare coverage and other healthcare issues, we cannot predict with certainty what additional healthcare initiatives, if any,will be implemented or the effect any future legislation or regulation will have on our business. These efforts may limit ourcommercial opportunities by reducing the amount a potential collaborator is willing to pay to license our programs orinvestigational drug candidates in the future due to a reduction in the potential revenues from drug sales. Adoption of legislationand regulations could limit pricing approvals for, and reimbursement of, drugs. A government or third-party payor decision not toapprove pricing for, or provide adequate coverage and reimbursements of, our drugs could limit market acceptance of these drugs. Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures. Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contract salesorganization, or CSO, CROs, safety monitoring company and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage fromcomputer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, accidents, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures.While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur andcause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our investigational drug candidate developmentprograms and drug manufacturing operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or ongoing clinical trialsfor our investigational drug candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts with the FDA, the EC, or thecompetent authorities of the EU Member States, and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To theextent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriatedisclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of our investigationaldrug candidates, or commercialization of our approved drugs, could be delayed. If we are unable to restore our informationsystems in the event of a systems failure, our communications, daily operations and the ability to develop our investigational drugcandidates and approved drug commercialization efforts would be severely affected. Natural disasters or resource shortages could disrupt our investigational drug candidate development and approved drugcommercialization efforts and adversely affect results. Our ongoing or planned clinical trials and approved drug commercialization efforts could be delayed or disruptedindefinitely upon the occurrence of a natural disaster. For example, Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, hindered our Qsymia salesefforts. In 2005, our clinical trials in the New Orleans area were interrupted by Hurricane Katrina. In addition, our offices arelocated in the San Francisco Bay Area near known earthquake fault zones and are therefore vulnerable to damage fromearthquakes. In October 1989, a major earthquake in our area caused significant property damage and a number of fatalities. Weare also vulnerable to damage from other disasters, such as power loss, fire, floods and similar events. If a significant disasteroccurs, our ability to continue our operations could be seriously impaired and we may not have adequate insurance to cover anyresulting losses. Any significant unrecoverable losses could seriously impair our operations and financial condition. Risks Relating to our Intellectual Property Obtaining intellectual property rights is a complex process, and we may be unable to adequately protect our proprietarytechnologies. We hold various patents and patent applications in the U.S. and abroad targeting obesity and morbidities related toobesity, including sleep apnea and diabetes, and sexual health, among other indications. The procedures for obtaining a patent inthe U.S. and in most foreign countries are complex. These procedures require an analysis of the scientific technology related tothe invention and many sophisticated legal issues. Consequently, the process for having our pending patent applications issue aspatents will be difficult, complex and time consuming. We do not know when, or if, we will obtain additional patents for ourtechnologies, or if the scope of the patents obtained will be sufficient to protect our investigational drug candidates or products, orbe considered sufficient by parties reviewing our patent positions pursuant to a potential licensing or financing transaction. 57 Table of ContentsIn addition, we cannot make assurances as to how much protection, if any, will be provided by our issued patents. Ourexisting patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologiesor from developing competing products. Others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or design aroundour patented technologies or products. These companies would then be able to develop, manufacture and sell products thatcompete directly with our products. In that case, our revenues and operating results could decline. Other entities may also challenge the validity or enforceability of our patents and patent applications in litigation oradministrative proceedings. The sponsor of a generic application seeking to rely on one of our approved drug products as thereference listed drug must make one of several certifications regarding each listed patent. A “Paragraph III” certification is thesponsor’s statement that it will wait for the patent to expire before obtaining approval for its product. A “Paragraph IV”certification is a challenge to the patent; it is an assertion that the patent does not block approval of the later product, eitherbecause the patent is invalid or unenforceable or because the patent, even if valid, is not infringed by the new product. Once theFDA accepts for filing a generic application containing a Paragraph IV certification, the applicant must within 20 days providenotice to the reference listed drug, or RLD, NDA holder and patent owner that the application with patent challenge has beensubmitted, and provide the factual and legal basis for the applicant’s assertion that the patent is invalid or not infringed. If theNDA holder or patent owner file suit against the generic applicant for patent infringement within 45 days of receiving theParagraph IV notice, the FDA is prohibited from approving the generic application for a period of 30 months from the date ofreceipt of the notice. If the RLD has new chemical entity exclusivity and the notice is given and suit filed during the fifth year ofexclusivity, the 30-month stay does not begin until five years after the RLD approval. The FDA may approve the proposedproduct before the expiration of the 30-month stay if a court finds the patent invalid or not infringed or if the court shortens theperiod because the parties have failed to cooperate in expediting the litigation. If a competitor or a generic pharmaceuticalprovider successfully challenges our patents, the protection provided by these patents could be reduced or eliminated and ourability to commercialize any approved drugs would be at risk. In addition, if a competitor or generic manufacturer were to receiveapproval to sell a generic or follow-on version of one of our products, our approved product would become subject to increasedcompetition and our revenues for that product would be adversely affected. We also may rely on trade secrets and other unpatented confidential information to protect our technology, especiallywhere we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We seek toprotect our trade secrets and other confidential information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees,collaborators, vendors (including CROs and our CSO), consultants and, at times, potential investors. Nevertheless, employees,collaborators, vendors, consultants or potential investors may still disclose or misuse our trade secrets and other confidentialinformation, and we may not be able to meaningfully protect our trade secrets. In addition, others may independently developsubstantially equivalent information or techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Disclosure or misuse of ourconfidential information would harm our competitive position and could cause our revenues and operating results to decline. If we believe that others have infringed or misappropriated our proprietary rights, we may need to institute legal actionto protect our intellectual property rights. Such legal action may be expensive, and we may not be able to afford the costs ofenforcing or defending our intellectual property rights against others. We have received notices of ANDA filings for Qsymia submitted by generic drug companies. These ANDA filings assert that ageneric form of Qsymia would not infringe on our issued patents. As a result of these filings, we have commenced litigation todefend our patent rights, which is expected to be costly and time-consuming and, depending on the outcome of the litigation,we may face competition from lower cost generic or follow-on products in the near term. Qsymia is approved under the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, which renders itsusceptible to potential competition from generic manufacturers via the Hatch-Waxman Act and ANDA process. Genericmanufacturers pursuing ANDA approval are not required to conduct costly and time-consuming clinical trials to establish thesafety and efficacy of their products; rather, they are permitted to rely on the FDA’s finding that the innovator’s product is safeand effective. Additionally, generic drug companies generally do not expend significant sums on sales and marketing activities,instead relying on physicians or payors to substitute the generic form of a drug for the58 Table of Contentsbranded form. Thus, generic manufacturers can sell their products at prices much lower than those charged by the innovativepharmaceutical or biotechnology companies who have incurred substantial expenses associated with the research anddevelopment of the drug product and who must spend significant sums marketing a new drug. The ANDA procedure includes provisions allowing generic manufacturers to challenge the innovator’s patent protectionby submitting “Paragraph IV” certifications to the FDA in which the generic manufacturer claims that the innovator’s patent isinvalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of the generic product. A patent owner whoreceives a Paragraph IV certification may choose to sue the generic applicant for patent infringement. We have received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc., or Actavis, contending that ourpatents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776, 8,580,298, and8,580,299) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. Inresponse to this notice, we have filed suit to defend our patent rights. We have received a second Paragraph IV certification noticefrom Actavis contending that two additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 8,895,057 and 8,895,058)are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. In responseto this second notice, we have filed a second lawsuit against Actavis. We have received a third Paragraph IV certification noticefrom Actavis contending that two additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906)are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. In responseto this third notice, we have filed a third lawsuit against Actavis. The lawsuits have been consolidated into a single suit. In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Actavis, FDA approval ofActavis’ ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from our May 7, 2014 receipt of Actavis’ Paragraph IVcertification notice (i.e. November 7, 2016) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid,unenforceable or not infringed. We have also received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva Pharmaceutical USA, Inc. and TevaPharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (collectively, Teva) contending that eight of our patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia(U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,533,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776, 8,580,298, 8,580,299, 8,895,057, and 8,895,058) are invalid,unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. In response to this notice,we have filed suit against Teva to defend our patent rights. We have received a second Paragraph IV certification notice fromTeva contending that two additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) areinvalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, or sale of a generic form of Qsymia. In response tothis second notice, we have filed a second lawsuit against Teva. The lawsuits have been consolidated into a single suit. In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Teva, FDA approval ofTeva’s ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from our March 5, 2015 receipt of Teva’s Paragraph IVcertification notice (i.e. September 5, 2017) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid,unenforceable or not infringed. Although we intend to vigorously enforce our intellectual property rights relating to Qsymia, there can be no assurancethat we will prevail in our defense of our patent rights. Our existing patents could be invalidated, found unenforceable or foundnot to cover a generic form of Qsymia. If an ANDA filer were to receive approval to sell a generic version of Qsymia and/orprevail in any patent litigation, Qsymia would become subject to increased competition and our revenue would be adverselyaffected. We may be sued for infringing the intellectual property rights of others, which could be costly and result in delays ortermination of our future research, development, manufacturing and sales activities. Our commercial success also depends, in part, upon our ability to develop future investigational drug candidates, marketand sell approved drugs and conduct our other research, development and commercialization activities without infringing ormisappropriating the patents and other proprietary rights of others. There are many59 Table of Contentspatents and patent applications owned by others that could be relevant to our business. For example, there are numerous U.S. andforeign issued patents and pending patent applications owned by others that are related to the therapeutic areas in which we haveapproved drugs or future investigational drug candidates as well as the therapeutic targets to which these drugs and candidates aredirected. There are also numerous issued patents and patent applications covering chemical compounds or synthetic processes thatmay be necessary or useful to use in our research, development, manufacturing or commercialization activities. Because patentapplications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications, unknown to us, which may later result inissued patents that our approved drugs, future investigational drug candidates or technologies may infringe. There also may beexisting patents, of which we are not aware, that our approved drugs, investigational drug candidates or technologies mayinfringe. Further, it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products ormethods. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. Wecannot assure you that others holding any of these patents or patent applications will not assert infringement claims against us fordamages or seek to enjoin our activities. If we are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our productsor methods do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent and/or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, andwe may not be able to do this. There can be no assurance that approved drugs or future investigational drug candidates do not or will not infringe on thepatents or proprietary rights of others. In addition, third parties may already own or may obtain patents in the future and claim thatuse of our technologies infringes these patents. If a person or entity files a legal action or administrative action against us, or our collaborators, claiming that our drugdiscovery, development, manufacturing or commercialization activities infringe a patent owned by the person or entity, we couldincur substantial costs and diversion of the time and attention of management and technical personnel in defending ourselvesagainst any such claims. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable reliefthat could effectively block our ability to further develop, commercialize and sell any current or future approved drugs, and suchclaims could result in the award of substantial damages against us. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us,we may be required to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third parties. We may not be able to obtain theselicenses at a reasonable cost, if at all. In that case, we could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt todevelop alternative investigational drug candidates or be required to cease commercializing any affected current or futureapproved drugs and our operating results would be harmed. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of pre-trial document and witness discovery required in connection withintellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosureduring this type of litigation. In addition, during the course of this kind of litigation, there could be public announcements of theresults of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these resultsto be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock. We may face additional competition outside of the U.S. as a result of a lack of patent coverage in some territories anddifferences in patent prosecution and enforcement laws in foreign countries. Filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patents on all of our drug discovery technologies and all of our approveddrugs and potential investigational drug candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. While we have filedpatent applications in many countries outside the U.S., and have obtained some patent coverage for approved drugs in certainforeign countries, we do not currently have widespread patent protection for these drugs outside the U.S. and have no protectionin many foreign jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies to develop their own drugs in jurisdictions where we havenot obtained patent protection. These drugs may compete with our approved drugs or future investigational drug candidates andmay not be covered by any of our patent claims or other intellectual property rights. Even if international patent applications ultimately issue or receive approval, it is likely that the scope of protectionprovided by such patents will be different from, and possibly less than, the scope provided by our corresponding U.S. patents. Thesuccess of our international market opportunity is dependent upon the enforcement of60 Table of Contentspatent rights in various other countries. A number of countries in which we have filed or intend to file patent applications have ahistory of weak enforcement and/or compulsory licensing of intellectual property rights. Moreover, the legal systems of certaincountries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the aggressive enforcement of patents and other intellectualproperty protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology and/or pharmaceuticals, which make it difficult for us to stop theinfringement of our patents. Even if we have patents issued in these jurisdictions, there can be no assurance that our patent rightswill be sufficient to prevent generic competition or unauthorized use. Attempting to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts andattention from other aspects of our business. Risks Relating to our Financial Position and Need for Financing We may require additional capital for our future operating plans, and we may not be able to secure the requisite additionalfunding on acceptable terms, or at all, which would force us to delay, reduce or eliminate commercialization or developmentefforts. We expect that our existing capital resources combined with future anticipated cash flows will be sufficient to supportour operating activities at least through the next twelve months. However, we anticipate that we will be required to obtainadditional financing to fund our commercialization efforts, additional clinical studies for approved products and the developmentof our research and development pipeline in future periods. Our future capital requirements will depend upon numerous factors,including: ·our ability to expand the use of Qsymia through targeted patient and physician education; ·our ability to find the right partner for expanded Qsymia commercial promotion to a broader primary care physicianaudience on a timely basis; ·our ability to obtain marketing authorization by the EC for Qsiva in the EU through the centralized marketingauthorization procedure; ·our ability to manage costs; ·the substantial cost to expand into certified retail pharmacy locations and the cost required to maintain the REMSprogram for Qsymia; ·the cost, timing and outcome of the post-approval clinical studies the FDA has required us to perform as part of theapproval for STENDRA and Qsymia; ·our ability, along with our collaboration partners, to successfully commercialize STENDRA in the EU, Australia,New Zealand, Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and the CIS, including Russia; ·our ability, either by ourselves or through a third party, to successfully commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. andCanada; ·the impact of the return of the U.S. and Canadian rights for the commercialization of STENDRA; ·our ability to successfully commercialize STENDRA in other territories in which we do not currently have acommercial collaboration; ·the progress and costs of our research and development programs; ·the scope, timing, costs and results of pre-clinical, clinical and retrospective observational studies and trials;61 Table of Contents ·the cost of access to electronic records and databases that allow for retrospective observational studies; ·patient recruitment and enrollment in future clinical trials; ·the costs involved in seeking regulatory approvals for future drug candidates; ·the costs involved in filing and pursuing patent applications, defending and enforcing patent claims; ·the establishment of collaborations, sublicenses and strategic alliances and the related costs, including milestonepayments; ·the cost of manufacturing and commercialization activities and arrangements; ·the level of resources devoted to our future sales and marketing capabilities; ·the cost, timing and outcome of litigation, if any; ·the impact of healthcare reform, if any, imposed by the federal government; and ·the activities of competitors. Future capital requirements will also depend on the extent to which we acquire or invest in additional complementarybusinesses, products and technologies. We currently have no commitments or agreements relating to any of these types oftransactions. To obtain additional capital when needed, we will evaluate alternative financing sources, including, but not limited to,the issuance of equity or debt securities, corporate alliances, joint ventures and licensing agreements. However, there can be noassurance that funding will be available on favorable terms, if at all. We are continually evaluating our existing portfolio and wemay choose to divest, sell or spin-off one or more of our drugs and/or investigational drug candidates at any time. We cannotassure you that our drugs will generate revenues sufficient to enable us to earn a profit. If we are unable to obtain additionalcapital, management may be required to explore alternatives to reduce cash used by operating activities, including the terminationof research and development efforts that may appear to be promising to us, the sale of certain assets and the reduction in overalloperating activities. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one ormore of our development programs or our commercialization efforts. Raising additional funds by issuing securities will cause dilution to existing stockholders and raising funds through lendingand licensing arrangements may restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders’ ownership will bediluted. We have financed our operations, and we expect to continue to finance our operations, primarily by issuing equity anddebt securities. Moreover, any issuances by us of equity securities may be at or below the prevailing market price of our commonstock and in any event may have a dilutive impact on your ownership interest, which could cause the market price of our commonstock to decline. To raise additional capital, we may choose to issue additional securities at any time and at any price. As of December 31, 2015, we have $250.0 million in 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes due May 1, 2020, which we referto as the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are convertible into approximately 16,826,000 shares of our common stockunder certain circumstances prior to maturity at a conversion rate of 67.3038 shares per $1,000 principal amount of ConvertibleNotes, which represents a conversion price of approximately $14.858 per share, subject to adjustment under certain conditions.On October 8, 2015, IEH Biopharma LLC, a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises L.P., announced that it had received tenders for$170,165,000 of the aggregate principal amount of our Convertible Notes in its previously announced cash tender offer for anyand all of the outstanding Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes62 Table of Contentsare convertible at the option of the holders under certain conditions at any time prior to the close of business on the business dayimmediately preceding November 1, 2019. Investors in our common stock will be diluted to the extent the Convertible Notes areconverted into shares of our common stock, rather than being settled in cash. We may also raise additional capital through the incurrence of debt, and the holders of any debt we may issue wouldhave rights superior to our stockholders’ rights in the event we are not successful and are forced to seek the protection ofbankruptcy laws. In addition, debt financing typically contains covenants that restrict operating activities. For example, on March 25,2013, we entered into the Purchase and Sale Agreement with BioPharma Secured Investments III Holdings Cayman LP, orBioPharma , which provides for the purchase of a debt-like instrument. Under the BioPharma Agreement, we may not (i) incurindebtedness greater than a specified amount, (ii) pay a dividend or other cash distribution on our capital stock, unless we havecash and cash equivalents in excess of a specified amount, (iii) amend or restate our certificate of incorporation or bylaws unlesssuch amendments or restatements do not affect BioPharma’s interests under the BioPharma Agreement, (iv) encumber thecollateral, or (v) abandon certain patent rights, in each case without the consent of BioPharma. Any future debt financing we enterinto may involve similar or more onerous covenants that restrict our operations. If we raise additional capital through collaboration, licensing or other similar arrangements, it may be necessary torelinquish potentially valuable rights to our drugs or future investigational drug candidates, potential products or proprietarytechnologies, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If adequate funds are not available, our ability to achieveprofitability or to respond to competitive pressures would be significantly limited and we may be required to delay, significantlycurtail or eliminate the commercialization of one or more of our approved drugs or the development of one or more of our futureinvestigational drug candidates. The investment of our cash balance and our available-for-sale securities are subject to risks that may cause losses and affectthe liquidity of these investments. At December 31, 2015, we had $ 95.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and $ 146.2 million in available-for-salesecurities. While at December 31, 2015, our excess cash balances were invested in money market, U.S. Treasury securities andcorporate debt securities, our investment policy as approved by our Board of Directors, also provides for investments in debtsecurities of U.S. government agencies, corporate debt securities and asset-backed securities. Our investment policy has theprimary investment objectives of preservation of principal. However, there may be times when certain of the securities in ourportfolio will fall below the credit ratings required in the policy. Although the U.S. Congress was able to resolve the debt ceilingissue in time to avoid default, the major credit rating agencies have expressed their ongoing concern about the high levels of debtthat the U.S. government has taken on. Standard & Poor’s announced that it had revised its outlook on the long-term credit ratingof the U.S. to negative, which could affect the trading market for U.S. government securities. These factors could impact theliquidity or valuation of our available-for-sale securities, all of which were invested in U.S. Treasury securities or corporate debtsecurities as of December 3 1 , 2015. If those securities are downgraded or impaired we would experience losses in the value ofour portfolio which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. An investment inmoney market mutual funds is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmentagency. Although money market mutual funds seek to preserve the value of the investment at $1 per share, it is possible to losemoney by investing in money market mutual funds. Our involvement in securities-related class action and shareholder litigation could divert our resources and management’sattention and harm our business. The stock markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected themarket prices for the common stock of pharmaceutical companies. These broad market fluctuations may cause the market price ofour common stock to decline. In the past, securities-related class action litigation has often been brought against a companyfollowing a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology andbiopharmaceutical companies often experience significant stock price volatility in connection with their investigational drugcandidate development programs, the review of marketing applications by63 Table of Contentsregulatory authorities and the commercial launch of newly approved drugs. We were a defendant in federal and consolidated stateshareholder derivative lawsuits. These securities-related class action lawsuits generally alleged that we and our officers misled theinvesting public regarding the safety and efficacy of Qsymia and the prospects for the FDA’s approval of the Qsymia NDA as atreatment for obesity. Securities-related class action litigation often is expensive and diverts management’s attention and ourfinancial resources, which could adversely affect our business. For example , on March 27, 2014, Mary Jane and Thomas Jasin, who purport to be purchasers of VIVUS common stock,filed an Amended Complaint in Santa Clara County Superior Court alleging securities fraud against the Company and three of itsformer officers and directors. In that complaint, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc., Case No. 114-cv-261427, plaintiffs assertedclaims under California’s securities and consumer protection securities statutes. Plaintiffs alleged generally that defendantsmisrepresented the prospects for the Company’s success, including with respect to the launch of Qsymia, while purportedlyselling VIVUS stock for personal profit. Plaintiffs alleged losses of “at least” $2.8 million, and sought damages and other relief.On June 5, 2014, the Company and the other defendants filed a demurrer to the Amended Complaint seeking its dismissal. Withthe demurrer pending, on July 18, 2014, the same plaintiffs filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the NorthernDistrict of California, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc., Case No. 5:14-cv-03263. The Jasins’ federal complaint alleges violations ofSections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, based on facts substantially similar to those allegedin their state court action. On September 15, 2014, pursuant to an agreement between the parties, plaintiffs moved to voluntarilydismiss, with prejudice, the state court action. In the federal action, defendants filed a motion to dismiss on November 12, 2014.On December 3, 2014, plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint in the federal action. On January 21, 2015, defendants filed amotion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint. The court ruled on that motion on June 18, 2015, dismissing the sevenCalifornia claims with prejudice and dismissing the two federal claims with leave to amend. Plaintiffs filed a second amendedcomplaint on August 17, 2015. Defendant s moved to dismiss the complaint on October 2, 2015. On September 10, 2015,plaintiffs moved for entry of judgment on their state claims. Briefing on both defendants’ motion to dismiss and plaintiffs’ motionfor entry of judgment was completed on December 15, 2015. The court heard oral argument on both motions on January 14, 201 6. The court has not yet issued a ruling on either motion. The Company and the defendant former officers and directors cannotpredict the outcome of the motion s or the lawsuit generally, but believe that the lawsuit is without merit and intend to continuevigorously to defend against the claims. The Company maintains directors’ and officers’ liability insurance that it believes affords coverage for much of theanticipated cost of the remaining Jasin action, subject to the use of our financial resources to pay for our self-insured retentionand the policies’ terms and conditions. We have an accumulated deficit of $ 836.4 million as of December 31, 2015, and we may continue to incur substantialoperating losses for the future. We have generated a cumulative net loss of $ 836.4 million for the period from our inception through December 31,2015, and we anticipate losses in future years due to continued investment in our research and development programs. There canbe no assurance that we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability or that we will be successful in the future. Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income may belimited. As of December 3 1, 2015, we had approximately $ 675.6 million and $ 301.5 million of net operating loss, or NOL,carryforwards with which to offset our future taxable income for federal and state income tax reporting purposes, respectively.Utilization of our net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, or tax attributes, may be subject to substantial annual limitationsprovided by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions to the extent certain ownership changes are deemed to occur.Such an annual limitation could result in the expiration of the tax attributes before utilization. The tax attributes reflected abovehave not been reduced by any limitations. To the extent it is determined upon completion of the analysis that such limitations doapply, we will adjust the tax attributes accordingly. We face the risk that our ability to use our tax attributes will be substantiallyrestricted if we undergo an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, or Section 382. Anownership change under Section 382 would occur if “5-percent shareholders,” within the meaning of Section 382, collectivelyincreased their64 Table of Contentsownership in the Company by more than 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. We have not completed a recentstudy to assess whether any change of control has occurred or whether there have been multiple changes of control since theCompany’s formation, due to the significant complexity and cost associated with the study. We have completed studies throughDecember 3 1 , 201 5 and concluded no adjustments were required. If we have experienced a change of control at any time sinceour formation, our NOL carryforwards and tax credits may not be available, or their utilization could be subject to an annuallimitation under Section 382. A full valuation allowance has been provided against our NOL carryforwards, and if an adjustmentis required, this adjustment would be offset by an adjustment to the valuation allowance. Accordingly, there would be no impacton the consolidated balance sheet or statement of operations. We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities that could negatively impact our income tax provision, net income, and cashflow. We are subject to income taxes and other taxes in both the U.S. and the foreign jurisdictions in which we currentlyoperate or have historically operated. The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and current and deferred taxassets and liabilities requires judgment and estimation. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions andcalculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are subject to regular review and audit by U.S. tax authoritiesas well as subject to the prospective and retrospective effects of changing tax regulations and legislation. Although we believe ourtax estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may materially differ from the tax amounts recorded in our consolidatedfinancial statements and may materially affect our income tax provision, net income, or cash flows in the period or periods forwhich such determination and settlement is made. Risks Relating to an Investment in our Common Stock Our stock price has been and may continue to be volatile. The market price of our common stock has been volatile and is likely to continue to be so. The market price of ourcommon stock may fluctuate due to factors including, but not limited to: ·our ability to meet the expectations of investors related to the commercialization of Qsymia and STENDRA; ·the impact of the return of the U.S. and Canad i a n rights for the commercialization of STENDRA; ·our ability, either by ourselves or through a third party, to successfully commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. andCanada; ·our ability to find the right partner for expanded Qsymia commercial promotion to a broader primary care physicianaudience; ·our ability to obtain marketing authorization for our products in foreign jurisdictions, including authorization fromthe EC for Qsiva in the EU through the centralized marketing authorization procedure; ·the costs, timing and outcome of post-approval clinical studies which the FDA has required us to perform as part ofthe approval for Qsymia and STENDRA; ·the substantial cost to expand into certified retail pharmacy locations and the cost required to maintain the REMSprogram for Qsymia; ·results within the clinical trial programs for Qsymia and STENDRA or other results or decisions affecting thedevelopment of our investigational drug candidates; 65 Table of Contents·announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors; ·approval of, or announcements of, other anti-obesity compounds in development; ·publication of generic drug combination weight loss data by outside individuals or companies; ·actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial results; ·our ability to obtain needed financing; ·sales by insiders or major stockholders; ·economic conditions in the U.S. and abroad; ·the volatility and liquidity of the financial markets; ·comments by or changes in assessments of us or financial estimates by security analysts; ·negative reports by the media or industry analysts on various aspects of our products, our performance and ourfuture operations; ·adverse regulatory actions or decisions; ·any loss of key management; ·deviations in our operating results from the estimates of securities analysts or other analyst comments; ·discussions about us or our stock price by the financial and scientific press and in online investor communities; ·investment activities employed by short sellers of our common stock; ·developments or disputes concerning patents or other proprietary rights; ·reports of prescription data by us or from independent third parties for our products; ·licensing, product, patent or securities litigation; and ·public concern as to the safety and efficacy of our drugs or future investigational drug candidates developed by us. These factors and fluctuations, as well as political and other market conditions, may adversely affect the market price ofour common stock. Additionally, volatility or a lack of positive performance in our stock price may adversely affect our ability toretain or recruit key employees, all of whom have been or will be granted equity awards as an important part of theircompensation packages. Our operating results are unpredictable and may fluctuate. If our operating results are below the expectations of securitiesanalysts or investors, the trading price of our stock could decline. Our operating results will likely fluctuate from fiscal quarter to fiscal quarter, and from year to year, and are difficult topredict. Although we have commenced sales of Qsymia, we may never increase these sales or become profitable. If we are unableto or decide not to commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. and Canada ourselves, we will have to enter into a collaborativearrangement or strategic alliance to commercialize STENDRA. We may be unable to enter66 Table of Contentsinto agreements with third parties for STENDRA for these territories on favorable terms or at all, which could delay, impair, orpreclude our ability to commercialize STENDRA in these territories . In addition, although we have entered into license andcommercialization agreements with Sanofi and Menarini, to commercialize avanafil for the treatment of ED on an exclusive basisin Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and the CIS, including Russia, to commercialize and promote SPEDRA for the treatment ofED in over 40 countries, including the EU, plus Australia and New Zealand, respectively, we may not be successful incommercializing avanafil in these territories. Our operating expenses are largely independent of sales in any particular period. Webelieve that our quarterly and annual results of operations may be negatively affected by a variety of factors. These factorsinclude, but are not limited to, the level of patient demand for Qsymia and STENDRA, the ability of our distribution partners toprocess and ship product on a timely basis, the success of our third-party’s manufacturing efforts to meet customer demand,fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, investments in sales and marketing efforts to support the sales of Qsymia and STENDRA,investments in the research and development efforts, and expenditures we may incur to acquire additional products. Future sales of our common stock may depress our stock price. Sales of our stock by our executive officers and directors, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adverselyaffect the market price of our stock. We have also registered all common stock that we may issue under our employee benefitsplans. As a result, these shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to restrictions under the securitieslaws. Any of our executive officers or directors may adopt trading plans under SEC Rule 10b5-1 to dispose of a portion of theirstock . If any of these events cause a large number of our shares to be sold in the public market, the sales could reduce the tradingprice of our common stock and impede our ability to raise future capital. Our charter documents and Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company difficult, even if an acquisition maybenefit our stockholders. Our Board of Directors has adopted a Preferred Shares Rights Plan which, if not earlier triggered, expires on April 13,2017 . The Preferred Shares Rights Plan has the effect of causing substantial dilution to a person or group that attempts to acquireus on terms not approved by our Board of Directors. The existence of the Preferred Shares Rights Plan could limit the price thatcertain investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock and could discourage, delay or prevent amerger or acquisition that a stockholder may consider favorable. Some provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws coulddelay or prevent a change in control of our Company. Some of these provisions: ·authorize the issuance of preferred stock by the Board without prior stockholder approval, commonly referred to as“blank check” preferred stock, with rights senior to those of common stock; ·prohibit stockholder actions by written consent; ·specify procedures for director nominations by stockholders and submission of other proposals for consideration atstockholder meetings; and ·eliminate cumulative voting in the election of directors. In addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisionsmay prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging orcombining with us. These and other provisions in our charter documents could reduce the price that investors might be willing topay for shares of our common stock in the future and result in the market price being lower than it would be without theseprovisions. 67 Table of ContentsItem 1B. Unresolved Staff Comment sNone.Item 2. Propertie sW e have a lease on 4,914 square feet of office space located at 1174 Castro Street, Mountain View, California, or theCastro Facility . The lease for the Castro Facility has a term of 60 months commencing March 15, 2012, with an option to extendthe term for one year from the expiration of the new lease. Th e Castro Facility has been subleased commencing on September 1,2014 for a period of 31 months.We entered into a lease effective as of December 11, 2012, for our current principal executive offices, consisting of anapproximately 45,240 square foot building, located at 351 East Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California, or the Evelyn Lease.The Evelyn Lease has an initial term of approximately 84 months, commencing on May 11, 2013. We have one option to renewthe Evelyn Lease for a term of three years at the prevailing market rate. As part of a cost reduction plan, approximately 14,105square feet of the Evelyn Lease has been subleased commencing on May 1, 2014 for a period of 36 months.In general, our existing facilities are in good condition and adequate for all present and near ‑term uses.For additional information regarding obligations under operating leases, see Note 16: “Commitments” to ourConsolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K.Item 3. Legal ProceedingsSecurities Related Class Action and Shareholder Derivative LawsuitsThe Company, a current officer and a former officer were defendants in a putative class action captioned Kovtun v.VIVUS, Inc., et al. , Case No. 4:10 ‑CV ‑04957 ‑PJH, in the U.S. District Court, Northern District of California. The action, filedin November 2010, alleged violations of Section 10(b) and 20(a) of the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934 based onallegedly false or misleading statements made by the defendants in connection with the Company’s clinical trials and New DrugApplication, or NDA, for Qsymia as a treatment for obesity. The Court granted defendants’ motions to dismiss both plaintiff’sAmended Class Action Complaint and Second Amended Class Action Complaint; by order dated September 27, 2012, the latterdismissal was with prejudice and final judgment was entered for defendants the same day. On October 26, 2012, plaintiff filed aNotice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Following briefing of the appeal, the Court of Appeals heldoral argument on January 16, 2015. On January 29, 2015, the Court of Appeals issued a Memorandum decision affirming theDistrict Court’s ruling. On February 12, 2015, plaintiff asked the Court of Appeals’ panel to rehear the case or for the Court torehear the case en banc . The Court of Appeals denied that petition on March 16, 2015, and the matter is now concluded.Additionally, certain of the Company’s former officers and directors and a current director are defendants in ashareholder derivative lawsuit captioned Turberg v. Logan, et al. , Case No. CV ‑10 ‑05271 ‑PJH, pending in the same federalcourt. In the plaintiff’s Verified Amended Shareholder Derivative Complaint filed June 3, 2011, the plaintiff largely restated theallegations of the Kovtun action and alleged that the directors breached fiduciary duties to the Company by purportedly permittingthe Company to violate the federal securities laws as alleged in the Kovtun action. The same individuals are also nameddefendants in consolidated shareholder derivative suits pending in the California Superior Court, Santa Clara County, under thecaption In re VIVUS, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Master File No. 11 0 CV188439. The allegations in the state court derivative suitsare substantially similar to the other lawsuits. The Company is named as a nominal defendant in these actions, neither of whichseeks any recovery from the Company. The parties agreed to stay the derivative lawsuits pending the outcome of the appeal of thesecurities class action. Following the resolution of the class action in the Company’s favor, discussed above, the Turberg plaintiffdismissed the derivative litigation.68 Table of ContentsOn March 27, 2014, Mary Jane and Thomas Jasin, who purport to be purchasers of VIVUS common stock, filed anAmended Complaint in Santa Clara County Superior Court alleging securities fraud against the Company and three of its formerofficers and directors. In that complaint, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc., Case No. 114 ‑cv ‑261427, plaintiffs asserted claimsunder California’s securities and consumer protection securities statutes. Plaintiffs alleged generally that defendantsmisrepresented the prospects for the Company’s success, including with respect to the launch of Qsymia, while purportedlyselling VIVUS stock for personal profit. Plaintiffs alleged losses of “at least” $2.8 million, and sought damages and other relief.On June 5, 2014, the Company and the other defendants filed a demurrer to the Amended Complaint seeking its dismissal. Withthe demurrer pending, on July 18, 2014, the same plaintiffs filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the NorthernDistrict of California, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc., Case No. 5:14 ‑cv ‑03263. The Jasins’ federal complaint alleges violationsof Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, based on facts substantially similar to those alleged in theirstate court action. On September 15, 2014, pursuant to an agreement between the parties, plaintiffs moved to voluntarily dismiss,with prejudice, the state court action. In the federal action, defendants filed a motion to dismiss on November 12, 2014. OnDecember 3, 2014, plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint in the federal action. On January 21, 2015, defendants filed amotion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint. The court ruled on that motion on June 18, 2015, dismissing the sevenCalifornia claims with prejudice and dismissing the two federal claims with leave to amend. Plaintiffs filed a second amendedcomplaint on August 17, 2015. Defendants moved to dismiss that complaint on October 2, 2015. On September 10, 2015,plaintiffs moved for entry of judgment on their state claims. Briefing on both defendants’ motion to dismiss and plaintiffs’ motionfor entry of judgment was completed on December 15, 2015. The court heard oral argument on both motions on January 14, 2016.The court has not yet issued a ruling on either motion. The Company maintains directors’ and officers’ liability insurance that itbelieves affords coverage for much of the anticipated cost of the remaining Jasin action, subject to the use of our financialresources to pay for our self ‑insured retention and the policies’ terms and conditions.The Company and the defendant officers and directors cannot predict the outcome of the various shareholder lawsuits,but they believe the various shareholder lawsuits are without merit and intend to continue vigorously defending them.Qsymia ANDA LitigationOn May 7, 2014, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis Laboratories FL indicating thatit filed an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, requestingapproval to market a generic version of Qsymia and contending that the patents listed for Qsymia in the FDA Orange Book at thetime the notice was received (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776, 8,580,298, and 8,580,299 (collectively“patents ‑in ‑suit”)) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale or offer for sale of ageneric form of Qsymia as described in their ANDA. On June 12, 2014, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court forthe District of New Jersey against Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc., Actavis, Inc., and Actavis PLC, collectively referred to asActavis. The lawsuit (Case No. 14 ‑3786 ( SRC )( CLW )) was filed on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDA toobtain approval to manufacture, use, sell or offer for sale generic versions of Qsymia prior to the expiration of the patents ‑in ‑suitconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of those patents.In accordance with the Hatch ‑Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Actavis, FDA approvalof Actavis’ ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from the Company’s May 7, 2014 receipt of Actavis’Paragraph IV certification notice (i.e. November 7, 2016) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents areinvalid, unenforceable or not infringed.On January 21, 2015, t he Company received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis contending thattwo additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 8,895,057 and 8,895,058) are invalid, unenforceableand/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On March 4, 2015, theCompany filed a second lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Actavis (Case No. 15-1636(SRC)(CLW)) in response to the second Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDAconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit.69 Table of ContentsOn July 7, 2015, the Company received a third Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis contending that twoadditional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On August 17, 2015, theCompany filed a third lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Actavis (Case No. 15-6256 (SRC)(CLW)) in response to the third Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDA constitutesinfringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit. The three lawsuits against Actavis have been consolidated into a singlesuit (Case No. 14-3786 (SRC)(CLW)).On March 5, 2015, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.indicating that it filed an ANDA with the FDA, requesting approval to market a generic version of Qsymia and contending thateight patents listed for Qsymia in the Orange Book at the time of the notice (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256,7,674,776, 8,580,298, 8,580,299, 8,895,057 and 8,895,058) (collectively “patents-in-suit”) are invalid, unenforceable and/or willnot be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of a generic form of Qsymia as described in their ANDA. On April 15, 2015, theCompany filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Teva Pharmaceutical USA, Inc. and TevaPharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., collectively referred to as Teva. The lawsuit (Case No. 15-2693 (SRC)(CLW)) was filed on thebasis that Teva’s submission of their ANDA to obtain approval to manufacture, use, sell, or offer for sale generic versions ofQsymia prior to the expiration of the patents-in-suit constitutes infringement of one or more claims of those patents.In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Teva, FDA approval ofTeva’s ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from our March 5, 2015 receipt of Teva’s Paragraph IVcertification notice (i.e. September 5, 2017) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid,unenforceable or not infringed.On August 5, 2015, the Company received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva contending that twoadditional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On September 18, 2015, theCompany filed a second lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Teva (Case No. 15-6957(SRC)(CLW)) in response to the second Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Teva’s submission of their ANDAconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit. The two lawsuits against Teva have been consolidated intoa single suit (Case No. 15-2693 (SRC)(CLW)).The Company intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to Qsymia, but the Company cannotpredict the outcome of these matters.The Company is not aware of any other asserted or unasserted claims against it where it believes that an unfavorableresolution would have an adverse material impact on the operations or financial position of the Company.Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.None.70 Table of ContentsPART IIItem 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equit y, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.VIVUS’s common stock trades publicly on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “VVUS.” Thefollowing table sets forth for the periods indicated the quarterly high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported on theNASDAQ Global Select Market. Three Months Ended March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 2015 High $3.40 $2.65 $2.39 $2.25 Low 2.41 2.22 0.94 0.95 2014 High $9.80 $6.28 $5.45 $3.89 Low 5.50 4.56 3.32 2.72 StockholdersAs of February 29, 2016, there were 107,075,642 shares of outstanding common stock that were held by 2,889stockholders of record and no outstanding shares of preferred stock. On February 29, 2016, the last reported sales price of ourcommon stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market was $1.04 per share.DividendsWe have not paid any dividends since our inception and we do not intend to declare or pay any dividends on ourcommon stock in the foreseeable future. Declaration or payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Boardof Directors after taking into account various factors, including VIVUS’s financial condition, operating results and current andanticipated cash needs.Stock Performance GraphThe following graph shows a comparison of total stockholder return for holders of our common stock fromDecember 31, 2010 through December 31, 2015 compared with the NASDAQ Composite Index and the RDG SmallCapPharmaceutical Index. Total stockholder return assumes $100 invested at the beginning of the period in our common stock, thestock represented in the NASDAQ Composite Index and the stock represented by the RDG SmallCap Pharmaceutical Index,respectively. This graph is presented pursuant to SEC rules. We believe that while total stockholder return can be an importantindicator of corporate performance, the stock prices of small cap pharmaceutical stocks like VIVUS are subject to a number ofmarket ‑related factors other than company performance, such as competitive announcements, mergers and acquisitions in theindustry, the general state of the economy, and the performance of other medical technology stocks.71 Table of ContentsCOMPARISON OF 5 ‑‑YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*Among VIVUS, Inc., the NASDAQ Composite Index, and the RDG SmallCapPharmaceutical Index * $100 invested on 12/31/2010 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31.Item 6. Selected Financial DataThe following selected financial data have been derived from our audited financial statements. The information set forthbelow is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations and should be read in conjunction with “Management’sDiscussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the financial statements and notes theretoincluded elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K. The selected data is not intended to replace the financial statements.72 Table of ContentsSelected Financial Data(In thousands, except per share data)Selected Annual Financial Data Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Income Statement Data: Total revenue $95,430 $114,181 $81,082 $2,012 $ — Total operating expenses $155,707 $164,892 $235,696 $141,917 $47,076 Loss from operations $(60,277) $(50,711) $(154,614) $(139,905) $(47,076) Loss from continuing operations $(93,107) $(82,647) $(174,946) $(139,733) $(47,026) Net loss $(93,107) $(82,647) $(174,456) $(139,881) $(46,140) Basic and diluted net loss per share—Continuing operations $(0.90) $(0.80) $(1.72) $(1.42) $(0.56) Balance Sheet Data: Working capital $214,143 $301,789 $371,934 $220,671 $140,764 Total assets $280,581 $366,938 $431,796 $264,114 $152,056 Long-term debt $234,769 $227,783 $213,106 $ — $ — Accumulated deficit $(836,356) $(743,249) $(660,602) $(486,146) $(346,265) Stockholders’ (deficit) equity $(7,085) $82,518 $153,369 $222,909 $141,084 Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsAll percentage amounts and ratios were calculated using the underlying data in thousands. Operating results for the yearended December 31, 2015, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for future fiscal years. The followingdiscussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our historical financial statements and the notes to those financialstatements that are included in Item 8 of Part II of this Form 10 ‑K.OverviewVIVUS is a biopharmaceutical company with two therapies approved by the FDA: Qsymia (phentermine andtopiramate extended ‑release) for chronic weight management and STENDRA (avanafil) for erectile dysfunction, or ED.STENDRA is also approved by the European Commission, or EC, under the trade name, SPEDRA, for the treatment of ED in theEU.Qsymia was approved by the FDA in July 2012, as an adjunct to a reduced ‑calorie diet and increased physical activityfor chronic weight management in adult patients with an initial body mass index, or BMI, of 30 or greater, or obese patients, or 27or greater, or overweight patients, in the presence of at least one weight ‑related comorbidity, such as hypertension, type 2diabetes mellitus or high cholesterol, or dyslipidemia. Qsymia incorporates a proprietary formulation combining low doses ofactive ingredients from two previously approved drugs, phentermine and topiramate. Although the exact mechanism of action isunknown, Qsymia is believed to suppress appetite and increase satiety, or the feeling of being full, the two main mechanisms thatimpact eating behavior. In September 2012, Qsymia became available in the U.S. market through a limited number of certifiedhome delivery networks. In July 2013, Qsymia became available in retail pharmacies nationwide. As of the date of this report,Qsymia is available in over 4 0 ,000 certified retail pharmacies nationwide, including all of the major pharmacy chains in thecountry. We intend to continue to certify and add new pharmacies to the Qsymia retail pharmacy network, including national andregional chains as well as independent pharmacies.Prior to August 2015, we commercialized Qsymia in the U.S. primarily through a dedicated contract sales force,supported by an internal commercial team. In August 2015, we directly hired approximately 50 former contract salesrepresentatives to continue promoting Qsymia to physicians. Our efforts to expand the appropriate use of Qsymia includescientific publications, participation and presentations at medical conferences, and development and implementation of patient-directed support programs. Most recently, we have rolled out unique marketing programs to encourage targeted prescribers togain more experience with Qsymia with their obese patient population. In 2015, we increased our investment in digital media inorder to amplify our messaging to information-seeking consumers. The digital messaging encourages those consumers most likelyto take action to speak with their physicians about obesity73 ® ® Table of Contentstreatment options. We believe our enhanced web-based strategies will deliver clear and compelling communications to potentialpatients. We have also employed a physician referral service to help patients identify prescribers in their area.Challenges continue within the obesity pharmacotherapy market, in particular with respect to the tendency on the part ofhealthcare providers to treat the co-morbid conditions of obesity rather than the obesity disease itself. In addition, there is anarrow focus on certain patient types for treatment, historically low third-party insurance coverage, and the continued exclusionof anti-obesity medications from Medicare Part D.We continue to develop efficient ways to address the obesity market. We completed a realignment of our field salesterritories during April 2015 and July 2015, reducing the number of territories from 150 to approximately 50. Each of theseadjustments was accompanied by a parallel streamlining of corporate headquarters headcount as we have sought to right-size theorganization to match the market opportunity as it currently exists.We defined and identified the healthcare provider, or HCP, audience of anti-obesity prescribers as numberingapproximately 8,000 to 10,000. Of these, we believe the most highly productive writers are adequately covered by the newly-configured VIVUS sales force . We are focused on maintaining a commercial presence with important Qsymia prescribers, andwe have capacity to cover new potential prescribers, who are those physicians that begin prescribing branded obesity products.We are constantly monitoring prescribing activity in the market, and we have seen new prescriptions being written by HCPs onwhom we have not previously dedicated field sales resources. We believe that part of the current realignment addresses this newprescriber group, and we look forward to initiating and maintaining dialog with these HCPs.Qsymia is approved for the treatment of obesity in the U.S. In October 2012, we received a negative opinion from theEuropean Medicines Agency, or EMA, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, recommending refusal ofthe marketing authorization for the medicinal product Qsiva , the intended trade name for Qsymia in the EU, due to concernsover the potential cardiovascular and central nervous system effects associated with long-term use, potential for interfering withthe development of a fetus and use by patients for whom Qsiva would not have been indicated. We requested that this opinion bere-examined by the CHMP. After re-examination of the CHMP opinion, in February 2013, the CHMP adopted a final opinion thatreaffirmed the Committee’s earlier negative opinion to refuse the marketing authorization for Qsiva in the EU. In May 2013, theEC issued a decision refusing the grant of marketing authorization for Qsiva in the EU.In September 2013, we submitted a request to the EMA for Scientific Advice, a procedure similar to the U.S. SpecialProtocol Assessment process, regarding use of a pre-specified interim analysis from the CVOT, known as AQCLAIM, to assessthe long-term treatment effect of Qsymia on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight and obesesubjects with confirmed cardiovascular disease. Our request was to allow this interim analysis to support the resubmission of anapplication for a marketing authorization for Qsiva for treatment of obesity in accordance with the EU centralized marketingauthorization procedure. We received feedback in 2014 from the EMA and the various competent authorities of the EU MemberStates associated with review of the AQCLAIM CVOT protocol, and we received feedback from the FDA in late 2014 regardingthe amended protocol. As a part of addressing the FDA comments from a May 2015 meeting to discuss alternatives to completionof a CVOT , we are now working with cardiovascular and epidemiology experts in exploring alternate solutions to demonstratethe long-term cardiovascular safety of Qsymia. After reviewing a summary of Phase 3 data relevant to cardiovascular, or CV ,risk and post-marketing safety data, the cardiology experts noted that they believe there was an absence of an overt CV risk signaland indicated that they did not believe a randomized placebo controlled CVOT would provide additional information regardingthe CV risk of Qsymia. The epidemiology experts maintained that a well-conducted retrospective observational study c ouldprovide data to further inform on potential CV risk. We are working with the expert group to develop a protocol for theretrospective observational study and feasibility assessment. Although we and the consulted experts believe there is no overtsignal for CV risk to justify the AQCLAIM CVOT, VIVUS is committed to working with the FDA to reach a resolution. As forthe EU, even if the FDA were to accept a retrospective observational study in lieu of a CVOT, there would be no assurance thatthe EMA would accept the same.In addition, we are in the process of pursuing a new indication for Qsymia in obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA. We alsointend to seek regulatory approval for Qsymia in territories outside the U.S. and the EU and, if approved, to74 TM Table of Contentscommercialize the product through collaboration agreements with third parties. We plan to optimize spending while pursuingthese potential objectives.STENDRA is an oral phosphodiesterase type 5, or PDE5, inhibitor that we have licensed from Mitsubishi TanabePharma Corporation, or MTPC. STENDRA was approved by the FDA in April 2012 for the treatment of ED in the United States.In June 2013, the EC adopted a decision granting marketing authorization for SPEDRA, the approved trade name for avanafil inthe EU, for the treatment of ED in the EU. In July 2013, we entered into an agreement with the Menarini Group, through itssubsidiary Berlin Chemie AG, or Menarini, under which Menarini received an exclusive license to commercialize and promoteSPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 European countries, including the EU, as well as Australia and New Zealand.Menarini commenced its commercialization launch of the product in the EU in early 2014. As of the date of this filing, SPEDRAis commercially available in 25 countries within the territory granted to Menarini pursuant to the license and commercializationagreement.In October 2013, we entered into an agreement with Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Auxilium, under whichAuxilium received an exclusive license to commercialize and promote STENDRA in the United States and Canada. On the samedate, we also entered into a supply agreement with Auxilium, whereby we would supply Auxilium with STENDRA forcommercialization. Auxilium began commercializing STENDRA in the U.S. market in December 2013. In January 2015,Auxilium was acquired by Endo International, plc, or Endo. In December 2015, Auxilium notified us of its intention to return theU.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA to us. Auxilium has provided its contractually required six-month notice oftermination which, absent an agreement between Auxilium and us for an earlier termination date, will result in the termination ofthe license agreement and supply agreement on June 30, 2016.In December 2013, we entered into an agreement with Sanofi under which Sanofi received an exclusive license tocommercialize and promote avanafil for therapeutic use in humans in Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and the Commonwealth ofIndependent States, or CIS, including Russia. Sanofi will be responsible for obtaining regulatory approval in its territories. Sanofiintends to market avanafil under the trade name SPEDRA or STENDRA. Effective as of December 11, 2013, we also entered intoa supply agreement, or the Sanofi Supply Agreement, with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sanofi.Under the license agreements with Menarini, Auxilium and Sanofi, avanafil is expected to be commercialized in over100 countries worldwide. Under our agreement with Auxilium, we have received approximately $45.0 million in license andmilestone payments out of a potential of $300.0 million , as well as royalty payments. We do n o t anticipate any additionalmilestone revenue from the Auxilium agreement. Under the Menarini agreement, we have received approximately $63.0 millionin license and milestone payments out of a potential of approximately $100.0 million, as well as royalty payments. Under theSanofi agreement, we have received approximately $10.0 million in license and milestone payments out of a potential of $61.0million. In addition, we are currently in discussions with potential collaboration partners to market and sell STENDRA for ourother territories, including Latin America, in which we do not currently have a commercial collaboration. We have engaged astrategic advisor to assist us in the evaluation of our alternatives not only for STENDRA, but also for our overall businessstrategy. On September 18, 2014, the FDA approved a supplemental new drug application (sNDA) for STENDRA. STENDRA isnow indicated to be taken as early as approximately 15 minutes before sexual activity. Additionally, on January 23, 2015, the ECadopted a commission implementing decision amending the marketing authorization for SPEDRA. SPEDRA is now indicated tobe taken as needed approximately 15 to 30 minutes before sexual activity.Foreign regulatory approvals, including EC marketing authorization to market Qsiva in the EU, may not be obtained ona timely basis, or at all, and the failure to receive regulatory approvals in a foreign country would prevent us from marketing ourproducts that have failed to receive such approval in that market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business,financial condition and results of operations.Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesThe discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidatedfinancial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S.75 Table of ContentsThe preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts ofassets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including thoserelated to available ‑for ‑sale securities, research and development expenses, income taxes, inventories, revenues, includingrevenues from multiple ‑element arrangements, contingencies and litigation and share ‑based compensation. We base ourestimates on historical experience, information received from third parties and on various market specific and other relevantassumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgmentsabout the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differsignificantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our significant accounting policies are more fullydescribed in Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in thepreparation of our consolidated financial statements:Revenue RecognitionProduct RevenueWe recognize product revenue from the sales of Qsymia when: (i) persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists,(ii) delivery has occurred and title has passed, (iii) the price is fixed or determinable, and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.Revenue from sales transactions where the customer has the right to return the product is recognized at the time of sale only if:(i) our price to the customer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale, (ii) the customer has paid us, or the customeris obligated to pay us and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product, (iii) the customer’s obligation to us would notbe changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product, (iv) the customer acquiring the product forresale has economic substance apart from that provided by us, (v) we do not have significant obligations for future performance todirectly bring about resale of the product by the customer, and (vi) the amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated.Product Revenue AllowancesProduct revenue is recognized net of consideration paid to our customers, wholesalers and certified pharmacies, forservices rendered by the wholesalers and pharmacies in accordance with the wholesalers and certified pharmacy services networkagreements, and include a fixed rate per prescription shipped and monthly program management and data fees. These services arenot deemed sufficiently separable from the customers’ purchase of the product; therefore, they are recorded as a reduction ofrevenue at the time of revenue recognition.Other product revenue allowances include certain prompt pay discounts and allowances offered to our customers,program rebates and chargebacks. These product revenue allowances are recognized as a reduction of revenue or as a sellingexpense at the later of the date at which the related revenue is recognized or the date at which the allowance is offered. We alsooffer discount programs to patients. Calculating certain of these items involves estimates and judgments based on sales or invoicedata, contractual terms, utilization rates, new information regarding changes in these programs’ regulations and guidelines thatwould impact the amount of the actual rebates or chargebacks. We review the adequacy of product revenue allowances on aquarterly basis. Amounts accrued for product revenue allowances are adjusted when trends or significant events indicate thatadjustment is appropriate and to reflect actual experience.76 Table of ContentsThe following table summarizes the activity in the accounts related to Qsymia product revenue allowances (inthousands): Wholesaler/ Discount Pharmacy Cash Rebates/ programs fees discounts Chargebacks Total Balance at January 1, 2013 $ — $(143) $(57) $ — $(200) Current provision related to sales made during current period* (8,801) (5,070) (1,050) (280) (15,201) Payments 8,099 3,789 973 201 13,062 Balance at December 31, 2013 (702) (1,424) (134) (79) (2,339) Current provision related to sales made during current period* (17,579) (6,973) (1,712) (2,110) (28,374) Payments 17,418 7,393 1,696 1,752 28,259 Balance at December 31, 2014 (863) (1,004) (150) (437) (2,454) Current provision related to sales made during current period* (19,044) (6,958) (1,934) (2,706) (30,642) Payments 18,935 6,802 1,920 2,663 30,320 Balance at December 31, 2015 $(972) $(1,160) $(164) $(480) $(2,776) * Current provision related to sales made during current period includes $ 28.7 million, $24.6 million and $14.2 million for productrevenue allowances related to revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Theremaining amounts for the respective years were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as deferred revenue at the end of eachperiod.Qsymia was approved by the FDA in July 2012. We sell Qsymia product in the U.S. to wholesalers and select certifiedpharmacies through their home delivery pharmacy services networks, which are collectively, our customers. Under thisarrangement, title and risk of loss transfer to our customers upon delivery of the product to their distribution facilities.Wholesalers, in turn, sell product to certified retail pharmacies. Both mail order and retail certified pharmacies in turn, sell anddispense directly to patients, either at their retail pharmacies or through their mail order home delivery service.We shipped initial orders of Qsymia to our customers in September 2012, and in July 2013, we expanded ourdistribution network to include certified retail pharmacies in accordance with the FDA ‑approved amendment to our NDA forQsymia. Qsymia has a 36 ‑month shelf life and we grant rights to our customers to return unsold product six months prior to andup to 12 months after product expiration and issue credits that may be applied against existing or future invoices. Given ourlimited history of selling Qsymia and the duration of the return period, we do not have sufficient information to reliably estimateexpected returns of Qsymia at the time of shipment, and therefore we recognize revenue when units are dispensed to patientsthrough prescriptions, at which point, the product is not subject to return. We obtain prescription shipment data from thepharmacies to determine the amount of revenue to recognize.We will continue to recognize revenue for Qsymia based upon prescription sell ‑through until we have sufficienthistorical information to reliably estimate returns. As of December 31, 2015, we have deferred revenue of $19.3 million related toshipments of Qsymia, which represents product shipped to our customers, but not yet dispensed to patients through prescriptions.A corresponding accounts receivable is also recorded for this amount, as the payments from customers are not contingent uponthe sale of product to patients.Supply RevenueWe recognize supply revenue from the sales of STENDRA or SPEDRA when the four basic revenue recognition criteriadescribed above are met. We produce STENDRA or SPEDRA through a contract manufacturing partner and then sell it to ourcommercialization partners. As the primary responsible party in the commercial supply arrangements, we bear significant risk inthe fulfillment of the obligations, including risks associated with manufacturing, regulatory compliance and quality assurance, aswell as inventory, financial, and credit loss. As such, we77 Table of Contentsrecognize supply revenue on a gross basis as principal party in the arrangements. Our commercialization partners for STENDRAor SPEDRA sell the product through their distribution channels to patients. Under our product supply agreements, as long asproduct meets specified product dating criteria at the time of shipment to the partner, our commercialization partners do not havea right of return or credit for expired product. As such, we recognize revenue for products that meet the dating criteria at the timeof shipment.Revenue from Multiple ‑Element ArrangementsWe account for multiple ‑element arrangements, such as license and commercialization agreements in which a customermay purchase several deliverables, in accordance with ASC Topic 605 ‑25, Revenue Recognition—Multiple ‑ElementArrangements , or ASC 605 ‑25. We evaluate if the deliverables in the arrangement represent separate units of accounting. Indetermining the units of accounting, we evaluate certain criteria, including whether the deliverables have value to our customerson a stand ‑alone basis. Factors considered in this determination include whether the deliverable is proprietary to us, whether thecustomer can use the license or other deliverables for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining elements,whether the value of the deliverable is dependent on the undelivered items, and whether there are other vendors that can providethe undelivered items. Deliverables that meet these criteria are considered a separate unit of accounting. Deliverables that do notmeet these criteria are combined and accounted for as a single unit of accounting.When deliverables are separable, we allocate non ‑contingent consideration to each separate unit of accounting basedupon the relative selling price of each element. When applying the relative selling price method, we determine the selling pricefor each deliverable using vendor ‑specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price, if it exists, or third ‑party evidence, orTPE, of selling price, if it exists. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exists for a deliverable, we use best estimated sellingprice, or BESP, for that deliverable. Significant management judgment may be required to determine the relative selling price ofeach element. Revenue allocated to each element is then recognized based on when the following four basic revenue recognitioncriteria are met for each element: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services havebeen rendered; (iii) the price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured.Determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments thatcan have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue we report. Changes in assumptions or judgments, or changesto the elements in an arrangement, could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue that we report in aparticular period.ASC Topic 605 ‑28, Revenue Recognition—Milestone Method , or ASC 605 ‑28, established the milestone method as anacceptable method of revenue recognition for certain contingent, event ‑based payments under research and developmentarrangements. Under the milestone method, a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone isrecognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is an event: (i) that can be achieved basedin whole or in part on either our performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from our performance, (ii) forwhich there is substantive uncertainty at the date the arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved, and (iii) thatwould result in additional payments being due to us. The determination that a milestone is substantive requires judgment and ismade at the inception of the arrangement. Milestones are considered substantive when the consideration earned from theachievement of the milestone is: (i) commensurate with either our performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement ofvalue of the item delivered as a result of a specific outcome resulting from our performance to achieve the milestone, (ii) relatessolely to past performance, and (iii) is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement.Other contingent, event ‑based payments received for which payment is either contingent solely upon the passage oftime or the results of a collaborative partner’s performance are not considered milestones under ASC 605 ‑28. In accordance withASC 605, such payments will be recognized as revenue when all of the four basic revenue recognition criteria are met.Revenues recognized for royalty payments are recognized as earned when the four basic revenue recognition criteriadescribed above are met.78 Table of ContentsInventoriesInventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first ‑in, first ‑out method for allinventories, which are valued using a weighted average cost method calculated for each production batch. Inventory includes thecost of active pharmaceutical ingredients, or APIs, raw materials and third ‑party contract manufacturing and packaging services.Indirect overhead costs associated with production and distribution are allocated to the appropriate cost pool and then absorbedinto inventory based on the units produced or distributed, assuming normal capacity, in the applicable period.Inventory costs of product shipped to customers, but not yet recognized as revenue, are recorded as deferred costs withininventories on the consolidated balance sheets and are subsequently recognized to cost of goods sold when revenue recognitioncriteria have been met.Our policy is to write down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expectednet realizable value and inventory in excess of expected requirements. The estimate of excess quantities is subjective andprimarily dependent on our estimates of future demand for a particular product. If the estimate of future demand is inaccuratebased on actual sales, we may increase the write down for excess inventory for that product and record a charge to inventoryimpairment and commitment fee in the consolidated statements of operations. We periodically evaluate the carrying value ofinventory on hand for potential excess amount over demand using the same lower of cost or market approach as that used to valuethe inventory.Research and Development ExpensesResearch and development, or R&D, expenses include license fees, related compensation, consultants’ fees, facilitiescosts, accrued milestones, administrative expenses related to R&D activities and clinical trial costs incurred by clinical researchorganizations, or CROs, and research institutions under agreements that are generally cancelable, among other related R&D costs.We also record accruals for estimated ongoing clinical trial costs. Clinical trial costs represent costs incurred by CROs andclinical sites and include advertising for clinical trials and patient recruitment costs. These costs are recorded as a component ofR&D expenses and are expensed as incurred. Under our agreements, progress payments are typically made to investigators,clinical sites and CROs. We analyze the progress of the clinical trials, including levels of patient enrollment, invoices receivedand contracted costs when evaluating the adequacy of accrued liabilities. Significant judgments and estimates must be made andused in determining the accrued balance in any accounting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates under differentassumptions. Revisions are charged to expense in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revision become known.In addition, we have obtained rights to patented intellectual properties under several licensing agreements for use inresearch and development activities. Non ‑refundable licensing payments made for intellectual properties that have no alternativefuture use are expensed to research and development as incurred.Share ‑Based PaymentsWe follow the fair value method of accounting for share ‑based compensation arrangements in accordance with theFinancial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, topic 718, Compensation—StockCompensation, or ASC 718. Under ASC 718, the estimated fair value of share ‑based compensation, including stock options andrestricted stock units granted under our stock option plans and purchases of common stock by employees at a discount to marketprice under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, is recognized as compensation expense. Compensation expense forpurchases under the ESPP is recognized based on the estimated fair value of the common stock purchase rights during eachoffering period and the percentage of the purchase discount.We use the Black ‑Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of the share ‑based awards as of the grantdate. The Black ‑Scholes model, by its design, is highly complex, and dependent upon key data inputs estimated by management.The primary data inputs with the greatest degree of judgment are the estimated lives of the share ‑based awards and the estimatedvolatility of our stock price. The Black ‑Scholes model is highly sensitive to changes in these79 Table of Contentstwo data inputs. The expected term of the options represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstandingand is derived by analyzing the historical experience of similar awards, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the share‑based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior. We determine expected volatility using thehistorical method, which is based on the daily historical trading data of our common stock over the expected term of the option.Management selected the historical method primarily because we have not identified a more reliable or appropriate method topredict future volatility. For more information about our share ‑based payments, see Note 15: “Stock Option and Purchase Plans”to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K.Share ‑based compensation expense is allocated among cost of goods sold, research and development and selling,general and administrative expenses, or included in the inventory carrying value and absorbed into inventory, based on thefunction of the related employee.Fair Value MeasurementsThe authoritative literature for fair value measurements established a three ‑tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizesthe inputs in measuring fair value. These tiers are as follows: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted market pricesin active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectlyobservable; and Level 3, defined as significant unobservable inputs (entity developed assumptions) in which little or no marketdata exists.Financial instruments include cash equivalents, available ‑for ‑sale securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable andaccrued liabilities. Available ‑for ‑sale securities are carried at estimated fair value. The carrying value of cash equivalents,accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their estimated fair value due to the relatively short nature of theseinstruments. As of December 31, 2015, our cash, cash equivalents and available ‑for ‑sale securities measured at fair value on arecurring basis totaled $241.6 million.All of our cash, cash equivalents and available ‑for ‑sale securities are in cash, money market instruments, U.S. Treasurysecurities and corporate debt securities at December 31, 2015. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair values of thesefinancial instruments were derived from quoted market prices, as substantially all of these instruments have maturity dates, if any,within one year from the date of purchase and active markets for these instruments exist.In May 2013, we closed on an offering totaling $250.0 million in Convertible Notes. The fair value of the liabilitycomponent of the Convertible Notes, excluding the conversion feature, was derived using a binomial lattice model, or Level 3inputs. To arrive at the appropriate risk adjusted rate, or market yield, for the Convertible Notes, we performed (i) a syntheticcredit rating analysis estimating the issuer level credit rating of the Company using a regression model, (ii) research onappropriate market yields using option adjusted spread indications for similar credit ratings, and (iii) considered the market yieldimplied for the Convertible Notes from a binomial lattice model. Using these inputs, the initial fair value of the liabilitycomponent of the Convertible Notes was estimated at $154.7 million. The Convertible Notes are described further below and inNote 13: “Long ‑Term Debt” to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K.Debt instruments are initially recorded at fair value, with coupon interest and amortization of debt issuance discountsrecognized in the statements of operations as interest expense at each period end while such instruments are outstanding. If weissue shares to discharge the liability, the debt obligation is derecognized and common stock and additional paid ‑in capital arerecognized on the issuance of those shares.Our Convertible Notes contain a conversion option that is classified as equity. The fair value of the liability componentof the debt instrument was deducted from the initial proceeds to determine the proceeds to be allocated to the conversion option.The excess of the proceeds received from the Convertible Notes over the initial amount allocated to the liability component, isallocated to the equity component. This excess is reported as a debt discount and subsequently amortized as non ‑cash interestexpense, using the interest method, over the expected life of the Convertible Notes.80 Table of ContentsIssuance costs related to the equity component of the Convertible Notes were charged to additional paid ‑in capital. Theremaining portion related to the debt component has been capitalized as a deferred charge and included in non ‑current assets inthe consolidated balance sheets, and is being amortized and recorded as additional interest expense over the expected life of theConvertible Notes. In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with certaincounterparties affiliated with the underwriters. The fair value of the purchased capped calls was recorded to stockholders’ equity.Concentration of Credit RiskFinancial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cashequivalents, available ‑for ‑sale ‑securities, and accounts receivable. We have established guidelines to limit our exposure tocredit risk by placing investments with a number of high credit quality institutions, in U.S. Treasury securities, in corporate debtsecurities, diversifying our investment portfolio and placing investments with maturities that maintain safety and liquidity withinour liquidity needs.Accounts Receivable, Allowances for Doubtful Accounts and Cash DiscountsWe extend credit to our customers for product sales resulting in accounts receivable. Customer accounts are monitoredfor past due amounts. Past due accounts receivable, determined to be uncollectible, are written off against the allowance fordoubtful accounts. Allowances for doubtful accounts are estimated based upon past due amounts, historical losses and existingeconomic factors, and are adjusted periodically. Historically, we have not had any significant uncollected accounts. We offer cashdiscounts to our customers, generally 2% of the sales price, as an incentive for prompt payment. The estimate of cash discounts isrecorded at the time of sale. We account for the cash discounts by reducing revenue and accounts receivable by the amount of thediscounts we expect our customers to take. The accounts receivable are reported in the consolidated balance sheets, net of theallowances for doubtful accounts and cash discounts. There is no allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 2015 or 2014.Inventory Impairment and Other Non ‑Recurring ChargesOur inventory impairment and other non ‑recurring charges consist of inventory impairment charges, proxy contestexpenses and charges from cost reduction plans, including employee severance, one ‑time termination benefits and ongoingbenefits related to the reduction of our workforce, facilities and other exit costs. We periodically evaluate the carrying value ofour inventory on hand for potential excess amount over demand using the lower of cost or market price . Any excess amount iswritten off. Liabilities for costs associated with a cost reduction activity are recognized when the liability is incurred, as opposedto when management commits to a cost reduction plan. In addition, liabilities associated with cost reduction activities aremeasured at fair value. One ‑time termination benefits are expensed at the date we notify the employee, unless the employee mustprovide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period. Ongoing benefits areexpensed when cost reduction activities are probable and the benefit amounts are estimable. Other costs primarily consist of legal,consulting, and other costs related to employee terminations and are expensed when incurred. Expenses related to terminationbenefits are calculated in accordance with the various agreements with certain of our employees.Income TaxesWe make certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement purposes. Theseestimates and judgments occur in the calculation of certain tax assets and liabilities, which arise from differences in the timing ofrecognition of revenue and expense for tax and financial statement purposes.We are required to estimate our income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involvesestimating our current tax exposure under the most recent tax laws and assessing temporary differences resulting from differingtreatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which areincluded in our consolidated balance sheets.81 Table of ContentsWe assess the likelihood that we will be able to recover our deferred tax assets. We consider all available evidence, bothpositive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxableincome and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. If it is not morelikely than not that we will recover our deferred tax assets, we will increase our provision for taxes by recording a valuationallowance against the deferred tax assets that we estimate will not ultimately be recoverable. As a result of our analysis of allavailable evidence, both positive and negative, as of December 31, 2015, it was considered more likely than not that our deferredtax assets would not be realized. However, should there be a change in our ability to recover our deferred tax assets, we wouldrecognize a benefit to our tax provision in the period in which we determine that it is more likely than not that we will recover ourdeferred tax assets.Contingencies and LitigationWe are periodically involved in disputes and litigation related to a variety of matters. When it is probable that we willexperience a loss, and that loss is quantifiable, we record appropriate reserves. We record legal fees and costs as an expense whenincurred.RESULTS OF OPERATIONSRevenues Year Ended December 31, 201520142013Net Qsymia product revenue$54,622 $45,277 $23,718 License and milestone revenue11,574 38,614 55,838 Supply revenue26,674 26,519 1,526 Royalty revenue2,560 3,771 --Basic and diluted net loss per share$95,430 $114,181 $81,082 Net Qsymia product revenueWe recognize net product revenue for Qsymia based on prescription sell ‑through by the certified retail pharmacies andhome delivery pharmacy services networks to patients as we do not have sufficient historical information to reliably estimatereturns. Currently, Qsymia is only approved for sale in the U.S.; therefore, all net product revenue for Qsymia to date has beenearned in the U.S.The following table reconciles gross Qsymia product revenue to net Qsymia product revenue (in thousands): 2015 2014 2013 Gross Qsymia product revenue $83,338 $69,870 $37,897 Discount programs (18,441) (16,140) (8,801) Wholesaler/Pharmacy fees (5,913) (4,970) (4,348) Cash discounts (1,656) (1,373) (750) Rebates/Chargebacks (2,706) (2,110) (280) Net product revenue $54,622 $45,277 $23,718 For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, approximately 566 ,000, 534,000 and 373,000 Qsymiaprescriptions were dispensed, respectively. Approximately 63% of our total prescriptions for the year ended December 31, 2015included either a free good or discount offer, with approximately 99,000 of those prescriptions dispensed as free goods. Incomparison, for the year ended December 31, 2014, approximately 60% of our total prescriptions included either a free good ordiscount offer, with approximately 109,000 of those prescriptions dispensed82 Table of Contentsas free goods, and for the year ended December 31, 2013, approximately 102,000, or 52%, of our total prescriptions weredispensed as free goods.At December 31, 2015, we had Qsymia deferred gross revenue of $19.3 million, which represents Qsymia productshipped to wholesalers and certified retail pharmacies, but not yet dispensed to patients through prescriptions, net of prompt‑payment discounts. We expect Qsymia net product revenue in 2016 to decrease from 2015 levels due to market conditions.License and milestone revenueDuring 2013, we entered into license and commercialization agreements and commercial supply agreements with theMenarini Group, through its subsidiary Berlin ‑Chemie AG, or Menarini, Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Auxilium, andSanofi and its affiliate, or Sanofi, to commercialize and promote STENDRA or SPEDRA in their respective territories.Menarini’s territory consists of over 40 countries, including the EU, as well as Australia and New Zealand. Auxilium’s territoryconsists of the United States and Canada and their respective territories. In December 2015, Auxilium notified us of its intentionto return the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA to us. Auxilium has provided its contractually required six-month notice of termination which, absent an agreement between Auxilium and us for an earlier termination date, will result inthe termination of the license agreement and supply agreement on June 30, 2016. Sanofi’s territory consists of Africa, the MiddleEast, Turkey and Eurasia.For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized $11.6 million in license and milestone revenue primarilyattributable to milestone payments related to the approval of the Time ‑to ‑Onset Claim in the EU. For the year ended December31, 2014, we recognized $38.6 million in license and milestone revenue primarily attributable to milestone payments related toproduct launches in certain EU countries, the approval of the Time-to-Onset Claim in the U.S. and the delivery of the licenserights and know-how under our agreement with Sanofi. For the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized $55.8 million inlicense and milestone revenue, primarily due to the delivery of license rights and related know ‑how under the license agreementswith Auxilium and Menarini, and the achievement of a regulatory milestone in Europe. License and milestone revenue is dependent upon the timing of the achievement of certain milestones and the timing of entering into collaborative agreement s. A s aresult, our license and milestone revenue could fluctuate materially between periods.For further discussion on the revenue from our above ‑mentioned license and commercialization agreements, refer toNote 12: “License, Commercialization and Supply Agreements” to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere inthis Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K.For geographic information with respect to license and milestone revenue, see Note 18: “Segment Information andConcentration of Customers and Suppliers—Geographic Information” to our Consolidated Financial Statements includedelsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K.Net STENDRA/SPEDRA supply revenueWe began distributing STENDRA or SPEDRA tablets to our commercialization partners in December 2013. Auxiliumlaunched the commercialization of STENDRA in the U.S. and Canada in December 2013. Menarini launched thecommercialization of SPEDRA in the EU ‑5 (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) in the first half of 2014,and the product is available in retail in 25 countries in the Menarini territory. In addition, we began selling avanafil API to Sanofiin December 2013, to support their technology transfer to qualify as a second supplier for avanafil API and tablets. We recognize supply revenue upon shipment to our commercialization partners . A s a result, supply revenue may ormay not represent our commercialization partners’ sales to end users. The timing of purchases by our commercialization partnerswill be affected by, among other items, their minimum purchase commitments, end user demand, and distributor inventory levels.As a result, supply revenue may fluctuate materially between reporting periods. In 2016, we anticipate that our supply revenuewill be affected by our decision to commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. and Canada ourselves or to license the U.S. andCanadian rights to a third party, end user demand for83 Table of ContentsSTENDRA/SPEDRA, the timing of entering into additional commercialization partnerships in territories not currently licensed,and the timing of our partners receiving approvals to commercialize STENDRA/SPEDRA in additional countries. For geographic information with respect to STENDRA/SPEDRA supply revenue, see Note 18: “Segment Informationand Concentration of Customers and Suppliers—Geographic Information” to our Consolidated Financial Statements includedelsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K.Royalty revenueRoyalty revenue for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was primarily attributable to commercializationagreements with Menarini and Auxilium that we entered into during the second half of 2013, for which we earn royalties basedupon a certain percentage of net sales reported by commercialization partners. In April 2015, we were informed by Endo upontheir purchase of Auxilium that Endo had revised its accounting estimate for return reserve for STENDRA sold in 2014. Underthe terms of the license and commercialization agreement, adjustments to the return reserve can be deducted from the reported netrevenue. As a result, in 2015, we recorded an adjustment of $1.2 million to reduce our royalty revenue. We did not record royaltyrevenue in 2013 as there were no net sales reported by our commercialization partners. In 2016, we anticipate that our royaltyrevenue levels will be significantly impacted by our decision to commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. and Canada ourselves or tolicense the U.S. and Canadian rights to a third party and , if we license the U.S. and Canadian rights to a third party, the timing ofentering into such an agreement.Cost of goods sold Year Ended December 31, 201520142013Qsymia cost of goods sold$8,720 $7,155 $2,755 STENDRA/SPEDRA cost of goods sold25,437 26,232 2,113 Cost of goods sold$34,157 $33,387 $4,868 Co st of goods sold for Qsymia dispensed to patients includes the inventory costs of APIs, third ‑party contractmanufacturing and packaging and distribution costs, royalties, cargo insurance, freight, shipping, handling and storage costs, andoverhead costs of the employees involved with production. Cost of goods sold for STENDRA or SPEDRA shipped to ourcommercialization partners includes the inventory costs of purchased tablets, freight, shipping and handling costs. The cost ofgoods sold associated with deferred revenue on Qsymia and STENDRA or SPEDRA product shipments is recorded as deferredcosts, which are included in inventories in the consolidated balance sheets, until such time as the deferred revenue is recognized.Selling, general and administrative % Change Years Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) 2015 2014 2013 2015 vs 2014 2014 vs 2013 (In thousands, except percentages) Selling and marketing $52,988 $72,330 $94,841 (27)% (24)%General and administrative 26,399 39,209 63,394 (33)% (38)%Total selling, general and administrative expenses $79,387 $111,539 $158,235 (29)% (30)% The decrease in selling and marketing expenses in 2015 as compared to 2014 was primarily due to lower promotionalactivities for Qsymia, driven by a lower workforce and more targeted spending. The decrease in 2014 as compared to 2013 wasprimarily due to lower selling and marketing activities for Qsymia, as a result of our more targeted and focused spending onmarketing and promotional activities in 2014.84 Table of ContentsThe decrease in general and administrative expenses in 2015 as compared to 2014 was primarily due to our cost controlinitiatives, including a reduction in headcount and other employee costs. The decrease in 2014 as compared to 2013 was primarilydue to factors attributable to our cost control initiatives, including reduction in headcount and other employee costs, includingshare ‑based compensation expense, and lower spending on professional fees and other corporate activities.We expect both selling and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses to decrease in 2016 from 2015as a result of the cost reduction efforts implemented in 2015. However, if we commercialize STENDRA in the U.S. and Canadain 2016 , our selling and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses could increase over 2015 levels.Research and development % Change Years Ended December 31, Increase/(Decrease) Drug Indication/Description 2015 2014 2013 2015 vs 2014 2014 vs 2013 (In thousands, except percentages) Qsymia for obesity $3,328 $4,457 $10,520 (25)% (58)% STENDRA for ED 840 2,356 8,391 (64)% (72)% Other projects — 30 314 (100)% (90)% Share-based compensation 398 1,177 2,361 (66)% (50)% Overhead costs* 5,536 5,773 8,091 (4)% (29)% Total research and development expenses $10,102 $13,793 $29,677 (27)% (54)% * Overhead costs include compensation and related expenses, consulting, legal and other professional services fees relating toresearch and development activities, which we do not allocate to specific projects.The decrease in total research and development expenses in 2015 as compared to 2014 was due primarily to the timingof clinical activity, the impact of our cost reduction efforts implemented during 2015 and lower share-based compensationexpense, as a result of our lower share price and decrease in headcount . The decrease in total research and development expensesin 2014, as compared to 2013, was due primarily to the completion of various product studies, including the STENDRA 15‑minute and spermatogenesis studies. Other factors that favorably impacted research and development expenses include (i) adecrease due to the timing of Qsymia study activities, known as the AQCLAIM study, and (ii) decreases in employee costs(including share ‑based compensation expense), external staffing and consulting fees, other project costs and overhead costs, mostof which were attributable to a cost reduction plan.We anticipate that there will be additional research and development expenses for post ‑approval studies related toQsymia , specifically a retrospective cohort study and an adolescent pharmacokinetics study . We expect that our research anddevelopment expenses will fluctuate from period to period due to the timing and scope of our development activities and theresults of clinical and pre ‑clinical studies.85 Table of ContentsInventory impairment and other non ‑recurring chargesInventory impairment and other non ‑recurring charges consist of (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Inventory impairment $29,522 $2,170 $10,225 Employee severance and related costs 2,503 1,711 8,546 Patent settlement — 1,949 — Share-based compensation 36 343 14,072 Proxy contest expenses — — 8,863 Operating lease termination costs — — 1,210 Total inventory impairment and other non-recurring expense $32,061 $6,173 $42,916 Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first in, first out method for allinventories, which are valued using a weighted average cost method calculated for each production batch. We periodicallyevaluate the carrying value of inventory on hand for potential excess amount over demand using the same lower of cost or marketapproach as that used to value the inventory. In 2015, we recorded inventory impairment charges primarily for Qsymia APIinventory in excess of expected demand. In 2014, we recorded inventory impairment charges for finished goods and certain non-API raw materials on hand in excess of demand and, in 2013, we recorded inventory impairment charges for inventories on handin excess of demand, plus a purchase commitment fee.In 2015, we recorded employee severance and related costs and share-based compensation related to the July 2015corporate restructuring plan, which reduced our workforce by approximately 60 job positions. In 2014 and 2013, we recordedemployee severance and related costs, share-based compensation and operating lease termination costs related to the 2013 costreduction plan that reduced our workforce by approximately 20 employees.In 2014, we paid $5.0 million in connection with the transfer and assignment of certain patents from JanssenPharmaceuticals, Inc. Of the $5.0 million, approximately $1.9 million was recognized as a non-recurring expense for the yearended December 31, 2014 as it related to a legal settlement. The remaining balance of approximately $3.1 million was recordedas an intangible asset and is being amortized as cost of goods sold through their expiration dates.In 2013, we entered into a settlement agreement with First Manhattan in connection with a proxy contest related to our2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. According to the terms of the settlement agreement, more than a majority of the membersof our Board of Directors resigned and new members were appointed. The change in the majority of the members of our Board ofDirectors, effective July 19, 2013, triggered certain “change of control” benefits in accordance with the terms of variousagreements with certain of our employees. Under these agreements, all unvested stock options held by these employeesautomatically vested in full and became immediately exercisable. In addition, the resignations of both our Chief Executive Officerand President resulted in severance charges under these agreements. As part of the settlement agreement with First Manhattan, wepaid the reasonable and documented expenses incurred by First Manhattan in connection with its proxy contest.Interest and other expense (income)Interest and other expense (income) consists primarily of interest expense and the amortization of issuance costs fromour Convertible Notes and Senior Secured Notes and the amortization of the debt discount on the Convertible Notes. Interestexpense (income) was $33.3 million, $32.5 million and $19.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013,respectively. The increase in interest expense (income) for the year ended December 31, 2014, compared with the same period in2013, was primarily due to the timing of the issuance of our Convertible Senior Notes of $250.0 million, which closed in May2013, and the issuance of our Senior Secured Notes of $50.0 million, which closed in April 2013, which consequently impacted2014 for a full year but for only a partial year in 2013. Other expense86 Table of Contentsand income were not significant. We expect interest and other expense (income) in 2016 to remain relatively consistent with 2015levels.Provision for (Benefit from) income taxesWe recorded a net provision for income taxes of $3,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, as compared to a netbenefit from income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $629,000 and a provision for income taxes of $97,000 for theyear ended December 31, 2013. The tax provision in 2015 is the result of certain state tax liabilities. The reduction in tax expensein 2014 as compared to 2013 primarily relates to favorable settlements with state tax authorities, as discussed below, partiallyoffset by tax liabilities in some states.The tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily relates to tax liabilities in certain states. The taxbenefit for the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily relates to tax liabilities in certain states, offset by a tax refund receivedfrom the State of New Jersey as a result of a settlement of an audit and acceptance of a refund claim for the tax year endedDecember 31, 2007 amounting to $462,000 (including interest) and a reduction of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as aresult of the California Franchise Tax Board audit that was favorably settled amounting to approximately $208,000. The taxprovision for the year ended December 31, 2013 relates to state tax liabilities.Discontinued operationsOn November 5, 2010, we completed the sale of the MUSE product to Meda AB. For the year ended December 31,2013, we recorded some minor adjustments related to the MUSE disposition, primarily adjustments to our sales reserves foraccrued product returns.LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCESContinuing OperationsCash. Cash, cash equivalents and available ‑for ‑sale securities totaled $241.6 million at December 31, 2015, ascompared to $299.6 million at December 31, 2014. The decrease is primarily due to cash used in the funding of our operations. In2015, we received payments for license and milestone revenue of $11.6 million. In 2014, we received payments for license andmilestone revenue of $35.3 million. In April 2013, we received a net amount of $48.4 million through the sale of a debt ‑likeinstrument, or the Senior Secured Notes, to BioPharma Secured Investments III Holdings Cayman LP, or BioPharma. On May 21,2013, we closed an offering of $220.0 million in 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes due May 1, 2020, or the Convertible Notes. OnMay 29, 2013, we closed on an additional $30.0 million of Convertible Notes upon the exercise of an option by the initialpurchasers of the Convertible Notes. Total net proceeds from the Convertible Notes were approximately $241.8 million. Inaddition, in 2013, we received upfront payments totaling $26.6 million, net of withholding taxes, under the license agreementwith Menarini, $30.0 million under the license agreement with Auxilium and $5.0 million under the license agreement withSanofi.Since inception, we have financed operations primarily from the issuance of equity, debt and debt ‑like securities.Through December 31, 2015, we have raised approximately $931.1 million from financing activities, received $150 million fromthe sale of Evamist, received a total of $118.0 million in license and milestone payments related to the STENDRA or SPEDRAlicense and commercialization agreements, and had an accumulated deficit of $836.4 million at December 31, 2015.At December 31, 2015, we had $95.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and $146.2 million in available ‑for ‑salesecurities. We invest our excess cash balances in money market, U.S. government securities and corporate debt securities inaccordance with our investment policy. Our investment policy has the primary investment objectives of preservation of principal;however, there may be times when certain of the securities in our portfolio will fall below the credit ratings required in the policy.If those securities are downgraded or impaired, we would experience realized or unrealized losses in the value of our portfolio,which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.87 Table of ContentsInvestment securities are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, market and credit. Due to the level of riskassociated with certain investment securities and the level of uncertainty related to changes in the value of investment securities, itis possible that changes in these risk factors in the near term could have an adverse material impact on our results of operations orstockholders’ equity.Accounts Receivable. We extend credit to our customers for product sales resulting in accounts receivable. Customeraccounts are monitored for past due amounts. Past due accounts receivable, determined to be uncollectible, are written off againstthe allowance for doubtful accounts. Allowances for doubtful accounts are estimated based upon past due amounts, historicallosses and existing economic factors, and are adjusted periodically. Historically, we have had no significant uncollectableaccounts receivable. We offer cash discounts to our customers, generally 2% of the sales price as an incentive for promptpayment.Accounts receivable (net of allowance for cash discounts) at December 31, 2015, was $9.0 million, as compared to$11.6 million at December 31, 2014. Currently, we do not have any significant concerns related to accounts receivable orcollections. As of February 29, 2016, we had collected 95% of the accounts receivable outstanding at December 31, 2015.Liabilities. Total liabilities were $287.7 million at December 31, 2015, compared to $284.4 million at December 31,2014. The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to timing differences in our various liability accounts.Summary Cash Flows Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 (in thousands) Cash provided by (used for): Operating activities $(46,332) $(38,105) $(135,325) Investing activities 67,404 15,893 (90,121) Financing activities (8,851) 2,124 270,103 Operating Activities. The increase in cash used from operating activities in 2015 as compared to 2014 was primarily due to the reduction intotal revenue, due to a reduction in license and milestone receipts, and spending on inventory for contractually-mandatedpurchases, partially offset by lower operating expenses, primarily attributable to our cost reduction plan in 2015. The decrease incash used from operating activities in 2014, compared to 2013, was primarily due to higher net product revenue from sales ofQsymia, royalty and supply revenue from sales of STENDRA, partially offset by lower license and milestone revenue from thelicense and commercialization agreements for STENDRA or SPEDRA, and lower operating expenses, primarily attributable to acost reduction plan initiated in the fourth quarter of 2013, conclusion of various clinical studies, and more targeted and focusedspending on marketing and promotional activities. These factors were partially offset by changes in assets and liabilities for theyear ended December 31, 2014, compared with the same period in 2013.During the year ended December 31, 2015, our loss from continuing operations of $93.1 million was offset by non-cashcharges of $29.5 million due to an inventory impairment charge, $17.2 million in amortization of debt issuance costs anddiscounts and $3.6 million in share-based compensation expense. Additional cash used in operating activities was due to increasesin inventory and decreases in accounts payable due to timing of payments made, partially offset by decreases in accountsreceivable and prepaid expenses.During the year ended December 31, 2014, our loss from continuing operations of $82.6 million was offset by$15.9 million in amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts, $9.8 million in non ‑cash share ‑based compensation expenseand $2.2 million due to an inventory impairment charge for Qsymia. Additional cash used in operating activities88 Table of Contentswas due to decreases in deferred revenue due to recognition of revenue for Qsymia and STENDRA, partially offset by decreasesin inventories due to increased shipments of Qsymia and STENDRA and prepaid expenses and other assets due mainly to awithholding tax receivable in the prior year which was collected in 2014.During the year ended December 31, 2013, our loss from continuing operations of $174.9 million was offset by$32.4 million in non ‑cash share ‑based compensation expense due to increased headcount and the automatic acceleration ofvesting of unvested stock options held by certain employees as a result of the settlement agreement we entered into with FirstManhattan Company and the termination benefits plan, $8.4 million in amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts, and$7.5 million due to an inventory impairment charge for Qsymia. Additional cash used in operating activities resulted fromchanges in assets and liabilities during the period, including a net $30.2 million increase in inventories, primarily for Qsymia andSTENDRA, an increase of $26.5 million in deferred revenue mainly due to the license and commercialization agreements withMenarini and Sanofi for SPEDRA, as well as Qsymia deferred product revenue, and a decrease in accounts payable of$14.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2013, due to the timing of activities and vendor payments.Investing Activities. Cash used or provided by investing activities primarily relates to the purchases and maturities ofinvestment securities. The fluctuations from period to period are due primarily to the timing of purchases, sales and maturities ofthese investment securities.Financing Activities. Cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 consist primarily of ourrepayments of $9.0 million under our Senior Secured Notes. Cash provided by financing activities for the year endedDecember 31, 2014 consisted of cash received for the exercise of stock options and purchases of stock under the employee stockpurchase plan. For the year ended December 31, 2013, net cash provided by financing activities included $290.2 million in netproceeds from debt issuances, partially offset by $34.7 million in payments for capped call transactions.On May 21, 2013, we closed an offering of $220.0 million in 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes due May 1, 2020. OnMay 29, 2013, we closed an additional $30.0 million of Convertible Notes upon the exercise of an option by the initial purchasersof the Convertible Notes. Total net proceeds from the Convertible Notes were approximately $241.8 million. For a furtherdiscussion of the Convertible Notes, see “Contractual Obligations—Notes Payable and Interest Payable” below.On March 25, 2013, we entered into the Purchase and Sale Agreement with BioPharma providing for the purchase of adebt ‑like instrument, or the Senior Secured Notes. Under the BioPharma agreement, we received a net amount of approximately$48.4 million, at the closing on April 9, 2013. For a further discussion of the Senior Secured Notes, see “Contractual Obligations—Notes Payable and Interest Payable” below.The funding necessary to execute our business strategies is subject to numerous uncertainties, which may adverselyaffect our liquidity and capital resources. Commercialization of Qsymia may be more costly than we planned. In addition,completion of clinical trials and approval by the FDA of investigational drug candidates may take several years or more, but thelength of time generally varies substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use of an investigational drugcandidate. It is also important to note that if an investigational drug candidate is identified, the further development of thatcandidate can be halted or abandoned at any time due to a number of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, fundingconstraints, lack of efficacy or safety or change in market demand.We anticipate that our existing capital resources combined with anticipated future cash flows will be sufficient tosupport our operating needs at least for the next twelve months. However, we anticipate that we may require additional funding toexpand the use of Qsymia through targeted patient and physician education, find the right partner for expanded Qsymiacommercial promotion to a broader primary care physician audience, create a pathway for centralized approval of the marketingauthorization application for Qsiva in the EU, continue the expansion of our distribution of Qsymia through certified retailpharmacy locations, conduct post ‑approval clinical studies for Qsymia, conduct non ‑clinical and clinical research anddevelopment work to support regulatory submissions and applications for our future investigational drug candidates, finance thecosts involved in filing and prosecuting patent applications and enforcing or defending our patent claims, if any, to fund operatingexpenses, establish additional or new manufacturing89 Table of Contentsand marketing capabilities, and manufacture quantities of our drugs and investigational drug candidates and to make paymentsunder our existing license and supply agreements for STENDRA.If we require additional capital, we may seek any required additional funding through collaborations, public and privateequity or debt financings, capital lease transactions or other available financing sources. Additional financing may not beavailable on acceptable terms, or at all. If additional funds are raised by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution to existingstockholders may result. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one ormore of our commercialization or development programs or obtain funds through collaborations with others that are onunfavorable terms or that may require us to relinquish rights to certain of our technologies, product candidates or products that wewould otherwise seek to develop on our own.Contractual ObligationsThe following table summarizes our contractual obligations at December 31, 2015, excluding amounts already recordedon our consolidated balance sheet as accounts payable or accrued liabilities, and the effect such obligations are expected to haveon our liquidity and cash flow in future fiscal years. This table includes our enforceable, non ‑cancelable, and legally bindingobligations and future commitments as of December 31, 2015. The amounts below do not include contingent milestone paymentsor royalties, and assume the agreements and commitments will run through the end of terms, as such no early termination fees orpenalties are included herein: Payments Due by Period Contractual obligations Total 2016 2017 - 2019 2020 - 2021 Thereafter (in thousands) Operating leases $8,869 $2,164 $6,020 $685 $ — Purchase obligations 34,358 11,579 22,779 — — Notes payable 291,002 15,550 275,452 — — Interest payable 41,601 15,700 25,901 — — Total contractual obligations $375,830 $44,993 $330,152 $685 $ — Operating LeasesWe have a lease on 4,914 square feet of office space located at 1174 Castro Street, Mountain View, California, or theCastro Facility. The average base rent for the Castro Facility is approximately $2.87 per square foot or $14,124 per month. Thelease for the Castro Facility has a term of 60 months commencing March 15, 2012, with an option to extend the term for one yearfrom the expiration of the new lease. Commencing on September 1, 2014, we subleased the Castro Facility for a term of31 months at a starting monthly rental rate of $4.42 per square feet (subject to agreed increases). The sublessee is entitled toabatement of the first monthly installment.We entered into a lease effective as of December 11, 2012, for new principal executive offices, consisting of anapproximately 45,240 square foot building, located at 351 East Evelyn Avenue, Mountain View, California, or the Evelyn Lease.The Evelyn Lease has an initial term of approximately 84 months, commencing on May 11, 2013, at a starting annual rental rateof $31.20 per rentable square foot (subject to agreed increases). We received an abatement of the monthly installments of rent formonths seven through 12 of the initial term subject to the conditions detailed in the Evelyn Lease. We have one option to renewthe Evelyn Lease for a term of three years at the prevailing market rate as detailed in the Evelyn Lease. In addition, we have a one‑time right to accelerate the termination date of the Evelyn Lease from the expiration of the 84th full calendar month of the termto the expiration of the 60th full calendar month of the term, subject to the conditions detailed in the Evelyn Lease. If thisacceleration of the termination date is exercised, the following will be payable to the landlord: (i) six months of the monthlyinstallments of rent and our proportionate share of expenses and taxes subject to the fifth lease year; and (ii) the unamortizedportion of all of the leasing commissions and legal fees, the initial alterations, and the landlord’s allowance towards the cost ofperforming the initial alterations. Commencing on May 1, 2014, we subleased a portion of our Evelyn Lease consisting ofapproximately 14,105 square feet of space for a term of 36 months at a starting annual rental rate of $42 per square feet (subjectto agreed increases). The sublessee received an abatement of monthly installments of rents for months one through four. Upon thecompletion90 Table of Contentsof the sublease for this space, the Company expects to either find usage or to locate a suitable sublessee for the duration of theCompany’s Evelyn Lease.For additional information regarding obligations under operating leases, see Note 16: “Commitments” to ourConsolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K.Purchase ObligationsPurchase obligations consist of agreements to purchase goods or services that are enforceable and legally binding on usand that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum or variable priceprovisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction.The API and the tablets for STENDRA/SPEDRA (avanafil) are currently manufactured by Sanofi. We have minimumpurchase commitments with Sanofi to purchase API materials and tablets through 2018. Our minimum purchase commitmentswith Sanofi totaled approximately $34.2 million as of December 31, 2015. We have no purchase commitments for raw materialsupplies for Qsymia at December 31, 2015, but have open purchase orders totaling $190,000.Notes Payable and Interest PayableConvertible Senior Notes Due 2020On May 21, 2013, we closed an offering of $220.0 million in 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes due May 1, 2020, or theConvertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are governed by an indenture, dated as of May 21, 2013, between the Company andDeutsche Bank National Trust Company, as trustee. On May 29, 2013, we closed on an additional $30.0 million of ConvertibleNotes upon exercise of an option by the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes. Total net proceeds from the ConvertibleNotes were approximately $241.8 million. The Convertible Notes are convertible at the option of the holders at any time prior tothe close of business on the business day immediately preceding November 1, 2019, only under certain conditions. On or afterNovember 1, 2019, holders may convert all or any portion of their Convertible Notes at any time at their option at the conversionrate then in effect, regardless of these conditions. Subject to certain limitations, we will settle conversions of the ConvertibleNotes by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and shares of ourcommon stock, at our election. The current conversion rate of the Convertible Notes is $14.86 per share. For the year endedDecember 31, 2015, total interest expense related to the Convertible Notes was $27.2 million, including amortization of $16.0million of the debt discount and $848,000 of deferred financing costs. For the year ended December 31, 2014, total interestexpense related to the Convertible Notes was $25.0 million, including amortization of $14.7 million of the debt discount and$784,000 of deferred financing costs.Senior Secured Notes Due 2018On March 25, 2013, we entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement with BioPharma providing for the purchase of adebt ‑like instrument, or the Senior Secured Notes. Under the agreement, we received $50 million, less $500,000 in funding andfacility payments, at the initial closing on April 9, 2013. We had the option, but elected not to exercise it, to receive an additional$60 million, less $600,000 in a funding payment, at a secondary closing no later than January 15, 2014. The scheduled quarterlypayments on the Senior Secured Notes are subject to the net sales of (i) Qsymia and (ii) any other obesity agent developed ormarketed by us or our affiliates or licensees. The scheduled quarterly payments, other than the payment(s) scheduled to be madein the second quarter of 2018, are capped at the lower of the scheduled payment amounts or 25% of the net sales of (i) and (ii)above. Accordingly, if 25% of the net sales is less than the scheduled quarterly payment, then 25% of the net sales is due for thatquarter, with the exception of the payment(s) scheduled to be made in the second quarter of 2018, when any unpaid scheduledquarterly payments plus any accrued and unpaid make whole premiums must be paid. Any quarterly payment less than thescheduled quarterly payment amount will be subject to a make whole premium equal to the applicable scheduled quarterlypayment of the preceding quarter less the actual payment made to BioPharma for the preceding quarter multiplied by 1.03. W emay elect to pay full scheduled quarterly payments if we choose . For the year ended December 31, 2015, the interest expense91 Table of Contentsrelated to the Senior Secured Notes was $6.3 million, including amortization of deferred financing costs amounting to $393,000.For the year ended December 31, 2014, the interest expense related to the Senior Secured Notes was $7.5 million, includingamortization of deferred financing costs amounting to $468,000.Additional Contingent PaymentsWe have entered into development, license and supply agreements that contain provisions for payments upon completionof certain development, regulatory and sales milestones. Due to the uncertainty concerning when and if these milestones may becompleted or other payments are due, we have not included these potential future obligations in the above table.Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationIn January 2001, we entered into an exclusive development, license and clinical trial and commercial supply agreementwith Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., now Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, or MTPC, for the development andcommercialization of avanafil, a PDE5 inhibitor compound for the oral and local treatment of male and female sexualdysfunction. Under the terms of the agreement, MTPC agreed to grant an exclusive license to us for products containing avanafiloutside of Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and thePhilippines. We agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive, royalty ‑free license within those countries for oral products that we developcontaining avanafil. In addition, we agreed to grant MTPC an exclusive option to obtain an exclusive, royalty ‑bearing licensewithin those countries for non ‑oral products that we develop containing avanafil. MTPC agreed to manufacture and supply uswith avanafil for use in clinical trials, which were our primary responsibility. The MTPC agreement contains a number ofmilestone payments to be made by us based on various triggering events.We have made and expect to make substantial milestone payments to MTPC in accordance with this agreement as wecontinue to develop avanafil in our territories outside of the United States and, if approved for sale, commercialize avanafil for theoral treatment of male sexual dysfunction in those territories. Potential future milestone payments include $6.0 million uponachievement of $250.0 million or more in worldwide net sales during any calendar year.The term of the MTPC agreement is based on a country ‑by ‑country and on a product ‑by ‑product basis. The term shallcontinue until the later of (i) 10 years after the date of the first sale for a particular product or (ii) the expiration of the last ‑to‑expire patents within the MTPC patents covering such product in such country. In the event that our product is deemed to be(i) insufficiently effective or insufficiently safe relative to other PDE5 inhibitor compounds based on published information or(ii) not economically feasible to develop due to unforeseen regulatory hurdles or costs as measured by standards common in thepharmaceutical industry for this type of product, we have the right to terminate the agreement with MTPC with respect to suchproduct.In August 2012, we entered into an amendment to our agreement with MTPC that permits us to manufacture the API andtablets for STENDRA ourselves or through third parties. As mentioned above, on July 31, 2013, we entered into a CommercialSupply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply the API for avanafil on an exclusive basis in the United Statesand other territories and on a semi ‑exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. Further, asmentioned above, on November 18, 2013, we entered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Sanofi WinthropIndustrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on asemi ‑exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories. Sanofi began producing API and tablets in2015.On February 21, 2013, we entered into the third amendment to our agreement with MTPC which, among other things,expands our rights, or those of our sublicensees, to enforce the patents licensed under the MTPC agreement against allegedinfringement, and clarifies the rights and duties of the parties and our sublicensees upon termination of the MTPC agreement. Inaddition, we were obligated to use our best commercial efforts to market STENDRA in the U.S. by December 31, 2013, whichwas achieved by our commercialization partner, Auxilium.92 Table of ContentsOn July 23, 2013, we entered into the fourth amendment to our agreement with MTPC which, among other things,changes the definition of net sales used to calculate royalties owed by us to MTPC.OtherIn October 2001, we entered into an assignment agreement, or the Assignment Agreement, with Thomas Najarian, M.D.,for a combination of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of obesity and other disorders, or the Combination Therapy, that hassince been the focus of our investigational drug candidate development program for Qsymia for the treatment of obesity,obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes. The Combination Therapy and all related patent applications, or the Patents, weretransferred to us with worldwide rights to develop and commercialize the Combination Therapy and exploit the Patents. TheAssignment Agreement requires us to pay royalties on worldwide net sales of a product for the treatment of obesity that is basedupon the Combination Therapy and Patents until the last ‑to ‑expire of the assigned Patents. To the extent that we decide not tocommercially exploit the Patents, the Assignment Agreement will terminate and the Combination Therapy and Patents will beassigned back to Dr. Najarian.Off ‑‑Balance Sheet ArrangementsWe have not entered into any off ‑balance sheet financing arrangements and have not established any special purposeentities. We have not guaranteed any debt or commitments of other entities or entered into any options on non ‑financial assets.IndemnificationsIn the normal course of business, we provide indemnifications of varying scope to certain customers against claims ofintellectual property infringement made by third parties arising from the use of its products and to its clinical researchorganizations and investigator sites against liabilities incurred in connection with any third ‑party claim arising from the workperformed on behalf of the Company, among others. Historically, costs related to these indemnification provisions have not beensignificant and we are unable to estimate the maximum potential impact of these indemnification provisions on our future resultsof operations.On May 15, 2007, we closed a transaction with K ‑V Pharmaceutical Company, or K ‑V, for the sale of itsinvestigational drug candidate, Evamist. At the time of the sale, Evamist was an investigational drug candidate and was not yetapproved by the FDA for marketing. Pursuant to the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement for the sale of Evamist, we madecertain representations and warranties concerning our rights and assets related to Evamist and our authority to enter into andconsummate the transaction. We also made certain covenants that survived the closing date of the transaction, including acovenant not to operate a business that competes, in the U.S. and its territories and protectorates, with the Evamist product.To the extent permitted under Delaware law, we have agreements whereby we indemnify our officers and directors forcertain events or occurrences while the officer or director is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The indemnificationperiod covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the officer’s or director’s lifetime. The maximum potential amount offuture payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is unlimited; however, we maintaindirector and officer insurance coverage that reduces our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid.We believe the estimated fair value of these indemnification agreements in excess of applicable insurance coverage is minimal.93 Table of ContentsRecent Accounting PronouncementsThe information on recent account pronouncements in incorporated by reference to Note 1 to our Consolidated FinancialStatements included elsewhere in this report.Dividend PolicyWe have not paid any dividends since our inception and do not intend to declare or pay any dividends on our commonstock in the foreseeable future. Declaration or payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board ofDirectors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results and current and anticipatedcash needs.Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market RiskThe Securities and Exchange Commission’s rule related to market risk disclosure requires that we describe and quantifyour potential losses from market risk sensitive instruments attributable to reasonably possible market changes. Market risksensitive instruments include all financial or commodity instruments and other financial instruments that are sensitive to futurechanges in interest rates, currency exchange rates, commodity prices or other market factors.Market and Interest Rate RiskOur cash, cash equivalents and available ‑for ‑sale securities as of December 31, 201 5 , consisted primarily of moneymarket funds and U.S. Treasury securities. Our cash is invested in accordance with an investment policy approved by our Boardof Directors that specifies the categories (money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities and debt securities of U.S. governmentagencies, corporate bonds, asset ‑backed securities, and other securities), allocations, and ratings of securities we may considerfor investment. Currently, we have focused on investing in U.S. Treasuries until market conditions improve.Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level ofU.S. interest rates, particularly because the majority of our investments are in short ‑term marketable debt securities. The primaryobjective of our investment activities is to preserve principal. Some of the securities that we invest in may be subject to marketrisk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the value of the investment to fluctuate. For example, if wepurchase a security that was issued with a fixed interest rate and the prevailing interest rate later rises, the value of our investmentmay decline. A hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would reduce the fair value of our available ‑for ‑salesecurities at December 31, 201 5 , by approximately $1.1 million. In general, money market funds are not subject to market riskbecause the interest paid on such funds fluctuates with the prevailing interest rate.94 Table of ContentsItem 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Dat aVIVUS, INC.1. Index to Consolidated Financial StatementsThe following financial statements are filed as part of this Report:Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 96Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 98Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 201 5 , 201 4 and 201 3 99Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 201 5 , 201 4 and 201 3 99Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity for the years ended December 31, 201 5 , 201 4 and 201 3 100Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 201 5 , 201 4 and 201 3 101Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 102Financial Statement Schedule II 133 95 Table of ContentsREPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and Stockholders ofVIVUS, Inc.We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of VIVUS, Inc. as of December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 ,and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ (deficit) equity and cash flows for eachof the three years in the period ended December 31, 201 5 . In connection with our audits of the financial statements, we have alsoaudited the financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index. These financial statements and schedule are theresponsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements andschedule based on our audits.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (UnitedStates). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financialstatements are free of material misstatement. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amountsand disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made bymanagement, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements and schedule. We believe that our auditsprovide a reasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, thefinancial position of VIVUS, Inc. at December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 , and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each ofthe three years in the period ended December 31, 201 5 , in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in theUnited States of America .As discussed in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements, in 2015 the Company changed the manner in which itaccounts for the classification of deferred taxes in the consolidated balance sheets due to the adoption of ASU 2015-17, BalanceSheet Classification of Deferred Taxes . Also, in our opinion, the financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financialstatements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (UnitedStates), VIVUS, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 201 5 , based on criteria established in InternalControl—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission andour report dated March 9 , 201 6 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon./s/ OUM & Co. LLPSan Francisco, CaliforniaMarch 9 , 201 696 Table of ContentsREPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe Board of Directors and Stockholders ofVIVUS, Inc.We have audited VIVUS, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 201 5 , based on criteriaestablished in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of theTreadway Commission (the COSO criteria). VIVUS, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal controlover financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in theaccompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting included in Item 9A . Ourresponsibility is to express an opinion on the C ompany’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (UnitedStates). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effectiveinternal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding ofinternal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the designand operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such otherprocedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for ouropinion.A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regardingthe reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that(1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions ofthe assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation offinancial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of thecompany are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) providereasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’sassets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequatebecause of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.In our opinion, VIVUS, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as ofDecember 31, 201 5 , based on the COSO criteria.We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (UnitedStates), the consolidated balance sheets of VIVUS, Inc. as of December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 , and the related consolidatedstatements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ (deficit) equity , and cash flows for each of the three years in theperiod ended December 31, 201 5 and our report dated March 9 , 201 6 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon./s/ OUM & Co. LLPSan Francisco, CaliforniaMarch 9 , 201 697 Table of Contents VIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS(In thousands, except par value) December 31, 2015 2014 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $95,395 $83,174 Available-for-sale securities 146,168 216,397 Accounts receivable, net 8,997 11,595 Inventories 13,602 34,447 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 10,624 12,824 Total current assets 274,786 358,437 Property and equipment, net 994 1,346 Non-current assets 4,801 7,155 Total assets $280,581 $366,938 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable $7,060 $10,430 Accrued and other liabilities 15,891 16,314 Deferred revenue 22,142 19,445 Current portion of long-term debt 15,550 10,459 Total current liabilities 60,643 56,648 Long-term debt, net of current portion 219,219 217,324 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 6,508 8,876 Non-current accrued and other liabilities 1,296 1,572 Total liabilities 287,666 284,420 Commitments and contingencies Stockholders’ (deficit) equity: Preferred stock; $1.00 par value; 5,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014 — — Common stock; $.001 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; 104,055 and 103,729 sharesissued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014 , respectively 104 104 Additional paid-in capital 829,428 825,691 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (261) (28) Accumulated deficit (836,356) (743,249) Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity (7,085) 82,518 Total liabilities and stockholders’ (deficit) equity $280,581 $366,938 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.98 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATION S(In thousands, except per share data) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Revenue: Net product revenue $54,622 $45,277 $23,718 License and milestone revenue 11,574 38,614 55,838 Supply revenue 26,674 26,519 1,526 Royalty revenue 2,560 3,771 — Total revenue 95,430 114,181 81,082 Operating expenses: Cost of goods sold 34,157 33,387 4,868 Selling, general and administrative 79,387 111,539 158,235 Research and development 10,102 13,793 29,677 Inventory impairment and other non-recurring charges 32,061 6,173 42,916 Total operating expenses 155,707 164,892 235,696 Loss from operations (60,277) (50,711) (154,614) Interest and other expense: Interest expense 33,317 32,535 19,532 Other expense (income), net (490) 30 703 Total interest and other expense 32,827 32,565 20,235 Loss from continuing operations before income taxes (93,104) (83,276) (174,849) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 3 (629) 97 Loss from continuing operations (93,107) (82,647) (174,946) Income from discontinued operations, net of tax — — 490 Net loss $(93,107) $(82,647) $(174,456) Basic and diluted net loss per share: Continuing operations $(0.90) $(0.80) $(1.72) Discontinued operations - - - Basic and diluted net loss per share $(0.90) $(0.80) $(1.72) Shares used in per share computation: Basic and diluted 103,926 103,456 101,174 VIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS(In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Net loss $(93,107) $(82,647) $(174,456) Unrealized (loss) gain on securities, net of taxes (233) (94) 33 Comprehensive loss $(93,340) $(82,741) $(174,423) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 99 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS ’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY(In thousands) Accumulated Additional Other Common Stock Paid-In Comprehensive Accumulated Shares Amount Capital Income (Loss) Deficit Total Balances, December 31, 2012 100,659 $101 $708,921 $33 $(486,146) $222,909 Sale of common stock through employee stock purchase plan 103 — 860 — — 860 Exercise of common stock options for cash 2,366 2 13,704 — — 13,706 Vesting of restricted stock units 33 — — — — — Share-based compensation expense — — 32,877 — — 32,877 Equity component of convertible debt — — 95,262 — — 95,262 Offering cost allocated to equity — — (3,113) — — (3,113) Purchase of capped call transaction — — (34,709) — — (34,709) Net unrealized gain on securities — — — 33 — 33 Net loss — — — — (174,456) (174,456) Balances, December 31, 2013 103,161 103 813,802 66 (660,602) 153,369 Sale of common stock through employee stock purchase plan 113 — 405 — — 405 Exercise of common stock options for cash 385 1 1,718 — — 1,719 Vesting of restricted stock units 70 — — — — — Share-based compensation expense — — 9,766 — — 9,766 Net unrealized loss on securities — — — (94) — (94) Net loss — — — — (82,647) (82,647) Balances, December 31, 2014 103,729 104 825,691 (28) (743,249) 82,518 Sale of common stock through employee stock purchase plan 77 — 147 — — 147 Vesting of restricted stock units 249 — — — — — Share-based compensation expense — — 3,590 — — 3,590 Net unrealized loss on securities — — — (233) — (233) Net loss — — — — (93,107) (93,107) Balances, December 31, 2015 104,055 $104 $829,428 $(261) $(836,356) $(7,085) See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 100 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(In thousands) Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss $(93,107) $(82,647) $(174,946) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used for operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 1,387 1,112 973 Amortization of debt issuance costs and discounts 17,174 15,923 8,369 Amortization of discount or premium on available-for-sale securities 2,282 4,016 2,635 Share-based compensation expense 3,590 9,766 32,397 Unrealized foreign currency remeasurement gain — — (235) Loss on disposal and impairment of property and equipment — — 896 Inventory impairment charge 29,522 2,170 7,525 Changes in assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable 2,598 619 (9,436) Inventories (8,487) 11,886 (30,195) Prepaid expenses and other assets 2,639 7,734 2,086 Accounts payable (3,370) (329) (14,821) Accrued and other liabilities (889) (9,061) 13,170 Deferred revenue 329 706 26,465 Net cash used for operating activities from continuing operations (46,332) (38,105) (135,117) Net cash used for operating activities from discontinued operations — — (208) Net cash used for operating activities (46,332) (38,105) (135,325) Cash flows from investing activities: Property and equipment purchases (310) (262) (1,795) Purchases of available-for-sale securities (213,536) (240,983) (329,145) Proceeds from maturity of available-for-sale securities 281,250 260,500 242,500 Non-current assets — (3,362) (1,681) Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities 67,404 15,893 (90,121) Cash flows from financing activities: Net proceeds from debt issuance — — 290,247 Payments of notes payable (8,998) — — Payments for capped call transaction — — (34,709) Net proceeds from exercise of common stock options — 1,719 13,706 Sale of common stock through employee stock purchase plan 147 405 859 Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities (8,851) 2,124 270,103 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents 12,221 (20,088) 44,657 Cash and cash equivalents: Beginning of year 83,174 103,262 58,605 End of period $95,395 $83,174 $103,262 Supplemental cash flow disclosure: Interest paid $18,756 $20,251 $5,000 Income taxes paid $58 $94 $32 Non-cash investing activities: Unrealized (loss) gain on securities $(233) $(94) $33 See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. 101 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSNote 1 . Business and Significant Accounting PoliciesBusinessVIVUS, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company with two therapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration,or FDA: Qsymia for chronic weight management and STENDRA for erectile dysfunction. STENDRA is also approved bythe European Commission, or EC, under the trade name, SPEDRA™, for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in the EU.Qsymia, or phentermine and topiramate extended-release, was approved by the FDA in July 2012, as an adjunct to areduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in adult patients with an initial body massindex, or BMI, of 30 or greater, or obese patients, or 27 or greater, or overweight patients, in the presence of at least one weight‑related comorbidity, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus or high cholesterol, or dyslipidemia. In September 2012,Qsymia became available in the U.S. market through a limited number of certified home delivery networks and, in July 2013,Qsymia became available in retail pharmacies.Prior to August 2015, the Company commercialized Qsymia in the U.S. primarily through a dedicated contract salesforce, supported by an internal commercial team. In August 2015, the Company directly hired approximately 50 former contractsales representatives to continue promoting Qsymia to physicians.STENDRA, or avanafil, is an oral phosphodiesterase type 5, or PDE5, inhibitor that the Company has licensed fromMitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, or MTPC. In July 2013, the Company entered into an agreement with the MenariniGroup, through its subsidiary Berlin-Chemie AG, or Menarini, under which Menarini received an exclusive license tocommercialize and promote SPEDRA for the treatment of ED in over 40 European countries, including the EU, as well asAustralia and New Zealand. Menarini commenced its commercialization launch of the product in the EU in early 2014.In October 2013, the Company entered into an agreement with Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Auxilium, underwhich Auxilium received an exclusive license to commercialize and promote STENDRA in the United States and Canada. On thesame date, we also entered into a supply agreement with Auxilium, whereby VIVUS will supply Auxilium with STENDRA drugproduct for commercialization. Auxilium began commercializing STENDRA in the U.S. market in December 2013. In January2015, Auxilium was purchased by Endo International, plc. In December 2015, Auxilium notified the Company of its intention toreturn the U.S. and Canadian commercial rights for STENDRA. Auxilium has provided its contractually required six -monthnotice of termination which, absent an agreement between Auxilium and the Company for an earlier termination date, will resultin the termination of the license agreement and supply agreement on June 30, 2016.In December 2013, the Company entered into an agreement with Sanofi under which Sanofi received an exclusivelicense to commercialize and promote avanafil for therapeutic use in humans in Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and theCommonwealth of Independent States, or CIS, including Russia. Sanofi will be responsible for obtaining regulatory approval inits territories. Sanofi intends to market avanafil under the trade name SPEDRA or STENDRA. Effective as of December 2013,the Company also entered into a supply agreement, or the Sanofi Supply Agreement, with Sanofi Winthrop Industrie, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sanofi.Under the license agreements with Menarini, Auxilium and Sanofi, avanafil is expected to be commercialized in over100 countries worldwide. Under the Auxilium agreement, the Company has received approximately $45.0 million in license andmilestone payments out of a potential of $300.0 million, as well as royalty payments. The Company does not anticipate anyadditional milestone revenue from the Auxilium agreement. Under the Menarini agreement, the Company has receivedapproximately $63.0 million in license and milestone payments out of a potential of approximately $100.0 million, as well asroyalty payments. Under the Sanofi agreement, the Company has received102 ® ® Table of Contentsapproximately $10.0 million in license and milestone payments out of a potential of $61.0 million. In addition, the Company iscurrently in discussions with potential collaboration partners to market and sell STENDRA for other territories in which it doesnot currently have a commercial collaboration.At December 31, 2015, the Company’s accumulated deficit was approximately $836.4 million. Based on current plans,management expects to incur further losses for the foreseeable future. Management believes that the Company’s existing capitalresources combined with anticipated future cash flows will be sufficient to support its operating needs at least for the next twelvemonths. However, the Company anticipates that it may require additional funding to expand the use of Qsymia through targetedpatient and physician education, find the right partner for expanded Qsymia commercial promotion to a broader primary carephysician audience, create a pathway for centralized approval of the marketing authorization application for Qsiva in the EU,continue the expansion of our distribution of Qsymia through certified retail pharmacy locations, conduct post-approval clinicalstudies for Qsymia, conduct non-clinical and clinical research and development work to support regulatory submissions andapplications for our future investigational drug candidates, finance the costs involved in filing and prosecuting patent applicationsand enforcing or defending our patent claims, if any, to fund operating expenses, establish additional or new manufacturing andmarketing capabilities, and manufacture quantities of its drugs and investigational drug candidates and to make payments underits existing license agreement and supply agreements for STENDRA.If the Company requires additional capital, it may seek any required additional funding through collaborations, publicand private equity or debt financings, capital lease transactions or other available financing sources. Additional financing may notbe available on acceptable terms, or at all. If additional funds are raised by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution toexisting stockholders may result. If adequate funds are not available, the Company may be required to delay, reduce the scope ofor eliminate one or more of its commercialization or development programs or obtain funds through collaborations with othersthat are on unfavorable terms or that may require the Company to relinquish rights to certain of its technologies, productcandidates or products that it would otherwise seek to develop on its own. Management has evaluated all events and transactionsthat occurred after December 31, 2015, through the date these consolidated financial statements were filed. There were no eventsor transactions occurring during this period that require recognition or disclosure in these consolidated financial statements. TheCompany operates in a single segment, the development and commercialization of novel therapeutic products.Significant Accounting PoliciesReclassificationsCertain prior year amounts in the consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the currentyear’s presentation. In the prior ye ar, certain amounts related to the long-term portion of deferred rent were included in currentliabilities as they were considered immaterial. In the current year, the Company has presented these in non-current accrued andother liabilities on the balance sheet and reclassified the amounts from the prior year accordingly.Principles of ConsolidationThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of VIVUS, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Allsignificant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.Use of EstimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requiresmanagement to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures ofcontingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses duringthe reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including critical accounting policies or estimatesrelated to available ‑for ‑sale securities, debt instruments, research and development expenses, income taxes, inventories,contingencies and litigation and share ‑based compensation. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience,information received from third parties and on various market103 Table of Contentsspecific and other relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form thebasis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions.Cash and Cash EquivalentsThe Company considers highly liquid investments with maturities from the date of purchase of three months or less to becash equivalents. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, all cash equivalents were invested in money market funds and U.S. Treasurysecurities. These investments are recorded at fair value.Available ‑for ‑Sale SecuritiesThe Company determines the appropriate classification of marketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluatessuch designation at each balance sheet date. Marketable securities have been classified and accounted for as available ‑for ‑sale.The Company may or may not hold securities with stated maturities greater than 12 months until maturity. In response to changesin the availability of and the yield on alternative investments as well as liquidity requirements, the Company may sell thesesecurities prior to their stated maturities. As these securities are viewed by the Company as available to support currentoperations, securities with maturities beyond 12 months are classified as current assets.Securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as a component ofstockholders’ (deficit) equity, unless the decline in value is deemed to be other ‑than ‑temporary, in which case such securities arewritten down to fair value and the loss is charged to other ‑than ‑temporary loss on impaired securities. The Companyperiodically evaluates its investment securities for other ‑than ‑temporary declines based on quantitative and qualitative factors.Any losses that are deemed other-than-temporary are recognized as a non-operating loss. To date, the Company has not had anyother-than-temporary declines in the value of any of its investment portfolio. Any realized gains or losses on the sale ofmarketable securities are determined on a specific identification method, and such gains and losses are reflected as a componentof interest and other income (expense).Fair Value MeasurementsFinancial instruments include cash equivalents, available ‑for ‑sale securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable andaccrued liabilities. Available ‑for ‑sale securities are carried at fair value. The carrying value of cash equivalents, accountspayable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair value due to the relatively short ‑term nature of these instruments.Debt instruments are initially recorded at face value, with coupon interest and amortization of debt issuance discountsand costs recognized as interest expense.The Company’s Convertible Notes contain a conversion option that is classified as equity. The Company determined thefair value of the liability component of the debt instrument and allocated the excess amount of $95.3 million from the initialproceeds to the conversion option in additional paid-in capital. The fair value of the debt component was determined byestimating a risk adjusted interest rate, or market yield, at the time of issuance for similar notes that do not include the conversionfeature. This excess is reported as a debt discount and is amortized as non ‑cash interest expense, using the effective-interestmethod, over the expected life of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are recorded in the balance sheet as a componentof long-term debt.Issuance costs related to the conversion feature of the Convertible Notes were charged to additional paid ‑in capital. Theportion of the issuance costs related to the debt component is being amortized and recorded as additional interest expense over theexpected life of the Convertible Notes. In connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, the Company entered intocapped call transactions with certain counterparties affiliated with the underwriters. The fair value of the purchased capped callsof $34.7 million was recorded to additional paid-in capital.104 Table of ContentsConcentration of Credit RiskFinancial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cashequivalents, available ‑for ‑sale ‑securities, and accounts receivable. The Company has established guidelines to limit itsexposure to credit risk by placing investments in high credit quality money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities or corporatedebt securities and by placing investments with maturities that maintain safety and liquidity within the Company’s liquidityneeds. The Company has also established guidelines for the issuance of credit to existing and potential customers.Accounts Receivable, Allowances for Doubtful Accounts and Cash DiscountsThe Company extends credit to its customers for product sales resulting in accounts receivable. Customer accounts aremonitored for past due amounts. Past due accounts receivable that are determined to be uncollectible are written off against theallowance for doubtful accounts. Allowances for doubtful accounts are estimated based upon past due amounts, historical lossesand existing economic factors, and are adjusted periodically. Historically, the Company has not had any significant uncollectedaccounts. The Company offers cash discounts to its customers, generally 2% of the sales price, as an incentive for promptpayment. The estimate of cash discounts is recorded at the time of sale. The Company accounts for the cash discounts by reducingrevenue and accounts receivable by the amount of the discounts it expects the customers to take. The accounts receivable arereported in the consolidated balance sheets, net of the allowances for doubtful accounts and cash discounts. There is no allowancefor doubtful accounts at December 31, 2015 or 2014. The allowance for cash discounts is $164,000 and $150,000 atDecember 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.InventoriesInventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first ‑in, first ‑out method using aweighted average cost method calculated for each production batch. Inventory includes the cost of the active pharmaceuticalingredients, or APIs, raw materials and third ‑party contract manufacturing and packaging services. Indirect overhead costsassociated with production and distribution are allocated to the appropriate cost pool and then absorbed into inventory based onthe units produced or distributed, assuming normal capacity, in the applicable period.Inventory costs of product shipped to customers, but not yet recognized as revenue, are recorded within inventories onthe consolidated balance sheets and are subsequently recognized to cost of goods sold when revenue recognition criteria havebeen met.The Company’s policy is to write down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess ofits expected net realizable value and inventory in excess of expected requirements. The estimate of excess quantities is subjectiveand primarily dependent on the Company’s estimates of future demand for a particular product. If the estimate of future demandis inaccurate based on lower actual sales, the Company may increase the write down for excess inventory for that product andrecord a charge to inventory impairment in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company periodicallyevaluates the carrying value of inventory on hand for potential excess amount over demand using the same lower of cost ormarket approach as that used to value the inventory. As a result of this evaluation, for the year ended December 31, 2015, theCompany recognized an impairment charge of $29.5 million for Qsymia API inventory in excess of projected demand. For theyear ended December 31, 2014, the Company recognized a total charge of $2.2 million for Qsymia inventories on hand in excessof projected demand. For the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recognized a total charge of $10.2 million for Qsymiainventories on hand in excess of demand, plus a purchase commitment fee. Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment is stated at cost and includes leasehold improvements, computers and software and furniture andfixtures. Depreciation is computed using the straight ‑line method over the estimated useful lives of two to seven years forcomputers, software, furniture and fixtures. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight ‑line method over theshorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated useful lives. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance, which do not extendthe useful life of the property and equipment, are expensed as incurred. Gains and105 Table of Contentslosses associated with dispositions are reflected as a non-operating gain or loss in the accompanying consolidated statements ofoperations.Long ‑lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes incircumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used ismeasured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows expected to begenerated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge isrecognized for the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset.Debt Issuance CostsDebt issuance costs, which are included in other assets, are amortized as interest expense using the effective-interestmethod over the expected term of the debt.Revenue RecognitionProduct Revenue:The Company recognizes product revenue from the sales of Qsymia, when: (i) persuasive evidence that an arrangementexists, (ii) delivery has occurred and title has passed, (iii) the price is fixed or determinable and (iv) collectability is reasonablyassured. Revenue from sales transactions where the customer has the right to return the product is recognized at the time of saleonly if: (i) the Company’s price to the customer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale, (ii) the customer has paidthe Company, or the customer is obligated to pay the Company and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product,(iii) the customer’s obligation to the Company would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of theproduct, (iv) the customer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the Company,(v) the Company does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by thecustomer, and (vi) the amount of future returns can be reasonably estimated.Product Revenue Allowances:Product revenue is recognized net of consideration paid to the Company’s customers, wholesalers and certifiedpharmacies, for services rendered by the wholesalers and pharmacies in accordance with the wholesalers and certified pharmacyservices network agreements, and include a fixed rate per prescription shipped and monthly program management and data fees.These services are not deemed sufficiently separable from the customers’ purchase of the product; therefore, they are recorded asa reduction of revenue at the time of revenue recognition.Other product revenue allowances include certain prompt pay discounts and allowances offered to the Company’scustomers, program rebates and chargebacks. These product revenue allowances are recognized as a reduction of revenue at thelater of the date at which the related revenue is recognized or the date at which the allowance is offered. The Company also offersdiscount programs to patients. Calculating certain of these items involves estimates and judgments based on sales or invoice data,contractual terms, utilization rates, new information regarding changes in these programs’ regulations and guidelines that wouldimpact the amount of the actual rebates or chargebacks. The Company reviews the adequacy of product revenue allowances on aquarterly basis. Amounts accrued for product revenue allowances are adjusted when trends or significant events indicate thatadjustment is appropriate and to reflect actual experience.The Company ships units of Qsymia through a distribution network that includes certified retail pharmacies. Qsymia hasa 36–month shelf life and the Company grants rights to its customers to return unsold product six months prior to and up to12 months after product expiration and issue credits that may be applied against existing or future invoices. Given the Company’slimited history of selling Qsymia and the duration of the return period, the Company has not had sufficient information to reliablyestimate expected returns of Qsymia at the time of shipment, and therefore revenue is recognized when units are dispensed topatients through prescriptions, at which point, the product is not106 Table of Contentssubject to return. The Company obtains prescription shipment data from the pharmacies to determine the amount of revenue torecognize.The Company will continue to recognize revenue for Qsymia based upon prescription sell ‑through until it has sufficienthistorical information to reliably estimate returns. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had deferred revenue of $19.3 millionrelated to shipments of Qsymia, which represents product shipped to its customers, but not yet dispensed to patients throughprescriptions. A corresponding accounts receivable is also recorded for this amount, as the payments from customers are notcontingent upon the sale of product to patients.Supply Revenue:The Company recognizes supply revenue from the sales of STENDRA or SPEDRA when the four basic revenuerecognition criteria described above are met. The Company produces STENDRA or SPEDRA through a contract manufacturingpartner and then sells it to its commercialization partners. The Company is the primary responsible party in the commercialsupply arrangements and bears significant risk in the fulfillment of the obligations, including risks associated with manufacturing,regulatory compliance and quality assurance, as well as inventory, financial and credit loss. As such, the Company recognizessupply revenue on a gross basis as the principal party in the arrangements. Under the Company’s product supply agreements, aslong as the product meets specified product dating criteria at the time of shipment to the partner, the Company’scommercialization partners do not have a right of return or credit for expired product. As such, the Company recognizes revenuefor products that meet the dating criteria at the time of shipment. Revenue from Multiple ‑Element Arrangements:The Company accounts for multiple ‑element arrangements, such as license and commercialization agreements in whicha customer may purchase several deliverables, in accordance with ASC Topic 605 ‑25, Revenue Recognition —Multiple ‑ElementArrangements , or ASC 605 ‑25. The Company evaluates if the deliverables in the arrangement represent separate units ofaccounting. In determining the units of accounting, management evaluates certain criteria, including whether the deliverableshave value to its customers on a stand ‑alone basis. Factors considered in this determination include whether the deliverable isproprietary to the Company, whether the customer can use the license or other deliverables for their intended purpose without thereceipt of the remaining elements, whether the value of the deliverable is dependent on the undelivered items, and whether thereare other vendors that can provide the undelivered items. Deliverables that meet these criteria are considered a separate unit ofaccounting. Deliverables that do not meet these criteria are combined and accounted for as a single unit of accounting.When deliverables are separable, the Company allocates non ‑contingent consideration to each separate unit ofaccounting based upon the relative selling price of each element. When applying the relative selling price method, the Companydetermines the selling price for each deliverable using vendor ‑specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price, if it exists,or third ‑party evidence, or TPE, of selling price, if it exists. If neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exists for a deliverable, theCompany uses best estimated selling price, or BESP, for that deliverable. Significant management judgment may be required todetermine the relative selling price of each element. Revenue allocated to each element is then recognized based on when thefollowing four basic revenue recognition criteria are met for each element: (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists;(ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (iii) the price is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability isreasonably assured.Determining whether and when some of these criteria have been satisfied often involves assumptions and judgments thatcan have a significant impact on the timing and amount of revenue the Company reports. Changes in assumptions or judgments,or changes to the elements in an arrangement, could cause a material increase or decrease in the amount of revenue reported in aparticular period.ASC Topic 605 ‑28, Revenue Recognition — Milestone Method or (ASC 605 ‑28), established the milestone method asan acceptable method of revenue recognition for certain contingent, event ‑based payments under research and developmentarrangements. Under the milestone method, a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone isrecognized in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is an event: (i) that can be achieved basedin whole or in part on either the Company’s performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from theCompany’s performance, (ii) for which there is substantive uncertainty at the date107 Table of Contentsthe arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved, and (iii) that would result in additional payments being due to theCompany. The determination that a milestone is substantive requires judgment and is made at the inception of the arrangement.Milestones are considered substantive when the consideration earned from the achievement of the milestone is: (i) commensuratewith either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of value of the item delivered as a result of aspecific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone, (ii) relates solely to past performance, and(iii) is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement.Other contingent, event ‑based payments received for which payment is either contingent solely upon the passage oftime or the results of a collaborative partner’s performance are not considered milestones under ASC 605 ‑28. In accordance withASC 605, such payments will be recognized as revenue when all of the four basic revenue recognition criteria are met.Revenues recognized for royalty payments are recognized when the four basic revenue recognition criteria describedabove are met.Cost of Goods SoldCost of goods sold for units dispensed to patients through prescriptions, or shipped to customers without a right of returnor credit, includes the inventory costs of APIs, third ‑party contract manufacturing costs, packaging and distribution costs,royalties, cargo insurance, freight, shipping, handling and storage costs, and overhead costs of the employees involved withproduction. Specifically, cost of goods sold for Qsymia dispensed to patients includes the inventory costs of the APIs, third ‑partycontract manufacturing and packaging and distribution costs, royalties, cargo insurance, freight, shipping, handling and storagecosts, and overhead costs of the employees involved with production; cost of goods sold for STENDRA shipped to partnersincludes the inventory costs of purchased tablets, freight, shipping and handling costs. The cost of goods sold associated withdeferred revenue on Qsymia and STENDRA product shipments is recorded as deferred costs, which are included in inventories inthe consolidated balance sheets, until such time as the deferred revenue is recognized.Research and Development ExpensesResearch and development, or R&D, expenses include license fees, related compensation, consultants’ fees, facilitiescosts, administrative expenses related to R&D activities and clinical trial costs incurred by clinical research organizations orCROs, and research institutions under agreements that are generally cancelable, among other related R&D costs. The Companyalso records accruals for estimated ongoing clinical trial costs. Clinical trial costs represent costs incurred by CRO and clinicalsites and include advertising for clinical trials and patient recruitment costs. These costs are recorded as a component of R&Dexpenses and are expensed as incurred. Under the Company’s agreements, progress payments are typically made to investigators,clinical sites and CROs. The Company analyzes the progress of the clinical trials, including levels of patient enrollment, invoicesreceived and contracted costs when evaluating the adequacy of accrued liabilities. Significant judgments and estimates must bemade and used in determining the accrued balance in any accounting period. Actual results could differ from those estimatesunder different assumptions. Revisions are charged to expense in the period in which the facts that give rise to the revisionbecome known.In addition, the Company has obtained rights to patented intellectual properties under several licensing agreements foruse in research and development activities. Non ‑refundable licensing payments made for intellectual properties that have noalternative future uses are expensed to research and development as incurred.Advertising ExpensesAdvertising expenses are expensed as incurred. The Company incurred advertising and sales promotion costs related toits marketing of Qsymia of $12.6 million, $10.1 million and $26.1 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.Share ‑Based CompensationThe Company follows the fair value method of accounting for share ‑based compensation arrangements in accordancewith FASB ASC topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, or ASC 718. Compensation expense is108 Table of Contentsrecognized, using a fair ‑value based method, for all costs related to share ‑based payments including stock options and restrictedstock units and stock issued under the employee stock purchase plan. The Company estimates the fair value of share ‑basedpayment awards on the date of the grant using the Black ‑Scholes option ‑pricing model. The fair value of each option award isestimated on the grant date using a Black ‑Scholes option ‑pricing model. The expected term, which represents the period of timethat options granted are expected to be outstanding, is derived by analyzing the historical experience of similar awards, givingconsideration to the contractual terms of the share ‑based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employeebehavior. Expected volatilities are estimated using the historical share price performance over the expected term of the option.The Company also considers other factors such as its planned clinical trials and other company activities that may affect thevolatility of VIVUS’s stock in the future but determined that, at this time, the historical volatility was more indicative of expectedfuture stock price volatility. The risk ‑free interest rate for the period matching the expected term of the option is based on theU.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. The Black ‑Scholes Model also requires a single expected dividendyield as an input. The Company does not anticipate paying any dividends in the near future. The Company develops pre ‑vestingforfeiture assumptions based on an analysis of historical data.Inventory Impairment and Other Non ‑Recurring ChargesThe Company’s inventory impairment and other non-recurring charges consist of inventory impairment charges, proxycontest expenses and charges from cost reduction plans, including employee severance, one time termination benefits andongoing benefits related to the reduction of our workforce, facilities and other facility exit costs. Liabilities for costs associatedwith the cost reduction plan are recognized when the liability is incurred. In addition, liabilities associated with cost reductionactivities are measured at fair value. One-time termination benefits are expensed at the date the entity notifies the employee,unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period.Ongoing benefits are expensed when cost reduction activities are probable and the benefit amounts are estimable. Other costsprimarily consist of legal, consulting, and other costs related to employee terminations and are expensed when incurred.Termination benefits are calculated in accordance with the various agreements with certain of the Company’s employees.Income TaxesThe Company makes certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statementpurposes. These estimates and judgments occur in the calculation of certain tax assets and liabilities, which arise from differencesin the timing of recognition of revenue and expense for tax and financial statement purposes.As part of the process of preparing the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company is required toestimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. This process involves the Companyestimating its current tax exposure under the most recent tax laws and assessing temporary differences resulting from differingtreatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which areincluded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.The Company assesses the likelihood that it will be able to recover its deferred tax assets. The Company considers allavailable evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated withestimates of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the need for a valuationallowance. If it is not more likely than not that the Company will recover its deferred tax assets, the Company will increase itsprovision for taxes by recording a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets that the Company estimates will notultimately be recoverable. As a result of the Company’s analysis of all available evidence, both positive and negative, as ofDecember 31, 2015, it was considered more likely than not that the Company’s deferred tax assets would not be realized.However, should there be a change in the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company would recognize abenefit to its tax provision in the period in which the Company determines that it is more likely than not that it will recover itsdeferred tax assets.The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of itsprovision for income taxes.109 Table of ContentsFASB ASC topic 740, Income Taxes , or ASC 740, prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for thefinancial statement recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a company’s incometax return, and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods,disclosure, and transition. ASC 740 ‑10 utilizes a two ‑step approach for evaluating uncertain tax positions. Step one,Recognition, requires a company to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that a tax position is more likely thannot to be sustained upon audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. Step two, Measurement, isbased on the largest amount of benefit, which is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement. The Company alsorecognizes interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of its provision for income taxes. Asof December 31, 2015, the Company does not have any unrecognized tax positions.Discontinued operationsOn November 5, 2010, the Company completed the sale of the MUSE product to Meda AB. For the year endedDecember 31, 2013, the Company recorded some minor adjustments related to the MUSE disposition, primarily adjustments to itssales reserves for accrued product returns.Foreign Currency TransactionsTransactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing on the dates of thetransactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated into the Company’s functionalcurrency at the rates prevailing on the balance sheet date.Non ‑monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the ratesprevailing on the initial transaction dates.Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items, and on the retranslation of monetary items, areincluded in the profit and loss account for the period. Exchange differences arising on the retranslation of non ‑monetary itemscarried at fair value are included in other expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the period.Contingencies and LitigationThe Company is periodically involved in disputes and litigation related to a variety of matters. When it is probable thatthe Company will experience a loss, and that loss is quantifiable, the Company records appropriate reserves. The Companyrecords legal fees and costs as an expense when incurred.Intangible AssetsThe Company records acquired intangible assets at cost and amortizes them over the estimated useful life of the asset.When events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of intangible assets may not be recoverable, theCompany evaluates such impairment if the net book value of such assets exceeds the future undiscounted cash flows attributableto such assets. Should an impairment exist, the impairment loss would be measured based on the excess carrying value of theasset over the asset’s fair value or discounted estimates of future cash flows attributable to the assets. To date, the Company hasrecorded no impairment losses on its intangible assets.Net Loss Per ShareThe Company computes basic net loss per share applicable to common stockholders based on the weighted averagenumber of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is based on the weighted average number ofcommon and common equivalent shares, which represent shares that may be issued in the future upon the exercise of outstandingstock options or upon a net share settlement of the Company’s Convertible Notes. Common share equivalents are excluded fromthe computation in periods in which they have an anti ‑dilutive effect. Stock options for which the price exceeds the averagemarket price over the period have an anti ‑dilutive effect on net income per share110 Table of Contentsand, accordingly, are excluded from the calculation. As discussed in Note 13, the triggering conversion conditions that allowholders of the Convertible Notes to convert have not been met. If such conditions are met and the note holders opt to convert, theCompany may choose to pay in cash, common stock, or a combination thereof. However, if this occurs, the Company has theintent and ability to net share settle this debt security; thus the Company uses the treasury stock method for earnings per sharepurposes. Due to the effect of the capped call instrument purchased in relation to the Convertible Notes, there would be no netshares issued until the market value of the Company’s stock exceeds $20 per share, and thus no impact on diluted net income pershare. Further, when there is a net loss, other potentially dilutive common equivalent shares are not included in the calculation ofnet loss per share since their inclusion would be anti ‑dilutive.As the Company recognized a net loss from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and2013, 7,167,000, 8,096,000 and 7,027,000 potentially dilutive outstanding stock options were not included in the computation ofdiluted net loss per share, respectively, because the effect would have been anti ‑dilutive.Recent Accounting PronouncementsIn May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09,Revenue from Contracts with Customers , which provides a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting forrevenue arising from contracts with customers and will supersede most current revenue recognition guidance. As originallyissued, the standard would be effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2017, with early adoption notpermitted. In July 2015, the FASB voted to delay the effective date of the standard by one year to the first quarter of 2018 toprovide companies sufficient time to implement the standard. Early adoption will be permitted, but not before the first quarter of2017. Adoption can occur using one of two prescribed transition methods. The Company is currently evaluating the method bywhich it will implement this standard and the impact of the adoption of this standard on the Company’s consolidated financialstatements.In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-03, Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs . The standard requires that debt issuance costs related to arecognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability,consistent with debt discounts. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2015.As of December 31, 2015, the Company has $3.4 million of net deferred financing costs that would be reclassified from a currentand long-term asset to a reduction in the carrying amount of its debt.In July 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory -Inventory (Topic 330), which changes the measurement principle for inventory from the lower of cost or market to lower of costand net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the “estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, lessreasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation.” The standard eliminates the guidance that entitiesconsider replacement cost or net realizable value less an approximately normal profit margin in the subsequent measurement ofinventory when cost is determined on a first-in, first-out or average cost basis. The standard is effective for public entities withfiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standardon the Company's consolidated financial statements.In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which modifies theaccounting by lessees for all leases with a term greater than 12 months. The standard will require lessees to recognize on thebalance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. For public companies, the standard iseffective for annual and interim periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company iscurrently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. 111 Table of ContentsNote 2. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Available ‑‑for ‑‑Sale SecuritiesThe fair value and the amortized cost of cash, cash equivalents, and available-for-sale securities by major security typeconsist of the following (in thousands): As of December 31, 2015 Gross Gross Cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated securities Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Cash and money market funds $95,395 $ — $ — $95,395 U.S. Treasury securities 84,734 — (107) 84,627 Corporate debt securities 61,696 20 (175) 61,541 Total 241,825 20 (282) 241,563 Less amounts classified as cash and cash equivalents (95,395) — — (95,395) Total available-for-sale securities $146,430 $20 $(282) $146,168 As of December 31, 2014 Gross Gross Cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Estimated securities Cost Gains Losses Fair Value Cash and money market funds $83,174 $ — $ — $83,174 U.S. Treasury securities 216,425 35 (63) 216,397 Total 299,599 35 (63) 299,571 Less amounts classified as cash and cash equivalents (83,174) — — (83,174) Total available-for-sale securities $216,425 $35 $(63) $216,397 As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s available ‑for ‑sale securities have original contractual maturities up to 36 months. In response to changes in the availability of and the yield on alternative investments as well as liquidity requirements,the Company may sell securities prior to their stated maturities. As these securities are viewed by the Company as available tosupport current operations, securities with maturities beyond 12 months are classified as current assets. Due to their short ‑termmaturities, the Company believes that the fair value of its bank deposits, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximatetheir carrying value.Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in theprincipal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on themeasurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize theuse of unobservable inputs. Three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable,may be used to measure fair value. The three levels are: ·Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. ·Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices forsimilar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable orcan be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. ·Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to thefair value of the assets or liabilities. 112 Table of ContentsThe following table represents the fair value hierarchy for our cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities by majorsecurity type (in thousands): As of December 31, 2015 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 TotalCash and money market funds $95,395 $ — $ — $95,395U.S. Treasury securities 84,627 — — 84,627Corporate debt securities — 61,541 — 61,541Total $180,022 $61,541 $ — $241,563 As of December 31, 2014 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 TotalCash and money market funds $83,174 $ — $ — $83,174U.S. Treasury securities 216,397 — — 216,397Total$299,571$ —$ —$299,571 Note 3. Accounts ReceivableAccounts receivable consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2015 2014 Qsymia $8,508 $6,874 STENDRA/SPEDRA 652 4,871 9,160 11,745 Qsymia allowance for cash discounts (163) (150) Net $8,997 11,595 There was no allowance for doubtful accounts at December 31, 201 5 or 201 4 . Note 4. Inventories Inventories consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 20152014Raw materials$8,645 $29,765 Work-in-process247 889 Finished goods4,282 1,544 Deferred costs428 2,249 Inventories$13,602 $34,447 Raw materials inventories as of December 31, 2015 consist primarily of the active pharmaceutical ingredients, or API,for Qsymia and STENDRA /SPEDRA . Raw materials inventories as of December 31, 2014 consist ed primarily of API forQsymia. Deferred costs inventories consist primarily of Qsymia and represents Qsymia product shipped to the Company’swholesalers and certified retail pharmacies, but not yet dispensed to patients through prescriptions, net of prompt paymentdiscounts, and for which recognition of revenue has been deferred. 113 Table of ContentsNote 5 . Prepaid Expenses and Other Current AssetsPrepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2015 2014 Prepaid sales and marketing expenses $3,434 $4,123 Debt issuance costs 1,194 1,246 Prepaid insurance 1,124 1,612 Other prepaid expenses and assets 4,872 5,843 Total $10,624 $12,824 The amounts included in prepaid expenses and other assets consist primarily of prepayments for future services, areceivable from a supplier, prepaid interest and interest income receivable. These costs have been deferred as prepaid expensesand other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets and will be either (i) charged to expense accordingly when the relatedprepaid services are rendered to the Company, or (ii) converted to cash when the receivable is collected by the Company. No te 6 . Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2015 2014 Computers and software $2,300 $2,404 Furniture and fixtures 943 937 Manufacturing equipment 213 213 Leasehold improvements 876 876 4,332 4,430 Accumulated depreciation (3,338) (3,084) Property and equipment, net $994 $1,346 Note 7. Non ‑‑Current AssetsNon ‑current assets consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2015 2014 Debt issuance costs $2,185 $3,375 Other non-current assets 2,616 3,780 Total $4,801 $7,155 The amounts included in other non-current assets primarily consist of patent acquisition and assignment costs (see Note10 ). 114 Table of ContentsNote 8 . Accrued and Other LiabilitiesAccrued and other liabilities consist of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 2015 2014 Accrued employee compensation and benefits $3,621 $4,230 Accrued non-recurring charges (see Note 10) 503 3,284 Accrued interest on debt (see Note 13) 1,293 2,921 Accrued manufacturing costs 5,408 400 Other accrued liabilities 5,066 5,479 Total $15,891 $16,314 The amounts included in other accrued liabilities consist of obligations primarily related to sales, marketing, research,clinical development, corporate activities and royalties, including a payable to Endo related to the royalty revenue adjustment. Note 9. Non ‑‑Current Accrued and Other LiabilitiesNon ‑current accrued and other liabilities were $ 1.3 million and $ 1.6 million at December 31, 201 5 and 2014,respectively, and were primarily comprised of deferred rent and costs associated with the exit of certain operating leases andsecurity deposits relating to the sublease agreements (see Note 10). Note 10 . Inventory Impairment and Other Non-Recurring ChargesInventory impairment and other non-recurring charges consist of the following (in thousands): Year Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Inventory impairment (see Note 4) $29,522 $2,170 $10,225 Employee severance and related costs 2,503 1,711 8,546 Patent settlement — 1,949 — Share-based compensation (see Note 15) 36 343 14,072 Proxy contest expenses — — 8,863 Operating lease termination costs — — 1,210 Total inventory impairment and other non-recurring expense $32,061 $6,173 $42,916 As discussed in Note 4, in 2015 the Company recorded inventory impairment charges primarily for Qsymia APIinventory in excess of expected demand. In 2014 , the Company recorded inventory impairment charges for finished goods andcertain non-API raw materials on hand in excess of demand and, in 2013, the Company recorded inventory impairment charge sfor inventories on hand in excess of demand, plus a purchase commitment fee. In 2015, the Company recorded employee severance and related costs and share-based compensation related to the July2015 corporate restructuring plan, which reduced the Company’s workforce by approximately 60 job positions. In 2014 and 2013,the Company recorded employee severance and related costs , share-based compensation and operating lease termination costsrelated to the 2013 cost reduction plan that reduced the Company’s workforce by approximately 20 employees. 115 Table of ContentsIn 2014, the Company paid $5.0 million in connection with the transfer and assignment of certain patents from JanssenPharmaceuticals, Inc. Of the $5.0 million, approximately $1.9 million was recognized as a non-recurring expense for the yearended December 31, 2014 as it related to a legal settlement. The remaining balance of approximately $3.1 million wa s recordedas an intangible asset and is being amortized as cost of goods sold through their expiration dates . In 2013, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with First Manhattan in connection with a proxy contestrelated to the Company’s 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. According to the terms of the settlement agreement, more than amajority of the members of the Company’s Board of Directors resigned and new members were appointed. The change in themajority of the members of the Company’s Board of Directors, effective July 19, 2013, triggered certain “change of control”benefits in accordance with the terms of various agreements with certain of the Company’s employees. Under the se agreements ,all unvested stock options held by these employees automatically vested in full and became immediately exercisable. In addition,the resignations of both the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and President resulted in severance charges under the se agreements. As part of the settlement agreement with First Manhattan, the Company paid the reasonable and documented expensesincurred by First Manhattan in connection with its proxy contest.The following table sets forth activity for the proxy contest and cost reduction plan s , the balance of which is primarilycomprised of employee severance costs (in thousands): Proxy Facilities- contest Severance related costs obligations obligations Total Balance of accrued costs at December 31, 2012 $ — $ — $ — $ — Charges 8,863 8,546 1,210 18,619 Payments (8,863) (2,037) (188) (11,088) Balance of accrued costs at December 31, 2013 — 6,509 1,022 7,531 Charges — 1,711 — 1,711 Payments — (4,940) (450) (5,390) Balance of accrued costs at December 31, 2014 — 3,280 572 3,852 Charges — 2,474 — 2,474 Payments — (5,344) (101) (5,445) Balance of accrued costs at December 31, 2015 $ — $410 $471 $881 (1)The accrued facilities-related costs at December 31, 201 5 represent estimated losses, net of expected subleases, on spacevacated as part of the Company’s cost reduction plan. The noncancelable operating leases and scheduled payments againstthe amounts accrued extend through May 2020, unless the Company is able to negotiate earlier terminations.(2)In addition to the above non-recurring charges, the Company incurred non-cash share-based compensation expense of $0.3million and $14.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively (see Note 15).Commencing i n May 2014, the Company subleased a portion of its Evelyn Lease consisting of approximately 14,105square feet of space for a term of 36 months at a starting annual rental rate of $42 per square feet (subject to agreed increases).The sublessee received an abatement of monthly installments of rents for months one through four . Minimum rents expected tobe received under this sublease as of December 31, 201 5 are $626,000 and $212,000 in fiscal years 2016 and 2017, respectively.Upon the completion of the sublease for this space, the Company expects to either find usage or to locate a suitable sublessee forthe remaining duration of the Company’s Evelyn Lease. Commencing i n September 2014, the Company subleased the expansion space relating to the Castro Lease. Thesublease consists of approximately 4,914 square feet of space for a term of 31 months at a starting annual rental rate of $53 persquare feet (subject to agreed increases). The sublessee received an abatement of the first monthly installment. Minimum rentsexpected to be received under this sublease as of December 31, 201 5 are $274,000 and $69,000 in fiscal years 2016 and 2017,respectively.116 Table of Contents Of the total accrued employee severance and facilities-related costs as of December 31, 201 5 , $ 0. 5 million isincluded under current liabilities in “Accrued and other liabilities " and $0. 4 million is included in “Non ‑current accrued andother liabilities . ” The balance of the accrued employee severance and facilities-related costs at December 31, 201 5 is anticipated to bepaid out as follows (in thousands): 2016 $503 2017 351 2018 11 Thereafter 16 $881 Note 11 . Deferred RevenueDeferred revenue consists of the following (in thousands): Balance as of December 31, December 31, 20152014Qsymia deferred revenue - current$19,275 $16,433 SPEDRA deferred revenue - current2,867 3,012 Deferred revenue - current$22,142 $19,445 SPEDRA deferred revenue - non-current$6,508 $8,876 Qsymia d eferred r evenue consists of product shipped to the Company’s wholesalers, certified retail pharmacies andcertified home delivery pharmacy services networks, but not yet dispensed to patients through prescriptions, net of promptpayment discounts. SPEDRA deferred revenue relates to a prepayment for future royalties on sales of SPEDRA. Note 12 . License, Commercialization and Supply AgreementsDuring 2013, the Company entered into license and commercialization agreements and commercial supply agreementswith the Menarini Group, through its subsidiary Berlin Chemie AG, or Menarini, Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Auxilium,and Sanofi and its affiliate, or Sanofi, to commercialize and promote STENDRA or SPEDRA in their respective territories.Menarini’s territory consists of over 40 European countries, including the EU, plus Australia and New Zealand. Auxilium’sterritory consists of the United States and Canada and their respective territories. In January 2015, Auxilium was purchased byEndo International, plc. In December 2015, Auxilium notified the Company of Auxilium’s intention to return the U.S. andCanadian commercial rights for STENDRA to the Company. Auxilium has provided its contractually required six -month noticeof termination which, absent an agreement between Auxilium and us for an earlier termination date, will result in the terminationof the license agreement and supply agreement on June 30, 2016. Sanofi’s territory consists of Africa, the Middle East, Turkeyand Eurasia. Note 13. Long ‑‑Term DebtConvertible Senior Notes Due 2020I n May 2013, the Company closed an offering of $220.0 million in 4.5% Convertible Senior Notes due May 2020, orthe Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are governed by an indenture, dated May 2013 between the117 Table of ContentsCompany and Deutsche Bank National Trust Company, as trustee. I n May 2013, the Company closed on an additional $30.0 million of Convertible Notes upon exercise of an option by the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes at a conversion rate ofapproximately $14.86 per share . Total net proceeds from the Convertible Notes were approximately $241.8 million. TheConvertible Notes are convertible at the option of the holders under certain conditions at any time prior to the close of business onthe business day immediately preceding November 1, 2019. On or after November 1, 2019, holders may convert all or any portionof their Convertible Notes at any time at their option at the conversion rate then in effect, regardless of these conditions. Subjectto certain limitations, the Company will settle conversions of the Convertible Notes by paying or delivering, as the case may be,cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of our common stock, at the Company’s election. Interestpayments are made quarterly.For the year ended December 31, 2015, total interest expense related to the Convertible Notes was $27.2 million,including amortization of $16.0 million of the debt discount and $848,000 of deferred financing costs. For the year endedDecember 31, 2014, total interest expense related to the Convertible Notes was $25.0 million, including amortization of $14.7million of the debt discount and $784,000 of deferred financing costs.Senior Secured Notes Due 2018I n March 2013, the Company entered into the Purchase and Sale Agreement between the Company and BioPharmaSecured Investments III Holdings Cayman LP, a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership, providing for the purchase of adebt ‑like instrument, or the Senior Secured Notes. Under the agreement, the Company received $50 million, less $500,000 infunding and facility payments, at the initial closing i n April 2013. The Company had the option, but elected not to exercise it, toreceive an additional $60 million, less $600,000 in a funding payment, at a secondary closing no later than January 15, 2014. The scheduled quarterly payments on the Senior Secured Notes are subject to the net sales of (i) Qsymia and (ii) any other obesityagent developed or marketed by us or our affiliates or licensees. The scheduled quarterly payments, other than the payment(s)scheduled to be made in the second quarter of 2018, are capped at the lower of the scheduled payment amounts or 25% of the netsales of (i) and (ii) above. Accordingly, if 25% of the net sales is less than the scheduled quarterly payment, then 25% of the netsales is due for that quarter, with the exception of the payment(s) scheduled to be made in the second quarter of 2018, when anyunpaid scheduled quarterly payments plus any accrued and unpaid make whole premiums must be paid. Any quarterly paymentless than the scheduled quarterly payment amount will be subject to a make whole premium equal to the applicable scheduledquarterly payment of the preceding quarter less the actual payment made to BioPharma for the preceding quarter multiplied by1.03 . The Company may elect to pay full scheduled quarterly payments if it chooses.For the year ended December 31, 2015, the interest expense related to the Senior Secured Notes was $6.3 million,including amortization of deferred financing costs amounting to $393,000 . For the year ended December 31, 2014, the interestexpense related to the Senior Secured Notes was $7.5 million, including amortization of deferred financing costs amounting to$468,000 .118 Table of ContentsThe following table summarizes information on the debt (in thousands) as of December 31, 201 5 : December 31, 2015 Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 $250,000 Senior Secured Notes due 2018 41,002 291,002 Less: Discount on convertible senior notes (56,233) 234,769 Less: Current portion (15,550) Long-term debt, net of current portion $219,219 Future estimated payments on debt as of December 31, 2015 are as follows: 2016 31,250 2017 31,250 2018 20,103 Total 82,603 Less: Interest portion (41,601) Senior Secured Notes $41,002 Note 14. Stockholders’ EquityCommon StockThe Company is authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014 , therewere 104,055,000 and 103,729,000 shares, respectively, issued and outstanding.Preferred StockThe Company is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock with a par value of $1.00 pershare. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no preferred shares issued or outstanding. The Company may issue sharesof preferred stock in the future, without stockholder approval, upon such terms as the Company’s management and Board ofDirectors may determine.Stockholder Rights PlanOn March 26, 2007, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted a Stockholder Rights Plan, or the Rights Plan, andamended its bylaws. Under the Rights Plan, the Company will issue a dividend of one right for each share of its common stockheld by stockholders of record as of the close of business on April 13, 2007.The Rights Plan is designed to guard against partial tender offers and other coercive tactics to gain control of theCompany without offering a fair and adequate price and terms to all of the Company’s stockholders. The Rights Plan is intendedto provide the Board of Directors with sufficient time to consider any and all alternatives to such an action and is similar to plansadopted by many other publicly traded companies. The Rights Plan was not adopted in response to any efforts to acquire theCompany and the Company is not aware of any such efforts.Each right will initially entitle stockholders to purchase a fractional share of the Company’s preferred stock for $26.00 .However, the rights are not immediately exercisable and will become exercisable only upon the occurrence of certain events. If aperson or group acquires, or announces a tender or exchange offer that would result in the acquisition of 15% or more of theCompany’s common stock while the Stockholder Rights Plan remains in place, then, unless the rights are redeemed by theCompany for $.001 per right, the rights will become exercisable by all rights holders except the acquiring person or group for theCompany’s shares or shares of the third ‑party acquirer having a value of twice the119 Table of Contentsright’s then ‑current exercise price. The Rights will expire on the earliest of (i) April 13, 2017 (the final expiration date), or(ii) redemption or exchange of the Rights. Note 15. Stock Option and Purchase PlansStock Option PlanOn March 29, 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors terminated the 2001 Stock Option Plan and adopted andapproved a new 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2010 Plan, with 32,000 shares remaining reserved and unissued under the2001 Plan, subject to the approval of the Company’s stockholders. The 2001 Plan, however, continues to govern awardspreviously granted under it. On June 25, 2010, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2010 Plan at the Company’s 2010Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The 2010 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock,restricted stock units, performance shares and performance units to employees, directors and consultants, to be granted from timeto time as determined by the Board of Directors, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, or its designees. Theterm of the option is determined by the Board of Directors on the date of grant but shall not be longer than 10 years. Optionsunder this plan generally vest over four years. The 2010 Plan’s share reserve, which the stockholders approved, is 8,400,000shares, plus any shares reserved but not issued pursuant to awards under the 2001 Plan as of the date of stockholder approval, or99,975 shares, plus any shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2001 Plan that expire or otherwise terminate withouthaving been exercised in full, or are forfeited to or repurchased by the Company, up to a maximum of 8,111,273 shares (whichwas the number of shares subject to outstanding options under the 2001 Plan as of March 11, 2010). In September 2014, theCompany’s stockholders approved an increase to the total number of shares reserved under the 2010 Plan by 5,950,000 for a totalof 14,350,000 shares.Restricted Stock UnitsBeginning in 2012, the Company began issuing restricted units under the 2010 Plan on a limited basis. A summary ofrestricted stock unit award activity under the 2010 Plan is as follows: Weighted Number of Average Restricted Grant Date Stock Units Fair Value Restricted stock units outstanding January 1, 2013 35,000 $24.88 Granted 144,500 12.63 Vested (33,296) 14.15 Forfeited (146,204) 13.83 Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2012 — — Granted 521,900 8.20 Vested (70,500) 8.37 Forfeited (117,900) 8.17 Restricted stock units outstanding December 31, 2014 333,500 8.17 Granted 1,954,000 1.85 Vested (248,688) 2.73 Forfeited (628,937) 7.99 Restricted stock units outstanding, December 31, 2015 1,409,875 $1.87 120 Table of ContentsStock OptionsA summary of stock option award activity under these plans is as follows: Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 2013 Weighted- Weighted- Weighted- Average Average Average Number of Exercise Number of Exercise Number of Exercise Shares Price Shares Price Shares Price Balance at beginning of year 5,956,459 $12.09 8,906,451 $12.06 8,510,917 $10.33 Options: Granted 3,499,200 $2.46 935,800 $6.89 4,166,292 $12.86 Exercised — $ — (374,530) $4.48 (2,375,688) $5.79 Cancelled (3,733,554) $9.38 (3,511,262) $11.45 (1,395,070) $14.54 Balance at end of year 5,722,105 $7.97 5,956,459 $12.09 8,906,451 $12.06 Exercisable at end of year 3,042,888 $11.48 4,053,329 $12.34 6,616,555 $11.00 Weighted average grant-date fair value ofoptions granted during the year $1.44 $4.34 $8.32 At December 31, 2015, stock options were outstanding and exercisable as follows: Options Outstanding Options Exercisable Weighted- Number Average Weighted- Number Weighted- Outstanding at Remaining Average Exercisable Average December 31, Contractual Exercise December 31, Exercise Range of Exercise Prices 2015 Life Price 2015 Price $1.26—$2.53 700,500 6.45years$1.44 118,747 $2.33 $2.74—$2.74 1,550,800 6.06years$2.74 — $ — $2.79—$12.04 1,524,513 3.62years$7.56 1,291,467 $7.79 $12.39—$25.74 1,946,292 4.90years$14.80 1,632,674 $15.06 $1.26—$25.74 5,722,105 5.06years$7.97 3,042,888 $11.48 The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options as of December 31, 2015 was zero as all of the outstanding stockoptions had an exercise price greater than the share price of common stock as of that date.At December 31, 2015, 8,585,900 options remained available for grant.Valuation AssumptionsThe fair value of each option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black ‑Scholes option pricing model, assumingno expected dividends and the following weighted average assumptions: 2015 2014 2013 Expected life (in years) 4.69 4.84 4.88 Volatility 70.8% 79.1% 83.4%Risk-free interest rate 1.28% 1.74% 1.12%Dividend yield — — — Employee Stock Purchase PlanUnder the 1994 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, the Company reserved 800,000 shares of common stockfor issuance to employees pursuant to the ESPP, under which eligible employees may authorize payroll deductions121 Table of Contentsof up to 10% of their base compensation (as defined) to purchase common stock at a price equal to 85% of the lower of the fairmarket value as of the beginning or the end of the offering period.At the annual meeting held on June 4, 2003, the stockholders approved amendments to the ESPP to (i) extend theoriginal term of the ESPP by an additional 10 years such that the ESPP would expire in April 2014 (subject to earlier terminationas described in the ESPP) and (ii) increase the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP by600,000 shares to a new total of 1,400,000 .In June 2011, the Company’s stockholders approved amendments to the Company’s ESPP to increase the number ofshares reserved for issuance under the ESPP by 600,000 shares to a new total of 2,000,000 , to remove the Plan’s 20 –year term,and to include certain changes consistent with Treasury Regulations relating to employee stock purchase plans under Section 423of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and other applicable law.As of December 31, 2015, 1,691,809 shares have been issued to employees and there are 308,191 shares available forissuance under the ESPP. The weighted average fair value of shares issued under the ESPP in 2015, 2014 and 2013 was $0.69 , $1.05 and $3.53 per share, respectively.Valuation AssumptionsThe fair value of shares issued under the ESPP is estimated using the Black ‑Scholes option pricing model, assuming noexpected dividends and the following weighted average assumptions: 2015 2014 2013 Expected life (in years) 0.5 0.5 0.5 Volatility 63.4% 44.9% 54.2%Risk-free interest rate 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%Dividend yield — — — Share ‑Based Compensation ExpenseTotal estimated share ‑based compensation expense, related to all of the Company’s share ‑based awards, wascomprised as follows (in thousands): 2015 2014 2013 Cost of goods sold $132 $118 $ — Selling, general and administrative 2,862 1,177 2,361 Research and development 398 8,128 15,964 Non-recurring charges 198 343 14,072 Total share-based compensation expense $3,590 $9,766 $32,397 On July 18, 2013, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with First Manhattan Company, or First Manhattan,in connection with a proxy contest related to the Company’s 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. According to the terms of thesettlement agreement, more than a majority of the members of the Company’s Board of Directors resigned and new memberswere appointed. The change in the majority of the members of the Company’s Board of Directors, effective July 19, 2013,triggered certain “change of control” benefits in accordance with the various agreements with certain of the Company’semployees; specifically, all unvested stock options held by these employees automatically vested in full and became immediatelyexercisable. In accordance with ASC 718, all unamortized expense for options that were expected to vest on the date of grant andthe modified fair value of the options that were not expected to vest on the date of grant (due to expected forfeitures) wereimmediately expensed. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recognized approximately $12.9 millionin additional share ‑based compensation expense related to this event.As part of the Company’s ongoing efforts to reduce costs by eliminating expenses that are not essential to expanding theuse of Qsymia, the Company implemented a cost reduction plan that reduced the Company’s workforce122 Table of Contentsby approximately 20 employees, or 17% of its workforce, excluding the sales force, for the year ended December 31, 2013. As aresult, the Company incurred $1.2 million in additional share ‑based compensation expense for the year ended December 31,2013, related to the automatic acceleration of vesting of unvested stock options held by the terminated employees.Total share ‑based compensation cost capitalized as part of the cost of inventory was $23 ,000 , $ 0 and $480,000 for theyears ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.The following table summarizes share ‑based compensation, net of estimated forfeitures associated with each type ofaward (in thousands): 2015 2014 2013 Restricted stock units $1,409 $1,334 $471 Stock options 2,143 8,305 31,610 Employee stock purchase plan 38 127 316 $3,590 $9,766 $32,397 As of December 31, 2015, unrecognized estimated compensation expense totaled $6.1 million related to non ‑vestedstock options and restricted stock units and $10,000 related to the ESPP. The weighted average remaining requisite service periodfor the non ‑vested stock options was 2.6 years and for the ESPP was less than 6 months. Note 16. CommitmentsLease CommitmentsIn November 2006, the Company entered into a 30 -month lease for its former corporate headquarters located inMountain View, California, or Castro Lease. On February 14, 2012 , the Company entered into the most current, fourthamendment to the Castro Lease. Under the fourth amendment to the Castro Lease, the lease term for the headquarters’ premisesterminated July 31, 2013. The fourth amendment also included a new lease on an additional 4,914 square feet of office spacelocated at 1174 Castro Street, Mountain View, California, or the Expansion Space, which is adjacent to the Company’s formercorporate headquarters. The average base rent for the Expansion Space is approximately $2.87 per square foot or $14,124 permonth. The new lease for the Expansion Space has a term of 60 months commencing March 15, 2012, with an option to extendthe term for one year from the expiration of the new lease. Commencing on September 1, 2014, the Company subleased theexpansion space for a term of 31 months at a starting monthly rental rate of $4.42 per square feet (subject to agreed increases).The sublessee is entitled to abatement of the first monthly installment. Minimum rents expected to be received under this subleaseare $274,000 and $69,000 for the years ending December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively.The Company entered into a lease effective as of December 11, 2012, with SFERS Real Estate Corp. U, or the Landlord,for new principal executive offices, consisting of an approximately 45,240 square foot building, located at 351 East EvelynAvenue, Mountain View, California, or the Evelyn Lease. The Evelyn Lease has an initial term of approximately 84 months,commencing on May 11, 2013, and at a starting annual rental rate of $31.20 per rentable square foot (subject to agreed increases).The Company is entitled to an abatement of the monthly installments of rent for months seven through 12 of the initial termsubject to the conditions detailed in the Evelyn Lease. The Company has one option to renew the Evelyn Lease for a term of threeyears at the prevailing market rate as detailed in the Evelyn Lease. In addition, the Company has a one –time right to acceleratethe termination date of the Evelyn Lease from the expiration of the 84th full calendar month of the term to the expiration of the 60th full calendar month of the term subject to the conditions detailed in the Evelyn Lease. If this acceleration of the terminationdate is exercised, the following will be payable to the Landlord: (i) six months of the monthly installments of rent and theCompany’s proportionate share of expenses and taxes subject to the fifth lease year and (ii) the unamortized portion of all of thefollowing: (a) any leasing commissions and legal fees, (b) the initial alterations as detailed in the Evelyn Lease, and(c) Landlord’s allowance towards the cost of performing the initial alterations, which is $7.00 per rentable square foot; providedthat the amount payable to the Landlord will be increased by the unamortized portion of any leasing commissions, tenantimprovements123 Table of Contentsand allowances, or other concessions incurred by the Landlord in connection with any additional space other than the premisesleased by the Company and that is subject to acceleration under the Evelyn Lease.Commencing on May 1, 2014, the Company subleased a portion of its Evelyn Lease consisting of approximately 14,105square feet of space for a term of 36 months at a starting annual rental rate of $42 per square feet (subject to agreed increases).The sublessee is entitled to abatement of monthly installments of rents for months one through four . Minimum rents expected tobe received under this sublease are $626,000 and $212,000 for the years ending December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively. Uponthe completion of the sublease for this space, the Company expects to either find usage or to locate a suitable sublessee for theremaining duration of the Company’s Evelyn Lease.Future minimum lease payments under operating leases at December 31, 2015, were as follows (in thousands): 2016 $2,164 2017 1,989 2018 1,991 2019 2,040 2020 685 $8,869 Included in the operating lease commitments above are obligations under leases for which the Company has vacated theunderlying facilities as part of a cost reduction plan. These leases expire at various dates through 2020 and represent an aggregateobligation of $3.6 million through 2020. The Company has cost reduction accruals of $0.5 million at December 31, 2015, whichrepresents the difference between this aggregate future obligation and expected future sublease income under estimated potentialsublease agreements, as well as other facilities ‑related obligations (see Note 10). Rent expense under operating leases was $2.1million, $1.6 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.As a condition of the FDA granting approval to commercialize Qsymia in the U.S., the Company agreed to completecertain post-marketing requirements (“PMRs”). One requirement was to perform a cardiovascular outcomes trial (“CVOT”), onQsymia. The cost of a CVOT is estimated to be between $180 million and $220 million incurred over a period of approximatelyfive years. The Company is working with the FDA to determine a pathway to provide the FDA with information to support thesafety of Qsymia in a more cost effective manner. To date, the Company has not incurred expenses related to the CVOT..124 Table of ContentsNote 17. Income TaxesDeferred income taxes result from differences in the recognition of expenses for tax and financial reporting purposes, aswell as operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets as ofDecember 31, 201 5 and 201 4 , are as follows (in thousands): 2015 2014 Deferred tax assets: Net operating loss carry forwards $235,714 $219,786 Research and development credit carry forwards 16,562 16,464 Share-based compensation 7,939 10,298 Accruals and other 20,589 9,502 Depreciation 104 128 Deferred revenue 3,492 4,146 284,400 260,324 Valuation allowance (284,400) (260,324) Total $ — $ — The net increase in the valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 201 5 and 201 4 , was $ 24. 1 million, and$ 2.7 million respectively. As of December 31, 201 5 , the Company had no significant deferred tax liabilities.As of December 31, 201 5 , the Company had approximately $6 75.6 million and $ 30 1.5 million of net operating loss,or NOL, carryforwards with which to offset its future taxable income for federal and state income tax reporting purposes,respectively . The federal and state NOL carryforwards will begin expiring in 2022 and 2028, respectively, unless previouslyutilized.As of December 31, 2015, the Company has federal and state research credit carryforwards of approximately $13.2million, and $5.2 million, respectively. The federal research credit carryforwards will begin expiring in 2018, unless previouslyutilized. The state research credit carryforwards do not expire.Utilization of the Company’s NOL and tax credit carryforwards, or Tax Attributes, may be subject to substantial annuallimitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions to the extent certain ownership changes aredeemed to occur. Such an annual limitation could result in the expiration of the Tax Attributes before utilization. The TaxAttributes reflected above have not been reduced by any limitations. To the extent it is determined upon completion of theanalysis that such limitations do apply, the Company will adjust the Tax Attributes accordingly. The Company faces the risk thatits ability to use its Tax Attributes will be substantially restricted if it undergoes an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, or Section 382.An ownership change under Section 382 would occur if “5-percent shareholders,” within the meaning of Section 382,collectively increased their ownership in the Company by more than 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. TheCompany has completed studies through December 3 1 , 2015 and concluded that no adjustments were required. If the Companyhas experienced a change of control at any time since its formation, its NOL carryforwards and tax credits may not be available,or their utilization could be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382. A full valuation allowance has been providedagainst the Company’s NOL carryforwards, and if an adjustment is required, this adjustment would be offset by an adjustment tothe valuation allowance. Accordingly, there would be no impact on the consolidated financial statements.The Company uses the with-and-without approach described in guidance which has been incorporated into ASC 740Income Taxes to determine the recognition and measurement of excess tax benefits. Accordingly, the Company has elected torecognize excess income tax benefits from stock option exercises in additional paid-in capital only if an incremental income taxbenefit would be realized after considering all other tax attributes presently available to the Company. As of December 31, 2015,the amount of excess tax benefits from stock options included in federal and state net operating losses is $48.4 million and $9.9million, respectively. The impact of this excess tax benefit is recognized as additional paid-in capital when it reduces taxespayable. In addition, the Company has elected to account for the125 Table of Contentsindirect effects of stock-based awards on other tax attributes, such as the research and alternative minimum tax credits, throughthe consolidated statement of operations.The provision (benefit) for income taxes is based upon the loss from continuing operations before income taxes asfollows (in thousands): 2015 2014 2013 Loss before income taxes: Domestic $(92,967) $(83,151) $(174,083) International (137) (125) (766) Loss before taxes $(93,104) $(83,276) $(174,849) The provision (benefit) for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):Continuing Operations: 2015 2014 2013 Current: Federal $ — $ — $ — State 3 (629) 97 Foreign — — — Total current provision (benefit) for income taxes $3 $(629) $97 Deferred: Federal $ — $ — $ — State — — — Foreign — — — Total deferred provision for income taxes $ — $ — $ — Total provision (benefit) for income taxes from continuingoperations $3 $(629) $97 The effective tax rate differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rates as follows : 2015 2014 2013 Tax at U.S. federal statutory rate (35)% (35)% (35)%Change in valuation allowance 31 29 35 Permanent items 6 7 2 Tax credits — — (1) Other (2) (2) (1) Effective tax rate —% (1)% —% 126 Table of ContentsThe reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands): 2015 2014 2013 Unrecognized tax benefits as of January 1 $ — $1,662 $1,215 Gross increase/(decrease) for tax positions of prior years — — 447 Gross increase/(decrease) for tax positions of current year 38 — — Settlements — (1,662) — Lapse of statute of limitations — — — Unrecognized tax benefits balance at December 31 $38 $ — $1,662 The remaining balance recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets is as follows (in thousands): 2015 2014 Total unrecognized tax benefits $38 $ — Amounts netted against deferred tax assets (38) — Unrecognized tax benefits recorded on consolidated balance sheets $ — $ — As the Company is not currently under examination, it is reasonable to assume that the balance of gross unrecognizedtax benefits will likely not change in the next twelve months. The Company currently does not recognize interest and penaltiesrelating to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.On December 18, 2015, The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014 was signed into law, which retroactivelyreinstated and made permanent the federal research tax credit provisions from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015.In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes , related to balancesheet classification of deferred taxes. The ASU requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent in thestatement of financial position, thereby simplifying the current guidance that requires an entity to separate deferred assets andliabilities into current and noncurrent amounts. The ASU will be effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of fiscalyear 2018 though early adoption is permitted. The Company early-adopted the ASU as of December 31 , 2015 and its statementof financial position as of this date reflects the revised classification of current deferred tax assets and liabilities as noncurrent.There was no impact to the adoption of this ASU on the Company as its deferred tax assets are entirely reserved. Note 18. Segment Information and Concentration of Customers and SuppliersThe Company operates in one business segment — the development and commercialization of novel therapeuticproducts. Therefore, results of operations are reported on a consolidated basis for purposes of segment reporting, consistent withinternal management reporting. Disclosures about product revenues by geographic area , revenues and accounts receivable frommajor customers, and major suppliers are presented below.Geographic InformationOutside the United States, the Company sells products principally in the EU. The geographic classification of productsales was based on the location of the customer. The geographic classification of all other revenues was based on the domicile ofthe entity from which the revenues were earned.127 Table of ContentsProduct revenue by geographic region is as follows (in thousands): Years Ended December 31, 2015 2014 U.S. ROW Total U.S. ROW Total Qsymia—Net product revenue $54,622 $ — $54,622 $45,277 $ — $45,277 STENDRA/SPEDRA—License andmilestone revenue — 11,574 11,574 15,406 23,208 38,614 STENDRA/SPEDRA—Supply revenue 16,602 10,072 26,674 9,059 17,460 26,519 STENDRA/SPEDRA —Royalty revenue 418 2,142 2,560 2,176 1,595 3,771 Total revenue $71,642 $23,788(1) $95,430 $71,918 $42,263(2) $114,181 2013 U.S. ROW Total Qsymia—Net product revenue $23,718 $ — $23,718 STENDRA/SPEDRA—License andmilestone revenue 30,393 25,445 55,838 STENDRA/SPEDRA—Supply revenue 1,080 446 1,526 STENDRA/SPEDRA —Royalty revenue — — — Total revenue $55,191 $25,891(3) $81,082 (1)$23.7 million of which is attributable to Germany.(2)$37.2 million of which is attributable to Germany.(3)$21.0 million of which is attributable to Germany.Major customersRevenues from significant customers as a percentage of total revenues is as follows: 2015 2014 2013 Menarini 25% 32% 26%McKesson 21% 13% 2%Auxilium 18% 23% 39%Amerisource Bergen 18% 14% —%Cardinal Health, Inc. 17% 11% 4%Express Scripts, Inc. —% 1% 3%CVS —% —% 9%Walgreens —% —% 6%Accounts receivable by significant customer as a percentage of the total gross accounts receivable balance are asfollows: 2015 2014 McKesson 33% 18%Amerisource Bergen 32% 19%Cardinal Health, Inc. 25% 20%Auxilium 4% 16%Menarini 3% 25%Major suppliersThe Company relies on third ‑party sole ‑source manufacturers to produce its clinical trial materials, raw materials andfinished goods. Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC, or Catalent, which supplied the product for the128 Table of ContentsPhase 3b/4 program for Qsymia, is the Company’s sole source of clinical and commercial supplies for Qsymia. Until 2015,MTPC was the Company’s sole ‑source supplier for the API and the tablets for STENDRA (avanafil). In 2015, the Companytransitioned to Sanofi as it sole-source supply for STENDRA API and tablets . The Company does not have any manufacturingfacilities and intends to continue to rely on third parties for the supply of the starting materials, API and tablets. Third ‑partymanufacturers may not be able to meet the Company’s needs with respect to timing, quantity or quality. In July 2013, theCompany entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Sanofi Chimie to manufacture and supply the API for our drugavanafil on an exclusive basis in the United States and other territories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU,Latin America and other territories. In November 2013, the Company entered into a Manufacturing and Supply Agreement withSanofi Winthrop Industrie to manufacture and supply the avanafil tablets on an exclusive basis in the United States and otherterritories and on a semi-exclusive basis in Europe, including the EU, Latin America and other territories.During the years ended December 31, 201 5 , 201 4 and 201 3 , the Company incurred expenses for work performed by athird ‑party clinical research organization, or CRO, for Qsymia and STENDRA post ‑approval studies that accounted for 11 % , 27% and 29% , respectively, of total research and development expenses.Note 19 . 401(k) PlanAll of the Company’s full ‑time employees are eligible to participate in the VIVUS 401(k) Plan. Employer ‑matchingcontributions for the years ended December 31, 201 5 , 201 4 and 201 3 were $ 406 , 000 , $467,000 and $565,000 ,respectively.Note 20. Legal MattersSecurities Related Class Action and Shareholder Derivative LawsuitsThe Company, a current officer and a former officer were defendants in a putative class action captioned Kovtun v.VIVUS, Inc., et al ., Case No. 4:10-CV-04957-PJH, in the U.S. District Court, Northern District of California. The action, filed inNovember 2010, alleged violations of Section 10(b) and 20(a) of the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934 based on allegedlyfalse or misleading statements made by the defendants in connection with the Company’s clinical trials and New DrugApplication, or NDA, for Qsymia as a treatment for obesity. The Court granted defendants’ motions to dismiss both plaintiff’sAmended Class Action Complaint and Second Amended Class Action Complaint; by order dated September 27, 2012, the latterdismissal was with prejudice and final judgment was entered for defendants the same day. On October 26, 2012, plaintiff filed aNotice of Appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Following briefing of the appeal, the Court of Appeals heldoral argument on January 16, 2015. On January 29, 2015, the Court of Appeals issued a Memorandum decision affirming theDistrict Court’s ruling. On February 12, 2015, plaintiff asked the Court of Appeals’ panel to rehear the case or for the Court torehear the case en banc . The Court of Appeals denied that petition on March 16, 2015, and the matter is now concluded.Additionally, certain of the Company’s former officers and directors and a current director are defendants in ashareholder derivative lawsuit captioned Turberg v. Logan, et al ., Case No. CV-10-05271-PJH, pending in the same federalcourt. In the plaintiff’s Verified Amended Shareholder Derivative Complaint filed June 3, 2011, the plaintiff largely restated theallegations of the Kovtun action and alleged that the directors breached fiduciary duties to the Company by purportedly permittingthe Company to violate the federal securities laws as alleged in the Kovtun action. The same individuals are also nameddefendants in consolidated shareholder derivative suits pending in the California Superior Court, Santa Clara County, under thecaption In re VIVUS, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Master File No. 11 0 CV188439. The allegations in the state court derivativesuits are substantially similar to the other lawsuits. The Company is named as a nominal defendant in these actions, neither ofwhich seeks any recovery from the Company. The parties agreed to stay the derivative lawsuits pending the outcome of the appealof the securities class action. Following the resolution of the class action in the Company’s favor, discussed above, the Turbergplaintiff dismissed the derivative litigation.On March 27, 2014, Mary Jane and Thomas Jasin, who purport to be purchasers of VIVUS common stock, filed anAmended Complaint in Santa Clara County Superior Court alleging securities fraud against the Company and three of129 Table of Contentsits former officers and directors. In that complaint, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc ., Case No. 114-cv-261427, plaintiffs assertedclaims under California’s securities and consumer protection securities statutes. Plaintiffs alleged generally that defendantsmisrepresented the prospects for the Company’s success, including with respect to the launch of Qsymia, while purportedlyselling VIVUS stock for personal profit. Plaintiffs alleged losses of “at least” $2.8 million, and sought damages and otherrelief. On June 5, 2014, the Company and the other defendants filed a demurrer to the Amended Complaint seeking itsdismissal. With the demurrer pending, on July 18, 2014, the same plaintiffs filed a complaint in the United States District Courtfor the Northern District of California, captioned Jasin v. VIVUS, Inc ., Case No. 5:14-cv-03263. The Jasins’ federal complaintalleges violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, based on facts substantially similar to thosealleged in their state court action. On September 15, 2014, pursuant to an agreement between the parties, plaintiffs moved tovoluntarily dismiss, with prejudice, the state court action. In the federal action, defendants filed a motion to dismiss on November12, 2014. On December 3, 2014, plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint in the federal action. On January 21, 2015,defendants filed a motion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint. The court ruled on that motion on June 18, 2015, dismissingthe seven California claims with prejudice and dismissing the two federal claims with leave to amend. Plaintiffs filed a secondamended complaint on August 17, 2015. Defendants moved to dismiss that complaint on October 2, 2015. On September 10,2015, plaintiffs moved for entry of judgment on their state claims. Briefing on both defendants’ motion to dismiss and plaintiffs’motion for entry of judgment was completed on December 15, 2015. The court heard oral argument on both motions on January14, 2016. The court has not yet issued a ruling on either motion. The Company maintains directors’ and officers’ liabilityinsurance that it believes affords coverage for much of the anticipated cost of the remaining Jasin action, subject to the use of theCompany’s financial resources to pay for its self-insured retention and the policies’ terms and conditions.The Company and the defendant officers and directors cannot predict the outcome of the various shareholder lawsuits,but they believe the various shareholder lawsuits are without merit and intend to continue vigorously defending them.Qsymia ANDA LitigationOn May 7, 2014, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis Laboratories FL indicating thatit filed an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, requestingapproval to market a generic version of Qsymia and contending that the patents listed for Qsymia in the FDA Orange Book at thetime the notice was received (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256, 7,674,776, 8,580,298, and 8,580,299 (collectively“patents-in-suit”)) are invalid, unenforceable and/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale or offer for sale of ageneric form of Qsymia as described in their ANDA. On June 12, 2014, the Company filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court forthe District of New Jersey against Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc., Actavis, Inc., and Actavis PLC, collectively referred to asActavis. The lawsuit (Case No. 14-3786 (SRC)(CLW)) was filed on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDA to obtainapproval to manufacture, use, sell or offer for sale generic versions of Qsymia prior to the expiration of the patents-in-suitconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of those patents.In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Actavis, FDA approval ofActavis’ ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from the Company’s May 7, 2014 receipt of Actavis’Paragraph IV certification notice (i.e. November 7, 2016) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents areinvalid, unenforceable or not infringed. On January 21, 2015, the Company received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis contending thattwo additional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 8,895,057 and 8,895,058) are invalid, unenforceableand/or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On March 4, 2015, theCompany filed a second lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Actavis (Case No. 15-1636(SRC)(CLW)) in response to the second Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Actavis’ submission of their ANDAconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit.On July 7, 2015, the Company received a third Paragraph IV certification notice from Actavis contending that twoadditional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. 130 Table of ContentsOn August 17, 2015, the Company filed a third lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Actavis(Case No. 15-6256 (SRC)(CLW)) in response to the third Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Actavis’ submissionof their ANDA constitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit. The three lawsuits against Actavis havebeen consolidated into a single suit (Case No. 14-3786 (SRC)(CLW)).On March 5, 2015, the Company received a Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.indicating that it filed an ANDA with the FDA, requesting approval to market a generic version of Qsymia and contending thateight patents listed for Qsymia in the Orange Book at the time of the notice (U.S. Patents 7,056,890, 7,553,818, 7,659,256,7,674,776, 8,580,298, 8,580,299, 8,895,057 and 8,895,058) (collectively “patents-in-suit”) are invalid, unenforceable and/or willnot be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of a generic form of Qsymia as described in their ANDA. On April 15, 2015, theCompany filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Teva Pharmaceutical USA, Inc. and TevaPharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., collectively referred to as Teva. The lawsuit (Case No. 15-2693 (SRC)(CLW)) was filed on thebasis that Teva’s submission of their ANDA to obtain approval to manufacture, use, sell, or offer for sale generic versions ofQsymia prior to the expiration of the patents-in-suit constitutes infringement of one or more claims of those patents.In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, as a result of having filed a timely lawsuit against Teva, FDA approval ofTeva’s ANDA will be stayed until the earlier of (i) up to 30 months from our March 5, 2015 receipt of Teva’s Paragraph IVcertification notice (i.e. September 5, 2017) or (ii) a District Court decision finding that the identified patents are invalid,unenforceable or not infringed.On August 5, 2015, the Company received a second Paragraph IV certification notice from Teva contending that twoadditional patents listed in the Orange Book for Qsymia (U.S. Patents 9,011,905 and 9,011,906) are invalid, unenforceable and/orwill not be infringed by the manufacture, use, sale, or offer for sale of a generic form of Qsymia. On September 18, 2015, theCompany filed a second lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Teva (Case No. 15-6957(SRC)(CLW)) in response to the second Paragraph IV certification notice on the basis that Teva’s submission of their ANDAconstitutes infringement of one or more claims of the patents-in-suit. The two lawsuits against Teva have been consolidated intoa single suit (Case No. 15-2693 (SRC)(CLW)).The Company intends to vigorously enforce its intellectual property rights relating to Qsymia, but the Company cannotpredict the outcome of these matters.The Company is not aware of any other asserted or unasserted claims against it where it believes that an unfavorableresolution would have an adverse material impact on the operations or financial position of the Company . 131 Table of ContentsNote 2 1 . Selected Financial Data (Unaudited)Selected Quarterly Financial Data (in thousands except per share data) Quarter Ended, March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 2015 Total revenue $32,166 $22,985 $24,936 $15,343 Total gross profit 22,270 13,115 13,171 12,717 Operating expenses 38,990 64,192 32,965 19,560 Net loss (15,466) (49,352) (16,106) (12,183) Basic and diluted net loss per share $(0.15) $(0.48) $(0.15) $(0.12) 2014 Total revenue $36,691 $21,881 $33,877 $21,732 Total gross profit 27,158 14,866 26,609 12,161 Operating expenses 44,619 39,367 41,789 39,117 Net loss (15,550) (25,825) (15,825) (25,447) Basic and diluted net loss per share $(0.15) $(0.25) $(0.15) $(0.25) 132 Table of ContentsFINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULEThe financial statement Schedule II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS is filed as part of the Form 10‑K.VIVUS, Inc.SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS(in thousands)Each of the following valuation and qualifying accounts are reported as assets and liabilities of continuing anddiscontinued operations in the consolidated balance sheets for all periods presented. Balance at Charged Balance at Beginning of to Charges End of Period Operations* Utilized Period Allowance for Cash Discounts Fiscal year ended December 31, 2013 $57 $1,050 $(973) $134 Fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 $134 $1,712 $(1,696) $150 Fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 $150 $1,933 $(1,919) $164 * Amount charged to operations during fiscal years ended December 31, 201 5 , 201 4 and 201 3 , includes $1,656,000 , $1,373,000 and $750,000 , respectively, for cash discount allowances related to revenue recognized during each fiscalyear. The remaining amounts were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as deferred revenue at the end of eachperiod, respectively.133 Table of ContentsItem 9. Changes in and Disagreement s with Accountants on Accounting and Financial DisclosureNone.Item 9A. Controls and Procedure sEvaluation of D isclosure C ontrols and P rocedures.We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed inour Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the timelines specified in the Securities andExchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management,including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding requireddisclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls andprocedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired controlobjectives, and in reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment inevaluating the cost ‑benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.As required by SEC Rule 13a ‑15(b), the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with theparticipation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and the Company’s ChiefFinancial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of theend of the year covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concludedthat the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial ReportingInternal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our ChiefExecutive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, toprovide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements forexternal purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:(1)Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions anddispositions of our assets;(2)Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financialstatements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expendituresare being made only in accordance with authorization of our management and directors; and(3)Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisitions, use ordisposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectivesbecause of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence andcompliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financialreporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a riskthat material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting.However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design intothe process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk. Our m anagement is responsible for establishing and maintainingadequate internal control over fina ncial reporting for the company, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) ofthe Exchange Act.134 Table of ContentsOur m anagement has used the framework set forth in the report entitled Internal Control—Integrated Frameworkpublished by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013), known as COSO Framework, toevaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Based on this assessment, management hasconcluded that our internal control over financial reporting was eff ective as of December 31, 2015.Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting FirmOUM & Co. LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our C onsolidated F inancial Statements included elsewhere in th is Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of ourinternal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 201 5 . This report, which expresses an unqualified opinion on theeffectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 201 5 , is included herein.Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial ReportingThere has been no change in our internal controls over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that hasmaterially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.Item 9B. Other Informatio nNone.135 Table of ContentsPART IIIItem 10. Directors, Executive Officer s and Corporate GovernanceThe information required by this item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information under the captions“Election of Directors,” “ Corporate Governance —Board Committees , ” “Executive Officers” and “Section 16(a) BeneficialOwnership Reporting Compliance” contained in the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement, to be filed with the Securities andExchange Commission no later than 120 days from the end of the Company’s last fiscal year in connection with the solicitation ofproxies for its 201 6 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and to allof its other officers, directors, employees and agents. The code of ethics is available at the Corporate Governance section of theInvestor Relations page on the Company’s website at www.vivus.com . The Company intends to disclose future amendments to, orwaivers from, certain provisions of its code of ethics on the above website within four business days following the date of suchamendment or waiver.Item 11. Executive Compensatio nThe information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “ CorporateGovernance —Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” “Executive Compensation” and “Executive andDirector Compensation Tables ” in the Company’s Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10 above.Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner s and Management and Related Stockholder MattersEquity Compensation Plan InformationInformation about our equity compensation plans at December 31, 201 5 , that were approved by our stockholders wasas follows: Number of Shares Weighted Average Number of Shares to be issued Upon Exercise Price of Remaining Exercise of Outstanding Outstanding Available for Plan Category Options and Rights Options Future Issuance(c) Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders(a) 7,162,536 $6.38 8,569,091 Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders(b) — $N/A 325,000 Total 7,162,536 $6.38 8,894,091 (a)Consists of two plans: our 2001 Stock Option Plan and our 2010 Equity Incentive Plan.(b)On April 30, 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors granted an option to purchase 400,000 shares of the Company’scommon stock, or the Inducement Grant, to Michael P. Miller, the Company’s former Senior Vice President and ChiefCommercial Officer. The Inducement Grant was granted outside of the Company’s 2010 Equity Incentive Plan andwithout stockholder approval pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635(c)(4) and is subject to the terms and conditions ofthe Stand ‑Alone Stock Option Agreement between the Company and Michael P. Miller.(c)Includes 8,585,900 shares for the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and 308,191 shares for the 1994 Employee Stock PurchasePlan.The remaining information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption“Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the Company’s Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10above.136 Table of ContentsItem 13. Certain Relationship s and Related Transactions, and Director IndependenceThe information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “CertainRelationships and Related Transactions” and “ Corporate Governance —Board Independence” in the Company’s Proxy Statementreferred to in Item 10 above.Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and ServicesThe information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information under the caption “Ratificationof Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the Company’s Proxy Statement referred to in Item 10above.137 Table of ContentsPART IVItem 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule s(a) Documen ts filed as part of this report1. Financial StatementsReference is made to the financial statements included under Item 8 of Part II hereof.2. Financial Statement SchedulesReference is made to the financial statement schedules included under Item 8 of Part II hereof. All other schedules areomitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the f inancial s tatements or the notesthereto.3. Exhibits Refer to Item 15(b) immediately below.(b) The exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S ‑K are listed in the Exhibit Index attached hereto and areincorporated herein by reference .138 Table of ContentsSIGNATURE SPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has dulycaused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized: VIVUS, INC., a Delaware Corporation By:/s/ Seth H. Z. Fischer Seth H. Z. Fischer Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Date: March 9 , 201 6 139 Table of ContentsPOWER OF ATTORNE YKNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes andappoints each of Seth H. Z. Fischer and Mark K. Oki as his attorney ‑in ‑fact for him, in any and all capacities, to sign eachamendment to this Report on Form 10 ‑K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connectiontherewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney ‑in ‑fact or hissubstitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the followingpersons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:Signature Title Date /s/ Seth H. Z. Fischer Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)and Director March 9 , 201 6Seth H. Z. Fischer /s/ David Y. Norton Chairman of the Board of Directors and Director March 9 , 2016David Y. Norton /s/ Mark K. OkiChief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)March 9 , 2016Mark K. Oki /s/ Jorge Plutzky, M.D. Director March 9 , 2016Jorge Plutzky, M.D. /s/ Eric W. Roberts Director March 9 , 2016Eric W. Roberts /s/ Herman Rosenman Director March 9 , 2016Herman Rosenman /s/ Allan L. Shaw Director March 9 , 2016Allan L. Shaw /s/ Mayuran Sriskandarajah Director March 9 , 2016Mayuran Sriskandarajah 140 Table of ContentsVIVUS, INC.REPORT ON FORM 10 ‑‑K FORTHE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 201 5EXHIBIT INDE X Exhibit Number Description2.1(1)† Asset Purchase Agreement between the Registrant and K ‑V Pharmaceutical Company dated as of March 30,20072.2(2)† Asset Purchase Agreement dated October 1, 2010, between the Registrant, MEDA AB and Vivus RealEstate, LLC3.1(3) Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant3.2(4) Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.3(5) Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.4(6) Amendment No. 2 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.5(7) Amendment No. 3 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.6(8) Amendment No. 4 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3.7(9) Amendment No. 5 to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant3. 8 ( 10 ) Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation of Rights, Preferences and Privileges of Series AParticipating Preferred Stock of the Registrant4.1(1 1 ) Specimen Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant4.2(1 2 ) Preferred Stock Rights Agreement dated as of March 27, 2007, between the Registrant and ComputershareInvestor Services, LLC4.3(1 3 ) Indenture dated as of May 21, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Deutsche Bank Trust CompanyAmericas, as trustee4.4(1 4 ) Form of 4.50% Convertible Senior Note due May 1, 202010.1(1 5 )* Form of Indemnification Agreement by and among the Registrant and the Officers of the Registrant10.2(1 6 )* Form of Indemnification Agreement by and among the Registrant and the Directors of the Registrant10.3(1 7 )* 1994 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended, Form of Subscription Agreement and Form of Notice ofWithdrawal10.4(1 8 )* 2001 Stock Option Plan and Form of Agreement thereunder10.5(1 9 )* 2001 Stock Option Plan, as amended on July 12, 200610.6( 20 )* Form of Notice of Grant and Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the VIVUS, Inc. 2001 Stock Option Plan10.7(2 1 )* 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and Form of Agreement thereunder10.8(2 2 )* 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended on September 12, 201410.9(2 3 )* Stand ‑Alone Stock Option Agreement with Michael P. Miller dated as of April 30, 201010.10(2 4 )* Employment Agreement dated December 20, 2007, between the Registrant and Leland F. Wilson10.11(2 5 )* First Amendment dated January 23, 2009, to the Employment Agreement dated December 20, 2007, by andbetween the Registrant and Leland F. Wilson10.12(2 6 )* Second Amendment dated January 21, 2011, to the Employment Agreement dated December 20, 2007, by andbetween the Registrant and Leland F. Wilson10.13(2 7 )* Third Amendment dated January 27, 2012, to the Employment Agreement dated December 20, 2007, by andbetween the Registrant and Leland F. Wilson10.14(2 8 )* Fourth Amendment dated January 25, 2013, to the Employment Agreement dated December 20, 2007, by andbetween the Registrant and Leland F. Wilson10.15(2 9 )† Agreement effective as of December 28, 2000, between the Registrant and Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.10.16( 30 ) Amendment No. 1 effective as of January 9, 2004, to the Agreement effective as of December 28, 2000,between the Registrant and Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.10.17(3 1 ) Termination and Release executed by Tanabe Holding America, Inc. dated May 1, 2007 141 Table of ContentsExhibit Number Description10.18(3 2 )† Second Amendment effective as of August 1, 2012, to the Agreement dated as of December 28, 2000, betweenthe Registrant and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (formerly Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.)10.19(3 3 )† Third Amendment effective as of February 21, 2013, to the Agreement dated as of December 28, 2000,between the Registrant and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (formerly Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.)10.20(3 4 )† Settlement and Modification Agreement dated July 12, 2001, between ASIVI, LLC, AndroSolutions, Inc.,Gary W. Neal and the Registrant10.21(3 5 )† Assignment Agreement between Thomas Najarian, M.D. and the Registrant dated October 16, 200110.22(3 6 )† Master Services Agreement dated as of September 12, 2007, between the Registrant and Medpace, Inc.10.23(3 7 )† Exhibit A: Medpace Task Order Number: 06 dated as of December 15, 2008, pursuant to that certain MasterServices Agreement, between the Registrant and Medpace, Inc., dated as of September 12, 200710.24(3 8 )† Transition Services Agreement dated November 5, 2010, between the Registrant and MEDA AB10.25(3 9 )† Commercial Manufacturing and Packaging Agreement by and between the Registrant and Catalent PharmaSolutions, LLC dated as of July 17, 201210.26( 40 ) Lease Agreement effective November 1, 2006, by and between the Registrant and Castro MountainView, LLC, Thomas A. Lynch, Trudy Molina Flores, Trustee of the Jolen Flores and Trudy Molina FloresJoint Living Trust dated April 3, 2001, E William and Charlotte Duerkson, The Duerkson Family Trust datedFebruary 16, 1999, The Dutton Family Trust dated September 16, 1993, The Noel S. Schuurman Trust, TheDuarte Family Partners, L.P., The Marie Antoinette Clough Revocable Living Trust dated January 11, 1989,Blue Oak Properties, Inc., and CP6CC, LLC10.27(4 1 ) First Amendment to Lease dated November 18, 2008, between Castro Mountain View, LLC, CP6CC, LLCand the Registrant10.28(4 2 ) Second Amendment to Lease effective November 12, 2009, between Castro Mountain View, LLC,CP6CC, LLC and the Registrant10.29(4 3 ) Third Amendment to Lease effective December 3, 2010, between Castro Mountain View, LLC, CP6CC, LLCand the Registrant10.30(4 4 ) Fourth Amendment to Lease effective February 14, 2012, between Castro Mountain View, LLC, CP6CC, LLCand the Registrant10.31(4 5 ) Lease Agreement effective December 11, 2012, by and between the Registrant and SFERS Real Estate Corp.U10.32(4 6 )† Purchase and Sale Agreement effective as of March 25, 2013, between the Registrant and BioPharma SecuredInvestments III Holdings Cayman LP10.33(4 7 ) Capped Call Confirmation dated May 15, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Deutsche Bank AG,London Branch10.34(4 8 )* Form of Amended and Restated Change of Control and Severance Agreement10.35(4 9 )† License and Commercialization Agreement dated July 5, 2013, between the Registrant and Berlin ‑ChemieAG10.36( 50 )† Commercial Supply Agreement dated as of July 5, 2013, between the Registrant and Berlin ‑Chemie AG10.37(5 1 ) Agreement dated July 18, 2013, by and between the Registrant and First Manhattan Co.10.38(5 2 )* Letter Agreement dated July 18, 2013, by and among the Registrant, First Manhattan Co. and Peter Y. Tam10.39(5 3 ) Fourth Amendment to the Agreement dated as of December 28, 2000, between the Registrant and MitsubishiTanabe Pharma Corporation (formerly Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd.), effective as of July 1, 201310.40(5 4 )† Commercial Supply Agreement dated July 31, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Sanofi Chimie10.41(5 5 )* Employment Agreement dated September 3, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Seth H. Z. Fischer10.42(5 6 )† License and Commercialization Agreement dated as of October 10, 2013, by and between the Registrant andAuxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 142 Table of Contents Exhibit Number Description10.43(5 7 )† Commercial Supply Agreement dated as of October 10, 2013, by and between the Registrant and AuxiliumPharmaceuticals, Inc.10.44(5 8 )* Letter Agreement dated November 4, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Timothy E. Morris10.45(5 9 )† Manufacturing and Supply Agreement dated November 18, 2013, by and between the Registrant and SanofiWinthrop Industrie10.46( 60 )† License and Commercialization Agreement dated December 11, 2013, by and between the Registrant andSanofi10.47(6 1 )† Supply Agreement effective as of December 11, 2013, by and between the Registrant and Sanofi WinthropIndustrie10.48(6 2 )† Patent Assignment Agreement, dated August 24, 2014, by and between the Registrant and JanssenPharmaceuticals, Inc.10.49(63)* Letter Agreement dated April 13, 2015, by and between the Registrant and Guy P. Marsh10.50(64)* Form of Second Amended and Restated Change of Control and Severance Agreement10.51(65)* Letter Agreement dated July 20, 2015, by and between the Registrant and Wesley W. Day, Ph.D.10.52(66)* Letter Agreement dated August 17, 2015, by and between the Registrant and Svai S. Sanford10.53 Letter Regarding Termination Notice dated December 30, 2015, from Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. andEndo Ventures Limited to the Registrant21.1 List of Subsidiaries23.1 Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm24.1 Power of Attorney (See signature page)31.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a ‑14 and 15d ‑14 promulgated under theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended31.2 Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a ‑14 and 15d ‑14 promulgated under theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended32.1 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 18 U.S.C. 1350, asadopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes ‑Oxley Act of 2002101 The following materials from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the year ended December 31,201 5 , formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), include: (i) the Consolidated BalanceSheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of ComprehensiveLoss, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) related notes † Confidential treatment granted.* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.(1)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(2)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K/A for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on June 12, 2013.(3)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 1996, filed with the SEC on March 28, 1997.(4)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onApril 20, 2012.(5)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscal quarterended March 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013.(6)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscal quarterended March 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013.143 Table of Contents(7)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onMay 13, 2013.(8)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 24, 2013.(9)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC onSeptember 18, 2015.(10)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8 ‑A filed with theSEC on March 28, 2007.(11)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K/A for the fiscal yearended December 31, 1996, filed with the SEC on April 16, 1997.(12)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form 8 ‑A filed with theSEC on March 28, 2007.(13)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onMay 21, 2013.(14)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onMay 21, 2013.(15)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 filed with the Registrant’s Form 8 ‑B filed with the SEC on June 25, 1996.(16)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onAugust 12, 2014.(17)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 29, 2011.(18)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S ‑8 filed with theSEC on November 15, 2001.(19)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 13, 2006.(20)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 13, 2006.(21)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2010, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2011.(22)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 filed with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S ‑8 filed with theSEC on November 5, 2014.(23)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onMay 6, 2010.(24)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SECon December 24, 2007.(25)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJanuary 29, 2009.(26)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJanuary 26, 2011.(27)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJanuary 27, 2012.144 Table of Contents(28)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJanuary 30, 2013.(29)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(30)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42A filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended March 31, 2004, filed with the SEC on May 7, 2004.(31)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.61 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SECon May 4, 2007.(32)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onAugust 10, 2012.(33)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onFebruary 25, 2013.(34)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(35)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.79 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2009, filed with the SEC on March 10, 2010.(36)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended March 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013.(37)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K/A filed with the SECon July 15, 2009.(38)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(39)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 23, 2012.(40)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.60 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SECon November 7, 2006.(41)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onDecember 18, 2008.(42)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.78 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2009, filed with the SEC on March 10, 2010.(43)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2010, filed with the SEC on March 1, 2011.(44)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onFebruary 16, 2012.(45)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2012, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2013.(46)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended March 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on May 8, 2013.(47)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onMay 16, 2013.(48)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 5, 2013.145 Table of Contents(49)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2013.(50)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2013.(51)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 19, 2013.(52)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 24, 2013.(53)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onJuly 29, 2013.(54)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on August 8, 2013.(55)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onSeptember 4, 2013.(56)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on November 7, 2013.(57)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2013, filed with the SEC on November 7, 2013.(58)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8 ‑K filed with the SEC onNovember 5, 2013.(59)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2014.(60)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2014.(61)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 filed with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K for the fiscal yearended December 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2014.(62)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10 ‑Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2014, filed with the SEC on November 5, 2014.(63)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 3, 2015.(64)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC onJune 24, 2015.(65)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended June 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 3, 2015.(66)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 filed with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscalquarter ended September 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on November 4, 2015. 146Exhibit 10.53Exhibit 10.53December 30, 2015 Via Fax ( 650.934.5320 ) and US Mail John SlebirGeneral CounselVIVUS, Inc.351 E. Evelyn Ave.Mountain View, CA 94041 Re: Termination Notice Dear Mr. Slebir: Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., an Endo international company (“Auxilium”), hereby provides notice of termination of theLicense and Commercialization Agreement between Vivus, Inc. (“Vivus”) and Auxilium dated October 10, 2013 (the “LicenseAgreement”) pursuant to Section 12.2(c) of the License Agreement. With this termination of the License Agreement, Auxiliumdesires to abandon and relinquish all rights with respect to the Auxilium License (as defined in the License Agreement) as of thedate hereof. Concurrently with the termination of the License Agreement, Endo Ventures Limited (“Endo”) also hereby terminates theCommercial Supply Agreement between Vivus and Endo dated October 10, 2013, pursuant to Section 9.3 thereof. Endo acknowledges that it will continue to perform its applicable obligations under the License Agreement and the SupplyAgreement as expressly provided in that certain Transition Services Agreement between Endo and Vivus, which the parties arecurrently negotiating. With the execution of this termination letter, the parties hereto acknowledge Auxilium's abandonment of all rights under theAuxilium License. Moreover, Auxilium and Vivus agree that no value whatsoever was provided by Vivus to Auxilium inexchange for Auxilium's relinquishment of the Auxilium License and intend for this arrangement to qualify as an abandonment ofthe License Agreement for the purposes of Section 165 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as amended. Sincerely, AUXILIUM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. / s / Deanna Voss ____________Deanna VossAssistant Secretary ENDO VENTURES LIMITED / s / Orla Dunlea _____________Orla DunleaDirector cc: Shane AlbrightHogan Lovells US LLP525 University Avenue3 floorPalo Alto, CA 94301Fax: 650.463.4199 Exhibit 21.1rd Exhibit 21.1LIST OF SUBSIDIARIESThe following is a list of subsidiaries of VIVUS, Inc.1. VIVUS UK Limited (United Kingdom), a wholly owned subsidiary of VIVUS, Inc.2. VIVUS BV (Netherlands), a wholly owned subsidiary of VIVUS, Inc.3. Vivus Limited (Bermuda), a wholly owned subsidiary of VIVUS, Inc.4. Vivus International, L.P. (Bermuda), General Partner Vivus Limited5. Vivus International Limited (Ireland), a wholly owned subsidiary of VIVUS, Inc. Exhibit 23.1Exhibit 23.1CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMWe consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Forms S ‑8 (No. 333 ‑142354, No. 333‑150647, No. 333 ‑157787, No. 333 ‑164921, No. 333 ‑168106, No. 333 ‑175926, and No. 333 ‑199881) and Form S ‑3 (No. 333‑161948) of our reports dated March 9 , 201 6 , relating to the consolidated financial statements, financial statement schedule,and the effectiveness of VIVUS, Inc. ’ s internal control over financial reporting, which appear in this Annual Report on Form 10‑K./s/ OUM & CO. LLPSan Francisco, CaliforniaMarch 9 , 201 6 Exhibit 31.1Exhibit 31.1CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANTTO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES ‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Seth H. Z. Fischer, Chief Executive Officer, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10 ‑K of VIVUS, Inc.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a materialfact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, notmisleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly presentin all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, theperiods presented in this report;4. The registrant ’ s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls andprocedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a ‑15(e) and 15d ‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting(as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a ‑15(f) and 15d ‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to bedesigned under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including itsconsolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period inwhich this report is being prepared;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reportingto be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financialreporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant ’ s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this reportour conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the periodcovered by this report based on such evaluation; andd. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant ’ s internal control over financial reporting that occurredduring the registrant ’ s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant ’ s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annualreport) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant ’ s internal controlover financial reporting; and5. The registrant ’ s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controlover financial reporting, to the registrant ’ s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant ’ s board of directors (orpersons performing the equivalent functions):a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control overfinancial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant ’ s ability to record, process,summarize and report financial information; andb. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant rolein the registrant ’ s internal control over financial reporting.Date: March 9 , 201 6 By:/s/ Seth H. Z. Fischer Name:Seth H. Z. Fischer Title:Chief Executive Officer Exhibit 31.2Exhibit 31.2CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANTTO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES ‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Mark K. Oki , Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, certify that:1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10 ‑K of VIVUS, Inc.;2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a materialfact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, notmisleading with respect to the period covered by this report;3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly presentin all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, theperiods presented in this report;4. The registrant ’ s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls andprocedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a ‑15(e) and 15d ‑15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting(as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a ‑15(f) and 15d ‑15(f)) for the registrant and have:a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to bedesigned under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including itsconsolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period inwhich this report is being prepared;b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reportingto be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financialreporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generallyaccepted accounting principles;c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant ’ s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this reportour conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the periodcovered by this report based on such evaluation; andd. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant ’ s internal control over financial reporting that occurredduring the registrant ’ s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant ’ s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annualreport) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant ’ s internal controlover financial reporting; and5. The registrant ’ s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal controlover financial reporting, to the registrant ’ s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant ’ s board of directors (orpersons performing the equivalent functions):a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control overfinancial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant ’ s ability to record, process,summarize and report financial information; andb. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant rolein the registrant ’ s internal control over financial reporting.Date: March 9 , 201 6 By:/s/ Mark K. Oki Name:Mark K. Oki Title:Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer Exhibit 32.1Exhibit 32.1CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICERPURSUANT TO18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TOSECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES ‑‑OXLEY ACT OF 2002I, Seth H. Z. Fischer, Chief Executive Officer of VIVUS, Inc., certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adoptedpursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes ‑Oxley Act of 2002, that the Annual Report of VIVUS, Inc. on Form 10 ‑K for the periodending December 31, 201 5 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of1934 and that information contained in such Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K fairly presents in all material respects the financialcondition and results of operations of VIVUS, Inc. This written statement is being furnished to the Securities and ExchangeCommission as an exhibit to such Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K. A signed original of this statement has been provided toVIVUS, Inc. and will be retained by VIVUS, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff uponrequest. Date: March 9 , 201 6By:/s/ Seth H. Z. FischerSeth H. Z. Fischer Chief Executive Officer I, Mark K. Oki , Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, asadopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes ‑Oxley Act of 2002, that the Annual Report of VIVUS, Inc. on Form 10 ‑K forthe period ending December 31, 201 5 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934 and that information contained in such Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K fairly presents in all material respects thefinancial condition and results of operations of VIVUS, Inc. This written statement is being furnished to the Securities andExchange Commission as an exhibit to such Annual Report on Form 10 ‑K. A signed original of this statement has been providedto VIVUS, Inc. and will be retained by VIVUS, Inc. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff uponrequest. Date: March 9 , 201 6By:/s/ Mark K. OkiMark K. OkiChief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer
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